FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT S AU Sharma, NCP Barnes, JE Kaplan, T AF Sharma, N. C. Parikh Barnes, J. E. Kaplan, T. GP IEEE TI An Imaging Bistatic Lidar System for Boundary Layer Monitoring SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-8 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 31-AUG 04, 2006 CL Denver, CO SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Canadian Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, Off Naval Res, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Colorado State Univ, Univ Colorado, Int Union Radio Sci DE lidar; CLidar; aerosols AB A simple, inexpensive bistatic lidar system has been designed for low altitude scattering measurements in the range at which monostatic lidar systems typically require Substantial overlap corrections. The new system requires no overlap correction and has the advantage of extremely small dynamic range. The instrument employs a pulsed laser transmitter and wide-angle receiving optics which image the entire beam onto a CCD detector. Thus the scanning typical of many bistatic systems is not required. Altitude is determined from geometrical constraints rather than through timing. The system offers sub-meter altitude resolution near the ground. The system has been tested under molecular scattering conditions. The system has also been tested under aerosol scattering conditions and compared to a nephelometer whose intake stack is at 10 m above ground. C1 [Sharma, N. C. Parikh] Cent Connecticut State Univ, Dept Phys & Earth Sci, New Britain, CT 06050 USA. [Barnes, J. E.; Kaplan, T.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, ESRL GMD Mauna Loa Observ, Hilo, HI USA. RP Sharma, NCP (reprint author), Cent Connecticut State Univ, Dept Phys & Earth Sci, New Britain, CT 06050 USA. EM sharmanim@ccsu.edu FU National Science Foundation [0320800] FX This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0320800. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-0-7803-9509-1 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2006 BP 3953 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2006.1014 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BIN08 UT WOS:000260989402200 ER PT B AU Randa, J Cox, AE Walker, DK AF Randa, James Cox, Amanda E. Walker, David K. GP IEEE TI Proposed Development of a National Standard for Microwave Brightness Temperature SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-8 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 31-AUG 04, 2006 CL Denver, CO SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Canadian Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, Off Naval Res, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Colorado State Univ, Univ Colorado, Int Union Radio Sci DE brightness temperature; microwave radiometry; radiometer calibration; remote sensing; standards AB We review the advantages of a national standard for microwave brightness temperature and outline our proposed approach toward developing such a standard. The proposal is a combined standard that would comprise both a standard radiometer, traceable to primary noise standards, and a fully characterized standard target. C1 [Randa, James; Cox, Amanda E.; Walker, David K.] NIST, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Randa, J (reprint author), NIST, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-0-7803-9509-1 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2006 BP 3996 EP 3999 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2006.1025 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BIN08 UT WOS:000260989402211 ER PT S AU Gurfinkel, M Suehle, J Bernstein, JB Shapira, Y Lelis, AJ Habersat, D Goldsman, N AF Gurfinkel, M. Suehle, J. Bernstein, J. B. Shapira, Y. Lelis, A. J. Habersat, D. Goldsman, N. GP IEEE TI Ultra-fast measurements of V-TH instability in SiC MOSFETs due to positive and negative constant bias stress SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATED RELIABILITY WORKSHOP, FINAL REPORT SE IEEE International Integrated Reliability Workshop Final Report LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Integrated Reliability Workshop CY OCT 16-19, 2006 CL S Lake Tahoe, CA ID MOBILITY AB One of the most important issues that limits the performance and reliability of SiC power MOSFETs is the threshold voltage instability under normal operation conditions. This phenomenon has been recently studied using dc sweep measurements. In this work, we studied the threshold voltage instability using fast I-V measurements. The results show that under positive bias, V-TH shifts to more positive values, while it shifts to more negative values under negative bias. Fast I-V measurements reveal the full extent of the V-TH instability, underestimated by the dc measurements. Furthermore, fast measurements allow the separation of negative and positive bias stress effects. A physical model involving fast transient charge trapping and de-trapping at and near the SiC/SiO2 interface is proposed. C1 [Gurfinkel, M.; Bernstein, J. B.; Goldsman, N.] