FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Wick, GA Ohlmann, JC Fairall, CW Jessup, AT AF Wick, GA Ohlmann, JC Fairall, CW Jessup, AT TI Improved oceanic cool-skin corrections using a refined solar penetration model SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; ATMOSPHERE RESPONSE EXPERIMENT; BULK PARAMETERIZATION; PART II; FLUXES; DIFFERENCE; RADIATION; LAYER AB The oceanic near-surface temperature profile must be accurately characterized to enable precise determination of air - sea heat exchange and satellite retrievals of sea surface temperature. An improved solar transmission parameterization is integrated into existing models for the oceanic warm layer and cool skin within the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean - Atmosphere Response Experiment ( TOGA COARE) bulk flux model to improve the accuracy of predictions of the temperature profile and corresponding heat flux components. Application of the revised bulk flux model to data from 12 diverse cruises demonstrates that the improved parameterization results in significant changes to the predicted cool-skin effect and latent heat fluxes at low wind speeds with high solar radiation due to reduced absorption of solar radiation just below the surface. Daytime skin-layer cooling is predicted to increase by 0.03 K on average but by more than 0.25 K for winds below 1 m s(-1) and surface irradiance exceeding 900 W m(-2). Predicted changes to the warm-layer correction were smaller but exceeded 0.1 K below 1 m s(-1). Average latent and sensible heat fluxes changed by 1 W m(-2), but the latent flux decreased by 5 W m(-2) near winds of 0.5 m s(-1) and surface irradiance of 950 W m(-2). Comparison with direct observations of skin-layer cooling demonstrated, in particular, that use of the improved solar transmission model resulted in the reduction of previous systematic overestimates of diurnal skin-layer warming. Similar results can be achieved using a simplified treatment of solar absorption with an appropriate estimate of the fraction of incident solar radiation absorbed within the skin layer. C1 NOAA, ETL, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. RP Wick, GA (reprint author), NOAA, ETL, 325 Broadway R-ET6, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM gary.a.wick@noaa.gov RI Jessup, Andrew/E-5625-2017 NR 18 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 35 IS 11 BP 1986 EP 1996 DI 10.1175/JPO2803.1 PG 11 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 993TI UT WOS:000233977600003 ER PT J AU Baier, CT Terazaki, M AF Baier, CT Terazaki, M TI Interannual variability in a predator-prey interaction: climate, chaetognaths and copepods in the southeastern Bering Sea SO JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID POLLOCK THERAGRA-CHALCOGRAMMA; SAGITTA-ELEGANS; FEEDING RATE; ZOOPLANKTON; ABUNDANCE; SHELF; ENFLATA; IMPACT; ENVIRONMENT; MORTALITY AB The interaction of the chaetognath Sagitta elegans with the copepod community of the southeast Bering Sea middle shelf was examined in relation to environmental conditions during 1995-1999. Predation impact was estimated for 2 years, 1995 and 1997, using gut content analysis, experimentally derived digestion time (DT) and abundances of chaetognaths and prey. Pseudocalanus concentrations correlated with water temperature and Calanus marshallae with sea ice extent. Sagitta elegans were less abundant but individuals were larger in 1995, when C. marshallae predominated, compared to 1997, when Pseudocalanus and Acartia were the primary prey. Predation by S. elegans removed < 1% standing stock day(-1) of Pseudocalanus or C. marshallae in 1995 and 1.7 to 2.3% of Pseudocalanus in 1997. The percent of the copepod community biomass required by chaetognaths was estimated to be < 1% in 1995 compared with 8-12% in 1997. Calanus marshallae may be more vulnerable than Pseudocalanus to cumulative predation effects because of its reproductive strategy. The effect of chaetognath predation on the copepod community depends on which copepod species is predominant and its susceptibility to cumulative predation effects, as well as on daily predation impact, both of which varied between years with different climatic conditions. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, AFSC, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Tokyo, Ocean Res Inst, Nakano Ku, Tokyo 1648639, Japan. RP Baier, CT (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, AFSC, 7600 Sand Point Way,NE BIN C 15700, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM Christine.Baier@noaa.gov NR 39 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0142-7873 J9 J PLANKTON RES JI J. Plankton Res. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 27 IS 11 BP 1113 EP 1125 DI 10.1093/plankt/fbi078 PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 997AX UT WOS:000234218500004 ER PT J AU Richter, J Livet, M Stewart, J Feigley, CE Scott, G Richter, DL AF Richter, J Livet, M Stewart, J Feigley, CE Scott, G Richter, DL TI Coastal terrorism: Using tabletop discussions to enhance coastal community infrastructure through relationship building SO JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE LA English DT Article DE bioterrorism; coastal/port preparedness; preparedness education; public health AB The unique vulnerability of the nation's ports to terrorist attacks and other major disasters requires development of specialized training approaches that integrate and connect critical stakeholders. In 2003, the Universo of South Carolina Center for Public Health Preparedness developed and held its first Coastal Terrorism workshop in conjunction with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Key federal, regional, state, and coastal agency leaders were invited to the 2-day event to explore, in a no-risk environment, the crucial role that public health agencies would play in a covert biological agent incident aboard a cruise ship. The incident began as a possible outbreak of a Norwalk-like viral agent; however, as the scenario unfolded, evidence of a terrorist plot emerged. This immediately shifted the scenario from a public health-dominated incident to one directed by law enforcement. Communication and coordination issues surfaced illustrating potential conflicts between disciplines and jurisdictions in terms of roles and responsibilities of responding agencies. The goals of the workshop were to facilitate communication and interagency networking among coastal stakeholders while assessing their training and research needs and increasing their familiarity with resources and protocols regarding a bioterrorist coastal event. Positive systems changes were observed. C1 Univ S Carolina, Ctr Publ Hlth Preparedness, Arnold Sch Publ Hlth, Columbia, SC 29201 USA. NOAA, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, NCCOS, NOS, Charleston, SC USA. RP Richter, J (reprint author), Univ S Carolina, Ctr Publ Hlth Preparedness, Arnold Sch Publ Hlth, 1233 Washington St,Suite 700, Columbia, SC 29201 USA. EM richtejv@gwm.sc.edu NR 5 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3261 USA SN 1078-4659 J9 J PUBLIC HEALTH MAN JI J. Public Health Manag. Pract. PD NOV PY 2005 SU S BP S45 EP S49 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 976IC UT WOS:000232725800008 ER PT J AU Natraj, V Jiang, X Shia, RL Huang, XL Margolis, JS Yung, YL AF Natraj, V Jiang, X Shia, RL Huang, XL Margolis, JS Yung, YL TI Application of principal component analysis to high spectral resolution radiative transfer: A case study of the O-2 A band SO JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER LA English DT Article DE radiative transfer; principal component analysis; empirical orthogonal function; remote sensing; retrieval; O-2 A band ID MULTIPLE-SCATTERING; LAYERED MEDIA; ABSORPTION; ATMOSPHERES; OXYGEN; VARIABILITY; ALGORITHM; SURFACE; AIR AB Radiative transfer computation is the rate-limiting step in most high spectral resolution remote sensing retrieval applications. While several techniques have been proposed to speed up radiative transfer calculations, they all suffer from accuracy considerations. We propose a new method, based on a principal component analysis of the optical properties of the system, that addresses these concerns. Taking atmospheric transmission in the O-2 A band as a test case, we reproduced the reflectance spectrum at the top of the atmosphere (TOA), obtained using the multiple scattering code DISORT, with an accuracy of 0.3%, while achieving an order of magnitude improvement in speed. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RSA Syst, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. RP Natraj, V (reprint author), CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, MC 150-21,1200 E Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM vijay@gps.caltech.edu RI Huang, Xianglei/G-6127-2011 OI Huang, Xianglei/0000-0002-7129-614X NR 24 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-4073 J9 J QUANT SPECTROSC RA JI J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. PD NOV 1 PY 2005 VL 95 IS 4 BP 539 EP 556 DI 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2004.12.024 PG 18 WC Optics; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Spectroscopy GA 937KE UT WOS:000229922200007 ER PT J AU Faller, JE AF Faller, JE TI The measurement of little g: A fertile ground for precision measurement science SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE acceleration of gravity; encouraging creativity; Einstein; g, gravity; little g, measurement science; precision measurement ID ABSOLUTE GRAVIMETERS; GRAVITY; ACCELERATION; EQUIVALENCE; PRINCIPLE; KILOGRAM; TOWER; MASS; LAW AB The occasion of the 100th anniversary of Einstein's "golden year" provides a wonderful opportunity to discuss some aspects of gravity-gravitation being an interest of Einstein's that occurred a few years after 1905. I'll do this by talking about the measurement of little g, the free-fall acceleration on the Earth's surface that is mainly due to the Earth's gravity but whose value is also affected by centrifugal forces that are a result of the Earth's rotation. I will also describe two equivalence experiments and a test of the inverse-square law of gravitation. Finally, I will make some observations on the science of precision measurement-a subject that underpins much of scientific progress. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Faller, JE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM faller@boulder.nist.gov NR 39 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 6 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2005 VL 110 IS 6 BP 559 EP 581 DI 10.6028/jres.110.082 PG 23 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 024CE UT WOS:000236171700001 PM 27308179 ER PT J AU Fano, U Pupillo, G Zannoni, A Clark, CW AF Fano, U Pupillo, G Zannoni, A Clark, CW TI On the absorption spectrum of noble gases at the arc spectrum limit SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE absorption spectrum of noble gases; Fano resonance AB Rydberg spectral lines of an atom are sometimes superimposed on the continuous spectrum of a different configuration. Effects of interaction among different configurations in one of these cases are theoretically investigated, and a formula is obtained that describes the behavior of absorption spectrum intensity. This offers qualitative justification of some experimental results obtained by BEUTLER in studies of absorption arc spectra of noble gases and I-b spectra of some metal vapors. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pupillo, G (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009 OI Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885 NR 13 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 13 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2005 VL 110 IS 6 BP 583 EP 587 DI 10.6028/jres.110.083 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 024CE UT WOS:000236171700002 PM 27308180 ER PT J AU Bartel, T AF Bartel, T TI Uncertainty in NIST force measurements SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE calibration; deadweight force standard; expanded uncertainty; force; gravity; mass; transfer standard; metrology; uncertainty ID STANDARDS AB This paper focuses upon the uncertainty of force calibration measurements at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The uncertainty of the realization of force for the national dead-weight force standards at NIST is discussed, as well as the uncertainties associated with NIST's voltage-ratio measuring instruments and with the characteristics of transducers being calibrated. The combined uncertainty is related to the uncertainty of dissemination for force transfer standards sent to NIST for calibration. C1 NIST, Mass & Force Grp, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bartel, T (reprint author), NIST, Mass & Force Grp, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM thomas.bartel@nist.gov NR 17 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2005 VL 110 IS 6 BP 589 EP 603 DI 10.6028/jres.110.084 PG 15 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 024CE UT WOS:000236171700003 PM 27308181 ER PT J AU Toman, B AF Toman, B TI Bayesian approach to assessing uncertainty and calculating a reference value in key comparison experiments SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bayesian hierarchical models; linear opinion pool; Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods; synthesis of probability distributions ID PROBABILITY-DISTRIBUTIONS; STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS AB International experiments called Key Comparisons pose an interesting statistical problem, the estimation of a quantity called a Reference Value. There are many possible forms that this estimator can take. Recently, this topic has received much international attention. In this paper, it is argued that a fully Bayesian approach to this problem is compatible with the current practice of metrology, and can easily be used to create statistical models which satisfy the varied properties and assumptions of these experiments. C1 NIST, Stat Engn Div, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP NIST, Stat Engn Div, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM toman@nist.gov NR 25 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 5 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2005 VL 110 IS 6 BP 605 EP 612 DI 10.6028/jres.110.085 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 024CE UT WOS:000236171700004 PM 27308182 ER PT J AU Poster, DL Schantz, MM Wise, SA AF Poster, DL Schantz, MM Wise, SA TI Preparation of Reference Material 8504, transformer oil SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Aroclors; diluent; diluent oil; PCBs; Reference Materials; transformer oil AB A new reference material (RM), RM 8504, has been prepared for use as a diluent oil with Aroclors in transformer oil Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) 3075 to 3080 and SRM 3090 when developing and validating methods for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as Aroclors in transformer oil or similar matrices. SRMs 3075-3080 and SRM 3090 consist of individual Aroclors in the same transformer oil that was used to prepare RM 8504. A unit of RM 8504 consists of one bottle containing approximately 100 mL of transformer oil. No additional constituents have been added to the oil. C1 NIST, Organ Chem Metrol Grp, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Poster, DL (reprint author), NIST, Organ Chem Metrol Grp, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM poster@nist.gov NR 3 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 5 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2005 VL 110 IS 6 BP 613 EP 615 DI 10.6028/jres.110.086 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 024CE UT WOS:000236171700005 PM 27308183 ER PT J AU Friedland, KD Ama-Abasi, D Manning, M Clarke, L Kligys, G Chambers, RC AF Friedland, KD Ama-Abasi, D Manning, M Clarke, L Kligys, G Chambers, RC TI Automated egg counting and sizing from scanned images: Rapid sample processing and large data volumes for fecundity estimates SO JOURNAL OF SEA RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Alosa sapidissima; American shad; egg size; fecundity image processing; population dynamics ID COD GADUS-MORHUA; ESTIMATING FISH FECUNDITY; CAPTIVE ATLANTIC COD; ACCURATE METHOD; SIZE; TEMPERATURE; QUALITY; GROWTH; WATERS AB The production of eggs in a fish population is a fundamental parameter in fisheries management and ecology Management decisions are based largely on the abundance and composition of the spawning stock; hence it is essential to estimate the contribution of viable eggs by females of various ages, which may depend on the size and maturation schedules in females of younger ages, and the size and reproductive senescence of older ones. The level of recruitment may also be influenced by the size and quality of eggs. Egg quality can be characterised in a number of ways; however, the most useful methods are those that are efficient and widely available. Estimating potential fecundity and egg size in fish and invertebrate populations has been hindered by the processing time, toxicity, and resources required by traditional methods. We have developed an imaging-based technique that counts and measures oocytes from a gravimetric gonadal sub-sample in relatively little time and at low cost. Sub-samples were preserved in a non-toxic formulation of Gilson's solution, which offers an alternative to other preservatives commonly used in fecundity studies. The technique uses high-resolution optical scans of plated oocytes, imaging software, and user-defined object classifications to separate oocyte from ancillary material likely to be present in a processed sample. Estimates of misclassification are as low as 1% (false-negatives) in automated counts. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Howard Marine Sci Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Univ Massachusetts, NOAA, Cooperat Marine Educ & Res Program, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Nat Resources Conservat, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Friedland, KD (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Howard Marine Sci Lab, 28 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM kevin.friedland@noaa.gov NR 35 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 4 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-1101 J9 J SEA RES JI J. Sea Res. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 54 IS 4 BP 307 EP 316 DI 10.1016/j.seares.2005.06.002 PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 991CL UT WOS:000233789800005 ER PT J AU Hartman, MR Berliner, R AF Hartman, MR Berliner, R TI In situ neutron powder diffraction investigation of the hydration of tricalcium aluminate in the presence of gypsum SO JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE cement hydration; neutron powder diffraction; hydration products; calcium aluminate cement; gypsum; ettringite ID CALCIUM SULFOALUMINATE; PORTLAND-CEMENT; ETTRINGITE; REFINEMENT AB The hydration of a 1:3 molar ratio of tricalcium aluminate, Ca3Al2O6, to gypsum, CaSO4 (.) 2D(2)O, was investigated at temperatures of 25, 50, and 80 degrees C using time-of-flight powder neutron diffraction combined with multiphase Rietveld structural refinement. It was shown that ettringite, Ca-6[Al(OD)(6)](2)(SO4)(3) (.) similar to 26D(2)O, was the first and only hydration product of the system, in contrast to a prior investigation which suggested the occurrence of a precursor phase prior to the formation of ettringite. Kinetics data showed that the hydration reaction is very sensitive to temperature: hydration at 25 degrees C was characterized by a single kinetic regime while hydration at higher temperatures consisted of two distinct kinetic regimes. The presence of two kinetic regimes was attributed to a change in either the dimensionality of the growth process or a change in the rate controlling mechanism in the hydration reaction. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Hartman, MR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8562, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM michael.hartman@nist.gov NR 15 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-4596 J9 J SOLID STATE CHEM JI J. Solid State Chem. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 178 IS 11 BP 3256 EP 3264 DI 10.1016/j.jssc.2005.07.034 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 992OV UT WOS:000233894400006 ER PT J AU Grey, IE Mumme, WG Roth, RS AF Grey, IE Mumme, WG Roth, RS TI The crystal chemistry of L-Ta2O5 and related structures SO JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE L-Ta2O5 structure; 19L Ta2O5 superstructure; crystal chemistry of L-Ta2O5-related phases ID SOLID-SOLUTION; SYSTEM; PHOTOCATALYSTS; TA74W6O203; TA22W4O67; MODULES; O-2; H-2 AB Single crystals of a new form of L-Ta2O5 with a 19 x b superstructure have been synthesised by flux growth. The phase is most likely stabilised by the incorporation of a small amount of lithium (0.14 wt% Li) from the flux. The phase has C-centred monoclinic symmetry with a 6.1939(4) angstrom, b = 69.549(5) angstrom, (= 19 x 3.66 angstrom), c = 3.8895(3) angstrom, gamma = 90.00(1)degrees. The structure was refined in space group C112/m to R-1 = 0.044 for 814 unique reflections with F>4 sigma(F). The structure can be described as comprising chains of edge-shared TaO7 pentagonal bipyramids that are regularly folded at (010) planes to give sinusoidal chains along [010]. These chains are interconnected along [100] and [001] by corner sharing, creating inter-chain regions that are occupied by isolated TaO6 octahedra and pairs of corner-shared octahedra. A comparison with published data for high-quality refinements of related structures has led to the development of a general model that can explain the structural chemistry variations in the known L-Ta2O5-related structures. A shorthand notation is presented for representing the structures, based on the sequence along [010] of the interchain octahedra. Crown Copyright (c) 2005 Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 CSIRO, Minerals, Clayton, Vic 3169, Australia. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Grey, IE (reprint author), CSIRO, Minerals, Bayview Ave, Clayton, Vic 3169, Australia. EM ian.grey@csiro.au NR 24 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 4 U2 23 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-4596 J9 J SOLID STATE CHEM JI J. Solid State Chem. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 178 IS 11 BP 3308 EP 3314 DI 10.1016/j.jssc.2005.08.011 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 992OV UT WOS:000233894400012 ER PT J AU Rosenqvist, L Hilgers, A Evans, H Daly, E Hapgood, M Stamper, R Zwickl, R Bourdarie, S Boscher, D AF Rosenqvist, L Hilgers, A Evans, H Daly, E Hapgood, M Stamper, R Zwickl, R Bourdarie, S Boscher, D TI Toolkit for updating interplanetary proton-cumulated fluence models SO JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS LA English DT Article AB The evaluation of mission-integrated solar proton fluences in interplanetary space currently depends oil statistical modeling based on energetic proton measurements recorded over a few solar cycles. Most models rely on a description of events fluence and occurrence based on a compound Poisson process for which the parameters are derived from a fit of empirical distributions of the measurements. The output is then the cumulative probability as a function of the level of fluence not to be exceeded. However, the effects of assumptions and uncertainties oil the model output are in general overlooked. In this paper such effects are investigated for the well-known JPL-91 model. The use of simultaneously measured observations front different spacecraft have shown that model outputs differ mainly because of three effects: difference in calibration between the data sets, discrepancy in event selection of significant amplitudes caused by data gaps or artifacts, and separation of events into multiple events by one spacecraft. but treated as one large event in the other. A complete list of solar proton event fluences from,January 1974 to May 2002 is produced based on measurements from the IMP-8, GOES-7, and GOES-8 spacecraft, because calibrations between these data sets were found to be in good agreement and they cover almost three solar cycles. Artifacts caused by, for example, data errors, have been extracted after careful inspection of the list, and comparison with other available fluence data has been made to account for missed events in the data sets. The list is published to facilitate further review and future updates. An approach to generate future updates of a solar energetic particle cumulated fluence model is proposed. Related tools and data are provided. C1 ESA, Space Environm & Effects Anal Sect, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Off Natl Etud & Rech Aerosp, F-31055 Toulouse, France. CLRC Rutherford Appleton Lab, Chilton OX11 1QX, England. RP Rosenqvist, L (reprint author), ESA, Space Environm & Effects Anal Sect, Keplerlaan 1, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands. EM Lisa.Rosenqvist@irfu.se; Alain.Hilgers@csa.int RI Hapgood, Mike/D-6269-2014 OI Hapgood, Mike/0000-0002-0211-0241 NR 15 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0022-4650 J9 J SPACECRAFT ROCKETS JI J. Spacecr. Rockets PD NOV-DEC PY 2005 VL 42 IS 6 BP 1077 EP 1090 DI 10.2514/1.8211 PG 14 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 993UA UT WOS:000233979400016 ER PT J AU Gauzzi, A Gilioli, E Prodi, A Bolzoni, F Licci, F Marezio, M Calestani, GL Affronte, M Huang, Q Santoro, A Lynn, J AF Gauzzi, A Gilioli, E Prodi, A Bolzoni, F Licci, F Marezio, M Calestani, GL Affronte, M Huang, Q Santoro, A Lynn, J TI Unusual e(g) 3d x(2)-y(2) orbital ordering and low-energy excitations in the CE structure of NaMn7O12 SO JOURNAL OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Nanoscale Heterogeneity and Quantum Phenomena in Complex Matter CY SEP 26-OCT 01, 2004 CL Rome, ITALY DE half-doped manganese oxides; CE-structure; orbital ordering; low-energy excitations ID MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; CHARGE; LA0.5CA0.5MNO3; PHASE AB Similarly to the half-doped manganese oxides with perovskite structure like La0.5Ca0.5MnO3. the double perovskite compound NaMn7O12 contains an equal number of Mn3+ and Mn4+ ions in the corner-sharing network of MnO6 octahedra and exhibits a CE order of the charge and spins of these ions at low temperature. Though, in NaMn7O12 the order is complete, the charge and spin ordering transitions are sharp and the system is free of disorder, phase coexistence or structural inhomogeneities thanks to the absence of chemical substitutions. Here we discuss two unusual features of the CE structure of NaMn7O12: (1) the e(g) 3d x(2)-y(2) orbital ordering expected from the direct crystallographic observation of compressed Mn3+O6 octa(2) the existence of a large amount of low-energy hedra below the charge ordering transition. excitations evidenced by the low temperature behavior of the specific heat. We propose a picture of nearly degenerate spin and orbital configurations of the CE structure arising from the peculiar orbital ordering. C1 CNR, IMEM, I-43100 Parma, Italy. CNRS, CRETA, Grenoble, France. Univ Parma, Dipartimento Chim, GIAF, I-43100 Parma, Italy. INFM, Modena, Italy. Univ Modena, I-41100 Modena, Italy. NIST, Gaithersburg, VA USA. RP Gauzzi, A (reprint author), CNR, IMEM, I-43100 Parma, Italy. RI Calestani, Gianluca/L-6248-2015; Affronte, Marco/P-2504-2016; OI Calestani, Gianluca/0000-0001-7275-0327; Affronte, Marco/0000-0001-5711-7822; GILIOLI, Edmondo/0000-0001-6973-2179 NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0896-1107 J9 J SUPERCOND JI J. Supercond. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 18 IS 5-6 BP 675 EP 680 DI 10.1007/s10948-005-0057-3 PG 6 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 033LP UT WOS:000236849600014 ER PT J AU van Gelder, BHW Soler, T AF van Gelder, BHW Soler, T TI Discussion of "Effects of errors in coordinates on transformation parameters" by Hakan S. Kutoglu, Cetin Mekik, and Hakan Akcin SO JOURNAL OF SURVEYING ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Natl Geodet Survey, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP van Gelder, BHW (reprint author), Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RI Soler, Tomas/F-6386-2010 NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9453 J9 J SURV ENG-ASCE JI J. Surv. Eng.-ASCE PD NOV PY 2005 VL 131 IS 4 BP 143 EP 143 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9453(2003)129:3(91) PG 1 WC Engineering, Civil SC Engineering GA 976XK UT WOS:000232766700008 ER PT J AU Kastak, D Southall, BL Schusterman, RJ Kastak, CR AF Kastak, D Southall, BL Schusterman, RJ Kastak, CR TI Underwater temporary threshold shift in pinnipeds: Effects of noise level and duration SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID DOLPHIN TURSIOPS-TRUNCATUS; MASKED HEARING THRESHOLDS; BOTTLE-NOSED DOLPHINS; DELPHINAPTERUS-LEUCAS; EXPOSURE; ENERGY; INTENSITY; MASKING; PATTERN AB Behavioral psychophysical techniques were used to evaluate the residual effects of underwater noise on the hearing sensitivity of three pinnipeds: a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), a harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), and a northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris). Temporary threshold shift (TTS), defined as the difference between auditory thresholds obtained before and after noise exposure, was assessed. The subjects were exposed to octave-band noise centered at 2500 Hz at two sound pressure levels: 80 and 95 dB SL (re: auditory threshold at 2500 Hz). Noise exposure durations were 22, 25, and 50 min. Threshold shifts were assessed at 2500 and 3530 Hz. Mean threshold shifts ranged from 2.9-12.2 dB. Full recovery of auditory sensitivity occurred within 24 h of noise exposure. Control sequences, comprising sham noise exposures, did not,result in significant mean threshold shifts for any subject. Threshold shift magnitudes increased with increasing noise sound exposure level (SEL) for two of the three subjects. The results underscore the importance of including sound exposure metrics (incorporating sound pressure level and exposure duration) in order to fully assess the effects of noise on marine mammal hearing. (c) 2005 Acoustical Society of America. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Long Marine Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. NOAA, Acoust Program, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Off Protect Resources, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Long Marine Lab, 100 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. NR 34 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 15 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 EI 1520-8524 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 118 IS 5 BP 3154 EP 3163 DI 10.1021/1.2047128 PG 10 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 984CY UT WOS:000233281300046 PM 16334695 ER PT J AU Rankin, S Barlow, J AF Rankin, S Barlow, J TI Source of the North Pacific "boing" sound attributed to minke whales SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID BALAENOPTERA-ACUTOROSTRATA AB During a recent cetacean survey of the U.S. waters surrounding the Hawaiian Islands, the probable source of the mysterious "boing" sound of the North Pacific Ocean was identified as a minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata. Examination of boing vocalizations from three research surveys confirms previous work that identified two distinct boing vocalization types in the North Pacific. The eastern boing (n = 22) has a pulse repetition rate of 92 s(-1) and a duration of 3.6 s and was found only east of 138 degrees W. The central boing (n=106) has a pulse repetition rate of 115 s(-1) and a duration of approximately 2.6 s and was found only west of 135 degrees W. Central boing vocalizations produced by a single source (n=84) indicate that variation in repetition rate and duration of the calls of the individual were not significantly different than the variation among individuals of the same boing type. Despite a slight latitudinal overlap in the vocalizations, pulse repetition rates of the eastern and central boings were distinct. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. RP Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. NR 19 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 2 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 EI 1520-8524 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 118 IS 5 BP 3346 EP 3351 DI 10.1121/1.2046747 PG 6 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 984CY UT WOS:000233281300064 PM 16334704 ER PT J AU Pitchford, M Poirot, R AF Pitchford, M Poirot, R TI A special issue of the Jounal of the Air & Waste Management Association on regional and global perspectives on haze: Causes, consequences, and controversies SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Pitchford, M (reprint author), NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 55 IS 11 BP 1584 EP 1584 PG 1 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 983IL UT WOS:000233224800001 ER PT J AU Schichtel, BA Gebhart, KA Malm, WC Barna, MG AF Schichtel, BA Gebhart, KA Malm, WC Barna, MG TI Reconciliation and interpretation of Big Bend National Park particulate sulfur source apportionment: Results from the Big Bend Regional Aerosol and Visibility Observational study - Part I SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Air-and-Waste-Management-Association Visibility Specialty Conference CY OCT, 2004 CL Asheville, NC SP Air & Waste Management Assoc ID UNITED-STATES; MATTER; TRAJECTORIES; EXTINCTION; SULFATE; TEXAS; MODEL; BRAVO AB The Big Bend Regional Aerosol and Visibility Observational (BRAVO) study was an intensive monitoring study from July through October 1999 followed by extensive assessments to determine the causes and sources of haze in Big Bend National Park, located in Southwestern Texas. Particulate sulfate compounds are the largest contributor of haze at Big Bend, and chemical transport models (CTMs) and receptor models were used to apportion the sulfate concentrations at Big Bend to North American source regions and the Carbon power plants, located 225 km southeast of Big Bend in Mexico. Initial source attribution methods had contributions that varied by a factor of >= 2. The evaluation and comparison of methods identified opposing biases between the CTMs and receptor models, indicating that the ensemble of results bounds the true source attribution results. The reconciliation of these differences led to the development of a hybrid receptor model merging the CTM results and air quality data, which allowed a nearly daily source apportionment of the sulfate at Big Bend during the BRAVO study. The best estimates from the reconciliation process resulted in sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions from U.S. and Mexican sources contributing similar to 55% and 38%, respectively, of sulfate at Big Bend. The distribution among U.S. source regions was Texas, 16%; the Eastern United States, 30%; and the Western United States, 9%. The Carbon facilities contributed 19%, making them the largest single contributing facility. Sources in Mexico contributed to the sulfate at Big Bend on most days, whereas contributions from Texas and Eastern U.S. sources were episodic, with their largest contributions during Big Bend sulfate episodes. On the 20% of the days with the highest sulfate concentrations, U.S. and Mexican sources contributed similar to 71% and 26% of the sulfate, respectively. However, on the 20% of days with the lowest sulfate concentrations, Mexico contributed 48% compared with 40% for the United States. C1 Colorado State Univ, Natl Pk Serv, CIRA, Air Force Div, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Las Vegas, NV USA. Elect Power Res Inst, Palo Alto, CA USA. RP Schichtel, BA (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Natl Pk Serv, CIRA, Air Force Div, Foothills Campus, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM Schichtel@cira.colostate.edu RI Xiongfei, Zhao/G-7690-2015 NR 46 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 7 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1096-2247 EI 2162-2906 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 55 IS 11 BP 1709 EP 1725 PG 17 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 983IL UT WOS:000233224800011 PM 16350368 ER PT J AU Pitchford, ML Schichtel, BA Gebhart, KA Barna, MG Malm, WC Tombach, IH Knipping, EM AF Pitchford, ML Schichtel, BA Gebhart, KA Barna, MG Malm, WC Tombach, IH Knipping, EM TI Reconciliation and interpretation of the Big Bend National Park light extinction source apportionment: Results from the Big Bend Regional Aerosol and Visibility Observational study - Part II SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Air-and-Waste-Management-Association Visibility Specialty Conference CY OCT, 2004 CL Asheville, NC SP Air & Waste Management Assoc ID DUST AB The recently completed Big Bend Regional Aerosol and Visibility Observational (BRAVO) Study focused on particulate sulfate source attribution for a 4-month period from July through October 1999. A companion paper in this issue by Schichtel et al. describes the methods evaluation and results reconciliation of the BRAVO Study sulfate attribution approaches. This paper summarizes the BRAVO Study extinction budget assessment and interprets the attribution results in the context of annual and multiyear causes of haze by drawing on long-term aerosol monitoring data and regional transport climatology, as well as results from other investigations. Particulate sulfates, organic carbon, and coarse mass are responsible for most of the haze at Big Bend National Park, whereas fine particles composed of light-absorbing carbon, fine soils, and nitrates are relatively minor contributors. Spring and late summer through fall are the two periods of high-haze levels at Big Bend. Particulate sulfate and carbonaceous compounds contribute in a similar magnitude to the spring haze period, whereas sulfates are the primary cause of haze during the late summer and fall period. Atmospheric transport patterns to Big Bend vary throughout the year, resulting in a seasonal cycle of different upwind source regions contributing to its haze levels. Important sources and source regions for haze at Big Bend include biomass smoke from Mexico and Central America in the spring and African dust during the summer. Sources of sulfur dioxide (SO,) emissions in Mexico, Texas, and in the Eastern United States all contribute to Big Bend haze in varying amounts over different times of the year, with a higher contribution from Mexican sources in the spring and early summer, and a higher contribution from U.S. sources during late summer and fall. Some multiple-day haze episodes result from the influence of several source regions, whereas others are primarily because of emissions from a single source region. C1 NOAA, Desert Res Inst, Air Resources Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. Elect Power Res Inst, Palo Alto, CA USA. RP Pitchford, ML (reprint author), NOAA, Desert Res Inst, Air Resources Lab, 755 E Flamingo Rd, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. EM Marc.Pitchford@NOAA.gov NR 13 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 55 IS 11 BP 1726 EP 1732 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 983IL UT WOS:000233224800012 PM 16350369 ER PT J AU Koch, SE Jamison, BD Lu, CG Smith, TL Tollerud, EI Girz, C Wang, N Lane, TP Shapiro, MA Parrish, DD Cooper, OR AF Koch, SE Jamison, BD Lu, CG Smith, TL Tollerud, EI Girz, C Wang, N Lane, TP Shapiro, MA Parrish, DD Cooper, OR TI Turbulence and gravity waves within an upper-level front SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID CONDITIONAL SYMMETRIC INSTABILITY; CLEAR-AIR TURBULENCE; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; JET-STREAM; 2-DIMENSIONAL TURBULENCE; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; AIRCRAFT OBSERVATIONS; WEATHER PREDICTION; UPPER ATMOSPHERE; CIRRUS CLOUDS AB High-resolution dropwindsonde and in-flight measurements collected by a research aircraft during the Severe Clear-Air Turbulence Colliding with Aircraft Traffic ( SCATCAT) experiment and simulations from numerical models are analyzed for a clear-air turbulence event associated with an intense upper-level jet/frontal system. Spectral, wavelet, and structure function analyses performed with the 25-Hz in situ data are used to investigate the relationship between gravity waves and turbulence. Mesoscale dynamics are analyzed with the 20-km hydrostatic Rapid Update Cycle ( RUC) model and a nested 1-km simulation with the nonhydrostatic Clark-Hall ( CH) cloud-scale model. Turbulence occurred in association with a wide spectrum of upward propagating gravity waves above the jet core. Inertia-gravity waves were generated within a region of unbalanced frontogenesis in the vicinity of a complex tropopause fold. Turbulent kinetic energy fields forecast by the RUC and CH models displayed a strongly banded appearance associated with these mesoscale gravity waves ( horizontal wavelengths of similar to 120-216 km). Smaller-scale gravity wave packets ( horizontal wavelengths of 1-20 km) within the mesoscale wave field perturbed the background wind shear and stability, promoting the development of bands of reduced Richardson number conducive to the generation of turbulence. The wavelet analysis revealed that brief episodes of high turbulent energy were closely associated with gravity wave occurrences. Structure function analysis provided evidence that turbulence was most strongly forced at a horizontal scale of 700 m. Fluctuations in ozone measured by the aircraft correlated highly with potential temperature fluctuations and the occurrence of turbulent patches at altitudes just above the jet core, but not at higher flight levels, even though the ozone fluctuations were much larger aloft. These results suggest the existence of remnant "fossil turbulence" from earlier events at higher levels, and that ozone cannot be used as a substitute for more direct measures of turbulence. The findings here do suggest that automated turbulence forecasting algorithms should include some reliable measure of gravity wave activity. C1 NOAA, FSL, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NOAA, Off Weather & Air Qual, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NOAA, Res Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Koch, SE (reprint author), NOAA, FSL, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Steven.Koch@noaa.gov RI Lane, Todd/A-8804-2011; Parrish, David/E-8957-2010; Cooper, Owen/H-4875-2013; Smith, Tracy/C-7619-2015; Jamison, Brian/M-1109-2015 OI Lane, Todd/0000-0003-0171-6927; Parrish, David/0000-0001-6312-2724; Smith, Tracy/0000-0002-7189-4027; NR 70 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 3 U2 15 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 62 IS 11 BP 3885 EP 3908 DI 10.1175/JAS3574.1 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 986OW UT WOS:000233460600003 ER PT J AU Morrison, I Businger, S Marks, F Dodge, P Businger, JA AF Morrison, I Businger, S Marks, F Dodge, P Businger, JA TI An observational case for the prevalence of roll vortices in the hurricane boundary layer (vol 62, pg 2662, 2005) SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Correction C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Meteorol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Businger, JA (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Meteorol, 2525 Correa Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM businger@hawaii.edu RI Marks, Frank/A-5733-2011; dodge, peter/A-9808-2017 OI Marks, Frank/0000-0003-0371-5514; NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 62 IS 11 BP 4121 EP 4121 DI 10.1175/JAS3666.1 PG 1 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 986OW UT WOS:000233460600018 ER PT J AU Nguyen, NV Sayan, S Levin, I Ehrstein, JR Baumvol, IJR Driemeier, C Krug, C Wielunski, L Hung, RY Diebold, A AF Nguyen, NV Sayan, S Levin, I Ehrstein, JR Baumvol, IJR Driemeier, C Krug, C Wielunski, L Hung, RY Diebold, A TI Optical band gaps and composition dependence of hafnium-aluminate thin films grown by atomic layer chemical vapor deposition SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A LA English DT Article ID GATE DIELECTRICS; SPECTROSCOPIC ELLIPSOMETRY; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; ULTRAVIOLET; HFO2; (HFO2)(X)(AL2O3)(1-X); STABILITY; MODEL; SI AB We report the optical properties of unannealed hafnium-aluminate (HfAlO) films grown by atomic layer chemical vapor deposition (ALCVD) and correlate them with the aluminum contents in the films. Vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopic ellipsometry (VUV-SE), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), channeling Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), and resonant nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) were employed to characterize these films. In the analyses of ellipsometry data, a double Tauc-Lorentz dispersion produces a best fit to the experimental VUV-SE data. As a result, the determined complex pseudodielectric functions of the films clearly exhibit a dependency on the aluminum densities measured by RBS and NRA, We show that the optical fundamental band gap E-g shifts from 5.56 +/- 0.05 eV for HfO2 to 5.92 +/- 0.05 eV for HfAlO. The latter was grown by using an equal number of pulses of H2O/HfCl4 and H2O/TMA (trimethylaluminum) precursors in each deposition cycle for HfO2 and Al2O3, respectively. The shift of E-g to higher photon energies with increasing aluminum content indicates that intermixing of HfO2 and Al2O3 occurred during the ALCVD growth process. We found that E-g varies linearly with the mole fraction x of Al2O3 in the alloy (HfO2)(x)(Al2O3)(1-x), but has a parabolic dependency with the aluminum density. We also observed a consistent decrease in the magnitudes of the real and imaginary part of of HfAlO films with respect to those of HfO2 as the Al density increased. The absence of the approximate to 5.7 eV peak in the spectrum, which was previously reported for polycrystalline HfO2 films, indicates that these films are amorphous as confirmed by their HRTEM images. (c) 2005 American Vacuum Society. C1 NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Chem, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. UFRGS, Inst Fis, BR-91509900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Phys, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Int Sematech, Austin, TX 78741 USA. RP Nguyen, NV (reprint author), NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM nhan.nguyen@nist.gov RI Levin, Igor/F-8588-2010; Driemeier, Carlos/C-9209-2012; Israel, Baumvol/G-3411-2013 OI Driemeier, Carlos/0000-0002-4794-3714; NR 28 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 9 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0734-2101 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL A JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A PD NOV-DEC PY 2005 VL 23 IS 6 BP 1706 EP 1713 DI 10.1116/1.2091096 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 985RL UT WOS:000233395800033 ER PT J AU Postek, MT Villarrubia, JS Vladar, AE AF Postek, MT Villarrubia, JS Vladar, AE TI Advanced electron microscopy needs for nanotechnology and nanomanufacturing SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 49th International Conference on Electron, Ion, and Photon Beam Technology and Nanofabrication CY MAY 31-JUN 03, 2005 CL Orlando, FL SP AVS, IEEE Elect Devices Soc, Opt Soc Amer ID DIMENSIONAL METROLOGY AB Advances in fundamental nanoscience, design of nanomaterials, and ultimately manufacturing of nanometer scale products all depend to some degree on the capability to accurately and reproducibly measure dimensions, properties, and performance characteristics at the nanoscale. Measurement tools and techniques are needed to image and measure in this realm of research, development, and technology. Currently available metrology tools are also beginning to reach the limits of resolution and accuracy and are not expected to meet future requirements for nanotechnology or nanomanufacturing. Clever approaches to this problem need to be developed. Further, even with the vast array of current tools available, the important question is whether or not they are providing the needed information. Revolutionary approaches to the metrology may be required in the near future. This article discusses some of the issues and potential solutions being undertaken in the scanning electron microscope dimensional metrology project at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Postek, MT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM postek@nist.gov NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 5 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 1071-1023 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL B JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B PD NOV-DEC PY 2005 VL 23 IS 6 BP 3015 EP 3022 DI 10.1116/1.2135795 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 002LP UT WOS:000234613200143 ER PT J AU Lee, HJ Ro, HW Soles, CL Jones, RL Lin, EK Wu, WL Hines, DR AF Lee, HJ Ro, HW Soles, CL Jones, RL Lin, EK Wu, WL Hines, DR TI Effect of initial resist thickness on residual layer thickness of nanoimprinted structures SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 49th International Conference on Electron, Ion, and Photon Beam Technology and Nanofabrication CY MAY 31-JUN 03, 2005 CL Orlando, FL SP AVS, IEEE Elect Devices Soc, Opt Soc Amer ID LITHOGRAPHY AB Quantification and control of the residual layer thickness is a critical challenge facing nanoimprint lithography. This thickness must be known to within a few nanometers, yet there are very few nondestructive measurement techniques capable of extracting such information. Here we describe a specular x-ray reflectivity technique that can be used to not only quantify the thickness of the residual layer with sub-nm resolution, but also to extract the pattern height, the line-to-space ratio, and relative linewidth variations as a function of the pattern height. This is illustrated through a series of imprints where the initial film thickness is varied. For films with sufficient resist material to fill the mold, complete pattern filling is observed and the residual layer thickness is directly proportional to the initial film thickness. When there is insufficient resist material in the film to completely fill the patterns in the mold, a finite residual layer thickness of approximately 50-100 angstrom is still observed. (c) 2005 American Vacuum Society. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Lab Phys Sci, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. RP Soles, CL (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM csoles@nist.gov NR 11 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 5 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 1071-1023 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL B JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B PD NOV-DEC PY 2005 VL 23 IS 6 BP 3023 EP 3027 DI 10.1116/1.2101776 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 002LP UT WOS:000234613200144 ER PT J AU Dixson, RG Allen, RA Guthrie, WF Cresswell, MW AF Dixson, RG Allen, RA Guthrie, WF Cresswell, MW TI Traceable calibration of critical-dimension atomic force microscope linewidth measurements with nanometer uncertainty SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 49th International Conference on Electron, Ion, and Photon Beam Technology and Nanofabrication CY MAY 31-JUN 03, 2005 CL Orlando, FL SP AVS, IEEE Elect Devices Soc, Opt Soc Amer ID CD-AFM; METROLOGY AB The use of critical dimension atomic force microscopes (CD AFMs) in semiconductor manufacturing, both for process control and as a reference metrology tool, is increasing, If the tip width is calibrated consistently between measurements, a CD AFM can function as an excellent width comparator. Relative widths can be measured with uncertainties of 1 nm or less. However, to perform accurate measurements, the absolute tip width must be accurately calibrated. Until recently, conventional methods for accomplishing this had standard uncertainties on the order of 5 nm. Recently developed CD reference materials now make it possible to calibrate absolute tip width with uncertainties at the 1 nm level. The highlights of our method are: ( 1) the use of single-crystal silicon and preferential etching to pattern well-defined and highly uniform features; (2) the use of high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) to access the Si lattice spacing directly as a source of traceable width information, and (3) the use of CD AFM to transfer width information from the HRTEM samples. These standards are known as single crystal critical dimension reference materials (SCCDRM), and prototype SCCDRMs have recently been delivered to SEMATECH Member Companies for evaluation. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dixson, RG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM ronald.dixson@nist.gov NR 9 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 3 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 1071-1023 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL B JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B PD NOV-DEC PY 2005 VL 23 IS 6 BP 3028 EP 3032 DI 10.1116/1.2130347 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 002LP UT WOS:000234613200145 ER PT J AU Tirumala, VR Divan, R Ocola, LE Mancini, DC AF Tirumala, VR Divan, R Ocola, LE Mancini, DC TI Direct-write e-beam patterning of stimuli-responsive hydrogel nanostructures SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 49th International Conference on Electron, Ion, and Photon Beam Technology and Nanofabrication CY MAY 31-JUN 03, 2005 CL Orlando, FL SP AVS, IEEE Elect Devices Soc, Opt Soc Amer ID GELS AB The need for stimuli-responsive components in microfluidic systems has led to the development of hydrogel-based patterned microstructures. The most commonly practiced means for fabricating micropatterned hydrogels is based on in situ photopolymerization using 365 nm UV light in a liquid medium. This approach has been found to be very successful for patterning hydrogel-based features with tens or hundreds of microns resolution, but its main drawback lies in having to contain the liquid prepolymer mixture within the device for irradiation. We instead propose an alternate approach that uses direct-write electron-beam radiation to cross-link a dry, spin-coated thin film of linear polymer. After exposure, the linear polymer is dissolved in water leaving behind the cross-linked regions. When immersed in water, the cross-linked regions assume the properties of hydrogel and undergo naturally thermoreversible swelling and shrinking. This direct-writing approach can be used to fabricate hydrogel-based nanostructures down to 100 nm linewidth and also is amenable to easy integration into nano and bio devices. We focus on patterning a well-known thermoreversible hydrogel, poly (N-isopropylacrylamide), and use it to discuss various aspects of process methodology, fabrication, characterization, and stimuli-response properties of nanosized hydrogels in detail. (c) 2005 American Vacuum Society. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Ctr Nanoscale Mat, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Tirumala, VR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8541, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM vijay.tirumala@nist.gov OI Ocola, Leonidas/0000-0003-4990-1064 NR 10 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 9 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 1071-1023 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL B JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B PD NOV-DEC PY 2005 VL 23 IS 6 BP 3124 EP 3128 DI 10.1116/1.2062649 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 002LP UT WOS:000234613200164 ER PT J AU Grantham, S Tarrio, C Hill, SB Lucatorto, TB AF Grantham, S Tarrio, C Hill, SB Lucatorto, TB TI Optics go to extremes in EUV lithography SO LASER FOCUS WORLD LA English DT Article C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Grantham, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM grantham@nist.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PENNWELL PUBL CO PI NASHUA PA 98 SPIT BROOK RD, NASHUA, NH 03062-2801 USA SN 0740-2511 J9 LASER FOCUS WORLD JI Laser Focus World PD NOV PY 2005 VL 41 IS 11 BP 117 EP + PG 4 WC Optics SC Optics GA 991LL UT WOS:000233815400037 ER PT J AU Wells, ML Trick, CG Cochlan, WP Hughes, MP Trainer, VL AF Wells, ML Trick, CG Cochlan, WP Hughes, MP Trainer, VL TI Domoic acid: The synergy of iron, copper, and the toxicity of diatoms SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID SUB-ARCTIC PACIFIC; PSEUDO-NITZSCHIA-MULTISERIES; MARINE-PHYTOPLANKTON; CU STRESS; LIMITATION; TRANSPORT; GROWTH; CYANOBACTERIA; CULTURE; WATERS AB Diatom blooms generated by the alleviation of iron limitation in high nitrate-low chlorophyll (HNLC) regions of the oceans often are composed of pennate diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia, many of which periodically produce the potent neurotoxin domoic acid. We show that toxigenic diatoms have an inducible high-affinity iron uptake capability that enables them to grow efficiently on iron complexed by strong organic ligands in seawater. This low-iron adaptive strategy requires copper and domoic acid, a copper chelator whose production increases sharply when both iron and copper are limiting. Addition of either domoic acid or copper to seawater improves the growth of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. on strongly complexed iron during deck incubation experiments with natural phytoplankton. Our findings indicate that domoic acid is a functional component of the unusual high-affinity iron acquisition system of these organisms. This system may help explain why Pseudo-nitzschia spp. are persistent seed populations in oceanic HNLC regions, as well as in some neritic regions. Our findings also indicate that in the absence of an adequate copper supply, iron-limited natural populations of Pseudo-nitzschia will become increasingly toxic. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Univ Maine, Sch Marine Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Univ Western Ontario, Dept Biol, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada. San Francisco State Univ, Romberg Tiburon Ctr Environm Studies, Tiburon, CA 94920 USA. NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Wells, ML (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. EM mlwells@maine.edu NR 42 TC 112 Z9 113 U1 1 U2 37 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 50 IS 6 BP 1908 EP 1917 PG 10 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 985IK UT WOS:000233370600018 ER PT J AU Alessi, ML Norman, AI Knowlton, SE Ho, DL Greer, SC AF Alessi, ML Norman, AI Knowlton, SE Ho, DL Greer, SC TI Helical and coil conformations of poly(ethylene glycol) in isobutyric acid and water SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID SMALL-ANGLE SCATTERING; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; FOURIER TRANSFORMATION; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; OXIDE); AGGREGATION; POLYMERS; CHAIN; DISTRIBUTIONS; EQUILIBRIUM AB We show that when poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is dissolved in isobutyric acid at temperatures below about 55 degrees C, the polymer molecule can form helices. Small-angle neutron scattering indicates that in pure isobutyric acid and in isobutyric acid-rich aqueous solutions the polymer chains form stiff rods that coexist with polymer coils when the polymer molecular weight is 2.38 x 10(4), 2.13 x 10(5), and 2.87 x 10(5) g/mol, but that at the lower molecular weight of 1.73 x 10(2), only the polymer rods form. The addition of chiral dopants causes a net optical rotation in the solution, indicating that the rods are actually helices. Above about 60 degrees C in deuterated isobutyric acid (and above about 70 degrees C in hydrogenated isobutyric acid), the helices convert to coils. In water, the PEG molecules form coils which persist over the entire temperature range studied (25-60 degrees C). C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Greer, SC (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM sgreer@umd.edu NR 43 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 5 U2 24 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD NOV 1 PY 2005 VL 38 IS 22 BP 9333 EP 9340 DI 10.1021/ma051339e PG 8 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 979WO UT WOS:000232975900050 ER PT J AU Hinkey, LM Zaidi, BR Volson, B Rodriguez, NJ AF Hinkey, LM Zaidi, BR Volson, B Rodriguez, NJ TI Identifying sources and distributions of sediment contaminants at two US Virgin Islands marinas SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE marinas; sediments; contaminants; PAH; metals; Virgin Islands ID ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; IMPACT AB Differences in sediment contaminant concentrations within two marinas and adjacent to the marinas in St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands were compared to calculate the portion of those contaminants due to marina activities. In marina I (containing no vessel maintenance areas, but with a fuel dock) 88% of observed PAHs and 0% of metals were attributed to marina activities. In the marina/boatyard complex, 46% of PAHs and 89% of metals were attributed to marina sources. The distance from storm drain discharges, and sediment characteristics play a greater role in the distribution and fate of pollutants than do activities associated with a given marina station. The data also provided some evidence that the protection marinas offer to vessels from wind, currents, and waves may concentrate contaminants. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Marine Sci, Mayaguez, PR 00681 USA. NOAA, Coastal Serv Ctr, Charleston, SC 29485 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Marine Sci, POB 9013, Mayaguez, PR 00681 USA. EM brzaidi@hotmail.com NR 15 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 50 IS 11 BP 1244 EP 1250 DI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.04.035 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 995KC UT WOS:000234098200020 PM 15964034 ER PT J AU LaGier, MJ Scholin, CA Fell, JW Wang, J Goodwin, KD AF LaGier, MJ Scholin, CA Fell, JW Wang, J Goodwin, KD TI An electrochemical RNA hybridization assay for detection of the fecal indicator bacterium Escherichia coli SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE biosensor; fecal indicators; fecal pollution; monitoring; RNA; water quality ID WATER-QUALITY; QUANTITATIVE PCR; DNA; GASTROENTERITIS; TECHNOLOGIES; BIOSENSORS; VIABILITY; PATHOGENS; O157-H7; SAMPLES AB Monitoring waters for indicator bacteria is required to protect the public from exposure to fecal Pollution. Our proof-of-concept study describes it method for detecting fecal coliforms. The coliform Escherichia coli was used as a model fecal indicator. DNA probe-coated magnetic beads in combination with the electrochemical monitoring of the oxidation state of guanine nucleotides should allow for direct detection of bacterial RNA. To demonstrate this concept, we used voltammetry in connection with pencil electrodes to detect isolated E. coli 16S rRNA. Using this approach, 10(7) cells of E. coli were detected in a quantitative, reproducible fashion in 4 h. Detection was achieved without a nucleic acid amplification step. The specificity of the assay for coliforms was demonstrated by testing against a panel of bacterial RNA. We also show that E. coli RNA can be detected directly from cell extracts. The method could be used for on-site detection and shows promise for adaptation into automated biosensors for water-quality monitoring. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Ocean Chem Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. RP NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Ocean Chem Div, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM michael.lagier@noaa.gov; kelly.goodwin@noaa.gov RI Goodwin, Kelly/B-4985-2014; Wang, Joseph/C-6175-2011 OI Goodwin, Kelly/0000-0001-9583-8073; FU NIEHS NIH HHS [F32 ES005705, ES 05705, P30 ES005705, P50 ES012736, P50 ES012736-02] NR 43 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 3 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 50 IS 11 BP 1251 EP 1261 DI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.04.034 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 995KC UT WOS:000234098200021 PM 15922364 ER PT J AU Bejarano, AC Pennington, PL DeLorenzo, ME Chandler, GT AF Bejarano, AC Pennington, PL DeLorenzo, ME Chandler, GT TI Atrazine effects on meiobenthic assemblages of a modular estuarine mesocosm SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE atrazine; modular estuarine mesocosms; meiobenthos; colonization chambers ID COPEPOD AMPHIASCUS-TENUIREMIS; GULF-OF-MEXICO; MEIOFAUNA; POLLUTION; COMMUNITY; FOOD; REPRODUCTION; CYPERMETHRIN; HYDROCARBON; SURVIVAL AB Atrazine is a widely used herbicide in the US found at levels ranging from < 10 ng/L to 62.5 mu g/L in estuaries throughout the southeast. Effects of atrazine on estuarine meiobenthic assemblages chronically exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations are unknown. The purpose of our research was to assess effects of atrazine on meiobenthos at concentrations near the proposed USEPA SWQC (26 mu g/L) using modular estuarine salt marsh mesocosms as a field surrogate. Indigenous copepod and nematode densities were assessed after 28 days of exposure in transplanted colonization chambers. Cluster analysis showed a group characterized by low copepod densities, mostly atrazine exposed chambers, and a group containing all but one control chamber. The later group included chambers with high densities of the copepods Paronychocamptus wilsoni and Enhydrosoma baruchi. Compared to controls, copepod densities was similar to 70% lower in atrazine chambers, with three of the most common copepod species (E. baruchi, Ony-chocamptus sp. and P. wilsoni) showing an average of 50-70% reduction in population densities (p < 0.05). Although nematode density did not differ between atrazine and control chambers, the nematode-to-copepod ratio was significantly higher in atrazine (9.95 +/- 7.61; p = 0.011) than in control chambers (0.61 +/- 0.35). Our findings suggest that chronic exposures over multiple generations to atrazine at concentrations near the proposed USEPA SWQC could have significant effects on the abundance and composition of estuarine meiobenthic copepod assemblages. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ S Carolina, Arnold Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. NOAA, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Natl Ocean Serv, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Univ S Carolina, Arnold Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. EM acbejara@mailbox.sc.edu NR 27 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 50 IS 11 BP 1398 EP 1404 DI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.06.012 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 995KC UT WOS:000234098200036 PM 16040059 ER PT J AU Kramar, JA AF Kramar, JA TI Nanometre resolution metrology with the molecular measuring machine SO MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE nanometrology; STM; Michelson interferometer; grating; calibration; vacuum ID SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE; ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPE; ACTIVE VIBRATION ISOLATION; PITCH MEASUREMENTS; STANDARDS; ELECTRONICS; TECHNOLOGY; DEPOSITION; PROSPECTS; ACCURACY AB Nanometre accuracy and resolution metrology over technically relevant areas is becoming a necessity for the progress of nanomanufacturing. At the National Institute of Standards and Technology, we are developing the Molecular Measuring Machine, a scanned probe microscope (SPM) and Michelson interferometer based metrology instrument, designed to achieve nanometre measurement uncertainty for point-to-point measurements over a 50 mm. by 50 mm working area. The salient design features are described, along with example measurements that demonstrate the measurement capabilities so far achieved. Both long-range measurements of sub-micrometre pitch gratings over 10 mm, and short-range, high-resolution measurements of a molecular crystal lattice have been accomplished. The estimated relative measurement uncertainty so far attained for pitch measurements is 6 x 10(-5), coverage factor k = 2. We have also used this instrument and scanning probe oxidation lithography for creating some simple nanometre dimension patterns that could serve as prototype calibration standards, utilizing the SPM probe tip positioning accuracy. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 35 TC 48 Z9 55 U1 2 U2 19 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-0233 EI 1361-6501 J9 MEAS SCI TECHNOL JI Meas. Sci. Technol. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 16 IS 11 BP 2121 EP 2128 DI 10.1088/0957-0233/16/11/001 PG 8 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 986MK UT WOS:000233453500002 ER PT J AU Pratt, JR Kramar, JA Newell, DB Smith, DT AF Pratt, JR Kramar, JA Newell, DB Smith, DT TI Review of SI traceable force metrology for instrumented indentation and atomic force microscopy SO MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE atomic force microscopy; instrumented indentation; micronewton/nanonewton force calibration ID CALIBRATION; CANTILEVER; CONSTANT; REALIZATION; STANDARD; BALANCE AB This paper reviews the current status of small force metrology for quantitative instrumented indentation and atomic force microscopy (AFM), and in particular focuses on new electrical and deadweight standards of force developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). These standards provide metrological infrastructure so that users of instrumented indentation and AFM can achieve quantitative nanomechanical testing of materials, engineered surfaces and micro and nanoscale devices in terms of forces that are expressed in internationally accepted units of measure with quantified uncertainty. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Smith, Douglas/I-4403-2016 OI Smith, Douglas/0000-0002-9358-3449 NR 32 TC 60 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 7 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-0233 EI 1361-6501 J9 MEAS SCI TECHNOL JI Meas. Sci. Technol. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 16 IS 11 BP 2129 EP 2137 DI 10.1088/0957-0233/16/11/002 PG 9 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 986MK UT WOS:000233453500003 ER PT J AU Orji, NG Vorburger, TV Fu, J Dixson, RG Nguyen, CV Raja, J AF Orji, NG Vorburger, TV Fu, J Dixson, RG Nguyen, CV Raja, J TI Line edge roughness metrology using atomic force microscopes SO MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE atomic force microscope; line edge roughness; carbon nanotube ID 193 NM; SURFACE; SIMULATION; LITHOGRAPHY; PERFORMANCE; AFM; LER; CD AB Line edge roughness (LER) measurements using two types of atomic force microscopes and three types of tips are compared. Measurements were made on specially prepared samples with inscribed edge roughness of different amplitudes and wavelengths. The spatial wavelengths and amplitudes each instrument was able to measure are compared. Techniques on checking the noise level of LER measuring instruments are highlighted. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, ELORET Corp, Moffett Field, CA 94033 USA. Univ N Carolina, Charlotte, NC 28223 USA. RP NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 20 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 5 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-0233 EI 1361-6501 J9 MEAS SCI TECHNOL JI Meas. Sci. Technol. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 16 IS 11 BP 2147 EP 2154 DI 10.1088/0957-0233/16/11/004 PG 8 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 986MK UT WOS:000233453500005 ER PT J AU Hurley, DC Kopycinska-Muller, M Kos, AB Geiss, RH AF Hurley, DC Kopycinska-Muller, M Kos, AB Geiss, RH TI Nanoscale elastic-property measurements and mapping using atomic force acoustic microscopy methods SO MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE elastic properties; atomic force microscopy; atomic force acoustic microscopy; nanomechanics ID NANOCRYSTALLINE MATERIALS AB We describe a dynamic atomic force microscopy (AFM) method for measuring the elastic properties of surfaces, thin films and nanostructures at the nanoscale. Our approach is based on atomic force acoustic microscopy (AFAM) techniques and involves the resonant modes of the AFM cantilever in contact mode. From the frequencies of the resonant modes, the tip-sample contact stiffness k* can be calculated. Values for elastic properties such as the indentation modulus M can be determined from k* with appropriate contact-mechanics models. We present the basic principles of AFAM and explain how it can be used to measure local elastic properties with a lateral spatial resolution of tens of nanometres. Quantitative results for a variety of films as thin as 50 nm are given to illustrate our methods. Studies related to measurement accuracy involving the effects of film thickness and tip wear are also described. Finally, we discuss the design and use of electronics to track the contact-resonance frequency. This extension of AFAM fixed-position methods will enable rapid quantitative imaging of nanoscale elastic properties. C1 NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM hurley@boulder.nist.gov OI Kopycinska-Mueller, Malgorzata/0000-0001-7033-3095 NR 16 TC 67 Z9 70 U1 2 U2 30 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-0233 EI 1361-6501 J9 MEAS SCI TECHNOL JI Meas. Sci. Technol. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 16 IS 11 BP 2167 EP 2172 DI 10.1088/0957-0233/16/11/006 PG 6 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 986MK UT WOS:000233453500007 ER PT J AU Kinnane, MN Kimpton, JA de Jonge, MD Makonyi, K Chantler, CT AF Kinnane, MN Kimpton, JA de Jonge, MD Makonyi, K Chantler, CT TI The correction of systematic image deformations inherent to two-dimensional proportional counters SO MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE x-ray beams; x-ray detectors; quantum electrodynamics; spectroscopy in atomic and molecular physics ID HIGH-ENERGY-PHYSICS; AREA DETECTOR; CHAMBERS; RESOLUTION; CRYSTALS AB Two-dimensional backgammon configuration and multiwire gas proportional counters have been in use for decades in the field of x-ray physics for high-precision or high-flux experiments. Systematics inherent to this type of detector lead to image distortions that are often overlooked or extremely difficult to quantify. They are usually seen as intrinsic to the detector performance, leading to loss of resolution, linearity and signal-to-noise ratio. This work presents the signature, cause and resolution of several key distortions. The physics of the breakdown between the anode and cathode, false event position reconstruction due to the electronic detector response, and the effect of asymmetric field lines between the anode and cathode are developed. The position resolution of these types of detectors is demonstrated to be comparable to a charge-coupled device when used in the same experimental configuration. C1 Univ Melbourne, Sch Phys, Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Univ Melbourne, Sch Phys, Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia. RI de Jonge, Martin/C-3400-2011; Chantler, Christopher/D-4744-2013 OI Chantler, Christopher/0000-0001-6608-0048 NR 33 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-0233 EI 1361-6501 J9 MEAS SCI TECHNOL JI Meas. Sci. Technol. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 16 IS 11 BP 2280 EP 2286 DI 10.1088/0957-0233/16/11/021 PG 7 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 986MK UT WOS:000233453500022 ER PT J AU Postek, MT AF Postek, MT TI Nanometrology SO MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NIST, Div Mfg Engn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP NIST, Div Mfg Engn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-0233 EI 1361-6501 J9 MEAS SCI TECHNOL JI Meas. Sci. Technol. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 16 IS 11 PG 1 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 986MK UT WOS:000233453500001 ER PT J AU Sengers, JMHL AF Sengers, JMHL TI Kamerlingh Onnes constructs Gibbs surfaces assuming continuity of states SO MOLECULAR PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID EQUATION-OF-STATE AB Driven by the idea of continuity of states, Kamerlingh Onnes built a number of Gibbs energy-entropy-volume surfaces early in the 20th century. He devised an original method to construct such surfaces based on the van der Waals equation, and discovered that the surfaces have a sharp ridge running close to the liquid branch of the coexistence curve. He also built several surfaces for water and for carbon dioxide, including their solid phases. He made a major effort to represent faithfully the known data for these substances, including Tammann's new experimental high-pressure data. He proposed that the solid phases be represented by ridges similar to the liquid ridge, the ridges being caused by additional loops in the equation of state. This led him to the controversial concept of solid - liquid criticality, which is illustrated by several of his models. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sengers, JMHL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8380, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM johanna.sengers@nist.gov NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0026-8976 J9 MOL PHYS JI Mol. Phys. PD NOV-DEC PY 2005 VL 103 IS 21-23 BP 2979 EP 2988 DI 10.1080/00268970500168654 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 971KU UT WOS:000232383700018 ER PT J AU Hamill, TM Whitaker, JS AF Hamill, TM Whitaker, JS TI Accounting for the error due to unresolved scales in ensemble data assimilation: A comparison of different approaches SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC DATA ASSIMILATION; QUASI-GEOSTROPHIC MODEL; KALMAN FILTER; COVARIANCE PARAMETERS; ANALYSIS SCHEME; FORECAST BIAS; PREDICTABILITY; PREDICTION; SYSTEM; REPRESENTATION AB Insufficient model resolution is one source of model error in numerical weather predictions. Methods for parameterizing this error in ensemble data assimilations are explored here. Experiments were conducted with a two-layer primitive equation model, where the assumed true state was a T127 forecast simulation. Ensemble data assimilations were performed with the same model at T31 resolution, assimilating imperfect observations drawn from the T127 forecast. By design, the magnitude of errors due to model truncation was much larger than the error growth due to initial condition uncertainty, making this a stringent test of the ability of an ensemble-based data assimilation to deal with model error. Two general methods, "covariance inflation" and "additive error," were considered for parameterizing the model error at the resolved scales ( T31 and larger) due to interaction with the unresolved scales (T32 to T127). Covariance inflation expanded the background forecast members' deviations about the ensemble mean, while additive error added specially structured noise to each ensemble member forecast before the update step. The method of parameterizing this model error had a substantial effect on the accuracy of the ensemble data assimilation. Covariance inflation produced ensembles with analysis errors that were no lower than the analysis errors from three-dimensional variational (3D-Var) assimilation, and for the method to avoid filter divergence, the assimilations had to be periodically reseeded. Covariance inflation uniformly expanded the model spread; however, the actual growth of model errors depended on the dynamics, growing proportionally more in the midlatitudes. The inappropriately uniform inflation progressively degradated the capacity of the ensemble to span the actual forecast error. The most accurate model-error parameterization was an additive model-error parameterization, which reduced the error difference between 3D-Var and a near-perfect assimilation system by similar to 40%. In the lowest-error simulations, additive errors were parameterized using samples of model error from a time series of differences between T63 and T31 forecasts. Scaled samples of differences between model forecast states separated by 24 h were also tested as additive error parameterizations, as well as scaled samples of the T31 model state's anomaly from the T31 model climatology. The latter two methods produced analyses that were progressively less accurate. The decrease in accuracy was likely due to their inappropriately long spatial correlation length scales. C1 NOAA, CIRES, CDC, R CDC 1, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Hamill, TM (reprint author), NOAA, CIRES, CDC, R CDC 1, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM tom.hamill@noaa.gov NR 48 TC 93 Z9 97 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 133 IS 11 BP 3132 EP 3147 DI 10.1175/MWR3020.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 986OQ UT WOS:000233460000005 ER PT J AU Kleist, DT Morgan, MC AF Kleist, DT Morgan, MC TI Application of adjoint-derived forecast sensitivities to the 24-25 January 2000 US east coast snowstorm SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID MESOSCALE PREDICTABILITY; MODEL; PREDICTION; EVOLUTION; CYCLONE; ERRORS; STORM; TIME AB The 24-25 January 2000 eastern United States snowstorm was noteworthy as operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) guidance was poor for lead times as short as 36 h. Despite improvements in the forecast of the surface cyclone position and intensity at 1200 UTC 25 January 2000 with decreasing lead time, NWP guidance placed the westward extent of the midtropospheric, frontogenetically forced precipitation shield too far to the east. To assess the influence of initial condition uncertainties on the forecast of this event, an adjoint model is used to evaluate forecast sensitivities for 36- and 48-h forecasts valid at 1200 UTC 25 January 2000 using as response functions the energy-weighted forecast error, lower-tropospheric circulation about a box surrounding the surface cyclone, 750-hPa frontogenesis, and vertical motion. The sensitivities with respect to the initial conditions for these response functions are in general very similar: geographically isolated, maximized in the middle and lower troposphere, and possessing an upshear vertical tilt. The sensitivities are maximized in a region of enhanced low-level baroclinicity in the vicinity of the surface cyclone's precursor upper trough. However, differences in the phase and structure of the gradients for the four response functions are evident, which suggests that perturbations could be constructed to alter one response function but not necessarily the others. Gradients of the forecast error response function with respect to the initial conditions are used in an iterative procedure to construct initial condition perturbations that reduce the forecast error. These initial condition perturbations were small in terms of both spatial scale and magnitude. Those initial condition perturbations that were confined primarily to the midtroposphere grew rapidly into much larger amplitude upper-and-lower tropospheric perturbations. The perturbed forecasts were not only characterized by reduced final time forecast error, but also had a synoptic evolution that more closely followed analyses and observations. C1 Sci Applicat Int Corp, Camp Springs, MD USA. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Madison, WI USA. RP NOAA, WNP2, WWB 207,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM daryl.kleist@noaa.gov RI Kleist, Daryl /C-7771-2016 NR 24 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 EI 1520-0493 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 133 IS 11 BP 3148 EP 3175 DI 10.1175/MWR3023.1 PG 28 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 986OQ UT WOS:000233460000006 ER PT J AU Zhang, S Harrison, MJ Wittenberg, AT Rosati, A Anderson, JL Balaji, V AF Zhang, S Harrison, MJ Wittenberg, AT Rosati, A Anderson, JL Balaji, V TI Initialization of an ENSO forecast system using a parallelized ensemble filter SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC DATA ASSIMILATION; NINO SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; HYBRID COUPLED MODEL; KALMAN FILTER; PART I; ERROR COVARIANCE; OCEAN; PREDICTION; CIRCULATION; ADJUSTMENT AB As a first step toward coupled ocean-atmosphere data assimilation, a parallelized ensemble filter is implemented in a new stochastic hybrid coupled model. The model consists of a global version of the GFDL Modular Ocean Model Version 4 (MOM4), coupled to a statistical atmosphere based on a regression of National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis surface wind stress, heat, and water flux anomalies onto analyzed tropical Pacific SST anomalies from 1979 to 2002. The residual part of the NCEP fluxes not captured by the regression is then treated as stochastic forcing, with different ensemble members feeling the residual fluxes from different years. The model provides a convenient test bed for coupled data assimilation, as well as a prototype for representing uncertainties in the surface forcing. A parallel ensemble adjustment Kalman filter (EAKF) has been designed and implemented in the hybrid model, using a local least squares framework. Comparison experiments demonstrate that the massively parallel processing EAKF (MPPEAKF) produces assimilation results with essentially the same quality as a global sequential analysis. Observed subsurface temperature profiles from expendable bathythermographs (XBTs), Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) buoys, and Argo floats, along with analyzed SSTs from NCEP, are assimilated into the hybrid model over 1980-2002 using the MPPEAKF. The filtered ensemble of SSTs, ocean heat contents, and thermal structures converge well to the observations, in spite of the imposed stochastic forcings. Several facets of the EAKF algorithm used here have been designed to facilitate comparison to a traditional three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) algorithm, for instance, the use of a univariate filter in which observations of temperature only directly impact temperature state variables. Despite these choices that may limit the power of the EAKF, the MPPEAKF solution appears to improve upon an earlier 3DVAR solution, producing a smoother, more physically reasonable analysis that better fits the observational data and produces, to some degree, a self-consistent estimate of analysis uncertainties. Hybrid model ENSO forecasts initialized from the MPPEAKF ensemble mean also appear to outperform those initialized from the 3DVAR analysis. This improvement stems from the EAKF's utilization of anisotropic background error covariances that may vary in time. C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, GFDL, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NCAR, Boulder, CO USA. RP Zhang, S (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, GFDL, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM snz@gfdl.noaa.gov RI Wittenberg, Andrew/G-9619-2013 OI Wittenberg, Andrew/0000-0003-1680-8963 NR 44 TC 31 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 133 IS 11 BP 3176 EP 3201 DI 10.1175/MWR3024.1 PG 26 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 986OQ UT WOS:000233460000007 ER PT J AU Friedrich, K Kingsmill, DE Young, CR AF Friedrich, K Kingsmill, DE Young, CR TI Misocyclone characteristics along Florida gust fronts during CaPE SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID SEA-BREEZE FRONT; LAYER CONVERGENCE LINES; BOUNDARY-LAYER; THUNDERSTORM INITIATION; OUTFLOW BOUNDARY; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; EVOLUTION; TORNADOES; TORNADOGENESIS; ORGANIZATION AB Multiple-Doppler radar and rawinsonde data are used to examine misocyclone characteristics along gust fronts observed during the Convection and Precipitation/Electrification (CaPE) project in Florida. The objective of this study is to investigate the observational representativeness of previous numerical simulations of misocyclones by employing a consistent analysis strategy to 11 gust fronts observed in the same region. The investigation focuses on the intensity range of misocyclones and their organization along gust fronts; the relationship between misocyclone intensity and horizontal wind shear, vertical wind shear, and static stability; and the relationship between misocyclones and convection initiation. The intensity of misocyclones, as indicated by the maximum values of vertical vorticity, varied from 2.8 x 10(-3) to 13.9 x 10(-3) s(-1), although all but one case exhibited values less than 6.4 x 10(-3) s(-1). Organized misocyclone patterns were only found along small segments of gust fronts. Within those segments misocyclones were spaced between 3 and 7 km. Results show that the intensity of misocyclones was most closely related to the strength of horizontal wind shear across the gust front. The relationship between misocyclone intensity and vertical wind shear and static stability was not as clear. Although convection was initiated along the gust front in 7 of the 11 cases, those regions were not collocated with or in close proximity to misocyclones. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, CIRES, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89506 USA. RP Kingsmill, DE (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, CIRES, Environm Technol Lab, 216 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM David.Kingsmill@colorado.edu NR 38 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 133 IS 11 BP 3345 EP 3367 DI 10.1175/MWR3040.1 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 986OQ UT WOS:000233460000016 ER PT J AU Dittman, A AF Dittman, A TI Chemical cues for sea lamprey migration SO NATURE CHEMICAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PHEROMONE AB During the past century, the sea lamprey colonized the Great Lakes of North America and decimated the commercial fishing industry. The isolation and characterization of a migratory pheromone from the sea lamprey expands options for control of this invading species. C1 NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Dittman, A (reprint author), NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM andy.dittman@noaa.gov NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 8 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1552-4450 J9 NAT CHEM BIOL JI Nat. Chem. Biol. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 1 IS 6 BP 316 EP U2 DI 10.1038/nchembio1105-316 PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 979GH UT WOS:000232929900005 PM 16408065 ER PT J AU Manning, DJ Mann, JA White, SK Chase, SD Benkert, RC AF Manning, DJ Mann, JA White, SK Chase, SD Benkert, RC TI Steelhead emigration in a seasonal impoundment created by an inflatable rubber dam SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID ADENOSINE-TRIPHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY; ATLANTIC SALMON SMOLTS; SPRING CHINOOK SALMON; SWIMMING PERFORMANCE; COLUMBIA RIVER; TRANSMITTERS; TROUT; GAIRDNERI; RESERVOIR; PASSAGE AB While large, permanent darns and reservoirs are known to impede smolt movements, investigations of small, temporary impoundments Lire scarce. Inflatable rubber bladder dams are used to create temporary impoundments worldwide, yet downstream fish passage at these structures has not been evaluated. To examine smolt emigration in a seasonal water Supply reservoir and passage at a rubber dam, we tracked 110 radio-tagged steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss smolts through a 4.5-km free-flowing reach and an adjacent 5.1-km-long impoundment Oil the Russian River, California, during 2001, 2002, and 2004. Unlike the results Of Studies in other impoundments, median travel rates in the free-flowing (0.6-0.8 km/h) and reservoir (1.0-1.4 km/h) reaches did not differ significantly within or among years. Smolts slowed significantly, however. in the dam forebay. Forebay travel rates (0.02-0.1 km/h) were more than an order of magnitude lower than rates in free-flowing and reservoir reaches. Although delayed, more than 75% of the fish detected in the forebay Successfully passed the dam. More than 80% of the passing fish traveled over the dam crest as opposed to through ladders and flow bypasses. To determine whether increased spill depth and velocity Would reduce forebay delay, we deformed the crest of the inflatable dam into a notched configuration throughout (he 2004 Study year. The notched configuration increased crest depth and velocity approximately 20-fold over the normal fully inflated condition. Smelts moved significantly faster through the forebay when the clam crest was notched in 2004 (median = 2.4 h) than when the dam was fully inflated in 2001 (6.3 h). Our finding that steelhead traveled through free-flowing and impounded reaches at similar rates but slowed dramatically in the forebay should encourage others to examine forebay conditions in small reservoirs. Concentrating spill by deforming the crest of an inflatable rubber dam is a simple and effective way of reducing forebay delay. C1 Sonoma Cty Water Agcy, Nat Resources Sect, Santa Rosa, CA 95403 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Fisheries Engn Team, Santa Rosa, CA 95404 USA. RP Manning, DJ (reprint author), Sonoma Cty Water Agcy, Nat Resources Sect, 404 Aviat Blvd, Santa Rosa, CA 95403 USA. EM dmanning@scwa.ca.gov NR 40 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 3 U2 9 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0275-5947 EI 1548-8675 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 25 IS 4 BP 1239 EP 1255 DI 10.1577/M04-103.1 PG 17 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 994FH UT WOS:000234015800005 ER PT J AU Fryc, I Brown, SW Eppeldauer, GP Ohno, Y AF Fryc, I Brown, SW Eppeldauer, GP Ohno, Y TI LED-based spectrally tunable source for radiometric, photometric, and colorimetric applications SO OPTICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Solid State Lighting CY AUG 03-06, 2004 CL Denver, CO SP SPIE DE calibration; color; colorimeter; display; light-emitting diode; light source; photometer; spectral power distribution; spectroradiometer AB A spectrally tunable light source using a large number of LEDs and an integrating sphere has been designed and is being constructed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The source is designed to have a capability of producing any spectral distribution, mimicking various light sources in the visible region by feedback control of individual LEDs. The output spectral irradiance or radiance of the source will be calibrated by a reference instrument, and the source will be used as a spectroradiometric as well as a photometric and colorimetric standard. A series of simulations have been conducted to predict the performance of the designed tunable source when used for calibration of display colorimeters. The results indicate that the errors can be reduced by an order of magnitude when the tunable source is used to calibrate the colorimeters, compared with measurement errors when the colorimeters are calibrated against Illuminant A. The source can also approximate various CIE daylight illuminants and common lamp spectral distributions for other photometric and colorimetric applications. (c) 2005 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. C1 Bialystok Univ Technol, Dept Opt Radiat, PL-15351 Bialystok, Poland. NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Fryc, I (reprint author), Bialystok Univ Technol, Dept Opt Radiat, PL-15351 Bialystok, Poland. EM irena.fryc@nist.gov NR 13 TC 48 Z9 58 U1 3 U2 14 PU SPIE-INT SOCIETY OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98225 USA SN 0091-3286 J9 OPT ENG JI Opt. Eng. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 44 IS 11 AR 111309 DI 10.1117/1.2127952 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA 005XL UT WOS:000234859600012 ER PT J AU Ohno, Y AF Ohno, Y TI Spectral design considerations for white LED color rendering SO OPTICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Solid State Lighting CY AUG 03-06, 2004 CL Denver, CO SP SPIE DE color rendering; colorimetry; CRI; lighting; luminous efficacy; solid-state lighting; LED; white LED AB White LED spectra for general lighting should be designed for high luminous efficacy as well as good color rendering. Multichip and phosphor-type white LED models were analyzed by simulation of their color characteristics and luminous efficacy of radiation, compared with those of conventional light sources for general lighting. Color rendering characteristics were evaluated based on the CIE Color Rendering Index (CRI), examining not only R-a but also the special color rendering indices R-i, as well as on the CIELAB color difference Delta E-ab(*) for the 14 color samples defined in CIE 13.3. Several models of three-chip and four-chip white LEDs as well as phosphor-type LEDs are optimized for various parameters, and some guidance is given for designing these white LEDs. The simulation analysis also demonstrated several problems with the current CRI, and the need for improvements is discussed. (c) 2005 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ohno, Y (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM ohno@nist.gov NR 7 TC 92 Z9 95 U1 3 U2 32 PU SPIE-INT SOCIETY OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98225 USA SN 0091-3286 J9 OPT ENG JI Opt. Eng. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 44 IS 11 AR 111302 DI 10.1117/1.2130694 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA 005XL UT WOS:000234859600006 ER PT J AU Hudson, DD Holman, KW Jones, RJ Cundiff, ST Ye, J Jones, DJ AF Hudson, DD Holman, KW Jones, RJ Cundiff, ST Ye, J Jones, DJ TI Mode-locked fiber laser frequency-controlled with an intracavity electro-optic modulator SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ENVELOPE-OFFSET FREQUENCY; HIGH-STABILITY; COMB; NETWORK AB We demonstrate a mode-locked, erbium-doped fiber laser with its repetition frequency synchronized to a second fiber laser via an intracavity electro-optic modulator (EOM). With servo control from the EOM (bandwidth similar to 230 kHz) and a slower speed intracavity piezoelectric transducer (resonance at similar to 20 kHz), we demonstrate stabilization of the repetition frequency with an in-loop rms timing jitter of 10 fs, integrated over a bandwidth from 1 Hz to 100 kHz. This represents what is to our knowledge the first time an EOM has been introduced inside a mode-locked laser cavity for fast servo action and the lowest timing jitter reported for a mode-locked fiber laser. (c) 2005 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ British Columbia, Dept Phys & Astron, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada. RP Hudson, DD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM hudsond@jilau1.colorado.edu; ye@jila.colorado.edu RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009; Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011; Jones, David/F-5859-2017 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197; NR 14 TC 65 Z9 66 U1 2 U2 23 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD NOV 1 PY 2005 VL 30 IS 21 BP 2948 EP 2950 DI 10.1364/OL.30.002948 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 977FA UT WOS:000232786800038 PM 16279478 ER PT J AU Rodgers, SE Zolnik, CP Brewer, MJ Mather, TN AF Rodgers, Sarah E. Zolnik, Christine P. Brewer, Michael J. Mather, Thomas N. TI Applications of a climatic water budget to tick-borne disease research SO PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE tick abundance; water budget; soil moisture; remote sensing ID UNITED-STATES; LYME-DISEASE; IXODES-SCAPULARIS; VAPOR AB Tools initially developed for analyzing climate or the environment are often used subsequently by scientists in more applied areas of research. The Thornthwaite-Mather (T-M) water budget equation was primarily developed to calculate a water budget, which, of course, had obvious uses for irrigation purposes. But John Russell Mather hoped his work would be used in a variety of applications, and fortunately he lived to see it used even by his son in the arena of vector-borne diseases. Our team is screening various climatic and environmental variables to identify relevant determinants of tick abundance in an effort to predict levels of disease risk both spatially and temporally in the northeastern United States. Identifying relevant climatic and environmental variables delimiting tick habitat at a high resolution has led us to consider a variety of tools designed for environmental applications. We used the Thornthwaite-Mather water budget technique to predict soil moisture under forest canopies, the primary habitat for the tick vectors of Lyme disease bacteria. To date, the exact controls of spatio-temporal tick distribution are not yet confirmed, but we now believe that whichever variables are shown to most precisely delimit the extent of tick distributions over large areas can be identified by vegetation and other moisture-based variables using satellite sensor data. C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Ctr Vector Borne Dis, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. Natl Weather Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Rodgers, SE (reprint author), Univ Rhode Isl, Ctr Vector Borne Dis, 9 E Alumni Ave,Suite 7, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. RI Rodgers, Sarah/A-1233-2011; Zolnik, Christine/O-2055-2015 OI Zolnik, Christine/0000-0002-6429-8112 NR 19 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 5 PU V H WINSTON & SON INC PI PALM BEACH PA 360 SOUTH OCEAN BLVD, PH-B, PALM BEACH, FL 33480 USA SN 0272-3646 J9 PHYS GEOGR JI Phys. Geogr. PD NOV-DEC PY 2005 VL 26 IS 6 BP 480 EP 488 DI 10.2747/0272-3646.26.6.480 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 071CL UT WOS:000239575200006 ER PT J AU Browaeys, A Haffner, H McKenzie, C Rolston, SL Helmerson, K Phillips, WD AF Browaeys, A Haffner, H McKenzie, C Rolston, SL Helmerson, K Phillips, WD TI Transport of atoms in a quantum conveyor belt SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE AB We have performed experiments using a three-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensate of sodium atoms in a one-dimensional optical lattice to explore some unusual properties of band structure. In particular, we investigate the loading of a condensate into a moving lattice and find nonintuitive behavior. We also revisit the behavior of atoms, prepared in a single quasimomentum state, in an accelerating lattice. We generalize this study to a cloud whose atoms have a large quasimomentum spread, and show that the cloud behaves differently from atoms in a single Bloch state. Finally, we compare our findings with recent experiments performed with fermions in an optical lattice. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Browaeys, A (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Haeffner, Hartmut/D-8046-2012; Helmerson, Kristian/E-3683-2013; rolston, steven/L-5175-2013; Browaeys, Antoine/E-1547-2017 OI Haeffner, Hartmut/0000-0002-5113-9622; rolston, steven/0000-0003-1671-4190; NR 21 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD NOV PY 2005 VL 72 IS 5 AR 053605 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.72.053605 PG 10 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 988LT UT WOS:000233603400138 ER PT J AU Julienne, PS Williams, CJ Band, YB Trippenbach, M AF Julienne, PS Williams, CJ Band, YB Trippenbach, M TI Loading Bose-Einstein-condensed atoms into the ground state of an optical lattice SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID QUANTUM LOGIC; SHIFTS AB We optimize the turning on of a one-dimensional optical potential, V-L(x,t)=S(t)V-0 cos(2)(kx) to obtain the optimal turn-on function S(t) so as to load a Bose-Einstein condensate into the ground state of the optical lattice of depth V-0. Specifically, we minimize interband excitations at the end of the turn-on of the optical potential at the final ramp time t(r), where S(t(r))=1, given that S(0)=0. Detailed numerical calculations confirm that a simple unit cell model is an excellent approximation when the turn-on time t(r) is long compared with the inverse of the band excitation frequency and short in comparison with nonlinear time h/mu where mu is the chemical potential of the condensate. We demonstrate using the Gross-Pitaevskii equation with an optimal turn-on function S(t) that the ground state of the optical lattice can be loaded with no significant excitation even for times t(r) on the order of the inverse band excitation frequency. C1 NIST, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Dept Chem, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel. Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Ilse Katz Ctr Nano Sci, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel. Univ Warsaw, Inst Theoret Phys, Opt Div, PL-00681 Warsaw, Poland. RP Julienne, PS (reprint author), NIST, Atom Phys Div, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8423, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Williams, Carl/B-5877-2009; Julienne, Paul/E-9378-2012 OI Julienne, Paul/0000-0002-5494-1442 NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD NOV PY 2005 VL 72 IS 5 AR 053615 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.72.053615 PG 7 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 988LT UT WOS:000233603400148 ER PT J AU Malossi, N Damkjaer, S Hansen, PL Jacobsen, LB Kindt, L Sauge, S Thomsen, JW Cruz, FC Allegrini, M Arimondo, E AF Malossi, N Damkjaer, S Hansen, PL Jacobsen, LB Kindt, L Sauge, S Thomsen, JW Cruz, FC Allegrini, M Arimondo, E TI Two-photon cooling of magnesium atoms SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID MAGNETOOPTICAL TRAP; CALCIUM ATOMS; LASER; SPECTROSCOPY; TEMPERATURE AB A two-photon mechanism for cooling atoms below the Doppler temperature is analyzed. We consider the magnesium ladder system (3s(2))S-1(0)->(3s3p)P-1(1) at 285.2 nm followed by the (3s3p)P-1(1)->(3s3d)D-1(2) transition at 880.7 nm. For the ladder system quantum coherence effects may become important. Combined with the basic two-level Doppler cooling process this allows for reduction of the atomic sample temperature by more than a factor of 10 over a broad frequency range. First experimental evidence for the two-photon cooling process is presented and compared to model calculations. Agreement between theory and experiment is excellent. In addition, by properly choosing the Rabi frequencies of the two optical transitions a velocity independent atomic dark state is observed. C1 Niels Bohr Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. Univ Estadual Campinas, Inst Fis Gleb Wataghin, BR-13083970 Campinas, SP, Brazil. NIST, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Pisa, Dipartimento Fis Enrico Fermi, I-56127 Pisa, Italy. RP Malossi, N (reprint author), Niels Bohr Inst, Univ Parken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. EM jwt@fys.ku.dk RI Lunnemann, Per/F-2468-2010; Cruz, Flavio/A-6346-2012; Malossi, Nicola/J-9898-2016; Thomsen, Jan W./M-9087-2016; Inst. of Physics, Gleb Wataghin/A-9780-2017 OI Lunnemann, Per/0000-0003-1374-8977; Cruz, Flavio/0000-0003-3995-7910; Malossi, Nicola/0000-0002-5729-3399; Thomsen, Jan W./0000-0003-3423-6989; NR 30 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD NOV PY 2005 VL 72 IS 5 AR 051403 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.72.051403 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 988LT UT WOS:000233603400014 ER PT J AU Chen, Y Bao, W Qiu, Y Lorenzo, JE Sarrao, JL Ho, DL Lin, MY AF Chen, Y Bao, W Qiu, Y Lorenzo, JE Sarrao, JL Ho, DL Lin, MY TI Slow spin-glass and fast spin-liquid components in quasi-two-dimensional La-2(Cu,Li)O-4 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIC PHASE-DIAGRAM; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; ANTIFERROMAGNETIC ORDER; DOPED LA2CUO4; LA2-XSRXCUO4; BEHAVIOR; SUPERCONDUCTOR; TEMPERATURE; TRANSITIONS; SUPPRESSION AB In conventional spin glasses, magnetic interaction is not strongly anisotropic and the entire spin system is believed to be frozen below the spin-glass transition temperature. In La2Cu0.94Li0.06O4, for which the in-plane exchange interaction dominates the interplane one, only a fraction of spins with antiferromagnetic correlations extending to neighboring planes become spin glass. The remaining spins with only in-plane antiferromagnetic correlations remain spin liquid at low temperature. Such a partial spin freezing out of a two-dimensional spin liquid observed in this cold neutron scattering study is likely due to a delicate balance between disorder and quantum fluctuations in the quasi-two-dimensional S=1/2 Heisenberg system. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. CNR, F-38043 Grenoble, France. ExxonMobil Res & Engn Co, Annandale, NJ 08801 USA. RP Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM wbao@lanl.gov RI Bao, Wei/E-9988-2011 OI Bao, Wei/0000-0002-2105-461X NR 44 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD NOV PY 2005 VL 72 IS 18 AR 184401 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.72.184401 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 988LV UT WOS:000233603600028 ER PT J AU Deng, L Payne, MG Huang, GX Hagley, EW AF Deng, L Payne, MG Huang, GX Hagley, EW TI Formation and propagation of matched and coupled ultraslow optical soliton pairs in a four-level double-Lambda system SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E LA English DT Article ID ELECTROMAGNETICALLY INDUCED TRANSPARENCY; NONLINEAR OPTICS; PULSES; MEDIA AB We investigate the simultaneous formation and stable propagation of ultraslow optical soliton pairs in a lifetime broadened four-state atomic system under double-Lambda excitation with large one- and two-photon detunings. We show that detrimental probe field distortions due to strong dispersion effects under weak driving conditions can be well balanced by self- and cross-phase modulation effects, leading to a pair of temporal, group velocity, and amplitude matched ultraslow optical solitons of different frequencies. C1 NIST, Electron & Opt Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. E China Normal Univ, Dept Phys, Shanghai 200062, Peoples R China. E China Normal Univ, Inst Theoret Phys, Shanghai 200062, Peoples R China. RP Deng, L (reprint author), NIST, Electron & Opt Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Deng, Lu/B-3997-2012; Hagley, Edward/B-4285-2012 NR 23 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1539-3755 J9 PHYS REV E JI Phys. Rev. E PD NOV PY 2005 VL 72 IS 5 AR 055601 DI 10.1103/PhysRevE.72.055601 PN 2 PG 4 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 988LR UT WOS:000233603200007 PM 16383679 ER PT J AU Gillis, KA Shinder, II Moldover, MR AF Gillis, KA Shinder, II Moldover, MR TI Bulk viscosity of stirred xenon near the critical point SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E LA English DT Article ID DYNAMIC SCALING THEORY; LIQUID CRITICAL-POINT; CRITICAL ULTRASONIC-ATTENUATION; DEPENDENT SHEAR VISCOSITY; VAPOR CRITICAL-POINT; CLASSICAL FLUID; SOUND-VELOCITY; BINARY-LIQUID; DISPERSION; VISCOMETER AB We deduce the thermophysical properties of near-critical xenon from measurements of the frequencies and half-widths of the acoustic resonances of xenon maintained at its critical density in centimeter-sized cavities. In the reduced temperature range 1x10(-3)<(T-T-c)/T-c< 7x10(-6), we measured the resonance frequency and quality factor (Q) for each of six modes spanning a factor of 27 in frequency. As T-c was approached, the frequencies decreased by a factor of 2.2 and the Q's decreased by as much as a factor of 140. Remarkably, these results are predicted (within +/- 2% of the frequency and within a factor of 1.4 of Q) by a model for the resonator and a model for the frequency-dependent bulk viscosity zeta(omega) that uses no empirically determined parameters. The resonator model is based on a theory of acoustics in near-critical fluids developed by Gillis, Shinder, and Moldover [Phys. Rev. E 70, 021201 (2004)]. In addition to describing the present low-frequency data (from 120 Hz to 7.5 kHz), the model for zeta(omega) is consistent with ultrasonic (0.4-7 MHz) velocity and attenuation data from the literature. However, the model predicts a peak in the temperature dependence of the dissipation in the boundary layer that we did not detect. This suggests that the model overestimates the effect of the bulk viscosity on the thermal boundary layer. In this work, the acoustic cavities were heated from below to stir the xenon, thereby reducing the density stratification resulting from Earth's gravity. The stirring reduced the apparent equilibration time from several hours to a few minutes, and it reduced the effective temperature resolution from 60 mK to approximately 2 mK, which corresponds to (T-T-c)/T(c)approximate to 7x10(-6). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gillis, KA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Moldover, Michael/E-6384-2013 NR 43 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1539-3755 J9 PHYS REV E JI Phys. Rev. E PD NOV PY 2005 VL 72 IS 5 AR 051201 DI 10.1103/PhysRevE.72.051201 PN 1 PG 20 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 988LQ UT WOS:000233603100008 PM 16383593 ER PT J AU Mamontov, E Kumzerov, YA Vakhrushev, SB AF Mamontov, E Kumzerov, YA Vakhrushev, SB TI Diffusion of benzene confined in the oriented nanochannels of chrysotile asbestos fibers SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E LA English DT Article ID ELASTIC NEUTRON-SCATTERING; SELF-DIFFUSION; MOTIONS; ZSM-5; WATER AB We used quasielastic neutron scattering to study the dynamics of benzene that completely fills the nanochannels of chrysotile asbestos fibers with a characteristic diameter of about 5 nm. The macroscopical alignment of the nanochannels in fibers provided an interesting opportunity to study anisotropy of the dynamics of confined benzene by means of collecting the data with the scattering vector either parallel or perpendicular to the fibers axes. The translational diffusive motion of benzene molecules was found to be isotropic. While bulk benzene freezes at 278.5 K, we observed the translational dynamics of the supercooled confined benzene on the time scale of hundreds of picoseconds even below 200 K, until at about 160 K its dynamics becomes too slow for the mu eV resolution of the neutron backscattering spectrometer. The residence time between jumps for the benzene molecules measured in the temperature range of 260 K to 320 K demonstrated low activation energy of 2.8 kJ/mol. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. AF Ioffe Phys Tech Inst, St Petersburg 194021, Russia. RP Mamontov, E (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8562, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Vakhrushev, Sergey/A-9855-2011; Mamontov, Eugene/Q-1003-2015 OI Vakhrushev, Sergey/0000-0003-4867-1404; Mamontov, Eugene/0000-0002-5684-2675 NR 16 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1539-3755 J9 PHYS REV E JI Phys. Rev. E PD NOV PY 2005 VL 72 IS 5 AR 051502 DI 10.1103/PhysREvE.72.051502 PN 1 PG 7 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 988LQ UT WOS:000233603100021 PM 16383606 ER PT J AU Yim, H Kent, MS Satija, S Mendez, S Balamurugan, SS Balamurugan, S Lopez, GP AF Yim, H Kent, MS Satija, S Mendez, S Balamurugan, SS Balamurugan, S Lopez, GP TI Evidence for vertical phase separation in densely grafted, high-molecular-weight poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) brushes in water SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E LA English DT Article ID CONFORMATIONAL-CHANGE; POLYMER BRUSHES; N-CLUSTERS; COLLAPSE; DENSITY; CHAINS; TRANSITIONS; BEHAVIOR; HOMOPOLYMERS; TEMPERATURE AB The detailed conformational change of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) brushes at high grafting density in D2O was investigated as a function of temperature using neutron reflection. PNIPAM chains were grafted at high surface density from gold and silicon oxide surfaces by atom transfer radical polymerization. Whereas single layer profiles were observed for temperatures below and above the transition region, bilayer profiles were observed for a narrow range of temperatures near the transition. This nonmonotonic change in the concentration profile with temperature is discussed in the context of theoretical models of vertical phase separation within a brush. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Yim, H (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Dept 8332, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 33 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 35 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1539-3755 J9 PHYS REV E JI Phys. Rev. E PD NOV PY 2005 VL 72 IS 5 AR 051801 DI 10.1103/PhysRevE.72.051801 PN 1 PG 7 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 988LQ UT WOS:000233603100047 PM 16383632 ER PT J AU Cotrell, DL McFadden, GB AF Cotrell, DL McFadden, GB TI Linear stability of spiral Poiseuille flow with a radial temperature gradient: Centrifugal buoyancy effects SO PHYSICS OF FLUIDS LA English DT Article ID HEAT-TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS; CIRCULAR COUETTE-FLOW; DIFFUSIVE FLUID LAYER; ROTATING CYLINDERS; CONVECTIVE INSTABILITY; VISCOUS-FLOW; ANNULUS; ONSET; LIQUID; BOUNDARIES AB For spiral Poiseuille flow with a radial temperature gradient and radius ratio eta=R-i/R-o=0.5, we have computed complete linear stability boundaries for several values of the rotation rate ratio mu=Omega(o)/Omega(i), where R-i and R-o are the inner and outer cylinder radii, respectively, and Omega(i) and Omega(o) are the corresponding (signed) angular speeds. The effects of gravity are neglected, but the variation of density with temperature induces radial buoyancy effects through the centripetal acceleration term in the radial momentum equation. The analysis extends previous results with no axial flow (Reynolds number Re=0) to the range of Re for which the annular Poiseuille flow is stable and accounts for arbitrary disturbances of infinitesimal amplitude. For mu eta(2) and Re=0, we show for the first time that the flow is destabilized for any positive value of the radial buoyancy parameter (i.e., beta=alpha(o)Delta T), where Delta T=T-o-T-i is the temperature difference between the outer and inner cylinder walls, respectively, and alpha(o) is the coefficient of thermal expansion. This differs significantly from the isothermal results which show that there is no linear instability for 0 <= Re <= Re-min in the absence of centrifugal buoyancy effects, where Re-min is the turning point value in the isothermal results. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Math & Comp Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cotrell, DL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Math & Comp Sci, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8910, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI McFadden, Geoffrey/A-7920-2008 OI McFadden, Geoffrey/0000-0001-6723-2103 NR 42 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 1070-6631 J9 PHYS FLUIDS JI Phys. Fluids PD NOV PY 2005 VL 17 IS 11 AR 114102 DI 10.1063/1.2061608 PG 15 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA 988LP UT WOS:000233603000017 ER PT J AU Mikhalevsky, P Godin, O Naugolnykh, K Dubrovsky, N AF Mikhalevsky, P Godin, O Naugolnykh, K Dubrovsky, N TI Leonid Maksimovich Brekhovskikh - Obituaries SO PHYSICS TODAY LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 Sci Applicat Int Corp, Arlington, VA USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm Earth Sci, Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. NN Andreev Acoust Inst, Moscow, Russia. RP Mikhalevsky, P (reprint author), Sci Applicat Int Corp, Arlington, VA USA. RI Godin, Oleg/E-6554-2011 OI Godin, Oleg/0000-0003-4599-2149 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0031-9228 J9 PHYS TODAY JI Phys. Today PD NOV PY 2005 VL 58 IS 11 BP 70 EP 71 DI 10.1063/1.2155769 PG 2 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 980CC UT WOS:000232990500025 ER PT J AU Kuhn, DR AF Kuhn, DR TI A quantum cryptographic protocal with detection of compromised server SO QUANTUM INFORMATION & COMPUTATION LA English DT Article DE authentication; entanglement swapping; quantum key distribution ID KEY DISTRIBUTION; SECURITY AB This paper presents a server-based hybrid cryptographic protocol, using quantum and classical resources, to generate a key for authentication and optionally for encryption in a network. A novel feature of the protocol is that it can detect a compromised server. Additional advantages are that it avoids the requirement for timestamps used in classical protocols, guarantees that the trusted server cannot know the authentication key, can provide resistance to multiple photon attacks, and can be used with BB84 or other quantum key distribution protocols. Each resource shares a previously distributed secret key with the trusted server, and resources can communicate with the server using both classical and quantum channels. Resources do not share secret keys with each other, so that the key distribution problem for the network is reduced from O(n(2)) to O(n). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kuhn, DR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM kuhn@nist.gov NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 9 U2 9 PU RINTON PRESS, INC PI PARAMUS PA 565 EDMUND TERRACE, PARAMUS, NJ 07652 USA SN 1533-7146 J9 QUANTUM INFORM COMPU JI Quantum Inform. Comput. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 5 IS 7 BP 551 EP 560 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Physics, Particles & Fields; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA 000LP UT WOS:000234463800003 ER PT J AU Kim, MH Glinka, CJ Carter, RN AF Kim, MH Glinka, CJ Carter, RN TI In situ vapor sorption apparatus for small-angle neutron scattering and its application SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID POLYMERS AB An in situ vapor sorption apparatus has been constructed for use in small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements. The apparatus adapts two independent operating mechanisms, with and without a carrier gas, to control relative or absolute pressure, respectively, in the SANS sorption cell. By controlling the absolute pressure, a target relative vapor pressure between 0% and 90% can be reached within 1-2 min. The short response time makes it possible to correlate diffusion kinetics and/or sorption/desorption isotherms with structure evolution during wetting/drying, which is not possible in gravimetric methods. Also, one can extract diffusion coefficients and interaction parameters. Other uses include the enhancement of scattering contrast in the study of semicrystalline polymers by the preferential vapor sorption of deuterated vapor into the amorphous regions. Thus, one can obtain the same structural information as small-angle x-ray scattering measurements on dry samples. Also, the apparatus has the capability to inject a pore-masking liquid into the sample cell while under vacuum to ensure the filling of all open porosities in a sample. The capability to mix two vapors in various ratios facilitates the determination of a contrast-matching point using a single sample, which also eliminates a major source of systematic error. The performance of the apparatus is demonstrated using a polyelectrolyte membrane and semicrystalline polyethylene. Additionally, technical points relating to controlling the relative vapor pressure, relative humidity, and regarding the vapor distribution in the cell are discussed. (c) 2005 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Gen Motors Corp, Fuel Cell Act, Honeoye Falls, NY 14472 USA. RP Kim, MH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM man-ho.kim@nist.gov NR 11 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 76 IS 11 AR 113904 DI 10.1063/1.2134151 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 988CU UT WOS:000233569800031 ER PT J AU Yan, P Huang, J Draxler, R AF Yan, P Huang, J Draxler, R TI The long-term simulation of surface SO2 and evaluation of contributions from the different emission sources to Beijing city SO SCIENCE IN CHINA SERIES D-EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE surface SO2 in Beijing; contributions of different types of emission; mitigation of pollution ID ASIA AB With a high-resolution SO2 emission inventory categorized by industries and seasons for Beijing city and gridded meteorological data fields from NCEP, the pollution dispersion model, HYSPLIT4 (Hybrid Single Particulate Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory, version 4), is used to determine the day-to-day variation of surface SO2 in Beijing for 2000 and 2001. Furthermore, the contributions of different emission sources in and around Beijing to the surface SO2 are studied. As shown in comparison with observations, the model does well in simulating the daily variation and seasonal distribution. The model computation of the annual source contributions to Beijing surface SO2 indicates that local emissions from the city give the largest contribution and the sources from the surrounding regions contribute only about 20%. During SO2 polluted or unpolluted days, the contribution from the latter can exceed 30%, and depending upon weather conditions, the contribution may exceed 40%. If the emissions from the surrounding sources during the winter heating season are assumed to be doubled in intensity, their contribution to surface SO2 in Beijing increased from 21% to 35% and 25% to 40% in 2000 and 2001, respectively. Evaluation of 7 types of emission sources identified for Beijing for their relative contribution to the concentration of surface SO2 has shown that area emissions by industrial production and furnaces, though discharging relatively small amounts (less than 1/3 of the total), have the largest contribution to the urban surface SO2, which is the key to the mitigation of the pollutant in the city. C1 Peking Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China. Chinese Acad Meteorol Sci, CAWAS, LAC, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. China Meteorol Adm, Guangzhou Inst Trop & Ocean Meteorol, Guangzhou 510080, Peoples R China. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Yan, P (reprint author), Peking Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China. EM yanpeng@cams.cma.gov.cn NR 17 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU SCIENCE PRESS PI BEIJING PA 16 DONGHUANGCHENGGEN NORTH ST, BEIJING 100717, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 1006-9313 J9 SCI CHINA SER D JI Sci. China Ser. D-Earth Sci. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 48 SU 2 BP 196 EP 208 DI 10.1360/05yd0024 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 016XX UT WOS:000235658700016 ER PT J AU Shanmugaraju, A Moon, YJ Cho, KS Kim, YH Dryer, M Umapathy, S AF Shanmugaraju, A Moon, YJ Cho, KS Kim, YH Dryer, M Umapathy, S TI Multiple type II solar radio bursts SO SOLAR PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CORONAL MASS EJECTION; SHOCK-WAVES; FLARES; CMES; ACCELERATION; TRANSIENTS; DYNAMICS AB We report on the detailed analysis of a set of 38 multiple type 11 radio bursts observed by Culgoora radio spectrograph from January 1997 to July 2003. These events were selected on the basis of the following criteria: (i) more than one type 11 were reported within 30min interval, (ii) both fundamental and harmonic were identified for each of them. The X-ray flares and CMEs associated with these events are identified using GOES, Yohkoh SXT, SOHO/EIT, and SOHO/LASCO data. From the analysis of these events, the following physical characteristics are obtained: (i) In many cases, two type IIs with fundamental and harmonic were reported, and the time interval between the two type IIs is within 15 min; (ii) The mean values of starting frequency, drift rate, and shock speed of the first type 11 are significantly higher than those of the second type 11; (iii) More than 90% of the events are associated with both X-ray flares and CMEs; (iv) Nearly 75% of the flares are stronger than M1 X-ray class and 50% of CMEs have their widths larger than 200 degrees or they are halo CMEs; (v) While most of the first type IIs started within the fare impulsive phase, 22 Out of 38 second type IIs started after the fare impulsive phase. Weak correlations are found between the starting and ending frequencies of these type 11 events. On the other hand, there was no correlation between two shock speeds between the first and the second type II. Since most of the events are associated with both the flares and CMEs, and there are no events which are only associated with multiple impulsive flares or multiple mass ejections, We Suggest that the flares and CMEs (front or flank) both be sources of multiple type Its. Other possibilities on the origin of multiple type IIs are also discussed. C1 Arul Anandar Coll, Dept Phys, Madurai 625514, Tamil Nadu, India. Korea Astron & Space Sci Inst KASI, Taejon 305348, South Korea. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Madurai Kamaraj Univ, Sch Phys, Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu, India. RP Shanmugaraju, A (reprint author), Arul Anandar Coll, Dept Phys, Madurai 625514, Tamil Nadu, India. EM yjmoon@kasi.re.kr; murray.dryer@noaa.gov RI Moon, Yong-Jae/E-1711-2013 NR 38 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0038-0938 J9 SOL PHYS JI Sol. Phys. PD NOV-DEC PY 2005 VL 232 IS 1-2 BP 87 EP 103 DI 10.1007/s11207-005-1586-4 PG 17 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 006TO UT WOS:000234920400005 ER PT J AU Wong-Ng, W Yang, Z Cook, LP Huang, Q Kaduk, JA Frank, J AF Wong-Ng, W Yang, Z Cook, LP Huang, Q Kaduk, JA Frank, J TI Chemical interaction between Ba2YCu3O6+x and CeO2 at po(2)=100 Pa SO SOLID STATE SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE reaction of Ba2YCu3O6+x with CeO2; BaO-Y2O3-CeO2-CuOx; BaO-Y2O3-CeO2; Y2O3-CeO2-CuOx; BaO-CeO2-CuOx; Ba(Ce0.94Y0.06)O-2.84 structure ID CARBONATE-FREE CONDITIONS; BOND-VALENCE PARAMETERS; PHASE-RELATIONS; TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; MIXED CONDUCTORS; CURRENT-DENSITY; DOPED CERIA; SYSTEM; DIAGRAM AB Chemical interaction between the Ba2YCu3O6+x superconductor and the CeO2 buffer layers employed in coated conductor architectures has been modeled experimentally by investigating phase equilibria on the Ba2YCu3O6+x-CeO2 join at p(O2) = 100 Pa. This join is actually a non-binary join within the BaO-Y2O3-CeO2-CuOx quaternary system. At an approximate mole. ratio of Ba2YCu3O6+x : CeO2 = 40 : 60, a phase boundary was found to separate two four-phase regions. At the Ba2YCu3O6+x -rich side of the join, the four-phase region consists of Ba2YCu3O6+x, Ba(Ce1-ZYZ)O3-x, BaY2CuO5, and Cu2O; at the CeO2 rich side, the four phases were determined to be Ba(Ce1-ZYZ)O3-x, BaY2CuO5, Cu2O and CeO2. At 810 degrees C and p(O2) = 100 Pa, there appears to be negligible solid solution formation of the types Y1-ZCeZO3-X and Ce1-zYzO2-x. The minimum melting temperature along the Ba2YCu3O6+x-CeO2) join was determined to be approximate to 860 degrees C. As part of this study, phase diagrams of the subsystems CeO2-Y2O3-CuOx, BaO-CeO2-CuOx, and BaO-Y2O3-CeO2 were also determined at 810 degrees C under 100 Pa p(O2). The Y2O3-CeO2-CuOx diagram does not contain ternary phases and shows a tie-line from Y2O3 to the binary phase Y2Cu2O5-x. Similarly, the BaO-CeO2-CuOx diagram contains no ternary phases, but has four tie-lines originating from BaCeO3 to Ba2CuO3+x, BaCuO2+x, BaCu2O2+x and CuOx. The BaO-Y2O3-CeO2 system contains one ternary phase, the solid solution Ba(Ce1-zYz)O3-x(0 <= z <= 0.13), which crystallizes with the orthorhombic space group Pmcn (No. 62). Neutron Rietveld refinement of Ba(Ce0.94Y0.06)O-2.84 [Ba(Ce3+ Ce-0.26(4+) Y-0.68(0.06))O-2.84] gives lattice parameters of a = 8.7817(4) angstrom, b = 6.2360(4) angstrom, C = 6.2190(3) angstrom, V = 340.57 angstrom(3), Z = 4. The structure consists of distorted corner-shared (Ce,Y)O-6 octahedra that are tilted with respect to each other. Ba was found to have 9 nearest neighbors (distances < 3.5 angstrom). Reference X-ray patterns of Ba(Ce0.90Y0.10)O-2.95 and Ba(Ce0.87Y0.13)O-2.93 were submitted to be included in the Powder Diffraction File (PDF). Published by Elsevier SAS. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. BP Amoco Res, Naperville, IL 60566 USA. RP Wong-Ng, W (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM winnie.wong-ng@nist.gov NR 63 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1293-2558 J9 SOLID STATE SCI JI Solid State Sci. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 7 IS 11 BP 1333 EP 1343 DI 10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2005.07.002 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Physics GA 988SI UT WOS:000233620600006 ER PT J AU Powell, CJ Newbury, DE AF Powell, CJ Newbury, DE TI Preface for special issue of Surface and Interface Analysis with the proceedings of the NIST workshop on 'Modeling electron transport for applications in electron and X-ray analysis and metrology' SO SURFACE AND INTERFACE ANALYSIS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Powell, CJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0142-2421 J9 SURF INTERFACE ANAL JI Surf. Interface Anal. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 37 IS 11 BP 823 EP 823 DI 10.1002/sia.2100 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 990QI UT WOS:000233757900001 ER PT J AU Tanuma, S Shiratori, T Kimura, T Goto, K Ichimura, S Powell, CJ AF Tanuma, S Shiratori, T Kimura, T Goto, K Ichimura, S Powell, CJ TI Experimental determination of electron inelastic mean free paths in 13 elemental solids in the 50 to 5000 eV energy range by elastic-peak electron spectroscopy SO SURFACE AND INTERFACE ANALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Modeling Electron Transport for Applications in Electron and X-ray Analysis Metrology CY NOV 08-10, 2004 CL Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD SP AVS, Sci & Technol Soc, Microbeam Anal Soc HO Natl Inst Stand & Technol DE electron inelastic mean free paths; experimental determination; elastic-peak electron spectroscopy; Monte Carlo simulation ID SCATTERING CROSS-SECTIONS; IMFPS; MODEL; REFLECTION; SURFACES; EQUATION; SPECTRA; AU; AG; CU AB We have determined electron inelastic mean free paths (IMFPs) in C (graphite), Si, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ga, Mo, Ag, Ta, W, Pt and Au by elastic-peak electron spectroscopy (EPES) using Ni as a reference material for electron energies between 50 and 5000 eV. These IMFPs could be fitted by the simple Bethe equation for inelastic electron scattering in matter for energies from 100 to 5000 eV. The average root-mean-square (RMS) deviation in these fits was 9%. The IMFPs for Si, Cr, Fe, Cu, Ag, Ta, W, Pt and Au were in excellent agreement with the corresponding values calculated from optical data for energies between 100 and 5000 eV. While the RMS differences for graphite and Mo in these comparisons were large (27 and 17%, respectively), the average RMS difference for the other 11 elements was 11%. Similar comparisons were made between our IMFPs and values obtained from the TPP-2M predictive equation for energies between 100 and 5000 eV, and the average RMS difference for the 13 solids was 10.7%; in these comparisons, the RMS differences for Ta and W were relatively large (26% for each). A correction for surface-electronic excitations was calculated from a formula of Werner et al.; except for Si and Ga, the average correction was 5% for energies between 150 and 5000 eV. The satisfactory consistency between the IMFPs from our EPES experiments and the corresponding IMFPs computed from optical data indicates that the uncertainty of these IMFPs is about 11% for electron energies between 100 and 5000 eV. Similar comparisons with IMFPs from the EPES experiments of Werner et al. showed a consistency of 8% for energies between 200 and 5000 eV. Copyright (C) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 NIMS, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050047, Japan. Utsunomiya Univ, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 3218585, Japan. Nagoya Inst Technol, Showa Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 4668555, Japan. Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP NIMS, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050047, Japan. EM Tanuma.Shigeo@nims.go.jp RI Tanuma, Shigeo/H-2681-2011 NR 29 TC 77 Z9 77 U1 2 U2 15 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0142-2421 EI 1096-9918 J9 SURF INTERFACE ANAL JI Surf. Interface Anal. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 37 IS 11 BP 833 EP 845 DI 10.1002/sia.2102 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 990QI UT WOS:000233757900003 ER PT J AU Jablonski, A Powell, CJ Tanuma, S AF Jablonski, A Powell, CJ Tanuma, S TI Monte Carlo strategies for simulations of electron backscattering from surfaces SO SURFACE AND INTERFACE ANALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Modeling Electron Transport for Applications in Electron and X-ray Analysis Metrology CY NOV 08-10, 2004 CL Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD SP AVS, Sci & Technol Soc, Microbeam Anal Soc HO Natl Inst Stand & Technol DE Monte Carlo simulations; AES; backscattering factor ID MEAN FREE PATHS; SCATTERING CROSS-SECTIONS; PROBE MICROANALYSIS; 50-2000-EV RANGE; CATHODE RAYS; AUGER; MATTER; AES; TRANSMISSION; SPECTROSCOPY AB Reliable algorithms for simulation of electron trajectories in solids are needed for quantification of Auger-electron spectroscopy, particularly for the determination of the backscattering factor (BF). The computational schemes for this purpose should be universal, i.e. applicable to any solid for energies down to 50 eV. In addition, the algorithms should ideally require simple input parameters, e.g. the stoichiometry of the solid and the experimental configuration. Previous Monte Carlo simulations have often been based on the continuous slowing down approximation (CSDA), a relatively simple and convenient approach. However, this approach requires information on the electron stopping power for a given solid. General expressions for the stopping power are briefly reviewed and discussed. We report results of BF calculations for Cu M3VV, Ag M5VV, and Au N67VV Auger transitions from Monte Carlo simulations based on the CSDA in which stopping powers from optical data and from Tougaard's two-parameter universal inelastic-scattering cross section were employed. The resulting BFs, for primary energies between 500 eV and 10 keV, differed by up to 12% (at an energy of 10 keV). BFs from the Monte Carlo algorithm based on the CSDA were compared with similar results from a more sophisticated code involving simulations of individual elastic- and inelastic-scattering events. Both algorithms yielded equivalent BFs for the same Auger transitions with primary energies exceeding 1000 eV; at lower energies, deviations up to 10% occurred because of an approximation in the evaluation of an integral. Copyright (C) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Polish Acad Sci, Inst Phys Chem, PL-01224 Warsaw, Poland. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Mat Sci, Mat Anal Stn, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050047, Japan. RP Jablonski, A (reprint author), Polish Acad Sci, Inst Phys Chem, Ul Kasprzaka 44-52, PL-01224 Warsaw, Poland. EM jablo@ichf.edu.pl RI Tanuma, Shigeo/H-2681-2011 NR 44 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 6 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0142-2421 J9 SURF INTERFACE ANAL JI Surf. Interface Anal. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 37 IS 11 BP 861 EP 874 DI 10.1002/sia.2104 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 990QI UT WOS:000233757900005 ER PT J AU Villarrubia, JS Vladar, AE Postek, MT AF Villarrubia, JS Vladar, AE Postek, MT TI Scanning electron microscope dimensional metrology using a model-based library SO SURFACE AND INTERFACE ANALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Modeling Electron Transport for Applications in Electron and X-ray Analysis Metrology CY NOV 08-10, 2004 CL Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD SP AVS, Sci & Technol Soc, Microbeam Anal Soc HO Natl Inst Stand & Technol DE critical dimension (CD); model-based library; scanning electron microscopy (SEM); dimensional metrology; linewidth ID SEM; SIMULATION; LINES; BIAS AB The semiconductor electronics industry places significant demands upon secondary electron imaging to obtain dimensional measurements that are used for process control or failure analysis. Tolerances for measurement uncertainty and repeatability are smaller than the spatial resolution of edges in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) that is used to perform the measurements. Image processing techniques, historically used to identify edge locations, are inadequate under these conditions. An alternative approach, based upon Monte Carlo electron transport modeling to assign edge positions, has been developed. The specimen shape is parameterized, and parameters are iteratively adjusted to produce the best least squares fit to the measured image. Because Monte Carlo simulators are too slow to be used directly in such an iterative calculation, the Monte Carlo technique is used relatively few times to construct a library of results for parameters spanning the process space of interest. A function that interpolates the library then becomes a surrogate that is used to rapidly compute the model function as needed. This procedure has yielded measurement results from top-down SEM images that are in good agreement with cross-section measurements and that have as much as a factor of 3 better same-site repeatability than the more traditional techniques. Published in 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Villarrubia, JS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8212, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM John.Villarrubia@nist.gov NR 16 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 10 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0142-2421 J9 SURF INTERFACE ANAL JI Surf. Interface Anal. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 37 IS 11 BP 951 EP 958 DI 10.1002/sia.2087 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 990QI UT WOS:000233757900015 ER PT J AU Stone, PM Kim, YK AF Stone, PM Kim, YK TI An overview of the BEB method for electron-impact ionization of atoms and molecules SO SURFACE AND INTERFACE ANALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Modeling Electron Transport for Applications in Electron and X-ray Analysis Metrology CY NOV 08-10, 2004 CL Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD SP AVS, Sci & Technol Soc, Microbeam Anal Soc HO Natl Inst Stand & Technol DE electron impact; ionization; cross section; BEB; atoms; molecules ID CROSS-SECTIONS; HELIUM; MODEL; BEAM AB An accurate and simple method for the calculation of electron-impact ionization. cross sections of atoms and molecules was developed by Kim and Rudd in 1994. Since then, many articles by Kim and coworkers have demonstrated the validity of the technique and have applied it to various atomic and molecular systems. The method is particularly useful for computational modeling, where numerous cross sections are needed. This paper presents the basic formulas and method of calculation, shows applications to some neutral atoms, and describes the NIST website where results of recent calculations are available. The limitations of the method as well as the advantages are outlined. Published in 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stone, PM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM pstone@nist.gov NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0142-2421 J9 SURF INTERFACE ANAL JI Surf. Interface Anal. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 37 IS 11 BP 966 EP 968 DI 10.1002/sia.2089 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 990QI UT WOS:000233757900017 ER PT J AU Ali, MA Kim, YK AF Ali, MA Kim, YK TI Total ionization cross sections of Cl and Cl-2 by electron impact SO SURFACE AND INTERFACE ANALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Modeling Electron Transport for Applications in Electron and X-ray Analysis Metrology CY NOV 08-10, 2004 CL Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD SP AVS, Sci & Technol Soc, Microbeam Anal Soc HO Natl Inst Stand & Technol DE electron impact; ionization cross section; BEB; atoms; molecules ID CHLORINE MOLECULE; GAAS(100) C(8X2); SILICON; SURFACES; C(2X8); ATOMS; MODEL; F2 AB Cross sections of Cl and Cl-2 for ionization by electron impact are calculated using the Binary-Encounter-Bethe (BEB) theoretical model. The BEB model requires only the binding energies and kinetic energies of atomic or molecular orbitals (MO). For the lowest binding energies, experimental vertical ionization potentials (IPs) are used to make the theoretical ionization threshold coincide with the experimental threshold. Experimental cross sections, and cross sections calculated using alternative theoretical models, where available, are compared with the BEB results. The BEB cross sections agree well with the experimental data for Cl and Cl-2. Copyright (C) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ali, MA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mali@fac.howard.edu NR 29 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0142-2421 J9 SURF INTERFACE ANAL JI Surf. Interface Anal. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 37 IS 11 BP 969 EP 972 DI 10.1002/sia.2090 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 990QI UT WOS:000233757900018 ER PT J AU Scott, GE Irikura, KK AF Scott, GE Irikura, KK TI Performance of binary-encounter-Bethe (BEB) theory for electron-impact ionization cross sections of molecules containing heavy elements (Z > 10) SO SURFACE AND INTERFACE ANALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Modeling Electron Transport for Applications in Electron and X-ray Analysis Metrology CY NOV 08-10, 2004 CL Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD SP AVS, Sci & Technol Soc, Microbeam Anal Soc HO Natl Inst Stand & Technol DE ab initio; cross section; electron impact; ionization; molecule; theory ID HE(I) PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTRA; CS2; SPECTROSCOPY; STATES; PSEUDOPOTENTIALS; ABSORPTION; ENERGIES; SINGLET; MODEL; TICL4 AB The binary-encounter-Bethe (BEB) theory developed by Kim and coworkers has been successful for computing electron-impact ionization cross sections of many molecules. However, some recent publications have stated that BEB theory performs poorly for molecules that contain heavier elements such as chlorine and sulfur. We have found that the BEB calculations in those publications were performed incorrectly. When performed correctly, BEB predictions are as good for heavy-element molecules as for light-element molecules. We recommended recently that an alternative, less-confusing procedure be used for molecules that contain heavier elements. The alternative procedure, based upon effective core potentials (ECPs), does not require explicit kinetic energy corrections. For peak cross sections of a group of 18 molecules, the root-mean-square difference between BEB predictions and experimental values is 13%. Results are presented for CCl3CN, C2Cl6, C2HCl5, C2Cl4, both isomers Of C2H2Cl4, CCl4, TiCl4, CBr4, CHBr3, CH2Br2, GaCl, CS2, H2S, CH3I, Al(CH3)(3), Ga(CH3)(3), and hexamethyldisiloxane. Incorrect BEB calculations have been reported in the literature for several of these molecules. Published in 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 NIST, Computat Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Davidson Coll, Dept Chem, Davidson, NC 28035 USA. RP Irikura, KK (reprint author), NIST, Computat Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Karl.irikura@nist.gov RI Irikura, Karl/A-4266-2009 OI Irikura, Karl/0000-0001-7515-6761 NR 45 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0142-2421 J9 SURF INTERFACE ANAL JI Surf. Interface Anal. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 37 IS 11 BP 973 EP 977 DI 10.1002/sia.2091 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 990QI UT WOS:000233757900019 ER PT J AU Tanuma, S Powell, CJ Penn, DR AF Tanuma, S Powell, CJ Penn, DR TI Calculations of Stopping powers of 100 eV to 30 keV electrons in 10 elemental solids SO SURFACE AND INTERFACE ANALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Modeling Electron Transport for Applications in Electron and X-ray Analysis Metrology CY NOV 08-10, 2004 CL Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD SP AVS, Sci & Technol Soc, Microbeam Anal Soc HO Natl Inst Stand & Technol DE aluminium; chromium; copper; electron stopping power; germanium; gold; nickel; palladium; platinum; silicon; silver ID MEAN FREE PATHS; LOW-ENERGY ELECTRONS; 50-2000 EV RANGE; OPTICAL-DATA; INELASTIC-SCATTERING; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; CONDENSED MATTER; ALUMINUM; COLLISIONS; MODEL AB We present calculated electron stopping powers (SPs) for 10 elemental solids (Al, Si, Cr, Ni, Cu, Ge, Pd, Ag, Pt, and Au). These calculations were made for electron energies between 100 eV and 30 keV, and were obtained using the same basic algorithm as that employed in our previous calculations of electron inelastic mean free paths. We present comparisons of these results with measured values, with results of other calculations, with the nonrelativistic Bethe SP equation, and with the empirical inodification of the Bethe equation by Joy and Luo. We find generally satisfactory agreement of our calculated SPs with measured values for some solids (Ni, Cu, Pd, and Pt) and limited agreement for others (Al, Si, Cr, Ge, and Ag). Our SPs for Al, Cu, Ag, and Au are systematically greater than those calculated by Ashley by up to 33% for E < 10 keV; these differences are associated with. an exchange correction made in Ashley's calculations, but not in ours. We find close agreement between our SPs for Al, Si, and Cu and those calculated by Fernandez-Varea et al. who included an exchange correction; larger differences, however, were found for Au. As expected, our calculated SPs agree with values from the Bethe equation only for energies above 10 keV (for Z <= 32) and about 30 keV for Z >= 46. Satisfactory agreement is found between our SPs and values from the Joy and Luo equation for Al, Si, Cr, Ni (for energies above 1 keV), Cu, and Ge but there is less agreement for Pd and appreciable disagreement for Au. We present an analysis of our calculated SPs for Al that show why the Bethe equation is not expected to be valid unless the electron energy is larger than about 10 keV. Copyright (C) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Mat Sci, Mat Anal Stn, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050047, Japan. RP Powell, CJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Cedric.Powell@nist.gov RI Tanuma, Shigeo/H-2681-2011 NR 47 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 9 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0142-2421 J9 SURF INTERFACE ANAL JI Surf. Interface Anal. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 37 IS 11 BP 978 EP 988 DI 10.1002/sia.2092 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 990QI UT WOS:000233757900020 ER PT J AU Ritchie, NWM AF Ritchie, NWM TI A new Monte Carlo application for complex sample geometries SO SURFACE AND INTERFACE ANALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Modeling Electron Transport for Applications in Electron and X-ray Analysis Metrology CY NOV 08-10, 2004 CL Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD SP AVS, Sci & Technol Soc, Microbeam Anal Soc HO Natl Inst Stand & Technol DE electron transport; Monte Carlo; microanalysis; simulation ID CROSS-SECTIONS; ELECTRONS; IONIZATION; SCATTERING AB NISTMonte is a new application for Monte Carlo simulation(1,2) of electron transport, X-ray generation and transmission in complex sample geometries. NISTMonte uses the Mott cross section(3,4) to model elastic scattering and the Joy-Luo expression(5) to model energy loss. The ionization cross section is modeled using the empirical expression of Casnati.(6) The mass absorption coefficients are those of Heinrich,(7) and the fluorescence yields are tabulated experimental values.(8) A defining characteristic of the application is the flexibility with which complex sample geometries may be defined. The application provides a set of basic building blocks that may be combined to build complex sample shapes. Furthermore, shapes may be embedded within shapes to model inhomogeneous samples or structured samples. The application imposes no artificial limits on the number of sample regions or on the number of elements within a material. A detailed description of the implementation and the results of various tests, including backscatter yields, will be presented to demonstrate the range of validity of the model and the implementation. The application has been developed in Java J2SE 1.4 for platform independence. The source code will be made available on the NIST web site or by contacting the author. Published in 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ritchie, NWM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM nicholas.ritchie@nist.gov NR 22 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0142-2421 J9 SURF INTERFACE ANAL JI Surf. Interface Anal. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 37 IS 11 BP 1006 EP 1011 DI 10.1002/sia.2093 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 990QI UT WOS:000233757900023 ER PT J AU Newbury, DE Myklebust, RL AF Newbury, DE Myklebust, RL TI Simulation of electron-excited X-ray spectra with NIST-NIH Desktop Spectrum Analyzer (DTSA) SO SURFACE AND INTERFACE ANALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Modeling Electron Transport for Applications in Electron and X-ray Analysis Metrology CY NOV 08-10, 2004 CL Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD SP AVS, Sci & Technol Soc, Microbeam Anal Soc HO Natl Inst Stand & Technol DE Desktop Spectrum Analyzer (DTSA); electron probe X-ray microanalysis; energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS); inner shell ionization; scanning electron microscopy; X-ray spectrometry; wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (WDS) ID PROBE MICROANALYSIS; RADIATION AB Desktop Spectrum Analyzer (DTSA) is a comprehensive software platform for the collection, simulation, processing, qualitative, and quantitative analysis of electron-excited X-ray spectra. Spectrum simulation is based upon solving the rigorous expression for inner shell ionization, integrated from the incident beam energy to the critical excitation energy, taking into account energy loss of the primary electrons and the loss of ionization power due to electron backscattering. The user can choose from a wide range of cross sections for K-, L- and M-shell ionization, as well as for the X-ray continuum. Both energy-dispersive and wavelength-dispersive spectrometers can be simulated. The simulated spectrum can be inspected at each stage of its generation, propagation through the specimen, propagation through the detector windows and structure, and after application of the detector-broadening function. The final spectrum is calculated on an absolute dose and spectrometer efficiency basis, permitting comparison to experimentally measured spectra. Correspondence for K-shell intensity within +/- 20% relative to experimental values can be achieved over a wide range of photon energy. Appropriate counting statistics can be applied to the simulated spectra, enabling the user to test the accuracy of peak fitting with multiple linear least squares or sequential simplex nonlinear procedures. Published in 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Newbury, DE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Mail Stop 8370,100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dale.newbury@nist.gov NR 19 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0142-2421 J9 SURF INTERFACE ANAL JI Surf. Interface Anal. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 37 IS 11 BP 1045 EP 1053 DI 10.1002/sia.2086 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 990QI UT WOS:000233757900030 ER PT J AU Smekal, W Werner, WSM Powell, CJ AF Smekal, W Werner, WSM Powell, CJ TI Simulation of electron spectra for surface analysis (SESSA): a novel software tool for quantitative Auger-electron spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy SO SURFACE AND INTERFACE ANALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Modeling Electron Transport for Applications in Electron and X-ray Analysis Metrology CY NOV 08-10, 2004 CL Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD SP AVS, Sci & Technol Soc, Microbeam Anal Soc HO Natl Inst Stand & Technol DE scattering; attenuation; electron; spectroscopy; microscopy; energy loss; backscattering; elastic; inelastic ID MEAN FREE PATHS; SCATTERING CROSS-SECTIONS; 50-2000 EV RANGE; ELASTIC-SCATTERING; ANGULAR-DISTRIBUTION; SOLIDS; DEPTH; ANGLE; FLUORESCENCE; POTENTIALS AB A description of a new NIST database for quantitative Auger-electron and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AES/XPS) is given: Simulation of Electron Spectra for Surface Analysis (SESSA). This database contains extensive sets of data for the physical quantities relevant to AES and XPS. The internal databases are linked to a user interface via a small expert system that allows a user to automatically retrieve data needed for a specific practical application. SESSA can simulate AES and XPS spectra for a multilayered thin-film sample for measurement conditions specified by the user. Experimental information needed by SESSA is entered via an interface that matches the settings of AES/XPS instrumentation. The structure of SESSA is described together with information on special features, unique capabilities, and sources of the physical data. Examples of practical applications of SESSA for angle-resolved XPS on Al and Si samples, determination of the depth distribution function in XPS, and the use of empirical peak shapes for spectrum simulation are given. These and other applications are contained in SESSA in the form of tutorial files with command-language statements that can be loaded into SESSA and modified as necessary for similar simulations. Copyright (C) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Vienna Univ Technol, Inst Allgemeine Phys, A-1040 Vienna, Austria. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Smekal, W (reprint author), Vienna Univ Technol, Inst Allgemeine Phys, Wiedner Hauptstr 8-10, A-1040 Vienna, Austria. EM smekal@iap.tuwien.ac.at RI Smekal, Werner/A-3985-2009 NR 47 TC 104 Z9 104 U1 1 U2 21 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0142-2421 J9 SURF INTERFACE ANAL JI Surf. Interface Anal. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 37 IS 11 BP 1059 EP 1067 DI 10.1002/sia.2097 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 990QI UT WOS:000233757900032 ER PT J AU Powell, CJ Jablonski, A Salvat, F AF Powell, CJ Jablonski, A Salvat, F TI NIST databases with electron elastic-scattering cross sections, inelastic mean free paths, and effective attenuation lengths SO SURFACE AND INTERFACE ANALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Modeling Electron Transport for Applications in Electron and X-ray Analysis Metrology CY NOV 08-10, 2004 CL Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD SP AVS, Sci & Technol Soc, Microbeam Anal Soc HO Natl Inst Stand & Technol DE AES; databases; electron effective attenuation lengths; electron elastic-scattering cross sections; electron inelastic mean free paths; XPS ID RAY PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; CORRECTION PARAMETERS; XPS; AES; ATOMS; SOLIDS; RANGE; DEPTH; SHAPE AB A brief description is given of three databases issued by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). These databases, designed principally for applications in Auger-electron spectroscopy (AES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), provide electron elastic-scattering cross sections, electron inelastic mean free paths, and electron effective attenuation lengths. Examples are given of their use. Copyright (C) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Polish Acad Sci, Inst Phys Chem, PL-01224 Warsaw, Poland. Univ Barcelona, Fac Fis ECM, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Cedric.Powell@nist.gov RI Salvat, Francesc/F-8255-2016 OI Salvat, Francesc/0000-0002-6162-8841 NR 26 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 3 U2 18 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0142-2421 EI 1096-9918 J9 SURF INTERFACE ANAL JI Surf. Interface Anal. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 37 IS 11 BP 1068 EP 1071 DI 10.1002/sia.2098 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 990QI UT WOS:000233757900033 ER PT J AU Powell, CJ AF Powell, CJ TI Summary of the panel discussion on opportunities and needs SO SURFACE AND INTERFACE ANALYSIS LA English DT Editorial Material DE data; electron-solid interactions; electron transport; electron analysis; modeling; needs; opportunities; X-ray analysis AB At the NIST workshop on modeling electron transport for applications in electron and X-ray analysis and metrology, there was a final panel discussion on the opportunities and needs in this area. A summary of the points made by some of the contributors in this session is given. Published in 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Powell, CJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM cedric.powell@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0142-2421 J9 SURF INTERFACE ANAL JI Surf. Interface Anal. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 37 IS 11 BP 1072 EP 1074 DI 10.1002/sia.2099 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 990QI UT WOS:000233757900034 ER PT J AU Beckman, BR Larsen, DA AF Beckman, BR Larsen, DA TI Upstream migration of minijack (age-2) Chinook salmon in the Columbia River: Behavior, abundance, distribution, and origin SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID EFFECTIVE POPULATION-SIZE; EARLY SEXUAL-MATURATION; ATLANTIC SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; FERTILIZATION SUCCESS; HYDROPOWER SYSTEM; SALAR L.; GROWTH; SNAKE; PARR AB It has recently been demonstrated that a large percentage of yearling Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha smolts released from a production-scale hatchery on the Yakima River display an underappreciated life history strategy. Instead of migrating to the ocean for long-term rearing and growth, males may instead undertake a short-term migration downstream, turn around, and migrate back upstream where they reproductively mature at age 2. Following local hatchery traditions, these fish are referred to as "minijacks." We used information produced from (1) large-scale passive integrated transponder (PIT)-tagging programs at hatcheries in the Columbia and Snake River basins and (2) the installation of PIT tag detectors in the fish passage ladders built into dams on these rivers to investigate the occurrence, behavior, distribution, and origin of minijacks. A minijack was operationally defined as a fish detected in a ladder after 1 June in the same year it was released. Minijacks were found in every hatchery release group of more than 7,500 PIT-tagged Chinook salmon smolts reported (2002, 13 groups; 2003, 15 groups). Minijack population migration upstream past Bonneville Dam peaked in late June and July. This lagged migrations of age-4 adults (from the same populations) by approximately 2 months. However, minijacks also displayed population-specific variation in timing of upstream migrations past Bonneville Dam; minijacks from spring Chinook salmon populations appeared before fall Chinook salmon populations. Detection rates of minijacks at all dams ranged from 0.02% to 0.33% of the total smolts released for different hatchery groups. Expansion of this rate, based on the relation between minijack estimates at Cle Elum Hatchery (before release) and detections at Bonneville Dam (after release), suggests that minijack abundance in the Columbia and Snake River basins exceed hundreds of thousands of fish. C1 NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. RP Beckman, BR (reprint author), NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. EM brian.beckman@noaa.gov NR 41 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 134 IS 6 BP 1520 EP 1541 DI 10.1577/T05-036.1 PG 22 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 994EJ UT WOS:000234013100012 ER PT J AU Greene, CM Jensen, DW Pess, GR Steel, EA AF Greene, CM Jensen, DW Pess, GR Steel, EA TI Effects of environmental conditions during stream, estuary, and ocean residency on Chinook salmon return rates in the Skagit River, Washington SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID COHO ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; OREGON PRODUCTION AREA; EGG BURIAL DEPTHS; SURVIVAL RATES; MARINE SURVIVAL; PACIFIC-SALMON; PINK SALMON; SECONDARY PRODUCTION; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; TSHAWYTSCHA AB We predicted 22 years of return rates for wild Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscho as a function of environmental conditions experienced during residency in freshwater, tidal delta, bay, and ocean habitats as well as as an indicator of density dependence (based on egg production) across life stages. The best predictors of return rate included the magnitude of floods experienced during incubation, a principal components factor describing environmental conditions during bay residency, a similar factor describing conditions experienced during the third ocean year, and an estimate of egg production. Our models explained up to 90% of the variation in return rate and had a very high forecasting precision, yet environmental conditions experienced during ocean residency explained only 5% of the variation. Our results suggest that returns of wild Chinook salmon can be predicted with high precision by incorporating habitat residency and that freshwater and nearshore environmental conditions strongly influence the survival of Skagit River Chinook salmon. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Div Environm Conservat, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. Skagit Syst Cooperat, La Conner, WA 98257 USA. RP Greene, CM (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Div Environm Conservat, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. EM correigh.greene@noaa.gov OI Steel, E. Ashley/0000-0001-5091-276X NR 79 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 18 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 134 IS 6 BP 1562 EP 1581 DI 10.1577/T05-037.1 PG 20 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 994EJ UT WOS:000234013100014 ER PT J AU Siewert, T Verma, K Chen, S AF Siewert, T Verma, K Chen, S TI What can we do about our ailing bridges? SO WELDING JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Automation of fabrication processes may be the key to faster, more cost-effective replacement of structurally deficient or obsolete steel bridges. C1 NIST, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO USA. Fed Highway Adm, US Dept Transportat, Washington, DC 20591 USA. SUNY Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. RP Siewert, T (reprint author), NIST, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER WELDING SOC PI MIAMI PA 550 N W LEJEUNE RD, MIAMI, FL 33126 USA SN 0043-2296 J9 WELD J JI Weld. J. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 84 IS 11 BP 47 EP 49 PG 3 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 984GE UT WOS:000233289800010 ER PT J AU Currie, LA Kessler, JD AF Currie, LA Kessler, JD TI On the isolation of elemental carbon (EC) for micro-molar C-14 accelerator mass spectrometry: development of a hybrid reference material for C-14-EC accuracy assurance, and a critical evaluation of the thermal optical kinetic (TOK) EC isolation procedure SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID BLACK CARBON; SEDIMENTS; RADIOCARBON; AEROSOLS; QUANTIFICATION AB The primary objective of the research reported here has been the development of a hybrid reference material (RM) to serve as a test of accuracy for elemental carbon (EC) isotopic (C-14) speciation measurements. Such measurements are vital for the quantitative apportionment of fossil and biomass sources of "soot" (EC), the tracer of fire that has profound effects on health, atmospheric visibility, and climate. Previous studies of C-14-EC measurement quality, carried out with NIST SRM 1649a ( Urban Dust), showed a range of results, but since the "truth" was not known for this natural matrix RM, one had to rely on isotopic-chemical consistency evidence (C-14 in PAH, EC) of measurement validity (Currie et al., 2002). Components of the new Hybrid RM (DiesApple), however, have known C-14 and EC composition, and they are nearly orthogonal ( isotopically and chemically). NIST SRM 2975 ( Forklift Diesel Soot) has little or no C-14, and its major compositional component is EC; SRM 1515 ( Apple Leaves) has the C-14 content of biomass-C, and it has little or no EC. Thus, the Hybrid RM can serve as an absolute isotopic test for the absence of EC-mimicking pyrolysis-C ( char) from SRM 1515 in the EC isolate of the Hybrid RM, as well as a test for conservation of its dominant soot fraction throughout the isolation procedure. The secondary objective was to employ the Hybrid RM for the comparative evaluation of the thermal optical kinetic (TOK) and thermal optical transmission ( TOT) methods for the isolation of EC for micro-molar carbon accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). As part of this process, the relatively new TOK method was subjected to a critical evaluation and significant development. Key findings of our study are: ( 1) both methods exhibited biomass-C " leakage"; for TOT, the EC fraction isolated for AMS contained about 8% of the original biomass-C; for TOK, the refractory carbon (RC) isolated contained about 3% of the original biomass-C.; ( 2) the initial isothermal oxidation stage of the TOK method substantially reduced the transfer of artifact char to the RC fraction, improving isolation capabilities; ( 3) the Hybrid RM was not equal to the sum of its parts, with matrix interactions inducing premature loss of EC which, however, could be quantified and minimized; ( 4) the three-stage TOK method provided a superior capability for carbonate quantification at the sub-micromolar level, with "reagent-free" removal of carbonate-C from EC - essential for low-level EC-C-14 AMS. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kessler, JD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM lloyd.currie@nist.gov NR 20 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 11 PU EUROPEAN GEOSCIENCES UNION PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PD OCT 31 PY 2005 VL 5 BP 2833 EP 2845 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 979RN UT WOS:000232962600001 ER PT J AU Montes-Hugo, MA Carder, K Foy, RJ Cannizzaro, J Brown, E Pegau, S AF Montes-Hugo, MA Carder, K Foy, RJ Cannizzaro, J Brown, E Pegau, S TI Estimating phytoplankton biomass in coastal waters of Alaska using airborne remote sensing SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE chlorophyll a concentration; phytoplankton pigments; productivity; airborne surveys; satellite images; SeaWiFS; remote sensing; Gulf of Alaska; coastal waters ID SUB-ARCTIC PACIFIC; CHLOROPHYLL; ALGORITHMS; SEA; ABSORPTION; GULF; BAY AB Empirical airborne remote-sensing relationships were examined to estimate chlorophyll a concentration in the first optical depth (chl(FOD)) Of coastal waters of Afgonak/Kodiak Islands during July-August 2002. Band-ratio and spectral-curvature models were tested using satellite remote-sensing reflectance (R-rs(lambda)) measurements. Additional shipboard and airborne R-rs(lambda) data were also analysed to evaluate consistency of proposed chl(FOD)-R-rs(lambda) relationships. Validation of chlorophyll algorithms was performed using data collected in the northern-part of the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea during 1996, 2002, and 2003 cruises. Likewise, oceanographic conditions during the surveys were typified to interpret variability of chl(FOD) fields. The SeaWiFS band-ratio algorithm OC2d was the most sensitive R-rs combination (R-rs(509)/R-rs(553)) to detect chl(FOD) variability. Conversely, OC2a (R-rs(412)/R-rs(553)) had the lowest performance to derive chl(FOD) values. No valid statistical regressions were established for spectral-curvature relationships in the blue spectrum (<500 nm). Fertile waters (>5 mg m(-3)) Were preferentially located over shallow banks (similar to 50 m) and at the entrance of the bays. The approach used in this study to derive chl(FOD) values could be universal for Alaskan coastal waters. However, chl(FOD)-R-rs(lambda) relationships must be calibrated locally for a given season. (C) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, EOS Lab, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Fishery Ind Technol Ctr, Juneau, AK 99615 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Inst Marine Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. NOAA, Kachemak Bay Res Reserve, Homer, AK 99603 USA. RP Montes-Hugo, MA (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, EOS Lab, 140 7th Ave S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. EM mmontes@mail.usf.edu NR 39 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD OCT 30 PY 2005 VL 98 IS 4 BP 481 EP 493 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2005.08.013 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 984ET UT WOS:000233286000009 ER PT J AU Lu, CU Koch, SE Wang, N AF Lu, CU Koch, SE Wang, N TI Stokes parameter analysis of a packet of turbulence-generating gravity waves SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID AUSTRALIA; MOTIONS AB Stokes parameter analysis for small-scale gravity waves was carried out from a set of aircraft observational data. The goal is to understand the polarization properties associated with gravity waves when turbulence is generated so that enough physical knowledge can be gained about the interaction between the two. A wavelet cross-spectrum technique is introduced into the traditional Stokes parameter analysis. From this analysis it is shown that small-scale gravity waves possess distinctive polarization signatures. Further extension of the Stokes parameter analysis by a wave-averaging method is also proposed. The analysis using this method indicates that the turbulence production is closely related to an enhanced level of polarization and coherency in the two components of the horizontal wind in the gravity waves and that the turbulence surge is accompanied by a tendency for an instantaneous reduction of polarization and abrupt shift of horizontal wave vector of the progenitor gravity waves. These findings may be useful in the prediction of the occurrence of turbulence in association with gravity wave activities in the atmosphere. C1 NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Lu, CU (reprint author), NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM chungu.lu@noaa.gov NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 29 PY 2005 VL 110 IS D20 AR D20105 DI 10.1029/2004JD005736 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 981RV UT WOS:000233106600001 ER PT J AU Hoppel, K Nedoluha, G Fromm, M Allen, D Bevilacqua, R Alfred, J Johnson, B Konig-Langlo, G AF Hoppel, K Nedoluha, G Fromm, M Allen, D Bevilacqua, R Alfred, J Johnson, B Konig-Langlo, G TI Reduced ozone loss at the upper edge of the Antarctic Ozone Hole during 2001-2004 SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID POLAR VORTEX; CLIMATOLOGY; VALIDATION; ALGORITHM; RECOVERY; AEROSOL; WINTER AB The top edge (20-22 km) of the Antarctic ozone hole has been identified as a good place to detect ozone recovery (D. J. Hofmann et al., 1997). During the first six POAM observation years (1994-1996, 1998-2000), the early October ozone mixing ratio at the top edge of the ozone hole was nearly constant, while during the last four years (2001-2004) it was noticeably greater. The estimated ozone photochemical loss for air sampled at 20-22 km in 2001-2004 was likewise smaller. During 2001-2004, there were fewer PSCs and generally higher temperatures during August and September at 20-22 km than prior years. The increased ozone was due to both reduced photochemical ozone loss (2001, 2003, and 2004) and enhanced adiabatic descent of the ozone profile (2002). Because of the changing meteorological conditions, the ozone changes at the top edge of the hole cannot be easily attributed to changes in chlorine abundance. C1 USN, Res Lab, Remote Sensing Phys Branch, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Computat Phys Inc, Springfield, VA 22151 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-27515 Bremerhaven, Germany. RP USN, Res Lab, Remote Sensing Phys Branch, Code 7227,4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC 20375 USA. EM karl.hoppel@nrl.navy.mil RI Konig-Langlo, Gert/K-5048-2012 OI Konig-Langlo, Gert/0000-0002-6100-4107 NR 23 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 28 PY 2005 VL 32 IS 20 AR L20816 DI 10.1029/2005GL023968 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 981RG UT WOS:000233105100003 ER PT J AU Ming, Y Ramaswamy, V Ginoux, PA Horowitz, LH AF Ming, Y Ramaswamy, V Ginoux, PA Horowitz, LH TI Direct radiative forcing of anthropogenic organic aerosol SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; SEA-SALT AEROSOL; CARBONACEOUS AEROSOLS; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; SULFATE; PARTICLES; EMISSION; CLOUD; MASS AB This study simulates the direct radiative forcing of organic aerosol using the GFDL AM2 GCM. The aerosol climatology is provided by the MOZART chemical transport model (CTM). The approach to calculating aerosol optical properties explicitly considers relative humidity-dependent hygroscopic growth by employing a functional group based thermodynamic model, and makes use of the size distribution derived from AERONET measurements. The preindustrial (PI) and present-day (PD) global burdens of organic carbon are 0.17 and 1.36 Tg OC, respectively. The annual global mean total-sky and clear-sky top-of-the atmosphere (TOA) forcings (PI to PD) are estimated as -0.34 and -0.71 W m(-2), respectively. Geographically the radiative cooling largely lies over the source regions, namely part of South America, Central Africa, Europe and South and East Asia. The annual global mean total-sky and clear-sky surface forcings are -0.63 and -0.98 W m(-2), respectively. A series of sensitivity analyses shows that the treatments of hygroscopic growth and optical properties of organic aerosol are intertwined in the determination of the global organic aerosol forcing. For example, complete deprivation of water uptake by hydrophilic organic particles reduces the standard (total-sky) and clear-sky TOA forcing estimates by 18% and 20%, respectively, while the uptake by a highly soluble organic compound (malonic acid) enhances them by 18% and 32%, respectively. Treating particles as non-absorbing enhances aerosol reflection and increases the total-sky and clear-sky TOA forcing by 47% and 18%, respectively, while neglecting the scattering brought about by the water associated with particles reduces them by 24% and 7%, respectively. C1 Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Visiting Sci Program, Univ Corp Atmospher Res, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Visiting Sci Program, Univ Corp Atmospher Res, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM yi.ming@noaa.gov; v.ramaswamy@noaa.gov; paul.ginoux@noaa.gov; larry.horowitz@noaa.gov RI Ginoux, Paul/C-2326-2008; Ming, Yi/F-3023-2012; Horowitz, Larry/D-8048-2014 OI Ginoux, Paul/0000-0003-3642-2988; Horowitz, Larry/0000-0002-5886-3314 NR 30 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 28 PY 2005 VL 110 IS D20 AR D20208 DI 10.1029/2004JD005573 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 981RU UT WOS:000233106500001 ER PT J AU Veza, D Salit, ML Sansonetti, CJ Travis, JC AF Veza, D Salit, ML Sansonetti, CJ Travis, JC TI Wave numbers and Ar pressure-induced shifts of Hg-198 atomic lines measured by Fourier transform spectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MERCURY PENCIL LAMPS; SPECTRAL-LINES; WAVELENGTHS; CALIBRATION; ULTRAVIOLET; COLLISIONS; NEON AB Wave numbers and argon-pressure-induced shifts of mercury emission lines were measured using a UV/visible Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS). The observations were made with electrodeless lamps containing isotopically pure Hg-198 and argon buffer gas at pressures of 33 Pa (1/4 Torr), 400 Pa (3 Torr), 933 Pa (7 Tort) and 1333 Pa (10 Torr). Calibration of the FTS wave number scale was obtained from the four most prominent 198Hg lines (6p P-3(2)-7S S-3(1) at 546.2 nm, 6p P-3(1)-7S S-3(1) at 436 nm, 6p P-3(0)-7S S-3(1) at 404.8 nm and 6p P-3(2)-6d D-3(3) at 365.1 nm), enabling measurements of wave numbers and argon pressure shifts of other UV and visible mercury transitions with high accuracy. Our measurements provide new data for the wave numbers and pressure-induced shifts of 20 mercury lines. The wave numbers of mercury lines emitted from the 400 Pa (3 Torr) lamp can be used as standards for wavelength calibration in inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrochemical analysis or in experiments where medium-resolution monochromators are used. The pressure-induced shifts of the Hg-198 emission lines are in reasonable agreement with theoretical predictions and could be of interest for validating calculations of mercury-argon interactions. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Veza, D (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM veza@phy.hr NR 31 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 9 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-4075 J9 J PHYS B-AT MOL OPT JI J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys. PD OCT 28 PY 2005 VL 38 IS 20 BP 3739 EP 3753 DI 10.1088/0953-4075/38/20/009 PG 15 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 986QT UT WOS:000233465500011 ER PT J AU Chapin, FS Sturm, M Serreze, MC McFadden, JP Key, JR Lloyd, AH McGuire, AD Rupp, TS Lynch, AH Schimel, JP Beringer, J Chapman, WL Epstein, HE Euskirchen, ES Hinzman, LD Jia, G Ping, CL Tape, KD Thompson, CDC Walker, DA Welker, JM AF Chapin, FS Sturm, M Serreze, MC McFadden, JP Key, JR Lloyd, AH McGuire, AD Rupp, TS Lynch, AH Schimel, JP Beringer, J Chapman, WL Epstein, HE Euskirchen, ES Hinzman, LD Jia, G Ping, CL Tape, KD Thompson, CDC Walker, DA Welker, JM TI Role of land-surface changes in Arctic summer warming SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CLIMATE-CHANGE; ENVIRONMENTAL-CHANGE; SEWARD PENINSULA; NORTHERN ALASKA; CARBON STORAGE; TUNDRA SOILS; VEGETATION; TRENDS; TEMPERATURE; TREELINE AB A major challenge in predicting Earth's future climate state is to understand feedbacks that alter greenhouse-gas forcing. Here we synthesize field data from arctic Alaska, showing that terrestrial changes in summer albedo contribute substantially to recent high-latitude warming trends. Pronounced terrestrial summer warming in. arctic Alaska correlates with a lengthening of the snow-free season that has increased atmospheric heating locally by about 3 watts per square meter per decade (similar in magnitude to the regional heating expected over multiple decades from a doubling of atmospheric CO2). The continuation of current trends in shrub and tree expansion could further amplify this atmospheric heating by two to seven times. C1 Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska, US Geol Survey, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska, Dept Forest Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst No Engn, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Ft Wainwright, AK 99703 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Middlebury Coll, Dept Biol, Middlebury, VT 05443 USA. Monash Univ, Sch Geog & Environm Sci, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Forest Rangeland & Watershed Stewardship, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Palmer Res Stn, Palmer, AK 99645 USA. Univ Alaska Anchorage, Environm & Nat Resources Inst, Anchorage, AK 99501 USA. RP Chapin, FS (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM terry.chapin@uaf.edu RI Key, Jeffrey/F-5597-2010; Hinzman, Larry/B-3309-2013; Welker, Jeffrey/C-9493-2013; Beringer, Jason/B-8528-2008; Lynch, Amanda/B-4278-2011 OI Key, Jeffrey/0000-0001-6109-3050; Hinzman, Larry/0000-0002-5878-6814; Beringer, Jason/0000-0002-4619-8361; Chapin III, F Stuart/0000-0002-2558-9910; Lynch, Amanda/0000-0003-2990-1016 NR 48 TC 618 Z9 646 U1 26 U2 287 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 EI 1095-9203 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD OCT 28 PY 2005 VL 310 IS 5748 BP 657 EP 660 DI 10.1126/science.1117368 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 980ET UT WOS:000232997700036 PM 16179434 ER PT J AU Anderson, ME Stein, DL Detrich, HW AF Anderson, ME Stein, DL Detrich, HW TI Additions to the ichthyofauna of the Tristan da Cunha Group, South Atlantic Ocean SO ZOOTAXA LA English DT Article DE Synchiropus; Callionymidae; Echiodon; Carapidae; Sebastes; Scorpaenidae; Tristan da Cunha Group; South Atlantic Ocean ID CARAPIDAE; TELEOSTEI AB Specimens of two, possibly three, rare species of fishes were collected at the Tristan da Cunha Group toward the end of a 2004 South Atlantic cruise (ICEFISH). The dragonet Synchiropus valdiviae (Trunov, 1981), was previously known from only two adult males taken on Walvis Ridge. We collected two adult females and three juveniles, which are described here. The pearlfish Echiodon atopus Anderson, 2005, was recently described from a specimen collected north of Inaccessible Island. It differs from congeners in its high precaudal vertebral count, equivalent dorsal and anal rays anterior to vertebra 31 and other features of the axial skeleton and fins. Lastly, an unusual specimen of the rockfish genus Sebastes taken in a commercial lobster pot represents either a previously unreported variant of S. capensis or an undescribed species. It differs from the typical South Atlantic S. capensis in its coloration and lack of supraocular spines. C1 S African Inst Aquat Biodivers, ZA-6140 Grahamstown, South Africa. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Systemat Lab, Washington, DC 20013 USA. Northeastern Univ, Dept Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP Anderson, ME (reprint author), S African Inst Aquat Biodivers, Private Bag 1015, ZA-6140 Grahamstown, South Africa. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU MAGNOLIA PRESS PI AUCKLAND PA PO BOX 41383, AUCKLAND, ST LUKES 1030, NEW ZEALAND SN 1175-5326 EI 1175-5334 J9 ZOOTAXA JI Zootaxa PD OCT 28 PY 2005 IS 1072 BP 27 EP 33 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 979SE UT WOS:000232964300002 ER PT J AU Bryant, GW Jaskolski, W AF Bryant, GW Jaskolski, W TI Surface effects on capped and uncapped nanocrystals SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID QUANTUM DOTS; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; TIGHT-BINDING; SEMICONDUCTOR NANOCRYSTALS; CORE/SHELL NANOCRYSTALS; CDSE NANOCLUSTERS; ENERGY-TRANSFER; LEVEL STRUCTURE; EXCITON-STATES; IN-VIVO AB Surface effects significantly influence the functionality of semiconductor nanocrystals. A theoretical understanding of these effects requires an atomic-scale description of the surface. We present an atomistic tight-binding theory of the electronic and optical properties of passivated and unpassivated CdS nanocrystals and CdS/ZnS core/shell nanocrystals. Fully passivated dots, with all dangling bonds saturated, have no surface states in the fundamental band gap, and all near-band-edge states are quantum-confined internal states. When surface anion dangling bonds are unpassivated, an anion-derived, narrow (bandwidth 0.05 eV), surface-state band lies 0.5 eV above the valence band edge, and a broader (0.2 eV) band of back-bonded surface states exists in the gap just above the valence band edge. When surface cation dangling bonds are unpassivated, a broad band of mixed surface/internal states exists above the conduction band edge. Partial passivation can push internal levels above the internal levels of a fully passivated dot or into the band gap. Because of this sensitivity to passivation, explicit models for surface effects are needed to describe accurately internal states. Capping the CdS dot with ZnS reduces the effect of the surface on the internal electronic states and optical properties. Six monolayers of ZnS are needed to eliminate the influence of any surface states on the internal states. C1 NIST, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. UMK, Inst Fizyki, PL-87100 Torun, Poland. RP Bryant, GW (reprint author), NIST, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM garnett.bryant@nist.gov RI Jaskolski, Wlodzimierz/D-1318-2014 OI Jaskolski, Wlodzimierz/0000-0003-4814-1876 NR 44 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 2 U2 24 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD OCT 27 PY 2005 VL 109 IS 42 BP 19650 EP 19656 DI 10.1021/jp0535543 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 978FB UT WOS:000232857900016 PM 16853541 ER PT J AU Zuidema, P Westwater, ER Fairall, C Hazen, D AF Zuidema, P Westwater, ER Fairall, C Hazen, D TI Ship-based liquid water path estimates in marine stratocumulus SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID BOUNDARY-LAYER CLOUDS; MICROWAVE RADIOMETERS; STRATUS CLOUD; VAPOR; PROFILES; HUMIDITY; TEMPERATURE; RETRIEVALS; RADIOSONDE; SENSORS AB We examine liquid water paths (LWPs) derived from ship-based microwave radiometer brightness temperature (T-b) measurements collected within southeastern Pacific stratocumulus at 20 degrees S, 85 degrees W in October 2001. The boundary layer was typically well mixed and overcast. Three gaseous absorption models and two liquid dielectric models are evaluated. Total differences in retrieved LWP attributable to microwave absorption model differences are 10-25 g m(-2), increasing with LWP. The most recent models produce the lowest LWPs. Most of the differences in the retrieved LWPs are caused by differences in the gaseous absorption models. Liquid dielectric model differences generate LWP differences of similar to 6% of the total LWP. Radiosonde-calculated T-b using the most recent gaseous absorption model compare best to T-b measurements. The remaining LWP uncertainty due to model uncertainty is estimated at 6 g m(-2). The pre-1995 gaseous and liquid absorption models in combination produce LWPs that exceed the calculated adiabatic values. For the 6-day best estimate LWP time series, the clouds attained LWPs close to the theoretical adiabatic limit for LWPs up to 150 g m(-2), decreasing to similar to 85% for LWPs of similar to 250 g m(-2). Such deductions also depend upon how the cloud boundaries, to which the adiabatic calculation is sensitive, are determined. Light drizzle, as inferred from cloud radar reflectivitiy measurements, is common even at low LWPs, but heavy drizzle (radar reflectivities >0 dBZ, equivalent to a cloud base drizzle rate of similar to 2 mm d(-1)) is much less frequent, occurring <10% of the time even for LWPs of 200 g m(-2). C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, MPO, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, R ETI, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Zuidema, P (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, MPO, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM pzuidema@rsmas.miami.edu RI Zuidema, Paquita/C-9659-2013 OI Zuidema, Paquita/0000-0003-4719-372X NR 43 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 26 PY 2005 VL 110 IS D20 AR D20206 DI 10.1029/2005JD005833 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 981RT UT WOS:000233106400004 ER PT J AU Nixon, BT Yennawar, HP Doucleff, M Pelton, JG Wemmer, DE Krueger, S Kondrashkina, E AF Nixon, BT Yennawar, HP Doucleff, M Pelton, JG Wemmer, DE Krueger, S Kondrashkina, E TI SAS solution structures of the apo and Mg (2+)/BeF3--bound receiver domain of DctD, from Sinorhizobium meliloti SO BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID RAY SOLUTION SCATTERING; SMALL-ANGLE SCATTERING; X-RAY; BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES; RHIZOBIUM-LEGUMINOSARUM; CONFORMATIONAL-CHANGES; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; HIGH-RESOLUTION; DIMERIC STATES; SYSTEM AB Two-component signal transduction is the predominant information processing mechanism in prokaryotes and is also present in single-cell eukaryotes and higher plants. A phosphorylation-based switch is commonly used to activate as many as 40 different types of output domains in more than 6000 two-component response regulators that can be identified in the sequence databases. Previous biochemical and crystallographic studies showed that phosphorylation of the two-component receiver domain of DctD causes a switch between alternative dimeric forms, but it was unclear from the crystal lattice of the activated protein precisely which of four possible dimeric configurations is the biologically relevant one [Park, S., et al. (2002) FASEB J. 16, 1964-1966]. Here we report solution structures of the apo and activated DctD receiver domain derived from small angle scattering data. The apo dimer closely resembles that seen in the crystal structure, and the solution data for the activated protein eliminate two of the possible four dimeric conformations seen in the crystal lattice and strongly implicate one as the biologically relevant structure. These results corroborate the previously proposed model for how receiver domains regulate their downstream AAA+ ATPase domains. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Frear Lab N 156, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Phys Biosci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. IIT, BioCAT APS, Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Nixon, BT (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Frear Lab N 156, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM btn1@psu.edu RI ID, BioCAT/D-2459-2012 FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR-08630] NR 32 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0006-2960 J9 BIOCHEMISTRY-US JI Biochemistry PD OCT 25 PY 2005 VL 44 IS 42 BP 13962 EP 13969 DI 10.1021/bi051129u PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 979OK UT WOS:000232954500033 PM 16229485 ER PT J AU Campbell, CE Zhao, JC Henry, M AF Campbell, CE Zhao, JC Henry, M TI Examination of Ni-base superalloy diffusion couples containing multiphase regions SO MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING LA English DT Article DE multicomponent diffusion; Ni-base superalloys; thermodynamics ID SIMULATION; DATABASE AB Four Ni-base superalloy diffusion couples with multiphase regions were studied. The diffusion couples contained single-phase (gamma), two-phase (gamma + MC carbide) and three-phase (gamma + gamma' + MC carbide) regions. Measured average composition profiles were in good agreement with the diffusion simulation predictions. The measured and predicted gamma' phase fraction profiles showed similar trends; however, there were some discrepancies in the predicted position of the gamma + gamma' + MC/gamma + MC boundary. Phase fraction profiles and optical metallography were used to determine the type and direction of the moving phase region boundaries. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. GE Co, GE Global Res, Niskayuna, NY 12309 USA. RP Campbell, CE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM carelyn.campbell@nist.gov RI Zhao, Ji-Cheng (JC)/H-4387-2012 OI Zhao, Ji-Cheng (JC)/0000-0002-4426-1080 NR 14 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0921-5093 J9 MAT SCI ENG A-STRUCT JI Mater. Sci. Eng. A-Struct. Mater. Prop. Microstruct. Process. PD OCT 25 PY 2005 VL 407 IS 1-2 BP 135 EP 146 DI 10.1016/j.msea.2005.07.016 PG 12 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 980WX UT WOS:000233050000018 ER PT J AU Hartschuh, RD Kisliuk, A Novikov, V Sokolov, AP Heyliger, PR Flannery, CM Johnson, WL Soles, CL Wu, WL AF Hartschuh, RD Kisliuk, A Novikov, V Sokolov, AP Heyliger, PR Flannery, CM Johnson, WL Soles, CL Wu, WL TI Acoustic modes and elastic properties of polymeric nanostructures SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID GLASS-TRANSITION TEMPERATURE; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; THIN-FILMS; SCATTERING; COLLAPSE; SYSTEMS AB Phonon spectra of polymeric linear nanostructures have been characterized using Brillouin light scattering. In addition to phonon modes similar to those present in uniform thin films, the phonon spectra of the nanolines reveal a new mode with a lower frequency that depends on the width of the nanolines. Classic wave theory and finite element analysis were combined to identify this new mode as a flexural vibration of the nanolines. Analysis of the phonon spectra gave estimates of elastic constants in the nanostructures and indicated that there is no significant deviation from bulk mechanical properties and no mechanical anisotropy in structures as small as 88 nm. (C) 2005 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Akron, Dept Polymer Sci, Akron, OH 44325 USA. Russian Acad Sci, IA&E, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. Colorado State Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NIST, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hartschuh, RD (reprint author), Univ Akron, Dept Polymer Sci, Akron, OH 44325 USA. EM alexei@uakron.edu NR 24 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD OCT 24 PY 2005 VL 87 IS 17 AR 173121 DI 10.1063/1.2119414 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 976HK UT WOS:000232723700070 ER PT J AU Zammarano, M Franceschi, M Bellayer, S Gilman, JW Meriani, S AF Zammarano, M Franceschi, M Bellayer, S Gilman, JW Meriani, S TI Preparation and flame resistance properties of revolutionary self-extinguishing epoxy nanocomposites based on layered double hydroxides SO POLYMER LA English DT Article DE epoxy; nanocomposite; LDH ID VINYL-ACETATE COPOLYMER; SILICATE NANOCOMPOSITES; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES; THERMAL-PROPERTIES; ANION-EXCHANGE; HYDROTALCITE; PHOSPHORUS; DECOMPOSITION; EXFOLIATION AB Layered double hydroxides/epoxy (LDHs[EP) nanocomposites were prepared from organo-modified LDHs, a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A monomer (DGEBA) and amine curing agents. The organo-modified LDHs were obtained by ionic exchange of a magnesium-aluminum carbonate LDH in an acid medium. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy showed a dispersion of the layers at a nanometer scale, indicating the formation of LDH/EP nanocomposites. The thermal degradation and flame resistance properties of LDH/EP nanocomposites, montmorillonite-epoxy (MMT/EP) nanocomposites, LDH/EP microcomposites and aluminum hydroxide-epoxy microcomposites were compared by thermogravimetrical analyses, simultaneous thermal analyses, UL94 and cone calorimeter tests. Only LDH/EP nanocomposites showed self-extinguishing behavior in the horizontal UL94 test; LDH/EP microcomposites and MMT/EP nanocomposites samples burned completely showing that the unique flame resistance of LDH/EP nanocomposites is related to both the level of dispersion and the intrinsic properties of LDH clay. Furthermore, cone calorimeter revealed intumescent behavior for LDH/EP nanocomposites and a higher reduction in the peak heat release rate compared to MMT/EP nanocomposites. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 CimtecLab, I-34012 Trieste, Italy. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Trieste, Mat & Nat Resources Dept, I-34127 Trieste, Italy. RP Zammarano, M (reprint author), CimtecLab, Area Sci Pk,Padriciano 99, I-34012 Trieste, Italy. EM zammarano@gmail.com OI Zammarano, Mauro/0000-0002-5145-7110 NR 43 TC 154 Z9 163 U1 1 U2 39 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-3861 J9 POLYMER JI Polymer PD OCT 24 PY 2005 VL 46 IS 22 BP 9314 EP 9328 DI 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.07.050 PG 15 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 975DX UT WOS:000232642300011 ER PT J AU Efimenko, K Crowe, JA Manias, E Schwark, DW Fischer, DA Genzer, J AF Efimenko, K Crowe, JA Manias, E Schwark, DW Fischer, DA Genzer, J TI Rapid formation of soft hydrophilic silicone elastomer surfaces SO POLYMER LA English DT Article DE functionalized silicone rubber; surface modification; self-assembly ID ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPE; POLY(DIMETHYLSILOXANE) MACROMONOMERS; RUBBER ELASTICITY; POLYMER SURFACES; ENTROPIC CONTROL; NETWORKS; COPOLYMERS; INTERFACE; POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE; POLYSILOXANES AB We report on the rapid formation of hydrophilic silicone elastomer surfaces by ultraviolet/ozone (UVO) irradiation of poly(vinylmethyl siloxane) (PVMS) network films. Our results reveal that the PVMS network surfaces render hydrophilic upon only a short UVO exposure time (seconds to a few minutes). We also provide evidence that the brief UVO irradiation treatment does not cause dramatic changes in the surface modulus of the PVMS network. We compare the rate of formation of hydrophilic silicone elastomer surfaces made of PVMS to those of model poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) and commercial-grade PDMS (Sylgard- 184). We find that relative to PVMS, 20 times longer UVO treatment times are needed to oxidize the PDMS network surfaces in order to achieve a comparable density of surface-bound hydrophilic moieties. The longer UVO treatment times for PDMS are in turn responsible for the dramatic increase in surface modulus of UVO treated PDMS, relative to PVMS. We also study the formation of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) made of semifluorinated organosilane precursors on the PVMSUVO and PDMS-UVO network surfaces. By tuning the UVO treatment times and by utilizing mono- and tri-functional organosilanes we find that while mono-functionalized organosilanes attach directly to the substrate, SAMs of tri-functionalized organosilanes form in-plane networks on the underlying UVO-modified silicone elastomer surface, even with only short UVO exposure times. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Sealed Air, Cryovac Food Packaging Div, Duncan, SC 29334 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Genzer, J (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM jan_genzer@ncsu.edu RI Manias, Evangelos/A-7557-2011 NR 57 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 6 U2 34 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-3861 J9 POLYMER JI Polymer PD OCT 24 PY 2005 VL 46 IS 22 BP 9329 EP 9341 DI 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.07.046 PG 13 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 975DX UT WOS:000232642300012 ER PT J AU Errington, JR Shen, VK AF Errington, JR Shen, VK TI Direct evaluation of multicomponent phase equilibria using flat-histogram methods SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MONTE-CARLO-SIMULATION; DENSITY-OF-STATES; ISOTHERMAL-ISOBARIC ENSEMBLE; SHELL MOLECULE; SMALL SYSTEMS; TRANSITION; REQUIREMENT; DYNAMICS; FLUIDS AB We present a method for directly locating density-driven phase transitions in multicomponent systems. Phase coexistence conditions are determined through manipulation of a total density probability distribution evaluated over a density range that includes both coexisting phases. Saturation quantities are determined through appropriate averaging of density-dependent mean values of a given property of interest. We discuss how to implement the method in both the grand-canonical and isothermal-isobaric semigrand ensembles. Calculations can be conducted using any of the recently introduced flat-histogram techniques. Here, we combine the general algorithm with a transition-matrix approach to produce an efficient self-adaptive technique for determining multicomponent phase equilibrium properties. To assess the performance of the new method, we generate phase diagrams for a number of binary and ternary Lennard-Jones mixtures. (c) 2005 American Institute of Physics. C1 SUNY Buffalo, Dept Biol & Chem Engn, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Errington, JR (reprint author), SUNY Buffalo, Dept Biol & Chem Engn, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. EM jerring@buffalo.edu; vincent.shen@nist.gov RI Errington, Jeffrey/E-8644-2011 OI Errington, Jeffrey/0000-0003-0365-0271 NR 39 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 14 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD OCT 22 PY 2005 VL 123 IS 16 AR 164103 DI 10.1063/1.2064628 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 978EF UT WOS:000232855700008 PM 16268677 ER PT J AU Lehnert, H Stone, R Heimler, W AF Lehnert, H Stone, R Heimler, W TI Two new species of Plakina Schulze, 1880 (Porifera, Plakinidae) from the Aleutian Islands (Alaska, USA) SO ZOOTAXA LA English DT Article DE taxonomy; Porifera; Plakinidae; new species; Aleutian Islands; N-Pacific ID HOMOSCLEROMORPHA; DEMOSPONGIAE AB Plakina tanaga and Plakina atka n. spp. are described from the waters around the Aleutian Islands at depths between 118 and 146m. These are the first records of the genus from the Aleutian Islands. The new species described here are compared with the six species of Plakina previously reported from the Pacific. Both species belong to the Plakina trilopha species-complex and differ from other Pacific species of Plakina in their conspicuous convoluted surface pattern, color, and spiculation. In addition to the usual set of triods both species have a second category with basally spined rays. Plakina tanaga n. sp. has a strongly convoluted, microtuberculate surface, and a few small, thin spines at the basal rays of the triods, and relatively large trilophose calthrops. Plakina atka n. sp. has a smoother surface, more numerous larger and thicker basal spines at the triods, and considerably smaller lophocalthrops which are tetralophate. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Inst Zool 1, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany. RP Lehnert, H (reprint author), Eichenstr 14, D-86507 Oberottmarshausen, Germany. EM Helm.Lehnert@t-online.de NR 11 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU MAGNOLIA PRESS PI AUCKLAND PA PO BOX 41383, AUCKLAND, ST LUKES 1030, NEW ZEALAND SN 1175-5326 EI 1175-5334 J9 ZOOTAXA JI Zootaxa PD OCT 21 PY 2005 IS 1068 BP 27 EP 38 PG 12 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 975XK UT WOS:000232697200002 ER PT J AU Brown, SW Johnson, BC Biggar, SF Zalewski, EF Cooper, J Hajek, P Hildum, E Grant, P Barnes, RA Butler, JJ AF Brown, SW Johnson, BC Biggar, SF Zalewski, EF Cooper, J Hajek, P Hildum, E Grant, P Barnes, RA Butler, JJ TI Radiometric validation of NASA's Ames Research Center's Sensor Calibration Laboratory SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEM; INTEGRATING SPHERE SOURCE; REFLECTANCE; SUPPORT; REFLECTOMETER; RADIANCE; PROGRAM; MODIS AB The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's) Ames Research Center's Airborne Sensor Facility (ASF) is responsible for the calibration of several airborne Earth-viewing sensor systems in support of NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) investigations. The primary artifact used to calibrate these sensors in the reflective solar region from 400 to 2500 nm is a lamp-illuminated integrating sphere source. In September 1999, a measurement comparison was made at the Ames ASF Sensor Calibration Facility to validate the radiometric scale, establish the uncertainties assigned to the radiance of this source, and examine its day-to-day repeatability. The comparison was one of a series of validation activities overseen by the EOS Calibration Program to ensure the radiometric calibration accuracy of sensors used in long-term, global, remote-sensing studies. Results of the comparison, including an evaluation of the Ames Sensor Calibration Laboratory (SCL) measurement procedures and assigned radiometric uncertainties, provide a validation of their radiometric scale at the time of the comparison. Additionally, the maintenance of the radiance scale was evaluated by use of independent, long-term, multiyear radiance validation measurements of the Ames sphere source. This series of measurements provided an independent assessment of the radiance values assigned to integrating sphere sources by the Ames SCF. Together, the measurements validate the SCF radiometric scale and assigned uncertainties over the time period from September 1999 through July 2003. (c) 2005 Optical Society of America C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Arizona, Remote Sensing Grp, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Sci Syst Appl Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Brown, SW (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM rbarnes@seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Butler, James/D-4188-2013 NR 26 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD OCT 20 PY 2005 VL 44 IS 30 BP 6426 EP 6443 DI 10.1364/AO.44.006426 PG 18 WC Optics SC Optics GA 975PR UT WOS:000232674900014 PM 16252654 ER PT J AU Chen, Y Friedel, RHW Reeves, GD Onsager, TG Thomsen, MF AF Chen, Y Friedel, RHW Reeves, GD Onsager, TG Thomsen, MF TI Multisatellite determination of the relativistic electron phase space density at geosynchronous orbit: Methodology and results during geomagnetically quiet times SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MAGNETOSPHERIC MAGNETIC-FIELD; INNER MAGNETOSPHERE; PARTICLES; FLUXES; MODELS; STORMS AB We develop and test a methodology to determine the relativistic electron phase space density distribution in the vicinity of geostationary orbit by making use of the pitch-angle resolved energetic electron data from three Los Alamos National Laboratory geosynchronous Synchronous Orbit Particle Analyzer instruments and magnetic field measurements from two GOES satellites. Owing to the Earth's dipole tilt and drift shell splitting for different pitch angles, each satellite samples a different range of Roederer L* throughout its orbit. We use existing empirical magnetic field models and the measured pitch-angle resolved electron spectra to determine the phase space density as a function of the three adiabatic invariants at each spacecraft. Comparing all satellite measurements provides a determination of the global phase space density gradient over the range L* similar to 6-7. We investigate the sensitivity of this method to the choice of the magnetic field model and the fidelity of the instrument intercalibration in order to both understand and mitigate possible error sources. Results for magnetically quiet periods show that the radial slopes of the density distribution at low energy are positive, while at high energy the slopes are negative, which confirms the results from some earlier studies of this type. We further show that the observed gradients near geosynchronous are generally small, making them very sensitive to both calibration and magnetic field model choice. This paper lays the foundation for this method for future applications to disturbed periods and for future inclusion of additional satellite data. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NOAA, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Chen, Y (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663,MS D466, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM cheny@lanl.gov; rfriedel@lanl.gov; reeves@lanl.gov; terry.onsager@noaa.gov; mthomsen@lanl.gov RI Friedel, Reiner/D-1410-2012; Reeves, Geoffrey/E-8101-2011; OI Friedel, Reiner/0000-0002-5228-0281; Reeves, Geoffrey/0000-0002-7985-8098; Chen, Jack/0000-0002-3764-1149 NR 26 TC 60 Z9 60 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD OCT 20 PY 2005 VL 110 IS A10 AR A10210 DI 10.1029/2004JA010895 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 978DA UT WOS:000232851200001 ER PT J AU Walterscheid, RL Hickey, MP AF Walterscheid, RL Hickey, MP TI Acoustic waves generated by gusty flow over hilly terrain SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SCALE GRAVITY-WAVES; DEEP TROPICAL CONVECTION; LOWER THERMOSPHERE; EQUATORIAL THERMOSPHERE; JUPITERS THERMOSPHERE; UPPER MESOSPHERE; JET STREAM; WIND; REGION; LAYER AB We examine the generation of acoustic waves by gusty flow over hilly terrain. We use simple theoretical models of the interaction between terrain and eddies and a linear model of acoustic-gravity wave propagation. The calculations presented here suggest that over a dense array of geographically extensive sources orographically generated vertically propagating acoustic waves can be a significant cause of thermospheric heating. This heating may account in good part for the thermospheric hot spot near the Andes reported by Meriwether et al. (1996, 1997). C1 Embry Riddle Aeronaut Univ, Dept Phys Sci, Daytona Beach, FL 32114 USA. Aerosp Corp, Los Angeles, CA USA. RP Walterscheid, RL (reprint author), EUMETSAT, NESDIS, NOAA, Kavalleriensand 31, D-64295 Darmstadt, Germany. EM Richard.Walterscheid@uemetsat.int NR 43 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD OCT 20 PY 2005 VL 110 IS A10 AR A10307 DI 10.1029/2005JA011166 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 978DA UT WOS:000232851200004 ER PT J AU O'Connor, TP Lauenstein, GG AF O'Connor, TP Lauenstein, GG TI Status and trends of copper concentrations in mussels and oysters in the USA SO MARINE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE copper; Mollusk; bioaccumulation; Mussel Watch ID UNITED-STATES; CHEMICAL CONCENTRATIONS; CRASSOSTREA-VIRGINICA; AMERICAN OYSTER; WATCH PROGRAMS; MYTILUS-EDULIS; TRACE-METAL; CONTAMINATION; ACCUMULATION; CALIFORNIA C1 NOAA, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci N SC11, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP O'Connor, TP (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci N SC11, 1305 E W Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM tom.oconnor@noaa.gov NR 34 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4203 J9 MAR CHEM JI Mar. Chem. PD OCT 20 PY 2005 VL 97 IS 1-2 BP 49 EP 59 DI 10.1016/j.marchem.2004.04.007 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Chemistry; Oceanography GA 978ZP UT WOS:000232912100005 ER PT J AU Paulson, AJ AF Paulson, AJ TI Tracing water and suspended matter in Raritan and Lower New York Bays using dissolved and particulate elemental concentrations SO MARINE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE dissolved metals; particulate metals; elemental composition; tracers; Raritan Bay; Upper and Lower New York Bays; Hudson River Estuary ID HUDSON RIVER ESTUARY; METALS; DISTRIBUTIONS; TRANSPORT; SEDIMENTS; MN AB Geochemical tracers were used to examine the mixing of water and particles in Lower New York and Raritan Bays in August 1999 during low-flow conditions. Four brackish water masses (20:! S:! 28) originating in the Raritan and Shrewsbury Rivers, Arthur Kill, and Upper New York Bay were characterized by their dissolved metals concentrations. The mixing lines of dissolved Cu, Ni, and Pb in Lower New York Bay were similar to those in Upper New York Bay, the source of most of the freshwater to the system. Dissolved Cd and Mn seemed to have been removed by particles in several regions of the study. Dissolved Cu, Ni and Ph in the Raritan River fell below the mixing lines of the Lower New York Bay. In contrast, the concentrations of dissolved Co and Mn in the Raritan River were distinctly higher than those in the Lower New York Bay, while dissolved Cu and Ni were elevated in the Arthur Kill. A plot of dissolved Co versus dissolved Ni clearly differentiated among three water masses: (1) Upper and Lower New York Bays and Sandy Hood Bay, (2) the Raritan River, and (3) Arthur Kill-Raritan Bay-Shrewsbury River. The concentrations of 22 elements also were measured in the suspended matter of Raritan and Lower New York Bays and brackish water sources. The elemental composition of the suspended matter in surface and bottom waters was correlated with Fe concentrations, which ranged between 50 and 900 mu mol g(-1). Statistical differences among the geographical regions were detected in the relationships of Ti, Ni, Co, As, and U with Fe, with particulate As being an especially strong geochemical indicator of Raritan River particles. The geochemical signatures of Lower New York Bay particles were similar to those of Upper New York Bay. The geochemical signatures of Raritan River particles were distinctly different than those of the Upper New York Bay, but the influence of Raritan River particles appeared to be limited to only inner Raritan Bay. This study illustrates the utility of trace elements for characterization of physical processes in complex estuaries. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 USGS, Washington Water Sci Ctr, Environm Hydrol & Geochem Sect, Tacoma, WA 98402 USA. NOAA Fisheries, James J Howard Lab, Highlands, NJ USA. RP Paulson, AJ (reprint author), USGS, Washington Water Sci Ctr, Environm Hydrol & Geochem Sect, 1201 Pacific Ave,Suite 600, Tacoma, WA 98402 USA. EM apaulson@usgs.gov NR 27 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4203 J9 MAR CHEM JI Mar. Chem. PD OCT 20 PY 2005 VL 97 IS 1-2 BP 60 EP 77 DI 10.1016/j.marchem.2005.01.007 PG 18 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Chemistry; Oceanography GA 978ZP UT WOS:000232912100006 ER PT J AU Bruhwiler, LMP Michalak, AM Peters, W Baker, DF Tans, P AF Bruhwiler, LMP Michalak, AM Peters, W Baker, DF Tans, P TI An improved Kalman Smoother for atmospheric inversions SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; TRACE GASES; CO2 SOURCES; TRANSPORT; SENSITIVITY; MODELS; SINKS; EMISSIONS; SCHEME; CYCLE AB We explore the use of a fixed-lag Kalman smoother for sequential estimation of atmospheric carbon dioxide fluxes. This technique takes advantage of the fact that most of the information about the spatial distribution of sources and sinks is observable within a few months to half of a year of emission. After this period, the spatial structure of sources is diluted by transport and cannot significantly constrain flux estimates. We therefore describe an estimation technique that steps through the observations sequentially, using only the subset of observations and modeled transport fields that most strongly constrain the fluxes at a particular time step. Estimates of each set of fluxes are sequentially updated multiple times, using measurements taken at different times, and the estimates and their uncertainties are shown to quickly converge. Final flux estimates are incorporated into the background state of CO2 and transported forward in time, and the final flux uncertainties and covariances are taken into account when estimating the covariances of the fluxes still being estimated. The computational demands of this technique are greatly reduced in comparison to the standard Bayesian synthesis technique where all observations are used at once with transport fields spanning the entire period of the observations. It therefore becomes possible to solve larger inverse problems with more observations and for fluxes discretized at finer spatial scales. We also discuss the differences between running the inversion simultaneously with the transport model and running it entirely off-line with pre-calculated transport fields. We find that the latter can be done with minimal error if time series of transport fields of adequate length are pre-calculated. C1 NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Bruhwiler, LMP (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM lori.bruhwiler@noaa.gov RI Peters, Wouter/B-8305-2008 OI Peters, Wouter/0000-0001-8166-2070 NR 28 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 9 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PD OCT 18 PY 2005 VL 5 BP 2691 EP 2702 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 975EN UT WOS:000232643900001 ER PT J AU Stoltz, C Ramesha, K Piccoli, P Toby, BH Eichhorn, BW AF Stoltz, C Ramesha, K Piccoli, P Toby, BH Eichhorn, BW TI A(0.3)ZrNF(1.3) phases (A = Na, K) with layered ZrNCl-type structures prepared by anion metathesis SO CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID BETA-ZRNCL; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; THIN-FILMS; SUPERCONDUCTIVITY; PEROVSKITES; SYSTEM; METAL; ZRNBR; HF; ZR AB beta-ZrNCl reacts with excess NaF in the solid state (350-400 degrees C) via anion exchange to give metastable NaxZrNF1+x (x approximate to 0.3), the first fluoride structural analogue of the MNX system (M = Zr, Hf; X = Cl, Br, I). The sodium-stabilized phase (P6(3)/mmc; a = 3.654(1) angstrom, c = 18.266(8) angstrom) was characterized by powder X-ray and neutron diffraction studies and was shown to contain successive FZr2N2F layers that are shifted from the original ZrNCl parent structure, giving a two-layer unit cell. Partially occupied Na and F sites create a stabilizing cluster effect between these layers. Heating the reaction mixture above 500 degrees C leads to the formation of the ZrNxF4-3x phase reported by Jung and Juza. Further heating results in decomposition to several known sodium fluorozirconate phases. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Geol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Eichhorn, BW (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RI Toby, Brian/F-3176-2013; Ramesha, K/F-5769-2013 OI Toby, Brian/0000-0001-8793-8285; NR 33 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0897-4756 J9 CHEM MATER JI Chem. Mat. PD OCT 18 PY 2005 VL 17 IS 21 BP 5291 EP 5296 DI 10.1021/cm051018h PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 976OT UT WOS:000232743700013 ER PT J AU Araujo-Pradere, EA Fuller-Rowell, TJ Codrescu, MV AF Araujo-Pradere, EA Fuller-Rowell, TJ Codrescu, MV TI Characteristics of the ionospheric variability as a function of season, latitude, local time, and geomagnetic activity SO RADIO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; STORM; THERMOSPHERE; VALIDATION AB An ionospheric F-2 critical frequency database has been assembled to determine the variability of the F region as a function of local time, latitude, season, and geomagnetic activity. The database comprises observations from 75 ionosonde stations covering a range of geomagnetic latitude and includes 43 storm intervals. The database was previously used to develop the Storm-Time Empirical Ionospheric Correction Model (STORM). The mean and standard deviation have been evaluated by sorting the data by local time, season (five intervals centered on equinox, solstice, and intermediate intervals), latitude (four regions each 20 degrees wide in geomagnetic latitude), and up to eight levels of geomagnetic activity. The geomagnetic activity index was based on a weighted integral of the previous 33 hours of ap and is the same as that used by the STORM model. The database covers a full solar cycle, but insufficient information was available to sort by solar activity without compromising the estimates of variability on the other sorting parameters. About half the data were contained in the first level of geomagnetic activity, between 0 and 500 units of filtered ap corresponding to Kp <= 2, and half above that level. When local time dependence was included in the binning, sufficient data were available to sort into two levels of geomagnetic activity, quiet (Kp <= 2(+)) and disturbed (Kp > 3(-)). For all latitudes and levels of geomagnetic activity, the lowest variability was typically found in summer (10-15%), and the largest variability occurred in winter (15-40%), with equinox (10-30%) lying between the solstice extremes. The exception was low latitudes at equinox, which had surprising low variability (10%), possibly because of the weak interhemispheric flow at this time of year. At middle and low latitudes, the variability tended to increase with geomagnetic activity in winter and equinox but remained fairly constant in summer. At high latitudes, the surprising result was that in all seasons, and in winter in particular, the variability tended to decrease, probably because of the increased upwelling of neutral molecular species and stronger chemical control of the ionosphere. The data have also been used to build a table of estimated variability suitable for inclusion in the International Reference Ionosphere or any other climatological model. For periods where data were scarce or nonexistent, an estimated variability was provided on the basis of expectations of the consequences of physical processes. This was necessary to fill in the table of values in order to develop a module suitable for inclusion in the International Reference Ionosphere. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Raytheon ITSS, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, 325 Broadway R SEC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM eduardo.araujo@noaa.gov NR 18 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0048-6604 EI 1944-799X J9 RADIO SCI JI Radio Sci. PD OCT 18 PY 2005 VL 40 IS 5 AR RS5009 DI 10.1029/2004RS003179 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA 978DF UT WOS:000232851800001 ER PT J AU Cremer, JT Piestrup, MA Park, H Gary, CK Pantell, RH Glinka, CJ Barker, JG AF Cremer, JT Piestrup, MA Park, H Gary, CK Pantell, RH Glinka, CJ Barker, JG TI Imaging hydrogenous materials with a neutron microscope SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article AB Magnified images of materials containing hydrogen, for which the main contrast mechanism for neutrons is incoherent scattering, have been obtained using a microscope employing a neutron compound refractive lens (CRL). The CRL was composed of 100 MgF2 biconcave lenses that produced magnified (22.5x) images of polyethylene and polypropylene (hydrogen-rich) grids and biological specimens using 8.5 A cold neutrons with a 10% bandwidth. For hydrogenous materials, 98%-99% of the attenuation is by incoherent scattering and 1%-2% from neutron absorption by the hydrogen nuclei. The small angle of acceptance of the CRL discriminates against scattered neutrons from the hydrogenous object, thereby producing the needed contrast for imaging. (C) 2005 American Institute of Physics. C1 Adelphi Technol Inc, San Carlos, CA 94070 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cremer, JT (reprint author), Adelphi Technol Inc, 981-B Ind Rd, San Carlos, CA 94070 USA. NR 12 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD OCT 17 PY 2005 VL 87 IS 16 AR 161913 DI 10.1063/1.2089172 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 973YG UT WOS:000232557900027 ER PT J AU Bendersky, LA Takeuchi, I Chang, KS Yang, W Hullavarad, S Vispute, RD AF Bendersky, LA Takeuchi, I Chang, KS Yang, W Hullavarad, S Vispute, RD TI Microstructural study of epitaxial Zn1-xMgxO composition spreads SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID BA1-XSRXTIO3 COMPOSITION SPREADS; MICROSCOPY; MGXZN1-XO; ALLOY AB We have fabricated Zn1-xMgxO epitaxial thin-film composition spreads by layer-by-layer pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method where the composition across the chip is linearly varied from ZnO to MgO. In this paper we discuss the cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy study of the combinatorial spreads. The full orientation relationships between substrate and the ZnO and MgO phases were established. Formation of twin-related domain structure was found for the [111]-oriented MgO. Formation of the [100]-oriented cubic MgO in [0001]-oriented ZnO was observed in the mixed region in the middle of the spread. This relationship can potentially be used to grow [100]-oriented cubic structures epitaxially on c-axis-oriented hexagonal substrates. For the extended solid solution of ZnO, a high density of defects was found. Analysis of the defects established that they are translational domains formed by three-dimensional island growth of PLD and specific to the crystallography of ZnO. The ZnO phase appears without precipitation of the MgO phase, which supports the idea of extended substitutional solid solution. (c) 2005 American Institute of Physics. C1 NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Superconduct Res, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Blue Wave Semicond, Columbia, MD 21045 USA. RP Bendersky, LA (reprint author), NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM leoben@nist.gov NR 15 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD OCT 15 PY 2005 VL 98 IS 8 AR 083526 DI 10.1063/1.2061887 PG 6 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 979JF UT WOS:000232937500033 ER PT J AU Eisner, LB Cowles, TJ AF Eisner, LB Cowles, TJ TI Spatial variations in phytoplankton pigment ratios, optical properties, and environmental gradients in Oregon coast surface waters SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID CALIFORNIA CURRENT SYSTEM; PARTICLE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION; ABSORPTION-COEFFICIENTS; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; UPWELLING JET; ALGAL BLOOMS; LIGHT; PHOTOACCLIMATION; ATTENUATION; IRRADIANCE AB In situ optics and hydrographic measurements, along with discrete samples for calibration, were used to assess spatial variations in phytoplankton characteristics and taxonomic composition (pigment ratios, relative particle size distribution, and chlorophyll a (chl a) concentration) in Oregon coast surface waters during August 2001. The relationships between environmental parameters (nutrients, light, temperature), photoprotective: photosynthetic carotenoid (PPC:PSC) ratios, and in situ spectral absorption and beam attenuation from ac-9 measurements were also evaluated. We computed a "slope'' index to evaluate changes in shapes of the phytoplankton absorption (a(ph)) spectra: a(ph) slope = (a(ph)488 - a(ph)532)/[a(ph)676 . (488-532 nm)]. Significant linear relationships were seen between PPC: PSC ratios and the aph slope parameter for surface samples grouped by location, date, and water mass characteristics. We observed high spatial variability in the phytoplankton photophysiological and taxonomic indicators derived from our optical measurements. Lower PPC: PSC ratios and larger particle size distributions were seen near the coast in colder upwelled water compared to locations farther offshore with warmer, more nutrient deplete water. Temperature and photosynthetic available radiation explained 42% of the variability in PPC:PSC ratios for all surface samples and 61% for surface samples with <2 mu M dissolved inorganic nitrogen. Temperature alone explained 87% of the variability in PPC:PSC ratios (estimated from ac-9 absorption data) and 72% of the variability in relative particle size distribution (estimated from ac-9 beam attenuation data) for Heceta Bank samples collected over 4 days, inshore and offshore of an upwelling front. C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Eisner, LB (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM lisa.eisner@noaa.gov; tjc@coas.oregonstate.edu NR 45 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9275 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD OCT 15 PY 2005 VL 110 IS C10 AR C10S14 DI 10.1029/2004JC002614 PG 17 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 975UK UT WOS:000232688400001 ER PT J AU Sakai, VG Maranas, JK Chowdhuri, Z Peral, I Copley, JRD AF Sakai, VG Maranas, JK Chowdhuri, Z Peral, I Copley, JRD TI Miscible blend dynamics and the length scale of local compositions SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE neutron scattering; polymer blends; dynamics ID ELASTIC NEUTRON-SCATTERING; GLASS-FORMING POLYMERS; DIELECTRIC-RELAXATION; ALPHA-RELAXATION; CONCENTRATION FLUCTUATIONS; POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE); POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE); SPECTROMETER; POLYETHYLENE; TRANSITION AB We consider the influence of a local, or effective, composition on dynamics in the miscible polymer blend PEO/PMMA. Quasielastic neutron scattering in combination with deuterium labeling is employed to determine characteristic relaxation times of the PEO component over spatial scales from 3 to 10 A. Information about the distribution of relaxation times is obtained indirectly from the stretching parameters in a stretched exponential fit. We examine the behavior of these parameters with spatial scale and temperature, finding that their variation supports a distribution of PEO mobility in the blend which is far wider than pure PEO and narrows with decreasing temperature for small spatial scales. This is linked to the concept of local compositions defined over varying spatial scales, and indicates that the concept of a local composition, linked to PEO dynamics, is important in this system. (c) 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Maranas, JK (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM jmaranas@psu.edu RI Peral Alonso, Inmaculada/P-5298-2016 OI Peral Alonso, Inmaculada/0000-0002-6994-1277 NR 29 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0887-6266 J9 J POLYM SCI POL PHYS JI J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys. PD OCT 15 PY 2005 VL 43 IS 20 BP 2914 EP 2923 DI 10.1002/polb.20562 PG 10 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 971TE UT WOS:000232406800008 ER PT J AU Simpson, JJ Tsou, YL Schmidt, A Harris, A AF Simpson, JJ Tsou, YL Schmidt, A Harris, A TI Analysis of along track scanning radiometer-2 (ATSR-2) data for clouds, glint and sea surface temperature using neural networks SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE ATSR-2; sea surface temperature; cloud detection; climate; oceanography ID CALIFORNIA CURRENT SYSTEM; SEASONAL VARIABILITY; SATELLITE RETRIEVALS; NORTH-CAROLINA; OCEAN; CONTAMINATION; CALIBRATION; CLASSIFICATION; ELIMINATION; VALIDATION AB Improved oceanic cloud climatologies and more accurate sea surface temperature (SST) from satellite data (e.g., the Along Track Scanning Radiometer-2 (ATSR-2)) depend upon the identification, and in the case of SST, masking of cloud from the data. Few cloud-screening algorithms for ATSR-2 data, however, have been published. This is unfortunate because, unlike the original ATSR (hereafter referred to as ATSR-1), ATSR-2 has three bands of visible data in addition to its traditional suite of near-to-far thermal infrared bands. A new neural network-based cloud detection algorithm, which accommodates both the nadir and forward views of the ATSR-2, is presented. It evaluates every pixel in the scene, is statistically reproducible, computationally efficient, and requires no knowledge of cloud type. Moreover, the algorithm accurately detects glint radiance, which is often seen in at least one of the 1.6 mu m (and/or visible) views, subpixel cloud near cloud boundaries, low-lying marine stratiform cloud, and does not misinterpret actual ocean thermal gradients as cloud. These latter issues have interfered with many SST retrievals in the past. Dual view/dual channel SST retrievals were derived and validated against buoy data (1 in depth). RMS error between retrieved SST and the buoy data is typically about 0.3 K in regions of minimum SST gradient. Pre-processing of the data is done prior to analysis because some artifacts not seen in ATSR-1 data can seriously compromise both cloud detection and SST retrieval. Detailed comparison between the ATSR operational cloud detection scheme and that developed herein, based upon 1077 scenes, shows that the operational product consistently misinterprets regions of cold but cloud-free oceanic thermal gradient as cloud, leading to a sampling-related warm bias in many of the operational SST products. The basis for this misinterpretation has been identified and quantified. Thus, the operational cloud detection scheme may have to be revised if a fully representative global ocean SST dataset is to be obtained from ATSR data. (C) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, DIAL, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Climate Studies, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Simpson, JJ (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, DIAL, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM jsimpson@ucsd.edu NR 61 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD OCT 15 PY 2005 VL 98 IS 2-3 BP 152 EP 181 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2005.05.022 PG 30 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 976OL UT WOS:000232742900002 ER PT J AU Wells, RS Tornero, V Borrell, A Aguilar, A Rowles, TK Rhinehart, HL Hofmann, S Jarman, WM Hohn, AA Sweeney, JC AF Wells, RS Tornero, V Borrell, A Aguilar, A Rowles, TK Rhinehart, HL Hofmann, S Jarman, WM Hohn, AA Sweeney, JC TI Integrating potential life-history and reproductive success data to examine relationships with organochlorine compounds for bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Sarasota Bay, Florida SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE pollutants; organochlorines; monitoring; conservation; survivorship; reproduction; age at sexual maturation; parturition; lactation ID SEALS HALICHOERUS-GRYPUS; GULF-OF-MEXICO; MARINE MAMMALS; KILLER WHALES; PILOT WHALES; ORCINUS-ORCA; PCB TRANSFER; RESIDUES; COAST; LACTATION AB Research initiated in 1970 has identified a long-term, year-round resident community of about 140 bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Sarasota Bay, Florida, providing unparalleled opportunities to investigate relationships between organochlorine contaminant residues and life-history and reproductive parameters. Many individual dolphins are identifiable and of known age, sex, and maternal lineage (:54 generations). Observational monitoring provides data on dolphin spatial and temporal occurrence, births and fates of calves, and birth-order. Capture-release operations conducted for veterinary examinations provide biological data and samples for life-history and contaminant residue measurement. Organochlorine concentrations in blubber and blood (plasma) can be examined relative to age, sex, lipid content, and birth-order. Reproductive success is evaluated through tracking of individual female lifetime calving success. For the current study, 47 blubber samples collected during June 2000 and 2001 were analyzed for PCB concentrations of 22 congeners relative to life-history factors and reproductive success. Prior to sexual maturity, males and females exhibited similar concentrations of about 15-50 ppm. Classical patterns of accumulation with age were identified in males, but not in females. Subsequently, males accumulated higher concentrations of PCBs through their lives (> 100 ppm), whereas females begin to depurate with their first calf, reaching a balance between contaminant intake and lactational loss (< 15 ppm). In primiparous females, PCB concentrations in blubber and plasma and the rates of first-born calf mortality were both high. First-born calves had higher concentrations than subsequent calves of similar age (> 25 vs. < 25 ppm). Maternal burdens were lower early in lactation and increased as calves approached nutritional independence. Empirical data were generally consistent with a published theoretical risk assessment and supported the need for incorporation of threats from indirect anthropogenic impacts such as environmental pollutants into species management plans. Long-term observational monitoring and periodic biological sampling provide a powerful, non-lethal approach to understanding relationships between organochlorine residue concentrations in tissues and reproductive parameters for coastal dolphins. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Mote Marine Lab, Chicago Zool Soc, Sarasota, FL 34236 USA. Univ Barcelona, Fac Biol, Dept Anim Biol, E-08071 Barcelona, Spain. NOAA Fisheries, Marine Mammal Hlth & Stranding Response Program, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. UN Environm Program, Nairobi, Kenya. NOAA, Fisheries Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Dolphin Quest Inc, San Diego, CA 92107 USA. RP Wells, RS (reprint author), Mote Marine Lab, Chicago Zool Soc, 1600 Ken Thomson Pkwy, Sarasota, FL 34236 USA. EM rwells@mote.org RI Borrell, Asuncion/B-8257-2009; Aguilar, Alex/L-1283-2014; Hohn, Aleta/G-2888-2011 OI Borrell, Asuncion/0000-0002-6714-0724; Aguilar, Alex/0000-0002-5751-2512; Hohn, Aleta/0000-0002-9992-7062 NR 45 TC 85 Z9 91 U1 6 U2 44 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 EI 1879-1026 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD OCT 15 PY 2005 VL 349 IS 1-3 BP 106 EP 119 DI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.01.010 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 978AG UT WOS:000232844000008 PM 16198673 ER PT J AU Dumont, E Harrison, JA Kroeze, C Bakker, EJ Seitzinger, SP AF Dumont, E Harrison, JA Kroeze, C Bakker, EJ Seitzinger, SP TI Global distribution and sources of dissolved inorganic nitrogen export to the coastal zone: Results from a spatially explicit, global model SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID MARINE ECOSYSTEMS; WORLD RIVERS; FRESH-WATER; PHOSPHORUS; OCEAN; CONSEQUENCES; RETENTION; SYSTEM; IMPACT; CYCLE AB Here we describe, test, and apply a spatially explicit, global model for predicting dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) export by rivers to coastal waters (NEWS-DIN). NEWS-DIN was developed as part of an internally consistent suite of global nutrient export models. Modeled and measured DIN export values agree well (calibration R-2 = 0.79), and NEWS-DIN is relatively free of bias. NEWS-DIN predicts: DIN yields ranging from 0.0004 to 5217 kg N km(-2) yr(-1) with the highest DIN yields occurring in Europe and South East Asia; global DIN export to coastal waters of 25 Tg N yr(-1), with 16 Tg N yr(-1) from anthropogenic sources; biological N-2 fixation is the dominant source of exported DIN; and globally, and on every continent except Africa, N fertilizer is the largest anthropogenic source of DIN export to coastal waters. C1 Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Environm Syst Anal Grp, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Rutgers NOAA CMER Program, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Math & Stat Methods Grp, NL-6700 AC Wageningen, Netherlands. RP Dumont, E (reprint author), Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Environm Syst Anal Grp, POB 47, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. EM egon.dumont@wur.nl RI Harrison, John/F-2280-2011; Dumont, Egon/G-9585-2013 OI Dumont, Egon/0000-0002-7605-9434 NR 43 TC 95 Z9 97 U1 4 U2 29 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 EI 1944-9224 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD OCT 14 PY 2005 VL 19 IS 4 AR GB4S02 DI 10.1029/2005GB002488 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 975TY UT WOS:000232686900002 ER PT J AU Aarts, IMP Pipino, ACR Hoefnagels, JPM Kessels, WMM van de Sanden, MCM AF Aarts, IMP Pipino, ACR Hoefnagels, JPM Kessels, WMM van de Sanden, MCM TI Quasi-ice monolayer on atomically smooth amorphous SiO2 at room temperature observed with a high-finesse optical resonator SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID RING-DOWN SPECTROSCOPY; VIBRATIONAL-MODES; ALPHA-AL2O3 0001; HYDROXYL GROUP; SURFACE; SILICA; WATER; SILANOL; H2O; INTERFACE AB The structure of an H2O monolayer bound to atomically smooth hydroxylated amorphous silica is probed under ambient conditions by near-infrared evanescent-wave cavity ring-down absorption spectroscopy. Employing a miniature monolithic optical resonator, we find sharp (approximate to 10 cm(-1)) and polarized (> 101) vibration-combination bands for surface OH and adsorbed H2O, which reveal ordered species in distinct local environments. Indicating first-monolayer uniqueness, the absorption bands for adsorbed H2O show intensity saturation and line narrowing with completion of one monolayer. Formation of the ordered H2O monolayer likely arises from H bonding to a quasicrystalline surface OH network. C1 Eindhoven Univ Technol, Dept Appl Phys, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Aarts, IMP (reprint author), Eindhoven Univ Technol, Dept Appl Phys, POB 513, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands. RI Hoefnagels, Johan/G-5810-2011 OI Hoefnagels, Johan/0000-0001-8359-7575 NR 35 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD OCT 14 PY 2005 VL 95 IS 16 AR 166104 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.166104 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 973YL UT WOS:000232558400049 PM 16241820 ER PT J AU Jentschura, UD Kotochigova, S Le Bigot, EO Mohr, PJ Taylor, BN AF Jentschura, UD Kotochigova, S Le Bigot, EO Mohr, PJ Taylor, BN TI Precise calculation of transition frequencies of hydrogen and deuterium based on a least-squares analysis SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS; OSCILLATORY FIELD MEASUREMENT; CODATA RECOMMENDED VALUES; LAMB SHIFT; RYDBERG CONSTANT; ATOMIC-HYDROGEN; ENERGY AB We combine a limited number of accurately measured transition frequencies in hydrogen and deuterium, recent quantum electrodynamics (QED) calculations, and, as an essential additional ingredient, a generalized least-squares analysis, to obtain precise and optimal predictions for hydrogen and deuterium transition frequencies. Some of the predicted transition frequencies have relative uncertainties more than an order of magnitude smaller than that of the g factor of the electron, which was previously the most accurate prediction of QED. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Max Planck Inst Kernphys, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany. Univ Paris 06, Lab Kastler Brossel, Ecole Normale Super, F-75005 Paris, France. RP Jentschura, UD (reprint author), NIST, Mail Stop 8401, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 34 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD OCT 14 PY 2005 VL 95 IS 16 AR 163003 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.163003 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 973YL UT WOS:000232558400020 PM 16241793 ER PT J AU Lorenz, VO Cundiff, ST AF Lorenz, VO Cundiff, ST TI Non-markovian dynamics in a dense potassium vapor SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PHOTON-ECHOES; SOLVATION DYNAMICS; TIME-DOMAIN; WATER; RELAXATION AB Transient four-wave mixing experiments on a dense potassium vapor, which has a dephasing time long compared to the collision duration, reveal distinct signatures of non-Markovian dynamics. Theoretical fits assuming stochastic fluctuation of the excited-state frequencies confirm that the two-time correlation function has a finite temporal width. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM cundiffs@jila.colorado.edu RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197 NR 24 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 EI 1079-7114 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD OCT 14 PY 2005 VL 95 IS 16 AR 163601 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.163601 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 973YL UT WOS:000232558400027 ER PT J AU Modgil, MS Kumar, S Tripathi, SN Lovejoy, ER AF Modgil, MS Kumar, S Tripathi, SN Lovejoy, ER TI A parameterization of ion-induced nucleation of sulphuric acid and water for atmospheric conditions SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID INDUCED AEROSOL FORMATION; EXPERIMENTAL THERMODYNAMICS; PARTICLES; CLUSTERS; H2SO4; RATES; H2O AB [1] This paper describes a five-dimensional parameterization of ion-induced nucleation (IIN) that covers the complete range of conditions relevant to the lower atmosphere. The parameters are ( 1) temperature T ( 190 - 300 K), ( 2) relative humidity RH (0.05 - 0.95), ( 3) number concentration of H2SO4 (10(5) - 10(8) cm(-3)), ( 4) first-order loss of H2SO4 to particles (0.00009 - 0.0245 s(-1)), and ( 5) ion source rate ( 2 - 50 ion pairs cm(-3) s(-1)). The parameterization is based on a steady state version of the kinetic aerosol model Sulphuric Acid and Water Nucleation (SAWNUC) that uses experimentally measured thermodynamics for the ion clusters. Parameterized formulas are obtained for the following variables: ( 1) particle nucleation rate (cm(-3) s(-1)), ( 2) H2SO4 nucleation rate (cm(-3) s(-1)), ( 3) number of H2SO4 molecules in average nucleating cluster, ( 4) number of H2O molecules in average nucleating cluster, and ( 5) radius (nanometers) of average nucleating cluster. The parameterization generally reproduces the modeled nucleation rate to within an order of magnitude over the whole range of conditions, except when the nucleation rate is very low (< 10(-6) cm(-3) s(-1)), which corresponds to a rate of less than 0.1 particle d(-1) cm(-3). This parameterization speeds up IIN calculations by a factor of similar to 10(6), as compared to the original SAWNUC model. C1 Indian Inst Technol, Dept Phys, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India. Indian Inst Technol, Dept Civil Engn, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India. NOAA, Aerosol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Modgil, MS (reprint author), Indian Inst Technol, Dept Phys, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India. EM snt@iitk.ac.in RI Tripathi, Sachchida/J-4840-2016 NR 15 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 12 PY 2005 VL 110 IS D19 AR D19205 DI 10.1029/2004JD005475 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 975TZ UT WOS:000232687000001 ER PT J AU He, RY McGillicuddy, DJ Lynch, DR Smith, KW Stock, CA Manning, JP AF He, RY McGillicuddy, DJ Lynch, DR Smith, KW Stock, CA Manning, JP TI Data assimilative hindcast of the Gulf of Maine coastal circulation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID GEORGES BANK CIRCULATION; BOUNDARY-CONDITIONS; SHELF CIRCULATION; STREAM MODEL; WATER; TRANSPORT; VELOCITY; FLANK AB A data assimilative model hindcast of the Gulf of Maine (GOM) coastal circulation during an 11 day field survey in early summer 2003 is presented. In situ observations include surface winds, coastal sea levels, and shelf hydrography as well as moored and shipboard acoustic Doppler D current profiler (ADCP) currents. The hindcast system consists of both forward and inverse models. The forward model is a three-dimensional, nonlinear finite element ocean circulation model, and the inverse models are its linearized frequency domain and time domain counterparts. The model hindcast assimilates both coastal sea levels and ADCP current measurements via the inversion for the unknown sea level open boundary conditions. Model skill is evaluated by the divergence of the observed and modeled drifter trajectories. A mean drifter divergence rate (1.78 km d(-1)) is found, demonstrating the utility of the inverse data assimilation modeling system in the coastal ocean setting. Model hindcast also reveals complicated hydrodynamic structures and synoptic variability in the GOM coastal circulation and their influences on coastal water material property transport. The complex bottom bathymetric setting offshore of Penobscot and Casco bays is shown to be able to generate local upwelling and downwelling that may be important in local plankton dynamics. C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Dartmouth Coll, Thayer Sch Engn, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. NOAA, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP He, RY (reprint author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Mail Stop 10, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM rhe@whoi.edu RI Stock, Charles/H-1281-2012; OI Stock, Charles/0000-0001-9549-8013 NR 47 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD OCT 12 PY 2005 VL 110 IS C10 AR C10011 DI 10.1029/2004JC002807 PG 20 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 975UH UT WOS:000232688100001 ER PT J AU Kim, DO Lee, K Choi, SD Kang, HS Zhang, JZ Chang, YS AF Kim, DO Lee, K Choi, SD Kang, HS Zhang, JZ Chang, YS TI Determination of diapycnal diffusion rates in the upper thermocline in the North Atlantic Ocean using sulfur hexafluoride SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID ANTICYCLONIC EDDY; ABYSSAL OCEAN; GAS-EXCHANGE; MIXED-LAYER; DEEP OCEAN; TRACER; WATERS; DISPERSION; NITRATE; MODELS AB The apparent diapycnal diffusivity below the wind-driven surface mixed layer of the ocean was determined in an anticyclonic eddy in the eastern North Atlantic using sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer data collected in June 1998. In this tracer experiment the downward penetration of SF6 was measured for 3 weeks following the deliberate injection of SF6 in the surface mixed layer. The resulting data were used to constrain the one-dimensional Fickian diffusion model to estimate the diapycnal diffusivity. The model also includes the lateral diffusion component so that it can more accurately represent the time evolution of the SF6 concentrations along the isopycnal surface. This affects the estimation of the diapycnal diffusivity. For the upper thermocline immediately below the surface mixed layer we estimated the diapycnal diffusivity for the 3 week period as 0.3 +/- 0.2 cm(2) s(-1) at a buoyancy frequency of 8.2 cph. C1 Pohang Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Environm Sci & Engn, Pohang 790784, South Korea. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Lee, K (reprint author), Pohang Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Environm Sci & Engn, San 31, Pohang 790784, South Korea. EM nandama@postech.ac.kr; ktl@postech.ac.kr; skills@postech.ac.kr; heesook.kang@noaa.gov; jia-zhong.zhang@noaa.gov; yschang@postech.ac.kr RI Zhang, Jia-Zhong/B-7708-2008; Choi, Sung-Deuk/F-4827-2010; Lee, Kitack/G-7184-2015 OI Zhang, Jia-Zhong/0000-0002-1138-2556; NR 31 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD OCT 11 PY 2005 VL 110 IS C10 AR C10010 DI 10.1029/2004JC002835 PG 9 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 975UG UT WOS:000232687900002 ER PT J AU Ashley, KM Raghavan, D Douglas, JF Karim, A AF Ashley, KM Raghavan, D Douglas, JF Karim, A TI Wetting-dewetting transition line in thin polymer films SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID SURFACE-TENSION; ENERGY; POLYSTYRENE; DYNAMICS; LIQUIDS; THICKNESS; INTERFACE AB Thin polymeric films are increasingly being utilized in diverse technological applications, and it is crucial to have a reliable method to characterize the stability of these films against dewetting. The parameter space that influences the dewetting of thin polymer films is wide (molecular mass, temperature, film thickness, substrate interaction) and a combinatorial method of investigation is suitable. We thus construct a combinatorial library of observations for polystyrene (PS) films cast on substrates having orthogonal temperature and surface energy gradients and perform a series of measurements for a range of molecular masses (1800 g/mol < M < 35 000 g/mol) and film thicknesses h (30 nm < h < 40 nm) to explore these primary parameter axes. We were able to obtain a near-universal scaling curve describing a wetting-dewetting transition line for polystyrene films of fixed thickness by introducing reduced temperature and surface energy variables dependent on M. Our observations also indicate that the apparent polymer surface tension gamma(p) becomes appreciably modified in thin polymer films from its bulk counterpart for films thinner than about 100-200 nm, so that bulk gamma(p) measurements cannot be used to estimate the stability of ultrathin films. Both of these observations are potentially fundamental for the control of thin film stability in applications where film dewetting can compromise film function. C1 Howard Univ, Dept Chem, Polymer Program, Washington, DC 20059 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Raghavan, D (reprint author), Howard Univ, Dept Chem, Polymer Program, Washington, DC 20059 USA. NR 32 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 18 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD OCT 11 PY 2005 VL 21 IS 21 BP 9518 EP 9523 DI 10.1021/la050482y PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 972KS UT WOS:000232453300024 PM 16207030 ER PT J AU de Rosny, J Debever, C Conti, S Roux, P AF de Rosny, J Debever, C Conti, S Roux, P TI Diffuse reverberant acoustic wave spectroscopy with absorbing scatterers SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CAVITY AB Strong interest has been shown on the propagation of transient ultrasonic waves inside a high reverberating cavity filled with moving scatterers. A diffuse model theoretically justifies that the elastic cross section and the dynamic of the scatterers can be deduced from field correlations. Recently, experiments have been performed to also obtain the inelastic cross section of the scatterers. In this letter, we propose justifying this extension within the diffuse model. Experimental results obtained inside a 1.5 liter reverberant water tank at 900 kHz central working frequency with spheres made of materials of different absorption are presented. (C) 2005 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Paris 07, CNRS,UMR 7587, ESPCI, Lab Ondes & Acoust, F-75005 Paris, France. NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Marine Phys Lab, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP de Rosny, J (reprint author), Univ Paris 07, CNRS,UMR 7587, ESPCI, Lab Ondes & Acoust, 10 Rue Vauquelin, F-75005 Paris, France. EM julien.derosny@espci.fr RI roux, philippe/B-8538-2014 NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD OCT 10 PY 2005 VL 87 IS 15 AR 154104 DI 10.1063/1.2089173 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 972GL UT WOS:000232442200077 ER PT J AU Remijan, AJ Hollis, JM Lovas, FJ Plusquellic, DF Jewell, PR AF Remijan, AJ Hollis, JM Lovas, FJ Plusquellic, DF Jewell, PR TI Interstellar isomers: The importance of bonding energy differences SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE astrochemistry ISM : abundances; ISM : clouds; ISM : individual (Sagittarius B2(N)); ISM : molecules; radio lines : ISM ID SPECTRAL-LINE SURVEY; CORRELATED MOLECULAR CALCULATIONS; GAUSSIAN-BASIS SETS; MICROWAVE-SPECTRA; ASTROPHYSICAL INTEREST; SAGITTARIUS B2; RESOLUTION OBSERVATIONS; OBSERVATIONAL DATA; ORGANIC-MOLECULES; VINYL ISOCYANIDE AB We present strong detections of methyl cyanide (CH3CN), vinyl cyanide (CH2CHCN), ethyl cyanide (CH3CH2CN), and cyanodiacetylene (HC4CN) molecules with the Green Bank Telescope (GBT) toward the Sgr B2(N) molecular cloud. Attempts to detect the corresponding isocyanide isomers were only successful in the case of methyl isocyanide (CH3NC) for its J(K) = 1(0)-0(0) transition, which is the first interstellar report of this line. To determine the spatial distribution of CH3NC, we used archival Berkeley-Illinois-Maryland Association (BIMA) array data for the J(K) = 4(K)-3(K) (K = 0-3) transitions, but no emission was detected. From ab initio calculations, the bonding energy difference between the cyanide and isocyanide molecules is >8500 cm(-1) (>12,000 K). Thus, cyanides are the more stable isomers and would likely be formed more preferentially over their isocyanide counterparts. That we detect CH3NC emission with a single antenna ( Gaussian beam size Omega(B) = 1723 arcsec(2)) but not with an interferometer (Omega w = 192 arcsec(2)) strongly suggests that CH3NC has a widespread spatial distribution toward the Sgr B2(N) region. Other investigators have shown that CH3CN is present both in the LMH hot core of Sgr B2(N) and in the surrounding medium, while we have shown that CH3NC appears to be deficient in the LMH hot core. Thus, large-scale, nonthermal processes in the surrounding medium may account for the conversion of CH3CN to CH3NC, while the LMH hot core, which is dominated by thermal processes, does not produce a significant amount of CH3NC. Ice analog experiments by other investigators have shown that radiation bombardment of CH3CN can produce CH3NC, thus supporting our observations. We conclude that isomers separated by such large bonding energy differences are distributed in different interstellar environments, making the evaluation of column density ratios between such isomers irrelevant unless it can be independently shown that these species are cospatial. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Computat & Informat Sci & Technol Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Radio Astron Observ, Green Bank, WV 24944 USA. RP Remijan, AJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Computat & Informat Sci & Technol Off, Code 606, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 41 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 12 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD OCT 10 PY 2005 VL 632 IS 1 BP 333 EP 339 DI 10.1086/432908 PN 1 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 971EZ UT WOS:000232366000024 ER PT J AU Ferreira, JG Wolff, WJ Simas, TC Bricker, SB AF Ferreira, JG Wolff, WJ Simas, TC Bricker, SB TI Does biodiversity of estuarine phytoplankton depend on hydrology? SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE phytoplankton; biodiversity; typology; estuary; water framework directive; screening model ID MARINE-PHYTOPLANKTON; RESIDENCE TIME; EUTROPHICATION; BLOOMS; RIVER; SEA; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; VARIABILITY; PFIESTERIA; TRANSPORT AB Phytoplankton growth in estuaries is controlled by factors such as flushing, salinity tolerance, light, nutrients and grazing. Here, we show that biodiversity of estuarine phytoplankton is related to flushing, and illustrate this for some European estuaries. The implications for the definition of reference conditions for quality elements in estuaries of different types are examined, leading to the conclusion that constraints on the number of estuarine and coastal types that may be defined for management purposes require that quality classes take into account natural variability within types, in order to be ecologically meaningful. We develop a screening model to predict the growth rate required for a phytoplankton species to be present under different flushing conditions and apply it to estuaries in the EU and US to show how changes in physical forcing may alter biodiversity. Additional results are presented on the consequences for eutrophication, showing that changes in residence time may interact with species-specific nutrient uptake rates to cause shifts in species composition, potentially leading to effects such as harmful algal blooms. We discuss applications for integrated coastal zone management, and propose an, approach to normalization of estuarine phytoplankton composition as regards species numbers.. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 DCEA, FCT, IMAR Inst Marine Res, Ctr Ecol Modelling, P-2829516 Monte De Caparica, Portugal. Univ Groningen, Ctr Biol, Dept Marine Biol, NL-9750 AA Haren, Netherlands. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Ferreira, JG (reprint author), DCEA, FCT, IMAR Inst Marine Res, Ctr Ecol Modelling, P-2829516 Monte De Caparica, Portugal. EM joao@hoomi.com OI Ferreira, Joao/0000-0001-9614-142X NR 47 TC 46 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD OCT 10 PY 2005 VL 187 IS 4 BP 513 EP 523 DI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.03.013 PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 979KI UT WOS:000232940400008 ER PT J AU Halverson, KM Panchal, RG Nguyen, TL Gussio, R Little, SF Misakian, M Bavari, S Kasianowicz, JJ AF Halverson, KM Panchal, RG Nguyen, TL Gussio, R Little, SF Misakian, M Bavari, S Kasianowicz, JJ TI Anthrax biosensor, protective antigen ion channel asymmetric blockade SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SYMMETRICAL TETRAALKYLAMMONIUM IONS; PHOSPHOLIPID-BILAYER MEMBRANES; VOLTAGE-DEPENDENT BLOCK; PLANAR LIPID-BILAYERS; LETHAL FACTOR; TOXIN CHANNELS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; MAMMALIAN-CELLS; FACTOR-BINDING AB The significant threat posed by biological agents ( e. g. anthrax, tetanus, botulinum, and diphtheria toxins) (Inglesby, T. V., O'Toole, T., Henderson, D. A., Bartlett, J. G., Ascher, M. S., Eitzen, E., Friedlander, A. M., Gerberding, J., Hauer, J., Hughes, J., McDade, J., Osterholm, M. T., Parker, G., Perl, T. M., Russell, P. K., and Tonat, K. ( 2002) J. Am. Med. Assoc. 287, 2236 - 2252) requires innovative technologies and approaches to understand the mechanisms of toxin action and to develop better therapies. Anthrax toxins are formed from three proteins secreted by fully virulent Bacillus anthracis, protective antigen (PA, 83 kDa), lethal factor (LF, 90 kDa), and edema factor (EF, 89 kDa). Here we present electrophysiological measurements demonstrating that full-length LF and EF convert the current-voltage relationship of the heptameric PA(63) ion channel from slightly nonlinear to highly rectifying and diode-like at pH 6.6. This effect provides a novel method for characterizing functional toxin interactions. The method confirms that a previously well characterized PA(63) monoclonal antibody, which neutralizes anthrax lethal toxin in animals in vivo and in vitro, prevents the binding of LF to the PA(63) pore. The technique can also detect the presence of anthrax lethal toxin complex from plasma of infected animals. The latter two results suggest the potential application of PA(63) nanopore-based biosensors in anthrax therapeutics and diagnostics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Adv Chem Sci Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Semicond Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USA, Med Res Inst Infect Dis, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. NCI, Dev Therapeut Program, Target Struct Based Drug Discovery Grp, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. RP Kasianowicz, JJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Adv Chem Sci Lab, Bldg 225,Rm B326, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM john.kasianowicz@nist.gov NR 35 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3996 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD OCT 7 PY 2005 VL 280 IS 40 BP 34056 EP 34062 DI 10.1074/jbc.M507928200 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 969JF UT WOS:000232229700045 PM 16087661 ER PT J AU Weng, KC Castilho, PC Morrissette, JM Landeira-Fernandez, AM Holts, DB Schallert, RJ Goldman, KJ Block, BA AF Weng, KC Castilho, PC Morrissette, JM Landeira-Fernandez, AM Holts, DB Schallert, RJ Goldman, KJ Block, BA TI Satellite tagging and cardiac physiology reveal niche expansion in salmon sharks SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURE AB Shark populations are declining globally, yet the movements and habitats of most species are unknown. We used a satellite tag attached to the dorsal fin to track salmon sharks (Lamna ditropis) for up to 3.2 years. Here we show that salmon sharks have a subarctic-to-subtropical niche, ranging from 2 degrees to 24 degrees C, and they spend winter periods in waters as cold as 2 degrees to 8 degrees C. Functional assays and protein gels reveal that the expression of excitation-contraction coupling proteins is enhanced in salmon shark hearts, which may underlie the shark's ability to maintain heart function at cold temperatures and their niche expansion into subarctic seas. C1 Stanford Univ, Hopkins Marine Stn, Tuna Res & Conservat Ctr, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Monterey, CA 93940 USA. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Homer, AK 99603 USA. RP Landeira-Fernandez, AM (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Hopkins Marine Stn, Tuna Res & Conservat Ctr, 120 Oceanview Blvd, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. EM bblock@stanford.edu RI Costa, Maria/G-9555-2011 OI Costa, Maria/0000-0002-9887-0973 NR 18 TC 120 Z9 123 U1 3 U2 38 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD OCT 7 PY 2005 VL 310 IS 5745 BP 104 EP 106 DI 10.1126/science.1114616 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 972TV UT WOS:000232477000047 PM 16210538 ER PT J AU Vogt, BD Lee, HJ Wu, WL Liu, YF AF Vogt, BD Lee, HJ Wu, WL Liu, YF TI Specular X-ray reflectivity and small angle neutron scattering for structure determination of ordered mesoporous dielectric films SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID THIN-FILMS; SILICA; MULTILAYERS; COPOLYMERS AB Specular X-ray reflectivity (SXR) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) are used to characterize the structure of a thin film containing cylindrical mesopores. The 3-D structure of the mesoporous film was determined from SANS measurements taken at multiple rotation angles between the incident beam and the film. The film was found to be composed of a randomly packed core and surface layers within which the hollow cylinders were regularly packed and oriented along the surface. The packing of the cylindrical mesopores was not hexagonal but rather rectangular with a conical angle of 55.7 degrees instead of 60 degrees expected for hexagonal packing. The extent of the planar orientation of the cylindrical mesopores within the surface layers was estimated from the width of the Bragg reflection in the SXR result to be about 25 repeating layers at both interfaces. This was further confirmed from cross-section transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results. The SXR results of this film exhibit an anomalous decrease in reflected intensity after each Bragg reflection. This anomaly in SXR can be modeled in a Parratt formulism using a depth profile composed of two characteristic lengths, the repeating distance among layers and the curvature of the density profile of each layer. C1 NIST, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. SEMATECH, Intel Assignee, Austin, TX 78741 USA. RP Vogt, BD (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM bryan.vogt@nist.gov RI Vogt, Bryan/H-1986-2012 OI Vogt, Bryan/0000-0003-1916-7145 NR 24 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD OCT 6 PY 2005 VL 109 IS 39 BP 18445 EP 18450 DI 10.1021/jp0525641 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 970OC UT WOS:000232318500036 PM 16853375 ER PT J AU Lamarque, JF Kiehl, JT Brasseur, GP Butler, T Cameron-Smith, P Collins, WD Collins, WJ Granier, C Hauglustaine, D Hess, PG Holland, EA Horowitz, L Lawrence, MG McKenna, D Merilees, P Prather, MJ Rasch, PJ Rotman, D Shindell, D Thornton, P AF Lamarque, JF Kiehl, JT Brasseur, GP Butler, T Cameron-Smith, P Collins, WD Collins, WJ Granier, C Hauglustaine, D Hess, PG Holland, EA Horowitz, L Lawrence, MG McKenna, D Merilees, P Prather, MJ Rasch, PJ Rotman, D Shindell, D Thornton, P TI Assessing future nitrogen deposition and carbon cycle feedback using a multimodel approach: Analysis of nitrogen deposition SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; CHEMICAL-TRANSPORT MODELS; GASEOUS DRY DEPOSITION; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; CLIMATE MODEL; 3-DIMENSIONAL SIMULATION; NONMETHANE HYDROCARBONS; TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS; SURFACE RESISTANCES; ASSIMILATED WINDS AB [1] In this study, we present the results of nitrogen deposition on land from a set of 29 simulations from six different tropospheric chemistry models pertaining to present-day and 2100 conditions. Nitrogen deposition refers here to the deposition ( wet and dry) of all nitrogen-containing gas phase chemical species resulting from NOx (NO + NO2) emissions. We show that under the assumed IPCC SRES A2 scenario the global annual average nitrogen deposition over land is expected to increase by a factor of similar to 2.5, mostly because of the increase in nitrogen emissions. This will significantly expand the areas with annual average deposition exceeding 1 gN/m(2)/year. Using the results from all models, we have documented the strong linear relationship between models on the fraction of the nitrogen emissions that is deposited, regardless of the emissions ( present day or 2100). On average, approximately 70% of the emitted nitrogen is deposited over the landmasses. For present-day conditions the results from this study suggest that the deposition over land ranges between 25 and 40 Tg(N)/year. By 2100, under the A2 scenario, the deposition over the continents is expected to range between 60 and 100 Tg( N)/year. Over forests the deposition is expected to increase from 10 Tg( N)/year to 20 Tg( N)/year. In 2100 the nitrogen deposition changes from changes in the climate account for much less than the changes from increased nitrogen emissions. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Met Off, Hadley Ctr, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England. Inst Pierre Simon Laplace, Serv Aeron, Paris, France. NOAA, CIRES, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Inst Pierre Simon Laplace, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. RP Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM lamar@ucar.edu RI Collins, William/J-3147-2014; Cameron-Smith, Philip/E-2468-2011; McKenna, Daniel/E-7806-2014; Granier, Claire/D-5360-2013; Hess, Peter/M-3145-2015; Horowitz, Larry/D-8048-2014; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/L-2313-2014; Thornton, Peter/B-9145-2012; Collins, William/A-5895-2010; Butler, Tim/G-1139-2011; Shindell, Drew/D-4636-2012 OI Collins, William/0000-0002-4463-9848; Cameron-Smith, Philip/0000-0002-8802-8627; McKenna, Daniel/0000-0002-4360-4782; Granier, Claire/0000-0001-7344-7995; Hess, Peter/0000-0003-2439-3796; Horowitz, Larry/0000-0002-5886-3314; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/0000-0002-4225-5074; Thornton, Peter/0000-0002-4759-5158; Collins, William/0000-0002-7419-0850; NR 73 TC 102 Z9 104 U1 10 U2 22 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 5 PY 2005 VL 110 IS D19 AR D19303 DI 10.1029/2005JD005825 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 973WN UT WOS:000232553400003 ER PT J AU Wilson, C Coles, VJ AF Wilson, C Coles, VJ TI Global climatological relationships between satellite biological and physical observations and upper ocean properties SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE HEIGHT; MIXED-LAYER DEPTH; TROPICAL ATLANTIC-OCEAN; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; NORTH-ATLANTIC; DATA ASSIMILATION; TEMPORAL VARIABILITY; THERMOCLINE DEPTH; NITROGEN-FIXATION; SUBTROPICAL GYRE AB [1] We evaluate the relationships of monthly climatological satellite measurements of sea surface height, temperature and chlorophyll-a to climatological subsurface parameters ( mixed layer depth, thermocline depth, and Z(2N), the 2 mu mol NO3 isocline depth) on a global scale to determine the spatial variability and mechanisms underlying their relationships. The goal is to situate satellite surface data in the context of subsurface processes so that ultimately surface variability on longer timescales can be related to physical processes. There are well-defined physical regimes in the tropics ( 20 degrees S - 20 degrees N), where surface and subsurface physical parameters are predominantly positively correlated because of the dominance of baroclinic processes, and the extratropics (20 degrees - 60 degrees latitude), where they are negatively correlated, and barotropic processes dominate. The biological regimes differ between these regions. Correlations between surface chlorophyll and subsurface parameters are variable in the tropics, positive at midlatitudes (20 degrees - 40 degrees latitude) and negative at high latitudes. We interpret these changing relationships in the context of differing underlying biophysical processes: dynamic uplift causing nutrient entrainment into the euphotic zone in parts of the tropics, seasonal entrainment of nutrients into the euphotic zone at midlatitudes, and seasonal controls on light supply at high latitudes. Together with the physical regimes, these biophysical conceptual models explain the relatively complex, broad-scale relationships between global satellite measurements of sea surface height, temperature, and chlorophyll-a on a climatological seasonal basis. C1 NOAA, NMFS, SWFSC, Div Environm Res, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. Univ Maryland, Horn Point Lab, Ctr Environm Sci, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA. RP Wilson, C (reprint author), NOAA, NMFS, SWFSC, Div Environm Res, 1352 Lighthouse Ave, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. EM cara.wilson@noaa.gov RI Wilson, Cara/A-8816-2009 NR 60 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9275 EI 2169-9291 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD OCT 5 PY 2005 VL 110 IS C10 AR C10001 DI 10.1029/2004JC002724 PG 14 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 973WV UT WOS:000232554200001 ER PT J AU DeLongchamp, DM Sambasivan, S Fischer, DA Lin, EK Chang, P Murphy, AR Frechet, JMJ Subramanian, V AF DeLongchamp, DM Sambasivan, S Fischer, DA Lin, EK Chang, P Murphy, AR Frechet, JMJ Subramanian, V TI Direct correlation of organic semiconductor film structure to field-effect mobility SO ADVANCED MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID PENTACENE PRECURSOR; CHAIN-RELAXATION; TRANSISTORS; SURFACE; ORIENTATION; PERFORMANCE; EXCITATION; MOLECULES; THIOPHENE; SPECTRA AB Near-edge X-ray fine structure spectroscopy is used to measure simultaneous chemical conversion, molecular ordering, and defect formation in soluble oligothiophene precursor films. Film structure is correlated to OFET performance. Molecular orientation is determined by evaluating antibonding orbital overlap with the polarized electric field vector of incident soft X-rays (see Figure and cover). Upon conversion, the molecules become vertically oriented, allowing a overlap in the plane of hole transport. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP DeLongchamp, DM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dean.delongchamp@nist.gov RI Subramanian, Vivek/K-9818-2016; OI Subramanian, Vivek/0000-0002-1783-8219; Frechet, Jean /0000-0001-6419-0163 NR 21 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 18 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0935-9648 J9 ADV MATER JI Adv. Mater. PD OCT 4 PY 2005 VL 17 IS 19 BP 2340 EP + DI 10.1002/adma.200500263 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 974XY UT WOS:000232625900010 ER PT J AU Thundathil, MA Jones, CY Snyder, GJ Haile, SM AF Thundathil, MA Jones, CY Snyder, GJ Haile, SM TI Nonstoichiometry, structure, and electrical properties of "SrPrO3" SO CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID NEUTRON-DIFFRACTION; MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURES; BARIUM CERATE; HIGH-TEMPERATURES; THIN-FILMS; BAPRO3; PEROVSKITES; PROTON; BACEO3 AB The single-phase composition with the perovskite structure type in the Sr-Pr-O system has been identified as (Sr(0.935)Pr(0.0431)square(0.022))Pr1.0O3 from neutron diffraction refinements, chemical analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis. The cation deficient oxide crystallizes in a GdFeO3-type orthorhombic structure, space group Pbnm, with lattice parameters a = 5.988 00(17), b = 6.12136(17), c = 8.548 58-(24) A, and Z = 4 at 300 K. Thermogravimetric analysis confirms that the compound is not oxygen deficient. (Sr0.935Pr0.043)Pr1.0O3 exhibits semiconducting behavior. The bulk (grain interior) conductivity at 36 degrees C is 5.2 x 10(-5) S cm-1 with an activation energy for charge transport of 0.26 eV. C1 CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Haile, SM (reprint author), CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM smhaile@caltech.edu RI Snyder, G. Jeffrey/E-4453-2011; Snyder, G/I-2263-2015; Haile, Sossina/I-3448-2015 OI Snyder, G. Jeffrey/0000-0003-1414-8682; NR 34 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0897-4756 J9 CHEM MATER JI Chem. Mat. PD OCT 4 PY 2005 VL 17 IS 20 BP 5146 EP 5154 DI 10.1021/cm0505895k PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 970RG UT WOS:000232326700035 ER PT J AU Miller, SD Haddock, SHD Elvidge, CD Lee, TF AF Miller, SD Haddock, SHD Elvidge, CD Lee, TF TI Detection of a bioluminescent milky sea from space SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE bacterial bioluminescence; satellite remote sensing; microbial ecology; quorum sensing; marine biology ID BACTERIAL BIOLUMINESCENCE; SYSTEM AB on many occasions over the centuries, mariners have reported witnessing surreal nocturnal displays where the surface of the sea produces an intense, uniform, and sustained glow that extends to the horizon in all directions. Although such emissions cannot be fully reconciled with the known features of any light-emitting organism, these so-called "milky seas" are hypothesized to be manifestations of unusually strong bioluminescence produced by colonies of bacteria in association with a microalgal bloom in the surface waters. Because of their ephemeral nature and the paucity of scientific observations, an explanation of milky seas has remained elusive. Here, we report the first satellite observations of the phenomenon. An approximate to 15,400-km(2) area of the northwestern Indian Ocean, roughly the size of the state of Connecticut, was observed to glow over 3 consecutive nights, corroborated on the first night by a ship-based account. This unanticipated application of satellite remote-sensing technology provides insights pertaining to the formation and scale of these poorly understood events. C1 USN, Res Lab, Marine Meteorol Div, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Miller, SD (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Marine Meteorol Div, 7 Grace Hopper Ave,MS 2, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. EM miller@nrlmry.navy.mil RI Elvidge, Christopher/C-3012-2009 NR 26 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 2 U2 22 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD OCT 4 PY 2005 VL 102 IS 40 BP 14181 EP 14184 DI 10.1073/pnas.0507253102 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 971OD UT WOS:000232392900013 PM 16186481 ER PT J AU Southall, BL Schusterman, RJ Kastak, D Kastak, CR AF Southall, BL Schusterman, RJ Kastak, D Kastak, CR TI Reliability of underwater hearing thresholds in pinnipeds SO ACOUSTICS RESEARCH LETTERS ONLINE-ARLO LA English DT Article ID DOLPHIN TURSIOPS-TRUNCATUS; TEMPORARY SHIFT; EXPOSURE; NOISE AB Repeated measures of low-frequency underwater hearing sensitivity in individuals of three pinniped species tested over 4-7 years are presented. Despite changes in the experience of the subjects and certain testing parameters (e.g., equipment and research personnel), measured underwater hearing thresholds within subjects over relatively long periods of time were quite similar at the frequencies tested (0.2-6.4 kHz). These data address the reliability of acoustic signal detection measurements over time in pinnipeds using psychophysical techniques. They are also relevant in considering the cumulative effects of aging, experience, and noise exposure on pinniped hearing in certain frequency bands. (C) 2005 Acoustical Society of America. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Long Marine Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Ocean Acoust Program, NOAA, Off Protected Resources, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Southall, BL (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Long Marine Lab, 100 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM branlee@ucsc.edu; rjschust@ucsc.edu; kastak@ucsc.edu; coll@ucsc.edu NR 24 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 10 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 1529-7853 J9 ACOUST RES LETT ONL JI Acoust. Res. Lett. Online-ARLO PD OCT PY 2005 VL 6 IS 4 BP 243 EP 249 DI 10.1121/1.1985956 PG 7 WC Acoustics SC Acoustics GA 982DH UT WOS:000233137600003 ER PT J AU Kramer, DE Savage, MF Levine, LE AF Kramer, DE Savage, MF Levine, LE TI AFM observations of slip band development in Al single crystals SO ACTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE atomic force microscopy (AFM); aluminum; plastic deformation; dislocation structure; orientation effects ID VOLTAGE ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; COLD-ROLLED ALUMINUM; GRAIN-ORIENTATION; DEFORMATION; BEHAVIOR; BOUNDARIES; METALS; STRAIN; LINES AB In situ atomic force microscopy is used to observe the structure and evolution of slip bands on the surface of plastically deformed aluminum single crystals. Both the structure and evolution of the slip bands are observed to be a function of the tensile axis. Near the [001] tensile axis, slip bands are observed to grow to a height of approximately 250 nm over 2% plastic strain and then cease operation. Toward the stable [112] orientation, slip bands are observed to evolve continuously. Near the [111] tensile axis, wavy slip bands in which multiple systems are active in the same crystal region are observed. Other behavior, such as the operation of unpredicted slip systems, is also discussed. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Acta Materialia Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Levine, LE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, 100 Bur Sr,Stop 8553, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Lyle.Levine@nist.gov NR 31 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6454 J9 ACTA MATER JI Acta Mater. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 53 IS 17 BP 4655 EP 4664 DI 10.1016/j.actamat.2005.06.09 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 968QP UT WOS:000232177500016 ER PT J AU Hegg, DA Covert, DS Jonsson, H Covert, PA AF Hegg, DA Covert, DS Jonsson, H Covert, PA TI Determination of the transmission efficiency of an aircraft aerosol inlet SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SAMPLING CHARACTERISTICS; ASPIRATION EFFICIENCY; WIND; SIZE; PARTICLES; RATIOS; DUST AB Data are reported for both airborne and wind tunnel testing of the aerosol inlet on the CIRPAS Twin Otter research aircraft. Though utilizing different instrumentation and assumptions, results from the two test venues show broad agreement. The roll off in transmission efficiency of the inlet under standard flight conditions starts at similar to 3.5 mu m but plateaus at 5.5 mu m particle diameter at a value slightly in excess of 0.6. This value persists to the upper limit of the test range at 9 mu m and is likely due to the sub-isokinetic aspiration flow of the inlet. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98190 USA. USN, Postgrad Sch, CIRPAS, Marina, CA USA. NOAA, PMEL, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Hegg, DA (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, MC 351640, Seattle, WA 98190 USA. EM deanhegg@atmos.washington.edu OI Covert, Paul/0000-0002-7434-4995 NR 20 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 39 IS 10 BP 966 EP 971 DI 10.1080/02786820500377814 PG 6 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 992AO UT WOS:000233856400006 ER PT J AU Tai, SSC Welsh, MJ AF Tai, SSC Welsh, MJ TI Development and evaluation of a reference measurement procedure for the determination of estradiol-17 beta in human serum using isotope-dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ELECTROSPRAY-IONIZATION; DEFINITIVE METHODS; HUMAN PLASMA; DERIVATIZATION; 17-BETA-ESTRADIOL; ESTRONE; ENHANCE AB Estradiol is the most potent natural estrogen and is derived from the ovaries. Its concentration in blood is measured to determine ovarian function. A reference measurement procedure for estradiol in serum involving isotope-dilution coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) has been developed and critically evaluated. A deuterated estradiol (estradiol-d(3)) was used as an internal standard. The estradiol and its internal standard were extracted from serum matrix using solid-phase extractions and derivatized with dansyl chloride prior to reversed-phase LC/MS/MS. The accuracy of the measurement was evaluated by a comparison of results of this reference method on lyophilized human serum reference materials for estradiol [Certified Reference Materials (CRMs) 576, 577, and 578] with the certified values determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) reference methods and by a recovery study for the added estradiol. The results of this method for estradiol agreed with the certified values within the uncertainty of the measurements for the three CRMs. The recovery of the added estradiol ranged from 100.7 to 101.8%. This method was applied to the determination of estradiol in frozen serum samples from three individual female donors. Excellent reproducibility was obtained with within-set coefficient of variations (CVs) ranging from 0.6 to 2.2% and between-set CVs ranging from 0.2 to 0.4%. Excellent linearity was also obtained, with correlation coefficients of all linear regression lines (measured intensity ratios vs mass ratios) ranging from 0.998 to 1.000. The detection limit at a signal-to-noise ratio of similar to 3 was 0.6 pg of estradiol (or 1 ng/L, as expressed as a concentration). This well-characterized LC/MS/MS method for serum estradiol, which demonstrates good accuracy and precision, low susceptibility to interferences, and comparability with GC/MS reference methods, qualifies as a reference measurement procedure that can be used to provide an accuracy base to which routine methods for estradiol can be compared and that will serve as a standard of higher order for measurement traceability. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tai, SSC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM susan.tai@nist.gov NR 19 TC 73 Z9 79 U1 2 U2 29 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD OCT 1 PY 2005 VL 77 IS 19 BP 6359 EP 6363 DI 10.1021/ac050837i PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 972HA UT WOS:000232443700046 PM 16194100 ER PT J AU Davis, WC Christopher, SJ Turk, GC AF Davis, WC Christopher, SJ Turk, GC TI Simultaneous mass bias and fractionation corrections utilizing isotopic solid standards and laser ablation ICPMS SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ELEMENTAL FRACTIONATION; EMISSION-SPECTROMETRY; RATIO DETERMINATION; PB GEOCHRONOLOGY; MC-ICPMS; PLASMA; MS; CALIBRATION; AEROSOLS; PRECISE AB Homogeneous incorporation of analytes of known isotopic abundance into sol-gel-derived standards that mimic important mineral systems has the potential to contribute significantly to providing solid standard benchmarks for a range of applications. This preliminary study reports on the synthesis of solid glass standards produced via the sol-gel method and their doping with Standard Reference Material (SRM) 981 Common Lead Isotopic Standard and SRM 982 Equal-Atom Lead Isotopic Standard. Custom isotopic materials were also prepared using mixtures of the two isotopic SRMs. Particles from these solid samples were then introduced into an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer via laser ablation to determine whether materials of suitable homogeneity could be developed as isotopic reference materials. Preliminary results for Pb isotope ratios show that these solid isotopic reference standards are capable of correcting for instrumental mass bias and laser ablation-induced bias due to fractionation simultaneously. Correction factors generated from the quotient of the certified and measured Pb isotopic ratios in sol-gel disks spiked with SRMs 981 and 982 were successfully applied to produce accurate isotope ratios using comparative control/unknown checks. These correction factors were also used to assign Pb isotopic ratios in NIST SRM 612 Trace Elements in Glass that were in excellent agreement with published measurements, suggesting that tunable matrix sol-gel disks can serve as adequate control matrixes for evaluation of isotope ratios in glass samples. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Davis, WC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Hollings Marine Lab, 331 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM clay.davis@nist.gov NR 39 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD OCT 1 PY 2005 VL 77 IS 19 BP 6389 EP 6395 DI 10.1021/ac050872p PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 972HA UT WOS:000232443700050 PM 16194104 ER PT J AU Rhee, HG Vorburger, TV Lee, JW Fu, J AF Rhee, HG Vorburger, TV Lee, JW Fu, J TI Discrepancies between roughness measurements obtained with phase-shifting and white-light interferometry SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID COUPLED-WAVE ANALYSIS; SURFACES; MICROSCOPE; ALGORITHM; SIGNAL; FORCE AB Discrepancies between phase-shifting and white-light interferometry have been observed in step-height and sur. face rodghness measurements. The discrepancies have a strong relation to the roughness average parameter of the surface. The skewing effect, which mainly occurs in the vicinity of peaks, valleys, and edges of the sample, catiges this problem in white-light interferometry of step height. For roughness, two possible sources of the discrepancy are considered. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Precis Engn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rhee, HG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Precis Engn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM hrhee@nist.gov NR 25 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 3 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD OCT 1 PY 2005 VL 44 IS 28 BP 5919 EP 5927 DI 10.1364/AO.44.005919 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA 968TV UT WOS:000232186200010 PM 16231799 ER PT J AU Van Dolah, RF Riekerk, GHM Levisen, MV Scott, GI Fulton, MH Bearden, D Sivertsen, S Chung, KW Sanger, DM AF Van Dolah, RF Riekerk, GHM Levisen, MV Scott, GI Fulton, MH Bearden, D Sivertsen, S Chung, KW Sanger, DM TI An evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) runoff from highways into estuarine wetlands of South Carolina SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEDIMENTS; MARINE AB This study investigated the concentrations and potential toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) associated with highway runoff into adjacent estuarine wetlands from road segments representing three levels of average daily traffic (ADT): low (< 5,000 ADT), moderate (10,000-15,000 ADT), and high use (> 25,000 ADT) based on SC Department of Transportation data. Sediments from three estuarine wetland habitats (tidal creeks, Spartina marsh, and mud flats) adjacent to these road segments were sampled to represent nine highway use class/habitat type combinations. Surficial sediments were collected at 3, 25, and 50 meters from the upland/wetland interface along transects established perpendicular to the road at each site, with additional samples taken from the road berm. Average PAH concentrations, representing 25 compounds, ranged from 3.9 to 11,000 ng/g dry weight. Berm samples had significantly greater total PAH concentrations than samples taken in any of the wetland habitats. Average total PAH concentrations decreased with increasing distance from the road berm within the wetland habitats sampled, but the differences were not statistically significant. Average total PAH concentrations also were not significantly different among the wetland habitats compared. Analysis of PAH profiles indicated that the PAH source was dominated by pyrogenic combustion products rather than from petrogenic sources. This, combined with the presence of dibenzothio-phene, which is a tire oxidation product, indicated that the primary source of PAHs was related to vehicles. Two sites with total PAH concentrations exceeding published bioeffects levels were resampled for bioassay tests using the amphipod Ampelisca verrilli, the polychaete Streblospio benedicti, and the clam, Mercenaria mercenaria, with the first two assays conducted under UV lighting since previous studies had demonstrated enhanced UV toxicity of PAHs for these species. No toxicity was observed in the amphipod or polychaete assays. Toxicity was observed in the juvenile clam assay at one site, possibly due to the combined effects of PAHs and other contaminants present. C1 S Carolina Dept Nat Resources, Marine Resources Res Inst, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. S Carolina Dept hlth & Environm Qual, Off Ocean & Coastal Resource Management, Charleston, SC 29405 USA. RP Van Dolah, RF (reprint author), S Carolina Dept Nat Resources, Marine Resources Res Inst, POB 12559, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM vandolahr@dnr.sc.gov NR 20 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 11 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 49 IS 3 BP 362 EP 370 DI 10.1007/s00244-004-0210-1 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 966WJ UT WOS:000232053200010 PM 16132419 ER PT J AU Healy, WM AF Healy, WM TI Lessons learned in wireless monitoring SO ASHRAE JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Healy, WM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HEATING REFRIGERATING AIR-CONDITIONING ENG, INC, PI ATLANTA PA 1791 TULLIE CIRCLE NE, ATLANTA, GA 30329 USA SN 0001-2491 J9 ASHRAE J JI ASHRAE J. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 47 IS 10 BP 54 EP + PG 5 WC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 972EV UT WOS:000232437900014 ER PT J AU Jozsa, R Halberg, F Cornelissen, G Zeman, M Kazsaki, J Csernus, V Katinas, GS Wendt, HW Schwartzkopff, O Stebelova, K Dulkova, K Chibisov, SM Engebretson, M Pan, W Bubenik, GA Nagy, G Herold, M Hardeland, R Huther, G Poggeler, B Tarquini, R Perfetto, F Salti, R Olah, A Csokas, N Delmore, P Otsuka, K Bakken, EE Allen, J Amory-Mazaudin, C AF Jozsa, R Halberg, F Cornelissen, G Zeman, M Kazsaki, J Csernus, V Katinas, GS Wendt, HW Schwartzkopff, O Stebelova, K Dulkova, K Chibisov, SM Engebretson, M Pan, W Bubenik, GA Nagy, G Herold, M Hardeland, R Huther, G Poggeler, B Tarquini, R Perfetto, F Salti, R Olah, A Csokas, N Delmore, P Otsuka, K Bakken, EE Allen, J Amory-Mazaudin, C TI Chronomics, neuroendocrine feedsidewards and the recording and consulting of nowcasts - forecasts of geomagnetics SO BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACOTHERAPY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Symposium Workshop on Circadian Rhythms and Clinical Chronotherapy CY NOV 06, 2004 CL Tokyo, JAPAN DE circadian; corticosterone; geomagnetic storms; hypothalamus; melatonin; pineal ID MAGNETIC-FIELDS; TIME STRUCTURES; SOLAR; INTERPLANETARY; DISTURBANCES; ASSOCIATIONS; LIFE AB A multi-center four-hourly sampling of many tissues for 7 days (00:00 on April 5-20:00 to April 11. 2004), on rats standardized for 1 month in two rooms on antiphasic lighting regimens happened to start on the day after the second extremum of a moderate double magnetic storm gauged by the planetary geornagnetic Kp index (which at each extremum reached 6.3 international [arbitrary I units) and by an equatorial index Dst falling to -112 and -81 nT, respectively, the latter on the first day of the sampling. Neuroendocrine chronomes (specifically circadian time structures) differed during magnetically affected and quiet days. The circadian melatonin rhythm had a lower MESOR and lower circadian amplitude and tended to advance in acrophase, while the MESOR and amplitude of the hypothalamic circadian rnelatonin rhythm were higher during the days with the storm. The circadian parameters of circulating corticosterone were more labile during the days including the storm than during the last three quiet days. Feedsidewards within the pineal-hypothatamic-adrenocortical network constitute a mechanism Underlying physiological and probably also pathological associations of the brain and heart with magnetic storms, Investigators in many fields can gain from at least recording calendar dates in any publication so that freely available information on geomagnetic, solar and other physical environmental activity can Ne looked up, In planning studies and before starting, one may gain from consulting forecasts and the highly reliable nowcasts, respectively. (c) 2005 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Minnesota, Chronobiol Ctr, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Pecs, Pecs, Hungary. Comenius Univ, Bratislava, Slovakia. Russian Peoples Friendship Univ, Moscow, Russia. Augsburg Coll, Minneapolis, MN USA. Pennington Biomed Res Ctr, Baton Rouge, LA USA. Univ Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Semmelweis Univ, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary. Univ Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. Univ Gottingen, D-3400 Gottingen, Germany. Univ Florence, Florence, Italy. Medtronic Inc, Minneapolis, MN USA. Tokyo Womens Med Univ, Daini Hosp, Tokyo, Japan. Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Solar Terr Phys Div, Boulder, CO USA. CETP, Observ St Maur, St Maur des Fosses, France. N Hawaii Community Hosp Inc, Kamuela, HI USA. RP Halberg, F (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Chronobiol Ctr, MMC 8609,420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. EM halbe001@umn.edu FU NIGMS NIH HHS [K06 GM013981, K06 GM013981-43] NR 37 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER FRANCE-EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0753-3322 J9 BIOMED PHARMACOTHER JI Biomed. Pharmacother. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 59 SU 1 BP S24 EP S30 DI 10.1016/S0753-3322(05)80006-X PG 7 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 991HT UT WOS:000233804000006 PM 16275503 ER PT J AU Tear, TH Kareiva, P Angermeier, PL Comer, P Czech, B Kautz, R Landon, L Mehlman, D Murphy, K Ruckelshaus, M Scott, JM Wilhere, G AF Tear, TH Kareiva, P Angermeier, PL Comer, P Czech, B Kautz, R Landon, L Mehlman, D Murphy, K Ruckelshaus, M Scott, JM Wilhere, G TI How much is enough? The recurrent problem of setting measurable objectives in conservation SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE conservation; objectives; goals; biodiversity; planning ID ENDANGERED-SPECIES-ACT; POPULATION VIABILITY ANALYSIS; CAPE FLORISTIC REGION; BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION; RECOVERY PLANS; PROTECTED AREAS; PACIFIC SALMON; SOUTH-AFRICA; SCIENCE; GOALS AB International agreements, environmental laws, resource management agencies, and environmental nongovernmental organizations all establish objectives that define what they hope to accomplish. Unfortunately, quantitative objectives in conservation are typically set without consistency and scientific rigor. As a result, conservationists are failing to provide credible answers to the question "How much is enough?" This is a serious problem because objectives profoundly shape where and how limited conservation resources are spent, and help to create a shared vision for the future. In this article we develop guidelines to help steer conservation biologists and practitioners through the process of objective setting. We provide three case studies to highlight the practical challenges of objective setting in different social, political, and legal contexts. We also identify crucial gaps in our science, including limited knowledge of species distributions and of large-scale, long-term ecosystem dynamics, that must be filled if we hope to do better than setting conservation objectives through intuition and best guesses. C1 Nature Conservancy, Eastern New York Chapter, Troy, NY 12180 USA. Nature Conservancy, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, US Geol Survey, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NatureServe, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. Breedlove Dennis & Associates Inc, Tallahassee, FL 32303 USA. Nature Conservancy, Global Conservat Approach Team, Charlottesville, VA 22901 USA. Nature Conservancy, Albuquerque, NM 87104 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Refuge Syst, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Idaho, US Geol Survey, Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. RP Tear, TH (reprint author), Nature Conservancy, Eastern New York Chapter, Troy, NY 12180 USA. EM ttear@tnc.org NR 66 TC 129 Z9 134 U1 8 U2 66 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD OCT PY 2005 VL 55 IS 10 BP 835 EP 849 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0835:HMIETR]2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 973HV UT WOS:000232514400010 ER PT J AU Modugno, F Zmuda, JM Potter, D Cai, C Ziv, E Cummings, SR Stone, KL Morin, PA Greene, D Cauley, JA AF Modugno, F Zmuda, JM Potter, D Cai, C Ziv, E Cummings, SR Stone, KL Morin, PA Greene, D Cauley, JA TI Estrogen metabolizing polymorphisms and breast cancer risk among older white women SO BREAST CANCER RESEARCH AND TREATMENT LA English DT Article DE breast neoplasms; epidemiology; estrogen metabolism; genetic polymorphisms; prospective cohort study ID CATECHOL-O-METHYLTRANSFERASE; POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS; CIGARETTE-SMOKING; DNA-ADDUCTS; CYP1A1; COMT; CARCINOGENESIS; ASSOCIATION; GENOTYPE AB Objective. To investigate breast cancer risk according to metabolizing genes polymorphisms in older women. Methods. A subset (43.8%) of 4248 older, white women from the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) were genotyped for the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val108Met polymorphism and the CYP1A1* 2C locus. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations between genotypes and breast cancer while controlling for potential confounders. Results. During a mean follow up of 12.4 years, 252 women (5.9%) developed breast cancer. The HR ( 95% CI) for breast cancer was 1.24 (0.87 - 1.75) for COMTVal/Met and 1.35 (0.93 - 1.97) for COMTMet/Met. No interactions with lifestyle and reproductive factors were found. The HR associated with the CYP1A1* 2C Val allele was 0.80 (0.46, 1.39) with little evidence for interactions with lifestyle or reproductive factors. Conclusions. Among older white women, neither the COMT Val108/158Met polymorphism nor the CYP1A* 2C Val allele plays a major role in breast cancer risk either alone or in combination with lifestyle and reproductive factors. C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Inst Canc, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA USA. Calif Pacific Med Ctr, Res Inst, San Francisco Coordinating Ctr, San Francisco, CA USA. Axys Pharmaceut Inc, San Francisco, CA USA. SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA USA. Roche Mol Syst, Pleasanton, CA USA. RP Modugno, F (reprint author), Univ Pittsburgh, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Inst Canc, 130 DeSoto St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. EM modugno+@pitt.edu RI Cauley, Jane/N-4836-2015 OI Cauley, Jane/0000-0003-0752-4408 NR 53 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0167-6806 J9 BREAST CANCER RES TR JI Breast Cancer Res. Treat. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 93 IS 3 BP 261 EP 270 DI 10.1007/s10549-005-5347-8 PG 10 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 974WG UT WOS:000232621500010 PM 16142442 ER PT J AU Brennan, MJ Keeter, K Riordan, AJ Lackmann, GM AF Brennan, MJ Keeter, K Riordan, AJ Lackmann, GM TI Expandng horizons wth an NWS internship course SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Raleigh, NC USA. RP Brennan, MJ (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM mike_brennan@ncsu.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 86 IS 10 BP 1407 EP 1409 DI 10.1175/BAMS-86-10-1407 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 977GD UT WOS:000232790200012 ER PT J AU Gutzler, DS Kim, HK Higgins, RW Juang, HMH Kanamitsu, M Mitchell, K Mo, K Pegion, P Ritchie, E Schemm, JK Schubert, S Song, Y Yang, R AF Gutzler, DS Kim, HK Higgins, RW Juang, HMH Kanamitsu, M Mitchell, K Mo, K Pegion, P Ritchie, E Schemm, JK Schubert, S Song, Y Yang, R TI The North American Monsoon Model Assessment Project - Integrating numerical modeling into a field-based process study SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID MEXICAN MONSOON; SYSTEM C1 Univ New Mexico, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. NOAA, NCEP NWS, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Inst Oceanog, San Diego, CA 92103 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Gutzler, DS (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, MSC03-2040, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. EM gutzler@unm.edu RI Pegion, Philip/E-5247-2012; Ritchie, Elizabeth/B-4232-2016; OI Ritchie, Elizabeth/0000-0002-3413-5830; Gutzler, David/0000-0001-6476-8412 NR 5 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 86 IS 10 BP 1423 EP 1429 DI 10.1175/BAMS-86-10-1423 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 977GD UT WOS:000232790200016 ER PT J AU Arthur, AT Cox, GM Kuhnert, NR Slayter, DL Howard, KW AF Arthur, AT Cox, GM Kuhnert, NR Slayter, DL Howard, KW TI The National Basin Delineation Project SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SYSTEM AB The National Basin Delineation Project (NBDP) was undertaken by the National Severe Storms Laboratory to define flash-flood-scale basin boundaries for the country in support of the National Weather Service (NWS) Flash Flood Monitoring and Prediction (FFMP) system. FFMP-averaged basin rainfall calculations allow NWS forecasters to monitor precipitation in flash-flood- scale basins, improving their ability to make accurate and timely flash-flood-warning decisions. The NBDP was accomplished through a partnership with the U.S. Geological Survey Earth Resources Observation Systems (EROS) Data Center (EDC). The one-arc-second (approximately 30 m)-resolution digital terrain data in the EDC's National Elevation Dataset provided the basis for derivation of the following digital maps using a geographic information system: 1) a grid of hydrologically conditioned elevation values (all grid cells have a defined flow direction), 2) a grid of flow direction indicating which of eight directions water will travel based on slope, 3) a grid of flow accumulation containing a count of the number of upstream grid cells contributing flow to each grid cell, 4) synthetic streamlines derived from the flow accumulation grid, and 5) flash-flood-scale basin boundaries. Special techniques were applied in coastal areas and closed basins (basins with no outflow) to ensure the accuracy of derived basins and streams. Codifying each basin with a unique identifier and including hydrologic connectivity information produced a versatile, seamless dataset for use in FFMP and other national applications. C1 Natl Severe Storms Lab, NOAA, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Arthur, AT (reprint author), Natl Severe Storms Lab, NOAA, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM ami.arthur@noaa.gov NR 11 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 86 IS 10 BP 1443 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-86-10-1443 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 977GD UT WOS:000232790200019 ER PT J AU Brown, RA Lewis, JM AF Brown, RA Lewis, JM TI Path to NEXRAD - Doppler radar development at the National Severe Storms Laboratory SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID TORNADIC STORM; WEATHER-BUREAU; UNION-CITY AB In this historical paper, we trace the scientific- and engineering-based steps at the National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) and in the larger weather radar community that led to the development of NSSL's first 10-cm-wavelength pulsed Doppler radar. This radar was the prototype for the current Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD), or Weather Surveillance Radar-1998 Doppler (WSR-88D) network. We track events, both political and scientific, that led to the establishment of NSSL in 1964. The vision of NSSL's first director, Edwin Kessler, is reconstructed through access to historical documents and oral histories. This vision included the development of Doppler radar, where research was to be meshed with the operational needs of the U.S. Weather Bureau and its successor-the National Weather Service. Realization of the vision came through steps that were often fitful, where complications arose due to personnel concerns, and where there were always financial concerns. The historical research indicates that 1) the engineering prowess and mentorship of Roger Lhermitte was at the heart of Doppler radar development at NSSL; 2) key decisions by Kessler in the wake of Lhermitte's sudden departure in 1967 proved crucial to the ultimate success of the project; 3) research results indicated that Doppler velocity signatures of mesocyclones are a precursor of damaging thunderstorms and tornadoes; and 4) results from field testing of the Doppler-derived products during the 1977-79 joint Doppler Operational Project-especially the noticeable increase in the verification of tornado warnings and an associated marked decrease in false alarms-led to the government decision to establish the NEXRAD network. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89506 USA. RP Brown, RA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM rodger.brown@noaa.gov NR 57 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 86 IS 10 BP 1459 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-86-10-1459 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 977GD UT WOS:000232790200021 ER PT J AU Thorne, PW Karl, TR Coleman, H Folland, CK Murray, B Parker, DE Ramaswamy, V Rossow, W Scaife, AA Tett, SFB AF Thorne, PW Karl, TR Coleman, H Folland, CK Murray, B Parker, DE Ramaswamy, V Rossow, W Scaife, AA Tett, SFB TI Vertical profiles of temperature trends SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Editorial Material ID SURFACE C1 Met Off, Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res, Exeter EX4 1PB, Devon, England. Natl Climat Ctr, Asheville, NC USA. NOAA, Off Global Programs, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. Univ Reading, Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res, Reading Unit, Reading, Berks, England. RP Thorne, PW (reprint author), Met Off, Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res, Fitzroy Rd, Exeter EX4 1PB, Devon, England. EM Peter.Thorne@metoffice.gov.uk RI Tett, Simon/B-1504-2013; Folland, Chris/I-2524-2013; Thorne, Peter/F-2225-2014; Rossow, William/F-3138-2015 OI Tett, Simon/0000-0001-7526-560X; Thorne, Peter/0000-0003-0485-9798; NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 86 IS 10 BP 1471 EP 1476 DI 10.1175/BAMS-86-10-1471 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 977GD UT WOS:000232790200022 ER PT J AU Horel, J Colman, B AF Horel, J Colman, B TI Real-time and retrospective mesoscale objective analyses SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Editorial Material ID CLIMATE C1 Univ Utah, Dept Meteorol, NOAA Cooperat Inst Reg Predict, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. NWS Weather Forecast Off, Seattle, WA USA. RP Horel, J (reprint author), Univ Utah, Dept Meteorol, NOAA Cooperat Inst Reg Predict, 135 S 1460 E Rm 819, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. EM jhorel@met.utah.edu NR 9 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 86 IS 10 BP 1477 EP 1480 DI 10.1175/BAMS-86-10-1477 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 977GD UT WOS:000232790200023 ER PT J AU Glahn, B AF Glahn, B TI Comments on ''Understanding user decision making and the value of improved precipitation forecasts: Lessons from a case study" SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Meteorol Dev Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Glahn, B (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Meteorol Dev Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 86 IS 10 BP 1484 EP 1487 DI 10.1175/BAMS-86-10-1484 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 977GD UT WOS:000232790200026 ER PT J AU Krueger, DM Hrabik, TR AF Krueger, DM Hrabik, TR TI Food web alterations that promote native species: the recovery of cisco (Coregonus artedi) populations through management of native piscivores SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID PERCH PERCA-FLAVESCENS; SMELT OSMERUS-MORDAX; EXOTIC RAINBOW SMELT; LAKE-MICHIGAN; YELLOW PERCH; RECREATIONAL FISHERIES; GREAT-LAKES; PREY; PREDATION; DYNAMICS AB We evaluated the effects of fisheries management on food webs in three northern Wisconsin lakes with exotic rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax). In two of the lakes, restrictions on fishing reduced mortality rates on adult walleye (Sander vitreus) during the study period. In these lakes, walleye populations increased concurrently with a decline in rainbow smelt populations. As rainbow smelt populations declined in both lakes, native cisco (Coregonus artedi) populations increased. Our analysis of walleye diets illustrated that walleye fed selectively on rainbow smelt but did not feed on cisco during the summer months. When entered into bioenergetics simulations, this information demonstrates that walleye predation alone was enough to cause the observed rainbow smelt declines in our study lakes. Our results indicate that increased walleye density allows for a parallel increase in cisco density. Based on our results, fishery regulations to restore walleye to high densities in lakes invaded by rainbow smelt may restore native planktivores that have co-evolved traits. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Biol, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. RP Krueger, DM (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Labs, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM damonkr@umich.edu NR 40 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 5 U2 21 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 62 IS 10 BP 2177 EP 2188 DI 10.1139/F05-132 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 978EJ UT WOS:000232856100001 ER PT J AU Field, JC Ralston, S AF Field, JC Ralston, S TI Spatial variability in rockfish (Sebastes spp.) recruitment events in the California Current System SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID NORTHEAST PACIFIC-OCEAN; YELLOWTAIL ROCKFISH; MARINE RESERVES; SURVIVAL RATES; MERLUCCIUS-PRODUCTUS; NATURAL MORTALITY; GENETIC-STRUCTURE; FISH POPULATIONS; WEST-COAST; PATTERNS AB A general assumption regarding spatial patterns of recruitment variability is that species with similar early life history characteristics tend to covary in reproductive success over scales of 500-1000 km. These assumptions are based on evaluation of recruitments from independent stocks, as few studies have assessed synchrony in recruitment within broadly dispersed stocks over finer spatial scales. We used data on age composition and landings to generate regional time series of recruitment deviations for three species of rockfish in the California Current System (Sebastes goodei, Sebastes entomelas, and Sebastes flavidus). We then used correlation analysis, principal components analysis, and other methods to evaluate the degree of synchrony among recruitment events in these regions. Results show that 51%-72% of the year-to-year variability in recruitment is shared coastwide within these species, while a lesser but significant fraction of the variability is associated with finer scale geographic features. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, Santa Cruz Lab, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Field, JC (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, Santa Cruz Lab, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 110 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM John.Field@noaa.gov RI Bizzarro, Joseph/A-2988-2012 NR 72 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 9 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 62 IS 10 BP 2199 EP 2210 DI 10.1139/F05-134 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 978EJ UT WOS:000232856100003 ER PT J AU Black, BA Boehlert, GW Yoklavich, MM AF Black, BA Boehlert, GW Yoklavich, MM TI Using tree-ring crossdating techniques to validate annual growth increments in long-lived fishes SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID AGE VALIDATION; YELLOWTAIL ROCKFISH; SEBASTES-ENTOMELAS; PACIFIC-OCEAN; OTOLITHS; LONGEVITY; MORTALITY; DIPLOPROA; FORESTS; WIDOW AB We applied crossdating, a dendrochronology (tree-ring analysis) age validation technique, to growth increment widths of 50 Sebastes diploproa otoliths ranging from 30 to 84 years in age. Synchronous growth patterns were matched by the following: (i) checking the dates of conspicuously narrow growth increments for agreement among samples and (ii) statistically verifying that growth patterns correlated among samples. To statistically verify pattern matching, we fit each time series of otolith measurements with a spline, and all measurements were divided by the values predicted by the curve. This standardized each time series to a mean of 1, removing the effects of age on growth and homogenizing variance. Each time series was then correlated with the average growth patterns of all other series, yielding an average correlation coefficient (r) of 0.53. Average growth of all 50 samples was significantly correlated with an upwelling index (r = 0.40, p = 0.002), the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (r = -0.29, p = 0.007), and the Northern Oscillation Index (r = 0.51, p = 0.0001), corroborating accuracy. We believe this approach to age validation will be applicable to a wide range of long-lived marine and freshwater species. C1 Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NOAA Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Black, BA (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM bryan.black@oregonstate.edu RI Black, Bryan/A-7057-2009 NR 35 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 25 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 62 IS 10 BP 2277 EP 2284 DI 10.1139/F05-142 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 978EJ UT WOS:000232856100010 ER PT J AU Jorgensen, JC Kitchell, JF AF Jorgensen, JC Kitchell, JF TI Growth potential and host mortality of the parasitic phase of the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in Lake Superior SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID TROUT SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; GREAT-LAKES; BIOENERGETICS MODELS; NORTHWEST ATLANTIC; FOOD-CONSUMPTION; THERMAL HABITAT; MICHIGAN; PREDATION; POPULATION; ENERGETICS AB Landlocked Lake Superior sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) cause a significant but uncertain amount of mortality on host species. We used a sea lamprey bioenergetics model to examine the scope of host sizes vulnerable to death as a consequence of sea lamprey feeding and incorporated the bimodal lake-ward migration of parasitic sea lampreys. At their peak feeding rate and maximum size (P = 1.0, proportion of maximum consumption), spring migrants were capable of killing lean lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) hosts <= 2.0 kg, which was larger than fall migrants (1.8 kg). Spring migrants feeding on Pacific salmon (coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch), Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), and steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss)) killed hosts <= 2.0 kg, but fall migrants killed hosts as large as 2.8 kg. Although there is no direct empirical evidence, bioenergetics modeling suggests that it is plausible that some of the largest sea lampreys in Lake Superior spent more than one summer as parasites. Two-summer parasites readily attained sizes of sea-run adult anadromous sea lampreys and killed hosts from 3 to > 5.5 kg in size. The maximum upper limit number of 2-kg hosts killed by two-summer parasites was nearly twice that of one-summer parasites. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Jorgensen, JC (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM Jeff.Jorgensen@noaa.gov NR 65 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 6 U2 26 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 62 IS 10 BP 2343 EP 2353 DI 10.1139/F05-144 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 978EJ UT WOS:000232856100016 ER PT J AU Jorgensen, JC Kitchell, JF AF Jorgensen, JC Kitchell, JF TI Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) size trends in a salmonid stocking context in Lake Superior SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID 3 GREAT-LAKES; FISH COMMUNITY; MODEL; ABUNDANCE; UNCERTAINTY; FECUNDITY; MORTALITY; SELECTION; MICHIGAN; HURON AB Fish community objectives for Lake Superior call for restoration such that it resembles its historical species composition, to the extent possible, yet allow for supplementation of naturalized Pacific salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.). To achieve these goals, managers strive to control the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) to levels that cause insignificant (< 5%) mortality to host species. While control efforts have been successful, sea lamprey size has increased during the control period. We analyzed long-term sea lamprey size trends and found a significant increase from 1961 to 2003 (F = 36.76, p < 0.001, R-2 = 0.473). A local regression revealed two significant size increase periods. We used Bayesian model averaging to find the relationship between sea lamprey size and the stocking of salmonids (lean lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and Pacific salmon). Bayesian model averaging identified 91 models, and several regressors were common features in many of the models. Sea lamprey weight was related to stocked lake trout lagged 3, 9, 11, and 13 years, and stocked Pacific salmon lagged 4 years. If sea lampreys can achieve larger sizes attached to Pacific salmonid hosts, and thus inflict more damage, there may be a trade-off for managers in achieving the fish community objectives for Lake Superior. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Jorgensen, JC (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM Jeff.Jorgensen@noaa.gov NR 45 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 62 IS 10 BP 2354 EP 2361 DI 10.1139/F05-145 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 978EJ UT WOS:000232856100017 ER PT J AU Dufour, E Patterson, WP Hook, TO Rutherford, ES AF Dufour, E Patterson, WP Hook, TO Rutherford, ES TI Early life history of Lake Michigan alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus) inferred from intra-otolith stable isotope ratios SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID COD GADUS-MORHUA; FISH OTOLITHS; OXYGEN; TEMPERATURE; DELTA-C-13 AB We apply a robotic micromilling technique to the sampling of young-of-the-year (YOY) and 1+ otoliths from alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus) captured in different habitat types of Lake Michigan during 2001-2003. delta(18)O values of otolith cores of YOY alewives from Muskegon Lake (a sheltered, drowned river mouth lake connected to Lake Michigan), Muskegon Channel (which connects Muskegon Lake to Lake Michigan), and Lake Michigan proper are compared with delta(18)O values of ambient water from different potential early life habitats. Otolith core delta(18)O values used in conjunction with delta(13)C values serve as good discriminators of nursery areas. The majority of YOY alewives captured in Muskegon Lake emerge and grow in this habitat, whereas the majority of YOY alewives captured in Lake Michigan emerge and grow in Lake Michigan. In addition, early-life movements of alewives between the two lakes are documented but limited. Even if drowned river mouth lakes are more favorable for alewife growth and survival, their contribution to the Lake Michigan population could be limited because all of the 1+ alewives were individuals that spent their early life in Lake Michigan. The application of high-resolution isotope analysis of small otoliths of forage fish for fish population dynamics studies appears promising. C1 Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Geol Sci, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada. Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Michigan, Fisheries Res Inst, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Dufour, E (reprint author), Ctr IRD Ile France, Paleotrop UR055, Inst Rech Dev, 32 Ave Henri Varagnat, F-93143 Bondy, France. EM elise.dufour@usask.ca RI Patterson, William/J-6473-2012; OI Rutherford, Edward/0000-0002-7282-6667; Patterson, William/0000-0003-3387-708X NR 33 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 16 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 62 IS 10 BP 2362 EP 2370 DI 10.1139/F05-147 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 978EJ UT WOS:000232856100018 ER PT J AU Bundy, MH Vanderploeg, HA Lavrentyev, PJ Kovalcik, PA AF Bundy, MH Vanderploeg, HA Lavrentyev, PJ Kovalcik, PA TI The importance of microzooplankton versus phytoplankton to copepod populations during late winter and early spring in Lake Michigan SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID WATER SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM; LAURENTIAN GREAT-LAKES; CALANOID COPEPODS; FOOD-WEB; DIAPTOMUS-SICILIS; CELL-VOLUME; CRUSTACEAN ZOOPLANKTON; AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS; ESTIMATING CARBON; INERT PARTICLES AB Feeding rates of the calanoid copepod Leptodiaptomus sicilis on natural assemblages of phytoplankton and microzooplankton were evaluated during late winter and early spring in Lake Michigan. Microzooplankton were the preferred food source for this copepod, and larger size fractions of phytoplankton were preferred to smaller size fractions. Ingestion rates of total chlorophyll a ranged from 2 to 14 ng center dot copepod(-1)center dot day(-1), while ingestion rates of micro zoo plank ton biomass ranged from 0.04 to 0.15 mu g C center dot copepod(-1 center dot)day(-1). In these experiments, microzooplankton carbon accounted for 22%-74% of the total carbon ingested. Clearance rates of microzooplankton carbon were positively related to the larger size fractions of chlorophyll a and to total suspended solids. Measured ingestion rates of microzooplankton and phyto plankton carbon suggest that calanoid copepod populations have the potential to control microzooplankton production in late winter and early spring, and even with an abundance of phytoplankton carbon, food availability may limit the reproduction of L. sicilis. Because microzooplankton contribute significantly to the diet of these copepods, stimulation of the microbial food web by terrigenous inputs of nutrients and carbon may be transmitted to higher trophic levels (i.e., mesozooplankton and their predators) through heterotrophic flagellates and protozoans. C1 Acad Nat Sci Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Akron, Akron, OH 44325 USA. Biohabitats Inc, Lutherville Timonium, MD 21093 USA. RP Bundy, MH (reprint author), Natl Sci Fdn, Off Polar Programs, 755-S Wilson Blvd, Arlington, VA 22230 USA. EM mbundy@nsf.gov NR 75 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 10 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 62 IS 10 BP 2371 EP 2385 DI 10.1139/F05-111 PG 15 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 978EJ UT WOS:000232856100019 ER PT J AU Haecker, C Garboczi, EJ Bullard, JW Bohn, RB Sun, Z Shah, SP Voigt, T AF Haecker, C Garboczi, EJ Bullard, JW Bohn, RB Sun, Z Shah, SP Voigt, T TI Modeling the linear elastic properties of Portland cement paste SO CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE hydration; microstructure; elastic moduli; modeling ID HASHIN-SHTRIKMAN BOUNDS; MODULI; MICROSTRUCTURE; COMPUTATION; HYDRATION; SHAPE; POLYCRYSTALS AB The linear elastic moduli of cement paste are key parameters, along with the cement paste compressive and tensile strengths, for characterizing the mechanical response of mortar and concrete. Predicting these moduli is difficult, as these materials are random, complex, multi-scale composites. This paper describes how finite element procedures combined with knowledge of individual phase moduli are used, in combination with a cement paste microstructure development model, to quantitatively predict elastic moduli as a function of degree of hydration, as measured by loss on ignition. Comparison between model predictions and experimental results are good for degrees of hydration of 50% or greater, for a range of water: cement ratios. At early ages, the resolution of the typical 100(3) digital microstructure is inadequate to give accurate results for the tenuous cement paste microstructure that exists at low degrees of hydration. Elastic computations were made on higher resolution microstructures, up to 400(3), and compared to early age elastic moduli data. Increasing agreement with experiment was seen as the resolution increased, even when ignoring possible viscoelastic effects. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Northwestern Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. SE Tylose GmbH & Co KG Shin Etsu, D-65203 Wiesbaden, Germany. RP Garboczi, EJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM edward.garboczi@nist.gov RI Shah, Surendra/B-7102-2009; Chen, Wei/A-5694-2010 NR 50 TC 115 Z9 124 U1 5 U2 34 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0008-8846 J9 CEMENT CONCRETE RES JI Cem. Concr. Res. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 35 IS 10 BP 1948 EP 1960 DI 10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.05.001 PG 13 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science GA 974CF UT WOS:000232568200010 ER PT J AU Myers, JD Allison, TC Bittner, S Didier, B Frenklach, M Green, WH Ho, YL Hewson, J Koegler, W Lansing, C Leahy, D Lee, M McCoy, R Minkoff, M Nijsure, S Von Laszewski, G Montoya, D Oluwole, L Pancerella, C Pinzon, R Pitz, W Rahn, LA Ruscic, B Schuchardt, K Stephan, E Wagner, A Windus, T Yang, C AF Myers, JD Allison, TC Bittner, S Didier, B Frenklach, M Green, WH Ho, YL Hewson, J Koegler, W Lansing, C Leahy, D Lee, M McCoy, R Minkoff, M Nijsure, S Von Laszewski, G Montoya, D Oluwole, L Pancerella, C Pinzon, R Pitz, W Rahn, LA Ruscic, B Schuchardt, K Stephan, E Wagner, A Windus, T Yang, C TI A collaborative informatics infrastructure for multi-scale science SO CLUSTER COMPUTING-THE JOURNAL OF NETWORKS SOFTWARE TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Challenges of Large Applications in Distributed Environments CY 2004 CL Honolulu, HI DE collaboratory; knowledge grid; provenance; multi-scale data; system science; community data; cyberenvironment AB The Collaboratory for Multi-scale Chemical Science (CMCS) is developing a powerful informatics-based approach to synthesizing multi-scale information in support of systems-based research and is applying it within combustion science. An open source multi-scale informatics toolkit is being developed that addresses a number of issues core to the emerging concept of knowledge grids including provenance tracking and lightweight federation of data and application resources into cross-scale information flows. The CMCS portal is currently in use by a number of high-profile pilot groups and is playing a significant role in enabling their efforts to improve and extend community maintained chemical reference information. C1 Natl Ctr Supercomp Applicat, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Myers, JD (reprint author), Natl Ctr Supercomp Applicat, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. EM jimmyers@ncsa.uiuc.edu RI Green, William/C-9684-2012; von Laszewski, Gregor/C-2808-2012; Ruscic, Branko/A-8716-2008; OI Green, William/0000-0003-2603-9694; von Laszewski, Gregor/0000-0001-9558-179X; Ruscic, Branko/0000-0002-4372-6990; Rahn, Larry/0000-0002-4793-1158; Stephan, Eric/0000-0002-8155-6806; Myers, James/0000-0001-8462-650X NR 23 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1386-7857 J9 CLUSTER COMPUT JI Cluster Comput. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 8 IS 4 BP 243 EP 253 DI 10.1007/s10586-005-4092-4 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA 994BJ UT WOS:000234004500002 ER PT J AU Alpert, BK Chen, Y AF Alpert, BK Chen, Y TI A representation of acoustic waves in unbounded domains SO COMMUNICATIONS ON PURE AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS LA English DT Article AB Compact, time-harmonic, acoustic sources produce waves that decay too slowly to be square- integrable on a line away from the sources. We introduce an inner product, arising directly from Green's second theorem, to form a Hilbert space of these waves and present examples of its computation.(I) (c) 2005WileyPeriodicals, Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Courant Inst, New York, NY 10012 USA. RP Alpert, BK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM alpert@boulder.nist.gov; yuchen@cims.nyu.edu NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0010-3640 J9 COMMUN PUR APPL MATH JI Commun. Pure Appl. Math. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 58 IS 10 BP 1358 EP 1374 DI 10.1002/cpa.20072 PG 17 WC Mathematics, Applied; Mathematics SC Mathematics GA 963PJ UT WOS:000231816000003 ER PT J AU Quinn, JB Quinn, GD Kelly, JR Scherrer, SS AF Quinn, JB Quinn, GD Kelly, JR Scherrer, SS TI Fractographic analyses of three ceramic whole crown restoration failures SO DENTAL MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE fractography; failure analysis; whole crown fracture; wake hackle; crack path ID DESIGN AB Objectives: Develop fractographic techniques to perform failure analyses of three ceramic whote-crown clinical failures. Methods: Three clinical whole-crown failures of different ceramic material systems were studied. The systems included appropriate veneers applied to core materials of cold isostatically pressed alumina, injection molded alumina/alumina-magnesia spinet, and hot pressed lithium disilicate. The surface topography was examined for classical fractographic features, utilizing both optical and scanning electron microscopes independently as well as group examination by four fractographers. Results: All three restorations displayed many common fractographic features, the most important of which was wake hackle. Wake hackle occurs when an approaching crack front sweeps by a small bubble or discontinuity in a brittle material, leaving a trail. The resulting traits can be used to trace back crack progression to an initial starting area. Wake hackle was found to be common in the veneer portions of the crowns, and the strategy of creating a wake hackle map enabled crack paths to be traced from a core area outward in all three restorations. The fracture origin areas were located where hoop stresses are high. Another helpful fracture feature was compression curt, an indication of flexural stress, most visible under tow incident optical lighting. Significance: This study indicates that fractographic analyses can be productively performed on ceramic whole-crown failures. Optical examination under low incident lighting and wake hackle mapping were developed as promising techniques. Hoop stress was implicated as a concern in the three studied specimens, and should be considered when analyzing other whole-crown failures. (c) 2005 Academy of Dental Materials. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Connecticut, Ctr Hlth, Farmington, CT USA. Univ Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. RP Quinn, JB (reprint author), NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Mailstop 8546, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM janet.quinn@nist.gov FU NIDCR NIH HHS [DE14534] NR 25 TC 98 Z9 106 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0109-5641 J9 DENT MATER JI Dent. Mater. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 21 IS 10 BP 920 EP 929 DI 10.1016/j.dental.2005.01.006 PG 10 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Materials Science GA 972BL UT WOS:000232428700003 PM 15882898 ER PT J AU Gabriel, MC Williamson, DG Brooks, S Zhang, H Lindberg, S AF Gabriel, MC Williamson, DG Brooks, S Zhang, H Lindberg, S TI Spatial variability of mercury emissions from soils in a southeastern US urban environment SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE mercury flux; spatial variability; urban area; soil type; Alabama ID DYNAMIC FLUX CHAMBER; TOTAL GASEOUS MERCURY; ATMOSPHERIC MERCURY; ELEMENTAL MERCURY; AIR/SURFACE EXCHANGE; MODEL; SURFACE; AIR; INTERFACE; CHINA AB We quantified gaseous mercury (Hg-0) fluxes over soil surfaces in an urban setting during the winters of 2003 and 2004 across the metropolitan area of Tuscaloosa, AL. The objective was to provide a first inspection of the local spatial variability of mercury flux in an urban area. Flux sampling took place on bare, undisturbed, soil surfaces within four evenly spaced landuse areas of Tuscaloosa: industrial, commercial, residential, and mixed landuse. Median total gaseous mercury fluxes (ng/m(2) h) from each site were as follows: 4.45 (residential site), 1.40 (industrial site), 2.14 (commercial site), and 0.87 (mixed landuse site). Using non-parametric statistical analyses., the residential and mixed landuse sites were found to be statistically different from the overall median flux. Landuse and soil type are the suspected factors primarily controlling the observed spatially variable fluxes. The presence of statistically different fluxes over soil surfaces on a local scale in this preliminary study warrants additional investigation, particularly during the spring and summer seasons when terrestrial mercury emission is the highest. Providing such information will help develop better estimates of mercury emission from urban areas and, ultimately, lead to more accurate and useful spatially relevant inventories. C1 Univ Alabama, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. NOAA, ATDD, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Tennessee Technol Univ, Dept Chem, Cookeville, TN 38505 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Williamson, DG (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Box 870205, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. EM dwilliamson@coe.eng.ua.edu NR 40 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 4 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0943-0105 J9 ENVIRON GEOL JI Environ. Geol. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 48 IS 7 BP 955 EP 964 DI 10.1007/s00254-005-0043-x PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 984KL UT WOS:000233303700013 ER PT J AU McCann, DW AF McCann, DW TI NNICE - a neural network aircraft icing algorithm SO ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING & SOFTWARE LA English DT Article DE aircraft icing; neural network; NNICE ID PERFORMANCE; PREDICTION AB Although much is known about the meteorological conditions for significant aircraft icing, research studies to date have only been successful identifying conditions for general icing, i.e. clouds in the temperature range from 0 degrees C to about -20 degrees C. The aerodynamics of ice accumulation suggest three meteorological factors, cloud liquid water, droplet size, and air temperature. Only the latter is known or forecast with a significant degree of accuracy. The first two are partial functions of the atmosphere's vertical motion which is poorly known, especially in convective situations. However, favorable patterns of relative humidity and potential instability that indicate conditions for possible convection are readily discernable from sounding or numerical forecast model data. Two neural networks were taught to sort out these patterns with respect to icing intensity. Each uses a different neuron transfer function which gives each a "personality". The "conservative" network diagnoses light icing well but has difficulty with moderate or greater icing. On the other hand, the "radical" network finds the higher intensity icing but is not as good at lower intensities. By combining the strengths of each, NNICE makes skillful icing forecasts of all intensities. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Aviat Weather Ctr, Kansas City, MO 66204 USA. RP McCann, DW (reprint author), Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Aviat Weather Ctr, 7220 NW 101st Terrace, Kansas City, MO 66204 USA. EM donald.w.mccann@noaa.gov NR 21 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1364-8152 J9 ENVIRON MODELL SOFTW JI Environ. Modell. Softw. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 20 IS 10 BP 1335 EP 1342 DI 10.1016/j.envsoft.2004.09.027 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Computer Science; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 930JK UT WOS:000229411800013 ER PT J AU Rozas, LP Minello, TJ Munuera-Fernandez, I Fry, B Wissel, B AF Rozas, LP Minello, TJ Munuera-Fernandez, I Fry, B Wissel, B TI Macrofaunal distributions and habitat change following winter-spring releases of freshwater into the Breton Sound estuary, Louisiana (USA) SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE river diversion; brown shrimp; Farfantepenaeus aztecus; salinity; restoration; SAV; submerged aquatic vegetation ID SHRIMP FARFANTEPENAEUS-AZTECUS; PENAEUS-AZTECUS; BROWN SHRIMP; SALT-MARSH; DECAPOD CRUSTACEANS; NEKTON USE; CALLINECTES-SAPIDUS; ABUNDANCE PATTERNS; NITROGEN ISOTOPES; STABLE-ISOTOPES AB We examined the effect of freshwater inflows on the aquatic environment and macrofauna in the intermediate and brackish zones of the Breton Sound estuary. Following water releases from the Caernarvon Freshwater Diversion Structure in winter 2000 and spring 2001, we compared environmental conditions and the abundance and distribution of nekton in May 2001 between the inflow area, which receives freshwater directly from the structure, and a nearby reference area. We used these data and stable isotope analyses for C, N, and S in brown shrimp Farfantepenaeus aztecus and two species of grass shrimp (Palaemonetes paludosus and Palaemonetes intermedius) to test four null hypotheses: (1) water quality and SAV (submerged aquatic vegetation) coverage were similar between the inflow and reference areas, (2) macrofaunal abundance and biomass were similar between the two areas, (3) stable isotopic values of brown shrimp and grass shrimp were similar between areas, habitat types, and species, and (4) brown shrimp distributions were unaffected by river inputs. Freshwater from the structure clearly influenced the estuarine environment within the inflow area. Releases from the Caernarvon structure freshened the inflow area as intended and increased SAV and daytime dissolved oxygen concentrations. The response by macrofauna to these increased freshwater flows and habitat changes involved mostly changes in density and biomass rather than shifts in species composition. Although we detected no strong effect of the freshwater diversion on brown shrimp abundance or size in the inflow area, results of the sulfur stable isotope analysis indicated that brown shrimp collected in the inflow area had been growing in higher salinity waters, possibly following downstream displacement by the diversion. Species that would benefit most from continued freshwater diversions are likely to be those species that both use SAV as nursery habitat and thrive in a low-salinity environment. Nutrients carried by water from the structure were incorporated into the estuarine food web, and these nutrient inputs, together with an increase in SAV habitat, may enhance overall secondary productivity in the inflow area. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SEFSC, Fishery Ecol Branch,Estuarine Habitats & Coastal, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SEFSC, Galveston Lab, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. Univ Oviedo, Dept Biol Organismos & Sistemas, E-33071 Oviedo, Spain. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Oceanog & Coastal Sci, Coastal Ecol Inst, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SEFSC, Fishery Ecol Branch,Estuarine Habitats & Coastal, 646 Cajundome Blvd,Suite 175, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. EM lawrence.rozas@noaa.gov NR 69 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 19 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0272-7714 EI 1096-0015 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF S JI Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 65 IS 1-2 BP 319 EP 336 DI 10.1016/j.eess.2005.05.019 PG 18 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 975EL UT WOS:000232643700027 ER PT J AU Burgess, GH Beerkircher, LR Cailliet, GM Carlson, JK Cortes, E Goldman, KJ Grubbs, RD Musick, JA Musyl, MK Simpfendorfer, CA AF Burgess, GH Beerkircher, LR Cailliet, GM Carlson, JK Cortes, E Goldman, KJ Grubbs, RD Musick, JA Musyl, MK Simpfendorfer, CA TI Is the collapse of shark populations in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico real? SO FISHERIES LA English DT Article ID PELAGIC SHARKS; STOCK ASSESSMENT; RISK ANALYSIS; FISHERY; AUSTRALIA; CATCH AB Increasing fishing pressure on sharks stocks over recent decades has resulted in declines of many populations and led to increasing concerns for their conservation. The extent of these declines, however, has been highly variable-the result of the level of fishing, ocean conditions, and the life history of individual species. Two recent articles have described the collapse and possible extirpation of shark populations in the northwest Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. Herein, we examine the results of these two papers commenting on the data sets used, comparing them to other available data sets, and critically evaluating the analyses and conclusions. We argue that these conclusions have been overstated because: (1) the analyses were based on a limited number of data sets, (2) the data sets themselves are inadequate to describe the status of all shark populations in the northwest Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico reported in these studies, (3) available data sets that could produce different conclusions were not utilized, (4) some factors were not taken into account that could have biased the results, (5) there were no alternate hypotheses presented evaluating other causes of the perceived decline, and (6) the authors did not consider any current stock assessments, which in several cases report the status of sharks to be considerably healthier than asserted. C1 Univ Florida, Florida Museum Nat Hist, Florida Program Shark Res, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL USA. Moss Landing Marine Labs, Pacific Shark Res Ctr, Moss Landing, CA USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Panama City, FL USA. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Homer, LA USA. Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Shark Res Program, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. Univ Hawaii, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Mote Marine Lab, Ctr Shark Res, Sarasota, FL USA. RP Burgess, GH (reprint author), Univ Florida, Florida Museum Nat Hist, Florida Program Shark Res, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. EM colins@mote.org RI Simpfendorfer, Colin/G-9681-2011; Cortes, Enric/H-2700-2013 OI Simpfendorfer, Colin/0000-0002-0295-2238; NR 43 TC 72 Z9 77 U1 5 U2 39 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD OCT PY 2005 VL 30 IS 10 BP 19 EP 26 DI 10.1577/1548-8446(2005)30[19:ITCOSP]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 973KH UT WOS:000232520800008 ER PT J AU Yanagimoto, T Humphreys, RL AF Yanagimoto, T Humphreys, RL TI Maturation and reproductive cycle of female armorhead Pseudopentaceros wheeleri from the southern Emperor-northern Hawaiian Ridge Seamounts SO FISHERIES SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE armorhead; gonadal somatic index; histology; ovarian development; ovary; reproductive cycle; spawning season AB The stage of ovarian development and annual reproductive cycle of female armorhead Pseudopentaceros wheeleri collected from seamounts of the southern Emperor-northern Hawaiian Ridge in 1993 and 1995-1996 was investigated through use of the gonadal somatic index (GSI) and ovarian histology. The stages of oocyte development were classified into eight developmental stages (perinucleolus, cortical alveolus, oil droplet, early yolk globule, late yolk globule, migratory nucleolus, prematuration, and maturation) based on histological characteristics. Oocytes of different size and developmental stage were present within ovaries during the spawning season. Oocyte development appears to be asynchronous and armorhead apparently spawn several times during the spawning season. The stage of the most developed oocyte was used to classify the stage of ovarian maturation. The GSI increased gradually with ovarian development. Oocytes in the perinucleolus, cortical alveolus, and oil droplet stages were present in ovaries throughout the year. Early and late yolk globule stages appeared during August-September indicating that yolk formation begins during late summer. The migratory nucleolus through maturation stages were detected during November-January. Post ovulatory follicles were present during November-March, and GSI values rapidly decreased in February. Results indicate that spawning occurs during November-February and peaks during December-January. C1 Hokkaido Natl Fisheries Res Inst, Kushiro, Hokkaido 0850802, Japan. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Yanagimoto, T (reprint author), Hokkaido Natl Fisheries Res Inst, Kushiro, Hokkaido 0850802, Japan. EM yanagimo@fra.affrc.go.jp NR 30 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 2 PU JAPANESE SOC FISHERIES SCIENCE PI TOKYO PA C/O TOKYO UNIV FISHERIES, KONAN 4, MINATO, TOKYO, 108-8477, JAPAN SN 0919-9268 J9 FISHERIES SCI JI Fish. Sci. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 71 IS 5 BP 1059 EP 1068 DI 10.1111/j.1444-2906.2005.01064.x PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 980XL UT WOS:000233051400014 ER PT J AU Kotwicki, S Buckley, TW Honkalehto, T Walters, G AF Kotwicki, S Buckley, TW Honkalehto, T Walters, G TI Variation in the distribution of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) with temperature and implications for seasonal migration SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID EASTERN BERING-SEA; ENVIRONMENTAL-FACTORS; MERLUCCIUS-PRODUCTUS; FISH; LENGTH; PREY AB Aspects of the feeding migration of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) in the eastern Bering Sea (EBS) were investigated by examining the relationship between temperatures and densities of fish encountered during acoustic and bottom trawl surveys conducted in spring and summer between 1982 and 2001. Bottom temperature was used as an indicator of spring and summer warming of the EBS. Clusters of survey stations were identified where the density of walleye pollock generally increased or decreased with increasing water temperature. Inferences about the direction and magnitude of the spring and summer feeding migration were made for five length categories of walleye pollock. Generally, feeding migrations appeared to be northward and shoreward, and the magnitude of this migration appeared to increase with walleye pollock size up to 50 cm. Pollock larger then 50 cm showed limited migratory behavior. Pollock may benefit from northward feeding migrations because of the changes in temperature, zooplankton production, and light conditions. Ongoing climate changes may affect pollock distribution and create new challenges for pollock management in the EBS. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Kotwicki, S (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, 7600 Sand Pt Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM Stan.kotwicki@noaa.gov RI Kotwicki, Stan/C-3599-2009 NR 52 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 7 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 EI 1937-4518 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 103 IS 4 BP 574 EP 587 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 977GV UT WOS:000232792200002 ER PT J AU Luthy, SA Cowen, RK Serafy, JE McDowell, JR AF Luthy, SA Cowen, RK Serafy, JE McDowell, JR TI Toward identification of larval sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus), white marlin (Tetrapturus albidus), and blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) in the western North Atlantic Ocean SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA MARKERS; BILLFISHES; NUCLEAR; YOUNG AB The identification of larval istiophorid billfishes from the western North Atlantic Ocean has long been problematic. In the present study, a molecular technique was used to positively identify 27 larval white marlin (Tetrapturus albidus), 96 larval blue marlin (Makaira nigricans), and 591 larval sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) from the Straits of Florida and the Bahamas. Nine morphometric measurements were taken for a subset of larvae (species known), and lower jaw pigment patterns were recorded on a grid. Canonical variates analysis (CVA) was used to reveal the extent to which the combination of morphometric, pigment pattern, and month of capture information was diagnostic to species level. Linear regression revealed species specific relationships between the ratio of snout length to eye orbit diameter and standard length (SL). Confidence limits about these relationships served as defining characters for sailfish >10 mm SL and for blue and white marlin >17 mm SL. Pigment pattern analysis indicated that 40% of the preflexion blue marlin examined possessed a characteristic lower jaw pigment pattern and that 62% of sailfish larvae were identifiable by lower jaw pigments alone. An identification key was constructed based on pigment patterns, month of capture, and relationships between SL and the ratio of snout length to eye orbit diameter. The key yielded identifications for 69.4% of 304 (blind sample) larvae used to test it; only one of these identifications was incorrect. Of the 93 larvae that could not be identified by the key, 71 (76.3%) were correctly identified with CVA. Although identification of certain larval specimens may always require molecular techniques, it is encouraging that the majority (92.4%) of istiophorid larvae examined were ultimately identifiable from external characteristics alone. C1 Baruch Marine Field Lab, Georgetown, SC 29442 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Coll William & Mary, Sch Marine Sci, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. RP Luthy, SA (reprint author), Baruch Marine Field Lab, POB 1630, Georgetown, SC 29442 USA. EM stacy@belle.baruch.sc.edu NR 30 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 103 IS 4 BP 588 EP 600 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 977GV UT WOS:000232792200003 ER PT J AU Porter, SM AF Porter, SM TI Temporal and spatial distribution and abundance of flathead sole (Hippoglossoides elassodon) eggs and larvae in the western Gulf of Alaska SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID WALLEYE POLLOCK; THERAGRA-CHALCOGRAMMA; SHELIKOF-STRAIT; VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION; TRANSPORT; FLATFISH AB Data from ichthyoplankton surveys conducted in 1972 and from 1977 to 1999 (no data were collected in 1980) by the Alaska Fisheries Science Center (NOAA, NMFS) in the western Gulf of Alaska were used to examine the timing of spawning, geographic distribution and abundance, and the vertical distribution of eggs and larvae of flathead sole (Hippoglossoides elassodon). In the western Gulf of Alaska, flathead sole spawning began in early April and peaked from early to mid-May on the continental shelf. It progressed in a southwesterly direction along the Alaska Peninsula where three main areas of flathead sole spawning were indentified: near the Kenai Peninsula, in Shelikof Strait, and between the Shumagin Islands and Unimak Island. Flathead sole eggs are pelagic, and their depth distribution may be a function of their developmental stage. Data from MOCNESS tows indicated that eggs sink near time of hatching and the larvae rise to the surface to feed. The geographic distribution of larvae followed a pattern similar to the distribution of eggs, only it shifted about one month later. Larval abundance peaked from early to mid-June in the southern portion of Shelikof Strait. Biological and environmental factors may help to retain flathead sole larvae on the continental shelf near their juvenile nursery areas. C1 Alasak Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Porter, SM (reprint author), Alasak Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RI Bizzarro, Joseph/A-2988-2012 NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 6 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 103 IS 4 BP 648 EP 658 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 977GV UT WOS:000232792200007 ER PT J AU Prince, ED Cowen, RK Orbesen, ES Luthy, SA Llopiz, JK Richardson, DE Serafy, JE AF Prince, ED Cowen, RK Orbesen, ES Luthy, SA Llopiz, JK Richardson, DE Serafy, JE TI Movements and spawning of white marlin (Tetrapturus albidus) and blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) off Punta Cana, Dominican Republic SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN; POSTRELEASE SURVIVAL; RECREATIONAL FISHERY; BILLFISHES; REPRODUCTION; GROWTH; LENGTH; TAGS AB With a focus on white marlin (Tetrapturus albidus), a concurrent electronic tagging and larval sampling effort was conducted in the vicinity of Mona Passage (off southeast Hispaniola), Dominican Republic, during April and May 2003. Objectives were 1) to characterize the horizontal and vertical movement of adults captured from the area by using pop-up satellite archival tags (PSATs); and 2) by means of larval sampling, to investigate whether fish were reproducing. Trolling from a sportfishing vessel yielded eight adult white marlin and one blue marlin (Makaira nigricans); PSAT tags were deployed on all but one of these individuals. The exception was a female white marlin that was unsuitable for tagging because of injury; the reproductive state of its ovaries was examined histologically. Seven of the PSATs reported data summaries for water depth, temperature, and light levels measured every minute for periods ranging from 28 to 40 days. Displacement of marlin from the location of release to the point of tag pop-up ranged from 31.6 to 267.7 nautical miles (nmi) and a mean displacement was 3.4 nmi per day for white marlin. White and blue marlin mean daily displacements appeared constrained compared to the results of other marlin PSAT tagging studies. White marlin ovarian sections contained postovulatory follicles and final maturation-stage oocytes, which indicated recent and imminent spawning. Neuston tows (n=23) yielded 18 istiophorid larvae: eight were white marlin, four were blue marlin, and six could not be identified to species. We speculate that the constrained movement patterns of adults may be linked to reproductive activity for both marlin species, and, if true, these movement patterns may have several implications for management. Protection of the potentially important white marlin spawning ground near Mona Passage seems warranted, at least until further studies can be conducted on the temporal and spatial extent of reproduction and associated adult movement. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Marine Biol & Fisheries, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Prince, ED (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM eric.prince@noaa.gov RI Richardson, David/A-3331-2008; Orbesen, Eric/D-2220-2012; OI Llopiz, Joel/0000-0002-7584-7471 NR 33 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 7 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 103 IS 4 BP 659 EP 669 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 977GV UT WOS:000232792200008 ER PT J AU Diaz, GA Serafy, JE AF Diaz, GA Serafy, JE TI Longline-caught blue shark (Prionace glauca): factors affecting the numbers available for live release SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID FISHERY; SURVIVAL; TIME C1 SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Diaz, GA (reprint author), SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM Guillermo.diaz@noaa.gov NR 16 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 6 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 103 IS 4 BP 720 EP 724 PG 5 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 977GV UT WOS:000232792200013 ER PT J AU Fey, DP Hare, JA AF Fey, DP Hare, JA TI Length correction for larval and early-juvenile Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) after preservation in alcohol SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID HERRING LARVAE; GROWTH; FISH; SHRINKAGE; FORMALIN; OTOLITHS; CAPTURE C1 Sea Fisheries Res Inst, Dept Fisheries Oceanog & Marine Ecol, PL-81332 Gdynia, Poland. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Fey, DP (reprint author), Sea Fisheries Res Inst, Dept Fisheries Oceanog & Marine Ecol, Kollataja 1, PL-81332 Gdynia, Poland. EM dfey@mir.gdynia.pl RI Fey, Dariusz/B-1962-2013 NR 15 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 8 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 103 IS 4 BP 725 EP 727 PG 3 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 977GV UT WOS:000232792200014 ER PT J AU Hare, JA Govoni, JJ AF Hare, JA Govoni, JJ TI Comparison of average larval fish vertical distributions among species exhibiting different transport pathways on the southeast United States continental shelf SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID MIDDLE ATLANTIC BIGHT; MENHADEN BREVOORTIA-TYRANNUS; TIDAL-STREAM TRANSPORT; NORTH-CAROLINA; COPEPOD POPULATIONS; DISPERSAL; MIGRATION; SLOPE; WIND; GULF C1 NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Narragansett Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Hare, JA (reprint author), NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Narragansett Lab, 28 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM jon.hare@noaa.gov NR 49 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 103 IS 4 BP 728 EP 736 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 977GV UT WOS:000232792200015 ER PT J AU Hancock, DK Tully, LA Levin, BC AF Hancock, DK Tully, LA Levin, BC TI A Standard Reference Material to determine the sensitivity of techniques for detecting low-frequency mutations, SNPs, and heteroplasmies in mitochondrial DNA SO GENOMICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Symposium on Human Identification CY SEP 28-OCT 02, 2003 CL Phoenix, AZ DE heteroplasmy; human; mitochondrial DNA; mutation detection; single-nucleotide polymorphism; Standard Reference Material ID GRADIENT-GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; MTDNA CONTROL REGION; FORENSIC CASEWORK; SKELETAL REMAINS; HUMAN GENOME; SEQUENCE; IDENTIFICATION; INDIVIDUALS; POLYMORPHISMS; AMPLIFICATION AB Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations are important for forensic identifications and mitochondrial disease diagnostics. Low-frequency mutations, heteroplasmies, or SNPs scattered throughout the DNA in the presence of a majority of mtDNA with the Cambridge Reference Sequence (CRS) are almost impossible to detect. Therefore, the National Institute of Science and Technology has developed heteroplasmic human mtDNA Standard Reference Material (SRM) 2394 to allow scientists to determine their sensitivity in detecting such differences. SRM 2394 is composed of mixtures ranging from 1/99 to 50/50 of two 285-bp PCR products from two cell lines that differ at one nucleotide position. Twelve laboratories using various mutation detection methods participated in a blind interlaboratory evaluation of a prototype of SRM 2394. Most of these procedures were unable to detect the mutation when present below 20%, an indication that, in many real-life cases, low-frequency mutations remain undetected and that more sensitive mutation detection techniques are urgently needed. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Levin, BC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8311, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM barbara.levin@nist.gov NR 38 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0888-7543 J9 GENOMICS JI Genomics PD OCT PY 2005 VL 86 IS 4 BP 446 EP 461 DI 10.1016/j.ygeno.2005.06.006 PG 16 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 967WR UT WOS:000232122400008 PM 16024219 ER PT J AU Sandwell, DT Smith, WHF AF Sandwell, DT Smith, WHF TI Retracking ERS-1 altimeter waveforms for optimal gravity field recovery SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE gravity anomaly; radar altimetry ID RADAR ALTIMETER; SATELLITE ALTIMETRY; SURFACE; HEIGHT; GEOSAT; INTERPOLATION; RESOLUTION AB We have reprocessed ERS-1 radar altimeter waveforms using an algorithm designed to minimize sea surface slope error and decouple it from significant wave height (SWH) error. Standard waveform retracking estimates three parameters-arrival time, SWH and amplitude. We show that errors in retracked estimates of arrival time and SWH are inherently correlated because of the noise characteristics of the returned waveform. This suggests that some of what is called 'sea state bias' in the literature may be caused by correlated errors rather than true electromagnetic or skewness bias. We have developed a retracking algorithm that reduces this error correlation and makes the resolution of sea surface slope signals independent of sea state. The main assumption is that the SWH varies smoothly along the satellite track over wavelengths of 90 km. This approach reduces the rms error in sea surface slope to only 62 per cent of that of standard retracking methods. While our method is optimized for gravity field recovery, it may also improve the resolution of sea surface height signals of interest to physical oceanographers. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NOAA, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Sandwell, DT (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RI Smith, Walter/F-5627-2010; OI Smith, Walter/0000-0002-8814-015X; Sandwell, David/0000-0001-5657-8707 NR 26 TC 56 Z9 67 U1 2 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0956-540X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 163 IS 1 BP 79 EP 89 DI 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02724.x PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 964EL UT WOS:000231861400008 ER PT J AU Drinkwater, KF Loeng, H Megrey, BA Bailey, N Cook, RM Loeng, H Drinkwater, KF Cook, RM AF Drinkwater, KF Loeng, H Megrey, BA Bailey, N Cook, RM Loeng, H Drinkwater, KF Cook, RM TI The Influence of Climate Change on North Atlantic Fish Stocks - Proceedings of an ICES Symposium held in Bergen, Norway - 11-14 May 2004 SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Inst Marine Res, N-5817 Bergen, Norway. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Fisheries Res Serv Marine Lab, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, Scotland. RP Drinkwater, KF (reprint author), Inst Marine Res, POB 1870, N-5817 Bergen, Norway. EM ken.drinkwater@imr.no; ken.drinkwater@imr.no RI Cook, Robin/D-6261-2013 NR 3 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 12 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 62 IS 7 BP 1203 EP 1204 DI 10.1016/j.iccsjms.2005.08.008 PG 2 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 989FW UT WOS:000233659300001 ER PT J AU Hunt, GL Megrey, BA AF Hunt, GL Megrey, BA TI Comparison of the biophysical and trophic characteristics of the Bering and Barents Seas SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT ICES Symposium on Influence of Climate Change on North Atlantic Fish Stocks CY MAY 11-14, 2004 CL Bergen, NORWAY SP ICES/GLOBEC Working Grp Cod & Climate Change DE Barents Sea; Bering Sea; capelin; cod; ecosystem productivity; herring; walleye pollock ID ARCTO-NORWEGIAN COD; NORTH PACIFIC; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; PHYSICAL-ENVIRONMENT; PELAGIC ECOSYSTEM; RECRUITMENT; ATLANTIC; SHELF; TEMPERATURE; TRANSPORT AB The eastern Bering Sea and the Barents Sea share a number of common biophysical characteristics. Per example, both are seasonally ice-covered, high-latitude, shelf seas, dependent on advection for beat and for replenishment of nutrients on their shelves, and with ecosystems dominated by a single species of gadoid fish. At the same time, they differ in important respects. In the Barents Sea, advection of Atlantic Water is important for zooplankton vital to the Barents Sea productivity. Advection of zooplankton is not as important for the ecosystems of the southeastern Bering Sea, where high levels of diatom production can Support production of small, neritic zooplanklon. In the Barents Sea, cod are the dominant gadoid, and juvenile and older fish depend on capelin and other forage fish to repackage the energy available in copepods. In contrast, the dominant fish in the eastern Bering Sea is the walleye pollock, juveniles and adults of which consume zooplankton directly. The southeastern Bering Sea supports considerably larger fish stocks than the Barents. In part, this may reflect the greater depth of much of the Barents Sea compared with the shallow shelf of the Southeastern Bering. However, walleye pollock is estimated to occupy a trophic level of 3.3 as compared to 4.3 for Barents Sea cod. This difference alone could have a major impact on the abilities of these seas to support a large biomass of gadoids. In both seas, climate-forced variability in advection and sea-ice cover can potentially have major effects oil the productivity of these Subarctic seas. In the Bering Sea, the size and location of pools of cold bottom waters on the shelf may influence the likelihood of predation of juvenile pollock. (c) 2005 International Council for the exploration of the Sea. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. RP Hunt, GL (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM geohunt2@u.washington.edu OI Hunt, George/0000-0001-8709-2697 NR 63 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 62 IS 7 BP 1245 EP 1255 DI 10.1016/j.icejms.2005.04.008 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 989FW UT WOS:000233659300006 ER PT J AU Megrey, BA Lee, YW Macklin, SA AF Megrey, BA Lee, YW Macklin, SA TI Comparative analysis of statistical tools to identify recruitment-environment relationships and forecast recruitment strength SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT ICES Symposium on Influence of Climate Change on North Atlantic Fish Stocks CY MAY 11-14, 2004 CL Bergen, NORWAY SP ICES/GLOBEC Working Grp Cod & Climate Change DE artificial neural networks; environment-recruitment models; GAM; herring; NAO; spawner-recruit models ID GENERALIZED ADDITIVE-MODELS; CAPELIN MALLOTUS-VILLOSUS; BARENTS SEA CAPELIN; FISH STOCK-RECRUITMENT; EGG-PRODUCTION METHOD; NEURAL-NETWORK; MARINE FISH; FUZZY-LOGIC; ABUNDANCE; LANDINGS AB Many of the factors affecting recruitment in marine populations are still poorly understood. complicating the prediction of strong year classes. Despite numerous attempts, the complexity of the problem often seems beyond the capabilities of traditional statistical analysis paradigms. This study examines the utility of four statistical procedures to identify relationships between recruitment and the environment. Because we can never really know the parameters or underlying relationships of actual data, we chose to use simulated data with known properties and different levels of measurement error to test and compare the methods, especially their ability to forecast future recruitment states. Methods examined include traditional linear regression, non-linear regression, Generalized Additive Models (GAM), and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). Each is compared according to its ability to recover known patterns and parameters from simulated data, as well as to accurately forecast future recruitment states. We also apply the methods to published Norwegian spring-spawning herring (Clupea harengus L.) spawner-recruit-environment data. Results were not consistently conclusive, but in general, flexible non-parametric methods such as GAMs and ANNs performed better than parametric approaches in both parameter estimation and forecasting. Even under controlled data simulation procedures, we saw evidence of spurious correlations. Models fit to the Norwegian spring-spawning herring data show the importance of sea temperature and spawning biomass. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) did not appear to be an influential factor affecting herring recruitment. (c) 2005 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Megrey, BA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM bern.megrey@noaa.gov NR 66 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 62 IS 7 BP 1256 EP 1269 DI 10.1016/j.icejms.2005.05.018 PG 14 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 989FW UT WOS:000233659300007 ER PT J AU Friedland, KD Chaput, G MacLean, JC AF Friedland, KD Chaput, G MacLean, JC TI The emerging role of climate in post-smolt growth of Atlantic salmon SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT ICES Symposium on Influence of Climate Change on North Atlantic Fish Stocks CY MAY 11-14, 2004 CL Bergen, NORWAY SP ICES/GLOBEC Working Grp Cod & Climate Change DE Atlantic salmon; climate; growth; post-smolt ID NORTH-SEA AREA; MARINE SURVIVAL; COHO SALMON; SALAR L.; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; SOCKEYE-SALMON; THERMAL LIMITS; OCEAN CLIMATE; TEMPERATURE; FISH AB Though it is well established that mortality during the post-smolt year is critical in shaping recruitment patterns in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.), the controlling mechanism for North Atlantic stocks remains elusive. The emerging paradigm is based oil relationships between survival and ocean thermal conditions during the early marine phase. The survival of post-smolts from both Europe and North America has been con-elated to sea surface temperature conditions during their first month at sea. In addition, data for European fish Support the hypothesis that growth mediates survival during that time. Thus, the working model for a salmon recruitment mechanism is analogous to those proposed for other fish species. We present growth data for two stocks, the Girnock Burn, which is a tributary to the River Dee, Scotland, and the Margaree River, Canada. Circuli spacing data for Girnock Burn fish suggest post-smolt growth is negatively correlated with temperature in the migration corridors during the first months at sea, while post-smolt growth of Margaree fish appears to be positively correlated with temperature. Growth is either patterned by a physiological response to an optimal temperature, or is co-varying with some ecosystem effect on growth, and the growth response might affect mortality and maturation of the stocks. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. C1 Univ Massachusetts, NOAA, CMER Program, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Moncton, NB E1C 9B6, Canada. Freshwater Fisheries Lab, Montrose DD10 8DL, Angus, Scotland. RP Friedland, KD (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, NOAA, CMER Program, Blaisdell House, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. EM Kevin.Friedland@noaa.gov NR 49 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 6 U2 23 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 EI 1095-9289 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 62 IS 7 BP 1338 EP 1349 DI 10.1016/j.icejms.2005.04.013 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 989FW UT WOS:000233659300015 ER PT J AU Brodziak, J O'Brien, L AF Brodziak, J O'Brien, L TI Do environmental factors affect recruits per spawner anomalies of New England groundfish? SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT ICES Symposium on Influence of Climate Change on North Atlantic Fish Stocks CY MAY 11-14, 2004 CL Bergen, NORWAY SP ICES/GLOBEC Working Grp Cod & Climate Change DE environmental forcing; generalized additive models; New England groundfish; North Atlantic Oscillation; randomization test; recruits per spawner; shelf water volume; water temperature; windstress ID HADDOCK MELANOGRAMMUS-AEGLEFINUS; NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; COD GADUS-MORHUA; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; FISH STOCKS; PATTERNS; IMPACTS AB We evaluated the influence of environmental factors on recruits per spawner (RS) anomalies of 12 New England groundfish stocks. Nonparametric methods were used to analyse time-series of RS anomalies derived from stock-recruitment data in recent assessments. The 12 stocks occur in three geographic regions: the Gulf of Maine (cod Gadus morhua, redfish Sebastes fasciatus, winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus, American plaice Hippoglossoides platessoides, witch flounder Glyptocephalus cynoglossus, and yellowtail flounder Limanda ferruginea), Georges Bank (cod. haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus, and yellowtail flounder), and Southern New England (summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus, yellowtail flounder, and winter flounder). Randomization tests were applied to detect years when RS anomalies were unusually high or low for comparison with oceanographic conditions such as the 1998 intrusion of Labrador Subarctic Slope water into the Gulf of Maine region. Randomization methods were also used to evaluate the central tendency and dispersion of all RS anomalies across stocks. Average RS anomalies were significantly positive in 1987 across stocks and regions, indicating that environmental forcing was coherent and exceptional in that year. Responses of RS values of individual stocks to lagged and contemporaneous environmental variables such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index, water temperature, windstress, and shelf water volume anomalies were evaluated using generalized additive models. Overall, the NAO forward-lagged by 2 years had the largest impact on RS anomalies, This apparent effect is notable because it could provide a leading indicator of RS anomalies for some commercially exploited stocks. In particular, the three primary groundfish stocks on Georges Bank (cod, haddock, and yellowtail flounder) all exhibited positive RS anomalies when the NAO(2) variable was positive. (c) 2005 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Brodziak, J (reprint author), NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM jon.brodziak@noaa.gov NR 41 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 62 IS 7 BP 1394 EP 1407 DI 10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.04.019 PG 14 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 989FW UT WOS:000233659300020 ER PT J AU Weinberg, JR AF Weinberg, JR TI Bathymetric shift in the distribution of Atlantic surfclams: response to warmer ocean temperature SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT ICES Symposium on Influence of Climate Change on North Atlantic Fish Stocks CY MAY 11-14, 2004 CL Bergen, NORWAY SP ICES/GLOBEC Working Grp Cod & Climate Change DE Atlantic surfclams; bivalve; climate change; distribution; ocean temperature; spisula; thermal stress ID QUAHOG ARCTICA-ISLANDICA; SPISULA-SOLIDISSIMA; DELMARVA PENINSULA; CHESAPEAKE BAY; GROWTH; PHYLOGEOGRAPHY; MORTALITY; DREDGE; COAST; AGE AB Standard research vessel surveys during the 1980s and early 1990s demonstrated that Atlantic surfclams (Spisula solidissima solidissima) were common in the southern portion of their range (37-38 degrees N) along the east coast of North America in the Delmarva region. Based on data from these surveys, the probability of capturing surfclams in shallow water (i.e. 20 m) tows of the Delmarva region was 75-85% in 1994 and 1997. In 1999 and 2002, this probability declined to 40-55%. The probability of capturing surfclams in survey tows from deeper waters (40-50 m) also declined, but this change was relatively small compared with that in shallower water. These changes were not the result of commercial clam fishing. Unusually warm water, which induces thermal stress in S. s. solidissima, was prevalent within the period from 1999 to 2002 over the Delmarva continental shelf during fall when annual bottom temperature was peaking. The combined effects of poor physiological condition and thermal stress likely resulted in mortality of Atlantic surfclams in shallow water habitats in the Delmarva region. This resulted in a shift in the bathymetric distribution of the population to deeper water. Between 1982 and 1997, most of the surfclams in the Delmarva region Occurred at depths between 25 and 35 m, whereas in 1999 and 2002, most of the Delmarva population occurred at 35-40 m. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. C1 NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Weinberg, JR (reprint author), NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM james.weinberg@noaa.gov NR 47 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 62 IS 7 BP 1444 EP 1453 DI 10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.04.020 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 989FW UT WOS:000233659300024 ER PT J AU Pershing, AJ Greene, CH Jossi, JW O'Brien, L Brodziak, JKT Bailey, BA AF Pershing, AJ Greene, CH Jossi, JW O'Brien, L Brodziak, JKT Bailey, BA TI Interdecadal variability in the Gulf of Maine zooplankton community, with potential impacts on fish recruitment SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT ICES Symposium on Influence of Climate Change on North Atlantic Fish Stocks CY MAY 11-14, 2004 CL Bergen, NORWAY SP ICES/GLOBEC Working Grp Cod & Climate Change DE Calanus; Centropages; climate; Continuous Plankton Recorder; copepods; euphausiids; fish recruitment; Gulf of Maine; Metridia; Oithona; Pseudocalanus; zooplankton ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; GEORGES BANK; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; CALANUS-FINMARCHICUS; SHELF ECOSYSTEM; REGIME SHIFTS; TIME-SERIES; OF-MAINE; ABUNDANCE; SEA AB We used principal component analysis (PCA) to explore interannual changes in a time-series lasting more than 40 years of zooplankton abundance from NOAA's Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) survey. This analysis identified a complex of taxa, including Centropages typicus, Oithona spp., Pseudocalanus spp., and Metridia lucens that followed a common pattern of interdecadal variability characterized by a dramatic increase in these taxa around 1990, followed by a rapid decline in 2002. All of these taxa showed a large proportional increase in winter abundance between the 1980s and 1990s. These changes could be driven by increased primary productivity during winter, caused by a large-scale freshening of tire Northwest Atlantic Shelf In addition to the "community shift" mode, the analysis found a strong mode of interannual variability attributed to previously described changes in the abundance of late-stage Calanus finmarchicus. To explore the impact of these modes oil higher trophic levels, we correlated the zooplankton modes with recruitment time-series from 12 fish stocks from the Gulf of Maine region. Several significant correlations were found, suggesting that the changes in the zooplankton modes may reflect broad changes in the Gulf of Maine ecosystem. (c) 2005 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Cornell Univ, Ocean Resources & Ecosyst Program, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Narragansett Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Stat, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. RP Pershing, AJ (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Ocean Resources & Ecosyst Program, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM ajp9@cornell.edu NR 41 TC 78 Z9 83 U1 1 U2 24 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 62 IS 7 BP 1511 EP 1523 DI 10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.04.025 PG 13 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 989FW UT WOS:000233659300031 ER PT J AU Rothschild, BJ Chen, CS Lough, RG AF Rothschild, BJ Chen, CS Lough, RG TI Managing fish stocks under climate uncertainty SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT ICES Symposium on Influence of Climate Change on North Atlantic Fish Stocks CY MAY 11-14, 2004 CL Bergen, NORWAY SP ICES/GLOBEC Working Grp Cod & Climate Change DE decision theory; haddock; recruitment ID GEORGES BANK; EARLY-LIFE; NORTH-SEA; RECRUITMENT; DYNAMICS; POPULATION; SURVIVAL; OCEAN; GULF; COD AB The quantitative evaluation of the management of fish stocks under uncertainty requires a formal framework. Decision theory provides that Framework. Application of decision theory to fishery managernent requires information about both the fish stock and the state of the environment. Using Georges Bank haddock as a case Study, it is possible to determine the probability of good or poor recruitment using past data and a constant environment. Understanding the state of the environment is more difficult however, because fixed levels of recruitment, in particular, are associated with different population characteristics, which drastically reduce the sample size for any particular recruitment-environment scenario. Decision theory challenges us to improve our capability of predicting the state of nature, and it appears that this can be accomplished best by reducing the length of the causal chain, a goal now made feasible by the availability of high-resolution, high-frequency ocean models. (c) 2005 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Sch Marine Sci & Technol, New Bedford, MA 02744 USA. NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Rothschild, BJ (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Sch Marine Sci & Technol, 706 S Rodney French Blvd, New Bedford, MA 02744 USA. EM brothschild@umassd.edu NR 19 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 62 IS 7 BP 1531 EP 1541 DI 10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.06.011 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 989FW UT WOS:000233659300033 ER PT J AU Griffith, D Sriram, K Golmie, N AF Griffith, D Sriram, K Golmie, N TI Protection switching for optical bursts using segmentation and deflection routing SO IEEE COMMUNICATIONS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE optical burst switching; protection and restoration; deflection routing; burst segmentation AB Burst segmentation in OBS networks can significantly reduce the amount of data that is lost due to contention events by dropping or deflecting only the portion of a burst that overlaps another contending burst. In this letter, we demonstrate how segmentation combined with deflection routing can be used to reduce the amount of data that is lost when network elements fail. By enabling an OBS switch to deflect the tail-end segments of bursts that are in transmission as soon as it becomes aware of a downstream link failure, the retransmission of lost data can be reduced. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Griffith, D (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM david.griffith@nist.gov RI Sriram, Kotikalapudi/B-3294-2009 NR 6 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1089-7798 J9 IEEE COMMUN LETT JI IEEE Commun. Lett. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 9 IS 10 BP 930 EP 932 DI 10.1109/LCOMM.2005.10006 PG 3 WC Telecommunications SC Telecommunications GA 973PK UT WOS:000232534900023 ER PT J AU Diepold, K Pereira, F Chang, W AF Diepold, K Pereira, F Chang, W TI MPEG-A: Multimedia application formats SO IEEE MULTIMEDIA LA English DT Article AB MPEG standards, instrumental in shaping the multimedia landscape since the early 1990s, are taking another step forward with MPEGA, which specifies multimedia application formats. MAFs are essentially superformats that combine selected technology components from MPEG (and other) standards to provide greater application interoperability, which helps satisfy users' growing need for better-integrated multimedia solutions. C1 Tech Univ Munich, Dept Elect Engn & Informat Technol, D-80290 Munich, Germany. Univ Tecn Lisboa, Inst Super Tecn, Inst Telecomunicacoes, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, P-1100 Lisbon, Portugal. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Digital Media Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Diepold, K (reprint author), Tech Univ Munich, Dept Elect Engn & Informat Technol, D-80290 Munich, Germany. EM kldi@tum.de RI Pereira, Fernando/K-4046-2012 OI Pereira, Fernando/0000-0001-6100-947X NR 12 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 1070-986X J9 IEEE MULTIMEDIA JI IEEE Multimedia PD OCT-DEC PY 2005 VL 12 IS 4 BP 34 EP 41 DI 10.1109/MMUL.2005.79 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA 971QI UT WOS:000232398700010 ER PT J AU Yuan, JA Mills, K AF Yuan, JA Mills, K TI Monitoring the macroscopic effect of DDoS flooding attacks SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON DEPENDABLE AND SECURE COMPUTING LA English DT Article DE DDoS attack; monitoring; network traffic; attack dynamics; spatial-temporal pattern ID SERVICE ATTACKS; DEFENSE AB Creating defenses against flooding-based, distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks requires real-time monitoring of network-wide traffic to obtain timely and significant information. Unfortunately, continuously monitoring network-wide traffic for suspicious activities presents difficult challenges because attacks may arise anywhere at any time and because attackers constantly modify attack dynamics to evade detection. In this paper, we propose a method for early attack detection. Using only a few observation points, our proposed method can monitor the macroscopic effect of DDoS flooding attacks. We show that such macroscopic-level monitoring might be used to capture shifts in spatial-temporal traffic patterns caused by various DDoS attacks and then to inform more detailed detection systems about where and when a DDoS attack possibly arises in transit or source networks. We also show that such monitoring enables DDoS attack detection without any traffic observation in the victim network. C1 Tsinghua Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tsinghua Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. EM jyuan@tsinghua.edu.cn; kmills@nist.gov NR 43 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 1545-5971 EI 1941-0018 J9 IEEE T DEPEND SECURE JI IEEE Trans. Dependable Secur. Comput. PD OCT-DEC PY 2005 VL 2 IS 4 BP 324 EP 335 DI 10.1109/TDSC.2005.50 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA 010DA UT WOS:000235165900005 ER PT J AU Yoshida, M Murakami, H Mitomi, Y Hori, M Thome, KJ Clark, DK Fukushima, H AF Yoshida, M Murakami, H Mitomi, Y Hori, M Thome, KJ Clark, DK Fukushima, H TI Vicarious calibration of GLI by ground observation data SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE Global Imager (GLI); Marine Optical Buoy (MOBY); radiative transfer; vicarious calibration ID ZONE COLOR SCANNER; ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; SCATTERING; SENSORS; NETWORK; AERONET AB We conducted vicarious calibration of the Global Imager (GLI) in visible to near-infrared channels over different targets. For calibration over the ocean, we used the normalized water-leaving radiance derived from the Marine Optical Buoy (MOBY) and the aerosol optical properties (aerosol optical depth, size distribution, and refractive index) obtained through the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET). For calibration over land, we used the ground-based measurement data at Railroad Valley Playa. The following GLI characteristics are recognized from the calibration results. First, GLI underestimates the radiance in channels 1, 2, 4, and 5. Next, in the near-infrared channels, there is good agreement between the observed and simulated radiance over bright targets. On the other hand, it is suggested that the GLI overestimates the radiance over dark targets (e.g., on the order of 15% at 4.0 W/m(2)/mu m/sr in channels 18 and 19). Furthermore, we evaluated these calibration results over different targets taking into account the difference in the target radiance and in the accuracy between the two results. This combined evaluation of vicarious calibration results suggests the possibility that the GLI-observed radiance has offset radiance versus the simulated radiance. C1 Remote Sensing Technol Ctr Japan, Tokyo 1046021, Japan. Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Earth Observat Res & Applicat Ctr, Tokyo 1046023, Japan. Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NOAA, Washington, DC 20233 USA. Tokai Univ, Sch High Technol Human Welf, Shizuoka 4100395, Japan. RP Yoshida, M (reprint author), Remote Sensing Technol Ctr Japan, Tokyo 1046021, Japan. EM mayum@restec.or.jp; murakami@eore.jaxa.jp; mitomi@restec.or.jp; hori@eorc.jaxa.jp; kurt.thome@opt-sci.arizona.edu; dennis.k.clark@mail.orbit.nesdis.noaa; hajime@fksh.fc.u-tokai.ac.jp RI Thome, Kurtis/D-7251-2012 NR 27 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD OCT PY 2005 VL 43 IS 10 BP 2167 EP 2176 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2005.856113 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 968WE UT WOS:000232192800001 ER PT J AU Donley, EA Heavner, TP Jefferts, SR AF Donley, EA Heavner, TP Jefferts, SR TI Optical molasses loaded from a low-velocity intense source of atoms: An atom source for improved atomic fountains SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT LA English DT Article DE atomic beams; atomic clocks ID MAGNETOOPTICAL TRAP; RESONATOR; CLOCK; BEAM AB We demonstrate the efficient capture of cesium atoms from a low w-velocity intense source (LVIS) of atoms into an optical molasses. The high load rates that are achievable with the technique can potentially improve the stability of and reduce collisional shifts in atomic fountain clocks. An LVIS is an atomic beam created from a small hole in one of the retroreflectors in an otherwise ordinary magnetooptical trap (MOT). Our typical LVIS flux was 10(10) atoms/s. The asymptotic value for the number of atoms captured in the optical molasses was 1.1(1) x 10(9) atoms, and the fill time constant was tau = 290(30) ms. The initial molasses fill rate was R-t=o = 3.8(5) x 10(6) atoms/ms. At this rate, it would require 24 ms to capture and launch 10(7) state-selected atoms in an atomic fountain. The fill rate at short times indicates that approximately 40% of the LVIS atoms were being captured in the optical molasses. C1 NIST, Atom Stand Grp, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP NIST, Atom Stand Grp, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Donley, Elizabeth/A-4525-2010 NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 5 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-9456 EI 1557-9662 J9 IEEE T INSTRUM MEAS JI IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 54 IS 5 BP 1905 EP 1910 DI 10.1109/TIM.2005.853218 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 971AZ UT WOS:000232354800027 ER PT J AU Rantschler, JO Maranville, BB Mallett, JJ Chen, PJ McMichael, RD Egelhoff, WF AF Rantschler, JO Maranville, BB Mallett, JJ Chen, PJ McMichael, RD Egelhoff, WF TI Damping at normal metal/permalloy interfaces SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Magnetics Conference 2005 CY APR 04-08, 2005 CL Nagoya, JAPAN SP IEEE Magnet Soc, Magnet Soc Japan DE interface phenomena; lossy systems; magnetic resonance; permalloy ID FERROMAGNETIC-RESONANCE; EXTRINSIC CONTRIBUTIONS; FILMS; CU AB We have determined the Gilbert damping parameter as a function of layer thickness in six sets of samples with either a normal metal (NM)/Permalloy (NiFe) or NM/NiFe/NM structure by measuring the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) linewidth for all series and correcting for extrinsic broadening effects. In the NM/NiFe samples, we find that increasing the interface roughness increases the damping quadratically from 0.01 at 3 nm to 0.11 at 47 nm, and by controlling the roughness of the copper layer, we have found there is no evidence of increased damping due to the thickness of the copper layer between 100-2050 nm of copper. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Magnet Mat Grp, Div Met, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Rantschler, JO (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Magnet Mat Grp, Div Met, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI McMichael, Robert/J-8688-2012; OI McMichael, Robert/0000-0002-1372-664X NR 17 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 9 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9464 J9 IEEE T MAGN JI IEEE Trans. Magn. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 41 IS 10 BP 3523 EP 3525 DI 10.1109/TMAG.2005.854956 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 975RN UT WOS:000232679700314 ER PT J AU Pardavi-Horvath, M Ross, CA McMichael, RD AF Pardavi-Horvath, M Ross, CA McMichael, RD TI Shape effects in the ferromagnetic resonance of nanosize rectangular Permalloy arrays SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Magnetics Conference (Intermag 2005) CY APR 04-08, 2005 CL Nagoya, JAPAN SP IEEE Magnet Soc, Magnet Soc Japan DE magnetic anisotropy; magnetic resonance; patterned thin films; Permalloy ID SWITCHING PROPERTIES; PARTICLES; SPECTRA; FILMS AB In-plane and out-of-plane ferromagnetic resonance measurements were performed on arrays of Permalloy rectangles, prepared by interference lithography. In the absence of crystalline anisotropy, the shape anisotropy dominates the angular dependence of the resonance and the linewidth. The 60-70-mT in-plane anisotropy follows the increase of the aspect ratio. The uniaxial out-of-plane anisotropy fields are on the order of 500 mT. The linewidth has a strong angular dependence, both in the in- and out-of-plane rotation, ranging from about 17 to 23 mT along the easy and hard axes and decreasing with increasing shape anisotropy. Two distinct resonance modes observed in the perpendicular orientation are associated with the main volume mode and shape mode of magnetostatic origin. C1 George Washington Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Washington, DC 20052 USA. MIT, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP George Washington Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Washington, DC 20052 USA. RI McMichael, Robert/J-8688-2012; OI McMichael, Robert/0000-0002-1372-664X NR 12 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 11 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-9464 EI 1941-0069 J9 IEEE T MAGN JI IEEE Trans. Magn. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 41 IS 10 BP 3601 EP 3603 DI 10.1109/TMAG.2005.854783 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 975RN UT WOS:000232679700337 ER PT J AU Tremsin, AS Feller, WB Downing, RG Mildner, DFR AF Tremsin, AS Feller, WB Downing, RG Mildner, DFR TI The efficiency of thermal neutron detection and collimation with microchannel plates of square and circular geometry SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE high spatial resolution; neutron detection; neutron optics; position sensitive detectors ID PERFORMANCE AB Detectors with microchannel plates (MCPs) are currently widely used in photon and charged particle detection with high spatial (similar to 10 mu m) and temporal (< 0.5 ns) resolution. All the advances in MCP detection technologies can be successfully implemented for the detection of thermal neutrons by using MCPs manufactured from a modified glass mixture doped with neutron absorbing atoms. In this paper, we compare the efficiency of thermal neutron detection for two standard MCP geometries: circular-pore and square-pore MCPs doped with the B-10 isotope. The results of our modeling indicate that the detection of thermal neutrons with a square-pore MCP is 11%-23% more efficient than for the circular geometry, and can be higher than 70% for the existing MCP technology. The same MCPs can be used as very efficient and compact thermal neutron collimators. In this paper, we compare the efficiency of circular- and square-pore MCP collimators with the help of our model, the validity of which has already been verified by our experimental measurements reported last year. The rocking curve of 5-mm and 2.5-mm thick MCPs doped with 3 mole % of (Gd2O3)-Gd-nat is predicted to be only +/- 0.1 degrees and +/- 0.3 degrees wide, respectively, for both geometries. A very compact device with high thermal neutron detection efficiency and angular sensitivity can be built by combining an MCP neutron detector with an MCP collimator. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NOVA Sci Inc, Sturbridge, MA 01566 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tremsin, AS (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM ast@ssl.berkeley.edu; bfeller@novascientific.com; gregory.downing@nist.gov; mildner@nist.gov NR 14 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 5 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9499 J9 IEEE T NUCL SCI JI IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 52 IS 5 BP 1739 EP 1744 DI 10.1109/TNS.2005.856621 PN 3 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 990ZK UT WOS:000233781700028 ER PT J AU Sung, LP Drzal, PL VanLandingHam, MR Wu, TY Chang, SH AF Sung, LP Drzal, PL VanLandingHam, MR Wu, TY Chang, SH TI Metrology for characterizing scratch resistance of polymer coatings SO JCT RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation-of-Societies-for-Coatings-Technology CY OCT 27-29, 2004 CL Chicago, IL SP Fed Soc Coatings Tech DE hardness; scratch resistance; surface analysis; light scattering; gloss measurement; laser scanning confocal microscopy; appearance; durability; mechanical properties ID MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; MAR RESISTANCE; BEHAVIOR; DEFORMATION AB Current methods for scratch resistance assessment are often based on "relative but not quantitative" types of measurements, such as visual inspection, gloss changes, and changes in gray scale level or lightness. Most results are used for qualitative assessment purposes, which result in the lack of a repeatable and reliable standardized test method for the polymer materials community. To implement a scientifically based standardized test method for quantifying scratch resistance, it is vital to understand the relationships between material mechanical properties, morphology, and appearance (optical properties) of surface and subsurface deformation. In this article, preliminary results from a scratch testing protocol to identify the "onset" of plastic deformation in poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(propylene) commercial samples are presented. Recent advances in optical scattering measurements to identify the onset of plastic deformation by analyzing specular and off-specular intensities are also presented. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USA, Res Lab, Multifunct Mat Branch, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 USA. Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Taipei 10764, Taiwan. RP Sung, LP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 20 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 7 PU FEDERATION SOC COATINGS TECHNOLOGY PI BLUE BELL PA 492 NORRISTOWN ROAD, BLUE BELL, PA 19422-2350 USA SN 1547-0091 J9 JCT RES JI JCT Res. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 2 IS 8 BP 583 EP 589 DI 10.1007/BF02774587 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 977DG UT WOS:000232782000001 ER PT J AU Kim, MH Glinka, CJ AF Kim, MH Glinka, CJ TI Application of in situ vapor sorption small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) to semicrystalline polymers: vapor pathway and structure evolution in semicrystalline linear polyethylene SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID X-RAY; ORGANIC VAPORS; PHASE-BEHAVIOR; CRYSTALLIZATION; COPOLYMERS; SOLUBILITY; ABSORPTION; BLENDS; FLORY AB SANS has not been successfully applied to study the structure of semicrystalline polyolefins without deuterated polymers because of the fundamental limitation of negligible contrast between the crystalline and amorphous phases in spite of the mass density difference. The proposed in situ vapor sorption SANS technique circumvents this limitation and enables structural changes to be studied quantitatively with sorption of a contrast-generating vapor. The results verify the long-standing assumption that vapor selectively diffuses into the amorphous regions of semicrystalline polyethylenes. The proposed technique makes it possible to correlate the structure, sorption isotherm and diffusion coefficient, which is not possible using conventional gravimetric methods. C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, MSE, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Kim, MH (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM man-ho.kim@nist.gov NR 24 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-8898 J9 J APPL CRYSTALLOGR JI J. Appl. Crystallogr. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 38 BP 734 EP 739 DI 10.1107/S0021889805018972 PN 5 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Crystallography SC Chemistry; Crystallography GA 964RI UT WOS:000231897800005 ER PT J AU Prince, E Toby, BH AF Prince, E Toby, BH TI A comparison of methods for modeling the effect of axial divergence in powder diffraction SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID NEUTRON-DIFFRACTION; PEAK; ASYMMETRY AB The Edgeworth series model for the modification of diffraction peak shapes because of axial divergence is compared with the peak shapes computed by a numerical convolution method that is computationally slow. It is shown that if the width of an approximately Gaussian instrumental peak shape is comparable with the width of the modifying function, a condition that is generally satisfied in fixed-wavelength neutron diffraction and in many laboratory X-ray diffraction instruments, but not with synchrotron X-ray instruments, the Edgeworth model is nearly identical to the convolution model, while the computation is much simpler. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Toby, BH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM brian.toby@nist.gov RI Toby, Brian/F-3176-2013 OI Toby, Brian/0000-0001-8793-8285 NR 10 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-8898 J9 J APPL CRYSTALLOGR JI J. Appl. Crystallogr. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 38 BP 804 EP 807 DI 10.1107/S002188980502265X PN 5 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Crystallography SC Chemistry; Crystallography GA 964RI UT WOS:000231897800015 ER PT J AU Schultz, DR Perez, N Tan, CK Mendez, AJ Capo, TR Snodgrass, D Prince, ED Serafy, JE AF Schultz, DR Perez, N Tan, CK Mendez, AJ Capo, TR Snodgrass, D Prince, ED Serafy, JE TI Concurrent levels of 11-ketotestosterone in fish surface mucus, muscle tissue and blood SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HUMAN CHORIONIC-GONADOTROPIN; MALE JAPANESE EEL; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; ANGUILLA-JAPONICA; SINGLE INJECTION; ANDROGEN LEVELS; CHESAPEAKE BAY; COHO SALMON; IN-VITRO; SPERMATOGENESIS AB A rapid, reproducible method is described for extracting and comparing levels of the ether-soluble fish androgen 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) in blood serum, muscle tissue and surface mucus. Because widely different volumes of extract were recovered after centrifugation from the three sources, it was important to express androgen levels as pg 11-KT/mg of total soluble protein (TSP). For six male and four female sexually-staged freshwater Koi (Cyprinus carpio), the method yielded similar pg 11-KT/mg TSP ratios in blood serum and extracts of muscle tissue and surface mucus, with the strongest correlation between blood serum and surface mucus. While male Koi were distinguishable from females based on the magnitude of 11-KT levels, reproductive stage and gonadosomatic index levels were not correlated with the 11-KT levels of either sex. Similar pg 11-KT/mg TSP ratios were also found for autologous muscle tissue and surface mucus extracts of 37 captured and sexed wild marine fishes representing seven genera. However, high 11-KT levels were not restricted to mature males. Collectively, results suggest that surface mucus collection (followed by 11-KT assay) is a useful alternative to more invasive methods of determining systemic hormone levels in fish. Without knowledge of seasonal variation in levels of this and other sex hormones, however, reliance on 11-KT levels alone may lead to spurious identification of gender, let alone reproductive stage. C1 Univ Miami, Sch Med, Dept Med, Miami, FL 33101 USA. Univ Miami, Sch Med, Clin Chem Lab, Diabet Res Inst, Miami, FL USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL USA. RP Schultz, DR (reprint author), Univ Miami, Sch Med, Dept Med, R-102,POB 016960, Miami, FL 33101 USA. EM dschultz@med.miami.edu NR 25 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 5 U2 14 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0175-8659 EI 1439-0426 J9 J APPL ICHTHYOL JI J. Appl. Ichthyol. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 21 IS 5 BP 394 EP 398 DI 10.1111/j.1439-0426.2005.00650.x PG 5 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 972ZV UT WOS:000232493400004 ER PT J AU Li, J Huang, HL Liu, CY Yang, P Schmit, TJ Wei, HL Weisz, E Guan, L Menzel, WP AF Li, J Huang, HL Liu, CY Yang, P Schmit, TJ Wei, HL Weisz, E Guan, L Menzel, WP TI Retrieval of cloud microphysical properties from MODIS and AIRS SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID RESOLUTION INFRARED OBSERVATIONS; RADIATIVE PROPERTIES; CIRRUS CLOUDS; OPTICAL-THICKNESS; WATER-VAPOR; RADIANCES; PARAMETERS; INFERENCE; PRODUCTS; AIRS/AMSU/HSB AB The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) measurements from the NASA Earth Observing System Aqua satellite enable global monitoring of the distribution of clouds during day and night. The MODIS is able to provide a high-spatial-resolution (1-5 km) cloud mask, cloud classification mask, cloud-phase mask, cloud-top pressure (CTP), and effective cloud amount during both the daytime and the nighttime, as well as cloud particle size (CPS) and cloud optical thickness (COT) at 0.55 mu m during the daytime. The AIRS high-spectral-resolution measurements reveal cloud properties with coarser spatial resolution (13.5 km at nadir). Combined, MODIS and AIRS provide cloud microphysical properties during both the daytime and nighttime. A fast cloudy radiative transfer model for AIRS that accounts for cloud scattering and absorption is described in this paper. One-dimensional variational (1DVAR) and minimum-residual (MR) methods are used to retrieve the CPS and COT from AIRS longwave window region (790-970 cm(-1) or 10.31-12.66 mu m, and 1050-1130 cm(-1) or 8.85-9.52 mu m) cloudy radiance measurements. In both IDVAR and MR procedures, the CTP is derived from the AIRS radiances of carbon dioxide channels while the cloud-phase information is derived from the collocated MODIS I-km phase mask for AIRS CPS and COT retrievals. In addition, the collocated 1-km MODIS cloud mask refines the AIRS cloud detection in both IDVAR and MR procedures. The atmospheric temperature profile, moisture profile, and surface skin temperature used in the AIRS cloud retrieval processing are from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts forecast analysis. The results from IDVAR are compared with the operational MODIS products and MR cloud microphysical property retrieval. A Hurricane Isabel case study shows that IDVAR retrievals have a high correlation with either the operational MODIS cloud products or MR cloud property retrievals. IDVAR provides an efficient way for cloud microphysical property retrieval during the daytime, and MR provides the cloud microphysical property retrievals during both the daytime and nighttime. C1 Univ Wisconsin, CIMSS, SSEC, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Madison, WI USA. RP Li, J (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, CIMSS, SSEC, 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM jun.li@ssec.wise.edu RI Schmit, Timothy/F-5624-2010; Yang, Ping/B-4590-2011; Menzel, W. Paul/B-8306-2011; Liu, Chian-Yi/B-1898-2015; Li, Jun/H-3579-2015 OI Menzel, W. Paul/0000-0001-5690-1201; Liu, Chian-Yi/0000-0003-1725-4405; Li, Jun/0000-0001-5504-9627 NR 38 TC 53 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 44 IS 10 BP 1526 EP 1543 DI 10.1175/JAM2281.