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Suehle, J.] NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Shapira, Y.; Lelis, A. J.; Habersat, D.] Tel Aviv Univ, Sch Elect Engn, IL-66978 Tel Aviv, Israel. U S Army Res Lab, Adelphi, MD 20783 USA. RP Gurfinkel, M (reprint author), Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1930-8841 BN 978-1-4244-0296-0 J9 INT INTEG REL WRKSP PY 2006 BP 49 EP + DI 10.1109/IRWS.2006.305209 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA BFX08 UT WOS:000245236100011 ER PT S AU Xiong, HD Suehle, JS AF Xiong, H. D. Suehle, J. S. GP IEEE TI Spatial probing of traps in nMOSFET with ALD HfO2/SiO2 stacks using low frequency noise characteristics SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATED RELIABILITY WORKSHOP, FINAL REPORT SE IEEE International Integrated Reliability Workshop Final Report LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Integrated Reliability Workshop CY OCT 16-19, 2006 CL S Lake Tahoe, CA DE 1/f noise; border trap; charge pumping; high-k gate dielectrics; metal gate; MOSFETs ID FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS; 1/F NOISE; MOS-TRANSISTORS; GATE STACKS; INTERFACIAL LAYER; UNIFIED MODEL; DEVICES; HFO2; DIELECTRICS; PMOSFETS AB Low frequency (LF) noise is studied in n-type Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect-Transistors (nMOSFETs) with various HfO2 or interfacial layer (IL) thicknesses and is found to be dominated by 1/f noise in the frequency range 1 Hz <= f <= 1.6 kHz. LF noise magnitude increases with HfO2 thickness and decreases with IL SiO2 thickness. Traps at the channel and dielectric interface do not contribute to the 1/f noise or cannot be resolved from thermal noise. The LF noise correlates well with the hysteresis or V-th instability observed during DC measurements. The volume trap density calculated from 1/f noise analysis is more than one order of magnitude higher in 7 nm HfO2 than in 3 nm HfO2 devices. Qualitative trap spatial profiles can be obtained from the LF spectra, and the stress induced redistribution of trap distribution is discussed. C1 [Xiong, H. D.; Suehle, J. S.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8120, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Xiong, HD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8120, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM hao.xiong@nist.gov FU NIST Office of Microelectronics Programs FX The authors would like to thank International SEMATECH for providing samples. We also thank Dawei Heh and Moshe Gurfinkel for technical assistance and useful discussion. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the support of Prof. Bill Knowlton in carefully reviewing and editing the manuscript. Hao Xiong would like to acknowledge the NIST Office of Microelectronics Programs for partial financial support. NR 27 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1930-8841 BN 978-1-4244-0296-0 J9 INT INTEG REL WRKSP PY 2006 BP 111 EP + DI 10.1109/IRWS.2006.305222 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA BFX08 UT WOS:000245236100024 ER PT S AU Krasnopolsky, V Lozano, CJ Spindler, D Rivin, I Rao, DB AF Krasnopolsky, Vladimir Lozano, Carlos J. Spindler, Deanna Rivin, Ilya Rao, D. B. GP IEEE TI Using neural network to enhance assimilating sea surface height data into an ocean model SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL JOINT CONFERENCE ON NEURAL NETWORK PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-10 SE IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Network CY JUL 16-21, 2006 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE AB A generic approach that allows extracting functional nonlinear dependencies and mappings between atmospheric or ocean state variables in a relatively simple form is presented. These dependencies and mappings between the 2-and 3-D fields of the prognostic and diagnostic variables are implicitly contained in the highly nonlinear coupled partial differential equations of an atmospheric or ocean dynamical model. They also are implicitly contained in the numerical model output. An approach based on using neural network techniques is developed here to extract the inherent nonlinear relationship between the sea surface height anomaly and the other dependent variables of an ocean model. Specifically, numerically generated grid point fields from the Real Time Ocean Forecast System (RT-OFS) model of NCEP (National Centers for Environmental Prediction) are used for training and validating this relationship. The accuracy of the NN emulation is evaluated over the entire domain of the NCEP's RT-OFS. The differences in the accuracies of the technique in the coastal areas and in the deep water are discussed. Accurate determination of such relationships is an important first step to enhance the assimilation of the sea surface height measurements into an ocean model by propagating the signal to other dependent variables through the depth of the model. C1 [Krasnopolsky, Vladimir; Lozano, Carlos J.; Spindler, Deanna; Rivin, Ilya; Rao, D. B.] Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Krasnopolsky, V (reprint author), Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Vladimir.Krasnopolsky@noaa.