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 980QY UT WOS:000233034500003 ER PT J AU Shupe, MD Uttal, T Matrosov, SY AF Shupe, MD Uttal, T Matrosov, SY TI Arctic cloud microphysics retrievals from surface-based remote sensors at SHEBA SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID ICE WATER-CONTENT; GROUND-BASED MEASUREMENTS; RADAR MEASUREMENTS; STRATUS CLOUD; MICROWAVE RADIOMETER; DOPPLER RADAR; LIQUID WATER; STRATIFORM CLOUDS; CIRRUS CLOUDS; BEAUFORT SEA AB An operational suite of ground-based, remote sensing retrievals for producing cloud microphysical properties is described, assessed, and applied to I yr of observations in the Arctic. All measurements were made in support of the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic (SHEBA) program and First International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project Regional Experiment (FIRE) Arctic Clouds Experiment (ACE) in 1997-98. Retrieval techniques and cloud-type classifications are based on measurements from a vertically pointing 35-GHz Doppler radar, microwave and infrared radiometers, and radiosondes. The retrieval methods are assessed using aircraft in situ measurements from a limited set of case studies and by intercomparison of multiple retrievals for the same parameters. In all-liquid clouds, retrieved droplet effective radii R, have an uncertainty of up to 32% and liquid water contents (LWC) have an uncertainty of 49%-72%. In all-ice clouds, ice particle mean sizes D-mean can be retrieved with an uncertainty of 26%-46% while retrieved ice water contents (IWC) have an uncertainty of 62%-100%. In general, radar-only, regionally tuned empirical power-law retrievals were best suited among the tested retrieval algorithms for operational cloud monitoring at SHEBA because of their wide applicability, ease of use, and reasonable statistical accuracy. More complex multisensor techniques provided a moderate improvement in accuracy for specific case studies and were useful for deriving location-specific coefficients for the empirical retrievals but were not as frequently applicable as the single sensor methods because of various limitations. During the yearlong SHEBA program, all-liquid clouds were identified 19% of the time and were characterized by an annual average droplet R-e of 6.5 mu m, LWC of 0.10 g m(-3), and liquid water path of 45 g m(-2). All-ice clouds were identified 38% of the time with an annual average particle D-mean. of 73 mu m, IWC of 0.014 g m(-3), and ice water path of 30 g m(-2). C1 NOAA, CIRES, ETL, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Shupe, MD (reprint author), NOAA, CIRES, ETL, R-ET6,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM matthew.shupe@noaa.gov RI Shupe, Matthew/F-8754-2011 OI Shupe, Matthew/0000-0002-0973-9982 NR 53 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 44 IS 10 BP 1544 EP 1562 DI 10.1175/JAM2297.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 980QY UT WOS:000233034500004 ER PT J AU Holle, RL Lopez, RE Navarro, BC AF Holle, RL Lopez, RE Navarro, BC TI Deaths, injuries, and damages from lightning in the United States in the 1890s in comparison with the 1990s SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID PROPERTY DAMAGE; CASUALTIES; COLORADO AB A reduction by a factor of 10 in the population-weighted rate of lightning-caused deaths over the last century has been determined in several previous studies. The reasons have been attributed to a number of factors, but none have been quantified in detail with a large dataset. Several thousand lightning-caused deaths, injuries, and reports of property damage in the United States from 1891 to 1894 were analyzed manually from descriptions provided by an 1895 data source. A similar manual analysis was made of information in the NOAA publication Storm Data 100 yr later, from 1991 to 1994. Comparisons show that the decrease in lightning risk to people coincides with a shift in population from rural to urban regions. Major changes in the types of property damaged by lightning between the two periods 100 yr apart are also shown. In addition, the results identify significant shifts in the kinds of incidents in which people and objects are impacted by lightning. This information can help in the development of better guidelines for lightning safety and education. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Holle, RL (reprint author), 11374 N Cactus Rose Dr, Oro Valley, AZ 85737 USA. EM rholle@earthlink.net NR 31 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 44 IS 10 BP 1563 EP 1573 DI 10.1175/JAM2287.1 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 980QY UT WOS:000233034500005 ER PT J AU Redfern, JV Grant, CC Gaylard, A Getz, WM AF Redfern, JV Grant, CC Gaylard, A Getz, WM TI Surface water availability and the management of herbivore distributions in an African savanna ecosystem SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE water management; wildlife management; semi-arid savannas; artificial water sources; water source heterogeneity; rainfall; Kruger National Park ID KRUGER-NATIONAL-PARK; SOUTH-AFRICA; ANTELOPE AB Savanna water management is predicated on the hypothesis that surface water availability can be manipulated at scales that influence herbivore distributions. Using a case study in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, we assess the contribution of perennial and ephemeral water sources to surface water availability in the dry season. We posit that surface water availability in savanna ecosystems exists along a continuum of being determined primarily by perennial or ephemeral water sources and propose that locating an ecosystem along this continuum provides a means to evaluate the utility of water management. We also develop general hypotheses about the relative response of herbivore species to ephemeral water sources. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Kruger Natl Pk, Sci Serv, ZA-1350 Skukuza, South Africa. RP Redfern, JV (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM jessica.redfern@noaa.gov OI Getz, Wayne/0000-0001-8784-9354 NR 27 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 5 U2 22 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 63 IS 2 BP 406 EP 424 DI 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2005.03.016 PG 19 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 958FZ UT WOS:000231431400005 ER PT J AU Augustine, JA Hodges, GB Cornwall, CR Michalsky, JJ Medina, CI AF Augustine, JA Hodges, GB Cornwall, CR Michalsky, JJ Medina, CI TI An update on SURFRAD - The GCOS Surface Radiation budget network for the continental United States SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LONGWAVE IRRADIANCE UNCERTAINTY; LOCALLY WEIGHTED REGRESSION; SKY-SCANNING RADIOMETER; AEROSOL OPTICAL DEPTH; CALIBRATION; SYSTEM; TEMPERATURE; AMERICA AB The Surface Radiation budget (SURFRAD) network was developed for the United States in the middle 1990s in response to a growing need for more sophisticated in situ surface radiation measurements to support satellite system validation; numerical model verification; and modern climate, weather, and hydrology research applications. Operational data collection began in 1995 with four stations; two stations were added in 1998. Since its formal introduction to the research community in 2000, several additions and improvements have been made to the network's products and infrastructure. To better represent the climate types of the United States, a seventh SURFRAD station was installed near Sioux Falls, South Dakota, in June 2003. In 2001, the instrument used for the diffuse solar measurement was replaced with a type of pyranometer that does not have a bias associated with infrared radiative cooling of its receiving surface. Subsequently, biased diffuse solar data from 1996 to 2001 were corrected using a generally accepted method. Other improvements include the implementation of a clear-sky diagnostic algorithm and associated products, better continuity in the ultraviolet-B (UVB) data record, a reduced potential for error in the downwelling infrared measurements, and development of an aerosol optical depth algorithm. Of these, only the aerosol optical depth product has yet to be finalized. All SURFRAD stations are members of the international Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN). Data are submitted regularly in monthly segments to the BSRN archive in Zurich, Switzerland. Through this affiliation, the SURFRAD network became an official part of the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) in April 2004. C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, R ARL, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Augustine, JA (reprint author), NOAA, Air Resources Lab, R ARL, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM John.A.Augustine@noaa.gov NR 26 TC 74 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 22 IS 10 BP 1460 EP 1472 DI 10.1175/JTECH1806.1 PG 13 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 978YH UT WOS:000232908500002 ER PT J AU Reda, I Hickey, J Long, C Myers, D Stoffel, T Wilcox, S Michalsky, JJ Dutton, EG Nelson, D AF Reda, I Hickey, J Long, C Myers, D Stoffel, T Wilcox, S Michalsky, JJ Dutton, EG Nelson, D TI Using a blackbody to calculate net longwave responsivity of shortwave solar pyranometers to correct for their thermal offset error during outdoor calibration using the component sum method SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RADIATION; SURFACE AB Thermopile pyranometers' thermal offset has been recognized since the pyranometer's inception. This offset is often overlooked or ignored because its magnitude is small compared to the overall solar signal at higher irradiance. With the demand of smaller uncertainty in measuring solar radiation, recent publications have described a renewed interest in this offset, its magnitude, and its effect on solar measurement networks for atmospheric science and solar energy applications. Recently, it was suggested that the magnitude of the pyranometer thermal offset is the same if the pyranometer is shaded or unshaded. Therefore, calibrating a pyranometer using a method known as the shade/unshade method would result in accurate responsivity calculations because the thermal offset error is canceled. When using the component sum method for the pyranometer calibration, the thermal offset error, which is typically negative when the sky is cloudless, does not cancel, resulting in an underestimated shortwave responsivity. Most operational pyranometers that are in use for solar radiation measuring networks are calibrated using the component sum method since it is possible to calibrate many pyranometers simultaneously. From this arises the importance of correcting the component sum method results to account for the thermal offset error. In this article a method of using a blackbody system to calculate the net longwave respogsivity of pyranometers, which is largely responsible for the offset error, is described. This longwave responsivity is then used to correct the pyranometer's shortwave responsivity during the component sum method calibrations and thereby substantially reduces the effect of the offset error on the final pyranometer responsivity. Practical procedures for performing this calibration procedure along with its limitations and remaining uncertainties are given. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Eppley Lab, Newport, RI USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NOAA, Boulder, CO USA. RP Reda, I (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cold Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. EM ibrahim_reda@nrel.gov NR 11 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 22 IS 10 BP 1531 EP 1540 DI 10.1175/JTECH1782.1 PG 10 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 978YH UT WOS:000232908500008 ER PT J AU Schmid, C AF Schmid, C TI Impact of combining temperature profiles from different instruments on an analysis of mixed layer properties SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB For a joint analysis of temperature profiles from floats, expendable bathythermographs (XBTs), and other instruments (e.g., thermistor chains) the consistency of the profiles from the different sources needs to be ensured to avoid results with systematic errors. In this study profiles from the different instrument types are compared after they passed through a series of quality control tests. The different methods for quality control are presented. After ensuring that only high-quality profiles remain in the dataset, a statistical analysis of the temperature differences between adjacent profiles (in space and time) is performed. Potential regional differences as well as possible differences between the various;float types are addressed. Finally, the impact of combining the profiles from floats with those from other instruments on gridded fields of the mixed layer temperature, thickness, and heat budget is discussed. It is found that the joint analysis yields more reliable results for the gridded fields and the heat storage rate. A large part of this improvement is a result of the reduced seasonal bias. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, PHOD, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Schmid, C (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, PHOD, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM claudia.schmid@noaa.gov RI Schmid, Claudia/D-5875-2013 OI Schmid, Claudia/0000-0003-2132-4736 NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 22 IS 10 BP 1571 EP 1587 DI 10.1175/JTECH1785.1 PG 17 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 978YH UT WOS:000232908500011 ER PT J AU Kumar, A Zhang, Q Peng, PT Jha, B AF Kumar, A Zhang, Q Peng, PT Jha, B TI SST-forced atmospheric variability in an atmospheric general circulation model SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SEASONAL FORECAST SYSTEM; EL-NINO; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; CLIMATE; ENSO; NONLINEARITY; PREDICTION; TELECONNECTIONS; PREDICTABILITY; TEMPERATURES AB From ensembles of 80 AGCM simulations for every December-January-February (DJF) seasonal mean in the 1980-2000 period, interannual variability in atmospheric response to interannual variations in observed sea surface temperature (SST) is analyzed. A unique facet of this study is the use of large ensemble size that allows identification of the atmospheric response to SSTs for each DJF in the analysis period. The motivation of this study was to explore what atmospheric response patterns beyond the canonical response to El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) SST anomalies exist, and to which SST forcing such patterns may be related. A practical motivation for this study was to seek sources of atmospheric predictability that may lead to improvements in seasonal predictability efforts. This analysis was based on the EOF technique applied to the ensemble mean 200-mb height response. The dominant mode of the atmospheric response was indeed the canonical atmospheric response to ENSO; however. this mode only explained 53% of interannual variability of the ensemble means (often referred to as the external variability). The second mode, explaining 19% of external variability, was related to a general increase (decrease) in the 200-mb heights related to a Tropicwide warming (cooling) in SSTs. The third dominant mode, explaining 12% of external variability, was similar to the mode identified as the "nonlinear" response to ENSO in earlier studies. The realism of different atmospheric response patterns was also assessed from a comparison of anomaly correlations computed between different renditions of AGCM-simulated atmospheric responses and the observed 200-mb height anomalies. For example, the anomaly correlation between the atmospheric response reconstructed from the first mode alone and the observations was compared with the anomaly correlation when the atmospheric response was reconstructed including modes 2 and 3. If the higher-order atmospheric response patterns obtained from the AGCM simulations had observational counterparts, their inclusion in the reconstructed atmospheric response should lead to higher anomaly correlations. Indeed, at some geographical regions, an increase in anomaly correlation with the inclusion of higher modes was found. and it is concluded that the higher-order atmospheric response patterns found in this study may be realistic and may represent additional sources of atmospheric seasonal predictability. C1 NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Kumar, A (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, 5200 Auth Rd,Rm 800, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM arun.kumar@noaa.gov NR 31 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD OCT 1 PY 2005 VL 18 IS 19 BP 3953 EP 3967 DI 10.1175/JCLI3483.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 982CN UT WOS:000233135600001 ER PT J AU Foltz, GR McPhaden, MJ AF Foltz, GR McPhaden, MJ TI Mixed layer heat balance on intraseasonal time scales in the northwestern tropical Atlantic Ocean SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC-OCEAN; SUBDUCTION EXPERIMENT; NORTH-ATLANTIC; BARRIER LAYER; VARIABILITY; BUDGET; OSCILLATION; CLIMATE; MODEL AB Recent observations have shown evidence of intraseasonal oscillations (with periods of approximately 1-2 months) in the northern and southern tropical Atlantic trade winds. In this paper, the oceanic response to the observed intraseasonal wind variability is addressed through an analysis of the surface mixed layer heat balance, focusing on three locations in the northwestern tropical Atlantic where in situ measurements from moored buoys are available (14.5 degrees N, 51 degrees W; 15 degrees N, 38 degrees W; and 18 degrees N, 34 degrees W). It is found that local heat storage at all three locations is balanced primarily by wind-induced latent heat loss, which is the same mechanism that is believed to play a dominant role on interannual and decadal time scales in the region. It is also found that the intraseasonal wind speed oscillations are linked to changes in surface wind convergence and convection over the western equatorial Atlantic warm pool. These atmospheric circulation anomalies and wind-induced SST anomalies potentially feed back on one another to affect longer time-scale variability in the region. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Foltz, GR (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM gregory.foltz@noaa.gov RI Foltz, Gregory/B-8710-2011; McPhaden, Michael/D-9799-2016 OI Foltz, Gregory/0000-0003-0050-042X; NR 40 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 18 IS 20 BP 4168 EP 4184 DI 10.1175/JCLI3531.1 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 984KB UT WOS:000233301300005 ER PT J AU Menne, MJ Williams, CN AF Menne, MJ Williams, CN TI Detection of undocumented changepoints using multiple test statistics and composite reference series SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID 2-PHASE REGRESSION-MODEL; CLIMATOLOGICAL TIME-SERIES; TEMPERATURE SERIES; HOMOGENEITY TEST; INHOMOGENEITIES; DISCONTINUITIES; IDENTIFICATION; REVISION; SKILL; SHIFT AB An evaluation of three hypothesis test statistics that are commonly used in the detection of undocumented changepoints is described. The goal of the evaluation was to determine whether the use of multiple tests could improve undocumented, artificial changepoint detection skill in climate series. The use of successive hypothesis testing is compared to optimal approaches, both of which are designed for situations in which multiple undocumented changepoints may be present. In addition, the importance of the form of the composite climate reference series is evaluated, particularly with regard to the impact of undocumented changepoints in the various component series that are used to calculate the composite. In a comparison of single test changepoint detection skill, the composite reference series formulation is shown to be less important than the choice of the hypothesis test statistic, provided that the composite is calculated from the serially complete and homogeneous component series. However, each of the evaluated composite series is not equally susceptible to the presence of changepoints in its components, which may be erroneously attributed to the target series. Moreover, a reference formulation that is based on the averaging of the first-difference component series is susceptible to random walks when the composition of the component series changes through time (e. g., values are missing), and its use is, therefore, not recommended. When more than one test is required to reject the null hypothesis of no changepoint, the number of detected changepoints is reduced proportionately less than the number of false alarms in a wide variety of Monte Carlo simulations. Consequently, a consensus of hypothesis tests appears to improve undocumented changepoint detection skill, especially when reference series homogeneity is violated. A consensus of successive hypothesis tests using a semihierarchic splitting algorithm also compares favorably to optimal solutions, even when changepoints are not hierarchic. C1 NOAA, Natl Climate Data Ctr, NESDIS, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RP Menne, MJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Climate Data Ctr, NESDIS, 151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. EM Matthew.Menne@noaa.gov NR 35 TC 84 Z9 89 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 18 IS 20 BP 4271 EP 4286 DI 10.1175/JCLI3524.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 984KB UT WOS:000233301300011 ER PT J AU Aguilar, A Garza, JC AF Aguilar, A Garza, JC TI Analysis of major histocompatibility complex class II Beta genes from rockfishes (genus Sebastes) SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE balancing selection; major histocompatibility complex (MHC); rockfish ID MHC; POLYMORPHISM; SELECTION; SUBSTITUTION; DIVERSITY; SEQUENCE; LOCI AB Class 11 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) beta genes were isolated from 12 species of rockfish (genus Sebastes). Multiple sequences were found in each of the species. The majority of sequences displayed the characteristics of functional MHC genes, with a small group of sequences that were possibly pseudogenes. (c) 2005 The Fisheries Society of the British isles. C1 NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Aguilar, A (reprint author), NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz Lab, 110 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM andres.aguilar@noaa.gov NR 20 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 67 IS 4 BP 1021 EP 1028 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2005.00803.x PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 977FF UT WOS:000232787400010 ER PT J AU Sutor, M Cowles, TJ Peterson, WT Lamb, J AF Sutor, M Cowles, TJ Peterson, WT Lamb, J TI Comparison of acoustic and net sampling systems to determine patterns in zooplankton distribution SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID SOUND-SCATTERING; TAXONOMIC COMPOSITION; PLANKTON; MOCNESS AB [1] An analysis was conducted of the strengths and limitations of acoustic methods to determine biomass and taxonomic distribution patterns over the Oregon continental shelf. Measurements of volume backscatter from two different acoustic instruments were compared with each other and with predicted volume backscatter calculated from a coincident net tow. Spatially and temporally coincident data were collected from a six-frequency bioacoustic system (Tracor Acoustic Profiling System ( TAPS)) and from a 1 m 2 Multiple Opening Closing Net and Environmental Sensing System (MOCNESS). The combined net/acoustic tows were conducted over the Oregon continental shelf in August 2001, during both day and night. The TAPS was mounted on the upper frame of the MOCNESS and ensonified a volume of water directly in front of the net mouth. A four-frequency echosounder (Hydroacoustic Technologies Inc. (HTI)) with downward looking transducers was towed off the port side of the ship during the MOCNESS/TAPS tows. Fine-scale vertical distributions of zooplankton that were resolved acoustically were not apparent within the integrated depth strata of the individual MOCNESS net samples. The taxonomic and size composition of the zooplankton community had strong effects on volume backscatter (S-V), although the magnitude of S-V was not linearly related to zooplankton biomass. Predicted S-V calculated from scattering models and the contents of the MOCNESS nets agreed best ( sometimes within 5 dB) with measured S-V from the TAPS at 420 and 700 kHz and measured S-V at 420 kHz from the HTI. C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NOAA Fisheries, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Cooperat Inst Marine Resource Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Sutor, M (reprint author), Louisiana Univ Marine Consortium, 8124 Highway 56, Chauvin, LA 70344 USA. EM msutor@lumcon.edu; tjc@coas.oregonstate.edu; bill.peterson@noaa.gov; jesse.lamb@oregonstate.edu NR 25 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD OCT 1 PY 2005 VL 110 IS C10 AR C10S16 DI 10.1029/2004JC002681 PG 12 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 973GL UT WOS:000232510800001 ER PT J AU Gharib, JJ Sansone, FJ Resing, JA Baker, ET Lupton, JE Massoth, GJ AF Gharib, JJ Sansone, FJ Resing, JA Baker, ET Lupton, JE Massoth, GJ TI Methane dynamics in hydrothermal plumes over a superfast spreading center: East Pacific Rise, 27.5 degrees-32.3 degrees S SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE; DE-FUCA-RIDGE; WATER COLUMN; OCEAN-RIDGE; VENT FIELD; MANGANESE; CH4; OXIDATION; CHEMISTRY; FLUIDS AB [1] Samples were collected from hydrothermal plumes along the East Pacific Rise (EPR) from 28 degrees to 32 degrees S during the Ridge Axis Plume and Neotectonic Unified Investigation (RAPANUI) cruise ( 5 March to 12 April 1998). Forty-five vertical casts and tow-yos were conducted: 3 off axis and 42 over the axes of two overlapping propagating ridges, the West and East ridges. These ridges are composed of several nontransform offset ridge segments. Spreading rates range from 149 mm/yr in the segment interiors to 0 mm/yr at the propagating rifts. These maximum spreading rates are considered the fastest on the mid-ocean ridge system and affect the structure of the ridge. Segment-averaged methane plume maxima ranged from 1.7 to 7.2 nM. Mean methane concentrations on the West Ridge were nearly double those of the East Ridge. Westwardly advecting hydrothermal methane persisted to our most distal station, nearly 480 km west of the East Pacific Rise. Background concentrations were less than 1 nM. The highest methane concentration measured was 50 nM in a buoyant plume. Methane did not covary with manganese or any other hydrothermal tracer in plumes over portions of a segment that exhibited recent magmatic activity, possibly as a result of the hydrothermal system's recovery from a phase separation event. In contrast, methane/manganese ratios on the other segments ranged from 0.077 to 0.091. Methane delta C-13 values in plume maxima ranged from - 27 to - 33 parts per thousand versus Peedee belemnite; background values were around - 40 parts per thousand. These data are compared with hydrothermal plume methane data from slower spreading ridges and illustrate similarities in hydrothermal processes and sources between these systems. C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Geol & Geophys, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Ocean, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, VENTS Program, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Inst Geol & Nucl Sci Ltd, Lower Hutt, New Zealand. RP Gharib, JJ (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Dept Geol & Geophys, 1680 E West Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM jgharib@soest.hawaii.edu; sansone@soest.hawaii.edu; joseph.resing@noaa.gov; edward.baker@noaa.gov; john.e.lupton@noaa.gov; g.massoth@gns.cri.nz RI Sansone, Francis/B-9915-2013 NR 63 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD OCT 1 PY 2005 VL 110 IS B10 AR B10101 DI 10.1029/2004JB003531 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 973GW UT WOS:000232511900002 ER PT J AU Gottschalck, J Meng, J Rodell, M Houser, P AF Gottschalck, J Meng, J Rodell, M Houser, P TI Analysis of multiple precipitation products and preliminary assessment of their impact on global land data assimilation system land surface states SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID SATELLITE RAIN ESTIMATION; REAL-TIME ESTIMATION; CLIMATOLOGY PROJECT; GAUGE OBSERVATIONS; SOIL-MOISTURE; UNITED-STATES; INTERCOMPARISON PROJECT; ALGORITHM; DROUGHT; MODEL AB Precipitation is arguably the most important meteorological forcing variable in land surface modeling. Many types of precipitation datasets exist ( with various pros and cons) and include those from atmospheric data assimilation systems, satellites, rain gauges, ground radar, and merged products. These datasets are being evaluated in order to choose the most suitable precipitation forcing for real-time and retrospective simulations of the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS). This paper first presents results of a comparison for the period from March 2002 to February 2003. Later, GLDAS simulations 14 months in duration are analyzed to diagnose impacts on GLDAS land surface states when using the Mosaic land surface model (LSM). A comparison of seasonal total precipitation for the continental United States (CONUS) illustrates that the Climate Prediction Center (CPC) Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP) has the closest agreement with a CPC rain gauge dataset for all seasons except winter. The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) model performs the best of the modeling systems. The satellite-only products [the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Real-time Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis and the Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN)] suffer from a few deficiencies - most notably an overestimation of summertime precipitation in the central United States ( 200 - 400 mm). CMAP is the most closely correlated with daily rain gauge data for the spring, fall, and winter seasons, while the satellite-only estimates perform best in summer. GLDAS land surface states are sensitive to different precipitation forcing where percent differences in volumetric soil water content (SWC) between simulations ranged from -75% to -100%. The percent differences in SWC are generally 25%-75% less than the percent precipitation differences, indicating that GLDAS and specifically the Mosaic LSM act to generally "damp" precipitation differences. Areas where the percent changes are equivalent to the percent precipitation changes, however, are evident. Soil temperature spread between GLDAS runs was considerable and ranged up to +/- 3.0 K with the largest impact in the western United States. C1 Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, GEST, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Gottschalck, J (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Climate Predict Ctr, 5220 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Jon.Gottschalck@noaa.gov RI Rodell, Matthew/E-4946-2012; Houser, Paul/J-9515-2013 OI Rodell, Matthew/0000-0003-0106-7437; Houser, Paul/0000-0002-2991-0441 NR 58 TC 103 Z9 108 U1 1 U2 17 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 6 IS 5 BP 573 EP 598 DI 10.1175/JHM437.1 PG 26 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 984FV UT WOS:000233288800001 ER PT J AU Dery, SJ Stieglitz, M Rennermalm, AK Wood, EF AF Dery, SJ Stieglitz, M Rennermalm, AK Wood, EF TI The water budget of the Kuparuk River basin, Alaska SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID CATCHMENT-BASED APPROACH; HEADWATER ARCTIC BASIN; LAND-SURFACE PROCESSES; BLOWING-SNOW; ACTIVE-LAYER; COASTAL-PLAIN; HYDRAULIC-PROPERTIES; NORTHERN ALASKA; HYDROLOGY MODEL; CLIMATE MODELS AB A water budget study that considers precipitation, river runoff, evapotranspiration, and soil moisture for the Kuparuk River basin on the North Slope of Alaska is presented. Numerical simulations of hydrologic processes using the NASA Catchment-based Land Surface Model are conducted for the period 1991-2001 and provide the partitioning of the observed precipitation input (292 mm yr(-1)) onto the basin into river discharge (169 mm yr(-1)), evapotranspiration (127 mm yr(-1)), and an increase in soil moisture (1 mm yr(-1)). Discharge attains its annual peak during snowmelt and disposes 58% of the annual precipitation. Evapotranspiration contributes another 43% to the water budget and is mainly associated with warm summertime conditions and a snow-free surface. Combined, surface-snow and blowing-snow sublimation contribute only 5% of the total annual evaporative fluxes. Soil moisture recharge is associated with snowmelt during spring and rainfall during late summer and early fall, whereas soil drying accompanies high evapotranspiration rates during summer. An analysis of interannual variability in the water budget shows that warm, dry years favor a relatively more intense response of river discharge and evapotranspiration to the precipitation input, whereas cool, wet years tend to augment soil moisture. C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Dery, SJ (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, 307 GFDL, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM sdery@princeton.edu RI Rennermalm, Asa/I-3270-2012; OI Rennermalm, Asa/0000-0002-2470-7444; Wood, Eric/0000-0001-7037-9675 NR 75 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X EI 1525-7541 J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 6 IS 5 BP 633 EP 655 DI 10.1175/JHM434.1 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 984FV UT WOS:000233288800004 ER PT J AU Mestas-Nunez, AM Zhang, CD Enfield, DB AF Mestas-Nunez, AM Zhang, CD Enfield, DB TI Uncertainties in estimating moisture fluxes over the Intra-Americas Sea SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEMISPHERE WARM POOL; LOW-LEVEL JET; WATER VAPOR TRANSPORT; CENTRAL UNITED-STATES; TROPICAL ATLANTIC; NORTH AMERICA; HYDROLOGIC-CYCLE; REANALYSIS; PRECIPITATION; RAINFALL AB This study estimates discrepancies in moisture flux divergence in the Intra-Americas Sea (IAS; including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea) calculated using sounding observations, the NCEP Eta high-resolution regional analysis, and the NCEP-NCAR coarse-resolution global reanalysis. The main purpose of this exercise is to quantify the uncertainties in the global reanalysis when it is used to calculate annual and interannual variability of moisture flux divergence in the region. An accurate estimate of moisture flux divergence is crucial to evaluate whether the IAS serves as a water vapor source for rainfall over the adjacent land. Using the three datasets, the uncertainties of calculated moisture flux divergence due to the design of the boundary of the area, mathematical algorithms, and spatial and temporal resolutions are quantified. The results show that the large seasonal and interannual variability in moisture flux divergence estimated using the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis is not compromised by these uncertainties. Therefore, NCEP-NCAR reanalysis, with its global coverage and long-term record, can be used to provide the best estimate of short climate variability of moisture flux divergence available to date. Further comparisons are made of the moisture flux divergence based on the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis with previous estimates using single-year sounding observations, as well as with multiyear estimates based on global datasets of surface evaporation and precipitation. It is shown that the previous estimates using single-year sounding observations bear large uncertainties because of interannual variability. Large uncertainties also exist in datasets of surface global evaporation and precipitation. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Miami, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, Miami, FL 33152 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Mestas-Nunez, AM (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM alberto.mestas@noaa.gov RI Mestas-Nunez, Alberto/A-1427-2012; Enfield, David/I-2112-2013 OI Mestas-Nunez, Alberto/0000-0002-3546-3668; Enfield, David/0000-0001-8107-5079 NR 30 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 6 IS 5 BP 696 EP 709 DI 10.1175/JHM442.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 984FV UT WOS:000233288800008 ER PT J AU Mo, KC Chelliah, M Carrera, ML Higgins, RW Ebisuzaki, W AF Mo, KC Chelliah, M Carrera, ML Higgins, RW Ebisuzaki, W TI Atmospheric moisture transport over the United States and Mexico as evaluated in the NCEP regional reanalysis SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID NORTH-AMERICAN MONSOON; WATER-VAPOR TRANSPORT; LOW-LEVEL JET; PRECIPITATION REGIME; ENERGY BUDGETS; ETA-MODEL; CALIFORNIA; GULF; CLIMATOLOGY; NCEP/NCAR AB The large-scale atmospheric hydrologic cycle over the United States and Mexico derived from the 23-yr NCEP regional reanalysis (RR) was evaluated by comparing the RR products with satellite estimates, independent sounding data, and the operational Eta Model three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) system (EDAS). In general, the winter atmospheric transport and precipitation are realistic. The climatology and interannual variability of the Pacific, subtropical jet streams, and low-tropospheric moisture transport are well captured. During the summer season, the basic features and the evolution of the North American monsoon (NAM) revealed by the RR compare favorably with observations. The RR also captures the out-of-phase relationship of precipitation as well as the moisture flux convergence between the central United States and the Southwest. The RR is able to capture the zonal easterly Caribbean low-level jet (CALLJ) and the meridional southerly Great Plains low-level jet (GPLLJ). Together, they transport copious moisture from the Caribbean to the Gulf of Mexico and from the Gulf of Mexico to the Great Plains, respectively. The RR systematically overestimates the meridional southerly Gulf of California low-level jet (GCLLJ). A comparison with observations suggests that the meridional winds from the RR are too strong, with the largest differences centered over the northern Gulf of California. The strongest winds over the Gulf in the RR extend above 700 hPa, while the operational EDAS and station soundings indicate that the GCLLJ is confined to the boundary layer. C1 NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Climat Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Mo, KC (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Climat Predict Ctr, 5200 Auth Rd,Rm 605, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Kingtse.Mo@noaa.gov NR 43 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 6 IS 5 BP 710 EP 728 DI 10.1175/JHM452.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 984FV UT WOS:000233288800009 ER PT J AU Feng, SC AF Feng, SC TI Preliminary design and manufacturing planning integration using web-based intelligent agents SO JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT MANUFACTURING LA English DT Article DE conceptual design; intelligent agents; manufacturing agents; process planning; systems integration ID SELECTION; SYSTEM; ENVIRONMENT; INTERNET; PARTS AB Software agents have been increasingly used in the product and process development in industry over the past years due to the rapid evolvement of the Internet technology. This paper describes agents for the integration of conceptual design and process planning. Agents provide mechanisms to interact with each other. This mechanism is important since both of those processes involve negotiations for optimization. A set of design and planning software agents has been developed. These agents are used in a computer-based collaborative environment, called a multi-agent platform. The main purpose of developing such a platform is to support product preliminary design, optimize product form and structure, and reduce the manufacturing cost in the early design stage. The agents on the platform have access to a knowledge base that contains design and planning rules. These rules are derived from an analysis of design factors that influence process and resource planning, such as product material, form, shape complexity, features, dimension, tolerance, surface condition, production volume, and production rate. These rules are used by process planning agents to provide process planners with information regarding selecting preliminary manufacturing processes, determining manufacturing resources, and constructing feedback information to product designers. Additionally, the agents communicate with WEB servers, and they are accessible by users through Internet browsers. During performing design and planning tasks, agents access the data pertinent to design and manufacturing processes by the programming interfaces of existing computer-aided design (CAD) and manufacturing system. The agents are supported by a developed prototype agent platform. The agents and the platform enable the information exchange among agents, based on a previously developed integrated design and manufacturing process object model. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Feng, SC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 34 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0956-5515 EI 1572-8145 J9 J INTELL MANUF JI J. Intell. Manuf. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 16 IS 4-5 BP 423 EP 437 DI 10.1007/s10845-005-1655-4 PG 15 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Manufacturing SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 948NW UT WOS:000230723800003 ER PT J AU Bhowmick, S Zhang, Y Lawn, BR AF Bhowmick, S Zhang, Y Lawn, BR TI Competing fracture modes in brittle materials subject to concentrated cyclic loading in liquid environments: Bilayer structures SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID LAYER STRUCTURES; STATIC FATIGUE; CONTACT DAMAGE; COATINGS; CERAMICS; DESIGN AB A preceding study of the competition between fracture modes in monolithic brittle materials in cyclic loading with curved indenters in liquid environments is here extended to brittle layers on compliant substrates. The fracture modes include outer and inner cone cracks and radial cracks that initiate from the near-contact zone and penetrate downward. Outer cone cracks are driven by stresses from superposed Hertzian and plate flexure fields; inner cone cracks also grow within these fields but are augmented by mechanical driving forces from hydraulic pumping into the crack fissures. Radial cracks are augmented by mechanical driving forces from developing quasiplasticity zones beneath the indenter. Basically, the crack-growth rates are governed by a crack velocity relation. However, the hydraulic and quasiplastic mechanical forces can cumulate in intensity with each cycle, strongly enhancing fatigue. Plate flexure generates compressive stresses at the top surface of the brittle layer, somewhat inhibiting the initiation, and tensile stresses at the lower surface, strongly enhancing the far-field propagation. The tensile stresses promote instability in the crack propagation, resulting in through-thickness penetration (failure). Experiments on a model bilayer system consisting of glass plates bonded to thick polycarbonate bases are presented as an illustrative case study. In situ observations of the crack evolution from initial growth to failure reveal that each fracture mode can dominate under certain test conditions, depending on plate thickness, maximum load, and sphere radius. Implications concerning the failure of practical layer systems, notably dental crowns, are discussed. C1 NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NYU, Coll Dent, New York, NY 10010 USA. RP Lawn, BR (reprint author), NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM brian.lawn@nist.gov NR 16 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 5 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0884-2914 J9 J MATER RES JI J. Mater. Res. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 20 IS 10 BP 2792 EP 2800 DI 10.1557/JMR.2005.0335 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 972MX UT WOS:000232459000026 ER PT J AU Rudas, M Qasim, T Bush, MB Lawn, BR AF Rudas, M Qasim, T Bush, MB Lawn, BR TI Failure of curved brittle layer systems from radial cracking in concentrated surface loading SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CERAMIC COATINGS; SPHERICAL INDENTATION; FRACTURE-MECHANICS; CONTACT; DAMAGE; DESIGN; MODULUS; SPHERES; MODES; GLASS AB A study was made of radial crack evolution in curved brittle layers on compliant support substrates. Three-dimensional boundary element analysis was used to compute the stepwise growth of radial cracks that initiate at the bottom surfaces of glass on polymeric support layers, from initiation to final failure. The algorithm calculates reconstituted displacement fields in the near-tip region of the extending cracks, enabling direct evaluation of stress-intensity factors. Available experimental data on the same material systems with prescribed surface curvatures were used to validate the essential features of the predicted crack evolution, particularly the stability conditions prior to ultimate failure. It was shown that the critical loads to failure diminish with increasing surface curvature. Generalization of the ensuing fracture mechanics to include alternative brittle-layer/polymer-substrate systems enabled an explicit expression for the critical load to failure in terms of material properties and layer thicknesses. Implications concerning practical layer systems, particularly dental crowns, are briefly discussed. C1 NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Western Australia, Sch Mech Engn, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. RP Lawn, BR (reprint author), NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM brian.lawn@nist.gov NR 30 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0884-2914 J9 J MATER RES JI J. Mater. Res. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 20 IS 10 BP 2812 EP 2819 DI 10.1557/JMR.2005.0343 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 972MX UT WOS:000232459000028 ER PT J AU Sharpe, WN Jadaan, O Beheim, GM Quinn, GD Nemeth, NN AF Sharpe, WN Jadaan, O Beheim, GM Quinn, GD Nemeth, NN TI Fracture strength of silicon carbide microspecimens SO JOURNAL OF MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE fracture strength; microspecimens; microstructure; silicon carbide; size effect; tensile tests; Weibull statistics ID CERAMIC COMPONENTS; POLYSILICON; DURABILITY; DEPOSITION AB Polycrystalline silicon carbide tensile microspecimens 3.1 mm long were produced by deep reactive ion etching of wafers on the order of 150 mu m thick. The gage sections, which were nominally 200 mu m wide, were either straight, slightly curved, or contained double notches in order to vary the size of the highly stressed region. The fracture stresses of 190 specimens from three process runs were measured in a novel test setup. The average local fracture strengths for the last run were: straight 0.38 +/- 0.13 GPa, curved 0.47 +/- 0.15 GPa, notched 0.78 +/- 0.28 GPa. The corresponding Weibull characteristic strengths were, 0.42 GPa, 0.53 GPa, and 0.88 GPa with respective moduli 3.3, 3.4, and 3.1. These results show a clear increase in the strength of the material as the size of the highly stressed region decreases. Fractographic analyzes showed failures initiating from the bottoms of side grooves left by the etching process. The grains of the material were quite heterogeneous, varying from a few microns in size to columnar grains through the entire specimen thickness. The curved specimens were used as the base for predicting the probability of failure of the other two shapes. While the Weibull approach was quite accurate for the straight shape, it over-predicted the strengths of the notched specimens. Given the microstructure of the material relative to the size of the specimen, a continuum analysis is questionable. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Platteville, WI 53818 USA. NASA, Glenn Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sharpe, WN (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. NR 25 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 8 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1057-7157 J9 J MICROELECTROMECH S JI J. Microelectromech. Syst. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 14 IS 5 BP 903 EP 913 DI 10.1109/JMEMS.2005.851862 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 974DH UT WOS:000232571000004 ER PT J AU Chabot, MD Moreland, JM Gao, L Liou, SH Miller, CW AF Chabot, MD Moreland, JM Gao, L Liou, SH Miller, CW TI Novel fabrication of micromechanical oscillators with nanoscale sensitivity at room temperature SO JOURNAL OF MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE cantilevers; fabrication; magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM); magnetometry ID RESONANCE FORCE MICROSCOPY; MICROCANTILEVER TORQUE MAGNETOMETRY; NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; CANTILEVER MAGNETOMETRY; TORSIONAL OSCILLATORS; SILICON; FILMS; MICROFABRICATION; NANOMAGNETS; PARTICLES AB In this paper, we report on the design, fabrication, and implementation of ultrasensitive micromechanical oscillators. Our ultrathin single-crystal silicon cantilevers with integrated magnetic structures are the first of their kind: They are fabricated using a novel high-yield process in which magnetic film patterning and deposition are combined with cantilever fabrication. These novel devices have been developed for use as cantilever magnetometers and as force sensors in nuclear magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM). These two applications have achieved nanometer-scale resolution using the cantilevers described in this work. Current magnetic moment sensitivity achieved for the devices, when used as magnetometers, is 10(-15) J/T at room temperature, which is more than a 1000-fold improvement in sensitivity, compared to conventional magnetometers. Current room temperature force sensitivity of MRFM cantilevers is similar to 10(-16) N/root Hz, which is comparable to the room temperature sensitivities of similar devices of its type. Finite element modeling was used to improve design parameters, ensure that the devices meet experimental demands, and correlate mode shape with observed results. The photolithographic fabrication process was optimized, yielding an average of similar to 85% and alignment better than 1 mu m. Postfabrication-focused ion-beam milling was used to further pattern the integrated magnetic structures when nanometer scale dimensions were required. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Phys, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. Univ Texas, Austin, TX 78723 USA. RP Chabot, MD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM mchabot@sandiego.edu; moreland@boulder.nist.gov RI Miller, Casey /H-4252-2011 NR 29 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 11 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1057-7157 J9 J MICROELECTROMECH S JI J. Microelectromech. Syst. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 14 IS 5 BP 1118 EP 1126 DI 10.1109/JMEMS.2005.851869 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 974DH UT WOS:000232571000026 ER PT J AU Wight, SA Holbrook, RD AF Wight, SA Holbrook, RD TI Direct preparation of particles from liquid suspension for ESEM or SEM analysis SO JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY-OXFORD LA English DT Article DE carbon; ESEM; SEM; filter; particle; planchet; sample preparation AB A simplified method for the preparation of particles from liquid suspensions has been developed. Particles are deposited directly on carbon planchets for rapid analysis by environmental scanning electron microscopy or by conventional scanning electron microscopy after an additional drying step. This is accomplished by filtering the liquid through thin carbon planchets. Three different grades of graphite were investigated for their suitability as the source material for these planchets. The high quality isomolded graphite is recommended for the filtration and direct observation of particles by electron microscopy. This technique is demonstrated for particles in hydraulic fluid and aquatic suspended particulate material from a natural water source. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wight, SA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM scott.wight@nist.gov NR 1 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-2720 J9 J MICROSC-OXFORD JI J. Microsc.-Oxf. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 220 BP 65 EP 69 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2005.01515.x PN 1 PG 5 WC Microscopy SC Microscopy GA 980DZ UT WOS:000232995500007 PM 16269064 ER PT J AU Tubergen, MJ Lesarri, A Suenram, RD Samuels, AC Jensen, JO Ellzy, MW Lochner, JM AF Tubergen, MJ Lesarri, A Suenram, RD Samuels, AC Jensen, JO Ellzy, MW Lochner, JM TI Rotational spectra, nuclear quadrupole hyperfine tensors, and conformational structures of the mustard gas simulent 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE mustard gas; chemical weapons; rotational spectrum; 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide; Fourier transform microwave spectrum; quadrupole coupling constants; semi mustard; molecular beam spectrum; conformational isomerism; blister agent ID AB-INITIO CALCULATIONS; JET-COOLED FTMW; DIPOLE-MOMENTS AB Rotational spectra have been recorded for both the Cl-35 and Cl-37 isotopic forms of two structural conformations of 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES). The rotational constants of the Cl-35 and Cl-37 isotopomers were used to identify the conformational isomers. A total of 236 hyperfine transitions have been assigned for 47 rotational transitions of the Cl-35 isotope of a GGT conformer, and 146 hyperfine have been assigned for 37 rotational transitions of the Cl-37 isotopomer. For the second conformer, a total of 128 (110) hyperfine and 30 (28) rotational transitions have also been assigned to the Cl-35 (Cl-37) isotopes of a TGT conformation. The extensive hyperfine splitting data, measured to high resolution with a compact Fourier transform microwave spectrometer, were used to determine both the diagonal and off-diagonal elements of the Cl-35 and Cl-37 nuclear quadrupole coupling tensors in the inertial tensor principal axis system. The experimental rotational constant data, as well as the Cl-35 and Cl-37 nuclear quadrupole coupling tensors, were compared to the results from 27 optimized ab initio (HF/6-311++G** and MP2/6-311++G**) model structures. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Kent State Univ, Dept Chem, Kent, OH 44242 USA. Univ Valladolid, Fac Ciencias, Dept Quim Fis, E-47005 Valladolid, Spain. Edgewood Chem & Biol Ctr, Pass Standoff Grp, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010 USA. RP Suenram, RD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM suenramr@earthlink.net RI Lesarri, Alberto/P-6708-2014 OI Lesarri, Alberto/0000-0002-0646-6341 NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2852 J9 J MOL SPECTROSC JI J. Mol. Spectrosc. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 233 IS 2 BP 180 EP 188 DI 10.1016/j.jms.2005.06.014 PG 9 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 971TK UT WOS:000232407400004 ER PT J AU Diallo, MS Glinka, CJ Goddard, WA Johnson, JH AF Diallo, MS Glinka, CJ Goddard, WA Johnson, JH TI Characterization of nanoparticles and colloids in aquatic systems 1. Small angle neutron scattering investigations of Suwannee River fulvic acid aggregates in aqueous solutions SO JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE aggregates; aquatic colloids; fractals; fulvic acids; humic substances; nanoparticles; natural organic matter and neutron scattering water quality ID X-RAY-SCATTERING; ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; NATURAL ORGANIC-MATTER; FRACTAL HUMIC ACIDS; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; IONIC-STRENGTH; SUBSTANCES; DIMENSION; PH; ENVIRONMENT AB Fulvic acids (FA) and humic acids (HA) constitute 30-50% of dissolved organic matter in natural aquatic systems. In aqueous solutions, a commonly accepted view is that FA and HA exist as soluble macroligands at low concentration and as supramolecular aggregates at higher concentration. The size, shape and structure of these aggregates are still the subject of ongoing debate in the environmental chemistry literature. In this article, we use small angle neutron scattering (SANS) to assess the effects of solute concentration, solution pH and background electrolyte (NaCl) concentration on the structures of Suwannee River FA (SRFA) aggregates in D2O. The qualitative features of the SANS curves and data analysis are not consistent with the view point that SRFA forms micelle-like aggregates as its concentration in aqueous solution increases. We find that SRFA forms fractal aggregates in D(2)0 with size greater than 242 nm. The SRFA aggregates undergo a significant degree of restructuring in compactness as solution pH, solute concentration and NaCl concentration increase. C1 CALTECH, Beckman Inst 139 74, Mat & Proc Simulat Ctr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Howard Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Washington, DC 20059 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Diallo, MS (reprint author), CALTECH, Beckman Inst 139 74, Mat & Proc Simulat Ctr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM diallo@wag.caltech.edu NR 55 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 3 U2 29 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1388-0764 J9 J NANOPART RES JI J. Nanopart. Res. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 7 IS 4-5 BP 435 EP 448 DI 10.1007/s11051-005-7524-4 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 960OF UT WOS:000231602300007 ER PT J AU Campbell, CE AF Campbell, CE TI A new technique for evaluating diffusion mobility parameters SO JOURNAL OF PHASE EQUILIBRIA AND DIFFUSION LA English DT Article ID NI-BASE SUPERALLOY; AL-FE; ALLOYS; PHASE; COUPLES; SYSTEM; MODEL AB The development and evaluation of a multicomponent diffusion mobility database for Ni-rich alloys are reviewed. In an effort to directly evaluate the mobility parameters in the database, a method for optimizing the mobility parameters as a function of the experimental composition profiles is proposed. This method is demonstrated for the NiCo system at 1100 degrees C. The optimization of four diffusion mobility parameters improved agreement between the experimental and calculated composition profiles and decreased the error between the experimental and calculated interdiffusion coefficients from 45 to <5%. This method can easily be expanded to multicomponent systems. C1 NIST, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Campbell, CE (reprint author), NIST, Div Met, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM carelyn.campbell@nist.gov NR 28 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 4 U2 14 PU ASM INTERNATIONAL PI MATERIALS PARK PA SUBSCRIPTIONS SPECIALIST CUSTOMER SERVICE, MATERIALS PARK, OH 44073-0002 USA SN 1547-7037 J9 J PHASE EQUILIB DIFF JI J. Phase Equilib. Diffus. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 26 IS 5 BP 435 EP 440 DI 10.1361/154770305X66484 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 974CX UT WOS:000232570000006 ER PT J AU Leising, AW Pierson, JJ Cary, S Frost, BW AF Leising, AW Pierson, JJ Cary, S Frost, BW TI Copepod foraging and predation risk within the surface layer during night-time feeding forays SO JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Aquatic Sciences Meeting of the American-Society-of-Limnology-and-Oceanography CY FEB 20-25, 2005 CL Salt Lake City, UT SP Amer Soc Limnol & Oceanog ID DIEL VERTICAL MIGRATION; CALANUS-PACIFICUS; METRIDIA-LUCENS; ACARTIA-TONSA; DABOB-BAY; PLANKTONIC COPEPODS; MARINE COPEPODS; GUT CLEARANCE; ZOOPLANKTON; BEHAVIOR AB Vertical distribution data seem to indicate that certain species of diel vertical migrating copepods avoid the surface high chlorophyll (Chl) region within coastal and estuarine environments, even during the night. Copepods may avoid this layer to reduce predation mortality, avoid advective loss or to avoid consuming too much toxic algae. We hypothesize that copepods make several intermittent feeding 'forays' into shallow surface layers during the night, returning to intermediate depths between forays. Using an individual-based model (IBM) of Calanus pacificus, we examined the implications of this behavior on feeding success and mortality risk, and tested whether a practical field-sampling scheme would be able to detect foray-like behavior. In some cases, mortality of the foray-foraging copepods was up to 50% less than that of randomly behaving controls, for a given amount of food ingested. The trapping scheme devised should be able to detect the occurrence of foray behavior (FB) in the field and should show differences in the gut contents of copepods entering and leaving the uppermost food-rich layer. The presence or absence of foray-like behavior significantly altered the relative concentration of copepods within various surface strata and thus could influence the temporal availability of copepods as prey for the larvae and juveniles of several important managed fish species. C1 NOAA, Div Environm Res, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98150 USA. RP Leising, AW (reprint author), NOAA, Div Environm Res, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 1352 Lighthouse Ave, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. EM leising@noaa.gov RI Pierson, James/B-7278-2008 OI Pierson, James/0000-0002-5248-5850 NR 53 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0142-7873 EI 1464-3774 J9 J PLANKTON RES JI J. Plankton Res. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 27 IS 10 BP 987 EP 1001 DI 10.1093/plankt/fbi084 PG 15 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 993XL UT WOS:000233990800004 ER PT J AU Wieczorek, D Draxler, AFJ AF Wieczorek, D Draxler, AFJ TI A method for exposing lobsters to multiple simulated habitat biogeochemicals and temperatures SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE lobster; habitat; Homarus americanus; temperature; hypoxia; sulfide; ammonium ID HOMARUS-AMERICANUS; SYSTEM; OXYGEN; SURVIVAL; SEAWATER; SULFIDE; SIGNALS AB A flow-through experimental system was designed to simulate habitat conditions encountered by American lobsters (Homarus americanus) during an eutrophication-driven mass mortality in the Long Island Sound during 1999. Seawater for the system was chemically conditioned through gas exchange and the addition of inorganic salts, resulting in simultaneous control of multiple environmental variables including: temperature (+/- 0.5 degrees C), dissolved oxygen (+/- 0.3 mg L-1), sulfide (+/- 1 mu M) and ammonium (+/- 3 mu M). The system consisted of eight gas-tight, 280-L tanks, each capable of accommodating 22 lobsters, supplied with 0.4 L min(-1) animal(-1) of conditioned seawater. Outflows were fitted with ozone and ultraviolet sterilization so that lobsters could be exposed to infectious pathogens in varying doses to Study effects of habitat on disease resistance, without contaminating the environment. Shelters are supplied in excess and lobsters utilizing them may be monitored to observe behavioral and physiologic responses without opening the tanks. With minimal alterations this system design can be applied to species with diverse structural requirements and to a wide range of ecologic issues including growth, survival and disease resistance under simulated habitat conditions. C1 NOAA Fisheries, Howard Marine Lab, Highland, NJ 07732 USA. RP Wieczorek, D (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Howard Marine Lab, Highland, NJ 07732 USA. EM daniel.wieczorek@noaa.gov NR 24 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 2 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI SOUTHAMPTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, NATURAL SCIENCE DIVISION, SOUTHAMPTON COLLEGE, SOUTHAMPTON, NY 11968 USA SN 0730-8000 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 24 IS 3 BP 767 EP 771 PG 5 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 977DP UT WOS:000232782900012 ER PT J AU Robohm, RA Draxler, AFJ Wieczorek, D Kapareiko, D Pitchford, S AF Robohm, RA Draxler, AFJ Wieczorek, D Kapareiko, D Pitchford, S TI Effects of environmental stressors on disease susceptibility in American lobsters: A controlled laboratory study SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE lobster; Homarus americanus; sulfide; hypoxia; ammonium; Aerococcus viridans ID SALMO-GAIRDNERI RICHARDSON; HOMARUS-AMERICANUS; RAINBOW-TROUT; EXPOSURE; INFECTION; COPPER; FISH; PHAGOCYTOSIS; TEMPERATURE; SEDIMENT AB The objective of this work is to determine whether increased (but environmentally realistic) temperature, hypoxia. sulfide and ammonium, alone or in combination, can increase susceptibility of lobsters to microbial infection. Lobsters from eastern Long Island Sound (LIS) were injected with Aerococcus viridans var homari, a pathogen that causes a disease known as gaffkemia. Injected animals (and controls) were placed in a flow-through seawater-system with mechanisms for control of temperature. dissolved oxygen. sulfide and ammonium levels as well as disinfection of effluent. Exposure variables included 0.1 mL injections of A. viridans at doses of 1 x 10(3) and 1 x 10(6); dissolved oxygen at 2.5-6.3 mg L-1: sulfide at 0-21 mu M; ammonium at 0-80 mu M and temperatures at 14.5 and 19.5 degrees C. The criterion for stressor effect was the time at 50% survival in each set of 15 to 22 lobsters per treatment variable. Also, at regular time intervals, lobster hemolymph and hepatopancreas tissues were analyzed for bacterial levels. When lobsters were held under normoxic conditions at 19.5 degrees C, rates of death from gaffkemia were accelerated in the presence of sulfide above 4 mu M. When lobsters were subjected to moderate hypoxia 3 mg L-1), death rates were accelerated regardless of the presence of sulfide. Exposure to ammonium up to a level of 80 mu M had no effect on death rates. Bacterial Counts were similar in lobsters regardless of exposure to stressors. The geometric median count in the hemolymph for all lobsters infected beyond 3 days was 7.7 x 10(8) ml(-1) (maximum raw value 1.6 x 10(9) ml(-1)) and that for hepatopancreas was 7.7 x 10(7) g(-1) (maximum raw value 1.1 x 10(9) g(-1)). Our work showed that, at 19.5 degrees C (a peak, summer, bottom-water temperature routinely found in Long Island Sound), relatively moderate levels of hypoxia as well as sulfide in the absence of hypoxia may accelerate deaths in lobsters that are infected with a pathogenic bacterium. Because eutrophication may lead to hypoxia and increased sulfide levels, policies that reduce eutrophication may improve lobster health. C1 NOAA Fisheries, Milford Lab, Milford, CT 06460 USA. NOAA Fisheries, James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, Highland, NJ 07732 USA. RP Robohm, RA (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Milford Lab, Milford, CT 06460 USA. EM rrobohm4@fedweeknet.com NR 40 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 4 U2 12 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI SOUTHAMPTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, NATURAL SCIENCE DIVISION, SOUTHAMPTON COLLEGE, SOUTHAMPTON, NY 11968 USA SN 0730-8000 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 24 IS 3 BP 773 EP 779 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 977DP UT WOS:000232782900013 ER PT J AU Draxler, AFJ Sherrell, RM Wieczorek, D Lavigne, MG Paulson, AJ AF Draxler, AFJ Sherrell, RM Wieczorek, D Lavigne, MG Paulson, AJ TI Manganese concentration in lobster (Homarus americanus) gills as an index of exposure to reducing conditions in western Long Island Sound SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE lobster; Homarus americanus; manganese; hypoxia ID NEPHROPS-NORVEGICUS L.; NORWAY LOBSTER; ACCUMULATION; DEPLETION; KINETICS; HYPOXIA; TISSUES AB We examined the accumulation of manganese (Mn) in gill tissues of chemically naive lobsters held in situ at six sites in Long Island Sound (LIS) for up to six weeks to evaluate the possible contribution of eutrophication-driven habitat quality factors to the 1999 mass mortality of American lobsters (Homarus americanus). These western LIS lobster habitats experience seasonal hypoxia, which results in redox-mobilized Mn being transferred to and deposited on the tissues of the lobsters. Manganese accumulated in gill tissue of lobsters throughout the study, but rates were highest at western and southern LIS sites, ranging from 3.4-0.8 mu g/g/d (similar to 16 mu g/g initial). The Baden-Eriksson observation that Mn accumulation in Norway lobsters (Nephrops norvegicus) is associated with ecosystem hypoxia is confirmed and extended to H. ainericanus. It seems likely that, after accounting for molting frequency, certain critical values may be applied to other lobster habitats of the NE US shelf. If a high proportion of lobsters in autumn have gill Mn concentrations exceeding 30 mu g/g, then the habitats are likely experiencing some reduced oxygen levels. Manganese concentrations above 100 mu g/g suggest exposure to conditions with the potential for lobster mortality should the temperatures of bottom waters become elevated. and gill concentrations above some higher level (perhaps 300 mu g/g) indicate the most severe habitat conditions with a strong potential for hypoxia stress. C1 Howard Marine Lab, NOAA Fisheries, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Geol, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. USGS, Tacoma, WA USA. RP Draxler, AFJ (reprint author), Howard Marine Lab, NOAA Fisheries, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. EM andrew.draxler@noaa.gov NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI SOUTHAMPTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, NATURAL SCIENCE DIVISION, SOUTHAMPTON COLLEGE, SOUTHAMPTON, NY 11968 USA SN 0730-8000 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 24 IS 3 BP 815 EP 819 PG 5 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 977DP UT WOS:000232782900018 ER PT J AU Draxler, AFJ Robohm, RA Wieczorek, D Kapareiko, D Pitchford, S AF Draxler, AFJ Robohm, RA Wieczorek, D Kapareiko, D Pitchford, S TI Effect of habitat biogeochemicals on survival of lobsters (Homarus americanus) SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE lobster; Homarus americanus; hypoxia; sulfide; ammonium; temperature ID NEPHROPS-NORVEGICUS; OXYGEN DEPLETION; NORWAY LOBSTER; SULFIDE; TOXICITY; SEDIMENT AB Lobsters from eastern Long Island Sound (LIS) were exposed to laboratory conditions designed to simulate the habitat in western LIS during the 1999 mass mortality. Elsewhere (Robohm et al. 2005) we have shown that hypoxia and concomitant biogeochemical conditions increase the susceptibility of lobsters to a common pathogen at normal summer temperatures. Here we report that in otherwise favorable conditions, high temperature (24 degrees C) alone had no lethal effect on disease-free eastern LIS lobsters for weeks. However, at this temperature, moderate hypoxia (< 2.5 mg/L dissolved oxygen) was lethal to half of a group (n = 20) of lobsters in about 5 days. Addition of sulfide and ammonium to levels reported for LIS (5.5 mu M sulfide and 17 mu M ammonium) decreased the LT50 to 3.3 days. Higher sulfide concentrations decreased the LT50 significantly. We conclude that lobster survival times are greatly diminished by hypoxia, sulfide and ammonium at high temperature. Because seasonal hypoxia with the production of sulfide and ammonium is an annual occurrence due to cultural eutrophication in western LIS, the results imply that habitat conditions could have been sufficient to account for the observed mortalities in the warm summer of 1999. C1 James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, NOAA Fisheries, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. Milford Lab, NOAA Fisheries, Milford, CT 06460 USA. RP Draxler, AFJ (reprint author), James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, NOAA Fisheries, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. EM andrew.draxler@noaa.gov NR 26 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI SOUTHAMPTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, NATURAL SCIENCE DIVISION, SOUTHAMPTON COLLEGE, SOUTHAMPTON, NY 11968 USA SN 0730-8000 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 24 IS 3 BP 821 EP 824 PG 4 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 977DP UT WOS:000232782900019 ER PT J AU Tew, WL White, DR AF Tew, WL White, DR TI Comment on "Freezing point mixtures of (H2O)-O-16 with (H2O)-O-17 and those of aqueous CD3CH2OH and (CH3CH2OH)-C-13 solutions" SO JOURNAL OF SOLUTION CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE freezing point; triple point; oxygen isotopes; heavy oxygen water; isotopic mixtures; temperature fixed points ID HEAVY-OXYGEN WATER; PHYSICAL PROPERTIES; PRESSURE; THERMODYNAMICS AB In a recent article, Kiyosawa [J. Solution Chem. 33, 323 (2004)] reports that the freezing points of isotopic mixtures of ordinary water and O-17 enriched water show an unexpectedly large linear dependence on the concentration of (H2O)-O-17. Surprisingly, the constant of proportionality to the (H2O)-O-17 concentration is nearly five times larger than that of (H2O)-O-18 found in earlier studies by Kiyosawa [J. Solution Chem. 20, 583 (1991)]. We show that the (H2O)-O-17 result is not consistent with other data or models. For example, a recent determination of the triple point temperature dependence on isotopic composition in naturally and artificially depleted waters [White et al. in Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 7, D. C. Ripple, Ed., AIP CP 684, 221-226 (2003)] is consistent with the (H2O)-O-18 and D2O results from Kiyosawa (1991) [White and Tew in Report of the 22nd Meeting of the Consultative Committee for Thermometry, Document CCT/03-21, BIPM, Severes, France, 2003] but is inconsistent with the (H2O)-O-17 results from Kiyosawa (2004). Additionally, the results from Kiyosawa. (1991) are close to what would be found in ideal solutions for those isotopic forms, whereas the (H2O)-O-17 proportionality from Kiyosawa (2004) is about 10 times larger than similarly predicted. One possible explanation is that the original O-17 enriched water sample contained a small amount of D2O, and the sample, if available, should be subject to isotopic analysis to help resolve these inconsistencies. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Measurement Stand Lab, Lower Hutt, New Zealand. RP Tew, WL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM weston.tew@nist.gov NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0095-9782 EI 1572-8927 J9 J SOLUTION CHEM JI J. Solut. Chem. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 34 IS 10 BP 1191 EP 1196 DI 10.1007/s10953-005-7696-7 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 981JT UT WOS:000233085600007 ER PT J AU Bertram, TH Cohen, RC Thorn, WJ Chu, PM AF Bertram, TH Cohen, RC Thorn, WJ Chu, PM TI Consistency of ozone and nitrogen oxides standards at tropospherically relevant mixing ratios SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID INDUCED FLUORESCENCE DETECTION; ATMOSPHERIC NO2; NITRIC-OXIDE; LASER; ABSORPTION; INCREASE; SERIES AB The absolute accuracy and long-term precision of atmospheric measurements hinge on the quality of the instrumentation and calibration standards. To assess the consistency of the ozone (O-3) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) standards maintained at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), these standards were compared through the gas-phase titration of O-3 with nitric oxide (NO). NO and O-3 were monitored using chemiluminescence and UV absorption, respectively. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was monitored directly by laser-induced fluorescence and indirectly by catalytic conversion to NO, followed by chemiluminescence. The observed equivalent loss of both NO and O-3, and the formation of NO2 in these experiments was within 1% on average over the range of 40-200 nmol mol(-1) of NO in excess O-3, indicating that these instruments, when calibrated with the NIST O-3 and NO standards and the NO2 permeation calibration system, are consistent to within 1% at tropospherically relevant mixing ratios of O-3. Experiments conducted at higher initial NO mixing ratios or in excess NO are not in as good agreement. The largest discrepancies are associated with the chemiluminescence measurements. These results indicate the presence of systematic biases under these specific conditions. Prospects for improving these experiments are discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Chu, PM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM pamela.chu@nist.gov RI Cohen, Ronald/A-8842-2011 OI Cohen, Ronald/0000-0001-6617-7691 NR 21 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 55 IS 10 BP 1473 EP 1479 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 972LI UT WOS:000232454900008 PM 16295272 ER PT J AU Yousef, SG Rodel, J Fuller, ER Zimmermann, A El-Dasher, BS AF Yousef, SG Rodel, J Fuller, ER Zimmermann, A El-Dasher, BS TI Microcrack evolution in alumina ceramics: Experiment and simulation SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 106th Annual Meeting of the American-Ceramic-Society CY APR 18-21, 2004 CL Indianapolis, IN SP Amer Ceram Soc ID THERMAL-EXPANSION ANISOTROPY; POLYCRYSTALLINE BRITTLE MATERIALS; GRAIN-SIZE DEPENDENCE; FAILURE INITIATION; LEVEL MODEL; FRACTURE; AL2O3; MICROFRACTURE; KINETICS; STRESS AB Thermal expansion induced spontaneous microcracking in large-grained polycrystalline alumina was analyzed using experimental techniques as well as numerical simulations. A microstructure-based finite-element model (object oriented finite-element analysis) was used to simulate the accumulation of microcrack damage upon cooling, taking the measured real crystallographic orientations of the grains into account. Crack initiation and propagation were simulated using a Griffith-type fracture criterion. The computed evolution of Young's modulus as a function of temperature and grain size was compared with the corresponding experimental results. C1 Tech Univ Darmstadt, Inst Mat Sci, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany. NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Max Planck Inst Met Res, Pulvermet Lab, Stuttgart, Germany. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RP Yousef, SG (reprint author), Tech Univ Darmstadt, Inst Mat Sci, Petersenstr 30, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany. EM sgy@gmx.de NR 52 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 88 IS 10 BP 2809 EP 2816 DI 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2005.00312.x PG 8 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 964HD UT WOS:000231869100022 ER PT J AU Minter, CF Fuller-Rowell, TJ Codrescu, MV AF Minter, C. F. Fuller-Rowell, T. J. Codrescu, M. V. TI The potential of remote sensing for neutral atmospheric density estimation in a data assimilation system SO JOURNAL OF THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID THERMOSPHERIC MODEL; ORBIT DETERMINATION; SATELLITE; ISSUES AB New data assimilation techniques have improved time-dependent estimates of the neutral atmospheric density, making it possible to better estimate the drag perturbation on low-Earth-orbiting satellites. This study looks at the potential for using satellite remote sensing from space as an effective density observation source in a data assimilation system. Changes in the neutral density can occur on a minute-to-minute basis, particularly during geomagnetic storms. Although coverage from only a few (two) satellites may be limited, remote sensing provides observations with a high temporal and spatial resolution. To quantify the effectiveness of the observing platform, a simulated "truth" neutral atmosphere is created using a physical model. This "truth" neutral atmosphere is sampled according to the mechanics of the remote sensing platform, and the results are statistically evaluated. With the resolution afforded by remote sensing, results show that two remote sensing satellites provide a stable solution of degree 4 (5 X 5) every ten minutes. Although coverage from two remote sensing satellites is limited, the coverage is sufficient to provide a pattern correlation coefficient consistently higher than 0.92. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Minter, CF (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Clifton.Minter@Colorado.edu; Tim.Fuller-Rowell@NOAA.gov; Mihail.Codrescu@NOAA.gov NR 48 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 0021-9142 EI 2195-0571 J9 J ASTRONAUT SCI JI J. Astronaut. Sci. PD OCT-DEC PY 2005 VL 53 IS 4 BP 445 EP 463 PG 19 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 072ZI UT WOS:000239711400006 ER PT J AU Bond, NA Smull, BF Stoelinga, MT Woods, CP Haase, A AF Bond, NA Smull, BF Stoelinga, MT Woods, CP Haase, A TI Evolution of a cold front encountering steep quasi-2D terrain: Coordinated aircraft observations on 8-9 December 2001 during IMPROVE-2 SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID MID-LATITUDE CYCLONES; CONDITIONAL SYMMETRIC INSTABILITY; AIRBORNE DOPPLER RADAR; MICROSCALE STRUCTURE; PRECIPITATION GROWTH; AIR MOTIONS; MESOSCALE; CLOUDS; RAINBANDS; ORGANIZATION AB Research aircraft observations from the 8-9 December 2001 case of the second phase of the Improvement of Microphysical Parameterization through Operational Verification Experiment (IMPROVE-2) describe the evolution of a wide cold-frontal rainband (WCFR) during its eastward advance from the Pacific coastline to a point 200 km inland over the Cascade Mountains of Oregon. This analysis has two objectives: first, to illustrate the rapid weakening of the circulation associated with a landfalling WCFR and the relationship of these changes to terrain-induced airflow modifications, and second, to quantify the degree to which this weakening impacted cloud microphysical properties such as liquid water content, ice particle concentrations, and precipitation rate. The kinematic structure of the WCFR is detailed using Doppler radar observations from a NOAA P-3 aircraft, while some concomitant cloud microphysical properties are documented using flight-level measurements from the University of Washington Convair-580 aircraft. An accompanying the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU-NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5) control simulation (nested to a horizontal resolution of 4 km over the IMPROVE-2 domain) provides a mesosynoptic context and thermodynamic information to complement the aircraft observations. To the authors' knowledge, this case study represents the most complete documentation obtained to date of the rapid modifications that may occur when a frontal rainband progresses from coastal waters into a region of prominent terrain. C1 Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM nicholas.bond@noaa.gov NR 30 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 EI 1520-0469 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 62 IS 10 BP 3559 EP 3579 DI 10.1175/JAS3553.1 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 978YU UT WOS:000232909900008 ER PT J AU Jian, GJ McGinley, JA AF Jian, GJ McGinley, JA TI Evaluation of a short-range forecast system on quantitative precipitation forecasts associated with tropical cyclones of 2003 near Taiwan SO JOURNAL OF THE METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN LA English DT Article ID NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION; LOCAL ANALYSIS; PART I; MODEL; LAPS; SIMULATION; MM5; INITIALIZATION; RAINFALL; SEASON AB A high-resolution (9-km) diabatic data assimilation system-the Local Analysis and Prediction System (LAPS), has been developed and used to initialize the real-time fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) at the Central Weather Bureau in Taiwan. During 2003, the more extensive network of four high quality Doppler radars and the access to satellite data from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES-9) provided an excellent opportunity for advancing the short-range precipitation forecasts over the Taiwan area. The parallel forecasts of four tropical cyclones (Tropical Storm Morakot and Vamco, Typhoon Dujuan, and Tropical Storm Melor) that affected Taiwan in 2003 are performed, both with and without the inclusion of the LAPS cloud analysis scheme. Except for the inclusion of the LAPS cloud field, the model integrations are identical in all other respects. Forecast results demonstrate that using LAPS to diabatically initialize MM5 leads to an improved prediction of tropical cyclones in terms of the storm's track, intensity, cloud pattern, and movement of rainbands in the early portion of model prediction. During the first 6-h of the forecast, the heavy rainfall prediction associated with the cases studied was improved when the LAPS cloud analysis scheme was included. The assimilation of data from Doppler radars, and GOES-9 satellite, played an important role in the improvement of storm hydrometeorological features in the model initial condition and thus had a beneficial impact on reducing the model spin-up time. However, further studies are needed to clarify the reasons for the poor performance in simulating the typhoon eyewall. This paper represents a major step toward building a short-range mesoscale modeling system that predicts more realistic storm structures and rainfall distribution over the Taiwan area in real time. The overall results suggest that the impact of the LAPS/MM5 system can be significant for short-range, high spatial-re solution, rainfall prediction associated with a tropical cyclone, especially for the heavy rainfall occurring during the early hours of the model integration. C1 NOAA, FSL, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Cent Weather Bur, Taipei, Taiwan. RP McGinley, JA (reprint author), NOAA, FSL, R-FS1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM John.A.McGinley@noaa.gov NR 30 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU METEOROLOGICAL SOC JPN PI TOKYO PA C/O JPN METEOROL AGENCY 1-3-4 OTE-MACHI, CHIYODA-KU, TOKYO, JAPAN SN 0026-1165 J9 J METEOROL SOC JPN JI J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 83 IS 5 BP 657 EP 681 DI 10.2151/jmsj.83.657 PG 25 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 991TY UT WOS:000233838200001 ER PT J AU Tam, CY Lau, NC AF Tam, CY Lau, NC TI Modulation of the Madden-Julian oscillation by ENSO: Inferences from observations and GCM simulations SO JOURNAL OF THE METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN LA English DT Article ID OUTGOING LONGWAVE RADIATION; INTRASEASONAL VARIANCE; TROPICAL CONVECTION; NORTHERN WINTER; EL-NINO; CIRCULATION; PACIFIC; FLUCTUATIONS; VARIABILITY; COMPOSITE AB The impact of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) is studied, based on reanalysis data and output from an ensemble general circulation model (GCM) experiment. Observed monthly sea surface temperature variations over the period of 1950-99 are imposed in the deep tropical eastern/central Pacific in the course of the SST experiment. Both GCM, and reanalysis data, indicate that intraseasonal activity of the low-level zonal wind is enhanced (reduced) over the central (western) Pacific during El Nino events. The propagation and growth/decay characterisitcis of the MJO in different phases of ENSO is also examined, based on a lag correlation technique. During warm events there is an eastward shift in the locations of strong growth and decay, and the propagation of the MJO becomes slower in the warm ENSO phase. These changes are reversed during La Nina epsiodes. Using output from the GCM experiment, the effects of ENSO on the circulation and convection during the MJO lifecycle are studied in detail. Further eastward penetration of MJO-related convection is simulated during warm events over the central Pacific. An instability index related to the vertical gradient of the moist static energy is found to be useful for depicting the onset of MJO convection along the equator. During warm events, the stronger magnitudes of this index over the central Pacific are conducive to more eastward penetration of convective anomalies in the region. These changes are mainly due to the intensified moisture accumulation at low levels. Analysis of the moisture budget suggests that the stronger moisture accumulation can be related to the increased low-level humidity over the central Pacific during warm events. C1 Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Tam, CY (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Int Pacific Res Ctr, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, 1680 E West Rd,Post Bldg, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 40 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 6 PU METEOROLOGICAL SOC JPN PI TOKYO PA C/O JPN METEOROL AGENCY 1-3-4 OTE-MACHI, CHIYODA-KU, TOKYO, JAPAN SN 0026-1165 J9 J METEOROL SOC JPN JI J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 83 IS 5 BP 727 EP 743 DI 10.2151/jmsj.83.727 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 991TY UT WOS:000233838200004 ER PT J AU Lee, BJ Zhang, ZM Early, EA DeWitt, DP Tsai, BK AF Lee, BJ Zhang, ZM Early, EA DeWitt, DP Tsai, BK TI Modeling radiative properties of silicon with coatings and comparison with reflectance measurements SO JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS AND HEAT TRANSFER LA English DT Article AB Achieving high-accuracy temperature measurements in rapid thermal processing using radiation thermometry requires knowledge of the optical properties of silicon and related materials, such as silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, and polysilicon. However, available optical property models lack consistency and are not fully validated by experiments at the wavelength and temperature ranges critical to radiation thermometry. A critical survey is given of the existing optical models, with emphasis on the need for extrapolation and validation. Also described is an algorithm for calculating the radiative properties of lightly doped silicon with coatings. The effect of coatings covering one or both sides of a smooth silicon wafer is theoretically studied at room temperature, as well as at elevated temperatures. A spectrophotometer was used to measure the reflectance for selected samples in the wavelength region from 0.5 to 1 mu m at room temperature. The measurements agree well with the predicted reflectance for bare silicon, a silicon wafer with a nitride coating, and wafers with an oxide coating of different thicknesses, whereas a larger deviation of as much as twice the measurement uncertainty is observed for a silicon wafer coated with polysilicon and oxide films. C1 Georgia Inst Technol, George W Woodruff Sch Mech Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lee, BJ (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, George W Woodruff Sch Mech Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RI Lee, Bong Jae/G-2717-2011 NR 37 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0887-8722 J9 J THERMOPHYS HEAT TR JI J. Thermophys. Heat Transf. PD OCT-DEC PY 2005 VL 19 IS 4 BP 558 EP 565 DI 10.2514/1.13596 PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA 981CW UT WOS:000233065800017 ER PT J AU Frick, KE AF Frick, KE TI Nematocyst complements of nudibranchs in the genus Flabellina in the Gulf of Maine and the effect of diet manipulations on the cnidom of Flabellina verrucosa SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AURELIA-AURITA L; AEOLID NUDIBRANCH; FEEDING-BEHAVIOR; WESTERN SWEDEN; GULLMAR FJORD; BIOLOGY; OPISTHOBRANCHIA; GASTROPODA; PREDATORS; MOLLUSCA AB Aeolid nudibranchs maintain functional nematocysts, which are sequestered from the nudibranchs' cnidarian prey and provide protection against predators. Some species exhibit extensive variation in incorporated nematocysts, while others maintain a limited number of types. This study examines the apparent diversity in uptake and patterns of nematocyst incorporation among related species. Nematocyst complements were described for four Gulf of Maine nudibranch species in the genus Flabellina exhibiting a variety of feeding strategies and prey specificities. Diet manipulations were performed to examine the response to changing nematocyst availability using a generalist consumer, Flabellina verrucosa, to assess nematocyst uptake based on diet. The fllabellinid species examined exhibited significant differences in nematocyst incorporation, reflecting differences in their specificity as predators and nematocyst types available in their natural prey. The nematocyst complement of F. verrucosa was the most variable and differed among collection regions. When diet was manipulated, nematocyst uptake depended on the prey the nudibranchs consumed, but when offered a variety of prey, F. verrucosa selectively preferred nematocysts from scyphistomae. The observed variation in nematocyst uptake among species and regions probably relates to environmental disparities among populations. C1 NOAA Fisheries, Fish Ecol Div, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Frick, KE (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Fish Ecol Div, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM Kinsey.Frick@noaa.gov NR 21 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0025-3162 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 147 IS 6 BP 1313 EP 1321 DI 10.1007/s00227-005-0034-1 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 988BC UT WOS:000233565400003 ER PT J AU Lefebvre, KA Elder, NE Hershberger, PK Trainer, VL Stehr, CM Scholz, NL AF Lefebvre, KA Elder, NE Hershberger, PK Trainer, VL Stehr, CM Scholz, NL TI Dissolved saxitoxin causes transient inhibition of sensorimotor function in larval Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CRAB ATERGATIS-FLORIDUS; SHELLFISH POISONING TOXINS; SENSITIVE SODIUM-CHANNELS; DOMOIC ACID; DINOFLAGELLATE TOXINS; ZEBRAFISH EMBRYO; FISH; BLOOM; INSENSITIVITY; TETRODOTOXIN AB Herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) spawning sites in Puget Sound, Washington overlap spatially and temporally with blooms of Alexandrium catenella, a toxic dinoflagellate species responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning. Consequently, newly hatched herring larvae may be regularly exposed to the suite of dissolved paralytic shellfish toxins that are released into the water column from toxic cells during blooms. To date, virtually nothing is known about the impacts of these neurotoxins on early developmental stages of marine fish. In the present study, herring larvae at three ages, 0 days post hatch (dph), 4 dph, and 11 dph, were exposed to dissolved saxitoxin (STX) in 24-h and multiday exposures. All larvae were examined for sensorimotor function (i.e. spontaneous swimming behavior and touch response). Significant reductions in spontaneous and touch-activated swimming behavior occurred within 1 h of exposure. EC(50)s at 1 h of exposure were 1,500, 840, and 700 mu g STX equiv. l(-1) for larvae introduced to STX at 0, 4, and 11 dph, respectively. This progressive age-specific increase in STX-induced paralysis suggests that older larvae were more sensitive to the toxin than younger larvae. Interestingly, herring larvae at all ages exhibited a significant degree of neurobehavioral recovery within 4-24 h of continuous exposure relative to the 1-h time point. This recovery of normal motor behaviors was not observed in previous studies with freshwater zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae under the same continuous exposure conditions, suggesting that an adaptive detoxification or toxin sequestration mechanism may have evolved in some species of marine fish larvae. Our data reveal that (1) dissolved STX is bioavailable to marine finfish larvae, (2) the toxin is a paralytic agent with potencies that differ between developmental stages, and (3) STX-induced sensorimotor inhibition occurs rapidly but is transient in marine larvae. Collectively, these results suggest that dissolved algal toxins may have important sublethal effects on marine fish populations. C1 NOAA Fisheries, Environm Conservat Div, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. USGS, Biol Resources Discipline, Marrowstone Marine Stn, Nordland, WA 98358 USA. RP Lefebvre, KA (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Environm Conservat Div, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM Kathi.Lefebvre@noaa.gov RI Scholz, Nathaniel/L-1642-2013 OI Scholz, Nathaniel/0000-0001-6207-0272 NR 66 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 3 U2 14 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0025-3162 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 147 IS 6 BP 1393 EP 1402 DI 10.1007/s00227-005-0048-8 PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 988BC UT WOS:000233565400011 ER PT J AU Chivers, SJ Leduc, RG Robertson, KM Barros, NB Dizon, AE AF Chivers, SJ Leduc, RG Robertson, KM Barros, NB Dizon, AE TI Genetic variation of Kogia spr with preliminary evidence for two species of Kogia sima SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE dwarf sperm whale; pygmy sperm whale; Kogia breviceps; Kogia sima; mtDNA; control region; cytochrome b; phylogeny; cetaceans ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; RELATIVE ABUNDANCE; CYTOCHROME-B; CETACEANS; AMPLIFICATION; EXTRACTION; EVOLUTION; DOLPHIN; WHALE; GULF AB Concordance between mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers and morphologically based species identifications was examined for the two currently recognized Kogia species. We sequenced 406 base pairs of the control region and 398 base pairs of the cytochrome b gene from 108 Kogia breviceps and 47 K. sima samples. As expected, the two sister species were reciprocally monophyletic to each other in phylogenetic reconstructions, but within K. sima, we unexpectedly observed another reciprocally monophyletic relationship. The two K. sima clades resolved were phylogeographically concordant with all of the haplotypes in one clade observed solely among specimens sampled from the Atlantic Ocean and with those in the other clade observed solely among specimens sampled from the Indo-Pacific Ocean. These apparently allopatric clades were observed in all phylogenetic reconstructions using the maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and neighbor-joining algorithms, with the mtDNA gene sequences analyzed separately and combined. The nucleotide diversity for the combined gene sequence haplotypes of the two K. sima clades resolved in our analyses was 0.58% and 1.03% for the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific, respectively, whereas for the two recognized sister species, nucleotide diversity was 1.65% and 4.02% for K. breviceps and K. sima, respectively. The combined gene sequence haplotypes have accumulated 44 fixed base pair differences between the two K. sima clades compared to 20 fixed base pair differences between the two recognized sister species. Although our results are consistent with species-level differences between the two K. sima clades, recognition of a third Kogia species awaits supporting evidence that these two apparently allopatric clades represent reproductively isolated groups of animals. C1 NMFS, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Hubbs Sea World Res Inst, Orlando, FL 32821 USA. NMFS, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Chivers, SJ (reprint author), NMFS, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM susan.chivers@noaa.gov NR 43 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 6 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 21 IS 4 BP 619 EP 634 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2005.tb01255.x PG 16 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 970IB UT WOS:000232297400003 ER PT J AU Johnson, A Salvador, G Kenney, J Robbins, J Landry, S Clapham, P AF Johnson, A Salvador, G Kenney, J Robbins, J Landry, S Clapham, P TI Fishing gear involved in entanglements of right and humpback whales SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE entanglement; entanglement risk; mortality; fisheries; bycatch; gear type; North Atlantic right whale; Eubalaena glacialis; humpback whale; Megaptera novaeangliae AB Interactions between marine mammals and fishing gear are an issue of global concern. Entanglements in the western North Atlantic are a major source of injury and mortality for endangered large whales. In this study, entanglements of 31 right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) and 30 humpback whales (Megaptera. novaeangliae) were analyzed to determine the types and parts of gear involved. When gear was identified, 89% (n = 32) of the entanglements were attributed to pot and gill net gear; however, a wide range of specific gear types were implicated. Despite gear recovery, gear type was not identified in 20% (n = 9) of the cases. Although pot gear was recovered from both species equally, gill net gear was less frequently retrieved from right whales (n 2) than humpback whales (n = 11). When gear part was identified, 81% (n = 2 1) involved entanglements in buoy line and/or groundline. For right whales, the most common point of gear attachment was the mouth (77.4%); for humpback whales, the tail (53%) and the mouth (43%) were common attachment sites. Four right and three humpback whales in this sample were known to have died subsequent to entanglement. However, when identified, the gear types and parts involved in lethal cases were not substantially different from entanglements with non-lethal outcomes. Large whales can become entangled in a wide variety of fishing gear types and parts, and additional insight will depend on continued efforts to document entanglements and recover associated gear. C1 Duke Univ, Marine Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Lewes, DE 19958 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Fisheries Engn Grp, N Kingstown, RI 02852 USA. Provincetown Ctr Coastal Studies, Provincetown, MA 02657 USA. Edgerton Res Lab, Boston, MA 02110 USA. Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Johnson, A (reprint author), Duke Univ, Marine Lab, 135 Duke Marine Lab Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM amanda.johnson@noaa.gov NR 11 TC 49 Z9 56 U1 5 U2 30 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 21 IS 4 BP 635 EP 645 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2005.tb01256.x PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 970IB UT WOS:000232297400004 ER PT J AU Brown, RE Wright, BE Riemer, SD Laake, J AF Brown, RE Wright, BE Riemer, SD Laake, J TI Trends in abundance and current status of harbor seals in oregon: 1977-2003 SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE harbor seal; Phoca vitulina; Oregon; generalized logistic; optimum sustainable population; maximum net productivity level; carrying capacity; trend; status ID PHOCA-VITULINA-RICHARDSI; DENSITY-DEPENDENCE; POPULATION GROWTH; FUR-SEAL; ALASKA; ISLAND; WASHINGTON; REGIME; LEVEL; GULF AB The distribution and abundance of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardii) in Oregon were monitored from 1977 to 2003 by aerial photographic surveys. Harbor seals on shore were counted each year during the reproductive period. Mean annual counts of non-pups (adults and subadults) were used as an index of population size and the trend in the counts was modeled using exponential (density-independent) and generalized logistic (density-dependent) growth models. Models were fit using maximum likelihood and evaluated using Akaike's Information Criterion. The population dynamics of harbor seals in Oregon were best described by the generalized logistic model. The population grew following protection under the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 until stabilizing in the early 1990s. The estimated absolute abundance of harbor seals (all age classes) during the 2002 reproductive period was 10087 individuals (95% confidence interval was 8445-12046 individuals). The current predicted population size for harbor seals in Oregon is above its estimated maximum net productivity level and hence within its optimum sustainable population range. We speculate that recent increases in ocean productivity in the eastern Pacific Ocean may lead to an increase in carrying capacity and renewed growth in Oregon's harbor seal population. C1 Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, Marine Mammal Res Program, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, Marine Mammal Res Program, Gold Beach, OR 97444 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Brown, RE (reprint author), Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, Marine Mammal Res Program, 7118 NE Vandenberg Ave, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. EM robin.f.brown@state.or.us NR 41 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 8 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 21 IS 4 BP 657 EP 670 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2005.tb01258.x PG 14 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 970IB UT WOS:000232297400006 ER PT J AU Eberhardt, LL Sease, JL DeMaster, DP AF Eberhardt, LL Sease, JL DeMaster, DP TI Projecting the trend of steller sea lion populations in western Alaska SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Steller sea lion; Eumetopias jubatus; population trends ID EUMETOPIAS-JUBATUS; PACIFIC; ECOSYSTEMS; MODELS; SHIFTS; RATES AB This paper attempts to project the trends of Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) populations in six subdivisions of the western Alaska population. The overall Western Alaska population has declined dramatically since the 1970s. Trends in half of the areas appear to have leveled-off and possibly to be on the increase. Bootstrapping has been used to provide confidence intervals on predictions for the 2004 counts. For the three areas in which we expect increases, the 95% confidence intervals on predictions were: Eastern Gulf (2,430 - 3,740), Central Gulf (3,260 - 3,660) and Central Aleutians (5,160 -6,580). The Western Gulf counts have been somewhat erratic, with a gradual rate of decrease (about 2176 per year) and wide confidence limits on a linear prediction (logarithmic scale) of 2,690 - 3,240. Trends in the Eastern Aleutians have been even more erratic, so that about all that can be inferred is that the population may be roughly stabilized. Only the Western Aleutians appear to be rapidly declining at about 10% per year, with a 95% confidence interval on a linear trend of 610 - 1,100. The predictions were made before the 2004 counts and are in reasonable accord with the 2004 counts. Age structure changes do not appear to provide a viable explanation for the changing trends. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Green Mtn & Finger Lakes Natl Forest, Rutland, VT 05701 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Eberhardt, LL (reprint author), 2528 W Klamath Ave, Kennewick, WA 99336 USA. EM leberhardt@aol.com NR 24 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0824-0469 EI 1748-7692 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 21 IS 4 BP 728 EP 738 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2005.tb01262.x PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 970IB UT WOS:000232297400010 ER PT J AU Perrin, WF Dolar, MLL Chan, CM Chivers, SJ AF Perrin, WF Dolar, MLL Chan, CM Chivers, SJ TI Length-weight relationships in the spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris) SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CETACEA; PACIFIC; FLORIDA; GROWTH C1 SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Trop Marine Res Conservat, San Diego, CA 92122 USA. RP Perrin, WF (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM william.perrin@noaa.gov NR 39 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 21 IS 4 BP 765 EP 778 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2005.tb01264.x PG 14 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 970IB UT WOS:000232297400012 ER PT J AU Sano, LL Bartell, SM Landrum, PF AF Sano, LL Bartell, SM Landrum, PF TI Decay model for biocide treatment of unballasted vessels: Application for the Laurentian Great Lakes SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE ballast water; biocide treatment; biological invasions; Laurentian Great Lakes; glutaraldehyde; decay model ID BALLAST WATER; GLUTARALDEHYDE; INTRODUCTIONS; CONSEQUENCES; INVASIONS; SEA AB A biocide decay model was developed to assess the potential efficacy and environmental impacts associated with using glutaraldehyde to treat unballasted overseas vessels trading on the Laurentian Great Lakes. The results of Monte Carlo simulations indicate that effective glutaraldehyde concentrations can be maintained for the duration of a vessel's oceanic transit (approximately 9-12 days): During this transit, glutaraldehyde concentrations were predicted to decrease by approximately 10% from initial treatment levels (e.g., 500 mg L-1). In terms of environmental impacts, mean glutaraldehyde concentrations released at Duluth-Superior Harbor, MN were predicted to be 100-fold lower than initial treatment concentrations, and ranged from 3.2 mg L-1 (2 SD: 2.74) in April to 0.7 mg L-1 (2 SD: 1.28) in August. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the reballasting dilution factor was the major variable governing final glutaraldehyde concentrations; however, lake surface temperatures became increasingly important during the warmer summer months. C 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Michigan, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. E2 Inc, Maryville, TN 37801 USA. RP NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM peter.landrum@noaa.gov NR 21 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 50 IS 10 BP 1050 EP 1060 DI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.04.008 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 978HN UT WOS:000232864300018 PM 15885709 ER PT J AU Takeuchi, I Lauterbach, J Fasolka, MJ AF Takeuchi, Ichiro Lauterbach, Jochen Fasolka, Michael J. TI Combinatorial materials synthesis SO MATERIALS TODAY LA English DT Article AB The pace at which major technological changes take place is often dictated by the rate at which new materials are discovered, and the timely arrival of new materials has always played a key role in bringing advances to our society. It is no wonder then that the so-called combinatorial or high-throughput strategy has been embraced by practitioners of materials science in virtually every field. High-throughput experimentation allows simultaneous synthesis and screening of large arrays of different materials. Pioneered by the pharmaceutical industry, the combinatorial method is now widely considered to be a watershed in accelerating the discovery and optimization of new materials(1-5.) C1 [Takeuchi, Ichiro] Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Takeuchi, Ichiro] Univ Maryland, Ctr Superconduct Res, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Lauterbach, Jochen] Univ Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA. [Fasolka, Michael J.] NIST, Combinatorial Methods Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Takeuchi, I (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM takeuchi@umd.edu FU NSF [DMR0094265, DMR 0231291, 0343758-CTS, 0071730-CTS]; MRSEC [DMR 00-80008]; ONR [N000140110761, N000140410085] FX I.T. acknowledges support from NSF through DMR0094265 (CAREER), NSF DMR 0231291, and MRSEC DMR 00-80008, and from ONR through N000140110761 and N000140410085. J.L. acknowledges support from NSF through 0343758-CTS and 0071730-CTS. For more information on the NIST Combinatorial Methods Center, see www.nist.gov/combi. NR 121 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 3 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1369-7021 EI 1873-4103 J9 MATER TODAY JI Mater. Today PD OCT PY 2005 VL 8 IS 10 BP 18 EP 26 DI 10.1016/S1369-7021(05)71121-4 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA V32DY UT WOS:000208933100018 ER PT J AU Elliott, JT Woodward, JT Langenbach, KJ Tona, A Jones, PL Plant, AL AF Elliott, JT Woodward, JT Langenbach, KJ Tona, A Jones, PL Plant, AL TI Vascular smooth muscle cell response on thin films of collagen SO MATRIX BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE native collagen; denatured collagen; smooth muscle cells; integrin; automated microscopy; extracellular matrix ID EXTRACELLULAR-MATRIX; TENASCIN-C; INTEGRINS ALPHA(1)BETA(1); DENATURED COLLAGEN; BETA(3) INTEGRINS; MELANOMA-CELLS; I COLLAGEN; PROLIFERATION; FIBRILS; BINDING AB Vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMC) cultured on gels of fibrillar type I collagen or denatured collagen (gelatin) comprise a model system that has been widely used for studying the role of the extracellular matrix in vascular diseases such as hypertension, restenosis and athrosclerosis. Despite the wide use of this model system, there are several disadvantages to using collagen gels for cellular studies. These include poor optical characteristics for microscopy, difficulty in verifying that the properties of the preparations are identical from experiment to experiment, heterogeneity within the gels, and difficulty in handling the gets because they are fragile. Previously, we developed an alternative collagen matrix by forming thin films of native fibrillar collagen or denatured collagen on self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiols [Elliott, J.T, Tona, A., Woodward,P., Jones,P., Plant, A., 2003a. Thin films of collagen affect smooth muscle cell morphology. Langmuir 19, 1506-1514.]. These substrates are robust and can be characterized by surface analytical techniques that allow both verification of the reproducibility of the preparation and high-resolution analysis of collagen structure. In addition, they have excellent optical proper-ties that allow more details of the cell-matrix interactions to be observed by microscopy. In this study, we performed a side-by-side structural and functional comparison of collagen gels with thin films of collagen. Our results indicate that vSMC on thin films of collagen are nearly identical to vSMC on thick gets as determined by morphology, proliferation rate, integrin ligation, tenascin-C expression and intracellular signaling events. These results suggest that the features of collagen gels that direct the observed vSMC responses are adequately reconstituted in the thin films of collagen. These thin films will be useful for elucidating the features of the collagen matrix that regulate vSMC response and may be applicable to high content screening. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V./International Society of Matrix Biology. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Div Biotechnol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Brown Univ, Dept Mol Pharmacol Physiol & Biotechnol, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pediat, Denver, CO 80262 USA. RP Elliott, JT (reprint author), NIST, Div Biotechnol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM john.elliott@nist.gov NR 48 TC 43 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0945-053X J9 MATRIX BIOL JI Matrix Biol. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 24 IS 7 BP 489 EP 502 DI 10.1016/j.matbio.2005.07.005 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA 980HD UT WOS:000233004500006 PM 16153814 ER PT J AU Schaefer, RJ Lewis, DJ AF Schaefer, RJ Lewis, DJ TI Directional solidification in a AgCuSn eutectic alloy SO METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID AG-CU ALLOYS; SOLDER JOINTS; COOLING RATE; MICROSTRUCTURE; SYSTEM; TIN; INTERMETALLICS; GROWTH; PB AB An experimental study of microstructures in a directionally solidified, near-eutectic Ag-Cu-Sn alloy has been completed. This material is an important candidate for use as a lead-free solder, and the studies show the origin and velocity dependence of some of the microstructures seen in solder joints. Quantitative stereology and microstructural observation were completed for directional solidification experiments where the sample was moved through a gradient furnace at velocities between 0.826 and 500 mu m/s. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Gen Elect Global Res, Moscow 123098, Russia. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 22 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 9 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1073-5623 EI 1543-1940 J9 METALL MATER TRANS A JI Metall. Mater. Trans. A-Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 36A IS 10 BP 2775 EP 2783 DI 10.1007/s11661-005-0273-2 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 967FL UT WOS:000232076800019 ER PT J AU Li, X Sui, CH Lau, KM Tao, WK AF Li, X Sui, CH Lau, KM Tao, WK TI Tropical convective responses to microphysical and radiative processes: a sensitivity study with a 2-D cloud resolving model SO METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID WEATHER PREDICTION MODEL; ICE-PHASE MICROPHYSICS; LONG-TERM BEHAVIOR; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; MICROSCALE STRUCTURE; EXPLICIT SIMULATION; FRONTAL RAINBANDS; SURFACE PROCESSES; WATER-CONTENT; TOGA COARE AB Prognostic cloud schemes are increasingly used in weather and climate models in order to better treat cloud-radiation processes. Simplifications are often made in such schemes for computational efficiency, like the scheme being used in the National Centers for Environment Prediction models that excludes some microphysical processes and precipitation-radiation interaction. In this study, sensitivity tests with a 2-D cloud resolving model are carried out to examine effects of the excluded microphysical processes and precipitation-radiation interaction on tropical thermodynamics and cloud properties. The model is integrated for 10 days with the imposed vertical velocity derived from the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment. The experiment excluding the depositional growth of snow from cloud ice shows anomalous growth of cloud ice and more than 20% increase of fractional cloud cover, indicating that the lack of the depositional snow growth causes unrealistically large mixing ratio of cloud ice. The experiment excluding the precipitation-radiation interaction displays a significant cooling and drying bias. The analysis of heat and moisture budgets shows that the simulation without the interaction produces more stable upper troposphere and more unstable mid and lower troposphere than does the simulation with the interaction. Thus, the suppressed growth of ice clouds in upper troposphere and stronger radiative cooling in mid and lower troposphere are responsible for the cooling bias, and less evaporation of rain associated with the large-scale subsidence induces the drying in mid and lower troposphere. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, ORA, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Natl Cent Univ, Inst Hydrol Sci, Chungli 32054, Taiwan. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Li, X (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, ORA, 5200 Auth Rd,Room 711, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM xiaofan.li@noaa.gov RI Li, Xiaofan/F-5605-2010; Li, Xiaofan/G-2094-2014; Lau, William /E-1510-2012; OI Lau, William /0000-0002-3587-3691; SUI, CHUNG-HSIUNG/0000-0003-2842-5660 NR 40 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0177-7971 J9 METEOROL ATMOS PHYS JI Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 90 IS 3-4 BP 245 EP 259 DI 10.1007/s00703-004-0088-5 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 977HR UT WOS:000232794500010 ER PT J AU Zhang, NF Vladar, AE Postek, MT Larrabee, RD AF Zhang, NF Vladar, AE Postek, MT Larrabee, RD TI Spectral density-based statistical measures for image sharpness SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID SCANNING-ELECTRON-MICROSCOPE; KURTOSIS AB In industrial applications, such as automated on-line semiconductor production, there is a growing realization of the need for the development of a procedure for periodic performance testing of the image sharpness of the scanning electron microscope. Two statistical and comparative measures of image sharpness based on the generalized variance and bivariate kurtosis of the spectral density for a two-dimensional stationary process are proposed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Precis Engn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zhang, NF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD OCT PY 2005 VL 42 IS 5 BP 351 EP 359 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/42/5/003 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 986MO UT WOS:000233453900006 ER PT J AU Ma, CK Hartmann, J Gibson, CE AF Ma, CK Hartmann, J Gibson, CE TI Decreasing dependence of the calibration of the tungsten strip lamp on the temperature of the lamp base with increasing filament length SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article C1 Natl Res Council Canada, Inst Natl Measurement Stand, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada. Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, D-10587 Berlin, Germany. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ma, CK (reprint author), Natl Res Council Canada, Inst Natl Measurement Stand, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada. RI Hartmann, Jurgen/C-3543-2015 OI Hartmann, Jurgen/0000-0002-9645-5434 NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD OCT PY 2005 VL 42 IS 5 BP 383 EP 388 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/42/5/007 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 986MO UT WOS:000233453900010 ER PT J AU Wang, CM Iyer, HK AF Wang, CM Iyer, HK TI On higher-order corrections for propagating uncertainties SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article AB The Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) recommends the use of a first-order Taylor series expansion for propagating errors and uncertainties. The GUM also requires the use of a second-order Taylor series approximation for calculating uncertainties when the first-order approximation alone is not adequate. When only first-order Taylor expansions are used as a basis for propagating uncertainties, the first-order approximation to the standard deviation coincides with the first-order approximation to the root mean square error of an estimate. However, this is generally not true when using higher-order approximations. In this paper, we derive the second-order approximation of the standard deviation and the root mean square error of an estimate. We compare them with the correction terms given in the GUM and demonstrate their use via examples. We also provide a computer program that uses symbolic derivatives to calculate the second-order approximations of the uncertainty in measurement results. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Stat, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Wang, CM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jwang@boulder.nist.gov NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD OCT PY 2005 VL 42 IS 5 BP 406 EP 410 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/42/5/011 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 986MO UT WOS:000233453900014 ER PT J AU Heavner, TP Jefferts, SR Donley, EA Shirley, JH Parker, TE AF Heavner, TP Jefferts, SR Donley, EA Shirley, JH Parker, TE TI NIST-F1: recent improvements and accuracy evaluations SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID PRIMARY FREQUENCY STANDARD; FOUNTAIN; SHIFT; UNCERTAINTY; PRESSURE; BOULDER; IMPACT; MASER AB In the last several years we have made many improvements to NIST-Fl (a laser-cooled Cs fountain primary frequency standard at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Boulder, Colorado) resulting in a reduction by over a factor of 2 in the uncertainty of the realization of the SI second. The two most recent accuracy evaluations of NIST-FI had combined standard fractional uncertainties of 0.61 x 10(-15) (June 2004) and 0.53 x 10(-15) (January 2005), which were Submitted to the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures with total fractional uncertainties (including time-transfer contributions) of, respectively, 0.88 X 10(-15) and 0.97 x 10(-15). Here we discuss the improvements and evaluation methods and present an updated uncertainty budget. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Heavner, TP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Donley, Elizabeth/A-4525-2010 NR 25 TC 134 Z9 139 U1 2 U2 11 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD OCT PY 2005 VL 42 IS 5 BP 411 EP 422 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/42/5/012 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 986MO UT WOS:000233453900015 ER PT J AU Parker, TE Jefferts, SR Heavner, TP Donley, EA AF Parker, TE Jefferts, SR Heavner, TP Donley, EA TI Operation of the NIST-F1 caesium fountain primary frequency standard with a maser ensemble, including the impact of frequency transfer noise SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID RECENT IMPROVEMENTS; STABILITY; ACCURACY; TIME AB The operation of a caesium fountain primary frequency standard is greatly influenced by the characteristics of two other important facilities. The first is a stable frequency reference and the second is the frequency-transfer system. A stable frequency reference such as a hydrogen maser is a virtual necessity since essentially no fountain dead time can be tolerated without it. The frequency stability of this reference has a significant impact on the procedures for evaluating certain systematic biases in the fountain. State-of-the-art frequency transfer technology is also necessary if the fountain is intended to contribute to TAI or to be compared with other remotely located frequency standards without excessive degradation of stated uncertainties. We discuss the facilities available at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and how they impact the operation of NIST-F1, the primary frequency standard at NIST. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Parker, TE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Donley, Elizabeth/A-4525-2010 NR 16 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 5 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD OCT PY 2005 VL 42 IS 5 BP 423 EP 430 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/42/5/013 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 986MO UT WOS:000233453900016 ER PT J AU Steiner, RL Williams, ER Newell, DB Liu, RM AF Steiner, RL Williams, ER Newell, DB Liu, RM TI Towards an electronic kilogram: an improved measurement of the Planck constant and electron mass SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID BALANCE; WATT; REALIZATION; STANDARDS; JOSEPHSON; ACCURACY AB The electronic kilogram project of NIST has improved the watt balance method to obtain a new determination of the Planck constant h by measuring the ratio of the SI unit of power W to the electrical realization unit W-90, based on the conventional values for the Josephson constant KJ-90 and von Klitzing constant RK-90. The value h = 6.62606901(34) x 10(-34) J s verifies the NIST result from 1998 with a lower combined relative standard uncertainty of 52 nW/W. A value for the electron mass m(e) = 9.10938214(47) x 10(-31) kg can also be obtained from this result. With uncertainties approaching the limit of those commercially applicable to mass calibrations at the level of 1 kg, an electronically-derived standard for the mass unit kilogram is closer to fruition. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Steiner, RL (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8171, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM richard.steiner@nist.gov; edwin.williams@nist.gov; david.newell@nist.gov; ruimin.liu@nist.gov NR 17 TC 86 Z9 93 U1 0 U2 10 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD OCT PY 2005 VL 42 IS 5 BP 431 EP 441 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/42/5/014 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 986MO UT WOS:000233453900017 ER PT J AU Waples, RS AF Waples, RS TI Genetic estimates of contemporary effective population size: to what time periods do the estimates apply? SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE discrete generations; heterozygote excess; linkage disequilibrium; N-e/N ratio; Pacific salmon; temporal method ID LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM; TEMPORAL-CHANGES; ALLELE FREQUENCIES; PACIFIC SALMON; CONSERVATION GENETICS; MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; MATING SYSTEM; CENSUS SIZE; DIVERSITY; NUMBERS AB Although most genetic estimates of contemporary effective population size (N-e) are based on models that assume N-e is constant, in real populations N-e changes (often dramatically) over time, and estimates (N-e) will be influenced by N-e in specific generations. In such cases, it is important to properly match N-e to the appropriate time periods (for example, in computing N-e/N ratios). Here I consider this problem for semelparous species with two life histories (discrete generations and variable age at maturity - the 'salmon' model), for two different sampling plans, and for estimators based on single samples (linkage disequilibrium, heterozygote excess) and two samples (temporal method). Results include the following. Discrete generations: (i) Temporal samples from generations 0 and t estimate the harmonic mean N-e in generations 0 through t - 1 but do not provide information about N-e in generation t; (ii) Single samples provide an estimate of N-e in the parental generation, not the generation sampled; (iii) single-sample and temporal estimates never provide information about N-e in exactly the same generations; (iv) Recent bottlenecks can downwardly bias estimates based on linkage disequilibrium for several generations. Salmon model: (i) A pair of single-cohort (typically juvenile) samples from years 0 and t provide a temporal estimate of the harmonic mean of the effective numbers of breeders in the two parental years (N-b(0) and N-b(t)), but adult samples are more difficult to interpret because they are influenced by N-b in a number of previous years; (ii) For single-cohort samples, both one-sample and temporal methods provide estimates of N-b in the same years (contrast with results for discrete generation model); (iii) Residual linkage disequilibrium associated with past population size will not affect single-sample estimates of N-b as much as in the discrete generation model because the disequilibrium diffuses among different years of breeders. These results lead to some general conclusions about genetic estimates of N-e in iteroparous species with overlapping generations and identify areas in need of further research. C1 NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. Univ Grenoble 1, Lab Ecol Alpine, Grenoble, France. RP Waples, RS (reprint author), NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. EM robin.waples@noaa.gov RI Waples, Robin/K-1126-2016 NR 47 TC 151 Z9 152 U1 4 U2 68 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 14 IS 11 BP 3335 EP 3352 DI 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02673.x PG 18 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 963JP UT WOS:000231800900005 PM 16156807 ER PT J AU Dalebout, ML Robertson, KM Frantzis, A Engelhaupt, D Mignucci-Giannoni, AA Rosario-Delestre, RJ Baker, CS AF Dalebout, ML Robertson, KM Frantzis, A Engelhaupt, D Mignucci-Giannoni, AA Rosario-Delestre, RJ Baker, CS TI Worldwide structure of mtDNA diversity among Cuvier's beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris): implications for threatened populations SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cetacean; genetic diversity; mitochondrial DNA; odontocete; phylogeography; Ziphiidae ID MOLECULAR-GENETIC IDENTIFICATION; MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD-ESTIMATION; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA VARIATION; POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; HUMPBACK WHALES; SPERM-WHALES; PHYSETER-MACROCEPHALUS; COALESCENT APPROACH; FAMILY ZIPHIIDAE; NORTH-ATLANTIC AB We present the first description of phylogeographic structure among Cuvier's beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) worldwide using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences obtained from strandings (n = 70), incidental fisheries takes (n = 11), biopsy (n = 1), and whale-meat markets (n = 5). Over a 290-base pair fragment, 23 variable sites defined 33 unique haplotypes among the total of 87 samples. Nucleotide diversity at the control region was relatively low (pi = 1.27% +/- 0.723%) compared to wide-ranging baleen whales, but higher than strongly matrifocal sperm, pilot and killer whales. Phylogenetic reconstruction using maximum likelihood revealed four distinct haplotype groups, each of which displayed strong frequency differences among ocean basins, but no reciprocal monophyly or fixed character differences. Consistent with this phylogeographic pattern, an analysis of molecular variance showed high levels of differentiation among ocean basins (F-ST = 0.14, Phi(ST) = 0.42; P < 0.001). Estimated rates of female migration among ocean basins were low (generally <= 2 individuals per generation). Regional sample sizes were too small to detect subdivisions within oceans except in the North Atlantic, where the Mediterranean Sea (n = 12) was highly differentiated due to the presence of two private haplotypes. One market product purchased in South Korea grouped with other haplotypes found only in the North Atlantic, suggesting a violation of current agreements banning international trade in cetacean species. Together, these results demonstrate a high degree of isolation and low maternal gene flow among oceanic, and in some cases, regional populations of Cuvier's beaked whales. This has important implications for understanding the threats of human impact, including fisheries by-catch, direct hunting, and disturbance or mortality from anthropogenic sound. C1 Univ Auckland, Sch Biol Sci, Auckland 1000, New Zealand. NMFS, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Pelagos Cetacean Res Inst, Vouliagmeni 16671, Greece. Univ Durham, Sch Biol & Biomed Sci, Durham DH1 3LE, England. Caribbean Stranding Network, San Juan, PR 00936 USA. RP Dalebout, ML (reprint author), Dalhousie Univ, Dept Biol, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada. EM dalebout@dal.ca OI Mignucci-Giannoni, Antonio A./0000-0003-1443-4873; Frantzis, Alexandros/0000-0001-7117-062X NR 92 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 24 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 14 IS 11 BP 3353 EP 3371 DI 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02676.x PG 19 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 963JP UT WOS:000231800900006 PM 16156808 ER PT J AU Kaliszewska, ZA Seger, J Rowntree, VJ Barco, SG Benegas, R Best, PB Brown, MW Brownell, RL Carribero, A Harcourt, R Knowlton, AR Marshall-Tilas, K Patenaude, NJ Rivarola, M Schaeff, CM Sironi, M Smith, WA Yamada, TK AF Kaliszewska, ZA Seger, J Rowntree, VJ Barco, SG Benegas, R Best, PB Brown, MW Brownell, RL Carribero, A Harcourt, R Knowlton, AR Marshall-Tilas, K Patenaude, NJ Rivarola, M Schaeff, CM Sironi, M Smith, WA Yamada, TK TI Population histories of right whales (Cetacea : Eubalaena) inferred from mitochondrial sequence diversities and divergences of their whale lice (Amphipoda : Cyamus) SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cyamus; cytochrome c oxidase I (COI); Eubalaena; migration; mitochondrial introgression; population structure; speciation ID NEUTRAL MOLECULAR VARIATION; ATLANTIC RIGHT WHALES; NORTH-ATLANTIC; DNA POLYMORPHISM; HUMPBACK WHALES; BACKGROUND SELECTION; MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; STATISTICAL TESTS; SUBSTITUTION RATE; GENE FLOW AB Right whales carry large populations of three 'whale lice' (Cyamus ovalis, Cyamus gracilis, Cyamus erraticus) that have no other hosts. We used sequence variation in the mitochondrial COI gene to ask (i) whether cyamid population structures might reveal associations among right whale individuals and subpopulations, (ii) whether the divergences of the three nominally conspecific cyamid species on North Atlantic, North Pacific, and southern right whales (Eubalaena glacialis, Eubalaena japonica, Eubalaena australis) might indicate their times of separation, and (iii) whether the shapes of cyamid gene trees might contain information about changes in the population sizes of right whales. We found high levels of nucleotide diversity but almost no population structure within oceans, indicating large effective population sizes and high rates of transfer between whales and subpopulations. North Atlantic and Southern Ocean populations of all three species are reciprocally monophyletic, and North Pacific C. erraticus is well separated from North Atlantic and southern C. erraticus. Mitochondrial clock calibrations suggest that these divergences occurred around 6 million years ago (Ma), and that the Eubalaena mitochondrial clock is very slow. North Pacific C. ovalis forms a clade inside the southern C. ovalis gene tree, implying that at least one right whale has crossed the equator in the Pacific Ocean within the last 1-2 million years (Myr). Low-frequency polymorphisms are more common than expected under neutrality for populations of constant size, but there is no obvious signal of rapid, interspecifically congruent expansion of the kind that would be expected if North Atlantic or southern right whales had experienced a prolonged population bottleneck within the last 0.5 Myr. C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Biol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. Whale Conservat Inst, Ocean Allicance, Lincoln, MA 01773 USA. Inst Conservac Ballenas, RA-1428 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Virginia Marine Sci Museum, Newport News, VA 23451 USA. Univ Pretoria, Mammal Res Inst, ZA-0002 Pretoria, South Africa. New England Aquarium, Boston, MA 02110 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. Ecoctr, Chubut, Argentina. Macquarie Univ, Grad Sch Environm, Marine Mammal Res Grp, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. ALUAR, Chubut, Argentina. American Univ, Dept Biol, Washington, DC 20016 USA. Museum Nat Sci, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1690073, Japan. RP Seger, J (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM seger@biology.utah.edu RI Kaliszewska, Zofia/K-1528-2013; OI Kaliszewska, Zofia/0000-0001-6917-8665; Schaeff, Catherine/0000-0003-3728-9402 NR 80 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 4 U2 19 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 14 IS 11 BP 3439 EP 3456 DI 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02664.x PG 18 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 963JP UT WOS:000231800900012 PM 16156814 ER PT J AU Corbosiero, KL Molinari, J Black, ML AF Corbosiero, KL Molinari, J Black, ML TI The structure and evolution of Hurricane Elena (1985). Part I: Symmetric intensification SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID INSTRUMENT WETTING ERRORS; INNER-CORE STRUCTURES; TROPICAL CYCLONES; EXTERNAL INFLUENCES; VERTICAL MOTIONS; DOPPLER RADAR; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; KINEMATIC STRUCTURE; INTENSE HURRICANES; ANDREW 1992 AB One of the most complete aircraft reconnaissance and ground-based radar datasets of a single tropical cyclone was recorded in Hurricane Elena (1985) as it made a slow, 3-day anticyclonic loop in the Gulf of Mexico. Eighty-eight radial legs and 47 vertical incidence scans were collected aboard NOAA WP-3D aircraft, and 1142 ground-based radar scans were made of Elena's eyewall and inner rainbands as the storm intensified from a disorganized category 2 to an intense category 3 hurricane. This large amount of continuously collected data made it possible to examine changes that occurred in Elena's inner-core symmetric structure as the storm intensified. On the first day of study, Elena was under the influence of vertical wind shear from an upper-tropospheric trough to the west. The storm was disorganized, with no discernable eyewall and nearly steady values of tangential wind and relative vorticity. Early on the second day of study, a near superposition and constructive interference occurred between the trough and Elena, coincident with upward vertical velocities and the radial gradient of reflectivity becoming concentrated around the 30-km radius. Once an inner wind maximum and eyewall developed, the radius of maximum winds contracted and a sharp localized vorticity maximum emerged, with much lower values on either side. This potentially unstable vorticity profile was accompanied by a maximum in equivalent potential temperature in the eyewall, deeper and stronger inflow out to 24 km from the eyewall, and mean outflow toward the eyewall from the eye. Within 6-12 h, intensification came to an end and Elena began to slowly weaken. Vorticity and equivalent potential temperature at 850 hPa showed indications of prior mixing between the eye and eyewall. During the weakening stage, an outflow jet developed at the eyewall radius. A strong 850-hPa updraft accompanied the outflow jet, yet convection was less active aloft than before. This feature appeared to represent a shallow, outward-sloping updraft channel associated with the spindown of the storm. C1 SUNY Albany, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Albany, NY 12222 USA. NOAA, Hurricane Res Div, AOML, Miami, FL USA. RP Corbosiero, KL (reprint author), SUNY Albany, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, 1400 Washington Ave, Albany, NY 12222 USA. EM kristen@atmos.albany.edu RI Black, Michael/C-3250-2014 OI Black, Michael/0000-0001-9528-2888 NR 55 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 133 IS 10 BP 2905 EP 2921 DI 10.1175/MWR3010.1 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 979NT UT WOS:000232952800006 ER PT J AU Colle, BA Wolfe, JB Steenburgh, WJ Kingsmill, DE Cox, JAW Shafer, JC AF Colle, BA Wolfe, JB Steenburgh, WJ Kingsmill, DE Cox, JAW Shafer, JC TI High-resolution simulations and microphysical validation of an orographic precipitation event over the Wasatch Mountains during IPEX IOP3 SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID SUPERCOOLED LIQUID WATER; KINEMATIC STRUCTURE; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; FRONTAL RAINBANDS; MESOSCALE-MODEL; WINTER STORMS; SIERRA-NEVADA; PARTICLE-SIZE; ICE; MM5 AB This paper investigates the kinematic flow and precipitation evolution of a winter storm over and upstream of the Wasatch Mountains [Intermountain Precipitation Experiment third intensive observing period (IPEX IOP3)] using a multiply nested version of the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University (PSU)-National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5). Validation using in situ aircraft data, radiosondes, ground-based radar, and surface observations showed that the MM5, which featured four domains with 36-, 12-, 4-, and 1.33-km grid spacing, realistically simulated the observed partial blocking of the 8-12 m s(-1) ambient southwesterly flow and development of a convergence zone and enhanced lowland precipitation region upwind of the initial Wasatch slope. The MM5 also properly simulated the advance of this convergence zone toward the base of the Wasatch during the passage of a midlevel trough, despite not fully capturing the westerly wind shift accompanying the trough. Accurate simulation of the observed precipitation over the central Wasatch Mountains (within 25% of observed at all stations) required a horizontal grid spacing of 1.33 km. Despite close agreement with the observed surface precipitation, the Reisner2 bulk microphysical scheme produced too much supercooled cloud water and too little snow aloft. A model microphysical budget revealed that the Reisner2 generated over half of the surface precipitation through riming and accretion, rather than snow deposition and aggregation as implied by the observations. Using an intercept for the snow size distribution that allows for greater snow concentrations aloft improved the snow predictions and reduced the cloud water overprediction. Sensitivity studies illustrate that the reduced surface drag of the Great Salt Lake (GSL) enhanced the convergence zone and associated lowland precipitation enhancement upstream of the Wasatch Mountains. The presence of mountain ranges south of the Great Salt Lake appears to have weakened the along-barrier flow and windward convergence, resulting in a slight decrease in windward precipitation enhancement. Diabatic cooling from failing precipitation was also important for maintaining the blocked flow. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Inst Terr & Planetary Atmospheres, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. NOAA, Cooperat Inst Reg Predict, Salt Lake City, UT USA. Univ Utah, Dept Meteorol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Colle, BA (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Inst Terr & Planetary Atmospheres, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. EM bcolle@notes.cc.sunysb.edu NR 53 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 133 IS 10 BP 2947 EP 2971 DI 10.1175/MWR3017.1 PG 25 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 979NT UT WOS:000232952800009 ER PT J AU Kim, SH Zachariah, MR AF Kim, SH Zachariah, MR TI In-flight size classification of carbon nanotubes by gas phase electrophoresis SO NANOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOOT OXIDATION; KINETICS; FIBERS AB We demonstrate the use of gas phase electrophoresis to size classify CNTs grown in a continuous aerosol process. The separation process occurs at atmospheric pressure and involves electrostatic mobility separation which classifies fibres on the basis of equivalent projected surface area. This implies that one can, for diameter-controlled CNTs, obtain an on-the-fly determination of the CNT length distribution during CNT synthesis, or alternatively have a method for producing size separated CNTs. The method should be generic to any fibre based material. C1 Univ Maryland, Nanoparticle Mfg & Metrol Lab, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Univ Maryland, Nanoparticle Mfg & Metrol Lab, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM mrz@umd.edu NR 17 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-4484 EI 1361-6528 J9 NANOTECHNOLOGY JI Nanotechnology PD OCT PY 2005 VL 16 IS 10 BP 2149 EP 2152 DI 10.1088/0957-4484/16/10/030 PG 4 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 978XL UT WOS:000232906200031 PM 20817988 ER PT J AU Xiao, Y Telford, WG Ball, JC Locascio, LE Barker, PE AF Xiao, Y Telford, WG Ball, JC Locascio, LE Barker, PE TI Semiconductor nanocrystal conjugates, FISH and pH SO NATURE METHODS LA English DT Letter ID PROBES C1 NIST, DNA Technol Grp, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NCI, Expt Transplantat & Immunol Branch, Canc Res Ctr, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, MOl Spectrometry & Microfluid Methods Grp, Analyt Chem Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Xiao, Y (reprint author), NIST, DNA Technol Grp, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM peter.barker@nist.gov NR 3 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 4 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1548-7091 J9 NAT METHODS JI Nat. Methods PD OCT PY 2005 VL 2 IS 10 BP 723 EP 723 DI 10.1038/nmeth1005-723 PG 1 WC Biochemical Research Methods SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 980FC UT WOS:000232998600002 PM 16179915 ER PT J AU Baker, SC Bauer, SR Beyer, RP Brenton, JD Bromley, B Burrill, J Causton, H Conley, MP Elespuru, R Fero, M Foy, C Fuscoe, J Gao, XL Gerhold, DL Gilles, P Goodsaid, F Guo, X Hackett, J Hockett, RD Ikonomi, P Irizarry, RA Kawasaki, ES Kaysser-Kranich, T Kerr, K Kiser, G Koch, WH Lee, KY Liu, CM Liu, ZL Lucas, A Manohar, CF Miyada, G Modrusan, Z Parkes, H Puri, RK Reid, L Ryder, TB Salit, M Samaha, RR Scherf, U Sendera, TJ Setterquist, RA Shi, LM Shippy, R Soriano, JV Wagar, EA Warrington, JA Williams, M Wilmer, F Wilson, M Wolber, PK Wu, XN Zadro, R AF Baker, SC Bauer, SR Beyer, RP Brenton, JD Bromley, B Burrill, J Causton, H Conley, MP Elespuru, R Fero, M Foy, C Fuscoe, J Gao, XL Gerhold, DL Gilles, P Goodsaid, F Guo, X Hackett, J Hockett, RD Ikonomi, P Irizarry, RA Kawasaki, ES Kaysser-Kranich, T Kerr, K Kiser, G Koch, WH Lee, KY Liu, CM Liu, ZL Lucas, A Manohar, CF Miyada, G Modrusan, Z Parkes, H Puri, RK Reid, L Ryder, TB Salit, M Samaha, RR Scherf, U Sendera, TJ Setterquist, RA Shi, LM Shippy, R Soriano, JV Wagar, EA Warrington, JA Williams, M Wilmer, F Wilson, M Wolber, PK Wu, XN Zadro, R CA External RNA Controls Consortium TI The external RNA controls consortium: a progress report SO NATURE METHODS LA English DT Editorial Material ID DNA AMPLIFICATION; PCR AB Standard controls and best practice guidelines advance acceptance of data from research, preclinical and clinical Laboratories by providing a means for evaluating data quality. The External RNA Controls Consortium (ERCC) is developing commonly agreed-upon and tested controls for use in expression assays, a true industry-wide standard control. C1 Affymetrix Inc, Santa Clara, CA 95051 USA. Illumina Inc, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. US FDA, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. Univ Cambridge, CIMR, Addenbrookes Hosp, Cambridge CB2 2XY, England. ViaLogy Corp, Altadena, CA 91001 USA. Appl Biosyst Inc, Foster City, CA 94404 USA. Univ London Imperial Coll, London SW7 2AZ, England. Enzo Life Sci Inc, Farmingdale, NY 11735 USA. US FDA, Ctr Devices & Radiol Hlth, Fed Labs White Oak, Silver Spring, MD 20903 USA. Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Lab Govt Chemist, Bio Mol Innovat, Teddington TW11 0LY, Middx, England. US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. Atactic Technol Inc, Houston, TX 77054 USA. Merck Sharp Labs, Dept Mol Profiling, West Point, PA 19486 USA. Invitrogen Corp, Carlsbad, CA 92008 USA. US FDA, Ctr Drug Evaluat & Res, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. Affymetrix Inc, Santa Clara, CA 95051 USA. US FDA, Ctr Devices & Radiol Hlth, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Eli Lilly & Co, Lilly Res Lab, Lilly Corp Ctr, Indianapolis, IN 46285 USA. Amer Type Culture Collect, Manassas, VA 20110 USA. NCI, Ctr Adv Technol, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. GE Healthcare, Chandler, AZ 85248 USA. Roche Mol Syst, Pleasanton, CA 94588 USA. USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Agilent Technol Inc, Santa Clara, CA 95051 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab Microarray Ctr, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Genentech Inc, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA. US FDA, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Express Anal, Durham, NC 27713 USA. NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. US FDA, Off In Vitro Diagnost Device Evaluat & Safety, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Ambion Inc, Austin, TX 78744 USA. Amer Type Culture Collect, Manassas, VA 20110 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Clin Labs, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Qiagen Inc, D-40727 Hilden, Germany. Univ Zagreb, Sch Med, Zagreb 10000, Croatia. RP Warrington, JA (reprint author), Affymetrix Inc, 3380 Cent Expressway, Santa Clara, CA 95051 USA. EM janet_warrington@affymetrix.com RI Bauer, Steven/G-5559-2012; Kiser, Gretchen/A-3228-2013; OI Brenton, James/0000-0002-5738-6683; Bauer, Steven/0000-0003-2831-846X NR 8 TC 128 Z9 130 U1 0 U2 9 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1548-7091 J9 NAT METHODS JI Nat. Methods PD OCT PY 2005 VL 2 IS 10 BP 731 EP 734 DI 10.1038/nmeth1005-731 PG 4 WC Biochemical Research Methods SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 980FC UT WOS:000232998600009 PM 16179916 ER PT J AU Berejikian, BA Tezak, EP AF Berejikian, BA Tezak, EP TI Rearing in enriched hatchery tanks improves dorsal fin quality of juvenile steelhead SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article ID TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; RAINBOW-TROUT; EROSION; BEHAVIOR; FOOD; ENVIRONMENTS; PERFORMANCE; GROWTH; SALMON AB The present study compared the dorsal fin Condition of juvenile steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss reared in conventional hatchery tanks, enriched hatchery tanks (i.e., with the addition of submerged structure, overhead cover, and underwater feeders), and a natural stream to determine whether structural enrichment would reduce dorsal fin erosion in hatchery-reared fish. Dorsal fin height at 27 d postemergence did not differ significantly between the two hatchery rearing treatments. Steelhead reared in the conventional tanks had dorsal fins 78% as long as steelhead reared in enriched tanks and in the natural stream at 50 d postemergence (P < 0.05) and 45-55% as long at 64 d posternergence (P < 0.05). Variation in fin length did not substantially affect the ability to achieve dominance in agonistic contests for feeding territories; fish with longer dorsal fins won approximately 57% of contests against fish with fins that were 25% shorter on average. Rearing methods (such as structural enrichment), that simultaneously improve several attributes of juvenile salmonid morphology, physiology, or behavior may be important in the development of conservation hatchery rearing strategies. C1 NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Enhancement & Utilizat Technol Div, Manchester Res Stn, Manchester, WA 98353 USA. RP Berejikian, BA (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Enhancement & Utilizat Technol Div, Manchester Res Stn, POB 130, Manchester, WA 98353 USA. EM barry.berejikian@noaa.gov NR 21 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 1522-2055 J9 N AM J AQUACULT JI N. Am. J. Aqualcult. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 67 IS 4 BP 289 EP 293 DI 10.1577/A05-002.1 PG 5 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 982AE UT WOS:000233128300002 ER PT J AU Kobayashi, R Warren, JA AF Kobayashi, R Warren, JA TI Modeling the formation and dynamics of polycrystals in 3D SO PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th Conference on Nonequilibrium Statistical Mechanics and Nonlinear Physics (MEDYFINOL 04) CY DEC 06-10, 2004 CL La Serena, CHILE SP Univ Chile, Sho Phys & Math Sci, Univ Buenos Aires, Sch Exact & Nat Sci, Univ Los andes, Sch Engn DE phase field; grain boundary; 3D; polycrystal ID PHASE-FIELD MODELS; GRAIN-GROWTH; SOLIDIFICATION; CRYSTALLIZATION; SIMULATION; KINETICS AB Phase field models of solidification have been extended to include grain boundaries, using a variety of techniques. A model developed by Kobayashi et al. [Physica D 140 (2000) 141] has been used to model a host of physical phenomena, but has so far been confined to two dimensions. In this letter we describe how to extend this model of polycrystalline solidification to three dimensions (3D). (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Hiroshima Univ, Dept Math & Life Sci, Higashihiroshima 7398526, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Theoret & Computat Mat, Sci & Met Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kobayashi, R (reprint author), Hiroshima Univ, Dept Math & Life Sci, Higashihiroshima 7398526, Japan. EM ryo@math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp RI Warren, James/B-1698-2008 OI Warren, James/0000-0001-6887-1206 NR 16 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4371 J9 PHYSICA A JI Physica A PD OCT 1 PY 2005 VL 356 IS 1 BP 127 EP 132 DI 10.1016/j.physa.2005.05.024 PG 6 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 960FA UT WOS:000231574400023 ER PT J AU Xie, YY Knoll, A Chen, Y Li, Y Xiong, X Qiao, Y Hou, P Reeves, J Salagaj, T Lenseth, K Civale, L Maiorov, B Iwasa, Y Solovyov, V Suenaga, M Cheggour, N Clickner, C Ekin, JW Weber, C Selvamanickam, V AF Xie, YY Knoll, A Chen, Y Li, Y Xiong, X Qiao, Y Hou, P Reeves, J Salagaj, T Lenseth, K Civale, L Maiorov, B Iwasa, Y Solovyov, V Suenaga, M Cheggour, N Clickner, C Ekin, JW Weber, C Selvamanickam, V TI Progress in scale-up of second-generation high-temperature superconductors at SuperPower Inc SO PHYSICA C-SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND ITS APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Symposium on Superconductivity (ISS 2004) CY NOV 23-25, 2004 CL Niigata, JAPAN DE second-generation HTS wire; coated conductors; electropolishing; magnetic field; Ac losses; narrow conductor; cable; stress; strain; mechanical properties ID CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; CRITICAL-CURRENT DENSITY; YBCO-COATED CONDUCTORS; THIN-FILMS; LASER DEPOSITION; BUFFER LAYERS; TAPES; MOCVD AB SuperPower is focused on scaling up second-generation (2-G) high-temperature superconductor (HTS) technology to pilot-scale manufacturing. The emphasis of this program is to develop R&D solutions for scale-up issues in pilot-scale operations to lay the foundation for a framework for large-scale manufacturing. Throughput continues to be increased in all process steps including substrate polishing, buffer and HTS deposition. 2-G I-ITS conductors have been produced in lengths up to 100 m. Process optimization with valuable information provided by several unique process control and quality-control tools has yielded performances of 6000-7000 A m (77 K, 0 T) in 50-100 m lengths using two HTS fabrication processes: metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) and pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Major progress has been made towards the development of practical conductor configurations. Modifications to the HTS fabrication process have resulted in enhanced performance in magnetic fields. Industrial slitting and electroplating processes have been successfully adopted to fabricate tapes in width of 4 mm and with copper stabilizer for cable and coil applications. SuperPower's conductor configuration has yielded excellent mechanical properties and overcurrent carrying capability. Over 60 m of such practical conductors with critical current over 100 A/cm-width have been delivered to Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. for prototype cable construction. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 SuperPower Inc, Schenectady, NY 12304 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP SuperPower Inc, 450 Duane Ave, Schenectady, NY 12304 USA. EM yxie@igc.com RI Solovyov, Vyacheslav/A-7724-2009; Cheggour, Najib/K-2769-2012; OI Cheggour, Najib/0000-0002-0741-3065; Solovyov, Vyacheslav/0000-0003-1879-9802; Maiorov, Boris/0000-0003-1885-0436 NR 23 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 4 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4534 EI 1873-2143 J9 PHYSICA C JI Physica C PD OCT 1 PY 2005 VL 426 BP 849 EP 857 DI 10.1016/j.physc.2005.03.071 PN 2 PG 9 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 975XZ UT WOS:000232698700001 ER PT J AU Kramida, AE AF Kramida, AE TI Critical compilation of wavelengths and energy levels of singly ionized beryllium (Be II) SO PHYSICA SCRIPTA LA English DT Article ID ISO-ELECTRONIC SEQUENCE; EXCITED QUARTET STATES; RADIATIVE LIFETIMES; TERM SYSTEM; SPECTRA; SPECTROSCOPY; COLLISIONS; ADDITIONS; EMISSION; FINE AB Energy levels and wavelengths of the second spectrum of beryllium (Be II) were critically compiled. Energies of the levels involving excitation of the valence electron were re-optimized using the new data on transition wavelengths or calculated using precise semi-empirical formulas. Energies of the doubly-and triply-excited terms were taken from the recently published compilation [kramida, A. E., Physica Scripta 57. 66 (1998)] or obtained from recently published Auger electron spectra. Observed wavelengths and wavelengths calculated from the differences of the upper and lower levels are given together with their uncertainties. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kramida, AE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Alexander.Kramida@nist.gov OI Kramida, Alexander/0000-0002-0788-8087 NR 38 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU ROYAL SWEDISH ACAD SCIENCES PI STOCKHOLM PA PUBL DEPT BOX 50005, S-104 05 STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN SN 0031-8949 J9 PHYS SCRIPTA JI Phys. Scr. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 72 IS 4 BP 309 EP 319 DI 10.1238/Physica.Regular.072a00309 PG 11 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 981JH UT WOS:000233084400005 ER PT J AU Dumke, R Weinstein, JD Johanning, M Jones, KM Lett, PD AF Dumke, R Weinstein, JD Johanning, M Jones, KM Lett, PD TI Sub-natural-linewidth quantum interference features observed in photoassociation of a thermal gas SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID ELECTROMAGNETICALLY INDUCED TRANSPARENCY; COLD; SPECTROSCOPY; COLLISIONS; LIGHT AB By driving photoassociation transitions, we form electronically excited molecules (Na-2(*)) from ultracold (50-300 mu K) Na atoms. Using a second laser to drive transitions from the excited state to a level in the molecular ground state, we are able to split the photoassociation line and observe features with a width smaller than the natural linewidth of the excited molecular state. The quantum interference which gives rise to this effect is analogous to that which leads to electromagnetically induced transparency in three-level atomic Lambda systems, but here one of the ground states is a pair of free atoms while the other is a bound molecule. The linewidth is limited primarily by the finite temperature of the atoms. C1 NIST, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dumke, R (reprint author), NIST, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 18 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD OCT PY 2005 VL 72 IS 4 AR 041801 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.72.041801 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 979HA UT WOS:000232931800017 ER PT J AU Gao, B Tiesinga, E Williams, CJ Julienne, PS AF Gao, B Tiesinga, E Williams, CJ Julienne, PS TI Multichannel quantum-defect theory for slow atomic collisions SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID RELAXATION RATES; HYDROGEN; COLD; PHOTODETACHMENT; TEMPERATURES; SYSTEMS; ENERGY; FIELD AB We present a multichannel quantum-defect theory for slow atomic collisions that takes advantages of the analytic solutions for the long-range potential and both the energy and angular momentum insensitivities of the short-range parameters. The theory provides an accurate and complete account of scattering processes, including shape and Feshbach resonances, in terms of a few parameters such as the singlet and triplet scattering lengths. As an example, results for Na-23-Na-23 scattering are presented and compared to close-coupling calculations. C1 Univ Toledo, Dept Phys & Astron, Toledo, OH 43606 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gao, B (reprint author), Univ Toledo, Dept Phys & Astron, Toledo, OH 43606 USA. EM bgao@physics.utoledo.edu RI Gao, Bo/B-8774-2008; Williams, Carl/B-5877-2009; Julienne, Paul/E-9378-2012 OI Gao, Bo/0000-0002-6680-3725; Julienne, Paul/0000-0002-5494-1442 NR 32 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD OCT PY 2005 VL 72 IS 4 AR 042719 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.72.042719 PG 7 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 979HA UT WOS:000232931800096 ER PT J AU Hasegawa, T Bollinger, JJ AF Hasegawa, T Bollinger, JJ TI Rotating-radio-frequency ion traps SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID PENNING TRAP; NONNEUTRAL PLASMAS; PARTICLES; ELECTRON AB We discuss a radio-frequency (rf) ion trap, the rotating-radio-frequency (rotating-rf) trap, in which the motion of a charged particle is described by trigonometric functions rather than the usual Mathieu functions of a normal rf trap. In the rotating-rf trap, a rotating quadrupole electric field confines charged particles, whereas in a normal rf trap, an oscillating quadrupole electric field does. Ion motion in a rotating-rf trap is a superposition of two nondegenerate circular secular motions and two corresponding circular micromotions. The cases of applying a uniform dc magnetic field or a quadrupole dc electric field in addition to the rotating-rf field are also discussed. Confinement in a rotating-rf trap can be tighter than in a normal linear rf trap with the same experimental parameter values. C1 Keio Univ, Dept Phys, Kanagawa 2238522, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Hasegawa, T (reprint author), Keio Univ, Dept Phys, Kanagawa 2238522, Japan. EM hasegawa@phys.keio.ac.jp NR 28 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD OCT PY 2005 VL 72 IS 4 AR 043403 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.72.043403 PG 8 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 979HA UT WOS:000232931800105 ER PT J AU Xu, K Liu, Y Abo-Shaeer, JR Mukaiyama, T Chin, JK Miller, DE Ketterle, W Jones, KM Tiesinga, E AF Xu, K Liu, Y Abo-Shaeer, JR Mukaiyama, T Chin, JK Miller, DE Ketterle, W Jones, KM Tiesinga, E TI Sodium Bose-Einstein condensates in an optical lattice SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID ULTRACOLD ATOMS; FESHBACH RESONANCES; PHOTOASSOCIATION; SPECTROSCOPY; TRANSITION; COLLISIONS; SUPERFLUID; INSULATOR; COLD; NA-2 AB The phase transition from a superfluid to a Mott insulator has been observed in a Na-23 Bose-Einstein condensate. A dye laser detuned approximate to 5 nm red of the Na 3(2)S -> 3(2)P(1/2) transition was used to form the three-dimensional optical lattice. The heating effects of the small detuning as well as the three-body decay processes constrained the time scale of the experiment. Certain lattice detunings were found to induce a large loss of atoms. These loss features were shown to be due to photoassociation of atoms to vibrational levels in the Na-2 (1)(3)Sigma(g)(+) state. C1 MIT, Dept Phys, MIT Harvard Ctr Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. MIT, Elect Res Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Williams Coll, Dept Phys, Williamstown, MA 02167 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Xu, K (reprint author), MIT, Dept Phys, MIT Harvard Ctr Ultracold Atoms, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM kwxu@mit.edu NR 24 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 3 U2 4 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD OCT PY 2005 VL 72 IS 4 AR 043604 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.72.043604 PG 6 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 979HA UT WOS:000232931800117 ER PT J AU Batzill, M Katsiev, K Burst, JM Diebold, U Chaka, AM Delley, B AF Batzill, M Katsiev, K Burst, JM Diebold, U Chaka, AM Delley, B TI Gas-phase-dependent properties of SnO2 (110), (100), and (101) single-crystal surfaces: Structure, composition, and electronic properties SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID SCANNING-TUNNELING-MICROSCOPY; X-RAY-PHOTOEMISSION; RESONANT-PHOTOEMISSION; 1ST-PRINCIPLES CALCULATIONS; SNO2(110) SURFACES; OXYGEN; SENSORS; STATES; REACTIVITY; TIO2(110) AB The dependence of the surface structure, composition, and electronic properties of three low index SnO2 surfaces on the annealing temperature in vacuum has been investigated experimentally by low energy He+ ion scattering spectroscopy (LEIS), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and angle resolved valence band photoemission (ARUPS) using synchrotron radiation. Transitions from stoichiometric to reduced surface phases have been observed at 440-520 K, 610-660 K, and 560-660 K for the SnO2 (110), (100), and (101) surfaces, respectively. Density functional theory has been employed to assess the oxidation state and stability of different surface structures and compositions at various oxygen chemical potentials. The reduction of the SnO2 surfaces is facilitated by the dual valency of Sn, and for all three surfaces a transition from Sn(IV) to Sn(II) is observed. For the (100) and (101) surfaces, theory supports the experimental observations that the phase transitions are accomplished by removal of bridging oxygen atoms from a stoichiometric SnO2 surface, leaving a SnO surface layer with a 1x1 periodicity. For the (110) surface the lowest energy surface under reducing conditions was predicted for a model with a SnO surface layer with all bridging oxygen and every second row of in-plane oxygen atoms removed. Ab initio atomistic thermodynamic calculations predict the phase transition conditions for the (101) surface, but there are significant differences with the experimentally observed transition temperatures for the (110) and (100) surfaces. This discrepancy between experiment and thermodynamic equilibrium calculations is likely because of a dominant role of kinetic processes in the experiment. The reduction of surface Sn atoms from a Sn(IV) to a Sn(II) valence state results in filling of the Sn-5s states and, consequently, the formation of Sn derived surface states for all three investigated surfaces. The dispersion of the surface states for the reduced (101) surface was determined and found to be in good agreement with the DFT results. For the (110) surface, the 4x1 reconstruction that forms after sputter and annealing cycles was also investigated. For this surface, states that span almost the entire band gap were observed. Resonant photoemission spectroscopy identified all the surface states on the reduced SnO2 surfaces as Sn derived. C1 Tulane Univ, Dept Phys, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. Natl Inst Stand, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Paul Scherrer Inst, Villigen, Switzerland. RP Tulane Univ, Dept Phys, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. RI Diebold, Ulrike/A-3681-2010; Delley, Bernard/E-1336-2014; Batzill, Matthias/J-4297-2014 OI Diebold, Ulrike/0000-0003-0319-5256; Delley, Bernard/0000-0002-7020-2869; Batzill, Matthias/0000-0001-8984-8427 NR 72 TC 110 Z9 114 U1 9 U2 111 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD OCT PY 2005 VL 72 IS 16 AR 165414 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.72.165414 PG 20 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 979IF UT WOS:000232934900116 ER PT J AU Dag, S Ozturk, Y Ciraci, S Yildirim, T AF Dag, S Ozturk, Y Ciraci, S Yildirim, T TI Adsorption and dissociation of hydrogen molecules on bare and functionalized carbon nanotubes SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID EXCHANGE; STORAGE; SOLIDS; ATOMS AB Interaction between hydrogen molecules and bare as well as functionalized single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT) is investigated using first-principles plane wave method. It is found that the binding energy of the H-2 physisorbed on the outer surface of the bare SWNT is very weak, and cannot be enhanced significantly either by increasing the curvature of the surface through radial deformation, or by the coadsorption of a Li atom that makes the semiconducting tube metallic. Although the bonding is strengthened upon adsorption directly to the Li atom, its nature continues to be physisorption. However, the character of the bonding changes dramatically when SWNT is functionalized by the adsorption of a Pt atom. A single H-2 is chemisorbed to the Pt atom on the SWNT either dissociatively or molecularly. The dissociative adsorption is favorable energetically and is followed by the weakening of the Pt-SWNT bond. Out of two adsorbed H-2, the first one can be adsorbed dissociatively and the second one is chemisorbed molecularly. The nature of bonding is a very weak physisorption for the third adsorbed H-2. Palladium also promotes the chemisorption of H-2 with relatively smaller binding energy. Present results reveal the important effect of transition metal atom adsorbed on SWNT and these results advance our understanding of the molecular and dissociative adsorption of hydrogen for efficient hydrogen storage. C1 Bilkent Univ, Dept Phys, TR-06800 Ankara, Turkey. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bilkent Univ, Dept Phys, TR-06800 Ankara, Turkey. EM ciraci@fen.bilkent.edu.tr RI yildirim, taner/A-1290-2009 NR 36 TC 194 Z9 196 U1 2 U2 32 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD OCT PY 2005 VL 72 IS 15 AR 155404 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.72.155404 PG 8 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 979IA UT WOS:000232934400110 ER PT J AU Dag, S Tongay, S Yildirim, T Durgun, E Senger, RT Fong, CY Ciraci, S AF Dag, S Tongay, S Yildirim, T Durgun, E Senger, RT Fong, CY Ciraci, S TI Half-metallic properties of atomic chains of carbon-transition-metal compounds SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS AB We found that magnetic ground state of one-dimensional atomic chains of carbon-transition-metal compounds exhibit half-metallic properties. They are semiconductors for one spin direction, but show metallic properties for the opposite direction. The spins are fully polarized at the Fermi level and net magnetic moment per unit cell is an integer multiple of Bohr magneton. The spin-dependent electronic structure can be engineered by changing the number of carbon atoms and type of transition metal atoms. These chains, which are stable even at high temperatures and some of which keep their spin-dependent electronic properties even under moderate axial strain, hold the promise of potential applications in nanospintronics. C1 Bilkent Univ, Dept Phys, TR-06800 Ankara, Turkey. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Phys, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Bilkent Univ, Dept Phys, TR-06800 Ankara, Turkey. EM ciraci@fen.bilkent.edu.tr RI yildirim, taner/A-1290-2009; Senger, Tugrul/B-8207-2009; Tongay, Sefaattin/E-6388-2011 OI Senger, Tugrul/0000-0003-0800-1924; NR 25 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 EI 1550-235X J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD OCT PY 2005 VL 72 IS 15 AR 155444 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.72.155444 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 979IA UT WOS:000232934400150 ER PT J AU Li, W Frenkel, AI Woicik, JC Ni, C Shah, SI AF Li, W Frenkel, AI Woicik, JC Ni, C Shah, SI TI Dopant location identification in Nd3+-doped TiO2 nanoparticles SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID ABSORPTION FINE-STRUCTURE; DOPED TITANIUM-DIOXIDE; PHOTOCATALYTIC PROPERTIES; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; SILICON AB Large band gap semiconductors are typically doped in order to enhance their photocatalytic, photovoltaic, and other chemical and optoelectronic properties. The identification of dopant position and its local environment are essential to explore the effect of doping. X ray techniques, including extended x ray absorption fine structure, x ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and x ray diffraction, were performed to analyze the Nd (0 to 1.5 at. %) dopant location and the structural changes associated with the doping in anatase TiO2 nanoparticles, which were synthesized by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Nd ions were determined to have a trivalent chemical state and substitute for Ti4+ in the TiO2 structure. The substitutional Nd3+ ions cause anatase lattice expansion along c direction with a maximum value of 0.15 angstrom at 1.5 % Nd doping level and the local structure of the dopants changes towards rutile like configuration. The lengths of the nearest neighbor Nd-O and Nd-Ti bonds increase by 0.5-0.8 angstrom compared to their counterparts in the pure TiO2 host structure. The substitutional nature of Nd3+ dopants explains why they are efficient not only for charge carrier separation but also for visible light absorption in TiO2. C1 Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA. Yeshiva Univ, Dept Phys, New York, NY 10016 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Delaware, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Newark, DE 19716 USA. Univ Delaware, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Newark, DE 19716 USA. RP Shah, SI (reprint author), Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA. EM ismat@udel.edu RI Frenkel, Anatoly/D-3311-2011; Ni, Chaoying/B-7300-2012 OI Frenkel, Anatoly/0000-0002-5451-1207; NR 33 TC 79 Z9 80 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD OCT PY 2005 VL 72 IS 15 AR 155315 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.72.155315 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 979IA UT WOS:000232934400084 ER PT J AU Yildirim, T Iniguez, J Ciraci, S AF Yildirim, T Iniguez, J Ciraci, S TI Molecular and dissociative adsorption of multiple hydrogen molecules on transition metal decorated C-60 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES; STORAGE AB Recently we have predicted [Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 175501 (2005)] that Ti-decorated carbon nanotubes can adsorb up to 8-wt. % hydrogen at ambient conditions. Here we show that a similar phenomenon occurs in light transition-metal decorated C-60. While Sc and Ti prefer the hexagon (H) sites with a binding energy of 2.1 eV, V and Cr prefer double-bond (D) sites with binding energies of 1.3 and 0.8 eV, respectively. Heavier metals such as Mn, Fe, and Co do not bond on C-60. Once the metals are adsorbed on C-60, each can bind up to four hydrogen molecules with an average binding energy of 0.3-0.5 eV/H-2. At high metal coverage, we show that a C-60 can accommodate six D-site and eight H-site metals, which can adsorb up to 56 H-2 molecules, corresponding to 7.5 wt. %. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. CSIC, Inst Ciencia Mat Barcelona, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain. Bilkent Univ, Dept Phys, TR-06800 Ankara, Turkey. RP Yildirim, T (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM taner@nist.gov RI yildirim, taner/A-1290-2009; Iniguez, Jorge/B-6856-2009 OI Iniguez, Jorge/0000-0001-6435-3604 NR 21 TC 170 Z9 173 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD OCT PY 2005 VL 72 IS 15 AR 153403 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.72.153403 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 979IA UT WOS:000232934400028 ER PT J AU Arns, CH Knackstedt, MA Martys, NS AF Arns, CH Knackstedt, MA Martys, NS TI Cross-property correlations and permeability estimation in sandstone SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E LA English DT Article ID NUCLEAR MAGNETIC-RELAXATION; MODEL POROUS-MEDIA; TO-VOLUME RATIO; ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; MICROTOMOGRAPHIC IMAGES; SELF-DIFFUSION; PORE; TRANSPORT; RESONANCE; NMR AB We computationally investigate cross-property correlations linking fluid permeability to conductive properties in sedimentary rock for a number of pore size parameters based on three-dimensional digitized rock images. In particular, we focus on correlations based on the pore volume-to-surface-area ratio (V-p/S), a critical channel diameter l(c) associated with mercury porosimetry measurements, length scales associated with the nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation time T-2, as well as the mean survival time . Differences between the length scales are discussed. All these correlations yield good agreement with our simulations, but permeability estimates based on the critical diameter l(c) are found to be most reliable. C1 Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Phys Sci & Engn, Dept Appl Math, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. Univ New S Wales, Sch Petr Engn, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. NIST, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Arns, CH (reprint author), Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Phys Sci & Engn, Dept Appl Math, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. RI Arns, Christoph/A-5036-2009 OI Arns, Christoph/0000-0003-1721-3996 NR 54 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1539-3755 J9 PHYS REV E JI Phys. Rev. E PD OCT PY 2005 VL 72 IS 4 AR 046304 DI 10.1103/PhysRevE.72.046304 PN 2 PG 12 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 979GU UT WOS:000232931200081 PM 16383530 ER PT J AU Chaumet, PC Rahmani, A Sentenac, A Bryant, GW AF Chaumet, PC Rahmani, A Sentenac, A Bryant, GW TI Efficient computation of optical forces with the coupled dipole method SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E LA English DT Article ID ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE; APPROXIMATION; SCATTERING; PARTICLES; LIGHT; FIELD AB We present computational techniques to compute in an efficient way optical forces on arbitrary nanoobjects using the coupled dipole method. We show how the time of computation can be reduced by several orders of magnitude with the help of fast-Fourier-transform techniques. We also discuss the influence of different formulations of the electric polarizability of a small scatterer on the accuracy and robustness of the computation of optical forces. C1 Univ Paul Cezanne, UMR 6133, Inst Fresnel, F-13397 Marseille, France. Ecole Cent Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5512, Lab Elect Optoelect & Micorsyst, F-69134 Ecully, France. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Univ Paul Cezanne, UMR 6133, Inst Fresnel, Ave Escadrille Normandie Niemen, F-13397 Marseille, France. RI Rahmani, Adel/G-6406-2011; patrick, Chaumet/B-6918-2013 NR 20 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2470-0045 EI 2470-0053 J9 PHYS REV E JI Phys. Rev. E PD OCT PY 2005 VL 72 IS 4 AR 046708 DI 10.1103/PhysRevE.72.046708 PN 2 PG 6 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 979GU UT WOS:000232931200119 PM 16383568 ER PT J AU Detrich, HW Jones, CD Kim, S North, AW Thurber, A Vacchi, M AF Detrich, HW Jones, CD Kim, S North, AW Thurber, A Vacchi, M TI Nesting behavior of the icefish Chaenocephalus aceratus at Bouvetoya Island, Southern Ocean SO POLAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ANTARCTIC PENINSULA; HARPAGIFER-BISPINIS; PARENTAL CARE; BONY FISHES; REPRODUCTION; PISCES AB We describe in situ observations on nesting by the Scotia Sea (or blackfin) icefish Chaenocephalus aceratus (Lonnberg) that constitute the first substantive evidence of egg brooding and parental care by species of the family Channichthyidae. At Boutetoya Island six fish, all apparently male, were observed guarding egg nests at depths of 141-148 m during an ROV deployment. Eggs were laid as aggregated, round masses (similar to 20-25 cm diameter) in shallow, circular depressions (similar to 1-m diameter, similar to 20-cm depth) that were probably excavated by the parent(s) to protect the nests. The fish guardians remained tenaciously in contact with the eggs despite disturbances caused by the ROV, reacting to this threat with stress and defense behaviors. Because brooding fishes are more susceptible to the population impacts from trawl fisheries, we argue that this life history should be kept in mind in designing management schemes. C1 Northeastern Univ, Dept Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. US Antarctic Marine Living Resources Program, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. Moss Landing Marine Labs, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. Univ Genoa, I-16132 Genoa, Italy. RP Detrich, HW (reprint author), Northeastern Univ, Dept Biol, 134 Mugar Hall,360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA. EM iceman@neu.edu NR 26 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 10 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0722-4060 J9 POLAR BIOL JI Polar Biol. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 28 IS 11 BP 828 EP 832 DI 10.1007/s00300-005-0010-8 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 984SM UT WOS:000233324600004 ER PT J AU Bengtson, JL Hiruki-Raring, LM Simpkins, MA Boveng, PL AF Bengtson, JL Hiruki-Raring, LM Simpkins, MA Boveng, PL TI Ringed and bearded seal densities in the eastern Chukchi Sea, 1999-2000 SO POLAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PHOCA-HISPIDA; BREEDING HABITAT; NORTHWEST-TERRITORIES; ICE COVER; PREDATION; BEHAVIOR; SVALBARD; PINNIPEDS; ECOLOGY; ALASKA AB Aerial surveys were conducted in 1999 and 2000 to estimate the densities of ringed (Phoca hispida) and bearded (Erignathus barbatus) seals in the eastern Chukchi Sea. Survey lines were focused mainly on the coastal zone within 37 km of the shoreline, with additional lines flown 148-185 km offshore to assess how densities of seals changed as a function of distance from shore. Satellite-linked time-depth recorders were attached to ringed seals in both years to evaluate the time spent basking on the ice surface. Haulout patterns indicated that ringed seals transitioned to basking behavior in late May and early June, and that the largest proportion of seals (60-68%) was hauled out between 0830 and 1530 local solar time. Ringed seals were relatively common in nearshore fast ice and pack ice, with lower densities in offshore pack ice. The average density of ringed seals was 1.91 seals km(-2) in 1999 (range 0.37-16.32) and 1.62 seals km(-2) in 2000 (range 0.42-19.4), with the highest densities of ringed seals found in coastal waters south of Kivalina and near Kotzebue Sound. The estimated abundance of ringed seals for the entire study area was similar in 1999 (252,488 seals, SE=47,204) and 2000 (208,857 seals, SE=25,502). Bearded seals were generally more common in offshore pack ice, with the exception of high bearded seal numbers observed near the shore south of Kivalina. Bearded seal densities were not adjusted for haulout behavior, and therefore, abundance was not estimated. Unadjusted average bearded seal density was 0.07 seals km(-2) in 1999 (range 0.011-0.393) and 0.14 seals km(-2) in 2000 (range 0.009-0.652). Levels of primary productivity, benthic biomass, and fast ice distribution may influence the distributions of ringed and bearded seals in the Chukchi Sea. Information on movement and haulout behavior of ringed and bearded seals would be very useful for designing future surveys. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Bengtson, JL (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM john.bengtson@noaa.gov NR 55 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 3 U2 16 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0722-4060 J9 POLAR BIOL JI Polar Biol. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 28 IS 11 BP 833 EP 845 DI 10.1007/s00300-005-0009-1 PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 984SM UT WOS:000233324600005 ER PT J AU Wang, WY Lee, TH Reed, MA AF Wang, WY Lee, TH Reed, MA TI Electronic transport in molecular self-assembled monolayer devices SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE LA English DT Article DE molecular electronics; spectroscopy; tunneling ID INSULATOR-METAL JUNCTIONS; N-ALKANETHIOL MONOLAYERS; ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; TUNNELING SPECTROSCOPY; VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY; CHARGE-TRANSPORT; EFFECTIVE-MASS; E-K; FILMS; GOLD AB A review on the mechanisms and characterization methods of electronic transport through self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) is presented. Using SAMs of alkanethiols in a nanometer-scale-device structure, tunneling is unambiguously demonstrated as the main intrinsic conduction mechanism for defect-free large bandgap SAMs, exhibiting well-known temperature and length dependencies. Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy exhibits clear vibrational modes of the molecules in the device, presenting direct evidence of the presence of molecules in the device. C1 Yale Univ, Dept Phys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Yale Univ, Dept Elect Engn, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Yale Univ, Dept Elect Engn, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Yale Univ, Dept Appl Phys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. RP Wang, WY (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mark.reed@yale.edu NR 87 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 4 U2 12 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-9219 EI 1558-2256 J9 P IEEE JI Proc. IEEE PD OCT PY 2005 VL 93 IS 10 BP 1815 EP 1824 DI 10.1109/JPROC.2005.853544 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 968MX UT WOS:000232167700010 ER PT J AU Gopalakrishnan, SG Freedman, F Sharan, M Krishna, TVBPSR AF Gopalakrishnan, SG Freedman, F Sharan, M Krishna, TVBPSR TI A model study of the strong and weak wind, stably stratified nocturnal boundary layer: Influence of gentle slopes SO PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE turbulence; weak wind NBL; inertial oscillations; inversion depth; nocturnal jet; nocturnal boundary layer ID LARGE-EDDY SIMULATION; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; TURBULENCE STRUCTURE; DISPERSION; FLOWS; PARAMETERIZATION; POLLUTANTS; SCALE; LAND AB With the exception of intermittency and waves, a brief review of the observed and modeled mean structure of the nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) is presented. The effect of gentle slopes on strong and weak wind NBL was investigated here using a one-dimensional model, with a simple correction term to account for the slope effects, identical to the one used by Brost and Wyngaard (1978). The study indicates that the wind profiles, temperature profiles and surface layer turbulence characteristics are extremely sensitive to the imposed geostrophic wind when small slopes are present especially for light winds. This is due to the complex interaction between the buoyancy driven slope flow and the imposed geostrophic wind that in turn influence the shear generation of turbulence. Finally, the current issues in the modeling of weak wind boundary layer are discussed. C1 SAIC, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NOAA, NCEP, EMC, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Indian Inst Technol, Ctr Atmospher Sci, New Delhi 110016, India. RP SAIC, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Gopalakrishnan , Sundararaman /I-5773-2013 OI Gopalakrishnan , Sundararaman /0000-0003-1384-7860 NR 55 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER BASEL AG PI BASEL PA PICASSOPLATZ 4, BASEL, 4052, SWITZERLAND SN 0033-4553 EI 1420-9136 J9 PURE APPL GEOPHYS JI Pure Appl. Geophys. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 162 IS 10 BP 1795 EP 1809 DI 10.1007/s00024-005-2693-8 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 948LW UT WOS:000230718300005 ER PT J AU Rao, KS AF Rao, KS TI Uncertainty analysis in atmospheric dispersion modeling SO PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE atmospheric dispersion models; concentration prediction; uncertainty analysis; stochastic uncertainty; probabilistic framework; regulatory modeling ID AIR-QUALITY MODEL; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES; PROBABILITY DENSITY-FUNCTION; CONCENTRATION FLUCTUATIONS; INPUT VARIABLES; COMPUTER-MODELS; PLUMES; STATISTICS; LAYER; METHODOLOGY AB The concentration of a pollutant in the atmosphere is a random variable that cannot be predicted accurately, but can be described using quantities such as ensemble mean, variance, and probability distribution. There is growing recognition that the modeled concentrations of hazardous contaminants in the atmosphere should be described in a probabilistic framework. This paper discusses the various types of uncertainties in atmospheric dispersion models, and reviews sensitivity/uncertainty analysis methods to characterize and/or reduce them. Evaluation and quantification of the range of uncertainties in predictions yield a deeper insight into the capabilities and limitations of atmospheric dispersion models, and increase our confidence in decision-making based on models. C1 NOAA, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Air Resources Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Rao, KS (reprint author), NOAA, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Air Resources Lab, POB 2456, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM Shankar.Rao@noaa.gov NR 63 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 11 PU BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG PI BASEL PA VIADUKSTRASSE 40-44, PO BOX 133, CH-4010 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0033-4553 J9 PURE APPL GEOPHYS JI Pure Appl. Geophys. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 162 IS 10 BP 1893 EP 1917 DI 10.1007/s00024-005-2697-4 PG 25 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 948LW UT WOS:000230718300009 ER PT J AU Gego, EL Porter, PS Irwin, JS Hogrefe, C Rao, ST AF Gego, EL Porter, PS Irwin, JS Hogrefe, C Rao, ST TI Assessing the comparability of ammonium, nitrate and sulfate concentrations measured by three air quality monitoring networks SO PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE air quality; particulate matter; monitoring networks; moving average; principal component analysis ID PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS; EASTERN-UNITED-STATES; PREDICTIONS; SITE AB Airborne fine particulate matter across the United States is monitored by different networks, the three prevalent ones presently being the Clean Air Status and Trend Network (CASTNet), the Interagency Monitoring of PROtected Visual Environment Network (IMPROVE) and the Speciation and Trend Network (STN). If combined, these three networks provide speciated fine particulate data at several hundred locations throughout the United States. Yet, differences in sampling protocols and samples handling may not allow their joint use. With these concerns in mind, the objective of this study is to assess the spatial and temporal comparability of the sulfate, nitrate and ammonium concentrations reported by each of these networks. One of the major differences between networks is the sampling frequency they adopted. While CASTNet measures pollution levels on seven-day integrated samples, STN and IMPROVE data pertain to 24-hour samples collected every three days. STN and IMPROVE data therefore exhibit considerably more short-term variability than their CASTNet counterpart. We show that, despite their apparent incongruity, averaging the data with a window size of four to six weeks is sufficient to remove the effects of differences in sampling frequency and duration and allow meaningful comparison of the signals reported by the three networks of concern. After averaging, all the sulfate and, to a lesser degree, ammonium concentrations reported are fairly similar. Nitrate concentrations, on the other hand, are still divergent. We speculate that this divergence originates from the different types of filters used to collect particulate nitrate. Finally, using a rotated principal component technique (RPCA), we determined the number and the geographical organization of the significant temporal modes of variation (clusters) detected by each network for the three pollutants of interest. For sulfate and ammonium, the clusters' geographical boundaries established for each network and the modes of variations within each cluster seem to correspond. RPCA erformed on nitrate concentrations revealed that, for the CASTNet and IMPROVE networks, the modes of variation do not correspond to unified geographical regions but are found more sporadically. For STN, the clustered areas are unified and easily delineable. We conclude that the possibility of jointly using the data collected by CASTNet, IMPROVE and STN has to be weighed pollutant by pollutant. While sulfate and ammonium data show some potential for joint use, at this point, combining the nitrate data from these monitoring networks may not be a judicious choice. C1 Univ Corp Atmospher Res, Idaho Falls, ID USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Civil Engn, Idaho Falls, ID 83401 USA. US EPA, NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. SUNY Albany, Atmospher Sci Res Ctr, Albany, NY 12222 USA. RP Gego, EL (reprint author), Univ Corp Atmospher Res, Idaho Falls, ID USA. EM e.gego@onewest.net NR 16 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG PI BASEL PA VIADUKSTRASSE 40-44, PO BOX 133, CH-4010 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0033-4553 J9 PURE APPL GEOPHYS JI Pure Appl. Geophys. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 162 IS 10 BP 1919 EP 1939 DI 10.1007/s00024-005-2698-3 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 948LW UT WOS:000230718300010 ER PT J AU Gilliam, RC Childs, PP Huber, AH Raman, S AF Gilliam, RC Childs, PP Huber, AH Raman, S TI Metropolitan-scale transport and dispersion from the New York World Trade Center following September 11, 2001. Part I: An evaluation of the CALMET meteorological model SO PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE dispersion modeling; CALPUFF; CALMET; plume modeling; sea breeze; ARPS; MM5 ID NONHYDROSTATIC ATMOSPHERIC SIMULATION; PREDICTION SYSTEM ARPS; BOUNDARY-LAYER; SEA-BREEZE; FLOW AB Following the collapse of the New York City World Trade Center towers on September 11, 2001, Local, State and Federal agencies initiated numerous air monitoring activities to better understand the impact of emissions from the disaster. A study of the estimated pathway that a potential plume of emissions would likely track was completed to support the U.S. EPA's initial exposure assessments. The plume from the World Trade Center was estimated using the CALMET-CALPUFF dispersion modeling system. The following is the first of two reports that compares several meteorological models, including the CALMET diagnostic model, the Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) and 5(th) Generation Mesoscale Model (MM5) in the complex marine-influenced urban setting of NYC. Results indicate wind speed, in most cases, is greater in CALMET than the two mesoscale models because the CALMET micrometeorological processor does not properly adjust the wind field for surface roughness variations that exits in a major built-up urban area. Small-scale circulations, which were resolved by the mesoscale models, were not well simulated by CALMET. Independent wind observations in Lower Manhattan suggest that the wind direction estimates of CALMET possess a high degree of error because of the urban influence. Wind speed is on average 1.5 ms(-1) stronger in CALMET than what observations indicate. The wind direction downwind of the city is rotated 25-34 clockwise in CALMET, relative to what observations indicate. C1 N Carolina State Univ, State Climate Off N Carolina, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US EPA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, NOAA,Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Gilliam, RC (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, State Climate Off N Carolina, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM Gilliam.Robert@epamail.epa.gov NR 27 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 5 PU BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG PI BASEL PA VIADUKSTRASSE 40-44, PO BOX 133, CH-4010 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0033-4553 J9 PURE APPL GEOPHYS JI Pure Appl. Geophys. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 162 IS 10 BP 1981 EP 2003 DI 10.1007/s00024-005-2701-z PG 23 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 948LW UT WOS:000230718300013 ER PT J AU Gilliam, RC Huber, AH Raman, S AF Gilliam, RC Huber, AH Raman, S TI Metropolitan-scale transport and dispersion from the New York World Trade Center following September 11, 2001. Part II: An application of the CALPUFF plume model SO PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE dispersion modeling; CALPUFF; CALMET; plume modeling; sea breeze; particulate matter ID POWER-PLANT EMISSIONS; EXPOSURE AB Following the collapse of the New York World Trade Center (WTC) towers on September 11, 2001, Local, State, and Federal agencies initiated numerous air monitoring activities to better understand the ongoing impacts of emissions from the disaster. The collapse of the World Trade Center towers and associated fires that lasted for several weeks resulted at times in a noticeable plume of material that was dispersed around the Metropolitan New York City (NYC) area. In general, the plume was only noticeable for a short period of time following September 11, and only apparent close to the World Trade Center site. A study of the estimated pathway which the plume of WTC material would likely follow was completed to support the United States Environmental Protection Agency's 2002 initial exposure assessments. In this study, the WTC emissions were simulated using the CALMET-CALPUFF model in order to examine the general spatial and temporal dispersion patterns over NYC. This paper presents the results of the CALPUFF plume model in terms of plume dilution and location, since the exact source strength remains unknown. Independent observations of PM2.5 are used to support the general dispersion features calculated by the model. Results indicate that the simulated plume matched well with an abnormal increase (600-1000% of normal) in PM2.5 two nights after the WTC collapse as the plume rotated north to southeast, towards parts of NYC. Very little if any evidence of the plume signature was noted during a similar flow scenario a week after September 11. This leads to the conclusion that other than areas within a few kilometers from the WTC site, the PM2.5 plume was not observable over NYC's background concentration after the first few days. C1 N Carolina State Univ, State Climate Off N Carolina, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US EPA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, NOAA,Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Gilliam, RC (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, State Climate Off N Carolina, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 13 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 9 PU BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG PI BASEL PA VIADUKSTRASSE 40-44, PO BOX 133, CH-4010 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0033-4553 J9 PURE APPL GEOPHYS JI Pure Appl. Geophys. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 162 IS 10 BP 2005 EP 2028 DI 10.1007/s00024-005-2702-y PG 24 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 948LW UT WOS:000230718300014 ER PT J AU Merchant, CJ Harris, AR Maturi, E MacCallum, S AF Merchant, CJ Harris, AR Maturi, E MacCallum, S TI Probabilistic physically based cloud screening of satellite infrared imagery for operational sea surface temperature retrieval SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE ATSR; AVHRR; cloud detection ID IN-SITU; RADIANCES; ASSIMILATION; ALGORITHM; SCHEME; SST AB We propose and demonstrate a fully probabilistic (Bayesian) approach to the detection of cloudy pixels in thermal infrared (TIR) imagery observed from satellite over oceans. Using this approach, we show how to exploit the prior information and the fast forward modelling capability that are typically available in the operational context to obtain improved cloud detection. The probability of clear sky for each pixel is estimated by applying Bayes' theorem, and we describe how to apply Bayes' theorem to this problem in general terms. Joint probability density functions (PDFs) of the observations in the TIR channels are needed; the PDFs for clear conditions are calculable from forward modelling and those for cloudy conditions have been obtained empirically. Using analysis fields from numerical weather prediction as prior information, we apply the approach to imagery representative of imagers on polar-orbiting platforms. In comparison with the established cloud-screening scheme, the new technique decreases both the rate of failure to detect cloud contamination and the false-alarm rate by one quarter. The rate of occurrence of cloud-screening-related errors of > 1 K in area-averaged SSTs is reduced by 83%. C1 Univ Edinburgh, Sch Geosci, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. Univ Maryland, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Climate Studies, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NOAA, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Merchant, CJ (reprint author), Crew Bldg,Kings Bldg,Mayfield Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JN, Midlothian, Scotland. EM c.merchant@ed.ac.uk RI Maturi, Eileen/F-5611-2010; Merchant, Christopher/E-1180-2014 OI Merchant, Christopher/0000-0003-4687-9850 NR 24 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 7 PU ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI READING PA 104 OXFORD ROAD, READING RG1 7LJ, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0035-9009 J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 131 IS 611 BP 2735 EP 2755 DI 10.1256/qj.05.15 PN A PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 986UT UT WOS:000233475900008 ER PT J AU Shen, WX AF Shen, WX TI A simple prediction model of hurricane intensity SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE energetics; intensity prediction; tropical cyclones ID SCHEME SHIPS; EVOLUTION; ATLANTIC; GENESIS; WIND AB A simple model to predict hurricane intensity based on energetics is described and tested. It is assumed that future hurricane intensity is solely determined by the large-scale environmental conditions and the present state of the hurricane, implying that subscale processes, if important, are strongly conditioned by the environment. It is also assumed that the hurricane track and the large-scale environmental conditions that are used as inputs to the intensity model can be reasonably predicted by comprehensive numerical models. A series of runs starting from different times are performed. The results by the model are fairly consistent with observations. The intensity sensitivity to various factors and parameters used in the model is also discussed. C1 Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Shen, WX (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Earth Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, 2207 Comp & Space Sci Bldg 224, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM wshen@essic.umd.edu NR 11 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI READING PA 104 OXFORD ROAD, READING RG1 7LJ, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0035-9009 J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 131 IS 611 BP 2887 EP 2906 DI 10.1256/qj.04.109 PN A PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 986UT UT WOS:000233475900015 ER PT J AU Uppala, SM Kallberg, PW Simmons, AJ Andrae, U Bechtold, VD Fiorino, M Gibson, JK Haseler, J Hernandez, A Kelly, GA Li, X Onogi, K Saarinen, S Sokka, N Allan, RP Andersson, E Arpe, K Balmaseda, MA Beljaars, ACM Van De Berg, L Bidlot, J Bormann, N Caires, S Chevallier, F Dethof, A Dragosavac, M Fisher, M Fuentes, M Hagemann, S Holm, E Hoskins, BJ Isaksen, L Janssen, PAEM Jenne, R McNally, AP Mahfouf, JF Morcrette, JJ Rayner, NA Saunders, RW Simon, P Sterl, A Trenberth, KE Untch, A Vasiljevic, D Viterbo, P Woollen, J AF Uppala, SM Kallberg, PW Simmons, AJ Andrae, U Bechtold, VD Fiorino, M Gibson, JK Haseler, J Hernandez, A Kelly, GA Li, X Onogi, K Saarinen, S Sokka, N Allan, RP Andersson, E Arpe, K Balmaseda, MA Beljaars, ACM Van De Berg, L Bidlot, J Bormann, N Caires, S Chevallier, F Dethof, A Dragosavac, M Fisher, M Fuentes, M Hagemann, S Holm, E Hoskins, BJ Isaksen, L Janssen, PAEM Jenne, R McNally, AP Mahfouf, JF Morcrette, JJ Rayner, NA Saunders, RW Simon, P Sterl, A Trenberth, KE Untch, A Vasiljevic, D Viterbo, P Woollen, J TI The ERA-40 re-analysis SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Review DE data assimilation; numerical weather prediction; observing system ID DATA ASSIMILATION SYSTEM; 4-DIMENSIONAL VARIATIONAL ASSIMILATION; SPECIAL SENSOR MICROWAVE/IMAGER; ECMWF FORECASTING SYSTEM; RANGE-WEATHER-FORECASTS; SIGNIFICANT WAVE HEIGHT; SOUTHERN-HEMISPHERE; GLOBAL ANALYSES; SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; OCEAN ALGORITHM AB ERA-40 is a re-analysis of meteorological observations from September 1957 to August 2002 produced by the European Centre for Mediumw-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) in collaboration with many institutions. The observing system changed considerably over this re-analysis period, with assimilable data provided by a succession of satellite-borne instruments from the 1970s onwards, supplemented by increasing numbers of observations from aircraft, ocean-buoys and other surface platforms, but with a declining number of radiosonde ascents since the late 1980s. The observations used in ERA-40 were accumulated from many sources. The first part of this paper describes the data acquisition and the principal changes in data type and coverage over the period. It also describes the data assimilation system used for ERA-40. This benefited from many of the changes introduced into operational forecasting since the mid-1990s, when the systems used for the 15-year ECMWF re-analysis (ERA-15) and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) re-analysis were implemented. Several of the improvements are discussed. General aspects of the production of the analyses are also summarized. A number of results indicative of the overall performance of the data assimilation system, and implicitly of the observing system, are presented and discussed. The comparison of background (short-range) forecasts and analyses with observations, the consistency of the global mass budget, the magnitude of differences between analysis and background fields and the accuracy of medium-range forecasts run from the ERA-40 analyses are illustrated. Several results demonstrate the marked improvement that was made to the observing system for the Southern hemisphere in the 1970s. particularly towards the end of the decade. In contrast. the synoptic quality of the analysis for the northern hemisphere is sufficient to provide forecasts that remain skilful well into the medium range for all years. Two particular problems are also examined: excessive precipitation over tropical oceans and a too strong Brewer-Dobson circulation, both of which are pronounced in later years. Several other aspects of the quality of the re-analyses revealed by monitoring and validation studies are summarized. Expectations that the 'second-generation' ERA-40 re-analysis would provide products that are better than those from the first generation ERA-15 and NCEP/NCAR re-analyses are found to have been met in most cases. C1 European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Program Climate Model Diagnosis & Intercomparison, Livermore, CA USA. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Beijing, Peoples R China. Japan Meteorol Agcy, Tokyo, Japan. Univ Reading, Environm Syst Sci Ctr, Reading RG6 2AH, Berks, England. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Hamburg, Germany. European Org Exploitat Meteorol Satellites, Darmstadt, Germany. Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorol Inst, De Bilt, Netherlands. Univ Reading, Dept Meteorol, Reading RG6 2AH, Berks, England. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Meteorol Off, Exeter, Devon, England. Meteo France, Toulouse, France. NOAA, NWS, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Washington, DC 20230 USA. RP European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Shinfield Pk, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England. EM adrian.simmons@ecmwf.int RI Allan, Richard/B-5782-2008; Viterbo, Pedro/B-7184-2008; zhou, zack/F-9663-2011; Trenberth, Kevin/A-5683-2012; Fiorino, Michael/N-4150-2014; Chevallier, Frederic/E-9608-2016; OI Allan, Richard/0000-0003-0264-9447; Viterbo, Pedro/0000-0001-6587-3062; Trenberth, Kevin/0000-0002-1445-1000; Fiorino, Michael/0000-0002-2819-8157; Chevallier, Frederic/0000-0002-4327-3813; Caires, Sofia/0000-0002-8201-8313; Sterl, Andreas/0000-0003-3457-0434 NR 139 TC 4454 Z9 4632 U1 42 U2 325 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0035-9009 EI 1477-870X J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 131 IS 612 BP 2961 EP 3012 DI 10.1256/qj.04.176 PN B PG 52 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 007HE UT WOS:000234958700001 ER PT J AU Khattatov, B Murphy, M Gnedin, M Sheffel, J Adams, J Cruickshank, B Yudin, V Fuller-Rowell, T Retterer, J AF Khattatov, B. Murphy, M. Gnedin, M. Sheffel, J. Adams, J. Cruickshank, B. Yudin, V. Fuller-Rowell, T. Retterer, J. TI Ionospheric nowcasting via assimilation of GPS measurements of ionospheric electron content in a global physics-based time-dependent model SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th WMO International Symposium on Assimilation of Observations in Meteorology and Oceanography CY APR 18-22, 2005 CL Prague, CZECH REPUBLIC SP WMO, NASA, NCAR DE ionosphere; solar radiation ID KALMAN FILTER; SATELLITE; SYSTEM AB We present the rationale for having accurate nowcast and forecast ionospheric conditions, and a brief overview of recent work on assimilation of ionospheric measurements in physics-based models. This manuscript describes the results of a project aimed at generating accurate operational specifications of ionospheric electron content by the assimilation of Global Positioning System (GPS) ionospheric measurements in a relatively complex first-principles forecast model. We describe: the overall design of the model, the implemented sequential data assimilation scheme, the specifics of GPS data processing, and the on-line scheme for estimation of instrumental biases inherent in GPS measurements of ionospheric electron content. Performance of the designed ionospheric specification system is illustrated via common statistical tests, comparisons with data withheld from the assimilation process and comparisons with independent non-GPS measurements. Web-based access to the system results is provided at http://fusionnumerics.com/ionosphere. C1 Fus Numer Inc, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NOAA, SEC, CU CIRES, Boulder, CO USA. Air Force Res Lab, Hanscom AFB, MA USA. RP Khattatov, B (reprint author), Fus Numer Inc, 1320 Pearl St,Suite 210, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. EM boris@fusionnumerics.com NR 31 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI READING PA 104 OXFORD ROAD, READING RG1 7LJ, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0035-9009 J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 131 IS 613 BP 3543 EP 3559 DI 10.1256/qj.05.96 PN C PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 075OV UT WOS:000239896000023 ER PT J AU Jin, D Thunberg, E AF Jin, D Thunberg, E TI An analysis of fishing vessel accidents in fishing areas off the northeastern United States SO SAFETY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE commercial fishing; fishing vessel; vessel accident probability; statistical analysis; logit regression model ID SAFETY; FISHERY AB Commercial fishing is one of the least safe occupations. Fishing vessel accident probability and vessel trip probability for fishing areas off the northeastern United States were modeled using logit regression and daily data from 1981 to 2000. Fishing vessel accident probability declined over the study period. Higher wind speeds are associated with greater accident probability. Medium size vessels had the highest accident probability before 1994. Within the study region, accident probability was lower in southern New England and Mid-Atlantic waters than on Georges Bank and in the Gulf of Maine. Accidents are more likely to occur closer to shore than offshore. Accident probability is lower in spring and fall. Changes in fishery management in 1994 have not lead to a general increase in either accident or vessel trip probability. Although higher economic payoff (i.e., revenue of landings) induces more vessels to go fishing, this is not associated with an increase in accidents. The probability models are important building blocks in development and quantitative assessment of management mechanisms related to safety in the commercial fishing industry. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Marine Policy Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Social Sci Branch, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Jin, D (reprint author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Marine Policy Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM djin@whoi.edu NR 18 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-7535 J9 SAFETY SCI JI Saf. Sci. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 43 IS 8 BP 523 EP 540 DI 10.1016/j.ssci.2005.02.005 PG 18 WC Engineering, Industrial; Operations Research & Management Science SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA 983VL UT WOS:000233260200003 ER PT J AU Oh, S Cicak, K McDermott, R Cooper, KB Osborn, KD Simmonds, RW Steffen, M Martinis, JM Pappas, DP AF Oh, S Cicak, K McDermott, R Cooper, KB Osborn, KD Simmonds, RW Steffen, M Martinis, JM Pappas, DP TI Low-leakage superconducting tunnel junctions with a single-crystal Al2O3 barrier SO SUPERCONDUCTOR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHARGE QUBITS; SURFACES; FILMS AB We have developed a two-step growth scheme for single-crystal Al2O3 tunnel barriers. The barriers are epitaxially grown on single-crystal rhenium (Re) base electrodes that are grown epitaxially on a sapphire substrate, while polycrystalline Al is used as the top electrode. We show that by first growing an amorphous aluminium (Al) oxide layer at room temperature and crystallizing it at a high temperature in oxygen environment, a morphologically intact single-crystal Al2O3 layer is obtained. Tunnel junctions fabricated from these trilayers show very low subgap leakage current. This single-crystal Al2O3 junction may open a new venue for coherent quantum devices. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Oh, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 21 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-2048 J9 SUPERCOND SCI TECH JI Supercond. Sci. Technol. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 18 IS 10 BP 1396 EP 1399 DI 10.1088/0953-2048/18/10/026 PG 4 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 982PX UT WOS:000233175200026 ER PT J AU Kim, KJ Moon, DW Chi, P Simons, D AF Kim, KJ Moon, DW Chi, P Simons, D TI Development of B-doped Si multiple delta-layer reference materials for SIMS profiling SO SURFACE AND INTERFACE ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE SIMS; depth scale calibration; multiple delta-layer; stylus profilometer; certified reference material ID ION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; SURFACE CHEMICAL-ANALYSIS; DEPTH RESOLUTION; IMPURITY LAYERS; GAAS; BOMBARDMENT; STANDARD; SILICON; BORON AB B-doped Si multiple delta-layers (MDL) were developed as certified reference materials (CRM) for secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) depth profiling analysis. Two CRMs with different delta-layer spacing were grown by ion beam sputter deposition (IBSD). The nominal spacing of the MDL for shallow junction analysis is 10 nm and that for high energy SIMS is 50 nm. The total thickness of the film was certified by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The B-doped Si MDLs can be used to evaluate SIMS depth resolution and to calibrate the depth scale. A consistency check of the calibration of stylus profilometers for measurement of sputter depth is another possible application. The crater depths measured by a stylus profilometer showed a good linear relationship with the thickness measured from SIMS profiling using the calibrated film thickness for depth scale calibration. The sputtering rate of the amorphous Si thin film grown by sputter deposition was found to be the same as that of the crystalline Si substrate, which means that the sputtering rate measured with these CRMs can be applied to a real analysis of crystalline Si. Copyright (c) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Korea Res Inst Stand & Sci, Nano Surface Grp, Taejon 305600, South Korea. RP Simons, D (reprint author), NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8371, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM kjkim@kriss.re.kr; david.simons@nist.gov NR 26 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0142-2421 J9 SURF INTERFACE ANAL JI Surf. Interface Anal. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 37 IS 10 BP 802 EP 808 DI 10.1002/sia.2080 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 971QE UT WOS:000232398200005 ER PT J AU De Boer, AM Nof, D AF De Boer, AM Nof, D TI The island wind-buoyancy connection SO TELLUS SERIES A-DYNAMIC METEOROLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN-HEMISPHERE WINDS; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; OCEAN CIRCULATION; MOMENTUM BALANCE; MERIDIONAL CELLS; NORTH-ATLANTIC; WORLD OCEAN; DEACON CELL; MODEL; FLOW AB A variety of recent studies have suggested that the meridional overturning circulation (MOC) is at least partially controlled by the Southern Ocean (SO) winds. The paradoxical implication is that a link exists between the global surface buoyancy flux to the ocean (which is needed for the density transformation between surface and deep water) and the SO winds. Although the dependency of buoyancy forcing on local wind is obvious, the global forcings are usually viewed independently with regard to their role as drivers of the global ocean circulation. The present idealized study is focused on understanding this wind-buoyancy connection. In order to isolate and investigate the effect of SO winds on the overturning we have neglected other important key processes such as SO eddies. We present the wind-buoyancy connection in the framework of a single gigantic island that ties between latitude bands free of continents (such as the land mass of the Americas). The unique geometry of a gigantic island on a sphere allows for a clear and insightful examination of the wind-buoyancy connection. This is because it enables us to obtain analytical solutions and it circumvents the need to calculate the torque exerted on zonal sills adjacent to the island tips (e.g. the Bering Strait). The torque calculation is notoriously difficult and is avoided here by the clockwise integration, which goes twice through the western boundary of the island (in opposite directions) eliminating any unknown pressure torques. The link between SO winds and global buoyancy forcing is explored qualitatively, using salinity and temperature mixed dynamical-box models and a temperature slab model, and semiquantitatively, employing a reduced gravity model which includes parametrized thermodynamics. Our main finding is that, in all of these cases the island geometry implies that the stratification (and, hence, the air-sea heat flux) can always adjust itself to allow the overturning forced by the wind. We find that, in the mixed dynamical-box models, the salinity and temperature differences between the boxes are inversely proportional to the MOC. In spite of the resulting smaller north-south temperature difference, the meridional heat transport is enhanced. C1 Florida State Univ, Dept Oceanog, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Florida State Univ, Inst Geophys Fluid Dynam, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. RP De Boer, AM (reprint author), Princeton Univ, GFDL, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. EM adeboer@princeton.edu RI De Boer, Agatha/H-4202-2012 OI De Boer, Agatha/0000-0002-3943-7694 NR 50 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 5 PU CO-ACTION PUBLISHING PI JARFALLA PA RIPVAGEN 7, JARFALLA, SE-175 64, SWEDEN SN 0280-6495 EI 1600-0870 J9 TELLUS A JI Tellus Ser. A-Dyn. Meteorol. Oceanol. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 57 IS 5 BP 783 EP 797 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0870.2005.00146.x PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 968CA UT WOS:000232138300008 ER PT J AU Qiu, S Pellegrino, P Ferraro, R Zhao, LM AF Qiu, S Pellegrino, P Ferraro, R Zhao, LM TI The improved AMSU rain-rate algorithm and its evaluation for a cool season event in the western United States SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID MICROWAVE SOUNDING UNIT; PRECIPITATION ALGORITHMS; CLOUD; RETRIEVAL; LAND AB Rain-rate retrievals from passive microwave sensors are useful for a number of applications related to weather forecasting. For example, in the United States, such estimates are useful for offshore rainfall systems approaching land and in regions where the Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) network is inadequate. Improvements have been made to the rain-rate retrieval from the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) on board the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites (POESs). The new features of the improved rain-rate algorithm include a two-stream correction of the satellite brightness temperatures at 89 and 150 GHz, cloud-and rain-type classification for better retrieval of rain rate, and removal of the two ad hoc thresholds in the ice water path (IWP) and effective diameter (D-e) retrieval where the scattering signals are very small. In this paper, the new algorithm has been compared to the previous NOAA operational algorithm. In particular, the better utilization of the measurements at and above 150 GHz is shown to produce improved sensitivity to light rainfall associated with winter season storm systems. This improvement is demonstrated through a wintertime case study over southern California during February 2003. C1 QSS Grp Inc, Lanham, MD USA. NOAA, NEDIS, College Pk, MD USA. NOAA, NEDIS, Suitland, MD USA. RP Qiu, S (reprint author), NOAA, NEDIS, 5200 Auth Rd,Rm 810, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Shuang.Qiu@noaa.gov RI Ferraro, Ralph/F-5587-2010 OI Ferraro, Ralph/0000-0002-8393-7135 NR 16 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 20 IS 5 BP 761 EP 774 DI 10.1175/WAF880.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 981JK UT WOS:000233084700004 ER PT J AU Scharfenberg, KA Miller, DJ Schuur, TJ Schlatter, PT Giangrande, SE Melnikov, VM Burgess, DW Andra, DL Foster, MP Krause, JM AF Scharfenberg, KA Miller, DJ Schuur, TJ Schlatter, PT Giangrande, SE Melnikov, VM Burgess, DW Andra, DL Foster, MP Krause, JM TI The Joint Polarization Experiment: Polarimetric radar in forecasting and warning decision making SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID HYDROMETEOR CLASSIFICATION; DIFFERENTIAL REFLECTIVITY; RAINFALL MEASUREMENTS; MULTIPARAMETER RADAR; PRECIPITATION; HAIL; DOPPLER; MICROPHYSICS; THUNDERSTORM; RETRIEVAL AB To test the utility and added value of polarimetric radar products in an operational environment, data from the Norman, Oklahoma (KOUN), polarimetric Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) were delivered to the National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office (WFO) in Norman as part of the Joint Polarization Experiment (JPOLE). KOUN polarimetric base data and algorithms were used at the WFO during the decision-making and forecasting processes for severe convection, flash floods, and winter storms. The delivery included conventional WSR-88D radar products, base polarimetric radar variables, a polarimetric hydrometeor classification algorithm, and experimental polarimetric quantitative precipitation estimation algorithms. The JPOLE data collection, delivery, and operational demonstration are described, with examples of several forecast and warning decision-making successes. Polarimetric data aided WFO forecasters during several periods of heavy rain, numerous large-hail-producing thunderstorms, tornadic and nontornadic supercell thunderstorms, and a major winter storm. Upcoming opportunities and challenges associated with the emergence of polarimetric radar data in the operational community are also described. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Weather Forecast Serv, Norman, OK USA. RP Scharfenberg, KA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM Kevin.Scharfenberg@noaa.gov RI Giangrande, Scott/I-4089-2016 OI Giangrande, Scott/0000-0002-8119-8199 NR 45 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 20 IS 5 BP 775 EP 788 DI 10.1175/WAF881.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 981JK UT WOS:000233084700005 ER PT J AU Elmore, KL AF Elmore, KL TI Alternatives to the chi-square test for evaluating rank histograms from ensemble forecasts SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID VERIFICATION AB Rank histograms are a commonly used tool for evaluating an ensemble forecasting system's performance. Because the sample size is finite, the rank histogram is subject to statistical fluctuations, so a goodness-of-fit (GOF) test is employed to determine if the rank histogram is uniform to within some statistical certainty. Most often, the chi(2) test is used to test whether the rank histogram is indistinguishable from a discrete uniform distribution. However, the chi(2) test is insensitive to order and so suffers from troubling deficiencies that may render it unsuitable for rank histogram evaluation. As shown by examples in this paper, more powerful tests, suitable for small sample sizes, and very sensitive to the particular deficiencies that appear in rank histograms are available from the order-dependent Cramer-von Mises family of statistics, in particular, the Watson and Anderson-Darling statistics. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Elmore, KL (reprint author), Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM kim.elmore@noaa.gov NR 15 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 20 IS 5 BP 789 EP 795 DI 10.1175/WAF884.1 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 981JK UT WOS:000233084700006 ER PT J AU Cheng, WYY Steenburgh, WJ AF Cheng, WYY Steenburgh, WJ TI Evaluation of surface sensible weather forecasts by the WRF and the Eta Models over the western United States SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; BOUNDARY-LAYER; RESOLUTION; PARAMETERIZATION AB An evaluation of the surface sensible weather forecasts using high-density observations provided by the MesoWest cooperative networks illustrates the performance characteristics of the Cooperative Institute for Regional Prediction (CIRP) Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) and the Eta Models over the western United States during the 2003 warm season (June-August). In general, CIRP WRF produced larger 2-m temperature and dewpoint mean absolute and bias errors (MAEs and BEs, respectively) than the Eta. CIRP WRF overpredicted the 10-m wind speed, whereas the Eta exhibited an underprediction with a comparable error magnitude to CIRP WRF. Tests using the Oregon State University (OSU) Land Surface Model (LSM) in CIRP WRF, instead of a simpler slab-soil model, suggest that using a more sophisticated LSM offers no overall advantage in reducing WRF BEs and MAEs for the aforementioned surface variables. Improvements in the initialization of soil temperature in the slab-soil model, however, did reduce the temperature bias in CIRP WRF. These results suggest that improvements in LSM initialization may be as or more important than improvements in LSM physics. A concerted effort must be undertaken to improve both the LSM initialization and parameterization of coupled land surface-boundary layer processes to produce more accurate surface sensible weather forecasts. C1 Univ Utah, Dept Meteorol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. Univ Utah, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Reg Predict, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. RP Cheng, WYY (reprint author), Univ Utah, Dept Meteorol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. EM wcheng@met.utah.edu NR 19 TC 70 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 20 IS 5 BP 812 EP 821 DI 10.1175/WAF885.1 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 981JK UT WOS:000233084700009 ER PT J AU Siewert, TA Smith, DR Madeni, JC Liu, S AF Siewert, TA Smith, DR Madeni, JC Liu, S TI Zeroing in on a lead-free solder database SO WELDING JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Four scientists assemble the facts on lead-free solders and create a tell-all Web site to share their knowledge. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Colorado Sch Mines, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Siewert, TA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM siewert@boulder.nist.gov NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER WELDING SOC PI MIAMI PA 550 N W LEJEUNE RD, MIAMI, FL 33126 USA SN 0043-2296 J9 WELD J JI Weld. J. PD OCT PY 2005 VL 84 IS 10 BP 30 EP 31 PG 2 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 971IN UT WOS:000232377500012 ER PT J AU Thompson, WT Burk, SD Lewis, J AF Thompson, WT Burk, SD Lewis, J TI Fog and low clouds in a coastally trapped disturbance SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID STATES WEST-COAST; TURBULENCE CLOSURE-MODEL; MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; WIND REVERSALS; UNITED-STATES; CALIFORNIA COAST; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; WARM-SEASON; BOWEN-RATIO; MESOSCALE AB [1] One of the most distinctive features of coastally trapped disturbances (CTDs) is the tongue of fog and low clouds propagating poleward along the west coast of continents against the typical coast-parallel equatorward flow. In this study, characteristics of the fog and low clouds observed in conjunction with a CTD event on 15 - 16 June 2000 are investigated. In particular, we examine the relative importance of radiation, cloud microphysical processes, advection, entrainment, and surface fluxes to the fog and cloud layer associated with the CTD. A simulation of the event is produced using the Naval Research Laboratory's nonhydrostatic Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System. Propagation of the wind shift and cloud tongue and the extent of fog and low clouds in the model results are compared with coastal buoy data and satellite imagery. A critical value of the Bowen ratio delineates the extent of fog with lower values to the south in the low cloud area. Because the Bowen ratio provides limited information concerning the relative roles of sensible and latent heat fluxes in the cloud layer, we examine the ratio beta of integrated buoyancy generation due to liquid water flux to the integrated positive buoyancy flux. The timing difference between arrival of the CTDs' wind shift and the arrival of the fog is found to be central to the evolution of the cloud liquid water field. Several sensitivity studies are also carried out in order to further understand the roles of radiative cooling and surface latent and sensible heat fluxes. C1 USN, Res Lab, Marine Meteorol Div, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. Natl Severe Storms Lab, Reno, NV 89512 USA. Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89512 USA. RP Thompson, WT (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Marine Meteorol Div, 7 Grace Hopper Ave, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. EM thompson@nrlmry.navy.mil NR 34 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 30 PY 2005 VL 110 IS D18 AR D18213 DI 10.1029/2004JD005522 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 971PU UT WOS:000232397200001 ER PT J AU Intriligator, DS Sun, W Dryer, M Fry, CD Deehr, C Intriligator, J AF Intriligator, DS Sun, W Dryer, M Fry, CD Deehr, C Intriligator, J TI From the Sun to the outer heliosphere: Modeling and analyses of the interplanetary propagation of the October/November (Halloween) 2003 solar events SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SPACE WEATHER; WIND DISTURBANCES; ARRIVAL TIMES; SHOCK; SIMULATION; SPEED; EARTH; PREDICTIONS; NOVEMBER AB [1] We use the space weather validated 3-D HAFv2 model to help us study the interplanetary propagation of the October/November 2003 solar eruptions from the Sun to > 90 AU and over a wide range of heliolongitudes and heliolatitudes. The HAFv2 model predictions at ACE ( 1 AU), Ulysses (5.23 AU), Cassini (8.67 AU), Voyager 2 ( 73 AU), and Voyager 1 ( 93 AU) are compared with available data. These comparisons indicate the importance of asymmetric interplanetary propagation both in heliolongitude and heliolatitude. We recommend that these effects explicitly be taken into account. The HAFv2 results appear to be useful for interpreting the Voyager 2 and Voyager 1 energetic particle data in the outer heliosphere. They are consistent with the effects of the Halloween solar events observed in the energetic particle data at both spacecraft. The HAFv2 results also may be helpful for predicting the plasma wave 2 - 3 kHz radio emission previously associated with large shocks and their interaction with the heliopause. Our study indicates that the Halloween events may give rise to 2 - 3 kHz radio emission in early 2005, assuming that the shocks which propagated beyond Voyager 1 will be strong enough. C1 Carmel Res Ctr, Santa Monica, CA 90406 USA. Univ Wales, Bangor LL57 2AS, Gwynedd, Wales. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Explorat Phys Int Inc, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA. RP Carmel Res Ctr, POB 1732, Santa Monica, CA 90406 USA. EM devriei@aol.com NR 34 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 EI 2169-9402 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD SEP 30 PY 2005 VL 110 IS A9 AR A09S10 DI 10.1029/2004JA010939 PG 17 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 973HD UT WOS:000232512600003 ER PT J AU Thuillier, G Perrin, JM Lathuillere, C Herse, M Fuller-Rowell, T Codrescu, M Huppert, F Fehrenbach, M AF Thuillier, G Perrin, JM Lathuillere, C Herse, M Fuller-Rowell, T Codrescu, M Huppert, F Fehrenbach, M TI Dynamics in the polar thermosphere after the coronal mass ejection of 28 October 2003 observed with the EPIS interferometer at Svalbard SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID VERTICAL WIND ACTIVITY; NEUTRAL WINDS; HIGH-LATITUDE; GEOMAGNETIC STORMS; GLOBAL-MODEL; F-REGION; COORDINATED MEASUREMENTS; MERIDIONAL WIND; SATELLITE DATA; AURORAL-ZONE AB [1] The upper atmosphere dynamics in the polar cap is mainly driven by ion-drag momentum sources imposed by the mapping of magnetosphere convection into the thermosphere/ionosphere and by Joule and auroral particle heating. Auroral particles also enhance conductivity particularly in the middle and lower ionosphere. Changes in the magnetospheric energy and momentum sources can significantly modify the wind circulation during geomagnetic storms. To observe these effects, a Michelson interferometer has been installed in Svalbard to measure winds in the thermosphere. Prior to 30 October 2003, cloud cover over Svalbard rendered the conditions unfavorable for optical observation. However, meteorological conditions improved after this date to enable the thermospheric response to the 28 October coronal mass ejection to be made. During quiet geomagnetic conditions measured wind velocities were in good agreement with those predicted by the Horizontal Wind Model (HWM). During disturbed geomagnetic conditions, HWM tended to underestimate the observed velocities. Comparison of the wind observations with a physical model tended to show reasonable agreement during both the strongly driven and recovery phase of the storm. Although the physical model did not always capture the timing of the rapid changes in the wind response in the early phase of the storm, the amplitudes of the fluctuations were in good agreement. After the initial phase the physical model agreed well with both the timing and amplitude of the meridional and zonal wind fluctuations. The meridional wind component was also derived from the EISCAT Svalbard Radar ion velocity and was found to be in close agreement with the optical winds observations. C1 CNRS, Serv Aeron, F-91371 Verrieres Le Buisson, France. Lab Planetol Grenoble, F-38041 Grenoble, France. Observ Haute Provence, F-04871 St Michel lObservatoire, France. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP CNRS, Serv Aeron, F-91371 Verrieres Le Buisson, France. EM gerard.thuillier@aerov.jussieu.fr NR 49 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 EI 2169-9402 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD SEP 30 PY 2005 VL 110 IS A9 AR A09S37 DI 10.1029/2004JA010966 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 973HD UT WOS:000232512600005 ER PT J AU Kepa, H Majkrzak, CF Sankowski, P Kacman, P Giebultowicz, TM AF Kepa, H Majkrzak, CF Sankowski, P Kacman, P Giebultowicz, TM TI Neutron diffraction and reflectivity studies of Eu chalcogenide based superlattices SO JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Experimental and Computing Methods in High Resolution Diffraction Applied for Structure Characterization of Modern Materials (HREDAMM) CY JUN 13-17, 2004 CL Zakopane, POLAND SP Polish Acad Sci, Inst Phys, Polish Acad Sci, Comm Crystallog, European Commiss Res Directorate Gen, natl Comm Sci Res, PANalytical BV DE magnetic neutron diffraction; polarized neutron reflectivity; superlattices; magnetic semiconductors ID INTERLAYER CORRELATIONS; MULTILAYERS; TRANSITION; SCATTERING; PERIOD; LAYER AB Neutron diffraction and reflectivity experiments performed on a number of magnetic semiconductor superlattices (SL), in search for interlayer coupling, are presented, Antiferromagnetic (AFM) EuTe/PbTe SL's and ferromagnetic (FM) EuS-based multilayers, with narrowgap semiconductor (PbS) as well as insulating (YbSe) diamagnetic spacers, were studied. Pronounced interlayer magnetic correlations have been revealed in EuTe/PbTe by neutron diffraction. In the FM multilayers it was proven by neutron diffraction and reflectivity experiments that consecutive EuS layers are antiferromagnetically coupled. The strength of the AFM IC in EuS-based systems, determined by neutron reflectivity measurements in applied magnetic fields, was compared with the predictions of a tight-binding model. The results of theoretical calculations have been found to be in good qualitative agreement with the experimental data. Finally, the in-plane anisotropy and the in-plane magnetic, domain population were studied by polarized neutron reflectivity. It was established that the preferred orientation of domain magnetization in each system coincides with one of the two possible in-plane easy axes: namely, with [2 1 0] in EuS/PbS, and with [1 1 0] in EuS/YbSe. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Warsaw, Inst Expt Phys, PL-00681 Warsaw, Poland. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Polish Acad Sci, Inst Phys, PL-02668 Warsaw, Poland. Oregon State Univ, Dept Phys, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Kepa, H (reprint author), Univ Warsaw, Inst Expt Phys, Hoza 69, PL-00681 Warsaw, Poland. EM henryk.kepa@fuw.edu.pl NR 26 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0925-8388 J9 J ALLOY COMPD JI J. Alloy. Compd. PD SEP 29 PY 2005 VL 401 IS 1-2 BP 238 EP 248 DI 10.1016/j.jallcom.2005.01.055 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 969WY UT WOS:000232267700044 ER PT J AU Lamb, J Peterson, W AF Lamb, J Peterson, W TI Ecological zonation of zooplankton in the COAST study region off central Oregon in June and August 2001 with consideration of retention mechanisms SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID COPEPOD CALANUS-MARSHALLAE; DIEL VERTICAL MIGRATION; SAMPLING ZOOPLANKTON; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; UPWELLING ZONE; MAINTENANCE; USA; POPULATIONS; STRATEGIES; SEPARATION AB [1] To determine the mechanisms that might explain retention and/or loss of plankton during the coastal upwelling season, one needs an understanding of the vertical migration behavior and ontogenetic changes in vertical distribution and data on direction and magnitude of currents at depths where the animals reside. In this paper we compare and contrast the cross-shelf distributions of four copepod species, Calanus marshallae, Pseudocalanus mimus, Acartia longiremis, and Centropages abdomalis, and the euphausiid Euphausia pacifica, from sampling during the Coastal Ocean Advances in Shelf Transport ( COAST) program. The COAST study region was off central Oregon (44 degrees - 45 degrees N), ranged from the nearshore zone out to similar to 1000 m isobath, and was a trapezoid 120 km in length and 40 km wide in the north by 100 km wide in the south. Plankton were sampled along three transects, in the north, middle, and southern portions of the study region. For the two most abundant copepods, C. marshallae and P. mimus, sampling with a Multiple Opening/ Closing Net and Environmental Sampling System showed that naupliar and early copepodite stages were found within the warm phytoplankton-rich upper 20 m of the water column but that copepodite stages C3 through adult were found at progressively deeper strata in the water column. Similarly, euphausiid larvae were most abundant within the upper 20 m, whereas juveniles and adults lived deeper in the water column. Diel vertical migration was observed only in the older developmental stages. Because older stages occupy different strata than younger stages, there is cross-shelf displacement of zooplankton. C1 Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Cooperat Inst Marine Resource Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Natl Oceanog & Atmospher Adm Fisheries, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Lamb, J (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Cooperat Inst Marine Resource Studies, 2030 S Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM jesse.lamb@oregonstate.edu; bill.peterson@noaa.gov NR 39 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9275 EI 2169-9291 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD SEP 29 PY 2005 VL 110 IS C10 AR C10S15 DI 10.1029/2004JC002520 PG 14 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 973GI UT WOS:000232510500002 ER PT J AU Orr, JC Fabry, VJ Aumont, O Bopp, L Doney, SC Feely, RA Gnanadesikan, A Gruber, N Ishida, A Joos, F Key, RM Lindsay, K Maier-Reimer, E Matear, R Monfray, P Mouchet, A Najjar, RG Plattner, GK Rodgers, KB Sabine, CL Sarmiento, JL Schlitzer, R Slater, RD Totterdell, IJ Weirig, MF Yamanaka, Y Yool, A AF Orr, JC Fabry, VJ Aumont, O Bopp, L Doney, SC Feely, RA Gnanadesikan, A Gruber, N Ishida, A Joos, F Key, RM Lindsay, K Maier-Reimer, E Matear, R Monfray, P Mouchet, A Najjar, RG Plattner, GK Rodgers, KB Sabine, CL Sarmiento, JL Schlitzer, R Slater, RD Totterdell, IJ Weirig, MF Yamanaka, Y Yool, A TI Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE; PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; TERRA-NOVA BAY; ROSS SEA; ARAGONITE PRODUCTION; PACIFIC SECTOR; SOUTHERN-OCEAN; VERTICAL FLUX; CO2; ANTARCTICA AB Today's surface ocean is saturated with respect to calcium carbonate, but increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are reducing ocean pH and carbonate ion concentrations, and thus the level of calcium carbonate saturation. Experimental evidence suggests that if these trends continue, key marine organisms - such as corals and some plankton - will have difficulty maintaining their external calcium carbonate skeletons. Here we use 13 models of the ocean - carbon cycle to assess calcium carbonate saturation under the IS92a 'business-as-usual' scenario for future emissions of anthropogenic carbon dioxide. In our projections, Southern Ocean surface waters will begin to become undersaturated with respect to aragonite, a metastable form of calcium carbonate, by the year 2050. By 2100, this undersaturation could extend throughout the entire Southern Ocean and into the subarctic Pacific Ocean. When live pteropods were exposed to our predicted level of undersaturation during a two-day shipboard experiment, their aragonite shells showed notable dissolution. Our findings indicate that conditions detrimental to high-latitude ecosystems could develop within decades, not centuries as suggested previously. C1 CEA Saclay, UMR CEA CNRS, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. Calif State Univ San Marcos, Dept Biol Sci, San Marcos, CA 92096 USA. Ctr IRD Bretagne, LOCEAN, F-29280 Plouzane, France. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Frontier Res Ctr Global Change, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2360001, Japan. Univ Bern, Inst Phys, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. CSIRO, Marine Res & Antarctic Climate & Ecosyst CRC, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. Univ Liege, Astrophys & Geophys Inst, B-4000 Liege, Belgium. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Paris 06, LOCEAN, F-75252 Paris, France. Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-27515 Bremerhaven, Germany. Natl Oceanog Ctr Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England. RP Orr, JC (reprint author), CEA Saclay, UMR CEA CNRS, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. EM orr@cea.fr RI Gnanadesikan, Anand/A-2397-2008; Orr, James/C-5221-2009; matear, richard/C-5133-2011; Gruber, Nicolas/B-7013-2009; Yool, Andrew/B-4799-2012; Doney, Scott/F-9247-2010; Mouchet, Anne/K-1911-2014; Aumont, Olivier/G-5207-2016; Yamanaka, Yasuhiro/H-7393-2012; Plattner, Gian-Kasper/A-5245-2016 OI Orr, James/0000-0002-8707-7080; Joos, Fortunat/0000-0002-9483-6030; Gnanadesikan, Anand/0000-0001-5784-1116; Gruber, Nicolas/0000-0002-2085-2310; Yool, Andrew/0000-0002-9879-2776; Doney, Scott/0000-0002-3683-2437; Mouchet, Anne/0000-0002-8846-3063; Aumont, Olivier/0000-0003-3954-506X; Yamanaka, Yasuhiro/0000-0003-3369-3248; Plattner, Gian-Kasper/0000-0002-3765-0045 NR 49 TC 1770 Z9 1850 U1 200 U2 1743 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD SEP 29 PY 2005 VL 437 IS 7059 BP 681 EP 686 DI 10.1038/nature04095 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 968JD UT WOS:000232157900042 PM 16193043 ER PT J AU Scaife, AA Knight, JR Vallis, GK Folland, CK AF Scaife, AA Knight, JR Vallis, GK Folland, CK TI A stratospheric influence on the winter NAO and North Atlantic surface climate SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE; ANNULAR MODES; OSCILLATION; CIRCULATION; TEMPERATURE; VARIABILITY; TROPOSPHERE; SENSITIVITY; SIMULATION; FORECASTS AB The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) has a profound effect on winter climate variability around the Atlantic basin. Strengthening of the NAO in recent decades has altered surface climate in these regions at a rate far in excess of global mean warming. However, only weak NAO trends are reproduced in climate simulations of the 20th Century, even with prescribed climate forcings and historical sea-surface conditions. Here we show that the unexplained strengthening of the NAO can be fully simulated in a climate model by imposing observed trends in the lower stratosphere. This implies that stratospheric variability needs to be reproduced in models to fully simulate surface climate variations in the North Atlantic sector. Despite having little effect on global mean warming, we show that downward coupling of observed stratospheric circulation changes to the surface can account for the majority of change in regional surface climate over Europe and North America between 1965 and 1995. C1 Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res, Met Off, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England. Princeton Univ, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res, Met Off, Fitzroy Rd, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England. EM adam.scaife@metoffice.gov.uk RI Folland, Chris/I-2524-2013 NR 31 TC 140 Z9 141 U1 2 U2 26 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 28 PY 2005 VL 32 IS 18 AR L18715 DI 10.1029/2005GL023226 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 971OW UT WOS:000232394800001 ER PT J AU Ervens, B Feingold, G Kreidenweis, SM AF Ervens, B Feingold, G Kreidenweis, SM TI Influence of water-soluble organic carbon on cloud drop number concentration SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID CCN ACTIVATION; AEROSOL; GROWTH; SOLUBILITY; ACID; EQUATION; SPECTRA; ALBEDO; PHASE; SALT AB [1] Studies published to date produce ambiguous results regarding the magnitude and even the sign of the effect of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) on cloud drop concentration compared to well-characterized inorganics. We present a systematic investigation of the reasons for these discrepancies by examining the ranges of physicochemical properties of water soluble organics that most influence drop formation. We show that when considered individually, composition parameters such as low solubility, increased molecular weight, and surface tension suppression can lead to significant effects on droplet concentration, compared to the equivalent aerosol size distribution assuming properties of ammonium sulfate solutions. When considered together, these effects tend to counteract one another and produce much smaller changes. In addition, an assessment of the published literature suggests that estimates of composition effects on drop concentration based on equilibrium assumptions can be much larger than similar estimates under nonequilibrium conditions. C1 Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM barbara.ervens@noaa.gov RI Ervens, Barbara/D-5495-2013; Feingold, Graham/B-6152-2009; Kreidenweis, Sonia/E-5993-2011 OI Ervens, Barbara/0000-0002-6223-1635; Kreidenweis, Sonia/0000-0002-2561-2914 NR 37 TC 78 Z9 81 U1 3 U2 23 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 28 PY 2005 VL 110 IS D18 AR D18211 DI 10.1029/2004JD005634 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 971PP UT WOS:000232396700003 ER PT J AU Li, JL Waliser, DE Jiang, JH Wu, DL Read, W Waters, JW Tompkins, AM Donner, LJ Chern, JD Tao, WK Atlas, R Gu, Y Liou, KN Del Genio, A Khairoutdinov, M Gettelman, A AF Li, JL Waliser, DE Jiang, JH Wu, DL Read, W Waters, JW Tompkins, AM Donner, LJ Chern, JD Tao, WK Atlas, R Gu, Y Liou, KN Del Genio, A Khairoutdinov, M Gettelman, A TI Comparisons of EOS MLS cloud ice measurements with ECMWF analyses and GCM simulations: Initial results SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CIRRUS CLOUDS; PARAMETERIZATION; VARIABILITY; FLUXES; CYCLE; MODEL AB To assess the status of global climate models (GCMs) in simulating upper-tropospheric ice water content (IWC), a new set of IWC measurements from the Earth Observing System's Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) are used. Comparisons are made with ECMWF analyses and simulations from several GCMs, including two with multi-scale-modeling framework. For January 2005 monthly and daily mean values, the spatial agreement between MLS and ECMWF is quite good, although MLS estimates are higher by a factor of 2 - 3 over the Western Pacific, tropical Africa and South America. For the GCMs, the model-data agreement is within a factor of 2 - 4 with larger values of disagreement occurring over Eastern Pacific and Atlantic ITCZs, tropical Africa and South America. The implications arising from sampling and uncertainties in the observations, the modeled values and their comparison are discussed. These initial results demonstrate the potential usefulness of this data set for evaluating GCM performance and guiding development efforts. C1 SkillStorm Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading RG6 6AL, Berks, England. Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NASA, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Li, JL (reprint author), SkillStorm Jet Prop Lab, MS 183-601,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM jli@jpl.nasa.gov RI Atlas, Robert/A-5963-2011; Del Genio, Anthony/D-4663-2012; Tompkins, Adrian/N-6472-2013; Wu, Dong/D-5375-2012 OI Atlas, Robert/0000-0002-0706-3560; Del Genio, Anthony/0000-0001-7450-1359; Tompkins, Adrian/0000-0003-0975-6691; NR 16 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 27 PY 2005 VL 32 IS 18 AR L18710 DI 10.1029/2005GL023788 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 971OU UT WOS:000232394600005 ER PT J AU Long, TM Simmons, BA McElhanon, JR Kline, SR Wheeler, DR Loy, DA Rahimian, K Zifer, T Jamison, GM AF Long, TM Simmons, BA McElhanon, JR Kline, SR Wheeler, DR Loy, DA Rahimian, K Zifer, T Jamison, GM TI Metathesis depolymerization for removable surfactant templates SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID RING-CLOSING METATHESIS; MESOPOROUS MOLECULAR-SIEVES; OLEFIN METATHESIS; FERROCENYL SURFACTANTS; CLEAVABLE SURFACTANTS; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; INTERFACIAL PROPERTIES; ACTIVE CONTROL; GEL SYNTHESIS; MCM-41 AB Current methodologies for the production of meso- and nanoporous materials include the use of a surfactant to produce a self-assembled template around which the material is formed. However, post-production surfactant removal often requires centrifugation, calcination, and/or solvent washing which can damage the initially formed material architecture(s). Surfactants that can be disassembled into easily removable fragments following material preparation would minimize processing damage to the material structure, facilitating formation of templated hybrid architectures. Herein, we describe the design and synthesis of novel cationic and anionic surfactants with regularly spaced unsaturation in their hydrophobic hydrocarbon tails and the first application of ring closing metathesis depolymerization to surfactant degradation resulting in the mild, facile decomposition of these new compounds to produce relatively volatile nonsurface active remnants. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Elect Mat & Nanostructured Mat Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Dept Chem Mat, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Micro Totoal Analyt Syst Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Jamison, GM (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Elect Mat & Nanostructured Mat Dept, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM gmjamis@sandia.gov RI Loy, Douglas/D-4847-2009; OI Loy, Douglas/0000-0001-7635-9958; Simmons, Blake/0000-0002-1332-1810 NR 69 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD SEP 27 PY 2005 VL 21 IS 20 BP 9365 EP 9373 DI 10.1021/la0514381 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 967GR UT WOS:000232080100057 PM 16171375 ER PT J AU Dlugokencky, EJ Myers, RC Lang, PM Masarie, KA Crotwell, AM Thoning, KW Hall, BD Elkins, JW Steele, LP AF Dlugokencky, EJ Myers, RC Lang, PM Masarie, KA Crotwell, AM Thoning, KW Hall, BD Elkins, JW Steele, LP TI Conversion of NOAA atmospheric dry air CH4 mole fractions to a gravimetrically prepared standard scale SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS; METHANE; TRENDS AB Sixteen mixtures of methane (CH4) in dry air were prepared using a gravimetric technique to define a CH4 standard gas scale covering the nominal range 300-2600 nmol mol(-1). It is designed to be suitable for measurements of methane in air ranging from those extracted from glacial ice to contemporary background atmospheric conditions. All standards were prepared in passivated, 5.9 L high-pressure aluminum cylinders. Methane dry air mole fractions were determined by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection, where the repeatability of the measurement is typically better than 0.1% (<= 1.5 nmol mol(-1)) for ambient CH4 levels. Once a correction was made for 5 nmol mol(-1) CH4 in the diluent air, the scale was used to verify the linearity of our analytical system over the nominal range 300-2600 nmol mol(-1). The gravimetrically prepared standards were analyzed against CH4 in air standards that define the Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL) CMDL83 CH4 in air scale, showing that CH4 mole fractions in the new scale are a factor of (1.0124 +/- 0.0007) greater than those expressed in the CMDL83 scale. All CMDL measurements of atmospheric CH4 have been adjusted to this new scale, which has also been accepted as the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) CH4 standard scale; all laboratories participating in the WMO Global Atmosphere Watch program should report atmospheric CH4 measurements to the world data center on this scale. C1 NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA. RP Dlugokencky, EJ (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, R-CMDL1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM ed.dlugokencky@noaa.gov RI Steele, Paul/B-3185-2009 OI Steele, Paul/0000-0002-8234-3730 NR 17 TC 145 Z9 148 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 24 PY 2005 VL 110 IS D18 AR D18306 DI 10.1029/2005JD006035 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 968RL UT WOS:000232179800005 ER PT J AU Wiedinmyer, C Greenberg, J Guenther, A Hopkins, B Baker, K Geron, C Palmer, PI Long, BP Turner, JR Petron, G Harley, P Pierce, TE Lamb, B Westberg, H Baugh, W Koerber, M Janssen, M AF Wiedinmyer, C Greenberg, J Guenther, A Hopkins, B Baker, K Geron, C Palmer, PI Long, BP Turner, JR Petron, G Harley, P Pierce, TE Lamb, B Westberg, H Baugh, W Koerber, M Janssen, M TI Ozarks Isoprene Experiment (OZIE): Measurements and modeling of the "isoprene volcano'' SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID SATELLITE-OBSERVATIONS; EMISSION CAPACITY; NORTH-AMERICA; UNITED-STATES; INVENTORY; SURFACE; FORMALDEHYDE; VARIABILITY; ATMOSPHERE; VERSION AB The Ozarks Isoprene Experiment (OZIE) was conducted in July 1998 in Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, and Oklahoma. OZIE was designed to investigate the presumed strong isoprene emission rates from the Missouri Ozarks, where there is a high density of oak trees that are efficient isoprene emitters. Ground, balloon, and aircraft measurements were taken over a three-week study period; 0-D and 3-D chemical models were subsequently used to better understand the observed isoprene emissions from the Ozarks and to investigate their potential regional-scale impacts. Leaf-level measurements for two oak tree species yielded normalized average isoprene emission capacities of 66 mgC g(-1) h(-1), in good agreement with values used in current biogenic emissions models. However, the emission capacities exhibited a temperature dependence that is not captured by commonly used biogenic emission models. Isoprene mixing ratios measured aloft from tethered balloon systems were used to estimate isoprene fluxes. These measurement-derived fluxes agreed with BEIS3 estimates within the relatively large uncertainties in the estimates. Ground-level isoprene mixing ratios exhibited substantial spatial heterogeneity, ranging from <1 to 35 ppbv. The agreement between measured isoprene mixing ratios and regional-scale chemical transport model estimates was improved upon averaging the ground-level isoprene data observed at several sites within a representative area. Ground-level formaldehyde (HCHO) mixing ratios were very high (up to 20 ppbv) and were consistently higher than mixing ratios predicted by a regional chemical transport model. The spatial distribution and magnitude of the elevated HCHO concentrations showed good agreement with GOME satellite column observations of HCHO. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Lake Michigan Air Directors Consortium, Des Plaines, IL 60018 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Washington Univ, Dept Chem Engn, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Wiedinmyer, C (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM christin@ucar.edu RI Palmer, Paul/F-7008-2010; Baker, Kirk/E-5958-2011; Harley, Peter/E-1856-2014; Guenther, Alex/B-1617-2008; Wiedinmyer, Christine/E-2049-2013 OI Harley, Peter/0000-0002-2647-1973; Guenther, Alex/0000-0001-6283-8288; NR 38 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 24 PY 2005 VL 110 IS D18 AR D18307 DI 10.1029/2005JD005800 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 968RL UT WOS:000232179800004 ER PT J AU Giray, C Opitz, HM MacLean, S Bouchard, D AF Giray, C Opitz, HM MacLean, S Bouchard, D TI Comparison of lethal versus non-lethal sample sources for the detection of infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE ISAV; non-lethal sampling; carrier populations; blood; RT-PCR; virus isolation ID ATLANTIC SALMON; SALAR L; RT-PCR; IDENTIFICATION; KIDNEY; CANADA; STRAIN AB The emergence of infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) in Canada and the USA has led to the establishment of ISAV surveillance programs for cultured Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and wild fish species, including Atlantic salmon. Current testing procedures for ISAV consist of viral culture, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and indirect fluorescent antibody testing (IFAT), and require lethal sampling. As the focus of this study, blood was evaluated as a possible non-lethal sample source for ISAV diagnostic screening by viral culture and RT-PCR. Tissue samples (consisting of kidney/spleen for viral culture or kidney only for RT-PCR), blood and, to a lesser extent, mucus were tested from Atlantic salmon survivors of laboratory ISAV infection trials and moribund fish from marine salmon grow-out facilities participating in a USDA-sponsored surveillance program. The trial fish represented a potential carrier population, while the surveillance fish were composed of moribund individuals from ISA clinical sites. Sample sources and diagnostic techniques were compared. Blood compared well to tissue samples for viral culture and produced a greater number of positives than did kidney samples for ISAV detection by RT-PCR. RT-PCR using both kidney and blood samples was determined to be a more sensitive assay than viral isolation. Mucus did not perform well in either assay compared to the other sample sources. Blood appears to be a reliable non-lethal sample source for the detection of ISAV by viral culture and RT-PCR in both moribund and asymptomatic fish. C1 Micro Technol, Richmond, ME 04357 USA. Univ Maine, Anim Dis Diagnost Lab, Orono, ME 04469 USA. USDOC NOAA NMFS NEFSC, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Giray, C (reprint author), Micro Technol, 41 Main St, Richmond, ME 04357 USA. EM cgiray@microtechnologies.biz NR 20 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 5 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD SEP 23 PY 2005 VL 66 IS 3 BP 181 EP 185 DI 10.3354/dao066181 PG 5 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 990AY UT WOS:000233716800001 PM 16261932 ER PT J AU Levitus, S Antonov, JI Boyer, TP Garcia, HE Locarnini, RA AF Levitus, S Antonov, JI Boyer, TP Garcia, HE Locarnini, RA TI EOF analysis of upper ocean heat content, 1956-2003 SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SEA-LEVEL CHANGE; CLIMATE SYSTEM; WORLDS OCEANS; PACIFIC; MODEL AB We present results of an EOF analyses of yearly (1956-2003), global ocean heat content fields (0-700 m layer) on a one-degree, latitude-longitude grid. The observed global ocean heat content integral is well-reproduced by reconstructing this quantity using the first four EOFs. Results of an independent Fourier analysis of these same heat content fields show that the global heat content integral can be accounted for by phenomena with decadal and longer time-scales. The temporal variability of the global integral of 0-700 m ocean heat content is due to gyre and basin-scale spatial variability on decadal time-scales. The strong interdecadal variability observed in the ocean heat content record is associated with the reversal of polarity of the PDO. C1 NOAA, Natl Oceanog Data Ctr, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP NOAA, Natl Oceanog Data Ctr, E-OC5,1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM sydney.levitus@noaa.gov; john.antonov@noaa.gov; tim.boyer@noaa.gov; hernan.garcia@noaa.gov; ricardo.locarnini@noaa.gov NR 15 TC 620 Z9 642 U1 7 U2 111 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 23 PY 2005 VL 32 IS 18 AR L18607 DI 10.1029/2005GL023606 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 968QO UT WOS:000232177400006 ER PT J AU Bowling, DR Burns, SP Conway, TJ Monson, RK White, JWC AF Bowling, DR Burns, SP Conway, TJ Monson, RK White, JWC TI Extensive observations of CO2 carbon isotope content in and above a high-elevation subalpine forest SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID NOCTURNAL ECOSYSTEM RESPIRATION; LASER ABSORPTION-SPECTROSCOPY; TURBULENT FLUX MEASUREMENTS; AIR-SAMPLING-NETWORK; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; WATER-VAPOR; DECIDUOUS FOREST; EUROPEAN FORESTS; FAGUS-SYLVATICA; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY AB The dynamics of forest-atmosphere CO2 carbon isotope exchange were examined in a coniferous forest in Colorado, United States. Tunable diode laser absorption spectrometry provided extensive characterization of the carbon isotope content (delta(13)C) of CO2. Observed patterns in delta(13)C of forest air were associated with photosynthesis, respiration, and atmospheric boundary layer dynamics. Similar relationships between delta(13)C and CO2 were observed at all forest heights and confined to a relatively narrow envelope. Substantial variation was observed in the isotope ratio of nocturnal ecosystem respiration (delta(13)C(R), calculated from isotopic mixing lines). A systematic bias was identified when estimating delta(13)C(R) from data sets with small range in CO2 in the samples, leading us to restrict analysis of delta(13)C(R) to periods with CO2 range >40 mu mol mol(-1). Values of delta(13)C(R) varied from -28.1 to -25.2%, with variation from one night to the next as large as 1.7%. A consistent difference was observed between delta(13)C(R) calculated near the forest floor (<2 m height) versus the upper canopy (5-11 m) on the same nights. delta(13)C(R) was more enriched in the upper canopy than near the ground on 34 of 43 nights, with a mean enrichment of 0.6% and a maximum of 2.3%. A similar pattern was observed comparing delta(13)C(R) at night with the analogous quantity calculated during daytime, but only a few daytime periods met the 40 mu mol mol(-1) criterion. Comparisons between air samples measured (1) 10 m above the forest canopy, (2) 3 km away, and (3) within the convective boundary layer 125 km distant showed CO2 differences between sites as large as 5-6 mu mol mol(-1) even at midday. These results suggest that attempts to use flask measurements at remote monitoring stations as a proxy for the air directly interacting with a vegetation canopy should be made with caution. However, our results also suggest that substantial information about biosphere-atmosphere isotopic exchange can be obtained by simultaneous examination of CO2 and delta(13)C at multiple spatial scales. C1 Univ Utah, Dept Biol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Bowling, DR (reprint author), Univ Utah, Dept Biol, 257 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. EM bowling@biology.utah.edu; sean.burns@colorado.edu; thomas.j.conway@noaa.gov; monsonr@colorado.edu; jwhite@colorado.edu RI Burns, Sean/A-9352-2008; White, James/A-7845-2009 OI Burns, Sean/0000-0002-6258-1838; White, James/0000-0001-6041-4684 NR 83 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD SEP 23 PY 2005 VL 19 IS 3 AR GB3023 DI 10.1029/2004GB002394 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 968QX UT WOS:000232178300001 ER PT J AU Titov, V Rabinovich, AB Mofjeld, HO Thomson, RE Gonzalez, FI AF Titov, V Rabinovich, AB Mofjeld, HO Thomson, RE Gonzalez, FI TI The global reach of the 26 December 2004 Sumatra tsunami SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID EARTHQUAKE AB Numerical model simulations, combined with tide-gauge and satellite altimetry data, reveal that wave amplitudes, directionatity, and global propagation patterns of the 26 December 2004 Sumatra tsunami were primarily determined by the orientation and intensity of the offshore seismic line source and subsequently by the trapping effect of mid-ocean ridge topographic waveguides. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Dept Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Inst Ocean Sci, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada. Russian Acad Sci, PP Shirshov Oceanol Inst, Moscow 117997, Russia. RP Titov, V (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM Vasity.Titov@noaa.gov RI Wright, Dawn/A-4518-2011; OI Wright, Dawn/0000-0002-2997-7611; Titov, Vasily/0000-0002-1630-3829 NR 15 TC 219 Z9 223 U1 7 U2 47 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD SEP 23 PY 2005 VL 309 IS 5743 BP 2045 EP 2048 DI 10.1126/science.1114576 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 968SF UT WOS:000232181900047 PM 16123264 ER PT J AU Cook, MA Guthrie, KM Rust, MB Plesha, PD AF Cook, MA Guthrie, KM Rust, MB Plesha, PD TI Effects of salinity and temperature during incubation on hatching and development of lingcod Ophiodon elongatus Girard, embryos SO AQUACULTURE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE lingcod; Ophiodon elongatus; salinity; temperature; hatch success ID FISH; SURVIVAL AB The interactive effects of salinity and temperature on development and hatching success of lingcod, Ophiodon elongatus Girard, were studied by incubating eggs at four temperatures (6, 9, 12 and 15 degrees C) and five salinities (15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 g L-1). Hatch did not occur in any of the 15 degrees C treatments. Degree days (degrees C days) to first hatch was not influenced by temperature or salinity, however, calendar days to first hatch differed significantly for temperature (P < 0.0001, 61 +/- 1, 44 +/- 1 and 35 +/- 1 days for 6, 9 and 12 degrees C respectively). Degree days to 50% (427.1 +/- 4.2) hatch was not significantly influenced by temperature but was by salinity (P=0.0324). Viable hatch (live with no deformities, 74.1 +/- 4.0%) was greatest at 9 degrees C and 25 g L-1 but not significantly different in the range of 20-30 g L-1. Larval length (9.4 +/- 0.13 mm) was greatest at 9 degrees C and 20-30 g L-1. Temperature and salinity significantly influenced all categories of deformities with treatments at the upper (12 degrees C and 35 g L-1) and lower limits (6 degrees C and 15 g L-1) producing the greatest deformities. The optimal temperature and salinity for incubating Puget Sound lingcod eggs was found to be 9 degrees C and 20-30 g L-1. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Resource Enhancement & Utilizat Technol Div, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Rust, MB (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Resource Enhancement & Utilizat Technol Div, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM mike.rust@noaa.gov RI Bizzarro, Joseph/A-2988-2012 NR 18 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1355-557X J9 AQUAC RES JI Aquac. Res. PD SEP 22 PY 2005 VL 36 IS 13 BP 1298 EP 1303 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2005.01346.x PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 964ST UT WOS:000231901500008 ER PT J AU Irikura, KK Johnson, RD Kacker, RN AF Irikura, KK Johnson, RD Kacker, RN TI Uncertainties in scaling factors for ab initio vibrational frequencies SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID CORRELATED MOLECULAR CALCULATIONS; DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL THEORY; GAUSSIAN-BASIS SETS; CORRELATION-ENERGY; FORCE-CONSTANTS; HARTREE-FOCK; PREDICTION; EXCHANGE; FIELD; APPROXIMATION AB Vibrational frequencies determined from ab initio calculations are often scaled by empirical factors. An empirical scaling factor partially compensates for the errors arising from vibrational anharmonicity and incomplete treatment of electron correlation. These errors are not random but are systematic biases. We report scaling factors for 40 combinations of theory and basis set, intended for predicting the fundamental frequencies from computed harmonic frequencies. An empirical scaling factor carries uncertainty. We quantify and report, for the first time, the uncertainties associated with the scaling factors. The uncertainties are larger than generally acknowledged; the scaling factors have only two significant digits. For example, the scaling factor for HF/6-31G(d) is 0.8982 +/- 0.0230 (standard uncertainty). The uncertainties in the scaling factors lead to corresponding uncertainties in predicted vibrational frequencies. The proposed method for quantifying the uncertainties associated with scaling factors is based on the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement, published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The data used are from the Computational Chemistry Comparison and Benchmark Database (CCCBDB), maintained by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, which includes more than 3939 independent vibrations for 358 molecules. C1 NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Irikura, Karl/A-4266-2009 OI Irikura, Karl/0000-0001-7515-6761 NR 43 TC 293 Z9 295 U1 3 U2 27 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD SEP 22 PY 2005 VL 109 IS 37 BP 8430 EP 8437 DI 10.1021/jp052793n PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 964ZV UT WOS:000231920400029 PM 16834237 ER PT J AU Bergamaschi, P Krol, M Dentener, F Vermeulen, A Meinhardt, F Graul, R Ramonet, M Peters, W Dlugokencky, EJ AF Bergamaschi, P Krol, M Dentener, F Vermeulen, A Meinhardt, F Graul, R Ramonet, M Peters, W Dlugokencky, EJ TI Inverse modelling of national and European CH4 emissions using the atmospheric zoom model TM5 SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MODERN METHANE EMISSIONS; NATURAL WETLANDS; CO2 SOURCES; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; TRANSPORT; GASES; SENSITIVITY; LIFETIME; HISTORY; CLIMATE AB A synthesis inversion based on the atmospheric zoom model TM5 is used to derive top-down estimates of CH4 emissions from individual European countries for the year 2001. We employ a model zoom over Europe with 1 degrees x 1 degrees resolution that is two-way nested into the global model domain (with resolution of 6 degrees x 4 degrees). This approach ensures consistent boundary conditions for the zoom domain and thus European top-down estimates consistent with global CH4 observations. The TM5 model, driven by ECMWF analyses, simulates synoptic scale events at most European and global sites fairly well, and the use of high-frequency observations allows exploiting the information content of individual synoptic events. A detailed source attribution is presented for a comprehensive set of 56 monitoring sites, assigning the atmospheric signal to the emissions of individual European countries and larger global regions. The available observational data put significant constraints on emissions from different regions. Within Europe, in particular several Western European countries are well constrained. The inversion results suggest up to 50-90% higher anthropogenic CH4 emissions in 2001 for Germany, France and UK compared to reported UNFCCC values (EEA, 2003). A recent revision of the German inventory, however, resulted in an increase of reported CH4 emissions by 68.5% (EEA, 2004), being now in very good agreement with our top-down estimate. The top-down estimate for Finland is distinctly smaller than the a priori estimate, suggesting much smaller CH4 emissions from Finnish wetlands than derived from the bottom-up inventory. The EU-15 totals are relatively close to UNFCCC values (within 4-30%) and appear very robust for different inversion scenarios. C1 Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr, I-21020 Ispra, Italy. Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Utrecht, Netherlands. Netherlands Energy Res Fdn, NL-1755 ZG Petten, Netherlands. Messstelle Schauinsland, Umweltbundesamt, Kirchzarten, Germany. LSCE, Gif Sur Yvette, France. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr, I-21020 Ispra, Italy. EM peter.bergamaschi@jrc.it RI Peters, Wouter/B-8305-2008; Krol, Maarten/B-3597-2010; Krol, Maarten/E-3414-2013; Vermeulen, Alex/A-2867-2015 OI Peters, Wouter/0000-0001-8166-2070; Vermeulen, Alex/0000-0002-8158-8787 NR 68 TC 79 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 13 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PD SEP 21 PY 2005 VL 5 BP 2431 EP 2460 PG 30 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 965XG UT WOS:000231983600001 ER PT J AU Gedzelman, SD AF Gedzelman, SD TI Simulating colors of clear and partly cloudy skies SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID SKY; BRIGHTNESS; TWILIGHT; HORIZON AB A model (SKYCOLOR) is developed that simulates the light and color of the sky and open cloud decks in the vertical plane including the Sun and the observer and animates the changes as the Sun goes down. Model skylight consists of sunbeams that are scattered toward the observer, but depleted by scattering and absorption in the Chappuis bands of ozone. SKYCOLOR includes the Earth's curvature, atmospheric refraction, cloud shadows, and solar eclipses. Scattering is given a wavelength (lambda) dependence of lambda(-4) for air molecules (Rayleigh scattering), lambda(-1) for tropospheric aerosols, and lambda(+1) for volcanic aerosol particles. Multiple scattering is calculated directly in clouds but is parameterized in clear air by decreasing the scattering rates of sunlight and of skylight in the Earth's shadow by 30%. (c) 2005 Optical Society of America. C1 CUNY City Coll, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, New York, NY 10031 USA. CUNY City Coll, NOAA, CREST Ctr, New York, NY 10031 USA. RP Gedzelman, SD (reprint author), CUNY City Coll, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, New York, NY 10031 USA. EM sgedzelman@ccny.cuny.edu NR 28 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD SEP 20 PY 2005 VL 44 IS 27 BP 5723 EP 5736 DI 10.1364/AO.44.005723 PG 14 WC Optics SC Optics GA 967VK UT WOS:000232119100014 PM 16201435 ER PT J AU Case, F Chaka, A Friend, DG Frurip, D Golab, J Gordon, P Johnson, R Kolar, P Moore, J Mountain, RD Olson, J Ross, R Schiller, M AF Case, F Chaka, A Friend, DG Frurip, D Golab, J Gordon, P Johnson, R Kolar, P Moore, J Mountain, RD Olson, J Ross, R Schiller, M TI The second industrial fluid properties simulation challenge SO FLUID PHASE EQUILIBRIA LA English DT Article DE molecular simulation; heats of mixing; gas solubility; Henry's constant; vapor pressure; heats of vaporization; molecular dynamics; Monte Carlo ID DILUTION ACTIVITY-COEFFICIENTS; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; FREE-ENERGY; PREDICTION; MODEL; OPTIMIZATION; VISCOSITY; MIXTURES; DENSITY AB The industrial fluid properties simulation challenge was established in 2001 to provide a realistic assessment of the value of molecular simulation methods for predicting thermophysical properties of industrially important fluids. The organizing committee (the authors of this paper) wished to establish reliable comparisons between the available methods, to assess the state of the art, and to enhance alignment of academic efforts with industrial needs. The first contest was held in 2002. Commercial modeling companies, academic groups and government laboratories were challenged to predict vapor-liquid equilibria, densities, and viscosities for a specified set of organic fluids, mixtures and aqueous solutions. Based on the success of that endeavor a second contest was held, concluding in September 2004. Modeling groups from around the world attempted to predict vapor pressure and heats of vaporization, Henry's law constants, and heats of mixing using molecular simulation methods (the focus of this contest). The contestants applied a wide range of different methods, and different forcefields. Accurate benchmark values were obtained, based on experimental data, by a team from NIST and Dow Chemical and used to assess the accuracy of the predicted values. Predictions of Henry's constant were judged sufficiently accurate to be of value in an industrial environment. The results for vapor pressure and heats of vaporization were mixed. Reasonable qualitative predictions of heats of mixing were obtained for an organic/organic mixture. But results for aqueous solutions revealed an area where although, for the most part, the methods by which predictions were made are sound, the forcefield descriptions are inadequate. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Case Sci, Essex Jct, VT 05452 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Boulder, CO USA. Dow Chem Co USA, Midland, MI 48674 USA. BP, Naperville, IL USA. ExxonMobil, Annandale, NJ USA. Mitsubishi Chem Corp, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan. Dow Chem Co USA, S Charleston, WV USA. 3M Co, St Paul, MN 55144 USA. RP Mountain, RD (reprint author), Case Sci, Essex Jct, VT 05452 USA. EM raymond.mountain@nist.gov RI Moore, Jonathan/B-8201-2009 NR 30 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3812 J9 FLUID PHASE EQUILIBR JI Fluid Phase Equilib. PD SEP 20 PY 2005 VL 236 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 14 DI 10.1016/j.fluid.2005.06.015 PG 14 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 971MN UT WOS:000232388500001 ER PT J AU Friend, DG Frurip, DJ Lemmon, EW Morrison, RE Olson, JD Wilson, LC AF Friend, DG Frurip, DJ Lemmon, EW Morrison, RE Olson, JD Wilson, LC TI Establishing benchmarks for the Second Industrial Fluids Simulation Challenge SO FLUID PHASE EQUILIBRIA LA English DT Article DE vapor pressure; heat of vaporization; acetone; butyramide; heats of mixing; enthalpies of mixing; Henry's constant; solubility ID VAPOR-LIQUID-EQUILIBRIA; ACETONE; HEATS; MIXTURES; VAPORIZATION; SOLUBILITY; NITROGEN; ETHANOL; SYSTEMS; AMIDES AB This manuscript outlines the procedures used to establish benchmark property data for the Second Industrial Fluids Simulation Challenge. The process involved acquisition of some new data, evaluation of the literature data, and generation of recommended values with careful uncertainty estimates. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Dow Chem Co USA, Analyt Sci, Thermal Grp, Midland, MI 48667 USA. Dow Chem Co USA, Analyt Sci, Thermal Grp, S Charleston, WV 25303 USA. RP Friend, DG (reprint author), NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM daniel.friend@nist.gov NR 39 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3812 J9 FLUID PHASE EQUILIBR JI Fluid Phase Equilib. PD SEP 20 PY 2005 VL 236 IS 1-2 BP 15 EP 24 DI 10.1016/j.fluid.2005.04.020 PG 10 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 971MN UT WOS:000232388500002 ER PT J AU Knapp, KR Frouin, R Kondragunta, S Prados, A AF Knapp, KR Frouin, R Kondragunta, S Prados, A TI Toward aerosol optical depth retrievals over land from GOES visible radiances: determining surface reflectance SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; SCAR-B; SATELLITE; SMOKE; VALIDATION; ALGORITHM; PACKAGE; AERONET; OCEANS; IMAGER AB Frequent observations of aerosol over land are desirable for aviation, air pollution and health applications. Thus, a method is proposed here to correct surface effects and retrieve aerosol optical depth using visible reflectance measurements from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES). The surface contribution is determined from temporal compositing of visible imagery, where darker pixels correspond to less atmospheric attenuation and surface reflectance is deduced from the composite using radiative transfer. The method is applied to GOES-8 imagery over the eastern US. Retrieved surface reflectance is compared with separate retrievals using a priori groundbased observations of aerosol optical depth. The results suggest that surface reflectances can be determined to within +/- 0.04. The composite-derived surface reflectance is further analysed by retrieving aerosol optical depth and validating retrievals with Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) observations. This analysis indicates that the retrieved optical depth is least biased, hence the surface reflectance is most accurate, when the composite time period varies seasonally. Aerosol optical depth retrievals from this validation are within +/- 0.13 of AERONET observations and have a correlation coefficient of 0.72. While aerosol optical depth retrieval noise at low optical depths may be limiting, the retrieval accuracy is adequate for monitoring large outbreaks of aerosol events. C1 NOAA, NCDC, RSAD, Asheville, NC 28806 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. NOAA, ORA, Camp Springs, MD USA. CSU, CIRA, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Knapp, KR (reprint author), NOAA, NCDC, RSAD, 151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28806 USA. EM Ken.Knapp@noaa.gov RI Kondragunta, Shobha/F-5601-2010; Knapp, Kenneth/E-9817-2011 OI Kondragunta, Shobha/0000-0001-8593-8046; NR 34 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD SEP 20 PY 2005 VL 26 IS 18 BP 4097 EP 4116 DI 10.1080/0143116050500099329 PG 20 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 984KO UT WOS:000233304000016 ER PT J AU Bates, TS Quinn, PK Coffman, DJ Johnson, JE Middlebrook, AM AF Bates, TS Quinn, PK Coffman, DJ Johnson, JE Middlebrook, AM TI Dominance of organic aerosols in the marine boundary layer over the Gulf of Maine during NEAQS 2002 and their role in aerosol light scattering SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID NORTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; AERODYNAMIC PARTICLE SIZER; LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT; RADIATIVE PROPERTIES; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; MASS-SPECTROMETER; NEW-ENGLAND; ACE-ASIA; EXTINCTION; ATLANTIC AB Aerosol chemical, physical, and optical measurements were made aboard the NOAA R/V Ronald H. Brown off the coast of New England from July 12 through August 10, 2002, as part of the New England Air Quality Study (NEAQS). Measurements (generally 20 to 100 km from the coast) were made downwind of urban centers (New York City, Boston) and rural areas, and in air masses that had not been in contact with land for several days. On average during NEAQS, 75 +/- 8% of the sub-10 mu m aerodynamic diameter dry aerosol mass sampled 18 m above the sea surface was in the sub-10 mu m fraction ( size cut at 55% RH). The major submicrometer aerosol components were ammonium sulfate and particulate organic matter (POM, defined here as 1.6 times the mass concentration of organic carbon) comprising more than 92 +/- 4% of the total mass. Under northwesterly flow with an average submicrometer total mass concentrations of 11 +/- 4.5 mg m(-3), POM was the dominant component (68 +/- 8%) followed by (NH4)(x)HySO4 (23 +/- 8%), inorganic oxidized material (IOM) (6 +/- 4%), and EC ( 3 +/- 1%). Under southwesterly flow with an average submicrometer total mass concentrations of 30 +/- 11 mu g m (-3), (NH4)(x)HySO4 was the dominant component (54 +/- 9%) followed by POM (41 +/- 9%), IOM (3 +/- 2%), and EC ( 2 +/- 1%). Mie calculations using submicrometer nonrefractory (R) POM and NR (NH4)(x)HySO4 + H2O size distributions to calculate submicrometer light scattering (sigma(sp)) at a wavelength of 550 nm suggest that POM was a dominant chemical component contributing to aerosol light scattering ( haze) during NEAQS 2002, and contributed 60 +/- 6 % and 57 +/- 11 % to sigma(sp) at 55% RH during two pollution episodes off the New England Coast. These results are similar to those from the mid-Atlantic states during TARFOX but contrary to the long-term monitoring measurements over the continental northeast United States that show the New England haze is primarily a result of sulfate aerosol. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Bates, TS (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM tim.bates@noaa.gov RI Middlebrook, Ann/E-4831-2011; Xiongfei, Zhao/G-7690-2015; Bates, Timothy/L-6080-2016; Quinn, Patricia/R-1493-2016 OI Middlebrook, Ann/0000-0002-2984-6304; Quinn, Patricia/0000-0003-0337-4895 NR 45 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 20 PY 2005 VL 110 IS D18 AR D18202 DI 10.1029/2005JD005797 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 968QZ UT WOS:000232178500004 ER PT J AU Wagner, RJ Gulari, E AF Wagner, RJ Gulari, E TI Thermodynamic control of germanium quantum dot growth on silicon SO SURFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE silicon; germanium; island; quantum dot; growth; thermodynamics ID INTERATOMIC POTENTIALS; GE ISLANDS; SI(001); TRANSITION; SURFACES; PATHWAY AB Strained epitaxial growth of Ge on Si(001) produces self-assembled, nanometer scale islands, or quantum dots. We study this growth by atomistic simulation, computing the energy of island structures to determine when and how islanding occurs. The distribution of island sizes on a surface is determined by the relation of island energy to size. Applying the calculated energy per atom to the Boltzmann-Gibbs distribution, we predict size distributions as functions of coverage and temperature. The peak populations around 86,000 atoms (35 nm wide) compare favorably with experiment. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ceram Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Chem Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48103 USA. RP Wagner, RJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ceram Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM wagnerr@umich.edu NR 19 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0039-6028 J9 SURF SCI JI Surf. Sci. PD SEP 20 PY 2005 VL 590 IS 1 BP 1 EP 8 DI 10.1016/j.susc.2005.04.054 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Physics GA 957NN UT WOS:000231376600002 ER PT J AU Herrmann, CF Fabreguette, FH Finch, DS Geiss, R George, SM AF Herrmann, CF Fabreguette, FH Finch, DS Geiss, R George, SM TI Multilayer and functional coatings on carbon nanotubes using atomic layer deposition SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SURFACE-CHEMISTRY; GROWTH AB Atomic layer deposition (ALD) can be used to deposit ultra-thin and conformal films on flat substrates, high aspect ratios structures and particles. In this paper, we demonstrate that insulating, multilayered and functionalized ALD coatings can also be deposited conformally on carbon nanotubes. Multilayered coatings consisting of alternating layers of dielectric and conductive materials, such as Al2O3 and W, respectively, are deposited on conductive multi-walled carbon nanotubes. This coated carbon nanotube can function as a nanoscale coaxial cable. Thin layers of Al2O3 ALD are also used as a seed layer to functionalize nanotubes. A carbon nanotube was made highly hydrophobic using an Al2O3 ALD seed layer followed by the attachment of perfluorinated molecules. (c) 2005 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Mech Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Reliabil Div 853, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Biol & Chem Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP George, SM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Campus Box 215, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM Steven.George@Colorado.Edu RI George, Steven/O-2163-2013 OI George, Steven/0000-0003-0253-9184 NR 19 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 3 U2 38 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD SEP 19 PY 2005 VL 87 IS 12 AR 123110 DI 10.1063/1.2053358 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 964UT UT WOS:000231907200054 ER PT J AU Zhang, TH Borca, CN Li, XQ Cundiff, ST AF Zhang, TH Borca, CN Li, XQ Cundiff, ST TI Optical two-dimensional Fourier transform spectroscopy with active interferometric stabilization SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY; FEMTOSECOND SPECTROSCOPY; ELECTRONIC SPECTROSCOPY; SPECTRAL INTERFEROMETRY; PHASE; LIQUIDS; IR AB Optical two-dimensional Fourier transform spectroscopy is implemented near 800 nm with active stabilization. Excitation pulse delay is stabilized during data acquisition and stepped with interferometric accuracy. The reference used for heterodyne detecting the complete transient four-wave mixing signal is also phase-stabilized. The phase evolution of the four-wave mixing signal during the initial evolution period and the final detection period is then measured and correlated. Two-dimensional spectra with absorption and emission frequency axes are obtained by Fourier transforms with respect to the corresponding time variables. Measurement performed on a GaAs multiple quantum well sample shows light-hole and heavy-hole exciton transitions as the diagonal peaks and coupling between these two resonances as off-diagonal peaks. (c) 2005 Optical Society of America. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Zhang, TH (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM cundiffs@jila.colorado.edu RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197 NR 28 TC 81 Z9 82 U1 4 U2 18 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD SEP 19 PY 2005 VL 13 IS 19 BP 7432 EP 7441 DI 10.1364/OPEX.13.007432 PG 10 WC Optics SC Optics GA 966YH UT WOS:000232058200020 PM 19498768 ER PT J AU Tedesco, M Kim, EJ Gasiewski, A Klein, M Stankov, B AF Tedesco, M Kim, EJ Gasiewski, A Klein, M Stankov, B TI Analysis of multiscale radiometric data collected during the Cold Land Processes Experiment-1 (CLPX-1) SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT; SOIL-MOISTURE; DEPTH; VARIABILITY; RETRIEVAL; ALGORITHM AB Histograms of brightness temperatures collected at 18.7 and 37 GHz over the Fraser and North Park Meso-Scale Areas during the Cold Land Processes Experiment by the NOAA Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer (PSR/A) airborne sensor are modelled by a log-normal distribution (Fraser, forested area) and by a bi-modal distribution (North Park, patchy-snow, non-forested area). The brightness temperatures are re-sampled over a range of resolutions to study the effects of sensor resolution on the shape of the distribution, on the values of the average brightness temperatures and standard deviations. The histograms become more uniform and the spatial information in the initial distribution is lost for a resolution larger than 5000 m, in both areas. The values of brightness temperatures obtained by re-sampling the PSR-A data at 25 km resolution are consistent with those recorded by the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E) and Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) satellite radiometers at similar resolutions. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Goddard Earth Sci Technol Ctr, UMBC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Instrumentat Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Tedesco, M (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Goddard Earth Sci Technol Ctr, UMBC, Code 614-6, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM mtedesco@umbc.edu NR 17 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 17 PY 2005 VL 32 IS 18 AR L18501 DI 10.1029/2005GL023006 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 967SB UT WOS:000232110400001 ER PT J AU Wu, CC Wu, ST Dryer, M Fry, CD Berdichevsky, D Smith, Z Detman, T Gopalswamy, N Skoug, R Zurbuchen, T Smith, C AF Wu, CC Wu, ST Dryer, M Fry, CD Berdichevsky, D Smith, Z Detman, T Gopalswamy, N Skoug, R Zurbuchen, T Smith, C TI Flare-generated shock evolution and geomagnetic storms during the ''Halloween 2003 epoch'': 29 October to 2 November SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS; INTERPLANETARY SHOCKS; 1 AU; MHD; HELIOSPHERE; EARTH; TIME AB The October/November 2003 ("Halloween 2003'') epoch of intense solar flares provided an opportunity to test the results of earlier parametric 1.5 MHD studies of interacting interplanetary shock waves. These preliminary studies used an adaptive numerical grid that made it possible to identify products of these interactions. During 28 October to 2 November 2003, three shocks generated by four solar flares were observed at the L1 libration point by ACE/SWEPAM/SWICS/MAG. Two very distinct geomagnetic storms, associated with two of these flares (X17/4B and X10/2B), rank as two of the largest storms of solar cycle 23. The purpose of this paper is to present the use of an adaptive grid 1.5-dimensional MHD model that is initiated at the solar surface to study in detail the three shocks observed at L1 that were generated by the four solar flares. Accordingly, four separate pressure pulses, at the appropriate times and with different strengths and duration, determined via a trial and error procedure, are introduced on the Sun to mimic the four flares. The results show that the simulated solar wind velocity temporal profiles successfully matched the observations at L1. The major objective, to demonstrate the detailed nature of interacting shocks and some of their products after origination from closely spaced solar events, is achieved. In addition, the MHD model is able to suggest the solar sources that are associated with specific geomagnetic storms at Earth. C1 Univ Alabama, Ctr Space Plasma & Aeron Res, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. Explorat Phys Int Inc, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA. L3 Commun EER Syst Inc, Largo, MD 20774 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Inst Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Wu, CC (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Ctr Space Plasma & Aeron Res, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. EM wuc@cspar.uah.edu; wus@cspar.uah.edu; murray.dryer@noaa.gov; gfry@expi.com; xrdbb@lepvax.gsfc.nasa.gov; zdenka.smith@noaa.gov; thomas.detman@noaa.gov; gopals@fugee.nasa.gov; rskoug@lanl.gov; thomasz@umich.edu; chuck@briaxa.sr.unh.edu RI xue, yansheng/A-9712-2012; Gopalswamy, Nat/D-3659-2012 NR 25 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 EI 2169-9402 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD SEP 17 PY 2005 VL 110 IS A9 AR A09S17 DI 10.1029/2005JA011011 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 967SW UT WOS:000232112500007 ER PT J AU Morrison, H Shupe, MD Pinto, JO Curry, JA AF Morrison, H Shupe, MD Pinto, JO Curry, JA TI Possible roles of ice nucleation mode and ice nuclei depletion in the extended lifetime of Arctic mixed-phase clouds SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID RESOLVING SIMULATIONS; STRATIFORM CLOUDS; PART II; SENSITIVITY; PARTICLES; STRATUS; OCEAN; HEAT AB The sensitivity of Arctic mixed phase clouds to the mode of ice particle nucleation is examined using a 1-D cloud model. It is shown that the lifetime of a simulated low-level Arctic mixed-phase stratus is highly sensitive to the number concentration of deposition/condensation-freezing nuclei, and much less sensitive to the number of contact nuclei. Simulations with prognostic ice nuclei concentration exhibit rapid depletion of deposition/ condensation-freezing nuclei due to nucleation scavenging which significantly extends the mixed-phase cloud lifetime. In contrast, scavenging has little impact on the number of contact nuclei. Thus, contact mode nucleation generally dominates in the cloud layer when both modes are simultaneously considered. The dominance of contact nucleation in Arctic mixed-phase clouds is consistent with a number of in situ observations, remote retrievals, and laboratory experiments. A conceptual model of long-lived Arctic mixed-phase clouds is developed that explains their persistence through the rapid depletion of deposition/ condensation-freezing ice nuclei and a self-regulating drop-contact freezing feedback. C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Appl Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Morrison, H (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, MMM, ASP, Pob 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM morrison@ucar.edu RI Shupe, Matthew/F-8754-2011 OI Shupe, Matthew/0000-0002-0973-9982 NR 21 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 3 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 16 PY 2005 VL 32 IS 18 AR L18801 DI 10.1029/2005GL023614 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 967SA UT WOS:000232110300005 ER PT J AU Wang, L Blasic, JR Holden, MJ Pires, R AF Wang, L Blasic, JR Holden, MJ Pires, R TI Sensitivity comparison of real-time PCR probe designs on a model DNA plasmid SO ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE quantitative real-time PCR; probe design; TaqMan; molecular beacon; shared-stem molecular beacon; DNA plasmid; detection sensitivity; signal-to-background ratio; 5 ' exonuclease activity; fluorescence quantum yield; melting temperature ID ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC-LEUKEMIA; MINIMAL RESIDUAL DISEASE; MOLECULAR BEACONS; QUANTITATIVE PCR; RT-PCR; LABELED OLIGONUCLEOTIDES; LIGHTCYCLER TECHNOLOGY; QUANTIFICATION; VIRUS; OLIGODEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDES AB We investigated three probe design strategies used in quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for sensitivity in detection of the PCR amplicon. A plasmid with a 120-bp insert served as the DNA template. The probes were TaqMan, conventional molecular beacon (MB), and shared-stem molecular beacon (ATssMB and GCssMB). A shared-stem beacon probe combines the properties of a TaqMan probe and a conventional molecular beacon. It was found that the overall sensitivities for the four PCR probes are in the order of MB > ATssMB > GCssMB > TaqMan. The fluorescence quantum yield measurements indicate that incomplete or partial enzymatic cleavage catalyzed by Taq polymerase is the likely cause of the low sensitivities of two shared-stem beacons when compared with the conventional beacon probe. A high-fluorescence background associated with the current TaqMan probe sequence contributes to the relatively low detection sensitivity and signal-to-background ratio. The study points out that the nucleotide environment surrounding the reporting fluorophore can strongly affect the probe performance in real-time PCR. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Invitrogen Corp, Frederick, MD 21704 USA. RP Wang, L (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM lili.wang@nist.gov NR 30 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0003-2697 J9 ANAL BIOCHEM JI Anal. Biochem. PD SEP 15 PY 2005 VL 344 IS 2 BP 257 EP 265 DI 10.1016/j.ab.2005.06.038 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 962XP UT WOS:000231767000012 PM 16091278 ER PT J AU Navratilova, I Eisenstien, E Myszka, DG AF Navratilova, I Eisenstien, E Myszka, DG TI Measuring long association phases using Biacore SO ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL BIOSENSOR LITERATURE; PLASMON RESONANCE BIOSENSOR; BARSTAR; BARNASE; SAMPLE C1 Univ Utah, Sch Med, Ctr Biomol Interact Anal, Salt Lake City, UT 84132 USA. Univ Maryland, Inst Biotechnol, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Myszka, DG (reprint author), Univ Utah, Sch Med, Ctr Biomol Interact Anal, Salt Lake City, UT 84132 USA. EM dmyszka@cores.utah.edu NR 12 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0003-2697 J9 ANAL BIOCHEM JI Anal. Biochem. PD SEP 15 PY 2005 VL 344 IS 2 BP 295 EP 297 DI 10.1016/j.ab.2005.05.025 PG 3 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 962XP UT WOS:000231767000021 PM 16043110 ER PT J AU Loge, FJ Arkoosh, MR Ginn, TR Johnson, LL Collier, TK AF Loge, FJ Arkoosh, MR Ginn, TR Johnson, LL Collier, TK TI Impact of environmental stressors on the dynamics of disease transmission SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID JUVENILE CHINOOK SALMON; GENERALIZED EXPOSURE TIME; INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY; MULTICOMPONENT MIXTURES; REACTIVE TRANSPORT; VIBRIO-ANGUILLARUM; SUBSURFACE FLOW; URBAN; FORMULATIONS; ESTUARIES AB Infectious disease within outmigrant juvenile salmon in the Columbia River Basin is modulated, in part, by abiotic stressors that influence host-susceptibility. Through the application of a dose-structured population dynamic model, we show that chemical (both in the river and in the estuary) and in-river (e.g., dams and/or predation) stressors influence host-susceptibility, increasing the mean force of infection (defined as the per capita acquisition rate of infection) by a factor of 2.2 and 1.6, respectively. Using Listonella anguillarum as a model pathogen, nonchemical in-river and chemical stressors contribute equally to a cumulative incidence of delayed disease-induced mortalities in Chinook salmon that range from 3% to 18% for estuary residence times of 30-120 days, respectively. Mitigation of environmental stressors that increase host-susceptibility could represent a significant component in future management strategies to recover listed stocks. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NOAA Fisheries, Immunol & Dis Ecotoxicol & Environm Hlth Program, Environm Conservat Div, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NOAA Fisheries, Ecotoxicol & Environm Hlth Program, Environm Conservat Div, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Loge, FJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM fjloge@ucdavis.edu NR 30 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP 15 PY 2005 VL 39 IS 18 BP 7329 EP 7336 DI 10.1021/es0481934 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 965HR UT WOS:000231941700061 PM 16201666 ER PT J AU Fujiwara, Y Fukada, H Shimizu, M Hara, A AF Fujiwara, Y Fukada, H Shimizu, M Hara, A TI Purification of two lipovitellins and development of immunoassays for two forms of their precursors (vitellogenins) in medaka (Oryzias latipes) SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE vitellogenin; lipovitellin; chemiluminescent immunoassay; medaka; fish; estradiol-17 beta ID ENVIRONMENTALLY RELEVANT CONCENTRATIONS; GOBY ACANTHOGOBIUS-FLAVIMANUS; IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY ELISA; JAPANESE MEDAKA; IN-VITRO; CYPRINODON-VARIEGATUS; ESTROGENIC CHEMICALS; OOCYTE MATURATION; MORONE-AMERICANA; GENE-EXPRESSION AB Two distinct yolk proteins (YP1 and YP2) were purified from the ovary of medaka, and specific antisera against YPs were generated to characterize YPs and reveal their relation to two vitellogenins (Vg1 and Vg2). The molecular masses of purified YPI and YP2 on gel filtration were 270 and 380 kDa, respectively. YPs were confirmed to be lipoproteins by staining with Sudan black. Amino acid compositions of YPI and YP2 were similar to those of Vgl and Vg2, respectively. In double immunodiffusion using anti-Vg1, a precipitin line of YPI formed a spur against the Vg1 line. YP2 and Vg2 were reacted with anti-Vg2, and a precipitin line of YP2 formed a fuse against the Vg2 line. These biochemical and immunological analyses of purified YPs revealed that YPI is lipovitellin 1 (Lv1) derived from Vg1 and YP2 is lipovitellin 2 (Lv2) derived from Vg2. Using specific antibodies against Lvs and Vgs, specific, high sensitivity chemiluminescent immunoassays (CLIAs) for two Vgs were developed to reveal basal Vg levels and response to exogenous estradiol-17 beta (E-2). The measurable range of both CLIAs was from 0.975 to 1000 ng/ml. The cross-reactivity to the alternative Vg in each CLIA was extremely low (<= 0.57%). When immature fish were immersed in water containing E2 for I h, both Vgs were induced by 0.5 mu g/L of E-2 at 24 h after treatment. Vg1 increased in a concentration-dependant manner up to 100 mu g/L E2, while Vg2 reached a plateau at 10 mu g/L of E2. The ratio of Vg1:Vg2 in E2-treated fish changed in a concentration-dependent manner from 1.5:1 to 8.5: 1. The results from E-2-treatment suggest that differential regulation may control the expression of medaka Vgs. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Fisheries Sci, Div Marine Biosci, Hakodate, Hokkaido 0418611, Japan. Kochi Univ, Fac Agr, Nankoku, Kochi 7838502, Japan. NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fisheries Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Hara, A (reprint author), Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Fisheries Sci, Div Marine Biosci, Hakodate, Hokkaido 0418611, Japan. EM aki@fish.hokudai.ac.jp NR 46 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0016-6480 J9 GEN COMP ENDOCR JI Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PD SEP 15 PY 2005 VL 143 IS 3 BP 267 EP 277 DI 10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.03.014 PG 11 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 960IO UT WOS:000231584100008 PM 15925368 ER PT J AU Barker, AJ Cage, B Russek, S Stoldt, CR AF Barker, AJ Cage, B Russek, S Stoldt, CR TI Ripening during magnetite nanoparticle synthesis: Resulting interfacial defects and magnetic properties SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID NANOCRYSTALLINE ZNS; SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; CRYSTAL-GROWTH; MONTE-CARLO; MICROEMULSIONS; SUPERLATTICES; KINETICS; METALS; XPS AB The structure and magnetic properties of magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles synthesized by a solvothermal processing route are investigated. The nanoparticles are grown from the single organometallic precursor Fe(III) acetylacetonate in trioctylamine (TOA) solvent at 260 degrees C, with and without the addition of heptanoic acid (HA) as a stabilizing agent. From the temporal particle size distributions, x-ray-diffraction patterns, high-resolution transmission electron microscope tilt series experiments, and superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry, we demonstrate that HA, a strong Lewis acid stabilizing agent, slows growth processes during ripening thus reducing the formation of interfacial defects, which we observe in the TOA-only synthesis. Nanoparticles grown with HA remain single crystalline for long growth times (up to 24 h), show a focused particle size distribution for intermediate growth times (3 h), and possess a higher magnetic anisotropy (15.8x10(4) J/m(3)) than particles grown without the additional stabilizing agent. The reduced magnetic anisotropy value for the magnetite nanoparticles grown in TOA only (1.29x10(4) J/m(3)) is attributed to polycrystallinity induced by the uncontrolled ripening process. This work may have significance for contrast enhancement in magnetic resonance imaging. (c) 2005 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Mech Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Barker, AJ (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Mech Engn, UCB 427, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM Conrad.Stoldt@Colorado.edu RI Barker, Alex/G-5884-2012 OI Barker, Alex/0000-0002-6283-9157 NR 24 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD SEP 15 PY 2005 VL 98 IS 6 AR 063528 DI 10.1063/1.2058191 PG 7 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 969HU UT WOS:000232226000034 ER PT J AU Dudowicz, J Freed, KF Douglas, JF AF Dudowicz, J Freed, KF Douglas, JF TI Direct computation of characteristic temperatures and relaxation times for glass-forming polymer liquids SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CONFIGURATIONAL ENTROPY; SUPERCOOLED LIQUIDS; ENERGY LANDSCAPE; TRANSITION; FRAGILITY; DEPENDENCE; VISCOSITY; PRESSURE; DYNAMICS; BARRIERS AB Characteristic temperatures and structural relaxation times for different classes of glass-forming polymer liquids are computed using a revised entropy theory of glass formation that permits the chain backbone and the side groups to have different rigidities. The theory is applied to glass formation at constant pressure or constant temperature. Our calculations provide new insights into physical factors influencing the breadth of the glass transition and the associated growth of relaxation times. (c) 2005 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dudowicz, J (reprint author), Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, 5640 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. EM k-freed@uchicago.edu NR 30 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD SEP 15 PY 2005 VL 123 IS 11 AR 111102 DI 10.1063/1.2035087 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 966PT UT WOS:000232033800002 PM 16392543 ER PT J AU Capotondi, A Alexander, MA Deser, C McPhaden, MJ AF Capotondi, A Alexander, MA Deser, C McPhaden, MJ TI Anatomy and decadal evolution of the Pacific Subtropical-Tropical Cells (STCs) SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID NINO-SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; OCEAN RECHARGE MECHANISM; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; NORTH PACIFIC; EL-NINO; INDONESIAN THROUGHFLOW; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; MINDANAO CURRENT; WATER EXCHANGE; ROSSBY WAVES AB The output from an ocean general circulation model driven by observed surface forcing (1958-97) is used to examine the evolution and relative timing of the different branches of the Pacific Subtropical-Tropical Cells (STCs) at both interannual and decadal time scales, with emphasis on the 1976-77 climate shift. The STCs consist of equatorward pycnocline transports in the ocean interior and in the western boundary current, equatorial upwelling, and poleward flow in the surface Ekman layer. The interior pycnocline transports exhibit a decreasing trend after the mid-1970s, in agreement with observational transport estimates, and are largely anticorrelated with both the Ekman transports and the boundary current transports at the same latitudes. The boundary current changes tend to compensate for the interior changes at both interannual and decadal time scales. The meridional transport convergence across 9 degrees S and 9 degrees N as well as the equatorial upwelling are strongly correlated with the changes in sea surface temperature (SST) in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific. However, meridional transport variations do not occur simultaneously at each longitude, so that to understand the phase relationship between transport and SST variations it is important to consider the baroclinic ocean adjustment through westward-propagating Rossby waves. The anticorrelation between boundary current changes and interior transport changes can also be understood in terms of the baroclinic adjustment process. In this simulation, the pycnocline transport variations appear to be primarily confined within the Tropics, with maxima around 10 degrees S and 13 degrees N, and related to the local wind forcing; a somewhat different perspective from previous studies that have emphasized the role of wind variations in the subtropics. C1 NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, RCDC1, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Capotondi, A (reprint author), NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, RCDC1, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Antonietta.Capotondi@noaa.gov RI Alexander, Michael/A-7097-2013; McPhaden, Michael/D-9799-2016 OI Alexander, Michael/0000-0001-9646-6427; NR 59 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD SEP 15 PY 2005 VL 18 IS 18 BP 3739 EP 3758 DI 10.1175/JCLI3496.1 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 975BI UT WOS:000232635600003 ER PT J AU Jiang, XA Li, T AF Jiang, XA Li, T TI Reinitiation of the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation in the Tropical Indian Ocean SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; OUTGOING LONGWAVE RADIATION; EXTRATROPICAL INTERACTION; INTERANNUAL VARIATIONS; EQUATORIAL WAVES; WESTERN PACIFIC; MONSOON; CONVECTION; PROPAGATION AB The characteristic features of the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO) during its reinitiation period are studied using NCEP-NCAR reanalysis. Based on these observations and with the aid of an anomalous atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM), a possible mechanism responsible for the BSISO reinitiation is elucidated. The western equatorial Indian Ocean along the eastern African coast tends to be a key region for the phase transition of the BSISO from an enhanced to suppressed convective phase, or vise versa. The major precursory feature associated with reinitiation of suppressed convection is found in the divergence and reduced specific humidity in the boundary layer. Numerical experiments indicate that the low-level divergence is caused by the cold horizontal temperature advection and associated adiabatic warming (descending motion) in situ. The summer mean state is found to be important for the cold horizontal temperature advection through the modulation of a Gill-type response to an intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) heating in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean. The results in this study suggest a self-sustained paradigm in the Indian Ocean for the BSISO; that is, the BSISO could be a basinwide phenomenon instead of a global circumstance system as hypothesized for the boreal winter ISO (i.e., the Madden-Julian oscillation). C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Dept Meteorol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Int Pacific Res Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Jiang, XA (reprint author), USDOC, NOAA, GFDL, POB 308,201 Forrestal Rd, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM xianan.jiang@noaa.gov RI Jiang, Xianan/A-2283-2012 NR 60 TC 43 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD SEP 15 PY 2005 VL 18 IS 18 BP 3777 EP 3795 DI 10.1175/JCLI3516.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 975BI UT WOS:000232635600005 ER PT J AU Winton, M AF Winton, M TI Simple optical models for diagnosing surface-atmosphere shortwave interactions SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID MULTIPLE REFLECTION; ALBEDO FEEDBACK; RADIATION; SEA; CLIMATE AB A technique is developed for diagnosing effective surface and atmospheric optical properties from climate model shortwave flux diagnostics. These properties can be used to distinguish the contributions of surface and atmospheric optical property changes to shortwave flux changes at the surface and top of the atmosphere. In addition to the four standard shortwave flux diagnostics (upward, downward, surface, and top of atmosphere), the technique makes use of surface-down and top-up fluxes over a zero-albedo surface obtained from an auxiliary online shortwave calculation. The simple model optical properties, when constructed from the time-mean fluxes, are effective optical properties, useful for predicting the time-mean response to optical property changes. The technique is tested against auxiliary online shortwave calculations at four validation albedos and shown to predict the monthly mean surface absorption with an rms error of less than 2% over the globe. The reasons for the accuracy of the technique are explored. Less accurate techniques that make use of existing shortwave diagnostics are presented and compared. C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Winton, M (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308,Forrestal Campus, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM Michael.Winton@noaa.gov NR 16 TC 11 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD SEP 15 PY 2005 VL 18 IS 18 BP 3796 EP 3805 DI 10.1175/JCLI3502.1 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 975BI UT WOS:000232635600006 ER PT J AU Shinoda, T Han, WQ AF Shinoda, T Han, WQ TI Influence of the Indian Ocean dipole on atmospheric subseasonal variability SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION; OUTGOING LONGWAVE RADIATION; TROPICAL WESTERN PACIFIC; COUPLED EQUATORIAL WAVES; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; INTRASEASONAL VARIABILITY; AUSTRAL SUMMER; WIND BURSTS; TOGA COARE; DAY-PERIOD AB The relationship between atmospheric subseasonal variability and interannual variation of SST over the tropical Indian Ocean is examined using winds and humidity from the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis, outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), and the monthly SST analysis. The primary focus is on whether and how the subseasonal variability is related to the zonal dipole structure of SST, which peaks during boreal fall. The level of subseasonal wind activity is measured by standard deviation of bandpass-filtered zonal wind fields on the 6-30- and 30-90-day time scales. During boreal fall(Sep tember-November), the interannual variation of 6-30-day (submonthly) near-surface zonal wind activity in the central and eastern equatorial Indian Ocean is highly correlated with the large-scale zonal SST gradient. The intensity of submonthly variability is largely reduced during positive dipole years. A significant reduction of intraseasonal (30-90-day) wind activity is also evident during large dipole events. However, the correlation with the zonal SST gradient is much weaker than that of submonthly variability. The mechanism by which the Indian Ocean dipole influences equatorial submonthly winds is investigated based on a cross-correlation analysis of OLR and winds. During negative dipole years, submonthly convection is active in the southeast Indian Ocean where the anomalous convergence of surface moisture associated with dipole events is at its maximum. The submonthly convection in this region is often associated with a cyclonic circulation, and these disturbances propagate westward. Consequently, equatorial westerlies and northwesterly winds near the coast of Sumatra are generated. During positive dipole years, submonthly convective activity is highly reduced in the southeast Indian Ocean, and thus no equatorial westerly is generated. Ocean response to submonthly disturbances is examined using OGCM experiments forced with winds from the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis. Results Suggest that submonthly winds can generate significant upper-ocean response, including strong eastward surface currents near the equator and sea surface height anomalies along the coast of Sumatra where the large SST anomalies associated with dipole events are observed. C1 NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Shinoda, T (reprint author), NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM toshiaki.shinoda@noaa.gov RI Shinoda, Toshiaki/J-3745-2016 OI Shinoda, Toshiaki/0000-0003-1416-2206 NR 53 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD SEP 15 PY 2005 VL 18 IS 18 BP 3891 EP 3909 DI 10.1175/JCLI3510.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 975BI UT WOS:000232635600012 ER PT J AU Mo, KC Schemm, JK Juang, HMH Higgins, RW Song, YC AF Mo, KC Schemm, JK Juang, HMH Higgins, RW Song, YC TI Impact of model resolution on the prediction of summer precipitation over the United States and Mexico SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID NORTH-AMERICAN MONSOON; GULF-OF-CALIFORNIA; REGIONAL SPECTRAL MODEL; LOW-LEVEL JETS; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; SURGES; CLIMATE; SIMULATION; REGIME AB Summer seasonal simulations for selected years were performed using the NCEP Global Forecast System (GFS) at high (T126L28) and low (T62L28) resolutions, and the NCEP 80-km regional spectral model (RSM) nested in the T62 model outputs (RSM80/T62). All models have 28 levels in the vertical. All experiments were performed with prescribed observed sea surface temperatures to ensure that simulation errors came from model deficiencies. While the T126L28 model does not have a statistically significant advantage in simulating 500-hPa height anomalies over the Pacific North American domain, it yields better monsoon precipitation forecasts and interannual variability. The T62L28 model simulations are too dry over the Southwest and northwestern Mexico when compared to observations and do not properly capture interannual variations of monsoon rainfall. The RSM80/T62 nesting improves the overall rainfall simulations somewhat but is not able to overcome deficiencies of the T62L28 global model to capture interannual variations in monsoon precipitation. Results indicate that a high-resolution version of the global model is needed for seasonal forecasts of monsoon precipitation. Both models capture the low-level jet from the Great Plains (GPLLJ) and rainfall anomalies associated with the 1993 summer floods and the 1988 summer drought, although the simulated rainfall maxima are often weaker and shifted spatially when compared to observations. The impact of horizontal resolution is largely local and is limited to areas over the western region of North America. The T126 model is able to capture the low-level jet from the Gulf of California (GCLLJ), while the T62 model is too coarse to resolve the Gulf of California (GOC). Moisture surges along the GOC are not properly simulated by the T62 model. Overall, the T62 model simulates a very dry Southwest and a weaker monsoon. C1 NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, NWS, NCEP, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RS Informat Syst Inc, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Mo, KC (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, NWS, NCEP, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Kingtse.Mo@noaa.gov NR 32 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD SEP 15 PY 2005 VL 18 IS 18 BP 3910 EP 3927 DI 10.1175/JCLI3513.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 975BI UT WOS:000232635600013 ER PT J AU Kaka, S Pufall, MR Rippard, WH Silva, TJ Russek, SE Katine, JA AF Kaka, S Pufall, MR Rippard, WH Silva, TJ Russek, SE Katine, JA TI Mutual phase-locking of microwave spin torque nano-oscillators SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID DRIVEN; RADIATION; EMISSION; ARRAYS AB The spin torque(1,2) effect that occurs in nanometre-scale magnetic multilayer devices can be used to generate steady-state microwave signals in response to a d.c. electrical current(3-8). This establishes a new functionality for magneto-electronic structures that are more commonly used as magnetic field sensors and magnetic memory elements(9). The microwave power emitted from a single spin torque nano-oscillator (STNO) is at present typically less than 1 nW. To achieve a more useful power level ( on the order of microwatts), a device could consist of an array of phase coherent STNOs, in a manner analogous to arrays of Josephson junctions and larger semiconductor oscillators(10-12). Here we show that two STNOs in close proximity mutually phase-lock - that is, they synchronize, which is a general tendency of interacting nonlinear oscillator systems(13-15). The phase-locked state is distinct, characterized by a sudden narrowing of signal linewidth and an increase in power due to the coherence of the individual oscillators. Arrays of phase-locked STNOs could be used as nanometre-scale reference oscillators. Furthermore, phase control of array elements ( phased array) could lead to nanometre-scale directional transmitters and receivers for wireless communications. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electromagnet Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Hitachi San Jose Res Ctr, San Jose, CA 95120 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electromagnet Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM shehzu21@gmail.com RI Silva, Thomas/C-7605-2013 OI Silva, Thomas/0000-0001-8164-9642 NR 25 TC 486 Z9 497 U1 16 U2 103 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 EI 1476-4687 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD SEP 15 PY 2005 VL 437 IS 7057 BP 389 EP 392 DI 10.1038/nature04035 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 964AS UT WOS:000231849100048 PM 16163351 ER PT J AU Cisternas, M Atwater, BF Torrejon, F Sawai, Y Machuca, G Lagos, M Eipert, A Youlton, C Salgado, I Kamataki, T Shishikura, M Rajendran, CP Malik, JK Rizal, Y Husni, M AF Cisternas, M Atwater, BF Torrejon, F Sawai, Y Machuca, G Lagos, M Eipert, A Youlton, C Salgado, I Kamataki, T Shishikura, M Rajendran, CP Malik, JK Rizal, Y Husni, M TI Predecessors of the giant 1960 Chile earthquake SO NATURE LA English DT Article AB It is commonly thought that the longer the time since last earthquake, the larger the next earthquake's slip will be. But this logical predictor of earthquake size(1), unsuccessful for large earthquakes on a strike-slip fault(2), fails also with the giant 1960 Chile earthquake of magnitude 9.5 (ref. 3). Although the time since the preceding earthquake spanned 123 years (refs 4, 5), the estimated slip in 1960, which occurred on a fault between the Nazca and South American tectonic plates, equalled 250 - 350 years' worth of the plate motion(3,6-10). Thus the average interval between such giant earthquakes on this fault should span several centuries(3,9,10). Here we present evidence that such long intervals were indeed typical of the last two millennia. We use buried soils and sand layers as records of tectonic subsidence and tsunami inundation at an estuary midway along the 1960 rupture. In these records, the 1960 earthquake ended a recurrence interval that had begun almost four centuries before, with an earthquake documented by Spanish conquistadors in 1575. Two later earthquakes, in 1737 and 1837, produced little if any subsidence or tsunami at the estuary and they therefore probably left the fault partly loaded with accumulated plate motion that the 1960 earthquake then expended. C1 Pontificia Univ Catolica Valparaiso, Fac Agron, Quillota, Chile. Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Concepcion, Ctr EULA Chile, Concepcion, Chile. Univ Concepcion, Dept Ciencias Hist & Sociales, Concepcion, Chile. Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Geol Survey Japan, Act Fault Res Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan. Pontificia Univ Catolica Santiago, Inst Geog, Santiago, Chile. NOAA, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Ctr Earth Sci Studies, Thiruvananthapuram 69603, Kerala, India. Indian Inst Technol, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India. Inst Technol, Dept Geol, Bandung 40132, Indonesia. Meteorol & Geophys Agcy Indonesia, Potential Geophys Div, Jakarta 10720, Indonesia. RP Cisternas, M (reprint author), Pontificia Univ Catolica Valparaiso, Fac Agron, Casilla 4-D, Quillota, Chile. EM marco.cisternas@ucv.cl RI Rajendran, CP/F-4424-2012; Sawai, Yuki /D-3216-2013; OI Rajendran, CP/0000-0002-1477-7705; Sawai, Yuki /0000-0001-7015-4361; Youlton, Cristian/0000-0002-2369-6990 NR 22 TC 250 Z9 253 U1 17 U2 65 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD SEP 15 PY 2005 VL 437 IS 7057 BP 404 EP 407 DI 10.1038/nature03943 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 964AS UT WOS:000231849100052 PM 16163355 ER PT J AU Knappe, S Gerginov, V Schwindt, PDD Shah, V Robinson, HG Hollberg, L Kitching, J AF Knappe, S Gerginov, V Schwindt, PDD Shah, V Robinson, HG Hollberg, L Kitching, J TI Atomic vapor cells for chip-scale atomic clocks with improved long-term frequency stability SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article AB A novel technique for microfabricating alkali atom vapor cells is described in which alkali atoms are evaporated into a micromachined cell cavity through a glass nozzle. A cell of interior volume 1 mm(3), containing (87)Rb and a buffer gas, was made in this way and integrated into an atomic clock based on coherent population trapping. A fractional frequency instability of 6 x 10(-12) at 1000 s of integration was measured. The long-term drift of the F = 1, m(F) = 0 -> F = 2, m(F) = 0 hyperfine frequency of atoms in these cells is below 5 x 10(-11)/day. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. RP Knappe, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM knappe@boulder.nist.gov NR 8 TC 98 Z9 102 U1 5 U2 18 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD SEP 15 PY 2005 VL 30 IS 18 BP 2351 EP 2353 DI 10.1364/OL.30.002351 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 965QF UT WOS:000231964600001 PM 16196316 ER PT J AU Taylor, BN AF Taylor, BN TI The determination of best values of the fundamental physical constants SO PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Discussion Meeting on the Fundamental Constants of Physics, Precision Measurements and the Base Units of the SI CY FEB 14-15, 2005 CL Royal Soc, London, ENGLAND HO Royal Soc DE CODATA; 2002 CODATA recommended values of the fundamental constants; fundamental constants; data analysis; least squares; least-squares adjustments ID CODATA RECOMMENDED VALUES AB The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of how a self-consistent set of 'best values' of the fundamental physical constants for use worldwide by all of science and technology is obtained from all of the relevant data available at a given point in time. The basis of the discussion is the 2002 Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) least-squares adjustment of the values of the constants, the most recent such study available, which was carried out under the auspices of the CODATA Task group on fundamental constants. A detailed description of the 2002 CODATA adjustment, which took into account all relevant data available by 31 December 2002, plus selected data that became available by Fall of 2003, may be found in the January 2005 issue of the Reviews of Modern Physics. Although the latter publication includes the full set of CODATA recommended values of the fundamental constants resulting from the 2002 adjustment, the set is also available electronically at http://physics.nist.gov/constants. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Taylor, BN (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8401, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM barry.taylor@nist.gov NR 7 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ROYAL SOCIETY PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 1364-503X J9 PHILOS T ROY SOC A JI Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A-Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. PD SEP 15 PY 2005 VL 363 IS 1834 BP 2105 EP 2122 DI 10.1098/rsta.2005.1644 PG 18 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 967PT UT WOS:000232104400003 PM 16147500 ER PT J AU Mohr, PJ AF Mohr, PJ TI The fundamental constants and theory SO PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Discussion Meeting on the Fundamental Constants of Physics, Precision Measurements and the Base Units of the SI CY FEB 14-15, 2005 CL Royal Soc, London, ENGLAND HO Royal Soc DE fundamental constants; quantum electrodynamics; least-squares adjustment ID CODATA RECOMMENDED VALUES; PHYSICAL CONSTANTS; OXYGEN O-16(7+); ELECTRON; FREQUENCY AB The Committee on Data for Science and Technology has recently recommended a new self-consistent set of values of basic constants and conversion factors of physics and chemistry. These values are based on a least-squares analysis that takes into account all of the latest relevant experimental and theoretical information in a consistent framework. Theory plays a role, because the experimental data are compared to the corresponding theoretical predictions which are functions of the fundamental constants. The best values of the constants are taken to be those that give the best agreement between the data and these predictions, in the least-squares sense. An overview of the calculations that influence the recommended values of the constants will be given. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mohr, PJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mohr@nist.gov NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROYAL SOCIETY PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 1364-503X J9 PHILOS T ROY SOC A JI Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A-Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. PD SEP 15 PY 2005 VL 363 IS 1834 BP 2123 EP 2137 DI 10.1098/rsta.2005.1641 PG 15 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 967PT UT WOS:000232104400004 PM 16147501 ER PT J AU Dunningham, J Burnett, K Phillips, WD AF Dunningham, J Burnett, K Phillips, WD TI Bose-Einstein condensates and precision measurements SO PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Discussion Meeting on the Fundamental Constants of Physics, Precision Measurements and the Base Units of the SI CY FEB 14-15, 2005 CL Royal Soc, London, ENGLAND HO Royal Soc DE Bose-Einstein condensate; interferometer; squeezing ID ATOMIC INTERFEROMETRY; PHOTON RECOIL; TRANSITION; SUPERFLUID; INSULATOR; GAS AB An ongoing challenge in physics is to make increasingly accurate measurements of physical quantities. Bose-Einstein condensates in atomic gases are ideal candidates for use in precision measurement schemes since they are extremely cold and have laser-like coherence properties. In this paper, we review these two attributes and discuss how they could be exploited to improve the resolution in a range of different measurements. C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Clarendon Lab, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Burnett, K (reprint author), Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Clarendon Lab, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. EM k.burnett1@physics.oxford.ac.uk NR 19 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 6 PU ROYAL SOCIETY PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 1364-503X J9 PHILOS T ROY SOC A JI Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A-Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. PD SEP 15 PY 2005 VL 363 IS 1834 BP 2165 EP 2175 DI 10.1098/rsta.2005.1636 PG 11 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 967PT UT WOS:000232104400007 PM 16147504 ER PT J AU Barlage, M Zeng, XB Wei, HL Mitchell, KE AF Barlage, M Zeng, XB Wei, HL Mitchell, KE TI A global 0.05 degrees maximum albedo dataset of snow-covered land based on MODIS observations SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID BOREAL FORESTS; SURFACE ALBEDO; IMPACT AB A new global 0.05 degrees maximum albedo for snow-covered land is developed from BRDF/Albedo, reflectance and land cover measured from the MODIS sensor on board the Terra and Aqua satellites. The dataset is similar to previous maximum snow albedo datasets, but is available at higher resolution. The dataset displays: (1) high albedo at very high latitudes with tundra and open shrub land cover; (2) a local minimum (0.35) in zonally-averaged albedo at 56-60 degrees N due to boreal forest cover; and (3) a local maximum (0.70) in zonally-averaged albedo at 42-45 degrees N due to crop and grassland. The dataset is tested in the Noah land model at 0.125 degrees resolution as used in the North American Land Data Assimilation System. Compared with the original data, the new dataset increases the spatial heterogeneity in the Noah model during winter and produces surface energy component differences of 10 W/m(2) during the snowmelt period. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Atmospher Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Environm Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Barlage, M (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Atmospher Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM barlage@atmo.arizona.edu NR 13 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 14 PY 2005 VL 32 IS 17 AR L17405 DI 10.1029/2005GL022881 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 967RX UT WOS:000232110000001 ER PT J AU Zhou, LX Conway, TJ White, JWC Mukai, H Zhang, XC Wen, YP Li, JL MacClune, K AF Zhou, LX Conway, TJ White, JWC Mukai, H Zhang, XC Wen, YP Li, JL MacClune, K TI Long-term record of atmospheric CO2 and stable isotopic ratios at Waliguan Observatory: Background features and possible drivers, 1991-2002 SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID AIR-SAMPLING-NETWORK; TERRESTRIAL CARBON UPTAKE; LATITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; 3-DIMENSIONAL SYNTHESIS; DELTA-C-13 MEASUREMENTS; SECULAR VARIATIONS; TRANSPORT MODEL; MAUNA-LOA; DIOXIDE AB This paper describes background characteristics of atmospheric CO2 and stable isotopic ratios (delta(13)C and delta(18)O) as well as their possible drivers at Waliguan Baseline Observatory (WLG) (36 degrees 17'N, 100 degrees 54'E, 3816 m above sea level) in the inland plateau of western China. The study is based on observational CO2 data (NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory discrete and WLG continuous measurements) obtained at WLG for the period from May 1991 to December 2002. Over this period the change in monthly means is similar to+ 16 ppm for CO2, similar to-0.2% for delta(13)C, and similar to-0.5% for delta(18)O. The overall increase of CO2 and subsequent decline of delta(13)C, with a Delta delta(13)C/Delta CO2 ratio (-0.011 +/- 0.105)% ppm(-1) at WLG, reflect the persistent worldwide influence of fossil fuel emissions. The negative secular trend of delta(18)O at WLG is probably due to vigorous O-18 exchange with soils in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) and conversion from C-3 to C-4 plants via land use change. The CO2, delta(13)C, and delta(18)O mean annual cycles with peak-to-peak annual amplitudes of similar to 10.5 ppm, similar to 0.499%, and similar to 0.819%, respectively, at WLG show typical middle-to-high NH continental features that correspond to the seasonal cycle of the terrestrial biosphere. The significant CO2 and delta(13)C interannual variability at WLG is very likely caused by worldwide climate anomalies and associated regional fluctuation in biospheric CO2 uptake in the Asian inland plateau as well as long-range air mass transport. The results of this study help to provide a basic understanding of the individual sources and sinks of carbon in this area and help us to better address the role of the Asian inland terrestrial biosphere in the global carbon cycle. C1 Chinese Acad Meteorol Sci, China Meteorol Adm, Ctr Atmosphere Watch & Serv, Key Lab Atmospher Chem, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Environm Studies, Ctr Global Environm Res, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan. Peking Univ, Sch Environm Sci, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China. RP Zhou, LX (reprint author), Chinese Acad Meteorol Sci, China Meteorol Adm, Ctr Atmosphere Watch & Serv, Key Lab Atmospher Chem, 46 Zhong Guan Cun S St, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. EM zhoulx@cams.cma.gov.cn RI White, James/A-7845-2009 OI White, James/0000-0001-6041-4684 NR 57 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD SEP 14 PY 2005 VL 19 IS 3 AR GB3021 DI 10.1029/2004GB002430 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 967SD UT WOS:000232110600002 ER PT J AU Carr, LD Holland, MJ Malomed, BA AF Carr, LD Holland, MJ Malomed, BA TI Macroscopic quantum tunnelling of Bose-Einstein condensates in a finite potential well SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID NONLINEAR SCHRODINGER-EQUATION; FESHBACH RESONANCES; ATTRACTIVE INTERACTIONS; TRAPPED GASES; ATOMS; DYNAMICS; SOLITONS; COLLAPSE; STATES AB Bose-Einstein condensates are studied in a potential of finite depth which supports both bound and quasi-bound states. This potential, which is harmonic for small radii and decays as a Gaussian for large radii, models experimentally relevant optical traps. The nonlinearity, which is proportional to both the number of atoms and the interaction strength, can transform bound states into quasi-bound ones. The latter have a finite lifetime due to tunnelling through the barriers at the borders of the well. We predict the lifetime and stability properties for repulsive and attractive condensates in one, two and three dimensions, for both the ground state and excited soliton and vortex states. We show, via a combination of the variational and WKB approximations, that macroscopic quantum tunnelling in such systems can be observed on time scales of 10 ms to 10 s. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Tel Aviv Univ, Fac Engn, Dept Interdisciplinary Studies, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. RP Carr, LD (reprint author), Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Phys, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RI Carr, Lincoln/E-3819-2016 OI Carr, Lincoln/0000-0002-4848-7941 NR 45 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 5 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-4075 EI 1361-6455 J9 J PHYS B-AT MOL OPT JI J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys. PD SEP 14 PY 2005 VL 38 IS 17 BP 3217 EP 3231 DI 10.1088/0953-4075/38/17/012 PG 15 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 972VN UT WOS:000232481400014 ER PT J AU Aguilar, A Smith, TB Wayne, RK AF Aguilar, A Smith, TB Wayne, RK TI A comparison of variation between a MHC pseudogene and microsatellite loci of the little greenbul (Andropadus virens) SO BMC EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POPULATION-STRUCTURE; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; SEQUENCE VARIATION; FINITE POPULATION; NATURAL-SELECTION; MARBLED MURRELETS; DNA POLYMORPHISM; NUCLEAR-DNA; MITOCHONDRIAL; EVOLUTION AB Background: We investigated genetic variation of a major histcompatibility complex (MHC) pseudogene (Anvi-DAB1) in the little greenbul (Andropadus virens) from four localities in Cameroon and one in Ivory Coast, West Africa. Previous microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA analyses had revealed little or no genetic differentiation among Cameroon localities but significant differentiation between localities in Cameroon and Ivory Coast. Results: Levels of genetic variation, heterozygosity, and allelic diversity were high for the MHC pseudogene in Cameroon. Nucleotide diversity of the MHC pseudogene in Cameroon and Ivory Coast was comparable to levels observed in other avian species that have been studied for variation in nuclear genes. An excess of rare variants for the MHC pseudogene was found in the Cameroon population, but this excess was not statistically significant. Pairwise measures of population differentiation revealed high divergence between Cameroon and Ivory Coast for microsatellites and the MHC locus, although for the latter distance measures were much higher than the comparable microsatellite distances. Conclusion: We provide the first ever comparison of variation in a putative MHC pseudogene to variation in neutral loci in a passerine bird. Our results are consistence with the action of neutral processes on the pseudogene and suggest they can provide an independent perspective on demographic history and population substructure. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Environm, Ctr Trop Res, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ocean Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Aguilar, A (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM andres.aguilar@noaa.gov; tbsmith@ucla.edu; rwayne@ucla.edu NR 46 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 9 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD PI LONDON PA MIDDLESEX HOUSE, 34-42 CLEVELAND ST, LONDON W1T 4LB, ENGLAND SN 1471-2148 J9 BMC EVOL BIOL JI BMC Evol. Biol. PD SEP 13 PY 2005 VL 5 AR 47 DI 10.1186/1471-2148-5-47 PG 7 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 973LD UT WOS:000232523200001 PM 16159389 ER PT J AU Freidenreich, SM Ramaswamy, V AF Freidenreich, SM Ramaswamy, V TI Refinement of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory solar benchmark computations and an improved parameterization for climate models SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPIC DATABASE; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; WATER-VAPOR; ATMOSPHERIC FLUXES; COOLING RATES; ABSORPTION; EDITION; CLOUDS; IMPACT AB [1] A recent intercomparison study of solar radiative transfer models has revealed a notable difference (5%) in the total spectrum column absorptance, for a specified clear-sky atmospheric profile, between two principal line-by-line benchmark results ( namely, the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) and the Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. models). We resolve this discrepancy by performing a series of "benchmark'' computations which show that the water vapor continuum formulation, spectral line information, and spectral distribution of the solar irradiance at the top of the atmosphere are key factors. Accounting for these considerations reduces the difference between the two benchmarks to less than 1%. The analysis establishes a high level of confidence in the use of benchmark calculations for developing and testing solar radiation parameterizations in weather and climate models. The magnitude of the change in absorption in the newer GFDL benchmark computations, associated with the use of a more recent spectral line catalog and inclusion of the water vapor continuum, has also necessitated revising the solar parameterization used in the operational GFDL general circulation model (GCM). When compared with the newer reference computation, the older parameterization shows an underestimate of the clear-sky heating rate throughout the atmosphere, with the error in the atmospheric solar absorbed flux being about 20 W m(-2) for a midlatitude summer atmosphere and overhead Sun. In contrast, the new parameterization improves the representation of the solar absorption and reduces the bias to about 5 W m(-2). Another important feature of the new parameterization is a nearly 50% reduction in the number of pseudomonochromatic columnar calculations compared to the older formulation, with only relatively small increases in the biases in absorption for cloudy layers. This yields a reduction of about 10% in the GCM computational time. The effect of the new parameterization on the simulated temperature in the new operational GFDL climate GCM is also examined. There is an increased solar heating; this yields temperature increases exceeding 1 K in the lower stratosphere. C1 NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Freidenreich, SM (reprint author), NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM stuart.freidenreich@noaa.gov NR 22 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 13 PY 2005 VL 110 IS D17 AR D17105 DI 10.1029/2004JD005471 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 967SF UT WOS:000232110800001 ER PT J AU Murakami, M Chang, KS Aronova, MA Lin, CL Yu, MH Simpers, JH Wuttig, M Takeuchi, I Gao, C Hu, B Lofland, SE Knauss, LA Bendersky, LA AF Murakami, M Chang, KS Aronova, MA Lin, CL Yu, MH Simpers, JH Wuttig, M Takeuchi, I Gao, C Hu, B Lofland, SE Knauss, LA Bendersky, LA TI Tunable multiferroic properties in nanocomposite PbTiO3-CoFe2O4 epitaxial thin films SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LAMINATE COMPOSITES; PHASE-TRANSITION; MICROSCOPY; FERROELECTRICITY; DOMAINS AB We report on the synthesis of PbTiO3-CoFe2O4 multiferroic nanocomposites and continuous tuning of their ferroelectric and magnetic properties as a function of the average composition on thin-film composition spreads. The highest dielectric constant and nonlinear dielectric signal was observed at (PbTiO3)(85)-(CoFe2O4)(15), where robust magnetism was also observed. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a pancake-shaped epitaxial nanostructure of PbTiO3 on the order of 30 nm embedded in the matrix of CoFe2O4 at this composition. Composition dependent ferroics properties observed here indicate that there is considerable interdiffusion of cations into each other. (c) 2005 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Supercond Res, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Sci & Technol China, Natl Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Hefei 230029, Anhui, Peoples R China. Univ Sci & Technol China, Struct Res Lab, Hefei 230029, Anhui, Peoples R China. Rowan Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Glassboro, NJ 08028 USA. Neocera Inc, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Murakami, M (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM takeuchi@umd.edu RI 高, 琛/F-7537-2010 NR 25 TC 44 Z9 50 U1 3 U2 34 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD SEP 12 PY 2005 VL 87 IS 11 AR 112901 DI 10.1063/1.2041825 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 963KC UT WOS:000231802200041 ER PT J AU Churnside, JH Thorne, RE AF Churnside, JH Thorne, RE TI Comparison of airborne lidar measurements with 420 kHz echo-sounder measurements of zooplankton SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-GORBUSCHA; FISH SCHOOLS; BACKSCATTERING; SCATTERING; ALASKA AB Airborne lidar has the potential to survey large areas quickly and at a low cost per kilometer along a survey line. For this reason, we investigated the performance of an airborne lidar for surveys of zooplankton. In particular, we compared the lidar returns with echo-sounder measurements of zooplankton in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Data from eight regions of the Sound were compared, and the correlation between the two methods was 0.78. To obtain this level of agreement, a threshold was applied to the lidar return to remove the effects of scattering from phytoplankton. (c) 2005 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Prince William Sound Sci Ctr, Cordova, AK 99574 USA. RP Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM james.h.churnside@noaa.gov RI Churnside, James/H-4873-2013 NR 26 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD SEP 10 PY 2005 VL 44 IS 26 BP 5504 EP 5511 DI 10.1364/AO.44.005504 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA 963GG UT WOS:000231791300021 PM 16161666 ER PT J AU Balasubramaniam, KS Pevtsov, AA Neidig, DF Cliver, EW Thompson, BJ Young, CA Martin, SF Kiplinger, A AF Balasubramaniam, KS Pevtsov, AA Neidig, DF Cliver, EW Thompson, BJ Young, CA Martin, SF Kiplinger, A TI Sequential chromospheric brightenings beneath a transequatorial halo coronal mass ejection SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE stars : activity; stars : magnetic fields; Sun : activity; Sun : coronal mass ejections ( CMEs); Sun : flares; Sun : magnetic fields; Sun : photosphere; sunspots ID SOLAR-FLARE WAVES; SOHO/EIT OBSERVATIONS; MORETON WAVES; LOOPS; EIT; MULTIWAVELENGTH; OSCILLATIONS AB Analyses of multiwavelength data sets for a solar eruption at similar to 21: 30 UT on 2002 December 19 show evidence for the disappearance of a large-scale, transequatorial coronal loop ( TL). In addition, coronal manifestations of the eruption ( based on SOHO EIT and LASCO images) include large-scale coronal dimming, flares in each associated active region in the northern and southern hemispheres, and a halo CME. We present detailed observations of the chromospheric aspects of this event based on H alpha images obtained with the ISOON telescope. The ISOON images reveal distant flare precursor brightenings, sympathetic flares, and, of most interest herein, four nearly cospatial propagating chromospheric brightenings. The speeds of the propagating disturbances causing these brightenings are 600 - 800 km s(-1). The inferred propagating disturbances have some of the characteristics of H alpha and EIT flare waves ( e. g., speed, apparent emanation from the flare site, subsequent filament activation). However, they differ from typical H alpha chromospheric flare waves ( also known as Moreton waves) because of their absence in off-band H alpha images, small angular arc of propagation (< 30 degrees), and their multiplicity. Three of the four propagating disturbances consist of a series of sequential chromospheric brightenings of network points that suddenly brighten in the area beneath the TL that disappeared earlier. SOHO MDI magnetograms show that the successively brightened points that define the inferred propagating disturbances were exclusively of one polarity, corresponding to the dominant polarity of the affected region. We speculate that the sequential chromospheric brightenings represent footpoints of field lines that extend into the corona, where they are energized in sequence by magnetic reconnection as coronal fields tear away from the chromosphere during the eruption of the transequatorial CME. We report briefly on three other events with similar narrow propagating disturbances that were confined to a single hemisphere. C1 Natl Solar Observ, Sunspot, NM 88349 USA. AFRL Space Vehicle Directorate, Space Weather Ctr Excellence, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Helio Res, La Crescenta, CA 91214 USA. Univ Colorado, Ctr Integrated Plasma Studies, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Balasubramaniam, KS (reprint author), Natl Solar Observ, Sunspot, NM 88349 USA. EM bala@nso.edu; apevtsov@nso.edu RI Thompson, Barbara/C-9429-2012; OI Balasubramaniam, Krishnan/0000-0003-2221-0933; Pevtsov, Alexei/0000-0003-0489-0920 NR 34 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD SEP 10 PY 2005 VL 630 IS 2 BP 1160 EP 1167 DI 10.1086/432030 PN 1 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 961LR UT WOS:000231664400045 ER PT J AU Gupta, AK Das, M Anderson, DM AF Gupta, AK Das, M Anderson, DM TI Solar influence on the Indian summer monsoon during the Holocene SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PALEOCLIMATIC TIME-SERIES; ASIAN SOUTHWEST MONSOON; NORTH-ATLANTIC CLIMATE; OCEAN; VARIABILITY; OMAN; SEA; HEMISPHERE; ATMOSPHERE; MINIMUM AB The large (8%) changes in the past seasonal insolation have a well-documented influence on the Indian summer monsoon. However, the effect of the small (<1%) decade to century scale solar variability is less certain. Evidence is emerging that Earth's climate is sensitive to small changes in solar output on centennial time scale during the Holocene. Comparison of a recently published proxy record for sunspot activity with our newly-revised higher-resolution record of the Indian summer monsoon winds reveals multiple intervals of weak summer monsoon during the Holocene at multidecadal to centennial scales. Weak summer monsoon winds correlate with reduced solar output. Our results suggest that small changes in solar irradiance can bring pronounced changes in the tropical monsoon. The multidecade to century scale variations in the monsoon winds were much larger in the early Holocene coincident with increased sunspot numbers. C1 Indian Inst Technol, Dept Geol & Geophys, Kharagpur 721302, W Bengal, India. NOAA Paleoclimatol Program, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Gupta, AK (reprint author), Indian Inst Technol, Dept Geol & Geophys, Kharagpur 721302, W Bengal, India. EM anilg@gg.iitkgp.ernet.in RI anderson, david/E-6416-2011 NR 34 TC 57 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 20 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 10 PY 2005 VL 32 IS 17 AR L17703 DI 10.1029/2005GL022685 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 963TA UT WOS:000231827600001 ER PT J AU Gao, ST Cui, XP Zhou, YS Li, XF Tao, WK AF Gao, ST Cui, XP Zhou, YS Li, XF Tao, WK TI A modeling study of moist and dynamic vorticity vectors associated with two-dimensional tropical convection SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID POTENTIAL VORTICITY; FRONTAL RAINBANDS; CLOUD SYSTEMS; PHASE-III; EXTRATROPICAL CYCLONES; MICROSCALE STRUCTURE; MESOSCALE PROCESSES; SURFACE PROCESSES; TOGA COARE; PART II AB [1] Moist ((xi) over right arrow x del q(v)/rho, MVV) and dynamic ((xi) over right arrow x (V) over right arrow/rho, DVV) vorticity vectors are introduced to study 2-D tropical convection with 2-D cloud-resolving simulation data. The cloud model is forced by vertical velocity, zonal wind, horizontal advection, and sea surface temperature data obtained from TOGA COARE and is integrated for a selected 10-day period. The MVV and DVV have zonal and vertical components in the 2-D x-z frame. Analysis of zonally averaged and mass-integrated quantities shows that the vertical ( zonal) component of the MVV and the sum of the cloud hydrometeor mixing ratios are in phase with a correlation coefficient of 0.78 (0.32), and the vertical ( zonal) component of the DVV and the sum of the mixing ratios are in ( out of) phase with a correlation coefficient of 0.52 ( - 0.62), indicating that the vertical component of the MVV and both zonal and vertical component of the DVV are closely associated with tropical convection. The tendency equations for the MVV and DVV are derived, and the zonally averaged and mass-integrated tendency budgets are analyzed. The tendency of the vertical component of the MVV is mainly determined by the interaction between the vorticity and the zonal gradient of condensational/depositional heating. The tendency of the zonal component of the DVV is controlled by the interaction between the vorticity, buoyancy, and vertical pressure gradient, whereas the tendency of the vertical component is determined by the interaction between the vorticity and zonal pressure gradient. C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Lab Cloud Precipitat Phys & Severe Storms, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Lab Cloud Precipitat Phys & Severe Storms, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. EM gst@lasg.iap.ac.cn RI Li, Xiaofan/F-5605-2010; Li, Xiaofan/G-2094-2014 NR 45 TC 77 Z9 94 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 10 PY 2005 VL 110 IS D17 AR D17104 DI 10.1029/2004JD005675 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 963TF UT WOS:000231828100003 ER PT J AU Jiang, CL Cronin, MF Kelly, KA Thompson, L AF Jiang, CL Cronin, MF Kelly, KA Thompson, L TI Evaluation of a hybrid satellite- and NWP-based turbulent heat flux product using Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean (TAO) buoys SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; BULK PARAMETERIZATION; WIND STRESS; IN-SITU; RESPONSE EXPERIMENT; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; SCATTEROMETER DATA; ATLANTIC; RAIN; UNCERTAINTIES AB Gridded hybrid turbulent heat flux fields were created by applying the state- of- the- art Coupled Ocean- Atmosphere Response Experiment ( COARE) version 3.0 bulk algorithm to state variables ( sea surface temperature, winds relative to currents, air temperature, and air specific humidity) derived from either numerical weather prediction ( NWP) reanalysis ( National Centers for Environmental Prediction - National Center for Atmospheric Research ( NCEP- NCAR) reanalysis ( NCEP1), NCEP reanalysis- 2 ( NCEP2), and 40- year European Centre for Medium- Range Weather Forecasts ( ECMWF) reanalysis ( ERA40)) or satellite sensors ( QuikSCAT winds and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission ( TRMM) Microwave Imager microwave sea surface temperature). The most accurate source for each state variable was determined by comparing variables to tropical Pacific Tropical Atmosphere- Ocean ( TAO) buoy observations for the years 2000 - 2001. The selected sources were as follows: QuikSCAT for winds relative to currents, ERA40 for air temperature and specific humidity, and TRMM Microwave Imager fusion product for sea surface temperature. Errors in latent and sensible heat fluxes to state variables were analyzed. Specific humidity errors contributed the most to errors in latent heat flux ( LHF). Overall, the hybrid LHF product had a bias of - 5.8 W m(-2) and a standard deviation of difference of 16.2 W m(-2), which is comparable to the accuracy of LHF derived from TAO measurements. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. RP Jiang, CL (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Box 357940, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM chuanlij@ocean.washington.edu NR 33 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD SEP 9 PY 2005 VL 110 IS C9 AR C09007 DI 10.1029/2004JC002824 PG 15 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 963TJ UT WOS:000231828500004 ER PT J AU Liu, L Chen, SH Faraone, A Yen, CW Mou, CY AF Liu, L Chen, SH Faraone, A Yen, CW Mou, CY TI Pressure dependence of fragile-to-strong transition and a possible second critical point in supercooled confined water SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID STRONG LIQUID TRANSITION; GLASSY WATER; SPECTROMETER; RELAXATION; DYNAMICS; SEEDS; MODEL; NIST AB By confining water in nanopores of silica glass, we can bypass the crystallization and study the pressure effect on the dynamical behavior in deeply supercooled state using neutron scattering. We observe a clear evidence of a cusplike fragile-to-strong (FS) dynamic transition. Here we show that the transition temperature decreases steadily with an increasing pressure, until it intersects the homogenous nucleation temperature line of bulk water at a pressure of 1600 bar. Above this pressure, it is no longer possible to discern the characteristic feature of the FS transition. Identification of this end point with the possible second critical point is discussed. C1 MIT, Dept Nucl Sci & Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Chem, Taipei 106, Taiwan. RP MIT, Dept Nucl Sci & Engn, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM sowhsin@mit.edu NR 28 TC 322 Z9 324 U1 6 U2 60 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 EI 1079-7114 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD SEP 9 PY 2005 VL 95 IS 11 AR 117802 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.117802 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 963KA UT WOS:000231802000071 PM 16197049 ER PT J AU Nakatsuji, S Nambu, Y Tonomura, H Sakai, O Jonas, S Broholm, C Tsunetsugu, H Qiu, YM Maeno, Y AF Nakatsuji, S Nambu, Y Tonomura, H Sakai, O Jonas, S Broholm, C Tsunetsugu, H Qiu, YM Maeno, Y TI Spin disorder on a triangular lattice SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID HEISENBERG-ANTIFERROMAGNET; KAGOME ANTIFERROMAGNET; PHASE-TRANSITION; NEEL ORDER; FRUSTRATION; INSULATOR; MODEL AB As liquids crystallize into solids on cooling, spins in magnets generally form periodic order. However, three decades ago, it was theoretically proposed that spins on a triangular lattice form a liquidlike disordered state at low temperatures. Whether or not a spin liquid is stabilized by geometrical frustration has remained an active point of inquiry ever since. Our thermodynamic and neutron measurements on NiGa2S4, a rare example of a two-dimensional triangular lattice antiferromagnet, demonstrate that geometrical frustration stabilizes a low-temperature spin-disordered state with coherence beyond the two-spin correlation length. Spin liquid formation may be an origin of such behavior. C1 Kyoto Univ, Dept Phys, Kyoto 6068502, Japan. Kyoto Univ, Yukawa Inst Theoret Phys, Kyoto 6068502, Japan. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Kyoto Univ, Int Innovat Ctr, Kyoto 6068501, Japan. RP Nakatsuji, S (reprint author), Kyoto Univ, Dept Phys, Kyoto 6068502, Japan. EM nakatsuji@scphys.kyoto-u.ac.jp RI Broholm, Collin/E-8228-2011; Nambu, Yusuke/C-3863-2012 OI Broholm, Collin/0000-0002-1569-9892; Nambu, Yusuke/0000-0003-1167-7124 NR 25 TC 285 Z9 285 U1 9 U2 93 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD SEP 9 PY 2005 VL 309 IS 5741 BP 1697 EP 1700 DI 10.1126/science.1114727 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 963WK UT WOS:000231836700036 PM 16151004 ER PT J AU Ferretti, DF Miller, JB White, JWC Etheridge, DM Lassey, KR Lowe, DC Meure, CMM Dreier, MF Trudinger, CM van Ommen, TD Langenfelds, RL AF Ferretti, DF Miller, JB White, JWC Etheridge, DM Lassey, KR Lowe, DC Meure, CMM Dreier, MF Trudinger, CM van Ommen, TD Langenfelds, RL TI Unexpected changes to the global methane budget over the past 2000 years SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ANTARCTIC FIRN AIR; ATMOSPHERIC METHANE; ANTHROPOGENIC EMISSIONS; ICE CORE; HISTORY; DELTA-C-13; RESOLUTION; RAINFALL; DROUGHT; CLIMATE AB We report a 2000-year Antarctic ice-core record of stable carbon isotope measurements in atmospheric methane (delta(CH4)-C-13). Large delta(CH4)-C-13 variations indicate that the methane budget varied unexpectedly during the late preindustrial Holocene (circa 0 to 1700 A.D.). During the first thousand years (0 to 1000 A.D.), delta(CH4)-C-13 was at least 2 per mil enriched compared to expected values, and during the following 700 years, an about 2 per mil depletion occurred. Our modeled methane source partitioning implies that biomass burning emissions were high from 0 to 1000 A.D. but reduced by almost similar to 40% over the next 700 years. We suggest that both human activities and natural climate change influenced preindustrial biomass burning emissions and that these emissions have been previously understated in late preindustrial Holocene methane budget research. C1 Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res Ltd, Wellington, New Zealand. NOAA, RCMDL1, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. CSIRO, Aspendale, Vic 3195, Australia. Australian Antarctic Div, Dept Environm & Heritage, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. Antarctic Climate & Ecosyst CRC, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. RP Ferretti, DF (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM d.ferretti@niwa.co.nz RI Trudinger, Cathy/A-2532-2008; White, James/A-7845-2009; Langenfelds, Raymond/B-5381-2012; van Ommen, Tas/B-5020-2012; Etheridge, David/B-7334-2013 OI Trudinger, Cathy/0000-0002-4844-2153; White, James/0000-0001-6041-4684; van Ommen, Tas/0000-0002-2463-1718; NR 32 TC 140 Z9 147 U1 5 U2 57 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 EI 1095-9203 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD SEP 9 PY 2005 VL 309 IS 5741 BP 1714 EP 1717 DI 10.1126/science.1115193 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 963WK UT WOS:000231836700041 PM 16151008 ER PT J AU Huang, XL Soden, BJ Jackson, DL AF Huang, XL Soden, BJ Jackson, DL TI Interannual co-variability of tropical temperature and humidity: A comparison of model, reanalysis data and satellite observation SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID UPPER-TROPOSPHERIC HUMIDITY; WATER-VAPOR; TRENDS AB We use a 20-year record of HIRS radiance measurements to evaluate the fidelity of interannual co-variability of tropical humidity and temperature in the reanalyses and GFDL AM2 simulations. Large inconsistencies between the NCEP and ECMWF reanalyses are found as are disagreements between the reanalyses and AM2 simulations. The largest discrepancies occur in the middle and upper troposphere where the NCEP and ECMWF tropical-mean relative humidity anomalies are found to be negatively correlated. When compared to HIRS dataset, NCEP is found to have unrealistically large interannual variablity in both the upper (6.7 mu m) and middle (7.3 mu m) tropospheric humidity channels. The radiance anomalies simulated from AM2 model output are shown to agree well with those observed by HIRS. These results support the validity of the strong coupling between temperature and humidity variations simulated in the GFDL AM2 and highlight the need to improve the representation of interannual variations of humidity in the reanalyses. C1 Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Huang, XL (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM xianglei.huang@noaa.gov RI Huang, Xianglei/G-6127-2011; Jackson, Darren/D-5506-2015 OI Huang, Xianglei/0000-0002-7129-614X; Jackson, Darren/0000-0001-5211-7866 NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 8 PY 2005 VL 32 IS 17 AR L17808 DI 10.1029/2005GL023375 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 963SY UT WOS:000231827400001 ER PT J AU Maruyama, N Richmond, AD Fuller-Rowell, TJ Codrescu, MV Sazykin, S Toffoletto, FR Spiro, RW Millward, GH AF Maruyama, N Richmond, AD Fuller-Rowell, TJ Codrescu, MV Sazykin, S Toffoletto, FR Spiro, RW Millward, GH TI Interaction between direct penetration and disturbance dynamo electric fields in the storm-time equatorial ionosphere SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID THERMOSPHERE MODEL; MAGNETOSPHERE; POTENTIALS; SHEET AB The direct penetration of the high-latitude electric field to lower latitudes, and the disturbance dynamo, both play a significant role in restructuring the storm-time equatorial ionosphere and thermosphere. Although the fundamental mechanisms generating each component of the disturbance electric field are well understood, it is difficult to identify the contribution from each source in a particular observation. In order to investigate the relative contributions of the two processes, their interactions, and their impact on the equatorial ionosphere and thermosphere, the response to the March 31, 2001, storm has been modeled using the Rice Convection Model (RCM) and the Coupled Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Plasmasphere- Electrodynamics (CTIPe) model. The mid- and low-latitude electric fields from RCM have been imposed as a driver of CTIPe, in addition to the high latitude magnetospheric sources of ion convection and auroral precipitation. The high latitude sources force the global storm-time wind fields, which act as the driver of the disturbance dynamo electric fields. The magnitudes of the two sources of storm-time equatorial electric field are compared for the March 2001 storm period. During daytime, and at the early stage of the storm, the penetration electric field is dominant; while at night, the penetration and disturbance dynamo effects are comparable. Both sources are sufficient to cause significant restructuring of the low latitude ionosphere. Our results also demonstrate that the mid- and low-latitude conductivity and neutral wind changes initiated by the direct penetration electric field preferentially at night are sufficient to alter the subsequent development of the disturbance dynamo. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, High Altitude Observ, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Houston, TX 77005 USA. UCL, Atmospher Phys Lab, London W1W 7EJ, England. RP Maruyama, N (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, High Altitude Observ, 3450 Mitchell Lane, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. EM naomi@ucar.edu; richmond@ucar.edu; tim.fuller-rowell@noaa.gov; mihail.codrescu@noaa.gov; sazykin@rice.edu; toffo@rice.edu; spiro@rice.edu; george@apl.ucl.ac.uk RI Sazykin, Stanislav/C-3775-2008 OI Sazykin, Stanislav/0000-0002-9401-4248 NR 21 TC 111 Z9 112 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 8 PY 2005 VL 32 IS 17 AR L17105 DI 10.1029/2005GL023763 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 963SY UT WOS:000231827400005 ER PT J AU Tohjima, Y Mukai, H Machida, T Nojiri, Y Gloor, M AF Tohjima, Y Mukai, H Machida, T Nojiri, Y Gloor, M TI First measurements of the latitudinal atmospheric O-2 and CO2 distributions across the western Pacific SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; O-2/N-2 RATIO; OXYGEN; OCEAN; CYCLE AB We examine the latitudinal distribution of the tracer "atmospheric potential oxygen'' APO = O-2 + 1.1 x CO2 between 40 degrees S and 50 degrees N using new atmospheric CO2 and O-2 measurements from flask samples collected onboard cargo ships between Japan and the United States, and Japan and Australia ( or New Zealand) during the period from December 2001 to August 2004. Because APO is unaltered during photosynthesis and respiration by land vegetation, its atmospheric distribution is tightly linked to the air-sea gas exchange of O-2 and CO2 and the underlying processes. We find that the seasonal amplitude of APO increases towards high latitudes in both hemispheres and its minimum is located approximately 10-degree north of the equator. The latitudinal distribution of annual mean APO shows a maximum in the tropics, confirming the recent coupled ocean-atmosphere model predictions for this region. C1 Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058506, Japan. Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. RP Tohjima, Y (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058506, Japan. EM tohjima@nies.go.jp RI Nojiri, Yukihiro/D-1999-2010; Tohjima, Yasunori/F-9975-2016 OI Nojiri, Yukihiro/0000-0001-9885-9195; NR 12 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 7 PY 2005 VL 32 IS 17 AR L17805 DI 10.1029/2005GL023311 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 963SX UT WOS:000231827300005 ER PT J AU Lee, SK Enfield, DB Wang, C AF Lee, SK Enfield, DB Wang, C TI Ocean general circulation model sensitivity experiments on the annual cycle of Western Hemisphere Warm Pool SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; TROPICAL ATLANTIC-OCEAN; MONTHLY MEAN DATA; BULK PARAMETERIZATION; MIXED-LAYER; VERTICAL DIFFUSIVITIES; EQUATORIAL ATLANTIC; SEASONAL CYCLE; BOUNDARY-LAYER; NORTH-ATLANTIC AB [1] A series of ocean general circulation (OGCM) model experiments is carried out using a hybrid coordinate ocean model (HYCOM) to determine the annual cycle of Western Hemisphere Warm Pool (WHWP) heat budget and to assess the appropriateness of commonly used surface flux data sets in driving HYCOM simulations of the WHWP. Among the eight surface heat flux data sets addressed in this study, we find that the simulated SST is closest to the observations when the Southampton constrained (SHC) heat flux data are used, consistent with the conclusion of the data-based study of Enfield and Lee ( 2005). However, the modeled thermocline water is warmer and its stratification is weaker than observed regardless of the surface heat flux data used, possibly because of the low vertical resolution of the model used in this study. A preliminary heat budget analysis suggests that the surface net heat flux serves as the dominant forcing mechanism in the WHWP regions except in the equatorial Atlantic, where advective processes associated with the equatorial cold tongue are more important. A process of winter overturning that warms the upper layer by convection marks the Gulf of Mexico, while horizontal advection is of little importance there. The eastern north Pacific and Caribbean are affected significantly by vertical and horizontal advection during the onset and peak phases, slowing down the warming considerably. C1 Univ Miami, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Lee, SK (reprint author), Univ Miami, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM sang-ki.lee@noaa.gov RI Wang, Chunzai /C-9712-2009; Lee, Sang-Ki/A-5703-2011; Enfield, David/I-2112-2013 OI Wang, Chunzai /0000-0002-7611-0308; Lee, Sang-Ki/0000-0002-4047-3545; Enfield, David/0000-0001-8107-5079 NR 59 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD SEP 7 PY 2005 VL 110 IS C9 AR C09004 DI 10.1029/2004JC002640 PG 16 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 963TH UT WOS:000231828300002 ER PT J AU Curry, JJ Sansonetti, CJ Wang, J AF Curry, JJ Sansonetti, CJ Wang, J TI Temperature profiles and thermal losses in 150 W high-intensity discharge lamps SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on the Science and Technology of Light Sources CY JUL 18-22, 2004 CL Toulouse, FRANCE SP European COST 529 Network, GE, Philips, Heraeus, Osram, SLi, Welch Allyn ID ADVANCED PHOTON SOURCE; X-RAY-ABSORPTION; ARC LAMP; CONVECTION; MERCURY AB A series of 150 W quartz metal-halide test lamps containing four different chemistries has been studied with optical emission spectroscopy and x-ray absorption imaging. The four chemistries are pure Hg, Hg-HgI2, Hg-NaI and Hg-NaI-DYI3. Core temperatures and comprehensive distributions of Hg vapour densities were measured and combined to obtain comprehensive gas temperature distributions. The concentrations of additives in these specially designed test lamps were found to be much smaller than is typical for a commercial metal-halide lamp. As a consequence, the core temperatures in all lamps are largely characteristic of a pure Hg discharge. The gas temperature distributions have been used to determine power losses resulting from thermal conduction through the Hg vapour. The fraction of total input power dissipated thermally was found to be 0.49 +/- 0.01 in pure Hg, similar to published measurements for such lamps. In the Hg-NaI and Hg-NaI-DyI3 lamps, thermal losses are 0.41 +/- 0.01 and 0.42 +/- 0.01, respectively. The Hg-HgI2 lamp has thermal losses of 0.29 +/- 0.03. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Curry, JJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jjcurry@nist.gov NR 20 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0022-3727 J9 J PHYS D APPL PHYS JI J. Phys. D-Appl. Phys. PD SEP 7 PY 2005 VL 38 IS 17 BP 3086 EP 3092 DI 10.1088/0022-3727/38/17/S10 PG 7 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 967FN UT WOS:000232077000012 ER PT J AU Levin, I Davydov, A Nikoobakht, B Sanford, N Mogilevsky, P AF Levin, I Davydov, A Nikoobakht, B Sanford, N Mogilevsky, P TI Growth habits and defects in ZnO nanowires grown on GaN/sapphire substrates SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ZINC-OXIDE NANOWIRES; GAN; NANORODS; DEPOSITION; EPITAXY; ARRAYS; LASER AB Growth habits and defects in epitaxial ZnO nanowires grown from Au catalyst on (00.1) GaN/sapphire substrate using the vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) technique were studied using electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. The results revealed presence of both horizontal (crawling-like) and vertical nanowires having similar orientation relationship to the substrate (00.1)(ZnO)parallel to(00.1)(GaN), [11.0](ZnO)parallel to[11.0](GaN). The crawling-like growth precedes the vertical growth, and the coalescence and overgrowth of the crawling nanowires produce a highly defective layer which separates the substrate and vertical nanorods. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a high density of planar defects in this interfacial layer. A significant density of stacking faults residing on the (0001) planes was also observed in the shorter vertical nanorods. The crawling nanowires are under residual compressive strain, whereas the vertical nanorods grow strain-free. (c) 2005 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Levin, I (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Davydov, Albert/F-7773-2010; Levin, Igor/F-8588-2010; Nikoobakht, Babak/D-7562-2011 OI Davydov, Albert/0000-0003-4512-2311; NR 16 TC 47 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 19 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD SEP 5 PY 2005 VL 87 IS 10 AR 103110 DI 10.1063/1.2041832 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 960SZ UT WOS:000231614800055 ER PT J AU Castelletto, S Degiovanni, IP Schettini, V AF Castelletto, S Degiovanni, IP Schettini, V TI Spatial and spectral mode selection of heralded single photons from pulsed parametric down-donversion SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID ENTANGLED PHOTONS; CONVERSION; EFFICIENCY AB We describe an experiment in which photon pairs from a pulsed parametric down-conversion ( PDC) source were coupled into single- mode fibers with heralding efficiencies as high as 70%. Heralding efficiency or mode preparation efficiency is defined as the probability of finding a photon in a fiber in a definite state, given the detection of its twin. Heralding efficiencies were obtained for a range of down- conversion beam-size configurations. Analysis of spatial and spectral mode selection, and their mutual correlation, provides a practical guide for engineering PDC-produced single photons in a definite mode and spectral emission band. The spectrum of the heralded photons were measured for each beam configuration, to determine the interplay between transverse momentum and spectral entanglement on the preparation efficiency. C1 IEN, Photometry Dept, I-10135 Turin, Italy. NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP IEN, Photometry Dept, I-10135 Turin, Italy. EM castelle@ien.it RI Castelletto, Stefania/C-7177-2011; castelletto, stefania/G-1516-2011; Degiovanni, Ivo Pietro/F-2140-2013; OI Degiovanni, Ivo Pietro/0000-0003-0332-3115; Castelletto, Stefania/0000-0002-8675-2291 NR 21 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 5 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD SEP 5 PY 2005 VL 13 IS 18 BP 6709 EP 6722 DI 10.1364/OPEX.13.006709 PG 14 WC Optics SC Optics GA 962GS UT WOS:000231719600005 PM 19498688 ER PT J AU Miyashita, Y Miyoshi, Y Matsumoto, Y Ieda, A Kamide, Y Nose, M Machida, S Hayakawa, H McEntire, RW Christon, SP Evans, DS Troshichev, OA AF Miyashita, Y Miyoshi, Y Matsumoto, Y Ieda, A Kamide, Y Nose, M Machida, S Hayakawa, H McEntire, RW Christon, SP Evans, DS Troshichev, OA TI Geotail observations of signatures in the near-Earth magnetotail for the extremely intense substorms of the 30 October 2003 storm SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID OXYGEN-ION BURSTS; MAGNETIC-FIELD; PLASMA SHEET; POLAR-CAP; DISTANT MAGNETOTAIL; ENERGETIC PARTICLES; ELECTRIC-FIELD; SATELLITE; ONSETS; INDEX AB Two coronal mass ejections associated with the X17 and X10 solar flares reached the Earth's environment at very high speeds on 29 and 30 October 2003, respectively, causing very intense geomagnetic storms (Dst similar to -400 nT). The present study focused on the main phase of the 30 October storm during which the Geotail spacecraft was within the near-Earth magnetotail at X similar to -8 R-E. A number of extremely intense substorms occurred during this period. In one of them, the intensity of the westward auroral electrojet exceeded 3000 nT, which was one of the largest magnitudes ever observed. The energetic particle observations from the low-altitude, polar-orbiting NOAA satellites indicate that the auroral oval shifted equatorward to magnetic latitudes much lower than usual, as low as 50 degrees. Throughout the interval, the magnetic field in the near-Earth magnetotail, and possibly the plasma density, was much larger than usual, indicating a considerable degree of energy accumulation in the lobe region and compression of the plasma sheet and very intense cross-tail currents. The dense plasma may be responsible for the intense auroral electrojet and the intense ring current. Very large, rapid dipolarizations occurred in relation to the intense substorms. High-energy particle fluxes were an order of magnitude higher than usual, and their increases took place immediately after the dipolarizations. Fast tailward flows with large southward magnetic fields as well as fluxes of energetic heavy ions (oxygen) were also observed, suggesting that the magnetic reconnection took place in the near-Earth magnetotail, associated with the very intense substorms. This location is much closer to the Earth than usual, probably as close to the Earth as ever reported. These magnetotail and auroral observations as well as other results reported previously suggest that the entire magnetosphere was considerably distorted during the storm. C1 Nagoya Univ, Solar Terr Environm Lab, Aichi 4428507, Japan. Nagoya Univ, Grad Sch Environm Studies, 21st Century Ctr Excellence Program, Aichi 4648601, Japan. Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Data Anal Ctr Geomagnetism & Space Magnetism, Kyoto 6068502, Japan. Kyoto Univ, Dept Geophys, Kyoto 6068502, Japan. Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Kanagawa 2298510, Japan. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. Focused Anal & Res, Columbia, MD 21044 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Arctic & Antarctic Res Inst, St Petersburg 199397, Russia. RP Nagoya Univ, Solar Terr Environm Lab, Aichi 4428507, Japan. EM miyasita@stelab.nagoya-u.ac.jp; miyoshi@stelab.nagoya-u.ac.jp; ymatumot@stelab.nagoya-u.ac.jp; ieda@stelab.nagoya-u.ac.jp; kamide@stelab.nagoya-u.ac.jp; nose@kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp; machida@kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp; hayakawa@stp.isas.jaxa.jp; richard.mcentire@jhuapl.edu; spchriston@aol.com; david.s.evans@noaa.gov; olegtro@aari.nw.ru RI Nose, Masahito/B-1900-2015; Miyoshi, Yoshizumi/B-5834-2015; OI Nose, Masahito/0000-0002-2789-3588; Miyoshi, Yoshizumi/0000-0001-7998-1240; Christon, Stephen/0000-0003-1770-2458; Matsumoto, Yosuke/0000-0002-1484-7056 NR 49 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 EI 2169-9402 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD SEP 3 PY 2005 VL 110 IS A9 AR A09S25 DI 10.1029/2005JA011070 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 962KD UT WOS:000231729400006 ER PT J AU Young, RE Vecchione, M AF Young, RE Vecchione, M TI Narrowteuthis nesisi, a new genus and new species of the squid family Neoteuthidae (Mollusca : Cephalopoda) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article ID OEGOPSIDA; OCEAN AB A new neoteuthid genus and species, Narrowteuthis nesisi, is described on the basis of two specimens with the following characters that are unique within the family: laterally compressed proximal manal suckers, short tentacular clubs relative to mantle length, and smooth sucker rings on arm suckers. It is also the only neoteuthid in which the proximal and distal manus regions of the club are approximately equal in length. C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Natl Museum Nat Hist, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Systemat Lab, Washington, DC 20013 USA. RP Young, RE (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM ryoung@hawaii.edu; vecchiom@si.edu NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA NAT MUSEUM NAT HIST SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0006-324X J9 P BIOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. PD SEP 2 PY 2005 VL 118 IS 3 BP 566 EP 569 DI 10.2988/0006-324X(2005)118[566:NNANGA]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 962RO UT WOS:000231750100011 ER PT J AU Munroe, TA Robertson, DR AF Munroe, TA Robertson, DR TI Symphurus ocellaris, a new shallow-water symphurine tonguefish collected off Pacific Panama (Pleuronectiformes : Cynoglossidae) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article AB Symphurus ocellaris is described on the basis of a holotype (73.2 mm SL) and paratype (42.3 mm SL) collected in the environs of Coiba Island, Gulf of Chiriqui, Pacific Panama, at 24 m and 7.4 m, respectively. This species is distinguished from congeners by the combination of: a 1-3-4 pattern of interdigitation of dorsal-fin pterygiophores and neural spines (ID pattern), 12 caudal-fin rays, presence of an ocellated spot on the caudal fin in both sexes, 51 total vertebrae, 96-97 dorsal-fin rays, 80-81 anal-fin rays, 85-86 longitudinal scale rows, a pupillary operculum, unpigmented peritoneum, uniformly pigmented blind side, and ocular-side background coloration lacking prominent dark spots or conspicuous crossbands. Symphurus ocellaris is only the second known species in the genus characterized by a 1-3-4 ID pattern. Among eastern Pacific Symphurus, S. callopterus also has a 1-3-4 ID pattern and 12 caudal-fin rays, but lacks the ocellated caudal spot, has a different ocular-side pigmentation, and has higher, non-overlapping meristic features. The only other eastern Pacific tonguefish with an ocellated caudal-fin spot, S. fasciolaris, differs in having 10 caudal-fin rays, a 1-4-3 ID pattern, and ocular-side pigmentation featuring prominent spots and crossbands. C1 NOAA, NMFS, Natl Systemat Lab, Smithsonian Inst, Washington, DC 20013 USA. Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, DRR, Ancona, Italy. RP Munroe, TA (reprint author), NOAA, NMFS, Natl Systemat Lab, Smithsonian Inst, POB 37012,Room WC57,MRC-0153, Washington, DC 20013 USA. EM munroet@si.edu; drr@stri.org NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA NAT MUSEUM NAT HIST SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0006-324X J9 P BIOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. PD SEP 2 PY 2005 VL 118 IS 3 BP 576 EP 581 DI 10.2988/0006-324X(2005)118[576:SOANSS]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 962RO UT WOS:000231750100013 ER PT J AU Santer, BD Wigley, TML Mears, C Wentz, FJ Klein, SA Seidel, DJ Taylor, KE Thorne, PW Wehner, MF Gleckler, PJ Boyle, JS Collins, WD Dixon, KW Doutriaux, C Free, M Fu, Q Hansen, JE Jones, GS Ruedy, R Karl, TR Lanzante, JR Meehl, GA Ramaswamy, V Russell, G Schmidt, GA AF Santer, BD Wigley, TML Mears, C Wentz, FJ Klein, SA Seidel, DJ Taylor, KE Thorne, PW Wehner, MF Gleckler, PJ Boyle, JS Collins, WD Dixon, KW Doutriaux, C Free, M Fu, Q Hansen, JE Jones, GS Ruedy, R Karl, TR Lanzante, JR Meehl, GA Ramaswamy, V Russell, G Schmidt, GA TI Amplification of surface temperature trends and variability in the tropical atmosphere SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SATELLITE; TROPOSPHERE; RADIOSONDE AB The month-to-month variability of tropical temperatures is larger in the troposphere than at Earth's surface. This amplification behavior is similar in a range of observations and climate model simulations and is consistent with basic theory. On multidecadal time scales, tropospheric amplification of surface warming is a robust feature of model simulations, but it occurs in only one observational data set. Other observations show weak, or even negative, amplification. These results suggest either that different physical mechanisms control amplification processes on monthly and decadal time scales, and models fail to capture such behavior or (more plausibly) that residual errors in several observational data sets used here affect their representation of long-term trends. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Program Climate Model Diag & Intercomparison, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Remote Syst Sensing, Santa Rosa, CA 95401 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. UK Met Off, Hadlet Ctr Climate Predict & Res, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RP Santer, BD (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Program Climate Model Diag & Intercomparison, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM santer1@llnl.gov RI Wigley, Tom/B-4705-2008; Taylor, Karl/F-7290-2011; Santer, Benjamin/F-9781-2011; Schmidt, Gavin/D-4427-2012; Gleckler, Peter/H-4762-2012; Jones, Gareth/H-8022-2013; Thorne, Peter/F-2225-2014; Collins, William/J-3147-2014; Dixon, Keith/L-7120-2015; Klein, Stephen/H-4337-2016 OI Taylor, Karl/0000-0002-6491-2135; Schmidt, Gavin/0000-0002-2258-0486; Gleckler, Peter/0000-0003-2816-6224; Thorne, Peter/0000-0003-0485-9798; Collins, William/0000-0002-4463-9848; Dixon, Keith/0000-0003-3044-326X; Klein, Stephen/0000-0002-5476-858X NR 30 TC 175 Z9 177 U1 2 U2 32 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD SEP 2 PY 2005 VL 309 IS 5740 BP 1551 EP 1556 DI 10.1126/science.1114867 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 962EY UT WOS:000231715000047 PM 16099951 ER PT J AU Sherwood, SC Lanzante, JR Meyer, CL AF Sherwood, SC Lanzante, JR Meyer, CL TI Radiosonde daytime biases and late-20th century warming SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURE TRENDS; RADIATION; DATASETS; CARDS AB The temperature difference between adjacent 0000 and 1200 UTC weather balloon (radiosonde) reports shows a pervasive tendency toward cooler daytime compared to nighttime observations since the 1970s, especially at tropical stations. Several characteristics of this trend indicate that it is an artifact of systematic reductions over time in the uncorrected error due to daytime solar heating of the instrument and should be absent from accurate climate records. Although other problems may exist, this effect alone is of sufficient magnitude to reconcile radiosonde tropospheric temperature trends and surface trends during the late 20th century. C1 Yale Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Sherwood, SC (reprint author), Yale Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, POB 6666, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. EM ssherwood@alum.mit.edu RI Sherwood, Steven/B-5673-2008 OI Sherwood, Steven/0000-0001-7420-8216 NR 28 TC 96 Z9 96 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD SEP 2 PY 2005 VL 309 IS 5740 BP 1556 EP 1559 DI 10.1126/science.1115640 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 962EY UT WOS:000231715000048 PM 16099950 ER PT J AU Chai, H Lawn, BR AF Chai, H Lawn, BR TI Hydraulically pumped cone fracture in brittle solids SO ACTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE contact fracture; curved surfaces; cyclic loading; hydraulic pumping; inner cone cracks ID HERTZIAN FRACTURE; CRACK-PROPAGATION; CONTACT FATIGUE; GLASS; INDENTATION; CERAMICS; SPHERES AB An analysis of inner cone cracks in brittle solids subject to cyclic indentation in liquid is presented. These inner cone cracks, so named because they form well within the maximum contact circle, are postulated to be driven by a hydraulic pumping mechanism. Unlike their more traditional outer cone crack counterparts, inner cones do not appear in monotonic loading or even cyclic loading in the absence of liquid. According to the hydraulic pumping postulate, an expanding contact engulfs surface fissures or flaws, closing the crack mouths and squeezing entrapped liquid toward the subsurface tips, thereby enhancing downward penetration. Finite element modeling is used-to analyze the stress and displacement fields in the vicinity of the growing cracks and to compute stress intensity factors, using soda-lime glass loaded by a spherical indenter in water as a case study. A stepwise incrementing procedure determines the inner cone crack evolution, i.e., crack depth c as a function of number of indentation cycles n, for this system. The predicted c(n) response reproduces essential features of experimentally observed behavior, relative to companion outer cone cracks: notably, a sluggish start in the initial regions, where Hertzian stresses govern, followed by rapid acceleration as hydraulic pumping activates, ultimately dominating in the steady-state far-field. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Acta Materialia Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Solid Mech Mat & Syst, Tel Aviv, Israel. RP Lawn, BR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Bldg 301, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM brian.lawn@nist.gov NR 16 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6454 EI 1873-2453 J9 ACTA MATER JI Acta Mater. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 53 IS 15 BP 4237 EP 4244 DI 10.1016/j.actamat.2005.05.026 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 961DR UT WOS:000231642600023 ER PT J AU Stoudt, MR Hubbard, JB AF Stoudt, MR Hubbard, JB TI Analysis of deformation-induced surface morphologies in steel sheet SO ACTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE plastic deformation; analytical methods; ferritic steel; microscopy ID AL-MG ALLOYS; PLASTIC-DEFORMATION; CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY; GRAIN-SIZE; TOPOGRAPHY; STRAIN; ROUGHNESS AB The surfaces of strained mild steel sheet specimens were examined with scanning laser confocal microscopy. Rigorous assessments were employed to establish the form of the roughness data. The small deviations from the ideal conditions observed in these assessments indicated that the stochastic process responsible for surface roughening does not conform to stationary, Gaussian, Markov statistics. As physical considerations make violations of the stationary and Markov properties unlikely, it was concluded that even small discrepancies in the Gaussian fit have substantial influences on the quality of roughening behavior characterizations. This also confirms that deformation-induced surface roughness occurs by a small number of statistically dominant mechanisms. Analyses of the mean amplitude (R-q) and spatial distributions both exhibited sharp changes in behavior at approximately 4% strain. Since the physical meanings of the two analyses are independent, it was concluded that this common behavior correlated with a change in dominant roughening mechanism. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Acta Materialia Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stoudt, MR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8553, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM stoudt@nist.gov NR 49 TC 28 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6454 J9 ACTA MATER JI Acta Mater. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 53 IS 16 BP 4293 EP 4304 DI 10.1016/j.actamat.2005.05.038 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 963HB UT WOS:000231793700001 ER PT J AU Teague, LC Batteas, JD AF Teague, LC Batteas, JD TI Scanned probe microscopy-medialed patterning of metallic nanostructures SO ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS LA English DT Article AB Engineering sub-100 nm features on surfaces is of increasing importance for the development of new device technologies. To this end, researchers are developing scanned probe based approaches for the patterning of nanoscale metallic structures on surfaces. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Batteas, JD (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM james.batteas@nist.gov RI Batteas, James/D-4144-2015 OI Batteas, James/0000-0002-6244-5000 NR 24 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1438-1656 J9 ADV ENG MATER JI Adv. Eng. Mater. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 7 IS 9 BP 811 EP 814 DI 10.1002/adem.200500085 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 981AN UT WOS:000233059500004 ER PT J AU Liu, LP Zhang, PF Xu, Q Kong, F Liu, S AF Liu, LP Zhang, PF Xu, Q Kong, F Liu, S TI A model for retrieval of dual linear polarization radar fields from model simulation outputs SO ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE polarimetric radar; retrieval of polarimetric variables; model output ID POLARIMETRIC RADAR; BULK PARAMETERIZATION; DIFFERENTIAL PHASE; CLOUD MODEL; PRECIPITATION; ADJOINT; SYSTEM; CLASSIFICATION; PARTICLES; NOWCASTS AB An algorithm for retrieving polarimetric variables from numerical model fields is developed. By using this technique, radar reflectivity at horizontal polarization, differential reflectivity, specific differential phase shift and correlation coefficients between the horizontal and vertical polarization signals at zero lag can be derived from rain, snow and hail contents of numerical model outputs. Effects of environmental temperature and the melting process on polarimetric variables axe considered in the algorithm. The algorithm is applied to the Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) model simulation results for a hail storm. The spatial distributions of the derived parameters are reasonable when compared with observational knowledge. This work provides a forward model for assimilation of dual linear polarization radar data into a mesoscale model. C1 Chinese Acad Meteorol Sci, State Key Lab Severe Weather, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK USA. Univ Oklahoma, Ctr Anal Predict Storms, Norman, OK USA. RP Liu, LP (reprint author), Chinese Acad Meteorol Sci, State Key Lab Severe Weather, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. EM lpliu@cams.cma.gov.cn RI AAS, AAS/C-2949-2014 NR 35 TC 1 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU SCIENCE PRESS PI BEIJING PA 16 DONGHUANGCHENGGEN NORTH ST, BEIJING 100717, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 0256-1530 J9 ADV ATMOS SCI JI Adv. Atmos. Sci. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 22 IS 5 BP 711 EP 719 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 968UW UT WOS:000232189200010 ER PT J AU Rhoderick, GC AF Rhoderick, GC TI Long-term stability of hydrocarbons in NIST gas standard reference material (SRM) 1800 SO ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE hydrocarbons; long-term stability; nmol mol(-1); SRM 1800; gas standards; stability ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS AB A gas standard reference material (SRM) containing fifteen hydrocarbons in nitrogen at a nominal 5 nmol mol(-1) was issued in 1993. The certification period for SRM 1800 was assigned as 2 years, because of limited stability data. Over a period of 10 years reanalysis of the lot standard (a sample chosen from the SRM lot to which all other lot samples are compared), SRM samples remaining in stock for sale, and SRMs returned to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for recertification, were compared with primary standards to assess the stability of the hydrocarbons. New primary standards were periodically introduced into the original primary standard suite to assess the stability and consistency of the primary standards. Over this ten-year period 11 SRM 1800 samples were reanalyzed, resulting in 210 amount-of-substance fraction (concentration) determinations performed for quality-assurance purposes. Of these measurements 209 (99.5%) agreed within the original 95% confidence interval of the +/- 4% expanded uncertainty, demonstrating the stability of the standards. There was also agreement to within +/- 2% of the original concentration for 204 (97%) of the measurements. This is well within the original +/- 4% expanded uncertainty assigned to the hydrocarbon concentrations at the approximate 95% confidence interval demonstrating stability. These results will enable the expiry date to be increased for future restock issues of SRM 1800. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rhoderick, GC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, 100 Bur Dr,Bldg 227 Rm B120, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM george.rhoderick@nist.gov NR 13 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1618-2642 J9 ANAL BIOANAL CHEM JI Anal. Bioanal. Chem. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 383 IS 1 BP 98 EP 106 DI 10.1007/s00216-005-3381-3 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 979NR UT WOS:000232952600014 PM 16075228 ER PT J AU Walsh, JE Shapiro, I Shy, TL AF Walsh, JE Shapiro, I Shy, TL TI On the variability and predictability of daily temperatures in the Arctic SO ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN LA English DT Article ID AIR-TEMPERATURE; TRENDS AB Daily maximum and minimum temperature data front 54 stations in Alaska and northern Canada are used to evaluate temporal changes in the variance and autocorrelation of the daily anomalies front 1950-2000. To the extent that the variance and autocorrelation capture variability and anomaly persistence, the results provide a quantitative counterpart to reports from Arctic communities that weather is becoming increasingly variable and unpredictable. Although the results show indications of increased variance at some locations in some seasons, at least as many other stations show no such trends or show trends opposite to the hypothesized increase in variance and decrease in persistence of temperature anomalies. These findings apply to northern subsets as well as to the entire sample of stations. However, the frequency of extreme anomalies relative to single-month means does show a modest but steady increase front the 1950s to the 1990s. The absence of a more generally apparent increase in variance and decrease in predictability is most likely attributable to either: (a) the choice of temperature as a measure of weather, (b) our use of simple statistical measures of variability and persistence, or (c) the role of technological and social changes in shaping perceptions of weather variability and predictability. C1 Univ Alaska, Int Arct Res Ctr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. NOAA, Natl Weather Serv Forcast Off, Fairbanks, AK USA. RP Univ Alaska, Int Arct Res Ctr, 930 Koyukuk Dr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM jwalsh@iarc.uaf.edu NR 23 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU CMOS-SCMO PI OTTAWA PA BOX 3211, STATION D, OTTAWA, ON K1P 6H7, CANADA SN 0705-5900 EI 1480-9214 J9 ATMOS OCEAN JI Atmos.-Ocean PD SEP PY 2005 VL 43 IS 3 BP 213 EP 230 DI 10.3137/ao.430302 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 967QK UT WOS:000232106100002 ER PT J AU Bograd, SJ Mendelssohn, R Schwing, FB Miller, AJ AF Bograd, SJ Mendelssohn, R Schwing, FB Miller, AJ TI Spatial heterogeneity of sea surface temperature trends in the Gulf of Alaska SO ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN LA English DT Article ID CALIFORNIA CURRENT; NORTH PACIFIC; CLIMATE REGIME; TIME-SERIES; OCEAN; SEASONALITY; HYPOTHESIS; DECLINE; STRESS; SHIFTS AB State-space models were used to derive non-parametric sea surface temperature (SST) trends from 26 locations in and around the Gulf of Alaska for the period 1950-97. The SST trends reflect important large-scale climate impacts associated with El Nino events and regime shifts, but also reveal significant spatial heterogeneity across the region. The SST trends cluster into five distinct regions that define a robust zonal and meridional asymmetry. The meridional differences reflect the relative impact of El Nino events, while the zonal differences reflect variations it? the timing and amplitude of a region-wide post-1970 warming trend. The 1976 regime shift is evident primarily as an accelerated warming it? the northern and eastern portions of the Gulf of Alaska. The climate signals identified in the SST series are of sufficient magnitude and duration that they could potentially foster changes in lower trophic productivity and structure, which could lead to a broader ecosystem reorganization. Regional differences in Steller sea hot? population trends may have resulted from a spatially heterogeneous upper-ocean response to large-scale climate variability. C1 NOAA, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA USA. RP Bograd, SJ (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. EM steven.bograd@noaa.gov NR 36 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU CANADIAN METEOROLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHIC SOC PI OTTAWA PA 150 LOUIS PASTEUR PVT., STE 112, MCDONALD BUILDING, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1N 6N5, CANADA SN 0705-5900 J9 ATMOS OCEAN JI Atmos.-Ocean PD SEP PY 2005 VL 43 IS 3 BP 241 EP 247 DI 10.3137/ao.430304 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 967QK UT WOS:000232106100004 ER PT J AU Butler, TJ Likens, GE Vermeylen, FM Stunder, BJB AF Butler, TJ Likens, GE Vermeylen, FM Stunder, BJB TI The impact of changing nitrogen oxide emissions on wet and dry nitrogen deposition in the northeastern USA SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE CASTNet; nitrogen oxide; atmospheric deposition; emission reductions; nitric acid; total nitrogen deposition ID AIR ACT AMENDMENTS; SULFATE DEPOSITION; UNITED-STATES; EASTERN USA; PHASE-I; TRAJECTORIES; AMMONIA; AEROSOL; TRENDS; NOX AB This study is an attempt to quantify the relation between changes in NOx emissions and nitric acid (HNO3) in the northeastern USA. From this relation, and previous work relating NOx emission changes and wet NO3- deposition, we can estimate how changing NOx emissions may impact total (wet + dry) measured nitrogen (N) deposition. Electric utility emissions account for 1/4, and vehicle emissions account for over 1/2 of the total NOx emissions in the eastern USA. Canadian NOx emissions from the seven easternmost provinces (Manitoba and east) represent less than 10% (1.2 teragrams (Tg) NOx) of the NOx emissions compared with those from the eastern USA. Emissions from eastern Canada are dominated by vehicle NOx emissions, which account for 2/3 of the total NOx emissions from eastern Canada. Data from the EPA National Emissions Inventory show, for the period 1991-2001, that nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions in the eastern USA have declined by 17% to from 16.1 to 13.1 Tg. Large declines in vehicle emissions in 2001 may be questionable. If 2001 data are excluded the decline in total NOx is only 7%. A recent assessment of EPA's emissions estimates suggest that vehicle NOx emissions may be underestimated, and total NOx emissions reductions may be less than what is reported by the EPA. The CASTNet (Clean Air Status and Trends Network) measurements of N dry deposition include HNO3, particulate NO3- and NH4+. The dominant N dry deposition product measured is HNO3, which represents 80% of measured N dry deposition for the sites used in this study. Amounts of NH3, NO2, organic nitrate and PAN dry deposition are not measured by CASTNet. The NH3 and NO2 deposition are probably significant, and may be major N dry deposition components in some areas. Random coefficient models with total NOx emissions as the independent variable, and HNO3 concentrations as the dependent variable, show that reducing total NOx emissions by 50% should reduce HNO3 concentrations by 36%. The average efficiency (the ratio of % change in HNO3 to % change in NOx emissions) is 72%. Random coefficient models with non-vehicle NOx emissions as the independent variable, and HNO3 concentrations as the dependent variable, show a 50% decline in non-vehicle NOx emissions (which is a 23% decline in total NOx emissions) should reduce HNO3 by 17-20%. The average efficiency in this case is 81 %. Because non-vehicle NOx emissions data are more reliable than vehicle NOx emissions, non-vehicle NOx models are likely more accurate than the total NOx models. C1 Cornell Univ, Ctr Environm, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. Cornell Univ, Off Stat Consulting, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Butler, TJ (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Ctr Environm, Rice Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM tjb2@cornell.edu RI Stunder, Barbara/C-3106-2016 NR 36 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 39 IS 27 BP 4851 EP 4862 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.04.031 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 964MP UT WOS:000231885500004 ER PT J AU Gabriel, MC Williamson, DG Brooks, S Lindberg, S AF Gabriel, MC Williamson, DG Brooks, S Lindberg, S TI Atmospheric speciation of Southeastern mercury in two contrasting US airsheds SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE meteorology; landuse; gaseous elemental mercury; reactive gaseous mercury; fine particulate mercury ID TOTAL GASEOUS MERCURY; TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION CHARACTERISTICS; SPRINGTIME DEPLETION; AIR/SURFACE EXCHANGE; PARTICULATE MERCURY; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; EMISSIONS; CHINA; SOILS; VAPOR AB Simultaneous measurement of gaseous elemental, reactive gaseous, and fine particulate mercury took place in Tuscaloosa AL, (urban airshed) and Cove Mountain, TN (non-urban airshed) during the summers of 2002 and 2003. The objective of this research was to (1) summarize the temporal distribution of each mercury specie at each site and compare to other speciation data sets developed by other researchers and (2) provide insight into urban and non-urban mercury speciation effects using various statistical methods. Average specie concentrations were as follows: 4.05 ng m(-3) (GEM), 13.6 pg m(-3) (RGM), 16.4 pg m(-3) (Hg-p) for Tuscaloosa; 3.20 ng m(-3) (GEM), 13.6 pg m(-3) (RGM), 9.73 pg m(-3) (Hg-p) for Cove Mountain. As a result of urban airshed impacts, short periods of high concentration for all mercury species was common in Tuscaloosa. At Cove Mountain a consistent mid-day rise and evening drop for mercury species was found. This pattern was primarily the result of un-impacted physical boundary layer movement, although, other potential impacts were ambient photochemistry and air-surface exchange of mercury. Meteorological parameters that are known to heavily impact mercury speciation were similar for the study period for Tuscaloosa and Cove Mountain except for wind speed (m s(-1)), which was higher at Cove Mountain. For both sites statistically significant (p < 0.0001), inverse relationships existed between wind speed and Hg-O concentration. A weaker windspeed-Hg-O correlation existed for Tuscaloosa. By analyzing Hg concentration-wind speed magnitude change at both sites it was found that wind speed at Cove Mountain had a greater influence on Hg-O concentration variability than Tuscaloosa by a factor of 3. Using various statistical tests, we concluded that the nature of Tuscaloosa's atmospheric mercury speciation was the result of typical urban airshed impacts. Cove Mountain showed atmospheric mercury speciation characteristics indicative of a non-urban area along with potential influence from steady regional input of mercury pollution from larger sources. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Alabama, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, ATDD, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Williamson, DG (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Box 870205, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. EM dwilliamson@coe.eng.ua.edu NR 44 TC 63 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 39 IS 27 BP 4947 EP 4958 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.05.003 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 964MP UT WOS:000231885500013 ER PT J AU Wilson, KS Zhang, K Antonucci, JM AF Wilson, KS Zhang, K Antonucci, JM TI Systematic variation of interfacial phase reactivity in dental nanocomposites SO BIOMATERIALS LA English DT Article DE composite; dental restorative material; mechanical properties; nanoparticle; silane; surface treatment ID FRACTURE-TOUGHNESS; RESIN COMPOSITES; BIS-GMA; SILANE; SILICA; MORPHOLOGY; CONVERSION; MODULUS; FILLER; RATIO AB This study was designed to determine the effect of varying the chemistry of the interfacial phase on critical composite properties in dental nanocomposite materials. Silica nanoparticles were silanized with varying ratios of 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysitane (MPTMS) and octyltrimethoxysilane (OTMS) while keeping the total amount of silane constant at 10% by mass fraction relative to the mass of filler. The silanized nanoparticles were mixed into a dimethacrylate resin (60% filler by mass fraction). The mechanical properties of the uncured pastes were assessed by compression testing between parallel plates. The composites were photo-cured and tested by biaxial flexure and three-point bend flexure testing. Fracture surfaces were analyzed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). At maximized filler mass fractions, the workabilities of the uncured pastes were better maintained as the fraction of OTMS in the interphase increased relative to MPTMS. The flexure strengths and moduli of the MPTMS silanized and dual silanized composites were similar but decreased as OTMS mass fractions in the silane mixture increased to 7.5% and 10%. FE-SEM images revealed evidence for phase separation in the composites containing silica silanized with high fractions of OTMS. Among the potential practical benefits of dual silanized nanoparticles are the improved workability of composite pastes with higher filler loadings that should lead to higher modulus composites with lower polymerization shrinkage. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Polymer Res Zimmer, Warsaw, IN 46580 USA. RP Wilson, KS (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8545, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM wilson_kristen@hotmail.com NR 20 TC 64 Z9 65 U1 1 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0142-9612 J9 BIOMATERIALS JI Biomaterials PD SEP PY 2005 VL 26 IS 25 BP 5095 EP 5103 DI 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.01.008 PG 9 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 920OK UT WOS:000228699800001 PM 15792535 ER PT J AU Bailey, LO Lipplatt, S Biancanello, FS Ridder, SD Washburn, NR AF Bailey, LO Lipplatt, S Biancanello, FS Ridder, SD Washburn, NR TI The quantification of cellular viability and inflammatory response to stainless steel alloys SO BIOMATERIALS LA English DT Article DE real-time PCR; biocompatibility; 316L stainless steel; cytokines ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; FACTOR-ALPHA; MESSENGER-RNA; HIGH-NITROGEN; IN-VITRO; MACROPHAGES; CELLS; PARTICLES; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; BIOCOMPATIBILITY AB The biocompatibility of metallic alloys is critical to the success of many orthopedic therapies. Corrosion resistance and the immune response of the body to wear debris products ultimately determine the performance of these devices. The establishment of quantitative tests of biocompatibility is an important issue for biomaterials development. We have developed an in vitro model to measure the pro-inflammatory cytokine production and in this study investigated the cellular responses induced by nitrogenated and 316L stainless steel alloys in both particulate and solid form. We utilized a murine macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7, to characterize and compare the mRNA profiles of TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta in these cells using real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry were used to probe the viability of the population and to examine the apoptotic pathway. The goals of this work were to develop improved measurement methods for the quantification of cellular inflammatory responses to biomaterials and to obtain data. that leads to an enhanced understanding of the ways in which the body responds to biomaterials. Using these techniques, we observed evidence for an association between the upregulation of IL-1 beta and reversible apoptosis, and the upregulation of TNF-alpha and irreversible apoptosis. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bailey, LO (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8545,Bldg 224,RA111, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM LeeAnn.Bailey@nist.gov; newell.washburn@nist.gov FU NIDCR NIH HHS [Y1-DE-1021] NR 29 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0142-9612 J9 BIOMATERIALS JI Biomaterials PD SEP PY 2005 VL 26 IS 26 BP 5296 EP 5302 DI 10.1016/j.biomaterilas.2005.01.055 PG 7 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 922NP UT WOS:000228844900004 PM 15814127 ER PT J AU Fewster, RM Laake, JL Buckland, ST AF Fewster, RM Laake, JL Buckland, ST TI Line transect sampling in small and large regions SO BIOMETRICS LA English DT Article DE abundance estimation; calibration; detection function; distance sampling; line transect; truncation AB Melville and Welsh (2001, Biometrics 57, 1130-1137) consider an approach to line transect sampling using a separate calibration study to estimate the detection function g. They present a simulation study contrasting their results with poor results from a traditional estimator, labeled the "Buckland" estimator and referenced to Buckland et al. (1993, Distance Sampling: Estimating Abundance of Biological populations). The poor results from the "Buckland" estimator can be explained by the following observations: (i) the estimator is designated for untruncated distance data, but was applied by Melville and Welsh to truncated distance data; (ii) distance data were not pooled across transects, contrary to standard practice; and (iii) bias of the estimator was evaluated with respect to a fixed rather than a randomized grid of transect lines. We elaborate on the points above and show that the traditional methods perform to expectation when applied correctly. We also emphasize that the estimator labeled the "Buckland" estimator by Melville and Welsh is not an estimator recommended by Buckland et al. for practical survey applications. C1 Univ Auckland, Dept Stat, Auckland 1, New Zealand. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Observ St Andrews, Sch Math & Stat, St Andrews KY16 9LZ, Fife, Scotland. RP Buckland, ST (reprint author), Univ Auckland, Dept Stat, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1, New Zealand. EM steve@mcs.st-and.ac.uk RI Buckland, Stephen/A-1998-2012 NR 3 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 17 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-341X J9 BIOMETRICS JI Biometrics PD SEP PY 2005 VL 61 IS 3 BP 856 EP 859 DI 10.1111/j.1541-0420.2005.00413_1.x PG 4 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 961VM UT WOS:000231689900023 PM 16135038 ER PT J AU Witzell, WN Schmid, JR AF Witzell, WN Schmid, JR TI Diet of immature Kemp's ridley turtles (Lepidochelys kempi) from Gullivan Bay, Ten Thousand Islands, southwest Florida SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SEA-TURTLES; NEW-YORK; WATERS AB To examine the diet of immature Kemp's ridley turtles, 66 fecal samples were collected and examined for 64 turtles captured in Gullivan Bay, Ten Thousand Islands, southwest Florida. Prey items were placed into six main categories and the percent frequency of occurrence (FO) and percent dry mass (DM) were calculated: live bottom (83.3% FO, 38.6% DM); crabs (72.7% FO, 34.9% DM); unidentified (63.6% FO, 24.8% DM); mollusks (40.9% FO, 1.5% DM); vegetation (22.7% FO, 0.1% DM); and fish (1.5% FO, 0.0% DM). The major prey item in the live bottom category was a benthic tunicate (Molgula occidentalis Traustedt, 1883; 72.7% FO, 30.5% DM), and the two major prey items in the crabs category were spider crabs (Libinia spp.; 42.4% FO, 13.5% DM), and the purse crab (Persephona mediterranea Herbst, 1794; 37.9% FO, 8.3% DM). There were small differences in prey consumption between turtles < 40 cm MSCL and those > 40 cm MSCL. The consumption of benthic tunicates by Kemp's ridleys has not been reported in previous dietary studies, suggesting that they are opportunistic feeders taking advantage of an abundant food source. Environmental changes influencing the tunicate population in the Ten Thousand Islands (e.g., South Florida Restoration Project) could impact this unique predator-prey relationship. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Miami, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Witzell, WN (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM wayne.witzell@noaa.gov NR 35 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 7 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 77 IS 2 BP 191 EP 199 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 965RT UT WOS:000231968700003 ER PT J AU Reed, JK Pomponi, SA Weaver, D Paull, CK Wright, AE AF Reed, JK Pomponi, SA Weaver, D Paull, CK Wright, AE TI Deep-water sinkholes and bioherms of south Florida and the Pourtales Terrace - Habitat and fauna SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CENTRAL EASTERN FLORIDA; VARICOSA CORAL REEFS; OCULINA-VARICOSA; SCLERACTINIAN CORAL; STRAITS; GEOLOGY; ESCARPMENT; LITHOHERMS; CIRCULATION; CURRENTS AB Only a small percentage of deep-water reefs have had their benthic and fish resources characterized. This study surveyed eight deep-water, high-relief, hard-bottom sites off south Florida using human occupied submersibles to characterize habitat and describe the fish and macrobenthic communities: the Naples deep-water sink-hole on the southwest Florida shelf, Jordan and Marathon deep-water sinkholes on the Pourtales Terrace, and five high-relief bioherms on the Pourtales Terrace. These submersible dives were the first to enter and explore any of these features. The upper sinkhole rims ranged from 175 to 461 m in depth and had a maximum relief of 180 m. The Jordan sinkhole may be one of the deepest and largest sinkholes known. The high-relief bioherms occurred at depths of 198-319 m, with a maximum height of 120 m. A total of 26 and 16 fish taxa were identified from the sinkhole and bioherm sites, respectively. Species of potentially commercial importance included tilefish, sharks, speckled hind, yellowedge grouper, warsaw grouper, snowy grouper, blackbelly rosefish, red porgy, drum, scorpionfish, amberjack, and phycid hakes. In total, 66 Porifera taxa were identified and four are possible new species. Twenty-one species of Cnidaria included Antipatharia (three spp.), stylasterid hydrocorals (five spp.), octocorals (11 spp.), and one scleractinian. The benthic communities of the Pourtales Terrace bioherms differed from the bioherms along the northeastern Straits of Florida primarily in that the Pourtales Terrace communities lacked the scleractinian coral Lophelia pertusa (Linnaeus, 1758) and stalked crinoids. C1 Harbor Branch Oceanog Inst Inc, Ft Pierce, FL 34946 USA. NOAA, NOS, Flower Garden Banks Natl Marine Sanctuary, Bryan, TX 77802 USA. Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. RP Reed, JK (reprint author), Harbor Branch Oceanog Inst Inc, 5600 US 1 N, Ft Pierce, FL 34946 USA. EM jreed@hboi.edu NR 65 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 6 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 77 IS 2 BP 267 EP 296 PG 30 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 965RT UT WOS:000231968700008 ER PT J AU Hawn, AT Martin, GB Sandin, SA Hare, JA AF Hawn, AT Martin, GB Sandin, SA Hare, JA TI Early juvenile mortality in the coral reef fish Chromis cyanea (Pomacentridae): The growth-mortality hypothesis revisited SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PLANKTONIC LARVAL DURATION; BACK-CALCULATION; SETTLEMENT-MARKS; POSTSETTLEMENT SURVIVORSHIP; TEMPORAL VARIATION; OTOLITHS; SIZE; AGE; RECRUITMENT; PREDATION C1 NOAA, NOS, NCCOS, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Hawn, AT (reprint author), NOAA, NMFS Narragansett Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM jon.hare@noaa.gov NR 46 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 6 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 77 IS 2 BP 309 EP 318 PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 965RT UT WOS:000231968700011 ER PT J AU Negri, AJ Burkardt, N Golden, JH Halverson, JB Huffman, GJ Larsen, MC McGinley, JA Updike, RG Verdin, JP Wieczorek, GF AF Negri, AJ Burkardt, N Golden, JH Halverson, JB Huffman, GJ Larsen, MC McGinley, JA Updike, RG Verdin, JP Wieczorek, GF TI The hurricane-flood-landslide continuum SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID PRECIPITATION; LAPS C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. US Geol Survey, Policy Anal & Sci Assistance Program, Ft Collins, CO USA. NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, Catonsville, MD USA. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Greenbelt, MD USA. US Geol Survey, Off Chief Sci Hydrol, Reston, VA 22092 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Negri, AJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Bldg 33,Room C408,Code 613-3, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM andrew.j.negri@nasa.gov RI Huffman, George/F-4494-2014 OI Huffman, George/0000-0003-3858-8308 NR 12 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 86 IS 9 BP 1241 EP 1247 DI 10.1175/BAMS-86-9-1241 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 971DV UT WOS:000232362500020 ER PT J AU Al-Saadi, J Szykman, J Pierce, RB Kittaka, C Neil, D Chu, DA Remer, L Gumley, L Prins, E Weinstock, L MacDonald, C Wayland, R Dimmick, F Fishman, J AF Al-Saadi, J Szykman, J Pierce, RB Kittaka, C Neil, D Chu, DA Remer, L Gumley, L Prins, E Weinstock, L MacDonald, C Wayland, R Dimmick, F Fishman, J TI Improving national air quality forecasts with satellite aerosol observations SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID RESOLUTION IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER; POLLUTION; SYSTEM; MODIS; LAND AB Accurate air quality forecasts can allow for mitigation of the health risks associated with high levels of air pollution. During September 2003, a team of NASA NOAA and EPA researchers demonstrated a prototype tool for improving fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air quality forecasts using satellite aerosol observations. Daily forecast products were generated from a near-real-time fusion of multiple input data products, including aerosol optical depth (AOD) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)/Earth Observing System (EOS) instrument on the NASA Terra satellite, PM 2.5 concentration from over 300 state/local/national surface monitoring stations, meteorological fields from the NOAA/NCEP Eta Model, and fire locations from the NOAA/National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) Wildfire Automated Biomass Burning Algorithm (WFABBA) product. The products were disseminated via a Web interface to a small group of forecasters representing state and local air management agencies and the EPA. The MODIS data improved forecaster knowledge of synoptic-scale air pollution events, particularly over oceans and in regions devoid of surface monitors. Forecast trajectories initialized in regions of high AOD offered guidance for identifying potential episodes of poor air quality. The capability of this approach was illustrated with a case study showing that aerosol resulting from wildfires in the northwestern United States and southwestern Canada is transported across the continent to influence air quality in the Great Lakes region a few days later. The timing of this demonstration was selected to help improve the accuracy of the EPAs AIRNow (www.epa.gov/airnow/) next-day PM2.5, air quality index forecast, which began on 1 October 2003. Based on the positive response from air quality managers and forecasters, this prototype was expanded and transitioned to an operational provider during the summer of 2004. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. SAIC, Hampton, VA USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Earth Sci Technol, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Wisconsin, SSEC CIMSS, Madison, WI USA. Univ Wisconsin, NOAA, NES DIS ORA, Madison, WI USA. US EPA, Off Air Qual Planning & Stand, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Al-Saadi, J (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 401B, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM j.a.al-saadi@nasa.gov RI Pierce, Robert Bradley/F-5609-2010 OI Pierce, Robert Bradley/0000-0002-2767-1643 NR 33 TC 181 Z9 184 U1 9 U2 49 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 86 IS 9 BP 1249 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-86-9-1249 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 971DV UT WOS:000232362500021 ER PT J AU Biggerstaff, MI Wicker, LJ Guynes, J Ziegler, C Straka, JM Rasmussen, EN Doggett, A Carey, LD Schroeder, JL Weiss, C AF Biggerstaff, MI Wicker, LJ Guynes, J Ziegler, C Straka, JM Rasmussen, EN Doggett, A Carey, LD Schroeder, JL Weiss, C TI The shared mobile atmospheric research and teaching radar - A collaboration to enhance research and teaching SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID CONVECTIVE STORMS; DOPPLER RADAR; BOW ECHO; TORNADOES; EVOLUTION; ROTATION; WSR-88D; DRYLINE; VORTEX AB A group of scientists from three universities across two different states and from one federal research laboratory joined together to build and deploy two mobile C-band Doppler weather radars to enhance research and promote meteorological education. This 5-yr project led to the development of the Shared Mobile Atmospheric Research and Teaching (SMART) radar coalition that built the first mobile C-band Doppler weather radar in the United States and also successfully deployed the first mobile C-band dual-Doppler network in a landfalling hurricane. This accomplishment marked the beginning of an era in which high temporal and spatial resolution precipitation and dual-Doppler wind data over mesoscale (similar to 100 km) regions can be acquired from mobile ground-based platforms during extreme heavy rain and high-wind events. In this paper, we discuss the rationale for building the mobile observing systems, highlight some of the challenges that were encountered in creating a unique multiagency coalition, provide examples of how the SMART radars have contributed to research and education, and discuss future plans for continued development and management of the radar facility, including how others may use the radars for their own research and teaching programs. The capability of the SMART radars to measure winds in nonprecipitating environments, to capture rapidly evolving, short-lived, small-scale tornadic circulations, and to sample mesoscale regions with high spatial resolution over broad regions of heavy rainfall is demonstrated. Repeated successful intercepts provide evidence that these radars are capable of being used to study a wide range of atmospheric phenomena. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Geosci, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RP Biggerstaff, MI (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, 100 E Boyd St,Room 1310, Norman, OK 73019 USA. EM drdoppler@ou.edu OI Biggerstaff, Michael/0000-0002-6690-784X NR 20 TC 71 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 86 IS 9 BP 1263 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-86-9-1263 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 971DV UT WOS:000232362500022 ER PT J AU Cahalan, RF Oreopoulos, L Marshak, A Evans, KF Davis, AB Pincus, R Yetzer, KH Mayer, B Davies, R Ackerman, TP Barker, HW Clothiaux, EE Ellingson, RG Garay, MJ Kassianov, E Kinne, S Macke, A O'Hirok, W Partain, PT Prigarin, SM Rublev, AN Stephens, GL Szczap, F Takara, EE Varnai, T Wen, GY Zhuravleva, TB AF Cahalan, RF Oreopoulos, L Marshak, A Evans, KF Davis, AB Pincus, R Yetzer, KH Mayer, B Davies, R Ackerman, TP Barker, HW Clothiaux, EE Ellingson, RG Garay, MJ Kassianov, E Kinne, S Macke, A O'Hirok, W Partain, PT Prigarin, SM Rublev, AN Stephens, GL Szczap, F Takara, EE Varnai, T Wen, GY Zhuravleva, TB TI The 13RC - Bringing together the most advanced radiative transfer tools for cloudy atmospheres SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID INDEPENDENT PIXEL APPROXIMATION; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; DISCRETE-ORDINATE-METHOD; AVERAGED SOLAR FLUXES; PART I; INHOMOGENEOUS CLOUDS; MULTIPLE-SCATTERING; CLIMATE FEEDBACK; PARAMETERIZATION; SIMULATION AB The interaction of clouds with solar and terrestrial radiation is one of the most important topics of climate research. In recent years it has been recognized that only a full three-dimensional (3D) treatment of this interaction can provide answers to many climate and remote sensing problems, leading to the worldwide development of numerous 3D radiative transfer (RT) codes. The international Intercomparison of 3D Radiation Codes (I3RC), described in this paper, sprung from the natural need to compare the performance of these 3D RT codes used in a variety of current scientific work in the atmospheric sciences. I3RC supports intercomparison and development of both exact and approximate 3D methods in its effort to 1) understand and document the errors/limits of 3D algorithms and their sources; 2) provide "baseline" cases for future code development for 3D radiation; 3) promote sharing and production of 3D radiative tools; 4) derive guidelines for 3D radiative tool selection; and 5) improve atmospheric science education in 3D RT. Results from the two completed phases of I3RC have been presented in two workshops and are expected to guide improvements in both remote sensing and radiative energy budget calculations in cloudy atmospheres. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Raytheon ITSS, Beltsville, MD USA. Deutsch Zentrum Luft & Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA USA. Meteorol Serv Canada, Downsview, ON, Canada. Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Florida State Univ, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Hamburg, Germany. Univ Kiel, Liebniz Inst Marine Sci, IFM GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Inst Computat Math & Math Geophys, Novosibirsk, Russia. Kurchatov Inst, Moscow, Russia. Univ Clermont Ferrand, Clermont Ferrand, France. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Opt, Tomsk, Russia. RP Cahalan, RF (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 613-2, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Robert.F.Cahalan@nasa.gov RI Mayer, Bernhard/B-3397-2011; Davies, Roger/D-4296-2009; Oreopoulos, Lazaros/E-5868-2012; Cahalan, Robert/E-3462-2012; Marshak, Alexander/D-5671-2012; Pincus, Robert/B-1723-2013 OI Mayer, Bernhard/0000-0002-3358-0190; Davies, Roger/0000-0002-2991-0409; Oreopoulos, Lazaros/0000-0001-6061-6905; Cahalan, Robert/0000-0001-9724-1270; Pincus, Robert/0000-0002-0016-3470 NR 59 TC 117 Z9 119 U1 3 U2 10 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 86 IS 9 BP 1275 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-86-9-1275 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 971DV UT WOS:000232362500023 ER PT J AU Ohring, G Wielicki, B Spencer, R Emery, B Datla, R AF Ohring, G Wielicki, B Spencer, R Emery, B Datla, R TI Satellite instrument calibration for measuring global climate change - Report of a Workshop SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Editorial Material AB Measuring the small changes associated with long-term global climate change from space is a daunting task. The satellite instruments must be capable of observing atmospheric and surface temperature trends as small as 0.1 degrees C decade(-1), ozone changes as little as 1% decade(-1), and variations in the sun's output as tiny as 0.1% decade(-1). To address these problems and recommend directions for improvements in satellite instrument calibration, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System-Integrated Program Office (NPOESS-IPO), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) organized a workshop at the University of Maryland Inn and Conference Center, College Park, Maryland, 12-14 November 2002. Some 75 scientists participated including researchers who develop and analyze long-term datasets from satellites; experts in the field of satellite instrument calibration, and physicists working on state-of-the-art calibration sources and standards. The workshop defined the absolute accuracies and long-term stabilities of global climate datasets that are needed to detect expected trends, translated these dataset accuracies and stabilities to required satellite instrument accuracies and stabilities, and evaluated the ability of current observing systems to meet these requirements. The workshop's recommendations include a set of basic axioms or overarching principles that must guide high quality climate observations in general, and a road map for improving satellite instrument characterization, calibration, intercalibration, and associated activities to meet the challenge of measuring global climate change. The workshop also recommended that a follow-up workshop be conducted to discuss implementation of the road map developed at this workshop. C1 NOAA, College Pk, MD USA. NIST, College Pk, MD USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ohring, G (reprint author), 6100-712 Westchester Pk Dr, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. EM george.ohring@noaa.gov RI Ohring, George/F-5616-2010 NR 16 TC 108 Z9 110 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 86 IS 9 BP 1303 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-86-9-1303 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 971DV UT WOS:000232362500025 ER PT J AU Glahn, B AF Glahn, B TI Comments on "Implementation and refinement of digital forecasting databases" SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Meteorol Dev Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Glahn, B (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Meteorol Dev Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 86 IS 9 BP 1315 EP 1318 DI 10.1175/BAMS-86-9-1315 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 971DV UT WOS:000232362500026 ER PT J AU Koljonen, ML Pella, JJ Masuda, M AF Koljonen, ML Pella, JJ Masuda, M TI Classical individual assignments versus mixture modeling to estimate stock proportions in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) catches from DNA microsatellite data SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID MULTILOCUS GENOTYPE DATA; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; GENETIC-VARIATION; PHYLOGENETIC TREES; PACIFIC SALMON; BALTIC SEA; IDENTIFICATION; DIFFERENTIATION; PROGRAM; MANAGEMENT AB Mixture modeling is shown to outperform classical individual assignments for both estimating stock composition and identifying individuals' sources in a case study of an eight-locus DNA microsatellite database from 26 Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) stocks of the Baltic Sea. Performance of the estimation methods was compared using self-assignment tests applied to each of the baseline samples and using independent repeat samples from two of the baseline stocks. The different theoretical underpinnings, hypothesis testing versus decision theory, of the methods explain their estimation capacities. In addition, actual catch samples from three northern Baltic Sea sites in 2000 were analysed by mixture modeling, and estimated compositions were consistent with previous knowledge. Baltic main basin and Gulf of Finland stocks were each minor components (< 1% at any site), and three groups of Gulf of Bothnia stocks, wild (36%-43% among sites), Finnish hatchery (15%-49%), and Swedish hatchery (11%-41%), were each important with the two hatchery contributions trending geographically. C1 Finnish Game & Fisheries Res Inst, FIN-00791 Helsinki, Finland. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Koljonen, ML (reprint author), Finnish Game & Fisheries Res Inst, POB 2, FIN-00791 Helsinki, Finland. EM marja-liisa.koljonen@rktl.fi NR 58 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 8 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 62 IS 9 BP 2143 EP 2158 DI 10.1139/F05-128 PG 16 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 964OG UT WOS:000231889800020 ER PT J AU Pitcher, KW Rehberg, MJ Pendleton, GW Raum-Suryan, KL Gelatt, TS Swain, UG Sigler, MF AF Pitcher, KW Rehberg, MJ Pendleton, GW Raum-Suryan, KL Gelatt, TS Swain, UG Sigler, MF TI Ontogeny of dive performance in pup and juvenile Steller sea lions in Alaska SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID DIMORPHIC CAPITAL BREEDER; EUMETOPIAS-JUBATUS; DIVING BEHAVIOR; LEPTONYCHOTES WEDDELLII; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; WALLEYE POLLOCK; BODY-SIZE; FUR-SEAL; PATTERNS; GULF AB Development of competent diving ability is critical to obtaining nutritional independence in marine mammals such as Steller sea lions (SSLs), Eumetopias jubatus (Schreber, 1776). We studied diving performance in pup (75) and juvenile (36) SSLs using satellite data recorders. In general, dives by SSLs were brief and shallow. Overall, 82.3% of dives were < 2 min long and 86.9% of dives were < 10 m deep. Long ( > 5 min) and deep dives ( > 100 m) constituted only 2.49% and 0.77%, respectively, of total dives. We used linear mixed-effects models to investigate the relationships between the response variables maximum-daily-depth, time-at-depth, mean-dive-duration, dive rate, and time-at-sea and the predictor variables age, sex, population (eastern and western Alaska populations), time-of-day, and month-of-year. All response variables except dive rate were positively related (P < 0.05) to age. Dive rate declined (P < 0.001) with age. Time-of-day, month, population, sex, and some first-order interactions were all significantly (P < 0.05) related to some measure of diving performance. With large samples we were able to identify significant relationships between the response variables and the predictor variables, even though the total amount of variation explained by the models was low, because most dives were short and shallow regardless of age, sex, population, time-of-day, or month-of-year. Depths and durations of dives by juvenile animals increased throughout the range of ages studied and were similar to or greater than those previously reported for juveniles and adult females. We expect maximum depths and durations to continue to increase with age until body mass plateaus at about 10 years of age. Therefore, we expect older animals to be more efficient foragers, as they would have greater aerobic dive limits as well as more experience locating and capturing prey. C1 Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Div Wildlife Conservat, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Div Wildlife Conservat, Douglas, AK 99824 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alsaka Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Pitcher, KW (reprint author), Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Div Wildlife Conservat, 525 W 67th Ave, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. EM ken_pitcher@fishgame.state.ak.us NR 51 TC 35 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 13 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 83 IS 9 BP 1214 EP 1231 DI 10.1139/Z05-098 PG 18 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 984KM UT WOS:000233303800008 ER PT J AU Grimshaw, RHJ Ostrovsky, LA Pelinovsky, DE AF Grimshaw, RHJ Ostrovsky, LA Pelinovsky, DE TI Solitons in nonintegrable systems SO CHAOS LA English DT Article AB We introduce the concept of this special focus issue on solitons in nonintegrable systems. A brief overview of some recent developments is provided, and the various contributions are described. The topics covered in this focus issue are the modulation of solitons, bores, and shocks, the dynamical evolution of solitary waves, and existence and stability of solitary waves and embedded solitons. (C) 2005 American Institute of Physics. C1 Loughborough Univ Technol, Dept Math Sci, Loughborough LE11 3TU, Leics, England. Zel Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. McMaster Univ, Dept Math, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada. RP Grimshaw, RHJ (reprint author), Loughborough Univ Technol, Dept Math Sci, Loughborough LE11 3TU, Leics, England. RI Grimshaw, Roger/J-7855-2013; OI Grimshaw, Roger/0000-0003-0917-3218; Ostrovsky, Lev/0000-0003-2233-1305 NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 1054-1500 J9 CHAOS JI Chaos PD SEP PY 2005 VL 15 IS 3 AR 037101 DI 10.1063/1.2047867 PG 3 WC Mathematics, Applied; Physics, Mathematical SC Mathematics; Physics GA 976HL UT WOS:000232723900022 PM 16252996 ER PT J AU Ostrovsky, LA Stepanyants, YA AF Ostrovsky, LA Stepanyants, YA TI Internal solitons in laboratory experiments: Comparison with theoretical models SO CHAOS LA English DT Article ID INTERFACIAL SOLITARY WAVES; CYLINDRICAL KDV EQUATION; ROTATING FLUID; OSTROVSKY EQUATION; LARGE-AMPLITUDE; GRAVITY-WAVES; 2-LAYER FLUID; EVOLUTION-EQUATIONS; VARIABLE DEPTH; TRAPPED CORES AB Nonlinear internal solitary waves observed in laboratory experiments are discussed from the standpoint of their relation to different soliton theories, from the classical integrable models such as the Korteweg-de Vries, Gardner, Benjamin-Ono, and Joseph-Kubota-Ko-Dobbs equations and their modifications, through the nonintegrable models describing higher-order nonlinear effects, viscosity, rotation, and cylindrical spreading, to the strongly nonlinear models. First, these theoretical models are briefly described and, then, laboratory data and their comparison with the theory are presented. (C) 2005 American Institute of Physics. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Inst Appl Phys, Nizhnii Novgorod, Russia. NOAA, Zel Technol, Environm Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Australian Nucl Sci & Technol Org, Sydney, NSW, Australia. RP Russian Acad Sci, Inst Appl Phys, Nizhnii Novgorod, Russia. EM Yury.Stepanyants@ansto.gov.au OI Ostrovsky, Lev/0000-0003-2233-1305 NR 96 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 1054-1500 EI 1089-7682 J9 CHAOS JI Chaos PD SEP PY 2005 VL 15 IS 3 AR 037111 DI 10.1063/1.2107087 PG 28 WC Mathematics, Applied; Physics, Mathematical SC Mathematics; Physics GA 976HL UT WOS:000232723900032 PM 16253006 ER PT J AU Chiang, MYM Wang, XF Schulthelsz, CR He, JM AF Chiang, MYM Wang, XF Schulthelsz, CR He, JM TI Prediction and three-dimensional Monte-Carlo simulation for tensile properties of unidirectional hybrid composites SO COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE hybrid composites; Monte-Carlo simulation; rule-of-mixtures; tensile properties ID FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES; SHEAR-LAG MODEL; STRENGTH; FAILURE; BEHAVIOR; ADHESION AB A 3D fiber tow-based analytical model incorporating shear-lag theory and a statistical strength distribution has been used to simulate the tensile properties and predict the tensile strength of unidirectional hybrid composites. Also, we have developed an expression of interfacial shear stress between tows for the simulation. The hybrid composites considered in this study contain two different types of fiber tows (glass/epoxy and carbon/epoxy tows) that are intimately mixed in a random pattern throughout the composite. The tow is defined as a fiber/matrix system (an impregnated tow) rather than a bundle of fibers. The properties of the tows used in the analytical model are derived using the rule-of-mixtures from the properties of the constituent materials and their volume fractions. For low levels of carbon fiber reinforcement, the low strain to failure of the carbon fibers can initiate failure and actually have a detrimental effect on strength. Otherwise, the study indicates that there are no synergistic effects of hybridization on the tensile properties, which consequently can be described for the most part using the rule-of-mixtures. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Transportat Safety Board, Washington, DC 20594 USA. RP Chiang, MYM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM martin.chiang@nist.gov NR 22 TC 10 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0266-3538 J9 COMPOS SCI TECHNOL JI Compos. Sci. Technol. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 65 IS 11-12 BP 1719 EP 1727 DI 10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.02.012 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA 953AB UT WOS:000231046700010 ER PT J AU Golmie, N Matta, I AF Golmie, N Matta, I TI Guest editorial - Applications and services in wireless networks SO COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Boston Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Boston, MA 02215 USA. NIST, High Speed Network Technol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Matta, I (reprint author), Boston Univ, Dept Comp Sci, 111 Cummington St, Boston, MA 02215 USA. EM nada@nist.gov; matta@cs.bu.edu NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0140-3664 J9 COMPUT COMMUN JI Comput. Commun. PD SEP 1 PY 2005 VL 28 IS 14 BP 1603 EP 1604 DI 10.1016/j.comcom.2005.02.006 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Engineering; Telecommunications GA 960JE UT WOS:000231585700001 ER PT J AU Rust, B Donnelly, D AF Rust, B Donnelly, D TI The fast fourier transform for experimentalists part III: Classical spectral analysis SO COMPUTING IN SCIENCE & ENGINEERING LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Rust, B (reprint author), US Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD USA. EM bwr@nist.gov; donnelly@siena.edu NR 4 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 1521-9615 J9 COMPUT SCI ENG JI Comput. Sci. Eng. PD SEP-OCT PY 2005 VL 7 IS 5 BP 74 EP 78 DI 10.1109/MCSE.2005.103 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Computer Science GA 956CC UT WOS:000231275500013 ER PT J AU Buonaccorsi, VP Kimbrell, CA Lynn, EA Vetter, RD AF Buonaccorsi, VP Kimbrell, CA Lynn, EA Vetter, RD TI Limited realized dispersal and introgressive hybridization influence genetic structure and conservation strategies for brown rockfish, Sebastes auriculatus SO CONSERVATION GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Endangered Species Act; isolation-by-distance; marine reserves; mean larval dispersal distance ID SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA BIGHT; MARINE RESERVE DESIGN; LARVAL DISPERSAL; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; LOCAL RETENTION; F-STATISTICS; EL-NINO; FLOW; PATTERNS; FISH AB Understanding patterns of connectivity among marine fish populations with demersal adults and pelagic larvae is critical for effective conservation of west coast rockfishes. The brown rockfish (Sebastes auriculatus) occurs in nearshore habitat and is common from northern Baja California, Mexico to northern California, rare off the outer coast of Oregon and Washington and again common in the inland waters of Puget Sound, Washington. Here we examine patterns of microsatellite DNA diversity from throughout the species' range as an indirect measure of long-term trends in larval dispersal. Genetic divergence was large and highly significant over all populations (F-ST=0.056, P < 0.0001), and was significantly correlated with geographic distance when considering coastal populations. The best estimates of mean coastal dispersal distance were on the order of 10 km or less per generation. Diversity was relatively low in the Puget Sound, suggesting that Puget Sound rockfish populations experienced a post-glacial founder effect followed by genetic isolation and low effective population size. Puget Sound individuals appeared to have recent mixed ancestry as a result of introgression with S. maliger and S. caurinus. Genetic isolation of Puget Sound fish provides a basis for consideration as a Distinct Population Segment (DPS) under the provisions of the Endangered Species Act. We recommend that coastal brown rockfish fisheries be managed at regional rather than coast-wide scales, and that design of marine reserve networks considers the surprisingly low realized dispersal distance of some species with high dispersal potential. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. Juniata Coll, Dept Biol, Huntingdon, PA 16652 USA. RP Buonaccorsi, VP (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. EM buonaccorsi@juniata.edu RI Bizzarro, Joseph/A-2988-2012 NR 49 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1566-0621 J9 CONSERV GENET JI Conserv. Genet. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 6 IS 5 BP 697 EP 713 DI 10.1007/s10592-005-9029-1 PG 17 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Genetics & Heredity SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Genetics & Heredity GA 000FM UT WOS:000234446300004 ER PT J AU Sellas, AB Wells, RS Rosel, PE AF Sellas, AB Wells, RS Rosel, PE TI Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA analyses reveal fine scale geographic structure in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Gulf of Mexico SO CONSERVATION GENETICS LA English DT Article DE management; microsatellites; mitochondrial DNA; population structure; Tursiops truncatus ID PORPOISE PHOCOENA-PHOCOENA; SEX-BIASED DISPERSAL; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION; INTRASPECIFIC STRUCTURE; DELPHINAPTERUS-LEUCAS; CETACEAN POPULATIONS; CONTROL REGION; F-STATISTICS; MICROSATELLITE AB There is a need for biological information to support current stock designations of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Gulf of Mexico. The existence of many inshore, resident "communities" raises questions as to the relationship these dolphins may hold with dolphins inhabiting neighboring inshore and coastal areas. In this study, population subdivision was examined among four resident, inshore bottlenose dolphin stocks (Sarasota Bay, FL, Tampa Bay, FL, Charlotte Harbor, FL and Matagorda Bay, TX) and one coastal stock (1-12 km offshore) in the Gulf of Mexico. Evidence of significant population structure among all areas was found on the basis of both mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequence data and nine nuclear microsatellite loci. Estimates of relatedness showed no population contained a significantly high number of related individuals, while separate AMOVAs for males and females indicated that both sexes exhibit a significant level of site philopatry. Results presented here provide the first genetic evidence of population subdivision between the coastal Gulf of Mexico and adjacent inshore areas along the central west coast of Florida. Such strong genetic subdivision is surprising given the short geographical distance between many of these areas and the lack of obvious geographic barriers to prevent gene flow. These findings support the current, separate identification of stocks for bottlenose dolphins inhabiting the eastern coastal and inshore areas of the Gulf of Mexico. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Ocean Sci Dept, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Mote Marine Lab, Chicago Zool Soc, Sarasota, FL 34236 USA. RP Rosel, PE (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 646 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. EM Patricia.Rosel@noaa.gov NR 77 TC 73 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 15 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1566-0621 J9 CONSERV GENET JI Conserv. Genet. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 6 IS 5 BP 715 EP 728 DI 10.1007/s10592-005-9031-7 PG 14 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Genetics & Heredity SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Genetics & Heredity GA 000FM UT WOS:000234446300005 ER PT J AU McNeil, C Katz, D Wanninkhof, R Johnson, B AF McNeil, C Katz, D Wanninkhof, R Johnson, B TI Continuous shipboard sampling of gas tension, oxygen and nitrogen SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS LA English DT Article ID SOLUBILITY; SEAWATER; WATER; OCEAN; BUBBLES; ARGON AB A novel shipboard gas tension device (GTD) that measures total dissolved air pressure in ocean surface waters is described and demonstrated. In addition, an improved method to estimate dissolved N-2 levels from simultaneous measurements of gas tension, dissolved O-2, water temperature, and salinity is described. Other than a flow-through plenum, the shipboard GTD is similar to the previously described moored-mode GTD (McNeil et al., 1995, Deep-Sea Research 1 42, 819-826). The plenum has an integrated water-side screen to protect the membrane, and prevent the membrane from flexing in super-saturated near surface waters. The sampling scheme uses a well mixed and thermally insulated 15 L container that is flushed by the ship's seawater intake at a rate of 3-15 L min(-1). Dissolved gas sensors are placed inside this container and flushed with a small recirculation pump. Laboratory data that characterize the response of the modified GTD are presented. The modified GTD has a constant, isothermal, characteristic (e-folding) response time of typically 11 +/- 2 min at 20 degrees C. The response time decreases with increasing temperature and varies by +/- 35% over a temperature range of 5-35 degrees C. Results of field measurements, collected on the R.V. Brown between New York and Puerto Rico during September 2002, are presented, and provide the first look at co-variability in surface ocean N-2, O-2, and CO2 levels over horizontal length scales of several kilometers. Dissolved N-2 concentrations decreased by approximately 16% as the ship sailed from the colder northern continental shelf waters, across the Gulf Stream, and into the warmer northwestern Atlantic Ocean. Historical database measurements, buoy time series, and satellite imagery, are used to aid interpretation of the dissolved gas levels. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Dalhousie Univ, Halifax, NS, Canada. RP McNeil, C (reprint author), Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM mcneil@gso.uri.edu NR 17 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0637 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT I JI Deep-Sea Res. Part I-Oceanogr. Res. Pap. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 52 IS 9 BP 1767 EP 1785 DI 10.1016/j.dsr.2005.04.003 PG 19 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 960KP UT WOS:000231589700010 ER PT J AU Bailey, SA Nandakumar, K Duggan, IC van Overdijk, CDA Johengen, TH Reid, DF MacIsaac, HJ AF Bailey, SA Nandakumar, K Duggan, IC van Overdijk, CDA Johengen, TH Reid, DF MacIsaac, HJ TI In situ hatching of invertebrate diapausing eggs from ships' ballast sediment SO DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS LA English DT Article DE ballast water; biological invasions; Great Lakes; introduction; non-indigenous species; resting stages ID LUMBRICULUS-VARIEGATUS MULLER; LAURENTIAN GREAT-LAKES; BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS; NORTH-AMERICA; WATER; INTRODUCTIONS; DISPERSAL; INVADERS; SUCCESS; REPRODUCTION AB Ships that enter the Great Lakes laden with cargo carry only residual ballast water and sediment in ballast tanks. These ships are designated 'no ballast on board' (NOBOB) and constitute > 90% of inbound traffic. We conducted in situ experiments using emergence traps to assess the viability and the introduction potential of invertebrate diapausing stages present in ships' ballast sediment. All trials commenced while vessels operated on the lower lakes (Erie, Ontario) and were completed 6-11 days later at ports on the upper lakes (Michigan, Lake Superior). Eight trials were conducted on four ships using five different ballast sediments. Hatching was observed on every ship, although not from all sediments on all ships. Overall hatch rates were very low (0.5 individuals per 500 g sediment), typically involving activation of < 0.05% of total eggs present. Five species of rotifers and copepod nauplii were hatched from ballast sediments, although only one or two species typically hatched from any one sediment. Results of this study indicate that hatching of diapausing eggs contained in ballast sediment of NOBOB ships poses a relatively low risk of invasion to the Great Lakes. However, as reproduction may occur in tanks, and non-indigenous species may be involved in numerous introduction events, the risk posed by this vector is small but potentially important. While dormancy is a characteristic enabling enhanced survival during transportation in ballast tanks, it becomes a hindrance for introduction. C1 Univ Windsor, Great Lakes Inst Environm Res, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada. Univ Michigan, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48104 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Bailey, SA (reprint author), Univ Windsor, Great Lakes Inst Environm Res, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada. EM sarahbailey@canada.com RI Duggan, Ian/G-2275-2012; Bailey, Sarah/E-8356-2010 OI Duggan, Ian/0000-0002-6037-9759; NR 37 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1366-9516 J9 DIVERS DISTRIB JI Divers. Distrib. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 11 IS 5 BP 453 EP 460 DI 10.1111/j.1366-9516.2005.00150.x PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 959FX UT WOS:000231504400010 ER PT J AU Duffy-Anderson, JT Bailey, K Ciannelli, L Cury, P Belgrano, A Stenseth, NC AF Duffy-Anderson, JT Bailey, K Ciannelli, L Cury, P Belgrano, A Stenseth, NC TI Phase transitions in marine fish recruitment processes SO ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY LA English DT Review DE recruitment; phase transition; regime shift; fisheries; climate ID CAPELIN MALLOTUS-VILLOSUS; HERRING CLUPEA-HARENGUS; WESTERN ENGLISH-CHANNEL; BARENTS SEA; NORTH PACIFIC; REGIME SHIFTS; DENSITY-DEPENDENCE; POPULATION REGULATION; WALLEYE POLLOCK; GADOID OUTBURST AB There has been a recent resurgence of interest in fisheries recruitment as a dynamic and complex process that is integrated over several life stages, with a variety of factors acting across scales to initiate, modulate, and constrain population abundance and variability. In this paper, we review the theory of recruitment phase transitions using a marine fisheries perspective. We propose that transitions in recruitment are dependent upon the balance of activating and constraining processes of recruitment control, and we highlight fundamental differences in recruitment transitions precipitated by climate events, those related to community alterations, and those manifested by fishery practices (though each is not necessarily mutually exclusive). We maintain that the emergent properties of fisheries populations post-phase transition are contingent upon their histories, their differing initial states, the degree of food web complexity, interaction strengths among interspecifics, and contrasting external forcing, any or all of which may be dissimilar between one regime and another. We suggest that it may be challenging to forecast recruitment phase transitions, though we encourage efforts to determine whether there are unifying relationships that govern recruitment dynamics. (C) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. IRD, Ctr Rech Halieut Mediterraneenne & Trop, F-34203 Sete, France. Natl Ctr Genome Resources, Santa Fe, NM 87505 USA. Univ Oslo, Dept Biol, Ctr Ecol & Evolutionary Synth, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. RP Duffy-Anderson, JT (reprint author), Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM Janet.Duffy-Anderson@noaa.gov RI Stenseth, Nils Chr./G-5212-2016 OI Stenseth, Nils Chr./0000-0002-1591-5399 NR 118 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1476-945X J9 ECOL COMPLEX JI Ecol. Complex. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 2 IS 3 BP 205 EP 218 DI 10.1016/j.ecocom.2004.12.002 PG 14 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 952MT UT WOS:000231008800001 ER PT J AU de Ronde, CEJ Hannington, MD Stoffers, P Wright, IC Ditchburn, RG Reyes, AG Baker, ET Massoth, GJ Lupton, JE Walker, SL Greene, RR Soong, CWR Ishibashi, J Lebon, GT Bray, CJ Resing, JA AF de Ronde, CEJ Hannington, MD Stoffers, P Wright, IC Ditchburn, RG Reyes, AG Baker, ET Massoth, GJ Lupton, JE Walker, SL Greene, RR Soong, CWR Ishibashi, J Lebon, GT Bray, CJ Resing, JA TI Evolution of a submarine magmatic-hydrothermal system: Brothers volcano, southern Kermadec arc, New Zealand SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Geological-Society-of-America CY OCT 27-30, 2002 CL Denver, CO SP Geol Soc Amer ID EAST PACIFIC RISE; SULFUR ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; PAPUA-NEW-GUINEA; DE-FUCA RIDGE; LAU BACK-ARC; SW PACIFIC; HAVRE TROUGH; SOUTHWEST PACIFIC; AXIAL VOLCANO; 1998 ERUPTION AB Brothers volcano, which is part of the active Kermadec arc, northeast of New Zealand, forms an elongate edifice 13 km long by 8 km across that strikes northwest-southeast. The volcano has a caldera with a basal diameter of similar to 3 km and a floor at 1,850 m below sea level, surrounded by 290- to 530-m-high walls. A volcanic cone of dacite rises 350 in from the caldera floor and partially coalesces with the southern caldera wall. Three hydrothermal sites have been located: on the northwest caldera wall, on the southeast caldera wall, and on the dacite cone. Multiple hydrothermal plumes rise similar to 750 m through the water column upward from the caldera floor, originating from the northwest caldera walls and atop the cone, itself host to three separate vent fields (summit, upper flank, northeast flank). In 1999, the cone site had plumes with relatively high concentrations of gas with a Delta pH of -0.27 relative to seawater (proxy for CO2 + S gases), dissolved H2S up to 4,250 nM, high concentrations of particulate Cu (up to 3.4 nM), total dissolvable Fe (up to 4,720 01), total dissolvable Mn (up to 260 nM) and Fe/Mn values of 4.4 to 18.2. By 2002, plumes from the summit vent field had much lower particulate Cu (0.3 nM), total dissolvable Fe (175 nM), and Fe/Mn values of 0.8 but similar Delta pH (-0.22) and higher H2S (7,000 nM). The 1999 plume results are consistent with a magmatic fluid component with the concentration of Fe suggesting direct exsolution of a liquid brine, whereas the much lower concentrations of metals but higher overall gas contents in the 2002 plumes likely reflect subsea-floor phase separation. Plumes above the northwest caldera site are chemically distinct, and their compositions have not changed over the same 3-year interval. They have less CO2 (ApH of -0.09), no detectable H2S, total dissolved Fe of 955 nM, total dissolved Mn of 150 nM, and Fe/Mn of 6.4. An overall increase in He-3/He-4 values in the plumes from R/R-A = 6.1 in 1999 to 7.2 in 2002 is further consistent with a magmatic pulse perturbing the system. The northwest caldera site is host to at least two large areas (similar to 600 m by at least 50 m) of chimneys and subcropping massive sulfide. One deposit is partially buried by sediment near the caldera rim at similar to 1,450 m, whereas the other crops out along narrow, fault-bounded ledges between similar to 1,600 and 1,650 m. Camera tows imaged active 1- to 2-m-high black smoker chimneys in the deeper zone together with numerous 1- to 5-m-high inactive spires, abundant sulfide talus, partially buried massive sulfides, and hydrothermally altered volcanic rocks. Pb-210/Ra-226 dating of one chimney gives an age of 27 6 years; Ra-226/Ba dating of other mineralization indicates ages up to 1,200 years. Formation temperatures derived from Delta S-34(sulfate-sulfide) mineral pairs are 245 degrees to 295 degrees for the northwest caldera site, 225 degrees to 260 degrees C for the southeast caldera and similar to 260 degrees to 305 degrees C for the cone. Fluid inclusion gas data suggest subsea-floor phase separation occurred at the northwest caldera site. Alteration minerals identified include silicates, silica polymorphs, sulfates, sulfides, Fe and Mn oxide and/or oxyhydroxides, and native sulfur, which are consistent with precipitation at a range of temperatures from fluids of different compositions. An advanced argillic assemblage of illite + amorphous silica + natroalunite + pyrite + native S at the cone site, the occurrence f chalcocite + covellite + bornite + iss + chalcopyrite + pyrite in sulfide samples from the southeast caldera site, and veins of enargite in a rhyodacitic sample from the northwest caldera site are indicative of high-sulfidation conditions similar to those of subaerial magmatic-hydrothermal systems. The northwest caldera vent site is a long-lived hydrothermal system that is today dominated by evolved seawater but has had episodic injections of magmatic fluid. The southeast caldera site represents the main upflow of a relatively well established magmatic-hydrothermal system on the sea floor where sulfide-rich chimneys are extant. The cone site is a nascent magmatic-hydrothermal system where crack zones localize upwelling acidic waters. Each of these different vent sites represents diverse parts of an evolving hydrothermal system, any one of which may be typical of submarine volcanic arcs. C1 Inst Geol & Nucl Sci, Lower Hutt, New Zealand. Univ Ottawa, Dept Earth Sci, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada. Univ Kiel, Inst Geosci, D-24118 Kiel, Germany. Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Wellington, New Zealand. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Kyushu Univ, Fac Sci, Fukuoka 812, Japan. Univ Toronto, Dept Geol, F Gordon Smith Fluid Inclus Lab, Toronto, ON M5S 3B1, Canada. RP Inst Geol & Nucl Sci, POB 31-312, Lower Hutt, New Zealand. EM Cornel.deRonde@gns.cri.nz RI Wright, Ian/B-9643-2008 OI Wright, Ian/0000-0002-6660-0493 NR 96 TC 101 Z9 101 U1 7 U2 39 PU SOC ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC PI LITTLETON PA 7811 SCHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0361-0128 EI 1554-0774 J9 ECON GEOL JI Econ. Geol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2005 VL 100 IS 6 BP 1097 EP 1133 DI 10.2113/100.6.1097 PG 37 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 003ST UT WOS:000234702600003 ER PT J AU Milesi, C Running, SW Elvidge, CD Dietz, JB Tuttle, BT Nemani, RR AF Milesi, C Running, SW Elvidge, CD Dietz, JB Tuttle, BT Nemani, RR TI Mapping and modeling the biogeochemical cycling of turf grasses in the United States SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE turf grasses; BIOME-BGC; impervious surface area; carbon budget; carbon sequestration potential; water use ID FOREST ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES; REGIONAL APPLICATIONS; CARBON SEQUESTRATION; GENERAL-MODEL; AMERICAN LAWN; TURFGRASS; BGC; SIMULATIONS; MANAGEMENT; EXCHANGE AB Turf grasses are ubiquitous in the urban landscape of the United States and are often associated with various types of environmental impacts, especially on water resources, yet there have been limited efforts to quantify their total surface and ecosystem functioning, such as their total impact on the continental water budget and potential net ecosystem exchange (NEE). In this study, relating turf grass area to an estimate of fractional impervious surface area, it was calculated that potentially 163,800 km(2) (+/- 35,850 km(2)) of land are cultivated with turf grasses in the continental United States, an area three times larger than that of any irrigated crop. Using the Biome-BGC ecosystem process model, the growth of warm-season and cool-season turf grasses was modeled at a number of sites across the 48 conterminous states under different management scenarios, simulating potential carbon and water fluxes as if the entire turf surface was to be managed like a well-maintained lawn. The results indicate that well-watered and fertilized turf grasses act as a carbon sink. The potential NEE that could derive from the total surface potentially under turf (up to 17 Tg C/yr with the simulated scenarios) would require up to 695 to 900 liters of water per person per day, depending on the modeled water irrigation practices, suggesting that outdoor water conservation practices such as xeriscaping and irrigation with recycled waste-water may need to be extended as many municipalities continue to face increasing pressures on freshwater. C1 Univ Montana, Coll Forestry & Conservat, Numerical Terradynam Simulat Grp, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Milesi, C (reprint author), Univ Montana, Coll Forestry & Conservat, Numerical Terradynam Simulat Grp, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. EM milesi@ntsg.umt.edu RI Elvidge, Christopher/C-3012-2009 NR 44 TC 223 Z9 239 U1 17 U2 126 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 36 IS 3 BP 426 EP 438 DI 10.1007/s00267-004-0316-2 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 965OC UT WOS:000231959000008 PM 16086109 ER PT J AU Holbrook, RD Breidenich, J DeRose, PC AF Holbrook, RD Breidenich, J DeRose, PC TI Impact of reclaimed water on select organic matter properties of a receiving stream-fluorescence and perylene sorption behavior SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; DISSOLVED HUMIC MATERIALS; MICROBIAL PRODUCTS SMP; WASTE-WATER; FLOW ULTRAFILTRATION; TERTIARY EFFLUENTS; TREATMENT SYSTEMS; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; DRINKING-WATER; FULVIC-ACID AB Surface water samples obtained from the Bull Run tributary upstream and downstream of the Upper Occoquan Sewage Authority (UOSA) advanced wastewater reclamation facility (WRF) were characterized by fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectroscopy, and sorption coefficients (K-moc) of macromolecular organic carbon isolates were quantified by fluorescence quenching. The EEM data revealed a signature fluorescence distribution in the downstream samples that was attributed to the presence of proteinlike material. The K-moc values for upstream samples were consistently and significantly higher than those of corresponding downstream samples. There was a moderate correlation (R-2 = 0.67) between log K-moc and the molar extinction coefficient at 280 nm (epsilon(280)) and a strong correlation (R-2 = 0.96) between K-moc and the proteinlike fluorescence region for macromolecular isolates with negligible quantum yields. This study demonstrates that organic matter downstream of the UOSA-WRF has unique fluorescence and perylene sorption characteristics compared to those of upstream organic matter during summer baseflow conditions. This implies that wastewater treatment facilities, including those advanced facilities designed to reclaim wastewater for indirect potable reuse, can influence the composition and behavior of organic matter in a receiving stream. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Smith Coll, Dept Chem, Northampton, MA 01063 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Holbrook, RD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dave.hotbrook@nist.go NR 54 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 3 U2 16 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP 1 PY 2005 VL 39 IS 17 BP 6453 EP 6460 DI 10.1021/es047971p PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 962ID UT WOS:000231723800027 PM 16190199 ER PT J AU Houde, M Wells, RS Fair, PA Bossart, GD Hohn, AA Rowles, TK Sweeney, JC Solomon, KR Muir, DCG AF Houde, M Wells, RS Fair, PA Bossart, GD Hohn, AA Rowles, TK Sweeney, JC Solomon, KR Muir, DCG TI Polyfluoroalkyl compounds in free-ranging bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PERFLUOROOCTANE SULFONATE; PERFLUORINATED COMPOUNDS; MARINE MAMMALS; FLUOROTELOMER ALCOHOLS; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; CARBOXYLIC-ACIDS; FOOD-WEB; EXPOSURE; BLOOD; RAT AB Polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFAs) have been used for decades in industrial and commercial products and are now detected worldwide. Concentrations of two major PFA groups, carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and sulfonic acids (PFSAs), were assessed in plasma of bottlenose dolphins from the Gulf of Mexico (Sarasota Bay, FL) and the Atlantic Ocean (Delaware Bay, NJ, Charleston, SC, Indian River Lagoon (IRL), FL, and Bermuda). Eight HAS were detected in the plasma of all dolphins. Perfluorooctane sulforate (PFOS) was the predominant compound at all locations (range from 49 ng/g wet weight (w.w.) in dolphins from Bermuda to 1171 ng/g w.w. in plasma of animals from Charleston). Sum of PFA concentrations were significantly higher in animals from Charleston compared to IRL, Sarasota Bay, and Bermuda. Concentrations of several PFAs were negatively associated with age in animals from IRL and Charleston. No differences between gender were observed for all compounds at all locations. An increase in PFA concentrations was associated with a decrease of blubber thickness in animals from Sarasota Bay and IRL. Fluorotelomer 8:2 and 10:2 unsaturated carboxylic acids (FTUCAs), known degradation products of fluorotelomer alcohols and suspected precursors to PFCAs, were detected for the first time at low concentrations in plasma of dolphins. C1 Environm Canada, Natl Water Res Inst, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. Univ Guelph, Dept Environm Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Chicago Zool Sco, Mote Marine Lab, Sarasota, FL 34236 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Ctr, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Harbor Branch Oceanog Inst Inc, Ft Pierce, FL 34946 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Dolphin Quest, San Diego, CA 92307 USA. RP Muir, DCG (reprint author), Environm Canada, Natl Water Res Inst, 867 Lakeshore Rd, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. EM derek.muir@ec.gc.ca RI Hohn, Aleta/G-2888-2011; OI Hohn, Aleta/0000-0002-9992-7062; Muir, Derek/0000-0001-6631-9776 NR 43 TC 91 Z9 94 U1 3 U2 24 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP 1 PY 2005 VL 39 IS 17 BP 6591 EP 6598 DI 10.1021/es0506556 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 962ID UT WOS:000231723800044 PM 16190216 ER PT J AU Lanksbury, JA Duffy-Anderson, JT Mier, KL Wilson, MT AF Lanksbury, JA Duffy-Anderson, JT Mier, KL Wilson, MT TI Ichthyoplankton abundance, distribution, and assemblage structure in the Gulf of Alaska during September 2000 and 2001 SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ichthyoplankton; assemblage; bathymetry; circulation; autumn; Gulf of Alaska ID WALLEYE POLLOCK; THERAGRA-CHALCOGRAMMA; NORTHEAST PACIFIC; SHELIKOF-STRAIT; COASTAL CURRENT; TRANSPORT; OCEAN; MODEL; DIET AB Autumn ichthyoplankton assemblage structure in the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) region has not previously been characterized. lchthyoplankton data from September 2000 and 2001 survey collections were analyzed to describe assemblages in the western GOA, to examine interannual variation in assemblages, and to relate observations to oceanographic conditions. Taxa with the highest frequency of occurrence (2000/2001) included Osmeridae (94/87%), Hexagrammos lagocephalus (57/45%), Sehastes spp. (35/47%) and Bathymaster spp. (27/57%). Through the use of clustering techniques and ordination, three identifiable larval assemblages common to both years were identified. Slope assemblages appeared well defined in both years, while nearshore and mid-shelf assemblages tended to be more loosely associated and variable between years. Analyses of environmental variables (temperature, salinity, water depth, distance from shore, and water transport) suggest ichthyoplankton assemblage structure is affected primarily by bathymetry and circulation. We demonstrate that early autumn ichthyoplankton assemblage structure in the GOA is fundamentally linked to variations in macro- (slope vs. shelf) and meso-scale topography (on-shelf proximity to land masses), and suggest that these intrinsic associations may be modified by spatial and temporal variations in local hydrographic conditions. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Lanksbury, JA (reprint author), NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM jennifer.lanksbury@noaa.gov NR 22 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 13 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0272-7714 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF S JI Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 64 IS 4 BP 775 EP 785 DI 10.1016/j.ecss.2005.05.006 PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 961IS UT WOS:000231656200018 ER PT J AU Jakupciak, JP AF Jakupciak, JP TI Real-time telomerase activity measurements for detection of cancer SO EXPERT REVIEW OF MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS LA English DT Review DE biomarker; diagnostics; real-time TRAP; reference material; telomerase ID HTERT MESSENGER-RNA; METASTATIC BREAST-CANCER; SQUAMOUS-CELL CARCINOMA; CIRCULATING TUMOR-CELLS; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL DETECTION; LUNG-CANCER; REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTASE; BLADDER-CANCER; BODY-FLUIDS; EXPRESSION AB Since the hallmark report of the PCR-based telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) in 1994, there has been a flurry of investigations of telomerase activity on normal, benign, premalignant and cancerous samples representative of the various stages of tumorigenesis. Basic research and technological advances in human genetics, biochemistry and model systems have brought much progress towards the understanding of human infectious, hereditary and somatically acquired diseases. The knowledge of carcinogenesis has increased very rapidly in the past few years, particularly with the development of automated molecular biologic analysis of tumors and preneoplastic lesions. Despite the wide variety of studies on the potential use of telomerase as a cancer biomarker, the variability of reported telomerase activity and the lack of a transferable detection method have prevented it from becoming a routine clinical application. Real-time PCR is a clinically transferable method and the advancement of real-time measurements of telomerase will facilitate moving telomerase activity and technologies towards clinical validation. It is expected that the next 5 years will see telomerase integrated into the initial detection and follow-up monitoring of cancer patients. The hope is that the use of telomerase will finally translate into a diagnostic to help realize longer survival and a better quality of life. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jakupciak, JP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8311, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM johnj@nist.gov FU NCI NIH HHS [CN-010309] NR 79 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 5 PU FUTURE DRUGS LTD PI LONDON PA UNITEC HOUSE, 3RD FL, 2 ALBERT PLACE, FINCHLEYY CENTRAL, LONDON N3 1QB, ENGLAND SN 1473-7159 J9 EXPERT REV MOL DIAGN JI Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 5 IS 5 BP 745 EP 753 DI 10.1586/147371159.5.5.745 PG 9 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA 966LJ UT WOS:000232021100013 PM 16149877 ER PT J AU Macfarlane, RB Ralston, S Royer, C Norton, EC AF Macfarlane, RB Ralston, S Royer, C Norton, EC TI Juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) growth on the central California coast during the 1998 El Nino and 1999 La Nina SO FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE El Nino; growth; juvenile chinook salmon; La Nina; lipids; oceanography ID SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA; ENGRAULIS-MORDAX; SOCKEYE SALMON; PACIFIC SALMON; DYNAMICS; ROCKFISH; SEBASTES; KISUTCH; OREGON; FARALLONES AB We assessed growth in subyearling chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) during the 1998 El Nino and 1999 La Nina in the Gulf of the Farallones, a region of the continental shelf off central California seaward of the Golden Gate and the southernmost ocean entry point for the species in North America. Juvenile salmon demonstrated greater growth during this strong El Nino, when water temperature anomalies of more than +3 degrees C were recorded at local buoys, than during the similarly strong 1999 La Nina. Slopes of regressions of weight on length, length on age, and weight on age were all significantly greater for juvenile salmon during the 1998 El Nino compared with those in the 1999 La Nina. Daily otolith increment widths, an estimator of somatic growth, corroborated population data. Between June 1 and August 9, mean increment widths for juvenile chinook salmon in 1998 were 3.54 +/- 0.03 mu m, significantly larger than the 3.13 +/- 0.03 mu m found in juveniles during the same time interval in 1999. Condition factor for juvenile chinook salmon entering the ocean at the Golden Gate was the same in both years, but became significantly greater in ocean fish during the 1998 El Nino than in ocean fish during the 1999 La Nina. Energy storage was significantly greater in ocean juvenile salmon during the 1998 El Nino as well. Mean triacylglycerol/cholesterol ratios increased following ocean entry in 1998, whereas they declined in ocean juveniles during 1999. Thus, not only was growth better in the El Nino period compared with La Nina, but lipid accumulation was also better. Oceanographic data for 1998 indicated elevated temperatures, lower salinity, greater freshwater outflow from San Francisco Bay, northerly flowing coastal currents, and positive upwelling index anomalies. This combination of environmental factors resulted in greater zooplankton productivity that, in conjunction with higher temperatures, allowed metabolic processes to enhance growth. Although El Nino events have certainly produced large-scale, and often adverse, effects on ecosystems, the results of this study emphasize the importance of local oceanographic conditions to growth and other physiological and ecological processes. C1 Santa Cruz Lab, NOAA Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Macfarlane, RB (reprint author), Santa Cruz Lab, NOAA Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 110 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM bruce.macfarlane@noaa.gov NR 44 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 17 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1054-6006 J9 FISH OCEANOGR JI Fish Oceanogr. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 14 IS 5 BP 321 EP 332 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Oceanography GA 964TN UT WOS:000231903500001 ER PT J AU Hearn, A Martinez, P Toral-Granda, MV Murillo, JC Polovina, J AF Hearn, A Martinez, P Toral-Granda, MV Murillo, JC Polovina, J TI Population dynamics of the exploited sea cucumber Isostichopus fuscus in the western Galapagos Islands, Ecuador SO FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE Galapagos; holothurian fisheries; juvenile recruitment; overfishing ID GULF-OF-CALIFORNIA; 1997-98 EL-NINO; GROWTH; HOLOTHUROIDEA; PARAMETERS; MORTALITY; EVENT/; MEXICO AB Long-term density data for the sea cucumber, Isostichopus fuscus, from Canal Bolivar (separating western Isabela and eastern Fernandina Islands), Galapagos, were compared with catch statistics and used in a stock depletion model to determine the extent of the effects of the fishery on the existing population and the potential for the population to recover after each fishing season. Recruitment indices were found to be low from 1994 until mid-1999, when a mass recruitment event was registered and numbers of small individuals increased dramatically. The increase in density of juveniles peaked in 2001 and has declined since. Recruitment in this species of sea cucumber appears to be highly sporadic and may depend on intense climatic events such as the warm El Nino. Current levels of fishing activity are unsustainable. The management implications of pulse recruitment in this fishery are discussed. C1 Charles Darwin Fdn, Marine Res & Conservat Dept, Santa Cruz, Galapagos Isl, Ecuador. Univ Melbourne, Dept Zool, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia. NOAA, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Hearn, A (reprint author), Charles Darwin Fdn, Marine Res & Conservat Dept, Santa Cruz, Galapagos Isl, Ecuador. EM ahearn@fcdarwin.org.ec NR 44 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 21 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1054-6006 J9 FISH OCEANOGR JI Fish Oceanogr. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 14 IS 5 BP 377 EP 385 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2419.2005.00342.x PG 9 WC Fisheries; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Oceanography GA 964TN UT WOS:000231903500004 ER PT J AU Busby, MS Mier, KL Brodeur, RD AF Busby, MS Mier, KL Brodeur, RD TI Habitat associations of demersal fishes and crabs in the Pribilof Islands region of the Bering Sea SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE fishes; crabs; habitat; ROV; Bering Sea; Pribilof Islands ID CONTINENTAL-SHELF; LOPHOLATILUS-CHAMAELEONTICEPS; ANOMALOUS CONDITIONS; SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; PACIFIC-OCEAN; DEEP-REEF; SEBASTES; ROCKFISH; BEHAVIOR AB Habitat associations of demersal fishes and crabs were determined from observations of videotapes recorded by a camera-equipped remotely operated vehicle (ROV) in the Bering Sea near the Pribilof Islands in September 1995 and 1997. We identified 42 taxa representing 16 families of fishes and 8 taxa from 3 families of crabs. Families Pleuronectidae (righteye flounders) and Cottidae (sculpins) were represented by the greatest number of taxa. Lepidopsetta polyxystra and Chionoecetes opilio were the most frequently observed fish and crab species. Other fish species in the families Pleuronectidae, Gadidae, Scorpaenidae, Agonidae, and Bathymasteridae were also encountered frequently. Six classifications based on substrate and cover were used to describe the habitat where each fish and crab was observed. Agonids and pleuronectids were typically observed on silt, mud, or sand substrate with no cover while other taxa, particularly cottids and bathymasterids, were encountered in more varieties of habitat including areas covered with rocks and boulders. Significant differences in species composition were found among habitats and stratified depth ranges. Similarity analyses showed that different taxa were responsible for these differences, but within each habitat type and depth range, two to five species contributed to 90% of the average similarity. Some ROV dives were paired with bottom trawls in the same general locations. Species compositions of the ROV observations were significantly correlated with that of the corresponding bottom trawl catch compositions. Overall, we believe that in situ observations provide useful information on fish habitats and behaviors not readily available from conventional trawling surveys. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr,Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Estuarine & Ocean Ecol Program, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Busby, MS (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, 7600 Sand Point Way NE,Bldg 4, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM morgan.busby@noaa.gov NR 38 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 75 IS 1-3 BP 15 EP 28 DI 10.1016/j.fishres.2005.05.012 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 956MP UT WOS:000231304300002 ER PT J AU Thorarinsdottir, GG Jacobson, LD AF Thorarinsdottir, GG Jacobson, LD TI Fishery biology and biological reference points for management of ocean quahogs (Arctica islandica) off Iceland SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Arctica islandica; ocean quahog; biological reference points; management ID POPULATION-STRUCTURE; SEXUAL MATURITY; LINNAEUS; SIZE; WATERS; SHELL; RATIO; AGE AB Ocean quahogs off Iceland are large, slow growing clams distributed on the continental shelf around the north Atlantic. The Icelandic stock is most northern and found in the shallowest water. Maximum age may exceed 200 y. Commercial fishing and biological research for ocean quahogs started in 1995 but relatively little biological information is available. We used published information, estimated key parameters, and calculated biological reference points for the Icelandic stock based on per recruit models. Commercial catches varied during 1995-2000 and increased to 14,200 t in 2003. The growth model was L = 99.9(1-e(-0.0223(a+22.5))), where L is shell length (SL, mm) and a is age (y). Fifty-percent of ocean quahogs reach sexual maturity by 64 turn SL (23 y) and 50% are fully selected by commercial fishing dredges by 72 mm SL (55 y). Based on a length-based per recruit model, F-MAX = 0.0694, F-0.1 = 0.0312 and F-50% = 0.032 y(-1). Managers should consider precautionary management approaches in view of ocean quahog life history, uncertainties about recruitment, and likely low stock productivity. The current 2.5% harvest rate approach seems reasonable in the near term because 2.5% is less than F50% and F0.1 from a per recruit model. However, based on simulation analyses in the literature, approaches that maintain high levels of spawning biomass (e.g., 60-80% of virgin) might perform better in the long term. More accurate approaches to measuring stock size, simulation studies to determine optimum harvest strategies, estimation of current (near virgin) stock size, recruitment studies, and biological parameters are key areas for future research. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Marine Res Inst, IS-121 Reykjavik, Iceland. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Thorarinsdottir, GG (reprint author), Marine Res Inst, POB 1390,Skulagata 4, IS-121 Reykjavik, Iceland. EM gutho@hafro.is; larry.jacobson@noaa.gov NR 29 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 75 IS 1-3 BP 97 EP 106 DI 10.1016/j.fishres.2005.04.010 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 956MP UT WOS:000231304300008 ER PT J AU Walsh, WA Ito, RY Kawamoto, KE McCracken, M AF Walsh, WA Ito, RY Kawamoto, KE McCracken, M TI Analysis of logbook accuracy for blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) in the Hawaii-based longline fishery with a generalized additive model and commercial sales data SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE blue marlin; generalized additive model; corrected catch history; fishery observer data; fish auction data; logbook accuracy ID CATCH RATES AB Blue marlin, Makaira nigricans, catch (number per set) in the Hawaii-based longline fishery from March 1994 through June 2002 was analyzed by integrated use of observer reports, commercial logbooks, and auction sales records. The objective was to provide a corrected catch history for this species in this fishery during this period. The study was conducted because official statistics compiled from the logbooks are known to be biased by billfish (Istiophoridae) misidentifications. The initial step entailed fitting a generalized additive model (GAM) of blue marlin catch to environmental and operational data gathered by fishery observers during 8397 longline sets deployed by commercial vessels. The GAM included nine significant predictors and explained 41.1% of the deviance of observed blue marlin catches. The GAM coefficients were then applied to the corresponding predictors in the logbook reports from unobserved sets to estimate catches in evaluations of the accuracy of data from unobserved sets (N=87 277 longline sets on 8437 trips; 95.4% of unobserved effort). This was done by regressing the logbook catch data on the predictions, using the residuals to identify trips with systematic misidentifications, and then checking their logbooks against sales records from the public fish auction in Honolulu. The large majority of the misidentifications consisted of striped marlin, Tetrapturus audax, reported as blue marlin, with lesser numbers of shortbill spearfish, T angustirostris, logged as blue marlin, and blue marlin logged as either striped marlin or black marlin, M. indica. An estimate obtained by use of the GAM and observer data indicated that the nominal catch of blue marlin was inflated by 29.4%. The 95% prediction limits about the GAM-generated estimate (34201-41507 blue marlin) did not include the catch total from the logbooks (48 911 blue marlin). The corrections also refined understanding of the distribution of blue marlin by reducing the impression that large numbers of blue marlin are sometimes caught north of Hawaii in the autumn and early winter months. There was no evidence of widespread underreporting of marlins. We conclude that this study significantly improved the accuracy of logbook data for blue marlin and should also contribute to improved understanding of the ecology and distribution of blue marlin. We infer that self-reporting could yield accurate marlins catch data if species identifications were improved because there was no apparent underreporting problem. Finally, we recommend that logbook data accuracy receive serious attention in the context of stock assessments. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Hawaii, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NOAA Fisheries, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Walsh, WA (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, 2570 Dole St, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM William.Walsh@noaa.gov NR 21 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 75 IS 1-3 BP 175 EP 192 DI 10.1016/j.fishres.2004.11.007 PG 18 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 956MP UT WOS:000231304300014 ER PT J AU Baker, ET Massoth, GJ Nakamura, K Embley, RW de Ronde, CEJ Arculus, RJ AF Baker, ET Massoth, GJ Nakamura, K Embley, RW de Ronde, CEJ Arculus, RJ TI Hydrothermal activity on near-arc sections of back-arc ridges: Results from the Mariana Trough and Lau Basin SO GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE back-arc ridges; hydrothermal venting; magmatic budget; Mariana Trough; Valu Fa Ridge; marine geology and geophysics : back-arc basin processes; marine geology and geophysics : midocean ridge processes; volcanology : hydrothermal systems ID EAST-SCOTIA RIDGE; SPREADING CENTER; CRUSTAL ACCRETION; REYKJANES RIDGE; MIDOCEAN RIDGES; MANTLE FLOW; PLUMES; OCEAN; PETROGENESIS; CONSTRAINTS AB The spatial density of hydrothermal venting is strongly correlated with spreading rate on mid-ocean ridges (with the interesting exception of hot spot-affected ridges), evidently because spreading rate is a reliable proxy for the magma budget. This correlation remains untested on spreading ridges in back-arc basins, where the magma budget may be complicated by subduction-induced variations of the melt supply. To address this uncertainty, we conducted hydrothermal plume surveys along slow-spreading (40-60 mm/yr) and arc-proximal (10-60 km distant) sections of the southern Mariana Trough and the Valu Fa Ridge (Lau Basin). On both sections we found multiple plumes overlying similar to 15-20% of the total length of each section, a coverage comparable to mid-ocean ridges spreading at similar rates. These conditions contrast with earlier reported results from the two nearest-arc segments of a faster spreading (60-70 mm/yr) back-arc ridge, the East Scotia Ridge, which approaches no closer than 100 km to its arc. There, hydrothermal venting is relatively scarce (similar to 5% plume coverage) and the ridge characteristics are distinctly slow-spreading: small central volcanic highs bookended by deep median valleys, and axial melt lenses restricted to the volcanic highs. Two factors may contribute to an unexpectedly low hydrothermal budget on these East Scotia Ridge segments: they may lie too far from the adjacent arc to benefit from near-arc sources of melt supply, and subduction-aided migration of mantle from the Bouvet hot spot may reduce hydrothermal circulation by local crustal warming and thickening, analogous to the Reykjanes Ridge. Thus the pattern among these three ridge sections appears to mirror the larger global pattern defined by mid-ocean ridges: a well-defined trend of spreading rate versus hydrothermal activity on most ridge sections, plus a subset of ridge sections where unusual melt delivery conditions diminish the expected hydrothermal activity. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Inst Geol & Nucl Sci, Lower Hutt, New Zealand. Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058562, Japan. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Australian Natl Univ, Dept Geol, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. RP Baker, ET (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM edward.baker@noaa.gov; g.massoth@gns.cri.nz; koichi.nakamura@aist.go.jp; robert.w.embley@noaa.gov; cornel.deronde@gns.cri.nz; richard.arculus@anu.edu.au NR 63 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 22 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1525-2027 J9 GEOCHEM GEOPHY GEOSY JI Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. PD SEP 1 PY 2005 VL 6 AR Q09001 DI 10.1029/2005GC000948 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 962JD UT WOS:000231726700001 ER PT J AU Maus, S Luhr, H AF Maus, S Luhr, H TI Signature of the quiet-time magnetospheric magnetic field and its electromagnetic induction in the rotating Earth SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE electromagnetic induction; geomagnetic field; geomagnetism; magnetosphere ID GEOMAGNETIC-FIELD; MODEL AB Accurate models of the magnetospheric field during magnetically quiet times are essential for high-resolution mapping of core field dynamics, mantle and ocean induction, crustal fields and ionospheric currents. Satellite data sampled at low-Earth orbit allow for a separate determination of the external contributions from currents in the magnetosphere. We have used Orsted and CHAMP data from the years 1999-2004 to investigate this field component. In contrast to earlier studies, the field is decomposed here into contributions from sources in the solar-magnetic (SM) frame and those in the geocentric-solar-magnetospheric (GSM) frame. For an observer on the Earth, stable fields in those frames generate different diurnal and annual variations which, in response, induce currents in the subsurface. All of these effects have been modelled here. Our primary findings are: in the GSM frame, there is a dominant constant magnetic field of about 13 nT, pointing due southward. This field component is attributed to the quiet-time tail current system. The interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) contributes to the near-Earth field with 10 per cent of its Bx and about 25 per cent of its By component. For the SM frame, we obtain a constant field of 7.6 nT and a variable part which can be parametrized by the D-ST index. The field in SM is attributed to the combined effect of the magnetopause and ring current. A comparison of the external field variations, predicted by our satellite-derived model, with the measurements of five latitudinally distributed ground observatories shows a remarkable agreement. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. RP Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM stefan.maus@noaa.gov OI Maus, Stefan/0000-0002-9604-3878 NR 22 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0956-540X EI 1365-246X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 162 IS 3 BP 755 EP 763 DI 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02691.x PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 956FQ UT WOS:000231285200009 ER PT J AU Reichstein, M Falge, E Baldocchi, D Papale, D Aubinet, M Berbigier, P Bernhofer, C Buchmann, N Gilmanov, T Granier, A Grunwald, T Havrankova, K Ilvesniemi, H Janous, D Knohl, A Laurila, T Lohila, A Loustau, D Matteucci, G Meyers, T Miglietta, F Ourcival, JM Pumpanen, J Rambal, S Rotenberg, E Sanz, M Tenhunen, J Seufert, G Vaccari, F Vesala, T Yakir, D Valentini, R AF Reichstein, M Falge, E Baldocchi, D Papale, D Aubinet, M Berbigier, P Bernhofer, C Buchmann, N Gilmanov, T Granier, A Grunwald, T Havrankova, K Ilvesniemi, H Janous, D Knohl, A Laurila, T Lohila, A Loustau, D Matteucci, G Meyers, T Miglietta, F Ourcival, JM Pumpanen, J Rambal, S Rotenberg, E Sanz, M Tenhunen, J Seufert, G Vaccari, F Vesala, T Yakir, D Valentini, R TI On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbon balance; computational methods; ecosystem respiration; eddy covariance; gross carbon uptake; temperature sensitivity of respiration ID CARBON-DIOXIDE EXCHANGE; GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTION; PONDEROSA PINE FORESTS; GAP FILLING STRATEGIES; WATER-VAPOR EXCHANGE; SURFACE CO2 EFFLUX; SOIL RESPIRATION; FLUXNET MEASUREMENTS; (CO2)-C-12 EMISSION; TEMPORAL VARIATION AB This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the different methods that separate net ecosystem exchange (NEE) into its major components, gross ecosystem carbon uptake (GEP) and ecosystem respiration (R-eco). In particular, we analyse the effect of the extrapolation of night-time values of ecosystem respiration into the daytime; this is usually done with a temperature response function that is derived from long-term data sets. For this analysis, we used 16 one-year-long data sets of carbon dioxide exchange measurements from European and US-American eddy covariance networks. These sites span from the boreal to Mediterranean climates, and include deciduous and evergreen forest, scrubland and crop ecosystems. We show that the temperature sensitivity of R-eco, derived from long-term (annual) data sets, does not reflect the short-term temperature sensitivity that is effective when extrapolating from night- to daytime. Specifically, in summer active ecosystems the long-term temperature sensitivity exceeds the short-term sensitivity. Thus, in those ecosystems, the application of a long-term temperature sensitivity to the extrapolation of respiration from night to day leads to a systematic overestimation of ecosystem respiration from half-hourly to annual time-scales, which can reach > 25% for an annual budget and which consequently affects estimates of GEP. Conversely, in summer passive (Mediterranean) ecosystems, the long-term temperature sensitivity is lower than the short-term temperature sensitivity resulting in underestimation of annual sums of respiration. We introduce a new generic algorithm that derives a short-term temperature sensitivity of R-eco from eddy covariance data that applies this to the extrapolation from night- to daytime, and that further performs a filling of data gaps that exploits both, the covariance between fluxes and meteorological drivers and the temporal structure of the fluxes. While this algorithm should give less biased estimates of GEP and R-eco, we discuss the remaining biases and recommend that eddy covariance measurements are still backed by ancillary flux measurements that can reduce the uncertainties inherent in the eddy covariance data. C1 Univ Tuscia, Dept Forest Sci & Environm, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy. Potsdam Inst Climate Impact Res, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. Univ Bayreuth, Dept Plant Ecol, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany. Univ Calif Berkeley, Ecosyst Sci Div, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Fac Sci Agron Etat Gembloux, Unite Phys, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium. INRA, EPHYSE, F-33883 Villenave Dornon, France. Tech Univ Dresden, IHM Meteorol, D-01737 Tharandt, Germany. Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07701 Jena, Germany. ETH, Inst Plant Sci, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. S Dakota State Univ, Dept Biol Microbiol, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. INRA, Unite Ecophysiol Forestiere, F-54280 Seichamps, France. Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Landscape Ecol, Lab Ecol Physiol Forest Trees, Brno 60300, Czech Republic. Finnish Forest Res Inst, FIN-01300 Vantaa, Finland. Finnish Meteorol Inst, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. INRA, F-33610 Cestas, France. JRC, Inst Environm & Sustainabil, I-21020 Ispra, Italy. NOAA, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. IBIMET, I-50144 Florence, Italy. CNRS, Ctr Ecol Fonct & Evolut, DREAM Unit, Montpellier, France. Univ Helsinki, Dept Forest Ecol, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Environm Sci & Energy Res, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. CEAM, Valencia 46980, Spain. Univ Bayreuth, Dept Plant Ecol, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany. Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys Sci, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. RP Reichstein, M (reprint author), Univ Tuscia, Dept Forest Sci & Environm, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy. EM reichstein@unitus.it RI Yakir, Dan/K-1500-2012; Seufert, Gunther/J-9918-2013; Miglietta, Franco/B-6137-2008; Miglietta, Franco/A-1257-2009; Vaccari, Francesco Primo/C-2123-2009; Baldocchi, Dennis/A-1625-2009; Reichstein, Markus/A-7494-2011; Buchmann, Nina/E-6095-2011; Valentini, Riccardo/D-1226-2010; Pumpanen, Jukka/B-1254-2012; Janous, Dalibor/C-1109-2014; Havrankova, Katerina/C-2585-2014; Lohila, Annalea/C-7307-2014; Knohl, Alexander/F-9453-2014; Matteucci, Giorgio/N-3526-2015; Sanz Sanchez, Maria Jose/A-6099-2016; Meyers, Tilden/C-6633-2016; Vuichard, Nicolas/A-6629-2011; Vesala, Timo/C-3795-2017; OI Seufert, Gunther/0000-0002-6019-6688; Miglietta, Franco/0000-0003-1474-8143; Vaccari, Francesco Primo/0000-0002-5253-2135; Baldocchi, Dennis/0000-0003-3496-4919; Reichstein, Markus/0000-0001-5736-1112; Valentini, Riccardo/0000-0002-6756-5634; Pumpanen, Jukka/0000-0003-4879-3663; Lohila, Annalea/0000-0003-3541-672X; Knohl, Alexander/0000-0002-7615-8870; Papale, Dario/0000-0001-5170-8648; Matteucci, Giorgio/0000-0002-4790-9540; Sanz Sanchez, Maria Jose/0000-0003-0471-3094; Vesala, Timo/0000-0002-4852-7464; rambal, serge/0000-0001-5869-8382 NR 53 TC 941 Z9 982 U1 33 U2 333 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 11 IS 9 BP 1424 EP 1439 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001002.x PG 16 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 957TR UT WOS:000231396700003 ER PT J AU Fuller-Rowell, T AF Fuller-Rowell, T TI USTEC: a new product from the Space Environment Center characterizing the ionospheric total electron content SO GPS SOLUTIONS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Fuller-Rowell, T (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM tim.fuller-rowell@noaa.gov NR 5 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1080-5370 J9 GPS SOLUT JI GPS Solut. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 9 IS 3 BP 236 EP 239 DI 10.1007/s10291-005-0005-5 PG 4 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA 970ZP UT WOS:000232351200006 ER PT J AU Soler, T AF Soler, T TI GPS/GNSS current bibliography SO GPS SOLUTIONS LA English DT Bibliography C1 NOAA, NOS, Natl Geodet Survey, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Soler, T (reprint author), NOAA, NOS, Natl Geodet Survey, N-NGS22,1315 East West Highway,Sta 8116, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM tom@linus.ngs.noaa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1080-5370 J9 GPS SOLUT JI GPS Solut. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 9 IS 3 BP 243 EP 245 DI 10.1007/s10291-004-0125-3 PG 3 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA 970ZP UT WOS:000232351200007 ER PT J AU Soler, T AF Soler, T TI GPS/GNSS current bibliography SO GPS SOLUTIONS LA English DT Bibliography C1 NOAA, NOS, Natl Geodet Survey, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Soler, T (reprint author), NOAA, NOS, Natl Geodet Survey, NGS 22,1315 East West Highway,Sta 8825, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM Tom.Soler@noaa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1080-5370 J9 GPS SOLUT JI GPS Solut. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 9 IS 3 BP 246 EP 249 DI 10.1007/s10291-005-0003-7 PG 4 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA 970ZP UT WOS:000232351200008 ER PT J AU Dery, SJ Salomonson, VV Stieglitz, M Hall, DK Appel, I AF Dery, SJ Salomonson, VV Stieglitz, M Hall, DK Appel, I TI An approach to using snow areal depletion curves inferred from MODIS and its application to land surface modelling in Alaska SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE Alaska; snow depletion curve; land surface modelling; MODIS; snow ID ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY-LAYER; CATCHMENT-BASED APPROACH; BLOWING SNOW; ARCTIC ALASKA; HIGH-LATITUDES; CLIMATE CHANGE; RIVER-BASIN; COVER MAPS; CLEAR-SKY; SIMULATION AB Snowcover areal depletion curves inferred from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) are validated and then applied in NASA ' s catchment-based land surface model (CLSM) for numerical simulations of hydrometeorological processes in the Kuparuk River basin (KRB) of Alaska. The results demonstrate that the MODIS snowcover fraction f derived from a simple relationship in terms of the normalized difference snow index compares well with Landsat values over the range 20 <= f <= 100%. For f < 20%, however, MODIS 500 m subpixel data underestimate the amount of snow by up to 13% compared with Landsat at spatial resolutions of 30 m binned to equivalent 500 m pixels. After a bias correction, MODIS snow areal depletion curves during the spring transition period of 2002 for the KRB exhibit similar features to those derived from surface-based observations. These results are applied in the CLSM subgrid-scale snow parameterization that includes a deep and a shallow snowcover fraction. Simulations of the evolution of the snowpack and of freshwater discharge rates for the KRB over a period of I I years are then analysed with the inclusion of this feature. It is shown that persistent snowdrifts on the arctic landscape, associated with a secondary plateau in the snow areal depletion curves, are hydrologically important. An automated method is developed to generate the shallow and deep snowcover fractions from MODIS snow areal depletion curves. This provides the means to apply the CLSM subgrid-scale snow parameterization in all watersheds subject to seasonal snowcovers. Improved simulations and predictions of the global surface energy and water budgets are expected with the incorporation of the MODIS snow data into the CLSM. Copyright (c) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sci Directorate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Raytheon ITSS, Upper Marlboro, MD USA. RP Dery, SJ (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, 307 GFDL, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM sdery@princeton.edu RI Appel, Igor/E-7940-2011; Hall, Dorothy/D-5562-2012 OI Appel, Igor/0000-0003-0907-3807; NR 60 TC 57 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 11 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 19 IS 14 BP 2755 EP 2774 DI 10.1002/hyp.5784 PG 20 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 969CE UT WOS:000232210200007 ER PT J AU Murawski, SA Wigley, SE Fogarty, MJ Rago, PJ Mountain, DG AF Murawski, SA Wigley, SE Fogarty, MJ Rago, PJ Mountain, DG TI Effort distribution and catch patterns adjacent to temperate MPAs SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE marine protected areas; MPA; observer data; spill-over; vessel monitoring system; VMS ID ENGLAND TRAWL FISHERIES; MARINE RESERVES; GEORGES BANK; LOCATION CHOICE; CLOSED AREAS; SPILLOVER; MODEL; MANAGEMENT; BOUNDARIES; BENEFITS AB We evaluated the spatial distribution of otter trawl fishing effort and catches resulting from the imposition in 1994 of year-round and seasonal groundfish closed areas off the NE USA, Vessel locations were available from logbooks, vessel monitoring system (VMS) data thin) many of the largest vessels, and from observer records. There was high spatial coherence between VMS- and observer-derived trawling locations. Prior to establishment, 31% of trawl effort (1991-1993) occurred within the 22 000 km(2) of area that would eventually be closed year-round. In 2001-2003 about 10% of effort targeting groundfish was deployed within I km of the marine protected area (MPA) boundaries. and about 25%. within 5 km, Density gradients, consistent with spill-over from MPAs, were apparent for sonic species. Average revenue per hour trawled was about twice as high within 4 km of the boundary. than for more distant catches, but the catch variability was greater nearer closed area boundaries. Seasonal closed areas attracted more fishing effort after opening than prior to closure even while average epue was the same or lower. Spatial resolution of traditional data sources (e.g., logbooks) was too crude to discern detailed MPA-related effects, as revealed by high-resolution vessel positions from VMS and catch data obtained by observers. (c) 2005 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Murawski, SA (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 1315 E West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM steve.murawski@noaa.gov NR 35 TC 160 Z9 163 U1 3 U2 46 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 62 IS 6 BP 1150 EP 1167 DI 10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.04.005 PG 18 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 964YP UT WOS:000231917200012 ER PT J AU Jech, JM Foote, KG Chu, DZ Hufnagle, LC AF Jech, JM Foote, KG Chu, DZ Hufnagle, LC TI Comparing two 38-kHz scientific echosounders SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE calibration; echosounder; fisheries acoustics ID TARGET STRENGTH; COPPER SPHERES; PRECISION; FISH; CALIBRATION AB The EK500 has been the state-of-the-art scientific echosounder tor surveying marine fish stocks for over a decades the EK60 is its successor. Ensuring comparability in performance is vital during the transition from the EK500 to the EK60, To quantify the respective performances, each echosounder was calibrated in tandem by the standard-target method using the same 38-kHz, 12 degrees beam width, split-beam transducer, with alternating pinging by means of an external triggering-and-switching system. The principal measurements comprised split-beam-determined angle and target strength. on-axi sensitivity, and directionality in the plane normal to the acoustic axis, as measured with a 60-mm-diameter copper sphere. Ambient noise, including volumetric reverberation. was also measured. Principal comparisons included those of the time-series and histograms of split-beam-determined target strength: respective alongship and athmartship angles as determined by the split-beam system. and as expected. difference in the split-beam-determined and experimental target-strength values in the plane normal to the acoustic axis, The mean absolute difTerence in off-axis angle values was also compared. While the performance of the two echosounders is generally similar, systematic differences exist, for the particular calibration measurements, the time variability in measurements of on-axi, target strength was of the order of I dB for the EK500 and 2 dB for the EK60. The target-strength distribution for measurements made with the EK500 w its normal. with standard devation 0.2-0.3 dB, whereas for the EK60. the target-strength distribution was distinctly skewed and the standard deviation varied o\er 0.3-0.5dB. Differences, were found between the split-beam and physical-angle measurements. They were noticeably larger in the case of the EK60. Differences in performance between the two echosounders suggest refinement, to the new system that will help realize its full potential in scientific work. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Council tor the Explorauon of the Sea. C1 NOAA, NMFS, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NOAA, NMFS, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Jech, JM (reprint author), NOAA, NMFS, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM michael.jech@noaa.gov NR 25 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 62 IS 6 BP 1168 EP 1179 DI 10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.02.014 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 964YP UT WOS:000231917200013 ER PT J AU Gilsinn, J AF Gilsinn, J TI Industrial Ethernet takes the test SO INTECH LA English DT Article C1 NIST, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Gilsinn, J (reprint author), NIST, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD USA. EM james.gilsinn@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INSTRUMENT SOCIETY AMERICA PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA 67 ALEXANDER DRIVE, P O BOX 12277, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA SN 0192-303X J9 INTECH JI Intech PD SEP PY 2005 VL 52 IS 9 BP 44 EP 48 PG 5 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 965ZV UT WOS:000231990300020 ER PT J AU Collins, AG Cartwright, P McFadden, CS Schierwater, B AF Collins, AG Cartwright, P McFadden, CS Schierwater, B TI Phylogenetic context and basal metazoan model systems SO INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Model Systems for the Basal Metazoans - Cnidarians, Ctenophores and Placozoans CY JAN 05-09, 2004 CL New Orleans, LA ID JELLYFISH PODOCORYNE-CARNEA; CLASS-LEVEL RELATIONSHIPS; RNA GENE-SEQUENCES; 18S RDNA SEQUENCES; PROTEIN-KINASE-C; RIBOSOMAL-RNA; HOMEOBOX GENE; NEMATOSTELLA-VECTENSIS; PHYLUM CNIDARIA; SEA-ANEMONE AB In comparative studies using model organisms, extant taxa are often referred to as basal. The term suggests that such taxa are descendants of lineages that diverged early in the history of some larger taxon. By this usage, the basal metazoans comprise just four phyla (Placozoa, Porifera, Cnidaria, and Cten-ophora) and the large clade Bilateria. We advise against this practice because basal refers to a region at the base or root of a phylogenetic tree. Thus, referring to an extant taxon or species as basal, or as more basal than another, can be misleading. While much progress has been made toward understanding some of the phylogenetic relationships within these groups, the relationships among them are still largely not known with certainty. Thus, sound inferences from comparative studies of model organisms demand continued illumination of phylogeny. Hypotheses about the mechanisms underlying metazoan evolution can be drawn from the study of model organisms in Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Placozoa, and Porifera, but it is clear that these model organisms are likely to be derived in many respects. Therefore, testing these hypotheses requires the study of yet additional model organisms. The most effective tests are those that investigate model organisms with phylogenetic positions among two sister groups comprising a larger clade of interest. C1 ITZ, D-30559 Hannover, Germany. Univ Kansas, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. Harvey Mudd Coll, Dept Biol, Claremont, CA 91711 USA. RP Collins, AG (reprint author), Natl Museum Nat Hist, NMFS, Smithsonian Inst, POB 37012,MRC-153, Washington, DC 20013 USA. EM CollinsA@SI.edu RI Collins, Allen/A-7944-2008 OI Collins, Allen/0000-0002-3664-9691 NR 120 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 7 PU SOC INTEGRATIVE COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY PI MCLEAN PA 1313 DOLLEY MADISON BLVD, NO 402, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 1540-7063 J9 INTEGR COMP BIOL JI Integr. Comp. Biol. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 45 IS 4 BP 585 EP 594 DI 10.1093/icb/45.4.585 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 967KZ UT WOS:000232091400002 PM 21676805 ER PT J AU Rabelo, L Helal, M Jones, A Min, HS AF Rabelo, L Helal, M Jones, A Min, HS TI Enterprise simulation: a hybrid system approach SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTER INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING LA English DT Article DE manufacturing enterprise simulation; system dynamics; thyroid continuous-discrete simulation ID SEMICONDUCTOR WAFER FABRICATION; MANUFACTURING SYSTEM; DISPATCHING RULES; DYNAMICS; DESIGN AB Manufacturing enterprise decisions can be classified into four groups: business decisions, design decisions, engineering decisions, and production decisions. Numerous physical and software simulation techniques have been used to evaluate specific decisions by predicting their impact on either system performance or product performance. In this paper, we focus on the impact of production decisions, evaluated using discrete-event-simulation models, on enterprise-level performance measures. We argue that these discrete-event models alone are not enough to capture this impact. To address this problem, we propose integrating discrete-event simulation models with system dynamics models in a hybrid approach to the simulation of the entire enterprise system. This hybrid approach is conceptually consistent with current business trend toward integrated systems. We show the potentials for using this approach through an example of a semiconductor enterprise. C1 Univ Cent Florida, Ctr NASA Simulat Res, Dept Ind Engn & Management Syst, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rabelo, L (reprint author), Univ Cent Florida, Ctr NASA Simulat Res, Dept Ind Engn & Management Syst, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. EM lrabelo@mail.ucf.edu NR 28 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0951-192X J9 INT J COMPUT INTEG M JI Int. J. Comput. Integr. Manuf. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 18 IS 6 BP 498 EP 508 DI 10.1080/09511920400030138 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Manufacturing; Operations Research & Management Science SC Computer Science; Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA 974RT UT WOS:000232609800007 ER PT J AU Putman, WM Lin, SJ Shen, BW AF Putman, WM Lin, SJ Shen, BW TI Cross-platform performance of a portable communication module and the NASA finite volume general circulation model SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE finite-volume GCM; communication library; scalability; portability; benchmark; MPI-1; MPI-2; SHMEM; MLP AB The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) finite-volume general circulation model (fvGCM) is a global atmospheric model, originally developed for long-term climate simulations. Recently, the NASA fvGCM has been applied in a variety of weather prediction applications, including hurricane and winter storm forecasts. Achieving efficient throughput on a variety of computational platforms is essential to meet the needs of the climate and weather prediction community. We have developed a scalable and portable climate/weather prediction system by applying a portable communication module within a fast numerical algorithm that exceeds the current community demands for computational performance on a variety of high performance computing platforms. The low-level communication module, Mod-Comm, simplifies interprocess communication within GCMs and provides an efficient means of communicating between decomposed global domains using a variety of single-threaded and multithreaded data communication paradigms (MPI-1, MPI-2, SHMEM, and MLP). Mod_Comm has been implemented within the NASA fvGCM and the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) at the National Center for Atmospheric Research. It is shown that the optimal choice of data communication paradigm varies from system to system, and can have a significant impact on the overall model performance. Performance studies with the NASA fvGCM reveal substantial improvements in the computational performance when using this low-level communication module, throughput improvements of 40% or more have been observed on various platforms including the SGI Altix 3700, SGI Origin 3000, Compaq AIphaServerSC, IBM SP, and Cray. C1 NASA, Software Integrat & Visualizat Off, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. NASA, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Putman, WM (reprint author), NASA, Software Integrat & Visualizat Off, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM WILLIAM.M.PUTMAN@NASA.GOV NR 12 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 1094-3420 J9 INT J HIGH PERFORM C JI Int. J. High Perform. Comput. Appl. PD FAL PY 2005 VL 19 IS 3 BP 213 EP 223 DI 10.1177/1094342005056101 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA 957RR UT WOS:000231391500005 ER PT J AU Collins, N Theurich, G DeLuca, C Suarez, M Trayanov, A Balaji, V Li, P Yang, WY Hill, C da Silva, A AF Collins, N Theurich, G DeLuca, C Suarez, M Trayanov, A Balaji, V Li, P Yang, WY Hill, C da Silva, A TI Design and implementation of components in the Earth system modeling framework SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE framework; high performance computing; climate modeling AB The Earth System Modeling Framework is a component-based architecture for developing and assembling climate and related models. A virtual machine underlies the component-level constructs in ESMF, providing both a foundation for performance portability and mechanisms for resource allocation and component sequencing. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Earth Syst Modeling Framework Implementat Team, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Silicon Graph Inc, Profess Serv, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA. Goddard Space Flight Ctr, NCCS, Applicat Team, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, Modeling Syst Grp, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. NASA, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Collins, N (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Earth Syst Modeling Framework Implementat Team, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RI da Silva, Arlindo/D-6301-2012 OI da Silva, Arlindo/0000-0002-3381-4030 NR 5 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 10 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 1094-3420 J9 INT J HIGH PERFORM C JI Int. J. High Perform. Comput. Appl. PD FAL PY 2005 VL 19 IS 3 BP 341 EP 350 DI 10.1177/1094342005056120 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA 957RR UT WOS:000231391500014 ER PT J AU Xu, XW Wang, H Mao, J Newman, ST Kramer, TR Proctor, FM Michaloski, JL AF Xu, XW Wang, H Mao, J Newman, ST Kramer, TR Proctor, FM Michaloski, JL TI STEP-compliant NC research: the search for intelligent CAD/CAPP/CAM CNC integration SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE CAD; CAPP; CAM; CNC; STEP; STEP-NC ID FEATURE RECOGNITION; DATA MODEL; ARCHITECTURE; IMPLEMENTATION; DESIGN; SYSTEM AB Since the first generation of Numerically Controlled (NC) machine tools was developed in the 1950s, there have been many developments which make today's NC machines completely unrecognizable from their early ancestors. Further developments, however, are now being significantly limited by the current programming language (ISO6983 or RS274D) that has been supporting NC manufacture since day one. Today a new standard, informally known as STEPNC, is being used as the basis for development of the next generation of Computer Numerically Controlled (CNC) controller. This new standard is ISO 14649 and ISO 10303 AP 238. This standard gives CAM and CNC vendors the opportunity to integrate the capabilities of CAD/CAM systems with a new breed of intelligent CNC controllers, which have bi-directional communication of information representing standardized geometric and manufacturing data. This paper presents a comprehensive review of STEP-NC developments for a range of CNC processes. These developments include some major projects collaborated at the international level as well as those carried out by different groups of researchers in countries such as Germany, Switzerland, UK, Korea, USA and New Zealand. This paper also tries to portray a futuristic view of STEP-NC applications for CAD, CAPP, CAM and CNC integration, identifies the issues and challenges for STEP-NC, and provides a vision of a STEP-NC- compliant process chain supported by a product and manufacturing model. C1 Univ Auckland, Sch Engn, Dept Mech Engn, Auckland, New Zealand. Right Hemisphere, Auckland, New Zealand. Univ Loughborough, Adv Mfg Syst & Technol Ctr, Wolfson Sch Mech & Mfg Engn, Loughborough LE11 3TU, Leics, England. NIST, Intelligent Syst Div, MS8230, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Xu, XW (reprint author), Univ Auckland, Sch Engn, Dept Mech Engn, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand. EM x.xu@auckland.ac.nz RI Newman, Stephen/A-1246-2009; Xu, Xun/K-7899-2015 OI Xu, Xun/0000-0001-6294-8153 NR 83 TC 117 Z9 137 U1 6 U2 64 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0020-7543 J9 INT J PROD RES JI Int. J. Prod. Res. PD SEP 1 PY 2005 VL 43 IS 17 BP 3703 EP 3743 DI 10.1080/00207540500137530 PG 41 WC Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Manufacturing; Operations Research & Management Science SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA 945ES UT WOS:000230485900011 ER PT J AU Harvey, AH Kaplan, SG Burnett, JH AF Harvey, AH Kaplan, SG Burnett, JH TI Effect of dissolved air on the density and refractive index of water SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE air; calibration; density; refractive index; water ID PARTIAL MOLAR VOLUMES; HIGH-PRECISION DETERMINATION; CARBON-DIOXIDE; LIQUID WATER; ATMOSPHERIC GASES; 298.15 K; SOLUBILITY; DISPERSION; ARGON; TEMPERATURES AB The effect of dissolved air on the density and the refractive index of liquid water is studied from 0 to 50 degrees C. The density effect is calculated from the best available values of Henry's constants and partial molar volumes for the components of air; the results are in agreement with some previous experimental studies, but not others. The refractive-index effect is calculated as a function of wavelength from the same information, plus the refractivities of the atmospheric gases. Experimental measurements of the refractive-index effect are reported at both visible and ultraviolet wavelengths; the measured and calculated values are in reasonable agreement. The magnitude of the refractive-index change, while small, is several times larger than a previous estimate in the literature. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Harvey, AH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM aharvey@boulder.nist.gov NR 44 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 15 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 26 IS 5 BP 1495 EP 1514 DI 10.1007/s10765-005-8099-0 PG 20 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 983NJ UT WOS:000233238900011 ER PT J AU Durban, JW Elston, DA AF Durban, JW Elston, DA TI Mark-recapture with occasion and individual effects: Abundance estimation through Bayesian model selection in a fixed dimensional parameter space SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article DE capture-recapture; Gibbs sampling; Markov chain Monte Carlo; Rasch model ID CAPTURE PROBABILITIES VARY; POPULATION-SIZE; UNEQUAL CATCHABILITY; CLOSED POPULATION; INFERENCE; HETEROGENEITY; FUTURE AB We present a Bayesian mark-recapture method for explicitly communicating uncertainty about the size of a closed population where capture probabilities vary across both individuals and sampling occasions. Heterogeneity is modeled hierarchically using a continuous logistic-Normal model to specify the capture probabilities for both individuals that are captured on at least one occasion and individuals that are never captured and so remain undetected. Inference about how many undetected individuals to include in the model is accomplished through a Bayesian model selection procedure using MCMC, applied to a product space of possible models for different numbers of undetected individuals. Setting the estimation problem in a fixed dimensional parameter space enables the model selection procedure to be performed using the freely available WinBUGS software. The outcome of inference is a full "posterior" probability distribution for the population size parameter. We demonstrate this method through an example involving real mark-recapture data. C1 NOAA Fisheries, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Macaulay Inst, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, Scotland. RP Durban, JW (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM John.Durban@noaa.gov; d.elston@bioss.ac.uk RI Elston, David/H-8199-2013 NR 44 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1085-7117 EI 1537-2693 J9 J AGR BIOL ENVIR ST JI J. Agric. Biol. Environ. Stat. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 10 IS 3 BP 291 EP 305 DI 10.1198/108571105X58630 PG 15 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 959BH UT WOS:000231491400003 ER PT J AU McNider, RT Lapenta, WM Biazar, AP Jedlovec, GJ Suggs, RJ Pleim, J AF McNider, RT Lapenta, WM Biazar, AP Jedlovec, GJ Suggs, RJ Pleim, J TI Retrieval of model grid-scale heat capacity using geostationary satellite products. Part I: First case-study application SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC MESOSCALE MODEL; GROUND SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; BOUNDARY-LAYER DEVELOPMENT; SIMPLE PHYSICAL MODEL; DATA ASSIMILATION; NUMERICAL-MODEL; ENERGY FLUXES; SOIL-MOISTURE; WETNESS DATA; PARAMETERIZATION AB In weather forecast and general circulation models the behavior of the atmospheric boundary layer, especially the nocturnal boundary layer, can be critically dependent on the magnitude of the effective model grid-scale bulk heat capacity. Yet, this model parameter is uncertain both in its value and in its conceptual meaning for a model grid in heterogeneous conditions. Current methods for estimating the grid-scale heat capacity involve the areal/volume weighting of heat capacity (resistance) of various, often ill-defined, components. This can lead to errors in model performance in certain parameter spaces. Here, a technique is proposed and tested for recovering bulk heat capacity using time tendencies in satellite-retrieved surface skin temperature (SST). The technique builds upon sensitivity studies that show that surface temperature is most sensitive to thermal inertia in the early evening hours. The retrievals are made within the context of a surface energy budget in a regional-scale model [the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5)]. The retrieved heat capacities are used in the forecast model, and it is shown that the model predictions of temperature are improved in the nighttime during the forecast periods. C1 Univ Alabama, Dept Atmospher Sci, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP McNider, RT (reprint author), Natl Space & Sci Technol Ctr, 320 Sparkman Dr, Huntsville, AL 35605 USA. EM mcnider@nsstc.uah.edu RI Pleim, Jonathan Pleim/C-1331-2017 OI Pleim, Jonathan Pleim/0000-0001-6190-6082 NR 57 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 44 IS 9 BP 1346 EP 1360 DI 10.1175/JAM2270.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 977BB UT WOS:000232776300005 ER PT J AU Heymsfield, AJ Wang, Z Matrosov, S AF Heymsfield, AJ Wang, Z Matrosov, S TI Improved radar ice water content retrieval algorithms using coincident microphysical and radar measurements SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID DUAL-WAVELENGTH RADAR; CIRRUS CLOUDS; REFLECTIVITY; PRECIPITATION; SIZE; MASS AB Airborne radar reflectivity measurements at frequencies of 9.6 and 94 GHz, with collocated, in situ particle size distribution and ice water content measurements from the Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers (CRYSTAL) Florida Area Cirrus Experiment (FACE) in Florida in July 2002, offer one of the first opportunities to evaluate and improve algorithms for retrieving ice water content from single-wavelength spaceborne radar measurements. Both ice water content and radar reflectivity depend on the distribution of particle mass with size. It is demonstrated that single, power-law, mass dimensional relationships are unable to adequately account for the dominating contribution of small particles at lower reflectivities and large particles at higher reflectivities. To circumvent the need for multiple, or complex, mass dimensional relationships, analytic expressions that use particle ensemble mean ice particle densities that are derived from the coincident microphysical and radar observations are developed. These expressions, together with more than 5000 CRYSTAL FACE size distributions, are used to develop radar reflectivity-ice water content relationships for the two radar wavelengths that appear to provide improvements over earlier relationships, at least,for convectively generated stratiform ice clouds. C1 NCAR, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Heymsfield, AJ (reprint author), NCAR, 3450 Mitchell Lane, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. EM heyms1@ncar.ucar.edu RI Heymsfield, Andrew/E-7340-2011; Wang, Zhien/F-4857-2011 NR 25 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 44 IS 9 BP 1391 EP 1412 DI 10.1175/JAM2282.1 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 977BB UT WOS:000232776300008 ER PT J AU Angevine, WM AF Angevine, WM TI An integrated turbulence scheme for boundary layers with shallow cumulus applied to pollutant transport SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID EDDY-DIFFUSIVITY PARAMETERIZATION; MASS-FLUX; UNIFIED PARAMETERIZATION; MOIST CONVECTION; PART I; MODEL; FORMULATION; DRY; SIMULATIONS; ENTRAINMENT AB A scheme is described that provides an integrated description of turbulent transport in free convective boundary layers with shallow cumulus. The scheme uses a mass-flux formulation, as is commonly found in cumulus schemes, and a 1.5-order closure. involving turbulent kinetic energy and eddy diffusivity. Both components are active in both the subcloud and cloud layers. The scheme is called "mass flux-diffusion." In the subcloud layer, the mass-flux component provides nonlocal transport. The scheme combines elements from schemes that are conceptually similar but differ in detail. An entraining plume model is used to find the mass flux. The mass flux is continuous through the cloud base. The lateral fractional entrainment rate is constant with height, while the detrainment-rate profile reduces the mass flux smoothly to zero at the cloud top. The eddy diffusivity comes from a turbulent kinetic energy-length scale formulation. The scheme has been implemented in a simple one-dimensional (single column) model. Results of simulations of a standard case that has been used for other model intercomparisons [Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM), 21 June 1997] are shown and indicate that the scheme provides good results. The model also simulates the profile of a conserved scalar; this capability is applied to a case from the 1999 Southern Oxidants Study Nashville (Tennessee) experiment, where it produces good simulations of vertical profiles of carbon monoxide in a cloud-topped boundary layer. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab R AL3, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Angevine, WM (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab R AL3, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM wayne.m.angevine@noaa.gov RI Angevine, Wayne/H-9849-2013 OI Angevine, Wayne/0000-0002-8021-7116 NR 30 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 44 IS 9 BP 1436 EP 1452 DI 10.1175/JAM2284.1 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 977BB UT WOS:000232776300011 ER PT J AU Lumpkin, R Garraffo, Z AF Lumpkin, R Garraffo, Z TI Evaluating the decomposition of tropical Atlantic drifter observations SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RESOLUTION NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; NORTH-ATLANTIC; SURFACE CIRCULATION; IN-SITU; OCEAN AB Because the tropical Atlantic is characterized by regions of strong seasonal variability that have been sampled inhomogeneously by surface drifters, Eulerian averages of these Lagrangian observations in spatially fixed bins may be aliased. In the Pacific, this problem has been circumvented by first calculating seasonal or monthly means. In the Atlantic, such an approach is of limited value because of the relatively sparse database of drifter observations. As an alternative, a methodology is developed in which drifter-observed currents and sea surface temperatures are grouped into bins and, within each bin, simultaneously decomposed into a time-mean, annual and semiannual harmonics, and an eddy residual with a nonzero integral time scale. The methodology is evaluated using a temporally homogeneous SST product and in situ SST observations, and also using simulated drifter observations in an eddy-resolving model of the Atlantic Ocean. These analyses show that, compared to simple bin averaging, the decomposition developed herein yields significantly improved estimates of time-mean values in regions of strong seasonal variability. The methodology can also successfully estimate the distribution of the seasonal harmonics' amplitude and phase throughout much of the tropical Atlantic. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Dept Phys Oceanog, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Lumpkin, R (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Dept Phys Oceanog, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM rick.lumpkin@noaa.gov RI Lumpkin, Rick/C-9615-2009 OI Lumpkin, Rick/0000-0002-6690-1704 NR 17 TC 61 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 22 IS 9 BP 1403 EP 1415 DI 10.1175/JTECH1793.1 PG 13 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 973XS UT WOS:000232556500008 ER PT J AU Flocke, FM Weinheimer, AJ Swanson, AL Roberts, JM Schmitt, R Shertz, S AF Flocke, FM Weinheimer, AJ Swanson, AL Roberts, JM Schmitt, R Shertz, S TI On the measurement of PANs by gas chromatography and electron capture detection SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE air pollution; atmospheric chemistry; gas chromatography; peroxyacetyl nitrate; peroxyacyl nitrates ID PEROXYACETYL NITRATE PAN; OBSERVATORY PHOTOCHEMISTRY EXPERIMENT; NOY MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES; ODD-NITROGEN NOY; PEROXYPROPIONYL NITRATE; REACTIVE NITROGEN; UNPOLLUTED ATMOSPHERE; ORGANIC NITRATES; FREE TROPOSPHERE; EASTERN CANADA AB A fast, automated, gas chromatographic system for the airborne measurement of PAN and a series of its homologues is described and its performance is evaluated. Response factors for PAN, PPN, APAN, PiBN, and MPAN have been determined and are discussed with regard to ECD response and to potential losses in the analytical system. Calibration methods used for these tasks are described and compared. The results from this work should help investigators who are employing the widely used GC/ECD method for the measurement of peroxyacyl nitrates to evaluate peaks of PAN homologues that cannot be calibrated for by using the reported response factors. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Metcon GmbH, Glashutten, Germany. RP Flocke, FM (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM ffl@ucar.edu RI Roberts, James/A-1082-2009 OI Roberts, James/0000-0002-8485-8172 NR 70 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 15 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-7764 J9 J ATMOS CHEM JI J. Atmos. Chem. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 52 IS 1 BP 19 EP 43 DI 10.1007/s10874-005-6772-0 PG 25 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 977HD UT WOS:000232793100002 ER PT J AU Perkins, RA Magee, JW AF Perkins, RA Magee, JW TI Specific heat capacity at constant volume for R125 and R410A at temperatures from (300 to 400) K and pressures to 20 MPa SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA LA English DT Article ID PENTAFLUOROETHANE R125; DIFLUOROMETHANE R32; TRIPLE-POINT; EQUATIONS; MIXTURES; STATE AB Specific heat capacities at constant volume (C-v) were measured with an adiabatic calorimeter for pure pentafluoroethane (R125) and an azeotrope-like mixture of R32 and R125 (R410A) with a mole fraction composition of 0.6975 difluoromethane + 0.3025 pentafluoroethane. Temperatures ranged from 300 K to 400 K, and pressures ranged from 3 MPa to 20 MPa. Measurements were conducted on single-phase liquid and compressed gaseous samples along isochores. Density was reported during each calorimetric experiment. The R410A mixture was gravimetrically prepared from high-purity substances. The principal sources of uncertainty are the temperature-rise measurement and the change-of-volume work adjustment. The expanded relative uncertainty (with a coverage factor k = 2 and thus a 2 SD estimate) for CV is estimated to be 2 % for liquid-phase results, increasing to 4 % for gas results (below critical density). The expanded relative uncertainty for density is 0.2 %. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Perkins, RA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM richard.perkins@nist.gov RI Magee, Joseph/A-8496-2009; OI Magee, Joseph/0000-0002-9312-8593; Perkins, Richard/0000-0002-8526-6742 NR 7 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-9568 J9 J CHEM ENG DATA JI J. Chem. Eng. Data PD SEP-OCT PY 2005 VL 50 IS 5 BP 1727 EP 1731 DI 10.1021/je0501843 PG 5 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 964FH UT WOS:000231863700044 ER PT J AU Fox, DM Gilman, JW De Long, HC Trulove, PC AF Fox, DM Gilman, JW De Long, HC Trulove, PC TI TGA decomposition kinetics of 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate and the thermal effects of contaminants SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS LA English DT Reprint DE decomposition; kinetics; TGA; thermal stability; room temperature ionic liquids; imidazolium; impurities; chloride; water ID SENSITIZED SOLAR-CELLS; IONIC LIQUIDS; SALTS; IMIDAZOLIUM; DEGRADATION; STABILITY; ELECTROLYTE; HALIDE; ANION; WATER AB Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) has been used to determine the kinetics of decomposition for 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMMIM][BF4]) and to identify the effects of contaminants on the decomposition temperatures. Data were collected from both isothermal and constant ramp rate programs for the decomposition of [BMMIM][BF4] under N-2. The isothermal data were fit to a global kinetic model and the apparent Arrhenius parameters were determined. The constant heating rate data were used to determine the apparent activation energy using the isoconversional method developed by Friedman. The effects of up to 10 wt.% water, NH4BF4, NH4Cl, and [BMMIM][Cl] impurities on [BMMIM][BF4] decomposition temperatures were investigated. The only contaminant to significantly affect the decomposition was NH4Cl, resulting in some decomposition at the temperatures associated with [BMMIM][Cl] decomposition. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 USN Acad, Dept Chem, Annapolis, MD 21402 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USAF, Off Sci Res, Directorate Chem & Life Sci, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. RP Fox, DM (reprint author), USN Acad, Dept Chem, Stop 9B,572M Holloway Rd, Annapolis, MD 21402 USA. EM dfox@usna.edu NR 31 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 2 U2 21 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0021-9614 J9 J CHEM THERMODYN JI J. Chem. Thermodyn. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 37 IS 9 BP 900 EP 905 DI 10.1016/j.jct.2005.04.020 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA 953TM UT WOS:000231103400003 ER PT J AU Lanzante, JR AF Lanzante, JR TI A cautionary note on the use of error bars SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article AB Climate studies often involve comparisons between estimates of some parameter derived from different observed and/or model-generated datasets. It is common practice to present estimates of two or more statistical quantities with error bars about each representing a confidence interval. If the error bars do not overlap, it is presumed that there is a statistically significant difference between them. In general, such a procedure is not valid and usually results in declaring statistical significance too infrequently. Simple examples that demonstrate the nature of this pitfall, along with some formulations,. are presented. It is recommended that practitioners use standard hypothesis testing techniques that have been derived from statistical theory rather than the ad hoc approach involving error bars. C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Lanzante, JR (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM John.Lanzante@noaa.gov NR 3 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD SEP 1 PY 2005 VL 18 IS 17 BP 3699 EP 3703 DI 10.1175/JCLI3499.1 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 972RJ UT WOS:000232470600018 ER PT J AU Fenves, SJ Sriram, RD Subrahmanian, E Rachuri, S AF Fenves, SJ Sriram, RD Subrahmanian, E Rachuri, S TI Product information exchange: Practices and standards SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SCIENCE IN ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID DESIGN AB The paper discusses the evolution of product information exchange from point-to-point exchange of geometry between computer-aided design tools through today's suite of tools and processes of computer-aided product development (CAPD) to the future fully integrated computer-aided product realization (CAPR) process. The categories of processes and the layers of information exchange are reviewed. The current practice in product,information exchange, the relevant information exchange standards, and near-future plans for improvements are presented The major recent demands on more comprehensive product information exchange are discussed in terms of the exchange of nongeometric information and support of feature-based design, knowledge-based engineering, and management of product variety. Two conceptual frameworks for the support of CAPD and CAPR, representative of current research, are briefly sketched. Finally, a conceptual model of product information exchange is presented so as to define the range of implementation and standardization paths that may be taken in the future. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mft Syst Integrat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Fenves, SJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mft Syst Integrat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM sriram@nist.gov NR 37 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 6 PU ASME PI NEW YORK PA TWO PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 1530-9827 EI 1944-7078 J9 J COMPUT INF SCI ENG JI J. Comput. Inf. Sci. Eng. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 5 IS 3 BP 238 EP 246 DI 10.1115/1.2033008 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Manufacturing SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 966ZU UT WOS:000232062100008 ER PT J AU Moon, KW Johnson, CE Williams, ME Kongstein, O Stafford, GR Handwerker, CA Boettinger, WJ AF Moon, KW Johnson, CE Williams, ME Kongstein, O Stafford, GR Handwerker, CA Boettinger, WJ TI Observed correlation of Sn oxide film to Sn whisker growth in Sn-Cu electrodeposit for Pb-free solders SO JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC MATERIALS LA English DT Letter DE electrodeposition; Sn whisker; surface oxide film; Auger; Pb-free solder AB Localized cracking of surface oxide has been proposed as a necessary step in the nucleation of Sn whiskers in Sn electrodeposited films. To evaluate the effects of the oxide film on Sn whisker growth, a bright Sn-Cu electrodeposited film was inserted into an ultrahigh vacuum Auger system, cleaned using an Ar+ ion beam to remove the oxide film, and aged in the 2 X 10(-9) Pa Auger system chamber. Whiskers and other features present during Ar+ ion cleaning left visible "shadows" on the surface. During aging in the ultrahigh vacuum system, new whiskers, identified by the absence of the telltale shadows, nucleated and grew. Based on these observations, the presence or absence of an oxide film has. a minimal effect on Sn whisker nucleation and growth. C1 Natl Inst Stand, Div Met, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Moon, KW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand, Div Met, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM kil-won.moon@nist.gov NR 7 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 16 PU MINERALS METALS MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0361-5235 J9 J ELECTRON MATER JI J. Electron. Mater. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 34 IS 9 BP L31 EP L33 DI 10.1007/s11664-005-0274-3 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA 962ND UT WOS:000231738600012 ER PT J AU Lew, DK Larson, DM AF Lew, DK Larson, DM TI Accounting for stochastic shadow values of time in discrete-choice recreation demand models SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE recreation demand; Monte Carlo methods; travel cost models; labor supply; opportunity cost of time; joint estimation; mixed logit; beach recreation; San Diego ID LEISURE-TIME; CONTINGENT VALUATION; OUTDOOR RECREATION; MULTINOMIAL LOGIT; OPPORTUNITY COST; NONMARKET GOODS; TRAVEL COST; BENEFIT; WAGES; WATER AB In this paper, a discrete-choice recreation demand model that explicitly accounts for a stochastic shadow value of time function is proposed. Using data from a survey of San Diego beach users, the stochastic shadow value of time, labor supply, and beach choice are jointly estimated. Results from this joint estimation approach are compared with the familiar two-step approach that estimates labor supply first and uses predicted values of time in the recreational site choice model. The approaches produce markedly different welfare measures, with the two-step model, which does not account for unobserved variability of time values, predicting significantly higher values. A Monte Carlo simulation illustrates how ignoring the stochastic nature of shadow value of time in discrete-choice recreation demand models can bias model parameters, and hence, welfare estimates. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Lew, DK (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM Dan.Lew@noaa.gov OI Lew, Daniel/0000-0002-3394-138X NR 37 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0095-0696 J9 J ENVIRON ECON MANAG JI J.Environ.Econ.Manage. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 50 IS 2 BP 341 EP 361 DI 10.1016/j.jeem.2005.02.001 PG 21 WC Business; Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 962WE UT WOS:000231763000006 ER PT J AU Govoni, JJ West, MA Bonaventura, J Goddette, G Jenkins, TE AF Govoni, JJ West, MA Bonaventura, J Goddette, G Jenkins, TE TI The ontogeny of haematopoiesis in the marine teleost Leiostomus xanthurus and a comparison of the site of initial haematopoiesis with Opsanus tau SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE erythropoiesis; haemoglobin; ontogeny ID SALMO-GAIRDNERII-IRIDEUS; RAINBOW-TROUT; LARVAL DEVELOPMENT; GAS-EXCHANGE; ZEBRAFISH; HEMOGLOBIN; FISHES; EXPRESSION; VERTEBRATE; MUTATIONS AB The ontogery of haematopoiesis in the perciform fish, spot Leiostomus xanthurus, differed from that reported as the norm for fishes, as exemplified by the cypriniform zebrafish Danio rerio, and observed in the batrachoidiform oyster toadfish Opsanus tau. Erythropoiesis in spot was first evident in the head kidney of yolk-sac larvae 3 days after hatching (DAH). No embryonic intermediate cell mass (ICM) of primitive stein cells or blood islands on the yolk were apparent within embryos. Erythrocytes were first evident in circulation near the completion of yolk absorption, c. 5 DAH, when larvae were c. 2-0 mm notochord length (L-N). Erythrocyte abundance increased rapidly with larval development for c. 14 to 16 DAH, then became highly variable following changes in cardiac chamber morphology and volume. Erythrocytic haemoglobin (Hb) was not detected within whole larvae until they were 12 DAH or c. 3-1 mm L-N, well after yolk and oil-globule absorption. The Hb was not quantified until larvae were > 47 DAH or > 7 min standard length. The delayed appearance of erythrocytes and Hb in spot was similar to that reported for other marine fishes with small embryos and larvae. In oyster toadfish, a marine teleost that exhibits large embryos and larvae, the ICM and Hb were first evident in two bilateral slips of erythropoietic tissue in the embryos, c. 5 days after fertilization. Soon thereafter, erythrocytes were evident in the heart, and peripheral and vitelline circulation. Initial haematopoiesis in oyster toadfish conformed with that described for zebrafish. While the genes that code for the development of haematopoiesis are conserved among vertebrates, gene expression lacks phylogenetic pattern among fishes and appears to conform more closely with phenotypic expression related to physiological and ecological influences of overall body size and environmental oxygen availability. (c) 2005 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles (No claim to original US government works). C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Duke Univ, Marine Lab, Dept Environm, Nicholas Sch Environm, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Duke Univ, Dept Cell Biol, Med Ctr, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Govoni, JJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM jeff.govoni@noaa.gov RI Perez , Claudio Alejandro/F-8310-2010 OI Perez , Claudio Alejandro/0000-0001-9688-184X NR 60 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 67 IS 3 BP 696 EP 712 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2005.00770.x PG 17 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 964XA UT WOS:000231913100008 ER PT J AU Menotti-Raymond, MA David, VA Wachter, LL Butler, JM O'Brien, SJ AF Menotti-Raymond, MA David, VA Wachter, LL Butler, JM O'Brien, SJ TI An STIR forensic typing system for genetic individualization of domestic cat (Felis catus) samples SO JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE forensic science; domestic cat; STR; forensic typing system; multiplex amplification; cat breeds ID CHROMOSOME-BANDING PATTERNS; POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; LINKAGE MAP; CANINE MICROSATELLITES; GENOME; MARKERS; IDENTIFICATION; VALIDATION; DOG; INTERRELATIONSHIPS AB A forensic genotyping panel of 11 tetranucleotide STR loci from the domestic cat was characterized and evaluated for genetic individualization of cat tissues. We first examined 49 candidate STR loci and their frequency assessment in domestic cat populations. The STR loci (3-4 base pair repeat motifs), mapped in the cat genome relative to 579 coding loci and 255 STR loci, are well distributed across the 18 feline autosomes. All loci exhibit Mendelian inheritance in a multi-generation pedigree. Eleven loci that were unlinked and were highly heterozygous in cat breeds were selected for a forensic panel. Heterozygosity values obtained for the independent loci, ranged from 0.60-0.82, while the average cat breed heterozygosity obtained for the 11 locus panel was 0.71 (range of 0.57-0.83). A small sample set of outbred domestic cats displayed a heterozygosity of 0.86 for the 11 locus panel. The power of discrimination of the panel is moderate to high in the cat breeds examined, with an average P-m of 3.7E-06. The panel shows good potential for genetic individualization within outbred domestic cats with a Pm of 5.31E-08. A multiplex protocol, designed for the co-amplification of the 11 loci and a gender-identifying locus, is species specific and robust, generating a product profile with as little as 0.125 nanograms of genomic DNA. C1 NCI, Lab Genom Divers, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. NCI, SAIC Frederick Inc, Basic Res Program, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Menotti-Raymond, MA (reprint author), NCI, Lab Genom Divers, Bldg 560,Room 11-38, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. RI Butler, John/C-7812-2011 FU NCI NIH HHS [N01-CO-12400] NR 44 TC 66 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER SOC TESTING MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DR, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 0022-1198 J9 J FORENSIC SCI JI J. Forensic Sci. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 50 IS 5 BP 1061 EP 1070 PG 10 WC Medicine, Legal SC Legal Medicine GA 961KE UT WOS:000231660300008 PM 16225210 ER PT J AU Madhavan, R Hong, T Messina, E AF Madhavan, R Hong, T Messina, E TI Temporal range registration for unmanned ground and aerial vehicles SO JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT & ROBOTIC SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE iterative registration; position estimation; unmanned ground and aerial vehicles; LADAR ID NAVIGATION; LOCALIZATION AB An iterative temporal registration algorithm is presented in this article for registering 3D range images obtained from unmanned ground and aerial vehicles traversing unstructured environments. We are primarily motivated by the development of 3D registration algorithms to overcome both the unavailability and unreliability of Global Positioning System (GPS) within required accuracy bounds for Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) navigation. After suitable modifications to the well-known Iterative Closest Point (ICP) algorithm, the modified algorithm is shown to be robust to outliers and false matches during the registration of successive range images obtained from a scanning LAser Detection And Ranging (LADAR) rangefinder on the UGV. Towards registering LADAR images from the UGV with those from an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) that flies over the terrain being traversed, we then propose a hybrid registration approach. In this approach to air to ground registration to estimate and update the position of the UGV, we register range data from two LADARs by combining a feature-based method with the aforementioned modified ICP algorithm. Registration of range data guarantees an estimate of the vehicle's position even when only one of the vehicles has GPS information. Temporal range registration enables position information to be continually maintained even when both vehicles can no longer maintain GPS contact. We present results of the registration algorithm in rugged terrain and urban environments using real field data acquired from two different LADARs on the UGV. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM raj.madhavan@ieee.org; tsai.hong@nist.gov; elena.messina@nist.gov OI Messina, Elena/0000-0002-1727-9357 NR 36 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-0296 EI 1573-0409 J9 J INTELL ROBOT SYST JI J. Intell. Robot. Syst. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 44 IS 1 BP 47 EP 69 DI 10.1007/s10846-005-9025-1 PG 23 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Computer Science; Robotics GA 026VD UT WOS:000236369900003 ER PT J AU Bolshtyansky, M Mandelbaum, I Pan, F AF Bolshtyansky, M Mandelbaum, I Pan, F TI Signal excited-state absorption in the L-band EDFA: Simulation and measurements SO JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE erbium; modeling; optical fiber amplifiers; optical spectroscopy ID FIBER AMPLIFIERS; CROSS-SECTIONS; GAIN AB Signal excited-state absorption (ESA) influences the performance of erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) in the L band. The influence is twofold: 1) ESA is responsible for signal absorption, and thus for noise figure increase in the long wavelength range of the L band and 2) ESA decreases inversion of erbium ions, and as a result, amplifier gain is decreased. Two methods of signal ESA measurement are discussed. It is shown that reliable data can be obtained through measurement and later used for accurate simulation of amplifier performance. C1 JDS Uniphase, Ewing, NJ 08638 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bolshtyansky, M (reprint author), JDS Uniphase, Ewing, NJ 08638 USA. EM maxim@jdsu.com NR 10 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0733-8724 J9 J LIGHTWAVE TECHNOL JI J. Lightwave Technol. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 23 IS 9 BP 2796 EP 2799 DI 10.1109/JLT.2005.853145 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Optics; Telecommunications GA 964YK UT WOS:000231916700026 ER PT J AU Bograd, SJ Mantyla, AW AF Bograd, SJ Mantyla, AW TI On the subduction of upwelled waters in the California Current SO JOURNAL OF MARINE RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CURRENT SYSTEM; DISSOLVED OXYGEN; CYCLE; VARIABILITY; CIRCULATION; NUTRIENTS; TRANSPORT; FILAMENT; AFRICA; CARBON AB We use 20 years of hydrographic data from the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI) program off southern California to search for water mass signatures of subducted upwelled waters.-A search for secondary oxygen maxima in more than 6000 water column profiles identified 629 cases of deep oxygen inversions. The additional criteria of a minimum magnitude of the deep oxygen inversion and an accompanying reduction in dissolved nutrients identified 106 (similar to 17%) of these as subduction signatures. The physical and chemical characteristics of these water masses suggest that they had been photosynthetically modified in the euphotic zone, and perhaps ventilated at the surface, before being subducted and eventually advected downstream within the California Current. Surface waters with similar physical characteristics as the subduction signatures (theta similar to 8.5 degrees C, S similar to 34.0 psu, sigma(theta) similar to 26.4kg m(-3)) were observed during the spring-summer upwelling period at a shore station upstream from the CalCOFI grid. Even with conservative search criteria and coarse spatial-temporal sampling, subduction signatures were observed in all seasons and in each year of the record. These results imply that the processes leading to the subduction, cross-shore transport, and downstream advection of upwelled water masses are common and persistent in the California Current. This has important implications for the transport of coastal waters, and resident planktonic organisms and organic carbon, out of the coastal euphotic zone, and provides a mechanism for frequent ventilation of the upper thermocline of the California Current. C1 NOAA, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Bograd, SJ (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. EM steven.bograd@noaa.gov NR 36 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU SEARS FOUNDATION MARINE RESEARCH PI NEW HAVEN PA YALE UNIV, KLINE GEOLOGY LAB, 210 WHITNEY AVENUE, NEW HAVEN, CT 06520-8109 USA SN 0022-2402 J9 J MAR RES JI J. Mar. Res. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 63 IS 5 BP 863 EP 885 DI 10.1357/002224005774464229 PG 23 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 979ID UT WOS:000232934700001 ER PT J AU Huang, CL Liu, CL Ni, CK Hougen, JT AF Huang, CL Liu, CL Ni, CK Hougen, JT TI Electronic spectra of molecules with two C-3v internal rotors: Torsional analysis of the A(1)A(u)-X(1)A(g) spectrum of biacetyl SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE local-mode treatment ID TRANSITION; FLUORESCENCE; SPECTROSCOPY; DIMER AB The laser-induced fluorescence excitation spectrum of the biacetyl A(1)A(u)(S-1)-X(1)A(g)(S-0) transition in the region from 22182 to 22 800 cm(-1) shows a complicated absorption line spectrum, which is believed to arise from a long progression in the torsional vibrations of the two equivalent methyl tops in this molecule. In this paper, we discuss three topics: (i) a numerical calculation of these energy levels using a kinetic and potential energy formalism and constants from the literature [M.L. Senent, D.C. Moule, Y.G. Smeyers, A. Toro-Labbe, F.J. Peqalver, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 164 (1994) 66], (ii) a qualitative description of the calculated energy level pattern using local-mode ideas applied to the two equivalent methyl rotors together with G(36) permutation-inversion group symmetry species, and (iii) a least-squares refinement of the torsional potential parameters based on results of some of our high-resolution rotational analyses, followed by a comparison of energy levels calculated from the refined parameters with a low-resolution spectrum taken in the region from 0 to 500 cm(-1) above the A-X band origin. Concerning (ii), we find that the two vibrational levels with one quantum of torsional excitation are best described by a normal mode formulation, but that many levels with more than one quantum of torsional excitation are better described by a local-mode formulation. Concerning (iii), we obtain low-order molecular constants quite similar to those reported by Senent et al., but higher-order constants which are quite different. Our calculated spectrum agrees well with the low-resolution spectrum, but full confirmation of the present interpretation for levels with three or more quanta of torsion excited will require high-resolution studies of additional bands. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Acad Sinica, Inst Atom & Mol Sci, Taipei 106, Taiwan. Natl Chiayi Univ, Dept Appl Chem, Chiayi, Taiwan. RP Hougen, JT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jon.hougen@nist.gov RI Ni, Chi-Kung/F-7920-2012 NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2852 J9 J MOL SPECTROSC JI J. Mol. Spectrosc. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 233 IS 1 BP 122 EP 132 DI 10.1016/j.jms.2005.06.005 PG 11 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 960FX UT WOS:000231576700013 ER PT J AU Baranov, YI Lafferty, WJ Fraser, GT AF Baranov, YI Lafferty, WJ Fraser, GT TI Investigation of collision-induced absorption in the vibrational fundamental bands of O-2 and N-2 at elevated temperatures SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE collision-induced absorption; nitrogen; oxygen; temperature dependence; elevated temperatures ID INFRARED-SPECTRUM; MU-M; OXYGEN; MIXTURES; NITROGEN; PAIRS; GAS; DEPENDENCE; MOLECULES; REGION AB Collision-induced absorption has been measured for the vibrational fundamental bands of N-2 and O-2 at temperatures up to 360 K. These data when combined with previously obtained lower temperature data show that the integrated band intensity of the O-2 fundamental increases as the temperature is raised above 300 K. The integrated intensity of the N, band also increases, but at a much lower rate with temperature. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Inst Expt Meteorol, Obninsk 249020, Kaluga, Russia. RP Lafferty, WJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM walter.tafferty@nist.gov NR 28 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2852 J9 J MOL SPECTROSC JI J. Mol. Spectrosc. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 233 IS 1 BP 160 EP 163 DI 10.1016/j.jms.2005.06.008 PG 4 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 960FX UT WOS:000231576700018 ER PT J AU Perkins, BG Haber, T Nesbitt, DJ AF Perkins, BG Haber, T Nesbitt, DJ TI Quantum state-resolved energy transfer dynamics at gas-liquid interfaces: IR laser studies of CO2 scattering from perfluorinated liquids SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; MOLECULAR-BEAM SCATTERING; INELASTIC-SCATTERING; SURFACE VIBRATIONS; ATOM SCATTERING; SULFURIC-ACID; APROTIC GASES; CHAIN-LENGTH; COLLISIONS; MODEL AB An apparatus for detailed study of quantum state-resolved inelastic energy transfer dynamics at the gas-liquid interface is described. The approach relies on supersonic jet-cooled Molecular beams impinging on a continuously renewable liquid surface in a vacuum and exploits sub-Doppler high-resolution laser absorption methods to probe rotational, vibrational, and translational distributions in the scattered flux. First results are presented for skimmed beams of jet-cooled CO2 (T-beam approximate to 15 K) colliding at normal incidence with a liquid perfluoropolyether (PFPE) surface at E-inc = 10.6(8) kcal/mol. The experiment uses a tunable Pb-salt diode laser for direct absorption on the CO2 nu(3) asymmetric stretch. Measured rotational distributions in both 00(0)0 and 000 vibrational manifolds indicate CO2 inelastically scatters from (fie liquid surface into a clearly non-Boltzmann distribution, revealing nonequilibrium dynamics with average rotational energies in excess of the liquid (T-b = 300 K). Furthermore, high-resolution analysis of the absorption profiles reveals that Doppler widths correspond to temperatures significantly warmer than T, and increase systematically with the J rotational state. These rotational and translational distributions are consistent with two distinct gas-liquid collision pathways: (i) a T approximate to 300 K component due to trapping-desorption (TD) and (ii) it much hotter distribution (T approximate to 750 K) due to "prompt" impulsive scattering (IS) from the gas-liquid interface, By way of contrast, vibrational populations in the CO2 bending mode are inefficiently excited by scattering from the liquid, presumably reflecting much slower T-V collisional energy transfer rates. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Nesbitt, DJ (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM djn@jila.colorado.edu NR 55 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 18 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD SEP 1 PY 2005 VL 109 IS 34 BP 16396 EP 16405 DI 10.1021/jp0511404 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 959DQ UT WOS:000231497500024 PM 16853084 ER PT J AU Matthews, J Cage, ME AF Matthews, J Cage, ME TI Temperature dependence of the Hall and longintudinal resistances in a quantum Hall resistance standard SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE quantum Hall effect; resistance standard; temperature dependence ID (MIS-)HANDLING GAUGE-INVARIANCE; HIGH-PRECISION MEASUREMENTS; 2-DIMENSIONAL ELECTRON-GAS; TWO-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS; FINE-STRUCTURE CONSTANT; STRONG MAGNETIC-FIELDS; LANDAU-LEVEL TAILS; QUANTIZED HALL; GAAS-ALXGA1-XAS HETEROSTRUCTURES; INVERSION-LAYERS AB We present detailed measurements of the temperature dependence of the Hall and longitudinal resistances on a quantum Hall device [( GaAs( 7)] which has been used as a resistance standard at NIST. We find a simple power law relationship between the change in Hall resistance and the longitudinal resistance as the temperature is varied between 1.4 K and 36 K. This power law holds over seven orders of magnitude change in the Hall resistance. We fit the temperature dependence above about 4 K to thermal activation, and extract the energy gap and the effective g-factor. C1 Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Matthews, J (reprint author), Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 38 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 8 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2005 VL 110 IS 5 BP 497 EP 510 DI 10.6028/jres.110.078 PG 14 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 003ZC UT WOS:000234720800001 PM 27308175 ER PT J AU Paulter, NG Larson, DR AF Paulter, NG Larson, DR TI The "median" method for the reduction of noise and trigger jitter on waveform data SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aberration; median; median method; noise; overshoot; transition duration; trigger jitter; waveform ID TIMING JITTER; DECONVOLUTION AB The "median" method for the reduction of the effect of noise and trigger jitter on waveform data is described. The effectiveness of this method was examined using simulations and experiments and, for typical jitter and noise observed in electrical pulse metrology, is shown to provide reconstructed waveforms with transition durations that accurately match those of the input signal. Also, for aberrations, an upper bound on the error in the amplitude of the aberration is provided. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Paulter, NG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM paulter@nist.gov; larson@nist.gov NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2005 VL 110 IS 5 BP 511 EP 527 DI 10.6028/jres.110.079 PG 17 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 003ZC UT WOS:000234720800002 PM 27308176 ER PT J AU Ferraris, C Stutzman, P Peltz, M Winpigler, J AF Ferraris, C Stutzman, P Peltz, M Winpigler, J TI Developing a more rapid test to assess sulfate resistance of hydraulic cements SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cement paste; mortar; sulfate attack ID ATTACK AB External sulfate attack of concrete is a major problem that can appear in regions where concrete is exposed to soil or water containing sulfates, leading to softening and cracking of the concrete. Therefore, it is important that materials selection and proportioning of concrete in susceptible regions be carefully considered to resist sulfate attack. American Society for Testing Materials ( ASTM) limits the tricalcium aluminate phase in cements when sulfate exposure is of concern. The hydration products of tricalcium aluminate react with the sulfates resulting in expansion and cracking. While ASTM standard tests are available to determine the susceptibility of cements to sulfate attack, these tests require at least 6 months and often up to a year to perform; a delay that hinders development of new cements. This paper presents a new method for testing cement resistance to sulfate attack that is three to five times faster than the current ASTM tests. Development of the procedure was based upon insights on the degradation process by petrographic examination of sulfate-exposed specimens over time. Also key to the development was the use of smaller samples and tighter environmental control. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ferraris, C (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM clarissa@nist.gov NR 14 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2005 VL 110 IS 5 BP 529 EP 540 DI 10.6028/jres.110.080 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 003ZC UT WOS:000234720800003 PM 27308177 ER PT J AU Antonucci, JM Dickens, SH Fowler, BO Xu, HHK McDonough, WG AF Antonucci, JM Dickens, SH Fowler, BO Xu, HHK McDonough, WG TI Chemistry of silanes: Interfaces in dental polymers and composites SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE adhesion; interfacial adhesion; interphases; silanes; silanization; silsesquioxanes ID HYDROLYTIC STABILITY; RESIN COMPOSITES; SILICA; FILLER; DEGRADATION; MONOMERS; SURFACE; MATRIX AB The performance and service life of glass- or ceramic-filled polymeric composites depend on the nature of their resin, filler and interfacial phases as well as the efficacy of the polymerization process. The synergy that exists between the organic polymer matrix and the usually inorganic reinforcing filler phase is principally mediated by the interfacial/ interphasial phase. This latter phase develops as a result of the dual reactivity of a silane coupling agent, (YRSiX3), a bifunctional molecule capable of reacting with the silanol groups of glass or ceramic fillers via its silane functional group ( - SiX3) to form Si-O-Si-bonds to filler surfaces, and also with the resin phase by graft copolymerization via its Y functional group, usually a methacrylic vinyl group. In this paper, we explore some of the chemistry of organosilanes, especially that of functional organosilanes ( or silane coupling agents as they are commonly known) that are used to mediate interfacial bonding in mineral reinforced polymeric composites. The chemistry of organosilanes can be quite complex involving hydrolytically initiated self-condensation reactions in solvents ( including monomers) that can culminate in polymeric silsesquioxane structures, exchange reactions with hydroxylated or carboxylated monomers to form silyl ethers and esters, as well as the formation of silane derived interfaces by adhesive coupling with siliceous mineral surfaces. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Antonucci, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8545, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM joseph.antonucci@nist.gov FU NIDCR NIH HHS [R01 DE013298] NR 47 TC 57 Z9 59 U1 3 U2 32 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2005 VL 110 IS 5 BP 541 EP 558 DI 10.6028/jres.110.081 PG 18 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 003ZC UT WOS:000234720800004 PM 27308178 ER PT J AU Sengers, JL Palmer, DA Marshall, WL AF Sengers, JL Palmer, DA Marshall, WL TI Obituary: Tribute to E. Ulrich Franck (1920-2004) SO JOURNAL OF SOLUTION CHEMISTRY LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Sengers, JL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0095-9782 J9 J SOLUTION CHEM JI J. Solut. Chem. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 34 IS 9 BP 1091 EP 1094 DI 10.1007/s10953-005-8040-y PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 971SA UT WOS:000232403600008 ER PT J AU Heimlich, SL Mellinger, DK Nieukirk, SL Fox, CG AF Heimlich, SL Mellinger, DK Nieukirk, SL Fox, CG TI Types, distribution, and seasonal occurrence of sounds attributed to Bryde's whales (Balaenoptera edeni) recorded in the eastern tropical Pacific, 1999-2001 SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID NORTHEAST PACIFIC; FIN WHALES; BLUE; PHYSALUS; VOCALIZATIONS; CALIFORNIA; FINBACK; ARRAY; GULF AB Vocalizations resembling known Bryde's whale sounds were recorded on autonomous hydrophones at seven sites in the eastern tropical Pacific. Five short (< 3 s) low-frequency (< 80 Hz) -phrase" types were observed. "Swept alternating tonal" phrases included a 37-Hz tone and often a 25-16-Hz downswept tone, while "nonswept alternating tonal" phrases had a predominant tone at 29 Hz and often additional tones at 16 and 47 Hz, Alternating tonal phrases were found in 79% of the total hours in which phrases were detected, and occurred primarily at the eastern hydrophone sites. "Burst-tonal" phrases included tones that were often preceded by a wideband burst of noise. The "low burst tonal" Phrase contained tones at 19 and 30 Hz, and was detected at five of the hydrophone sites. The "high burst-tonal" phrase included a 42-Hz tone and was observed only on the northwestern hydrophones. A single "harmonic tone" phrase type was observed that included a fundamental tone at 26 Hz and at least two harmonics, this phrase was observed exclusively at the eastern hydrophone stations. This opportunistic survey has shown that acoustics is an effective means of studying this poorly understood, pelagic balaenopterid, C1 Oregon State Univ, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Heimlich, SL (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, 2030 SE Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM sara.heimlich@oregonstate.edu NR 29 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 14 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 118 IS 3 BP 1830 EP 1837 DI 10.1121/1.1992674 PN 1 PG 8 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 965PV UT WOS:000231963600059 PM 16240841 ER PT J AU Doyle, JD Shapiro, MA Jiang, QF Bartels, DL AF Doyle, JD Shapiro, MA Jiang, QF Bartels, DL TI Large-amplitude mountain wave breaking over Greenland SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID GRAVITY-WAVES; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; DOWNSLOPE WINDSTORMS; DRAG PARAMETRIZATION; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; OROGRAPHIC DRAG; LEE WAVE; TIP JET; FLOW; TURBULENCE AB A large-amplitude mountain wave generated by strong southwesterly flow over southern Greenland was observed during the Fronts and Atlantic Storm-Track Experiment (FASTEX) on 29 January 1997 by the NOAA G-IV research aircraft. Dropwindsondes deployed every 50 km and flight level data depict a vertically propagating large-amplitude wave with deep convectively unstable layers, potential temperature perturbations of 25 K that deformed the tropopause and lower stratosphere, and a vertical velocity maximum of nearly 10 m s(-1) in the stratosphere. The wave breaking was associated with a large vertical flux of horizontal momentum and dominated by quasi-isotropic turbulence. The Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS) nonhydrostatic model with four-nested grid meshes with a minimum resolution of 1.7 km accurately simulates the amplitude, location, and timing of the mountain wave and turbulent breakdown. Finescale low-velocity plumes that resemble wakelike structures emanate from highly dissipative turbulent regions of wave breaking in the lower stratosphere. Idealized adiabatic three-dimensional simulations suggest that steep terrain slopes increase the effective Rossby number of the relatively wide Greenland plateau, decrease the sensitivity of the wave characteristics to rotation, and ultimately increase the tendency for wave breaking. Linear theory and idealized simulations indicate that diabatic cooling within the boundary layer above the Greenland ice sheet augments the effective mountain height and increases the wave amplitude and potential for wave breaking for relatively wide obstacles such as Greenland. C1 USN, Res Lab, Marine Meteorol Div, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. NOAA, Off Weather & Air Qual, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Corp Atmospher Res, Monterey, CA USA. Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Doyle, JD (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Marine Meteorol Div, 7 Grace Hopper Ave, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. EM doyle@nrlmry.navy.mil NR 72 TC 62 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 EI 1520-0469 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 62 IS 9 BP 3106 EP 3126 DI 10.1175/JAS3528.1 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 969ZP UT WOS:000232275300007 ER PT J AU Reichler, T Kushner, PJ Polvani, LM AF Reichler, T Kushner, PJ Polvani, LM TI The coupled stratosphere-troposphere response to impulsive forcing from the troposphere SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID HEMISPHERE CLIMATE-CHANGE; LOW-FREQUENCY VARIABILITY; SOUTHERN-HEMISPHERE; ARCTIC OSCILLATION; CIRCULATION MODEL; PROPAGATION; ATMOSPHERE; WEATHER; PERTURBATIONS; FORECASTS AB A simple atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) is used to investigate the transient response of the stratosphere-troposphere system to externally imposed pulses of lower-tropospheric planetary wave activity. The atmospheric GCM is a dry, hydrostatic, global primitive-equations model, whose circulation includes an active polar vortex and a tropospheric jet maintained by baroclinic eddies. Planetary wave activity pulses are generated by a perturbation of the solid lower boundary that grow and decay over a period of 10 days. The planetary wave pulses propagate upward and break in the stratosphere. Subsequently, a zonal-mean circulation anomaly propagates downward, often into the troposphere, at lags of 30-100 days. The evolution of the response is found to be dependent on the state of the stratosphere-troposphere system at the time the pulse is generated. In particular, on the basis of a large ensemble of these simulations, it is found that the length of time the signal takes to propagate downward from the stratosphere is controlled by initial anomalies in the zonal-mean circulation and in the zonal-mean wave drag. Criteria based on these anomaly patterns can be used, therefore, to predict the long-term surface response of the stratosphere-troposphere system to a planetary wave pulse up to 90 days after the pulse is generated. In an independent test, it is verified that the initial states that most strongly satisfy these criteria respond in the expected way to the lower-tropospheric wave activity pulse. C1 Univ Utah, Dept Meteorol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. Princeton Univ, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON, Canada. Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Appl Math, New York, NY USA. RP Reichler, T (reprint author), Univ Utah, Dept Meteorol, 135 S 1460 E,Rm 819 WWB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. EM reichler@met.utah.edu RI Kushner, Paul/H-6716-2016 OI Kushner, Paul/0000-0002-6404-4518 NR 33 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 62 IS 9 BP 3337 EP 3352 DI 10.1175/JAS3527.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 969ZP UT WOS:000232275300019 ER PT J AU Galewsky, J Sobel, A Held, I AF Galewsky, J Sobel, A Held, I TI Diagnosis of subtropical humidity dynamics using tracers of last saturation SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID TRANSILIENT TURBULENCE THEORY; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; TROPOSPHERIC WATER-VAPOR; LARGE-SCALE ADVECTION; DIFFERENCE SCHEME; TRANSPORT; SIMULATIONS; CONVECTION; ATMOSPHERE; DIFFUSION AB A technique for diagnosing the mechanisms that control the humidity in a general circulation model (GCM) or observationally derived meteorological analysis dataset is presented. The technique involves defining a large number of tracers, each of which represents air that has last been saturated in a particular region of the atmosphere. The time-mean tracer fields show the typical pathways that air parcels take between one occurrence of saturation and the next. The tracers provide useful information about how different regions of the atmosphere influence the humidity elsewhere. Because saturation vapor pressure is a function only of temperature and assuming mixing ratio is conserved for unsaturated parcels, these tracer fields can also be used together with the temperature field to reconstruct the water vapor field. The technique is first applied to an idealized GCM in which the dynamics are dry and forced using the Held-Suarez thermal relaxation, but the model carries a passive waterlike tracer that is emitted at the surface and lost due to large-scale condensation with zero latent heat release and no condensate retained. The technique provides an accurate reconstruction of the simulated water vapor field. In this model, the dry air in the subtropical troposphere is produced primarily by isentropic transport and is moistened somewhat by mixing with air from lower levels, which has not been saturated since last contact with the surface. The technique is then applied to the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data from December-February (DJF) 2001/02, using the offline tracer transport model MATCH. The results show that the dryness of the subtropical troposphere is primarily controlled by isentropic transport of very dry air by midlatitude eddies and that diabatic descent from the tropical upper troposphere plays a secondary role in controlling the dryness of the subtropics. C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Appl Math, New York, NY USA. Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Univ New Mexico, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. EM galewsky@unm.edu NR 35 TC 58 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 EI 1520-0469 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 62 IS 9 BP 3353 EP 3367 DI 10.1175/JAS3533.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 969ZP UT WOS:000232275300020 ER PT J AU Greenblatt, RJ Work, TM Dutton, P Sutton, CA Spraker, TR Casey, RN Diez, CE Parker, D St Leger, J Balazs, GH Casey, JW AF Greenblatt, RJ Work, TM Dutton, P Sutton, CA Spraker, TR Casey, RN Diez, CE Parker, D St Leger, J Balazs, GH Casey, JW TI Geographic variation in marine turtle fibropapillomatosis SO JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE Chelonia mydas; fibropapillomatosis; green turtle; herpesvirus ID GREEN TURTLES; CHELONIA-MYDAS AB We document three examples of fibropapillomatosis by histology, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and sequence analysis from three different geographic areas. Tumors compatible in morphology with fibropapillomatosis were seen in green turtles from Puerto Rico and San Diego (California) and in a hybrid loggerhead/ hawksbill turtle from Florida Bay (Florida). Tumors were confirmed as fibropapillomas on histology, although severity of disease varied between cases. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses revealed infection with the fibropapilloma-associated turtle herpesvirus (FPTHV) in all cases, albeit at highly variable copy numbers per cell. Alignment of a portion of the polymerase gene from each fibropapilloma-associated turtle herpesvirus isolate demonstrated geographic variation in sequence. These cases illustrate geographic variation in both the pathology and the virology of fibropapillomatosis. C1 Cornell Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Honolulu Field Stn, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, La Jolla Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Diagnost Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. DRNA PR, Programa Especies Protegidas, San Juan, PR 00906 USA. Sea World San Diego, Vet Care Dept, San Diego, CA 92019 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Casey, JW (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Work, Thierry/F-1550-2015 OI Work, Thierry/0000-0002-4426-9090 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [2T32 ES07052-26] NR 11 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER ASSOC ZOO VETERINARIANS PI MEDIA PA 6 NORTH PENNELL ROAD, MEDIA, PA 19063 USA SN 1042-7260 J9 J ZOO WILDLIFE MED JI J. Zoo Wildl. Med. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 36 IS 3 BP 527 EP 530 DI 10.1638/04-051.1 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 995QG UT WOS:000234118300025 PM 17312778 ER PT J AU Chaloupka, M Balazs, G AF Chaloupka, M Balazs, G TI Modelling the effect of fibropapilloma disease on the somatic growth dynamics of Hawaiian green sea turtles SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GREAT-BARRIER-REEF; CHELONIA-MYDAS; MARINE TURTLES; FORAGING AREA; HERPESVIRUS; PATHOLOGY; RATES; ISLANDS; SPLINES; FLORIDA AB The effect of the tumour-forming disease, fibropapillomatosis, on the somatic growth dynamics of green turtles resident in the Pala'au foraging grounds (Moloka'i, Hawai'i) was evaluated using a Bayesian generalised additive mixed modelling approach. This regression model enabled us to account for fixed effects (fibropapilloma tumour severity), nonlinear covariate functional form (carapace size, sampling year) as well as random effects due to individual heterogeneity and correlation between repeated growth measurements on some turtles. Somatic growth rates were found to be nonlinear functions of carapace size and sampling year but were not a function of low-to-moderate tumour severity. On the other hand, growth rates were significantly lower for turtles with advanced fibropapillomatosis, which suggests a limited or threshold-specific disease effect. However, tumour severity was an increasing function of carapace size-larger turtles tended to have higher tumour severity scores, presumably due to longer exposure of larger (older) turtles to the factors that cause the disease. Hence turtles with advanced fibropapillomatosis tended to be the larger turtles, which confounds size and tumour severity in this study. But somatic growth rates for the Pala'au population have also declined since the mid-1980s (sampling year effect) while disease prevalence and severity increased from the mid-1980s before levelling off by the mid-1990s. It is unlikely that this decline was related to the increasing tumour severity because growth rates have also declined over the last 10-20 years for other green turtle populations resident in Hawaiian waters that have low or no disease prevalence. The declining somatic growth rate trends evident in the Hawaiian stock are more likely a density-dependent effect caused by a dramatic increase in abundance by this once-seriously-depleted stock since the mid-1980s. So despite increasing fibropapillomatosis risk over the last 20 years, only a limited effect on somatic growth dynamics was apparent and the Hawaiian green turtle stock continues to increase in abundance. C1 Univ Queensland, Ecol Modelling Serv Pty Ltd, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pcific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Chaloupka, M (reprint author), Univ Queensland, Ecol Modelling Serv Pty Ltd, POB 6150, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia. EM m.chaloupka@uq.edu.au NR 49 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 17 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0025-3162 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 147 IS 5 BP 1251 EP 1260 DI 10.1007/s00227-005-0026-1 PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 970SJ UT WOS:000232329600021 ER PT J AU Lidie, KB Ryan, JC Barbier, M Van Dolah, FM AF Lidie, KB Ryan, JC Barbier, M Van Dolah, FM TI Gene expression in Florida red tide dinoflagellate Karenia brevis: Analysis of an expressed sequence tag library and development of DNA microarray SO MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Karenia brevis; dinoflagellate; expressed sequence tag; microarray; Florida red tide; functional genomics ID CRYPTHECODINIUM-COHNII; GYMNODINIUM-BREVE; GONYAULAX-POLYEDRA; OKADAIC ACID; CELL-CYCLE; GENOMIC ORGANIZATION; PROROCENTRUM-LIMA; BINDING-PROTEIN; ISOLATED-NUCLEI; FAMILY AB Karenia brevis (Davis) is the dinoflagellate responsible for nearly annual red tides in the Gulf of Mexico. Although the mechanisms regulating the growth and toxicity of this problematic organism are of considerable interest, little information is available on its molecular biology. We therefore constructed a complementary DNA library from which to gain insight into its expressed genome and to develop tools for studying its gene expression. Large-scale sequencing yielded 7001 high-quality expressed sequence tags (ESTs), which clustered into 5280 unique gene groups. The vast majority of genes expressed fell into a low-abundance class, with the highest expressed gene accounting for only 1% of the total ESTs. Approximately 29% of genes were found to have similarity to known sequences in other organisms after BLAST similarity comparisons to the GenBank public protein database using a cutoff of P < 10e(-4). We identified for the first time in a dinoflagellate a suite of conserved eukaryotic genes involved in cell cycle control, intracellular signaling, and the transcription and translation machinery. At least 40% of gene clusters displayed single nucleotide polymorphisms, suggesting the presence of multiple gene copies. The average GC content of ESTs was 5 1%, with a slight preference for G or C in the third codon position (53.5%). The ESTs were used to develop an oligonucleotide microarray containing 4629 unique features and 3462 replicate probes. Microarray labeling has been optimized, and the microarray has been validated for probe specificity and reproducibility. This is the first information to be developed on the expressed genome of K. brevis and provides the basis from which to begin functional genomic studies on this harmful algal bloom species. C1 NOAA, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Marine Biotoxins Program, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Biol Stn, Roscoff, France. Med Univ S Carolina, Charleston, SC USA. RP Van Dolah, FM (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Marine Biotoxins Program, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM fran.vandolah@noaa.gov OI Ryan, James/0000-0002-1101-3785 NR 42 TC 79 Z9 83 U1 2 U2 11 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1436-2228 J9 MAR BIOTECHNOL JI Mar. Biotechnol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2005 VL 7 IS 5 BP 481 EP 493 DI 10.1007/s10126-004-4110-6 PG 13 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 978IF UT WOS:000232866100008 PM 15976935 ER PT J AU Roberts, J Tsamenyi, M Workman, T Johnson, L AF Roberts, J Tsamenyi, M Workman, T Johnson, L TI The Western European PSSA proposal: a "politically sensitive sea area" SO MARINE POLICY LA English DT Article DE particularly sensitive sea area; IMO; law of the sea convention AB In response to a public demand for action, following a series of high profile marine pollution events in their waters, several European States sought designation, by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), for an extensive marine area as a Particularly Sensitive Sea Area (PSSA). The approval 'in principle' of this area as a PSSA led to demands by several States to re-examine and constrain the entire PSSA concept. This paper analyses the European application and the response, by many IMO members, to the decision to approve the application in principle. Consideration is given to the legal basis for such an application as well as the potential implications the decision may have on future PSSA applications. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Wollongong, Ctr Maritime Policy, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. Maritime Safety Author New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Washington, DC 20230 USA. RP Roberts, J (reprint author), Univ Wollongong, Ctr Maritime Policy, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. EM jrob0311@paradise.net.nz; martin_tsamenyi@uow.edu.au; tim.workman@msa.govt.nz; lindy.s.johnson@noaa.gov NR 9 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-597X J9 MAR POLICY JI Mar. Pol. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 29 IS 5 BP 431 EP 440 DI 10.1016/j.marpol.2004.07.002 PG 10 WC Environmental Studies; International Relations SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; International Relations GA 939AG UT WOS:000230043900005 ER PT J AU Her, JL Koyama, K Watanabe, K Provenzano, V Fu, AQ Shapiro, AJ Shull, RD AF Her, JL Koyama, K Watanabe, K Provenzano, V Fu, AQ Shapiro, AJ Shull, RD TI High-magnetic field X-ray diffraction studies on Gd-5(Ge2-xFex)Si-2 (x=0.05 and 0.2) SO MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Article DE Gd5Ge2Si2 compound; magnetic refrigeration materials; field-induced structural transformation; highfield X-ray diffraction; meta magnetic transition ID GD-5(SI2GE2); GERMANIUM; SILICON AB We performed the powder X-ray diffraction measurements in magnetic fields up to 5T for Gd-5(Ge1.95Fe0.05)Si-2 and Gd-5(Ge(1.8)Fc(0.2))Si-2-With heating from 8 K, the matrix of Gd-5(Ge1.95Fe0.05)Si-2 clearly shows a structural transition from an orthorhombic to a monoclinic structure at the Curie temperature (Tc = 276 K). On the other hand, the matrix of Gd-5(Ge1.8Fe0.2)Si-2 with the orthorhombic structure in the ferromagnetic state shows two-phases co-existence of the orthorhombic and the monoclinic structures above Tc = 303 K, indicating that a small amount of the matrix participates in the transformation. For both samples, the monoclinic structure is suppressed but the orthorhombic structure is enhanced just above Tc by applying a magnetic field, which closely relates to the magnetization process. C1 Tohoku Univ, High Field Lab Superconducting Mat, Mat Res Inst, Sendai, Miyagi 9808577, Japan. Natl Taiwan Normal Univ, Dept Phys, Taipei 116, Taiwan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tohoku Univ, High Field Lab Superconducting Mat, Mat Res Inst, Sendai, Miyagi 9808577, Japan. RI Watanabe, Kazuo/C-2819-2011; Shull, Robert/F-5971-2013 NR 8 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU JAPAN INST METALS PI SENDAI PA 1-14-32, ICHIBANCHO, AOBA-KU, SENDAI, 980-8544, JAPAN SN 1345-9678 EI 1347-5320 J9 MATER TRANS JI Mater. Trans. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 46 IS 9 BP 2011 EP 2014 DI 10.2320/matertrans.46.2011 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 969TP UT WOS:000232258000012 ER PT J AU Balachandran, B Gilsinn, D AF Balachandran, B Gilsinn, D TI Non-linear oscillations of milling SO MATHEMATICAL AND COMPUTER MODELLING OF DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE milling; chatter; variable time delay; loss of contact ID DYNAMICS AB The principal features of two mathematical models that can be used to study non-linear oscillations of a workpiece-tool system during a milling operation are presented and explained in this article. These models are non-linear, non-homogeneous, delay-differential systems with time-periodic coefficients. In the treatment presented here, the sources of non-linearities are the multiple regenerative effect and the loss-of-contact effect. The time-delay effect is taken into account, and the dependence of this delay effect on the feed rate is modelled. A variable time delay is introduced to capture the influence of the feed-rate in one of the models. Two formulations that can be used to carry out stability analysis of periodic solutions are presented. The models presented and the stability-analysis formulations are relevant for predicting and understanding chatter in milling. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Balachandran, B (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 25 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1387-3954 J9 MATH COMP MODEL DYN JI Math. Comput. Model. Dyn. Syst. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 11 IS 3 BP 273 EP 290 DI 10.1080/13873950500076479 PG 18 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mathematics, Applied SC Computer Science; Mathematics GA 982CH UT WOS:000233135000003 ER PT J AU Munitz, A Ricker, RE Pitchure, DJ Kimmel, G AF Munitz, A Ricker, RE Pitchure, DJ Kimmel, G TI The influence of thermomechanical treatment on the complex modulus of Mg alloy AZ31 SO METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; INTERNAL FRICTION; MAGNESIUM; DEFORMATION; ZIRCONIUM; TWINS AB Dynamic modulus analyses were performed on Mg alloy AZ31 following thermomechanical treatments to enable investigation of the influence of microstructural features created by plastic deformation on the elastic and the anelastic behavior of this alloy as quantified by variations in the complex elastic modulus (E* = E' + iE") with temperature. The real component or storage modulus (E') determined for this alloy was 42.0 +/- 2.5 GPa at 25 degrees C and it was independent of rolling direction and cold work up to 20 pct reduction in thickness. A broad peak was observed in the imaginary component or loss modulus (E") around 175 degrees C (for a 1.0 Hz loading frequency), and it was determined that this peak is a superposition of at least four different relaxation mechanisms: a thermally activated mechanism related to precipitate phases near 153 degrees C and three peaks related to mechanical deformation at 165 degrees C, 188 degrees C, and 235 degrees C. The latter three peaks were also thermally activated with the activation energy determined to be 1.68 +/- 0.04 eV. These mechanical relaxation peaks are attributed to microstructural features produced by cold work, and it is demonstrated that the stresses generated by cooling from heat-treatment temperatures influences these peaks. It is concluded that the grain boundary relaxation peak is above 350 degrees C. C1 Nucl Res Ctr Negev, IL-841900 Beer Sheva, Israel. US Dept Commerce, NIST, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Western Inst Appl Res, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel. RP Munitz, A (reprint author), Nucl Res Ctr Negev, POB 9001, IL-841900 Beer Sheva, Israel. RI Ricker, Richard/H-4880-2011 OI Ricker, Richard/0000-0002-2871-4908 NR 43 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU MINERALS METALS MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 1073-5623 J9 METALL MATER TRANS A JI Metall. Mater. Trans. A-Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 36A IS 9 BP 2403 EP 2413 DI 10.1007/s11661-005-0113-4 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 957TQ UT WOS:000231396600014 ER PT J AU Stensrud, DJ Yussouf, N AF Stensrud, DJ Yussouf, N TI Bias-corrected short-range ensemble forecasts of near surface variables SO METEOROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURE FORECASTS; MESOSCALE-MODEL; SYSTEM; CONSENSUS; NMC; PERTURBATIONS; PRECIPITATION; PREDICTIONS; MOS AB A multimodel short-range ensemble forecasting system created as part of a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration program on improved high temperature forecasting during the summer of 2003 is evaluated. Results from this short-range ensemble system indicate that using the past complete 12 days of forecasts to bias correct today's forecast yields ensemble mean forecasts of 2-m temperature, 2-m dewpoint temperature, and 10-m wind speed that are competitive with or better than those available from any of the model output statistics presently generated operationally in the United States. However, the bias-corrected ensemble system provides more than just the ensemble mean forecast. Probabilities produced by this system are skilful and reliable, and have been found to be valuable when evaluated in a cost-loss model. The ensemble appears to provide better guidance for more unlikely events, such as very warm temperatures, that likely have the greatest economic significance. Industries that are sensitive to the weather, such as power companies, transportation and agriculture, may benefit from the probability information provided. Thus, it is possible to develop post-processing for short-range ensemble forecasting systems that is competitive with or better than traditional post-processing techniques, thereby allowing the rapid production of useful and accurate guidance forecasts Of many near surface variables. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK USA. RP Stensrud, DJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM David.Stensrud@noaa.gov OI Yussouf, Nusrat/0000-0003-4998-1770 NR 37 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 1350-4827 J9 METEOROL APPL JI Meteorol. Appl. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 12 IS 3 BP 217 EP 230 DI 10.1017/S135048270500174X PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 978IC UT WOS:000232865800005 ER PT J AU Wu, C Yang, S Wang, A Fong, S AF Wu, C Yang, S Wang, A Fong, S TI Effect of condensational heating over the Bay of Bengal on the onset of the South China Sea monsoon in 1998 SO METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SUMMER MONSOON; ASIA AB In this study, the authors analyse the observational features of the onset of the South China Sea (SCS) monsoon in 1998 shown in reanalysis data and use a numerical model to understand the mechanisms responsible for these features. The onset of SCS summer monsoon in 1998 occurred around 21 May. Prior to this period, monsoon depression activity was strong over the Bay of Bengal (BOB) and warm temperature anomalies appeared at the mid-upper troposphere over the northern BOB. In the meantime, warm horizontal thermal advection occurred over the northern Indo-China peninsula and South China. This warm advection seemed to play an important role in the winter-to-summer transition of the patterns of mean meridional temperature gradient in the 500-200-mb layer over South Asia. The PSU/NCAR Mesoscale Model Version 5 (MM5) is used to understand the physical link between the latent heating associated with the monsoon depression over BOB and the establishment of SCS monsoon. Full-physics simulations, for a 6-day period coinciding with the onset of the observed monsoon, reproduce realistically the evolution of the monsoon depression and monsoon onset process. It is found that the condensational heating over BOB is important for the formation of large-scale circulation pattern that favors the establishment of SCS monsoon. In an experiment without latent heating, the winter-to-summer reversal of meridional temperature gradient over South Asia was delayed and the onset of SCS summer monsoon did not occur during the simulation period. C1 NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Zhongshan Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Guangzhou, Peoples R China. RP Yang, S (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, Room 605,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM song.yang@noaa.gov RI Yang, Song/B-4952-2009 NR 30 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 7 PU SPRINGER WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0177-7971 J9 METEOROL ATMOS PHYS JI Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 90 IS 1-2 BP 37 EP 47 DI 10.1007/s00703-005-0115-1 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 964LW UT WOS:000231883600003 ER PT J AU Morin, PA Nestler, A Rubio-Cisneros, NT Robertson, KM Mesnick, SL AF Morin, PA Nestler, A Rubio-Cisneros, NT Robertson, KM Mesnick, SL TI Interfamilial characterization of a region of the ZFX and ZFY genes facilitates sex determination in cetaceans and other mammals SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE 5 ' exonuclease assay; cetacean; gender; sex determination; SNP; TaqMan; ZFX; ZFY ID POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; PCR AMPLIFICATION; Y-CHROMOSOME; FETAL DNA; SRY GENE; IDENTIFICATION; SAMPLES; EXTRACTION; EVOLUTION; SEQUENCES AB Sequence polymorphism of homologues ZFX and ZFY, in a 604-base pair exon region, was examined in 10 known males and 10 known females across seven cetacean families and used to design a simple, highly sensitive and widely applicable fluorescent 5' exonuclease assay for gender determination in cetaceans. Multiplex amplification, cloning, and sequencing of these previously uncharacterized regions revealed (i) eight fixed differences between ZFX and ZFY, (ii) 29 variable sites between ZFX and ZFY and (iii) very low interspecific nucleotide diversity for both ZFX and ZFY across all families examined. We developed a 5' exonuclease assay that produces a small (105 bp) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product from both the X and the Y chromosome orthologs, and used double-labelled fluorescent probes to distinguish between the two genes in a real-time PCR assay that is highly reproducible and sensitive. We demonstrated sex specificity for 33 cetacean species in nine families. Given the availability of conserved primers and sequence information for many mammalian species, this approach to designing sexing assays for a wide range of species is both practical and efficient. C1 NMFS, SWFSC, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. CIBNOR, La Paz, BCS, Mexico. RP Morin, PA (reprint author), NMFS, SWFSC, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM philip.morin@noaa.gov NR 38 TC 39 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 14 IS 10 BP 3275 EP 3286 DI 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02651.x PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 955JU UT WOS:000231223000031 PM 16101791 ER PT J AU Spies, IB Lowe, S Hong, Y Canino, MF AF Spies, IB Lowe, S Hong, Y Canino, MF TI Development and characterization of seven novel di-, tri-, and tetranucleotide microsatellite markers in Atka mackerel (Pleurogrammus monopterygius) SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY NOTES LA English DT Article DE Atka mackerel; enrichment libraries; enrichment; microsatellites; Pleurogrammus monopterygius; population genetics AB We describe the enrichment for and characterization of seven Pleurogrammus monopterygius microsatellite loci. We used (GACA)(4) as an oligonucleotide enrichment probe and screened 484 clones from the enriched library. The seven microsatellite loci include five tetranucleotide, one dinucleotide, and one trinucleotide motif. These markers can potentially be useful tools for use in population genetics studies, parentage analyses, and examining other life history questions. C1 NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Spies, IB (reprint author), NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM ingrid.spies@noaa.gov NR 5 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1471-8278 J9 MOL ECOL NOTES JI Mol. Ecol. Notes PD SEP PY 2005 VL 5 IS 3 BP 469 EP 471 DI 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2005.00947.x PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 959PF UT WOS:000231529400003 ER PT J AU MacGorman, DR Rust, WD Krehbiel, P Rison, W Bruning, E Wiens, K AF MacGorman, DR Rust, WD Krehbiel, P Rison, W Bruning, E Wiens, K TI The electrical structure of two supercell storms during STEPS SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID THUNDERSTORM CONVECTIVE REGIONS; GROUND LIGHTNING POLARITY; CONTIGUOUS UNITED-STATES; RADAR OBSERVATIONS; SPACE-CHARGE; GREAT-PLAINS; NEW-MEXICO; ELECTRIFICATION; MODEL; PRECIPITATION AB Balloon soundings were made through two supercell storms during the Severe Thunderstorm Electrification and Precipitation Study (STEPS) in summer 2000. Instruments measured the vector electric field, temperature, pressure, relative humidity, and balloon location. For the first time, soundings penetrated both the strong updraft and the rainy downdraft region of the same supercell storm. In both storms, the strong updraft had fewer vertically separated charge regions than found near the rainy downdraft, and the updraft's lowest charge was elevated higher, its bottom being near the 40-dBZ boundary of the weak-echo vault. The simpler, elevated charge structure is consistent with the noninductive graupel-ice mechanism dominating charge generation in updrafts. In the weak-echo vault, the amount of frozen precipitation and the time for particle interactions are too small for significant charging. Inductive charging mechanisms and lightning may contribute to the additional charge regions found at lower altitudes outside the updraft. Lightning mapping showed that the in-cloud channels of a positive ground flash could be in any one of the three vertically separated positive charge regions found outside the updraft, but were in the middle region, at 6-8 km MSL, for most positive ground flashes. The observations are consistent with the electrical structure of these storms having been inverted in polarity from that of most storms elsewhere. It is hypothesized that the observed inverted-polarity cloud flashes and positive ground flashes were caused by inverted-polarity storm structure, possibly due to a larger than usual rime accretion rate for graupel in a strong updraft. C1 Univ Oklahoma, CIMMS, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP MacGorman, DR (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, CIMMS, 100 E Boyd Rm 1110, Norman, OK 73019 USA. EM don.macgorman@noaa.gov OI MacGorman, Donald/0000-0002-2395-8196 NR 78 TC 61 Z9 70 U1 3 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 133 IS 9 BP 2583 EP 2607 DI 10.1175/MWR2994.1 PG 25 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 965LP UT WOS:000231952300006 ER PT J AU Koo, SM Edelstein, MD Li, QL Richter, CA Vogel, EM AF Koo, SM Edelstein, MD Li, QL Richter, CA Vogel, EM TI Silicon nanowires as enhancement-mode Schottky barrier field-effect transistors SO NANOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SINGLE-ELECTRON; DEVICES AB Silicon nanowire field-effect transistors (SiNWFETs) have been fabricated with a highly simplified integration scheme to function as Schottky barrier transistors with excellent enhancement-mode characteristics and a high on/off current ratio similar to 10(7). SiNWFETs show significant improvement in the thermal emission leakage (similar to 6 x 10(-13) A mu m(-1)) compared to reference FETs with a larger channel width (similar to 7 x 10(-10) A mu m). The drain current level depends substantially on the contact metal work function as determined by examining devices with different source/drain contacts of Ti (approximate to 4.33 eV) and Cr (approximate to 4.50 eV). The different conduction mechanisms for accumulation- and inversion-mode operation are discussed and compared with two-dimensional numerical simulation results. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Koo, SM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM smkoo@nist.gov RI Vogel, Eric/A-7731-2008; Li, Qiliang/B-2225-2015 OI Vogel, Eric/0000-0002-6110-1361; Li, Qiliang/0000-0001-9778-7695 NR 17 TC 91 Z9 91 U1 1 U2 23 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-4484 J9 NANOTECHNOLOGY JI Nanotechnology PD SEP PY 2005 VL 16 IS 9 BP 1482 EP 1485 DI 10.1088/0957-4484/16/9/011 PG 4 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 967KG UT WOS:000232089500011 ER PT J AU Tsai, DH Kim, SH Corrigan, TD Phaneuf, RJ Zachariah, MR AF Tsai, DH Kim, SH Corrigan, TD Phaneuf, RJ Zachariah, MR TI Electrostatic-directed deposition of nanoparticles on a field generating substrate SO NANOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GAS-PHASE; BUILDING-BLOCKS; NANOXEROGRAPHY; SURFACES AB We demonstrate a new assembly method to position metal nanoparticles delivered from the gas phase onto surfaces using the electrostatic force generated by biased p-n junction-pattemed substrates. Aligned deposition patterns of metal nanoparticles were observed, and the patterning selectivity quantified. A simple model accounting for the generated electric field, and the electrostatic, van der Waals, and image forces, was used to explain the observed results. C1 Univ Maryland, Nanoparticle Based Mfg & Metrol Lab, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD USA. Lab Phys Sci, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. RP Zachariah, MR (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Nanoparticle Based Mfg & Metrol Lab, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM mrz@umd.edu RI Tsai, De-Hao/K-6702-2012 OI Tsai, De-Hao/0000-0002-2669-3007 NR 16 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 7 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-4484 J9 NANOTECHNOLOGY JI Nanotechnology PD SEP PY 2005 VL 16 IS 9 BP 1856 EP 1862 DI 10.1088/0957-4484/16/9/073 PG 7 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 967KG UT WOS:000232089500073 ER PT J AU Richter, A Burrows, JP Nuss, H Granier, C Niemeier, U AF Richter, A Burrows, JP Nuss, H Granier, C Niemeier, U TI Increase in tropospheric nitrogen dioxide over China observed from space SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID OZONE MONITORING EXPERIMENT; GOME MEASUREMENTS; EMISSIONS; MODEL; NO2; RETRIEVAL; TRANSPORT; NO(X); ASIA AB Emissions from fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning reduce local air quality and affect global tropospheric chemistry. Nitrogen oxides are emitted by all combustion processes and play a key part in the photochemically induced catalytic production of ozone, which results in summer smog and has increased levels of tropospheric ozone globally(1). Release of nitrogen oxide also results in nitric acid deposition, and - at least locally - increases radiative forcing effects due to the absorption of downward propagating visible light(2). Nitrogen oxide concentrations in many industrialized countries are expected to decrease(3), but rapid economic development has the potential to increase significantly the emissions of nitrogen oxides(4-7) in parts of Asia. Here we present the tropospheric column amounts of nitrogen dioxide retrieved from two satellite instruments GOME(8,9) and SCIAMACHY(10) over the years 1996 - 2004. We find substantial reductions in nitrogen dioxide concentrations over some areas of Europe and the USA, but a highly significant increase of about 50 per cent - with an accelerating trend in annual growth rate - over the industrial areas of China, more than recent bottom-up inventories suggest(6). C1 Univ Bremen, Inst Environm Phys, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. Univ Paris 06, IPSL, Serv Aeron, F-75005 Paris, France. NOAA, CIRES, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Univ Bremen, Inst Environm Phys, Otto Hahn Allee 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. EM richter@iup.physik.uni-bremen.de RI Richter, Andreas/C-4971-2008; Granier, Claire/D-5360-2013; Burrows, John/B-6199-2014 OI Richter, Andreas/0000-0003-3339-212X; Granier, Claire/0000-0001-7344-7995; Burrows, John/0000-0002-6821-5580 NR 29 TC 630 Z9 711 U1 26 U2 248 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 EI 1476-4687 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD SEP 1 PY 2005 VL 437 IS 7055 BP 129 EP 132 DI 10.1038/nature04092 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 960AC UT WOS:000231560400055 PM 16136141 ER PT J AU Zha, XF AF Zha, XF TI Soft computing in engineering design: a hybrid dual cross-mapping neural network model SO NEURAL COMPUTING & APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE soft computing; computational intelligence; intelligent design; design process; design pattern; integration; hybrid neural network; dual cross-mapping neural network ID CONCEPTUAL DESIGN; WORKSTATIONS; RETRIEVAL; SYSTEMS AB Contemporary design process requires the development of a new computational intelligence or soft computing methodology that involves intelligence integration and hybrid intelligent systems for design, analysis and evaluation, and optimization. This paper first presents a discussion of the need to incorporate "intelligence" into an automated design process and the various constraints that designers face when embarking on industrial design projects. Then, it presents the design problem as optimizing the design output against constraints and the use of soft computing and hybrid intelligent systems techniques. In this paper, a soft-computing-integrated intelligent design framework is developed. A hybrid dual cross-mapping neural network (HDCMNN) model is proposed using the hybrid soft computing technique based on "cross-mapping" between a back-propagation network (BPNN) and a recurrent Hopfield network (HNN) for supporting modeling, analysis and evaluation, and optimization tasks in the design process. The two networks perform different but complementary tasks-the BPNN "decides" if the design problem is a "type 0" (rational) or "type 1" (non-rational) problem, and the output layer weights are then used as the energy function for the HNN. The BPNN is used for representing design patterns, training classification boundaries, and outputting network weight values to the HNN, and then the HNN uses the calculated network weight values to evaluate and modify or re-design the design patterns. The developed system provides a unified soft-computing-integrated intelligent design framework with both symbolic and computational intelligence. The system has self-modifying and self-learning functions. Within the system, only one network training is needed for accomplishing the evaluation, rectification/modification, and optimization tasks in the design process. Finally, two case studies are provided to illustrate and validate the developed model and system. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zha, XF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, Mail Stop 8263,100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM zha@cme.nist.gov NR 52 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0941-0643 J9 NEURAL COMPUT APPL JI Neural Comput. Appl. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 14 IS 3 BP 176 EP 188 DI 10.1007/s00521-004-0437-9 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA 964CT UT WOS:000231857000002 ER PT J AU Tiedeken, JA Ramsdell, JS Ramsdell, AF AF Tiedeken, JA Ramsdell, JS Ramsdell, AF TI Developmental toxicity of domoic acid in zebrafish (Danio rerio) SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Marine Toxin Impacts on Neurobehavioral Function CY JUN 22-24, 2003 CL Philadelphia, PA DE domoic acid; zebrafish; glutamate; development; embryo ID MONKEYS MACACA-FASCICULARIS; ORYZIAS-LATIPES EMBRYOS; SEA LIONS; RATS; MICE; EXPOSURE; MICROINJECTION; NEUROTOXICITY; INTOXICATION; MORTALITY AB Domoic acid (DA) is a rigid analog of the excitatory amino acid glutamate. It is produced by the diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia and is a potent neurotoxin in both adult and developing animals. We have used zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model to investigate and characterize the developmental toxicity of DA. Domoic acid was administered by microinjection to fertilized eggs at the 128- to 512-cell stages in concentrations ranging from 0.12 to 17 mg/kg (DA/egg weight). DA reduced hatching success by 40% at 0.4 mg/kg and by more than 50% at doses of 1.2 mg/kg and higher. Fifty percent of embryos treated with 1.2 mg/kg DA showed marked tonic-clonic type convulsions at 2 days post fertilization. Four days post fertilization (dpf), all embryos treated with 4.0 mg/kg DA and higher showed a complete absence of touch response reflexes. Commencing 5 dpf, rapid and constant pectoral fin movements were observed, a response which may be related to the hallmark effect in rodents of stereotypic scratching. These data indicate that zebrafish show symptoms of developmental DA toxicity as well as a similar sensitivity comparable to the effects of DA characterized in laboratory rodents. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Marine Biotoxins Program, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Cell Biol & Anat, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. Univ S Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Cell & Dev Biol & Anat, Columbia, SC USA. Univ S Carolina, Coll Liberal Arts, Program Womens Studies, Columbia, SC USA. RP Ramsdell, JS (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Marine Biotoxins Program, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM john.ramsdell@noaa.gov OI Ramsdell, Ann F/0000-0003-2469-7079 NR 38 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2005 VL 27 IS 5 BP 711 EP 717 DI 10.1016/j.ntt.2005.06.013 PG 7 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA 982ED UT WOS:000233139800004 PM 16061356 ER PT J AU Levin, ED Pizarro, K Pang, WG Harrison, J Ramsdell, JS AF Levin, ED Pizarro, K Pang, WG Harrison, J Ramsdell, JS TI Persisting behavioral consequences of prenatal domoic acid exposure in rats SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Marine Toxin Impacts on Neurobehavioral Function CY JUN 22-24, 2003 CL Philadelphia, PA DE domoic acid; prenatal; locomotor activity; learning; memory ID CHLORPYRIFOS EXPOSURE; MICE AB To investigate the behavioral effects of prenatal exposure to the marine toxin domoic acid, pregnant female rats were injected subcutaneously with 0, 0.3, 0.6, or 1.2 mg/kg of domoic acid on gestational day 13. The offspring were then run through a behavioral testing battery to determine the developmental effects of the toxin on spontaneous alternation in the T-maze, on locomotor activity in the Figure-8 maze, and on working memory in the 8-arm radial maze. In the T-maze, no significant domoic acid induced differences were seen on spontaneous alternation, but there were significant domoic acid effects on latency. Prenatal domoic acid exposure caused a dose-related increase in response latency in the second spontaneous alternation test. There was also a significant domoic acid effect seen in the I-h long Figure-8 maze test. Locomotor activity measured in the Figure-8 maze detected a persisting effect of the 1.2 mg/kg domoic acid dose, which significantly increased the rate of habituation over the activity test session. This was characterized by higher initial activity followed by greater decline in activity. In the radial-arm maze the control vehicle treated rats showed the normal sex-related difference in spatial learning and memory with males outperforming females. Developmental domoic acid exposure decreased this effect such that the normal sex difference in spatial memory was not seen with the 1.2 mg/kg domoic acid dose. The rats of both sexes with a history of prenatal domoic acid exposure showed increased susceptibility to the amnestic effects of the muscarinic acetylcholine scopolamine, suggesting that they had less functional reserve with which to solve the radial-arm maze memory task. This study demonstrates persisting neurobehavioral effects of acute prenatal exposure to domoic acid at doses that do not cause overt clinical signs of toxicity. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Durham, NC 27710 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Marine Biotoxins Program, Charleston, SC USA. RP Levin, ED (reprint author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Box 3412 DUMC, Durham, NC 27710 USA. EM edlevin@duke.edu NR 14 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2005 VL 27 IS 5 BP 719 EP 725 DI 10.1016/j.ntt.2005.06.017 PG 7 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA 982ED UT WOS:000233139800005 PM 16054336 ER PT J AU Gordon, CJ Ramsdell, JS AF Gordon, CJ Ramsdell, JS TI Effects of marine algal toxins on thermoregulation in mice SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Marine Toxin Impacts on Neurobehavioral Function CY JUN 22-24, 2003 CL Philadelphia, PA DE temperature regulation; radiotelemetry; behavioral thermoregulation; thermal dysthesia; maitotoxin; brevetoxin ID BODY-TEMPERATURE; CIGUATERA; BREVETOXIN; RATS AB Hypothermia is often seen in mice and rats exposed acutely to marine algal toxins, but the mechanism of action of these toxins on thermoregulation is not well understood. Our laboratory has assessed the thermoregulatory mechanisms of two marine algal toxins, maitotoxin and brevetoxin in the mouse. Radiotelemetry was used to measure core temperature in the unrestrained mouse while it was housed in a temperature gradient allowing the exhibition of thermoregulatory behavior. Both maitotoxin (338 ng/kg) and brevetoxin (180 mu g/kg) were shown to elicit profound hypothermic responses accompanied by a preference for cooler ambient temperatures in the gradient. This behavioral response would suggest that the toxins alter the central neural control of body temperature, resulting in a regulated reduction in body temperature. Following recovery from the acute hypothermic effects of brevetoxin, mice developed an elevation in their daytime core temperature that persisted for several days after exposure. This fever-like response may represent a delayed toxicological effect of the marine algal toxins that is manifested through the thermoregulatory system. Overall, algal toxins have acute and delayed effects on temperature regulation in the mouse. A better understanding of the mechanisms of action of the toxins on thermoregulation should lead to improved methods for treating victims of ciguatera and other toxin exposures. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Marine Biotoxins Program, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Gordon, CJ (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Div Neurotoxicol, B105-04 109 TW Alexander Dr NTD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM gordon.christopher@epa.gov NR 15 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2005 VL 27 IS 5 BP 727 EP 731 DI 10.1016/j.ntt.2005.06.012 PG 5 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA 982ED UT WOS:000233139800006 PM 16111859 ER PT J AU Colman, JR Nowocin, KJ Switzer, RC Trusk, TC Ramsdell, JS AF Colman, JR Nowocin, KJ Switzer, RC Trusk, TC Ramsdell, JS TI Mapping and reconstruction of domoic acid-induced neurodegeneration in the mouse brain SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Marine Toxin Impacts on Neurobehavioral Function CY JUN 22-24, 2003 CL Philadelphia, PA DE domoic acid; excitotoxin; neurodegeneration ID KAINATE RECEPTOR ACTIVATION; MONKEYS MACACA-FASCICULARIS; CEREBELLAR GRANULE NEURONS; RAT DORSAL HIPPOCAMPUS; KAINIC ACID; AMINO-ACID; TERMINAL DEGENERATION; SEA LIONS; NEUROTOXICITY; DAMAGE AB Domoic acid, a potent neurotoxin and glutamate analog produced by certain species of the marine diatom Pseudonitzschia, is responsible for several human and wildlife intoxication events. The toxin characteristically damages the hippocampus in exposed humans, rodents, and marine mammals. Histochemical studies have identified this, and other regions of neurodegeneration, though none have sought to map all brain regions affected by domoic acid. In this study, mice exposed (i.p.) to 4 mg/kg domoic acid for 72 h exhibited behavioral and pathological signs of neurotoxicity. Brains were fixed by intracardial perfusion and processed for histochemical analysis. Serial coronal sections (50 mu m) were stained using the degeneration-sensitive cupric silver staining method of DeOlmos. Degenerated axons, terminals, and cell bodies, which stained black, were identified and the areas of degeneration were mapped onto Paxinos mouse atlas brain plates using Adobe Illustrator CS (TM). The plates were then combined to reconstruct a 3-dimensional image of domoic acid-induced neurodegeneration using Amira 3.1 (TM) software. Affected regions included the olfactory bulb, septal area, and limbic system. These findings are consistent with behavioral and pathological studies demonstrating the effects of domoic acid on cognitive function and neurodegeneration in rodents. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Coastal Res Branch,Marine Biotoxins Program, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Neurosci Associates, Knoxville, TN USA. Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Cell Biol & Anat, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. RP Ramsdell, JS (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Coastal Res Branch,Marine Biotoxins Program, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM john.ramsdell@noaa.gov NR 51 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2005 VL 27 IS 5 BP 753 EP 767 DI 10.1016/j.ntt.2005.06.009 PG 15 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA 982ED UT WOS:000233139800009 PM 16109471 ER PT J AU Chen, ZG Bratschitsch, R Cundiff, ST AF Chen, ZG Bratschitsch, R Cundiff, ST TI Interference effects in transient Kerr spectra of a semiconductor multilayer structure SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID QUANTUM-WELLS AB We experimentally study the spectra of the transient Faraday and Kerr effects near exciton resonances of a GaAs multiple quantum well. A multilayer calculation with a transfer matrix model accounts quantitatively for the linear transmission (reflectivity) spectra and the Faraday (Kerr) spectra. The Faraday and Kerr spectra do not obey a Kramers-Kronig relation. This phenomenon was found to be due to the multiple reflection effects on the Kerr spectra. (c) 2005 Optical Society of America. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Chen, ZG (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM cundiffs@jila.colorado.edu RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009; Bratschitsch, Rudolf/C-9027-2009 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197; Bratschitsch, Rudolf/0000-0002-2368-2548 NR 8 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD SEP 1 PY 2005 VL 30 IS 17 BP 2320 EP 2322 DI 10.1364/OL.30.002320 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 958IC UT WOS:000231436900044 PM 16190457 ER PT J AU Anderlini, M Ciampini, D Cossart, D Courtade, E Cristiani, M Sias, C Morsch, O Arimondo, E AF Anderlini, M Ciampini, D Cossart, D Courtade, E Cristiani, M Sias, C Morsch, O Arimondo, E TI Model for collisions in ultracold-atom mixtures SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID ELASTIC-SCATTERING; RUBIDIUM ATOMS; CESIUM GAS; TRAP; COLD AB We present a model for the collisional properties of a mixture of Cs-133 and Rb-87 atoms in a magnetic trap at mu K temperatures. The experimental sequence we model corresponds to a selective evaporation of the Rb atoms using a radio-frequency field, leading to sympathetic cooling of the Cs atoms or, if selective evaporation is carried out fast, to a difference in temperature between the two atomic species. In the latter case, the two atomic clouds reached an equilibrium temperature starting from an Rb temperature lower than that of Cs. By supposing that each atomic cloud was in thermal equilibrium we modeled this rethermalization process through differential equations for the two atomic temperatures. An alternative approach was based on the Monte Carlo simulations of the individual collisional processes. The sympathetic cooling and the rethermalization were analyzed in terms of the inter-species collisional cross-section. C1 Univ Pisa, Dipartmento Fis, INFM, I-56127 Pisa, Italy. RP Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Ciampini, Donatella/E-2097-2012; Sias, Carlo/D-1317-2014; OI Sias, Carlo/0000-0002-5390-8288; Morsch, Oliver/0000-0002-1063-5136 NR 35 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD SEP PY 2005 VL 72 IS 3 AR 033408 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.72.033408 PG 9 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 969IR UT WOS:000232228300119 ER PT J AU Bowdrey, MD Jones, JA Knill, E Laflamme, R AF Bowdrey, MD Jones, JA Knill, E Laflamme, R TI Compiling gate networks on an Ising quantum computer SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID COMPUTATION; TELEPORTATION; INFORMATION; ALGORITHM AB Here we describe a simple mechanical procedure for compiling a quantum gate network into the natural gates (pulses and delays) for an Ising quantum computer. The aim is not necessarily to generate the most efficient pulse sequence, but rather to develop an efficient compilation algorithm that can be easily implemented in large spin systems. The key observation is that it is not always necessary to refocus all the undesired couplings in a spin system. Instead, the coupling evolution can simply be tracked and then corrected at some later time. Although described within the language of NMR, the algorithm is applicable to any design of quantum computer based on Ising couplings. C1 Univ Oxford, Clarendon Lab, Ctr Quantum Computat, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Waterloo, Inst Quantum Comp, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. Perimeter Inst Theoret Phys, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada. RP Bowdrey, MD (reprint author), Univ Oxford, Clarendon Lab, Ctr Quantum Computat, Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. EM mark.bowdrey@physics.org; jonathan.jones@qubit.org; knill@boulder.nist.gov; laflamme@iqc.ca RI Jones, Jonathan/E-4585-2011 OI Jones, Jonathan/0000-0003-1862-587X NR 16 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD SEP PY 2005 VL 72 IS 3 AR 032315 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.72.032315 PG 5 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 969IR UT WOS:000232228300043 ER PT J AU Carr, LD Holland, MJ AF Carr, LD Holland, MJ TI Quantum phase transitions in the Fermi-Bose Hubbard model SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID EINSTEIN CONDENSATION; ATTRACTIVE INTERACTIONS; ATOMIC GAS; SUPERCONDUCTIVITY; SUPERFLUID AB We propose a multiband Fermi-Bose Hubbard model with on-site fermion-boson conversion and general filling factor in three dimensions. Such a Hamiltonian models an atomic Fermi gas trapped in a lattice potential and subject to a Feshbach resonance. We solve this model in the two-state approximation for paired fermions at zero temperature. The problem then maps onto a coupled Heisenberg spin model. In the limit of large positive and negative detuning, the quantum phase transitions in the Bose Hubbard and paired-Fermi Hubbard models are correctly reproduced. Near resonance, the Mott states are given by a superposition of the paired-fermion and boson fields and the Mott-superfluid borders go through an avoided crossing in the phase diagram. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Carr, Lincoln/E-3819-2016 OI Carr, Lincoln/0000-0002-4848-7941 NR 33 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD SEP PY 2005 VL 72 IS 3 AR 031604 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.72.031604 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 969IR UT WOS:000232228300011 ER PT J AU Harber, DM Obrecht, JM McGuirk, JM Cornell, EA AF Harber, DM Obrecht, JM McGuirk, JM Cornell, EA TI Measurement of the Casimir-Polder force through center-of-mass oscillations of a Bose-Einstein condensate SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID RANGE; ATOMS AB We have performed a measurement of the Casimir-Polder force using a magnetically trapped Rb-87 Bose-Einstein condensate. By detecting perturbations of the frequency of center-of-mass oscillations of the condensate perpendicular to the surface, we are able to detect this force at a distance similar to 5 mu m, significantly farther than has been previously achieved, and at a precision approaching that needed to detect the modification due to thermal radiation. Additionally, this technique provides a limit for the presence of non-Newtonian gravity forces in the similar to 1 mu m range. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Harber, DM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 25 TC 142 Z9 144 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD SEP PY 2005 VL 72 IS 3 AR 033610 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.72.033610 PG 6 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 969IR UT WOS:000232228300140 ER PT J AU Rey, AM Pupillo, G Clark, CW Williams, CJ AF Rey, AM Pupillo, G Clark, CW Williams, CJ TI Ultracold atoms confined in an optical lattice plus parabolic potential: A closed-form approach SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID TONKS-GIRARDEAU GAS; ELECTRIC-FIELD; BOSE; DYNAMICS; SYSTEMS; SUPERFLUID AB We discuss interacting and noninteracting one dimensional atomic systems trapped in an optical lattice plus a parabolic potential. We show that, in the tight-binding approximation, the noninteracting problem is exactly solvable in terms of Mathieu functions. We use the analytic solutions to study the collective oscillations of ideal bosonic and fermionic ensembles induced by small displacements of the parabolic potential. We treat the interacting boson problem by numerical diagonalization of the Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian. From analysis of the dependence upon lattice depth of the low-energy excitation spectrum of the interacting system, we consider the problems of "fermionization" of a Bose gas, and the superfluid-Mott insulator transition. The spectrum of the noninteracting system turns out to provide a useful guide to understanding the collective oscillations of the interacting system, throughout a large and experimentally relevant parameter regime. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM ana.rey@nist.gov; guido.pupillo@nist.gov RI Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009; Williams, Carl/B-5877-2009 OI Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885; NR 46 TC 68 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD SEP PY 2005 VL 72 IS 3 AR 033616 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.72.033616 PG 17 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 969IR UT WOS:000232228300146 ER PT J AU Seaman, BT Carr, LD Holland, MJ AF Seaman, BT Carr, LD Holland, MJ TI Period doubling, two-color lattices, and the growth of swallowtails in Bose-Einstein condensates SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL LATTICES; GAS; TRANSITION; SCATTERING; SUPERFLUID; INSULATOR; INJECTION; EQUATION; WAVES; ATOMS AB The band structure of a Bose-Einstein condensate is studied for lattice traps of sinusoidal, Jacobi elliptic, and Kronig-Penney form, all in the context of the nonlinear Schrodinger equation. It is demonstrated that the physical properties of the system are independent of the type of lattice. The Kronig-Penney potential, which admits a full exact solution in closed analytical form, is then used to understand the swallowtails, or loops, that form in the band structure. The appearance of swallowtails is explained by adiabatically tuning a second lattice with half the period. Such a two-color lattice, which can be easily realized in experiments, has intriguing physical properties. For instance, swallowtails appear even for weak nonlinearity, which is the experimental regime. We determine the stability properties of this system and relate them to current experiments. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Seaman, BT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Carr, Lincoln/E-3819-2016 OI Carr, Lincoln/0000-0002-4848-7941 NR 56 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD SEP PY 2005 VL 72 IS 3 AR 033602 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.72.033602 PG 10 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 969IR UT WOS:000232228300132 ER PT J AU Ticknor, C Bohn, JL AF Ticknor, C Bohn, JL TI Long-range scattering resonances in strong-field-seeking states of polar molecules SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID QUANTUM-DEFECT THEORY; ATOMS; SPECTROSCOPY; COLLISIONS AB We present first steps toward understanding the ultracold scattering properties of polar molecules in strong electric field-seeking states. We have found that the elastic cross section displays a quasiregular set of potential resonances as a function of the electric field, which potentially offers intimate details about the intermolecular interaction. We illustrate these resonances in a "toy" model composed of pure dipoles, and in more physically realistic systems. To analyze these resonances, we use a simple WKB approximation to the eigenphase, which proves both reasonably accurate and meaningful. A general treatment of the Stark effect and dipolar interactions is also presented. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Ticknor, Christopher/B-8651-2014 NR 44 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD SEP PY 2005 VL 72 IS 3 AR 032717 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.72.032717 PG 8 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 969IR UT WOS:000232228300097 ER PT J AU Turner, LD Domen, KFEM Scholten, RE AF Turner, LD Domen, KFEM Scholten, RE TI Diffraction-contrast imaging of cold atoms SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID IN-LINE HOLOGRAMS; PHASE; CONDENSATE; RESOLUTION; OBJECTS AB We consider the inverse problem of in-line holography, applied to minimally destructive imaging of cold atom clouds. Absorption imaging near resonance provides a simple, but destructive measurement of atom column density. Imaging off resonance greatly reduces heating, and sequential images may be taken. Under the conditions required for off-resonant imaging, the generally intractable inverse problem may be linearized. A minimally destructive, quantitative and high-resolution image of the atom cloud column density is then retrieved from a single diffraction pattern. C1 Univ Melbourne, Sch Phys, Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia. RP Turner, LD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM l.turner@aip.org.au RI Turner, Lincoln/D-5066-2014; Scholten, Robert/A-8586-2013 OI Turner, Lincoln/0000-0003-0551-5583; Scholten, Robert/0000-0002-2337-8036 NR 21 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 3 U2 12 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD SEP PY 2005 VL 72 IS 3 AR 031403 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.72.031403 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 969IR UT WOS:000232228300007 ER PT J AU Garlea, VO Zarestky, JL Jones, CY Lin, LL Schlagel, DL Lograsso, TA Tsokol, AO Pecharsky, VK Gschneidner, KA Stassis, C AF Garlea, VO Zarestky, JL Jones, CY Lin, LL Schlagel, DL Lograsso, TA Tsokol, AO Pecharsky, VK Gschneidner, KA Stassis, C TI Neutron diffraction studies of the magnetoelastic compounds Tb5SixGe4-x (x=2.2 and 2.5) SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIC-STRUCTURE; PHASE-TRANSITION; GD-5(SI2GE2); TEMPERATURE AB We report the results of a neutron diffraction study, carried out on both single crystalline and polycrystalline samples of Tb5Si2.2Ge1.8 and polycrystalline Tb5Si2.5Ge1.5. On cooling, at approximately 120 K, the Tb5Si2.2Ge1.8 system undergoes a magnetoelastic transition from a high-temperature monoclinic-paramagnetic to a low-temperature orthorhombic-ferromagnetic structure. Between 120 K and 75 K, the magnetic structure has a net ferromagnetic component along the a axis direction. The moments are slightly canted with respect to the a axis, while the components along the b and c axes are ordered antiferromagnetically. A second magnetic transition occurs at approximately 75 K. Below this temperature, the magnetic structure consists of ferromagnetically aligned mu(x) and mu(z) projections of the magnetic moments and an antiferromagnetic arrangement of the mu(y) moment components. Magnetic structures of Tb5Si2.5Ge1.5 are nearly identical to those of Tb5Si2.2Ge1.8. C1 Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Ames Lab, Mat & Engn Phys Program, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Phys, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Garlea, VO (reprint author), Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Ames Lab, Mat & Engn Phys Program, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM garleao@ornl.gov RI Garlea, Vasile/A-4994-2016 OI Garlea, Vasile/0000-0002-5322-7271 NR 30 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 EI 1550-235X J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD SEP PY 2005 VL 72 IS 10 AR 104431 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.72.104431 PG 9 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 969IW UT WOS:000232228800071 ER PT J AU Masuda, T Zheludev, A Sales, B Imai, S Uchinokura, K Park, S AF Masuda, T Zheludev, A Sales, B Imai, S Uchinokura, K Park, S TI Magnetic excitations in the weakly coupled spin dimers and chains material Cu2Fe2Ge4O13 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID SCATTERING; GERMANATE AB Magnetic excitations in a weakly coupled spin dimers and chains compound Cu2Fe2Ge4O13 are measured by inelastic neutron scattering. Both structure factors and dispersion of low-energy excitations up to 10 meV energy transfer are well described by a semiclassical spin wave theory involving interacting Fe3+(S=5/2) chains. Additional dispersionless excitations are observed at higher energies, at h omega=24 meV, and associated with singlet-triplet transitions within Cu2+ dimers. Both types of excitations can be understood by treating weak interactions between the Cu2+ and Fe3+ subsystems at the level of the mean-field random phase approximation. However, this simple model fails to account for the measured temperature dependence of the 24 meV mode. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Tokyo, Dept Adv Mat Sci, Kashiwa, Chiba 2778581, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Masuda, T (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 13 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD SEP PY 2005 VL 72 IS 9 AR 094434 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.72.094434 PG 8 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 969IT UT WOS:000232228500091 ER PT J AU Akerib, DS Armel-Funkhouser, MS Attisha, MJ Bailey, CN Baudis, L Bauer, DA Brink, PL Bunker, R Cabrera, B Caldwell, DO Chang, CL Crisler, MB Cushman, P Daal, M Dixon, R Dragowsky, MR Driscoll, DD Duong, L Ferril, R Filippini, J Gaitskell, RJ Hennings-Yeomans, R Holmgren, D Huber, ME Kamat, S Lu, A Mahapatra, R Mandic, V Martinis, JM Meunier, P Mirabolfathi, N Nelson, H Nelson, R Ogburn, RW Perera, TA Issac, MCP Ramberg, E Rau, W Reisetter, A Ross, RR Saab, T Sadoulet, B Sander, J Savage, C Schnee, RW Seitz, DN Serfass, B Sundqvist, KM Thompson, JPF Wang, G Yellin, S Young, BA AF Akerib, DS Armel-Funkhouser, MS Attisha, MJ Bailey, CN Baudis, L Bauer, DA Brink, PL Bunker, R Cabrera, B Caldwell, DO Chang, CL Crisler, MB Cushman, P Daal, M Dixon, R Dragowsky, MR Driscoll, DD Duong, L Ferril, R Filippini, J Gaitskell, RJ Hennings-Yeomans, R Holmgren, D Huber, ME Kamat, S Lu, A Mahapatra, R Mandic, V Martinis, JM Meunier, P Mirabolfathi, N Nelson, H Nelson, R Ogburn, RW Perera, TA Issac, MCP Ramberg, E Rau, W Reisetter, A Ross, RR Saab, T Sadoulet, B Sander, J Savage, C Schnee, RW Seitz, DN Serfass, B Sundqvist, KM Thompson, JPF Wang, G Yellin, S Young, BA CA CDMS Collaboration TI Exclusion limits on the WIMP-nucleon cross section from the first run of the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search in the Soudan Underground Laboratory SO PHYSICAL REVIEW D LA English DT Article ID COSMIC-RAY MUONS; OBSERVATIONAL EVIDENCE; LOW RADIOACTIVITY; DEAD-LAYER; DETECTORS; IONIZATION; PHONONS; SILICON; EVENTS; DEPTH AB The Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS-II) employs low-temperature Ge and Si detectors to seek weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) via their elastic-scattering interactions with nuclei. Simultaneous measurements of both ionization and phonon energy provide discrimination against interactions of background particles. For recoil energies above 10 keV, events due to background photons are rejected with > 99.99% efficiency. Electromagnetic events very near the detector surface can mimic nuclear recoils because of reduced charge collection, but these surface events are rejected with > 96% efficiency by using additional information from the phonon pulse shape. Efficient use of active and passive shielding, combined with the 2090 m.w.e. overburden at the experimental site in the Soudan mine, makes the background from neutrons negligible for this first exposure. All cuts are determined in a blind manner from in situ calibrations with external radioactive sources without any prior knowledge of the event distribution in the signal region. Resulting efficiencies are known to similar to 10%. A single event with a recoil of 64 keV passes all of the cuts and is consistent with the expected misidentification rate of surface electron recoils. Under the assumptions for a standard dark matter halo, these data exclude previously unexplored parameter space for both spin-independent and spin-dependent WIMP-nucleon elastic scattering. The resulting limit on the spin-independent WIMP-nucleon elastic-scattering cross section has a minimum of 4x10(-43) cm(2) at a WIMP mass of 60 GeVc(-2). The minimum of the limit for the spin-dependent WIMP-neutron elastic-scattering cross section is 2x10(-37) cm(2) at a WIMP mass of 50 GeVc(-2). C1 Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Phys, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Brown Univ, Dept Phys, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Phys, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Minnesota, Sch Phys & Astron, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Denver, CO 80217 USA. Hlth Sci Ctr, Denver, CO 80217 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Santa Clara Univ, Dept Phys, Santa Clara, CA 95053 USA. RP Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Phys, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. RI Huber, Martin/B-3354-2011; Bailey, Catherine/C-6107-2009; OI Holmgren, Donald/0000-0001-6701-7737 NR 80 TC 86 Z9 86 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2470-0010 EI 2470-0029 J9 PHYS REV D JI Phys. Rev. D PD SEP PY 2005 VL 72 IS 5 AR 052009 DI 10.1103/PhysRevD.72.052009 PG 38 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA 969JI UT WOS:000232230000021 ER PT J AU Huang, GX Deng, L Hang, C AF Huang, GX Deng, L Hang, C TI Davey-Stewartson description of two-dimensional nonlinear excitations in Bose-Einstein condensates SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E LA English DT Article ID PHASE-COHERENT AMPLIFICATION; DISPERSIVE DIELECTRIC FIBERS; DARK SOLITONS; OPTICAL SOLITONS; MATTER WAVES; PULSES; TRANSMISSION; EQUATIONS; EVOLUTION; PACKETS AB We study nonlinear modulation of collective excitations in disk-shaped Bose-Einstein condensates with a repulsive interatomic interaction. Using a method of multiple scales we show that the nonlinear evolution of a wave packet, formed by the superposition of short-wavelength excitations, and a long-wavelength mean field, generated by the self-interaction of the wave packet, are governed by Davey-Stewartson (DS) equations. Consequently, two-dimensional soliton (dromion) solutions can develop and propagate. We further derive a set of DS equations with variable coefficients for the situation where a slowly varying trapping potential in transverse directions has been taken into consideration. Finally, the dromion solutions and their stability are investigated by numerical simulations. C1 NIST, Elect & Opt Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. E China Normal Univ, Dept Phys, Shanghai 200062, Peoples R China. RP NIST, Elect & Opt Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Deng, Lu/B-3997-2012 NR 52 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2470-0045 EI 2470-0053 J9 PHYS REV E JI Phys. Rev. E PD SEP PY 2005 VL 72 IS 3 AR 036621 DI 10.1103/PhysRevE.72.036621 PN 2 PG 8 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 969IM UT WOS:000232227800106 PM 16241606 ER PT J AU Ou-Yang, WC Chang, CS Chen, HL Tsao, CS Peng, KY Chen, SA Han, CC AF Ou-Yang, WC Chang, CS Chen, HL Tsao, CS Peng, KY Chen, SA Han, CC TI Micellelike aggregates in solutions of semirigid hairy-rod polymers SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR AGGREGATION; CRYSTALLINE; CHAINS; FLUORESCENCE; ORGANIZATION; DYNAMICS; PHASES AB An anomalous aggregation of hairy-rod segments generating nanoscale disklike domains is found to occur in the solution of the semirigid polymer at concentrations well below the threshold lyotropic concentration. These aggregate domains are micellelike in the sense that they exist in equilibrium with a dilute isotropic phase consisting of well dissolved segments. The origin of this aggregation is relevant to the connectivity and amphiphicility of the hairy-rod segments and this process could prevail among semirigid polymers with the disklike domains serving as the nuclei for the development of macroscopic nematic phase as one increases the polymer concentration. C1 Natl Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan. Inst Nucl Energy Res, Taoyuan, Taiwan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chen, HL (reprint author), Natl Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan. EM hlchen@che.nthu.edu.tw NR 20 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1539-3755 J9 PHYS REV E JI Phys. Rev. E PD SEP PY 2005 VL 72 IS 3 AR 031802 DI 10.1103/PhysRevE.72.031802 PN 1 PG 4 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 969IJ UT WOS:000232227500072 PM 16241468 ER PT J AU Stambaugh, J Van Workum, K Douglas, JF Losert, W AF Stambaugh, J Van Workum, K Douglas, JF Losert, W TI Polymerization transitions in two-dimensional systems of dipolar spheres SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E LA English DT Article ID ORIENTATIONAL STRUCTURE; HARD-SPHERES; MONOLAYER AB We investigate the self-organization of dipolar spheres into polymer chains as a fundamental model of the self-assembly of particles having anisotropic interparticle interactions. Our study involves a combination of modeling with vertically vibrated magnetic beads simulating a quasi-two-dimensional fluid at equilibrium and corresponding Monte Carlo simulations of hard spheres with embedded extended dipoles. We find a transition from a gas-like phase to a polymerized phase upon cooling, in accord with the analytic theory of equilibrium polymerization. C1 Univ Maryland, IPST, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, IREAP, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stambaugh, J (reprint author), Univ Maryland, IPST, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM jack.douglas@nist.gov; wlosert@glue.umd.edu FU NIBIB NIH HHS [R21-EB-00328501] NR 18 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1539-3755 J9 PHYS REV E JI Phys. Rev. E PD SEP PY 2005 VL 72 IS 3 AR 031301 DI 10.1103/PhysRevE.72.031301 PN 1 PG 4 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 969IJ UT WOS:000232227500024 PM 16241420 ER PT J AU Caswell, RS Sinclair, WK AF Caswell, RS Sinclair, WK TI Obituary - Lauriston Sale Taylor SO PHYSICS TODAY LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Council Radiat Protect & Measurements, Escondido, CA USA. RP Caswell, RS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0031-9228 J9 PHYS TODAY JI Phys. Today PD SEP PY 2005 VL 58 IS 9 BP 78 EP 78 DI 10.1063/1.2117838 PG 1 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 962FU UT WOS:000231717200039 ER PT J AU Wong-Ng, W Suh, J Kaduk, JA AF Wong-Ng, W Suh, J Kaduk, JA TI X-ray reference patterns and structure of the perovskite-related phase R2Cu9Ti12O36 (R=lanthanides) SO POWDER DIFFRACTION LA English DT Article DE R2Cu9Ti12O36 (R=lanthanides); perovskite-related [AC(3)](B-4)O-12 family; X-ray reference powder patterns; crystal structure; Rietveld refinement ID EFFECTIVE IONIC-RADII; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; COMPOUND; SERIES; OXIDES AB The X-ray Rietveld refinement technique was used to determine the structure and prepare X-ray powder reference patterns for the phases R2Cu9Ti12O36 (R = Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, Y, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu). R2Cu9Ti12O36 belongs to the perovskite-related [AC(3)](B-4)O-12 family of structures, which are cubic with space group Im3. The lattice parameters of the R2Cu9Ti12O36 series range from a = 7.37757(2) A, V = 401.550(3) angstrom 3 for R = Lu to a = 7.399 87(3) A, and V = 405.202(4) angstrom(3) for R = Nd. The trend of these lattice parameters parallels the "lanthanide contraction." In the structure, R occupies the larger icosahedral A site of the ideal ABO(3) perovskite structure, while Ti occupies the distorted octahedral B site. The Jahn-Teller cation Cu occupies the C site. The twelve oxygens surrounding Cu are arranged as three mutually perpendicular rectangles of different size. The smallest and largest rectangles are nearly squares. One-third of the R site is vacant, and the chemical formula can be written as [R2/3X1/3Cu3](Ti-4)O-12, where X = vacancy. The X-ray powder patterns of R2CuTi12O36 have been submitted to ICDD for inclusion in the Powder Diffraction File (PDF). (c) 2005 International Centre for Diffraction Data. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. BP Chem, Naperville, IL 60566 USA. RP Wong-Ng, W (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM winnie.wong-ng@nist.gov NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU J C P D S-INT CENTRE DIFFRACTION DATA PI NEWTOWN SQ PA 12 CAMPUS BLVD, NEWTOWN SQ, PA 19073-3273 USA SN 0885-7156 J9 POWDER DIFFR JI Powder Diffr. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 20 IS 3 BP 193 EP 197 DI 10.1154/1.2009751 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA 962WL UT WOS:000231763900002 ER PT J AU Chiaverini, J Blakestad, RB Britton, J Jost, JD Langer, C Leibfried, D Ozeri, R Wineland, DJ AF Chiaverini, J Blakestad, RB Britton, J Jost, JD Langer, C Leibfried, D Ozeri, R Wineland, DJ TI Surface-electrode architecture for ion-trap quantum information processing SO QUANTUM INFORMATION & COMPUTATION LA English DT Article DE ion traps; quantum computation; quantum information; microfabrication; trapped ions ID LINEAR PAUL TRAP; NEUTRAL ATOMS; PARTICLES; CRYSTALS; MANIPULATION; MIRRORS; STATES; CHIPS AB We investigate a surface-mounted electrode geometry for miniature linear radio frequency Paul ion traps. The electrodes reside in a single plane on a substrate, and the pseudopotential minimum of the trap is located above the substrate at a distance on the order of the electrodes' lateral extent or separation. This architecture provides the possibility to apply standard microfabrication principles to the construction of multiplexed ion traps, which may be of particular importance in light of recent proposals for large-scale quantum computation based on individual trapped ions. C1 NIST, Time & Frequency Div, Ion Storage Grp, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Chiaverini, J (reprint author), NIST, Time & Frequency Div, Ion Storage Grp, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM john.chiaverini@boulder.nist.gov RI Jost, John/F-4701-2010; OI Britton, Joe/0000-0001-8103-7347 NR 51 TC 146 Z9 148 U1 1 U2 17 PU RINTON PRESS, INC PI PARAMUS PA 565 EDMUND TERRACE, PARAMUS, NJ 07652 USA SN 1533-7146 J9 QUANTUM INFORM COMPU JI Quantum Inform. Comput. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 5 IS 6 BP 419 EP 439 PG 21 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Physics, Particles & Fields; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA 953BU UT WOS:000231051600001 ER PT J AU Phelan, FR Hudson, SD Handler, MD AF Phelan, FR Hudson, SD Handler, MD TI Fluid dynamics analysis of channel flow geometries for materials characterization in microfluidic devices SO RHEOLOGICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE microfluidics; nano-materials; flow classification; four roll mill; finite element simulation ID ON-A-CHIP; GENERALLY APPLICABLE CRITERIA; ROTATING 2-ROLL MILL; 4-ROLL MILL; POLYMER-SOLUTIONS; ROLL MILL; CLASSIFICATION; BIREFRINGENCE; PARTICLE; MODEL AB The fluid dynamics of geometries for liquid state materials characterization in microfluidic devices are investigated. Numerical simulation together with flow classification criteria are used to explore combinations of geometry and boundary conditions for which the flow type can be adjusted between simple shear and extension, while providing adequate flow strength and a stable environment for material observation. Two classes of flow geometries are identified. Both make use of opposing, laterally offset fluid streams that produce a stagnation point in the center of the geometry. In the first class, the flow type is manipulated by changing parameters inherent to the base geometry. This first case serves as a basis for identifying a second class in which the flow type is manipulated by changing the pressure boundary conditions, while keeping the geometry constant. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Phelan, FR (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr,STOP 8542, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM frederick.phelan@nist.gov NR 32 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0035-4511 J9 RHEOL ACTA JI Rheol. Acta PD SEP PY 2005 VL 45 IS 1 BP 59 EP 71 DI 10.1007/s00397-005-0449-0 PG 13 WC Mechanics SC Mechanics GA 966YA UT WOS:000232057500006 ER PT J AU Newbury, DE AF Newbury, DE TI X-ray spectrometry and spectrum image mapping at output count rates above 100 kHz with a silicon drift detector on a scanning electron microscope SO SCANNING LA English DT Article DE energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry; scanning electron microscope silicon drift detector; x-ray spectrum imaging; x-ray mapping; x-ray microanalysis ID FEATURES AB A third-generation silicon drift detector (SDD) in the form of a silicon multicathode detector (SMCD) was tested as an analytical x-ray spectrometer on a scanning electron microscope. Resolution, output count rate, and spectral quality were examined as a function of the detector peaking time from 8 mu s to 250 ns and over a range of input count rate (dead time). The SDD-SMCD (50 mm 2 active area) produced a resolution of 134 eV with a peaking time of 8 mu s. The peak width and peak channel were nearly independent of the input count rate (at 8 mu s peaking time, the peak width degradation was 0.003 eV/percent dead time and peak position change was -0.7 eV over the dead time range tested). Maximum output count rates as high as 280 kHz were obtained with a 500 ns peaking time (188 eV resolution) and 500 kHz with a 250 ns peaking time (217 eV resolution). X-ray spectrum imaging was achieved with a pixel dwell time as short as 10 ms (with 1.3 ms overhead) in which a 2,048 channel (10 eV/channel) spectrum with 2-byte intensity range was recorded at each pixel (scanned at 128 x 128). With a 220 kHz output count rate, a minor constituent of iron (present at a concentration of 0.04 mass fraction or 4 weight %) in an aluminum-nickel alloy could be readily detected in the x-ray maps derived from the x-ray spectrum image database accumulated in 185s. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Newbury, DE (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dale.newbury@nist.gov NR 10 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU FAMS INC PI MAHWAH PA BOX 832, MAHWAH, NJ 07430-0832 USA SN 0161-0457 J9 SCANNING JI Scanning PD SEP-OCT PY 2005 VL 27 IS 5 BP 227 EP 239 PG 13 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy GA 974WY UT WOS:000232623300002 PM 16268175 ER PT J AU Magnell, B Vu, MC Nordahl, V AF Magnell, B Vu, MC Nordahl, V TI NOAA fisheries service survey sensor package SO SEA TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Woods Hole Grp Inc, Falmouth, MA 02540 USA. NOAA, Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Serv Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Magnell, B (reprint author), Woods Hole Grp Inc, Falmouth, MA 02540 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPASS PUBLICATIONS, INC PI ARLINGTON PA 1501 WILSON BLVD., STE 1001, ARLINGTON, VA 22209-2403 USA SN 0093-3651 J9 SEA TECHNOL JI Sea Technol. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 46 IS 9 BP 42 EP 45 PG 4 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA 967WK UT WOS:000232121700007 ER PT J AU Dechraoui, MYB Wang, ZH Turquet, J Chinain, M Darius, T Cruchet, P Radwan, FFY Dickey, RW Ramsdell, JS AF Dechraoui, MYB Wang, ZH Turquet, J Chinain, M Darius, T Cruchet, P Radwan, FFY Dickey, RW Ramsdell, JS TI Biomonitoring of ciguatoxin exposure in mice using blood collection cards SO TOXICON LA English DT Article DE ciguatoxins; ciguatera; blood collection cards; marine toxins; monitoring; detection ID CELL-BASED ASSAY; SODIUM-CHANNELS; CARIBBEAN-CIGUATOXINS; RECEPTOR-SITE; INDIAN-OCEAN; GAMBIERDISCUS-TOXICUS; CLINICAL-FEATURES; MYELINATED AXONS; REPORTER GENE; MARINE TOXINS AB Ciguatera is a human food poisoning caused by consumption of tropical and subtropical fish that have, through their diet, accumulated ciguatoxins in their tissues. This study used laboratory mice to investigate the potential to apply blood collection cards to biomonitor ciguatoxin exposure. Quantitation by the neuroblastoma cytotoxicity assay of Caribbean ciguatoxin (C-CTX-1) spiked into mice blood was made with good precision and recovery. The blood collected from mice exposed to a sublethal dose of Caribbean ciguatoxic extract (0.59 ng/g C-CTX-1 equivalents) was analyzed and found to contain detectable toxin levels at least 12 h post-exposure. Calculated concentration varied from 0.25 ng/ml at 30 min post-exposure to 0.12 ng/ml at 12 h. A dose response mice exposure revealed a linear dose-dependent increase of ciguatoxin activity in mice blood, with more polar ciguatoxin congeners contributing to 89% of the total toxicity. Finally, the toxin measurement in mice blood exposed to toxic extracts from the Indian Ocean or from the Pacific Ocean showed that the blood collection card method could be extended to each of the three known ciguatoxin families (C-CTX, I-CTX and P-CTX). The low matrix effect of extracted dried-blood samples (used at 1:10 or 1:20 dilution) and the high sensitivity of the neuroblastoma assay (limit of detection 0.006 ng/ml C-CTX-1), determined that the blood collection card method is suitable to monitor ciguatoxin at sublethal doses in mice and opens the potential to be a useful procedure for fish screening, environmental risk assessment or clinical diagnosis of ciguatera fish poisoning in humans or marine mammals. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Marine Biotoxins Program,Coastal Res Branch, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. ARVAM, La Reunion, France. Inst Louis Malarde, Tox Microalgae Lab, Papeete, Tahiti, Fr Polynesia. US FDA, Gulf Coast Seafood Lab, Chem Hazards Res Unit, Dauphin Isl, AL USA. RP Ramsdell, JS (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Marine Biotoxins Program,Coastal Res Branch, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM john.ramsdell@noaa.gov RI DARIUS, Helene/J-6163-2015 OI DARIUS, Helene/0000-0002-1184-7034 NR 66 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0041-0101 J9 TOXICON JI Toxicon PD SEP 1 PY 2005 VL 46 IS 3 BP 243 EP 251 DI 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.03.014 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 957XE UT WOS:000231405900001 ER PT J AU Dechraoui, MYB Tiedeken, JA Persad, R Wang, ZH Granade, HR Dickey, RW Ramsdell, JS AF Dechraoui, MYB Tiedeken, JA Persad, R Wang, ZH Granade, HR Dickey, RW Ramsdell, JS TI Use of two detection methods to discriminate ciguatoxins from brevetoxins: Application to great barracuda from Florida Keys SO TOXICON LA English DT Article DE ciguatera; ciguatoxins; brevetoxins; neurotoxic shellfish poisoning; barracuda; receptor binding assay; cytotoxicity assay ID SENSITIVE SODIUM-CHANNELS; JACK CARANX-LATUS; CARIBBEAN-CIGUATOXINS; CONFORMATIONAL-ANALYSIS; GYMNODINIUM-BREVE; RED TIDE; CIGUATERA; FISH; TOXINS; BLOOD AB In Florida (USA), numerous cases of human ciguatera fish poisoning, as well as neurotoxic shellfish poisoning following consumption of local seafood products, have been reported. By using in parallel, the sodium channel receptor binding assay (RBA), and the ouabain/veratridine-dependent cytotoxicity assay (N2A assay), we established criteria to identify, detect, and quantify ciguatoxins in fish extracts, with a brevetoxin as internal standard. Results showed that the Caribbean ciguatoxin C-CTX-1 exhibited an 8-fold higher potency in the RBA than brevetoxins and, a 440 and 2300-fold higher potency in the N2A assay than PbTx-1 and PbTx-3, respectively. Moreover, a sensitivity comparison between assays revealed that the N2A assay was more sensitive (12-fold) for ciguatoxin analysis, whereas the RBA was more sensitive (3-24-fold) for brevetoxins analysis. Based on the relative potency between toxins and the opposite sensitivity of both assays we have used the RBA and the N2A assay to screen great barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda) collected from the Florida Keys for ciguatoxins and brevetoxins. Fish extract analysis showed a sodium channel-dependent activity consistent with the presence of ciguatoxins, and not brevetoxins. Among 40 barracudas analyzed, 60% contained ciguatoxin levels in their liver measurable by the N2A assay with the most toxic fish containing 2.1 ppb C-CTX-1 equivalents. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Marine Biotoxins Program, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. US FDA, Gulf Coast Seafood Lab, Chem Hazards Res Unit, Dauphin Isl, AL USA. RP Ramsdell, JS (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Marine Biotoxins Program, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM john.ramsdell@noaa.gov NR 47 TC 45 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 15 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0041-0101 J9 TOXICON JI Toxicon PD SEP 1 PY 2005 VL 46 IS 3 BP 261 EP 270 DI 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.04.006 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 957XE UT WOS:000231405900003 PM 15982699 ER EF