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2161-4393 BN 978-0-7803-9490-2 J9 IEEE IJCNN PY 2006 BP 4299 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BFW67 UT WOS:000245125907077 ER PT S AU Fox-Rabinovitz, MS Krasnopolsky, V Belochitski, A AF Fox-Rabinovitz, Michael S. Krasnopolsky, Vladimir Belochitski, Alexei GP IEEE TI Ensemble of neural network emulations for climate model physics: The impact on climate simulations SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL JOINT CONFERENCE ON NEURAL NETWORK PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-10 SE IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Network CY JUL 16-21, 2006 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE AB A new application of the NN ensemble approach is presented. It is applied to NN emulations of model physics in complex numerical climate models, and aimed at improving the accuracy of climate simulations. In particular, this approach is applied to NN emulations of the long wave radiation of the widely used National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Atmospheric Model. It is shown that practically all individual neural network emulations that we have trained in the process of development an optimal NN LWR emulation can be used within the NN ensemble approach for climate simulation. Using the NN ensemble results in a significant reduction of climate simulation errors, namely: the systematic and random errors, the magnitudes of the extreme errors or outliers and, in general, the number of large errors. C1 [Krasnopolsky, Vladimir] Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Fox-Rabinovitz, Michael S.; Krasnopolsky, Vladimir; Belochitski, Alexei] Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, Maryland, MD USA. RP Krasnopolsky, V (reprint author), Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Vladimir.Krasnopolsky@noaa.gov FU NOAA CDEP-CTB Grant; U.S. Department of Energy [ER63197-0007185] FX This work was supported by the NOAA CDEP-CTB Grant and the U.S. Department of Energy Grant ER63197-0007185. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2161-4393 BN 978-0-7803-9490-2 J9 IEEE IJCNN PY 2006 BP 4571 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BFW67 UT WOS:000245125908040 ER PT S AU Young, CD Nadkarni, S Heh, D Harris, HR Choi, R Peterson, JJ Sim, JH Krishnan, SA Barnett, J Vogel, E Lee, BH Zeitzoff, P Brown, GA Bersuker, G AF Young, C. D. Nadkarni, S. Heh, D. Harris, H. R. Choi, R. Peterson, J. J. Sim, J. H. Krishnan, S. A. Barnett, J. Vogel, E. Lee, B. H. Zeitzoff, P. Brown, G. A. Bersuker, G. GP IEEE TI Detection of electron trap generation due to constant voltage stress on high-k gate stacks SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL RELIABILITY PHYSICS SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS - 44TH ANNUAL SE International Reliability Physics Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 44th Annual IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL San Jose, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc, IEEE Reliabil Soc DE high-k; trap generation; charge pumping; trapped charge ID TRANSISTORS; DIELECTRICS AB Positive constant voltage stress combined with charge pumping (CP) measurements was applied to study trap generation phenomena in SiO2/HfO2/TiN stacks. Using the analysis for frequency-dependent CP data developed to address depth profiling of the electron traps, we have determined that the voltage stress-induced generation of the defects contributing to threshold voltage instability in high-kappa gate stacks occurs primarily within the interfacial SiO2 layer (IL) on the as-grown "precursor" defects most likely caused by the overlaying HfO2 layer. These results point to the IL as a major focus for reliability improvement of high-kappa stacks. C1 [Young, C. D.; Nadkarni, S.; Choi, R.; Peterson, J. J.; Sim, J. H.; Krishnan, S. A.; Barnett, J.; Zeitzoff, P.; Brown, G. A.; Bersuker, G.] SEMATECH, 2706 Montopolis Dr, Austin, TX 78741 USA. [Harris, H. R.] AMD, Sunnyvale, CA USA. [Lee, B. H.] IBM Corp, Armonk, NY USA. [Heh, D.; Vogel, E.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lee, BH (reprint author), IBM Corp, Armonk, NY USA. EM chadwin.young@SEMATECH.org RI Vogel, Eric/A-7731-2008; Young, Chadwin/K-7326-2012 OI Vogel, Eric/0000-0002-6110-1361; Young, Chadwin/0000-0003-0690-7423 NR 20 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1541-7026 BN 0-7803-9498-4 J9 INT RELIAB PHY SYM PY 2006 BP 169 EP + DI 10.1109/RELPHY.2006.251211 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA BFB59 UT WOS:000240855800026 ER PT B AU Johnk, R Novotny, D Grosvenor, C Canales, N Graham, J Martin, D Yencer, S Hibbard, D Roach, T Nagy, L AF Johnk, Robert Novotny, David Grosvenor, Chriss Canales, Nino Graham, Janalee Martin, Doug Yencer, Scott Hibbard, Donald Roach, Tyrone Nagy, Louis GP IEEE TI An electric-field uniformity study of an outdoor vehicular test range SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY, VOLS 1-3, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility CY AUG 01, 2006 CL Portland, OR SP IEEE DE antenna; automotive; dome; electromagnetic; measurement; non-reflecting; normalized antenna pattern; time domain; turntable; ultra wideband; uniformity AB This paper describes an electric-field uniformity evaluation of an outdoor automotive antenna test range. Electric-field uniformity results are generated from accurate, full-wave electromagnetic simulations of the test range. Measured electric-field results using an ultra wideband measurement system are also presented. The simulations and measurements indicate that the turntable has a significant influence on the field uniformity. C1 [Johnk, Robert; Novotny, David; Grosvenor, Chriss; Canales, Nino] NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Johnk, R (reprint author), NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Nagy, Lajos/E-5998-2013 NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0293-9 PY 2006 BP 404 EP 409 DI 10.1109/ISEMC.2006.1706336 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BII44 UT WOS:000259733100083 ER PT B AU Love, DC Ladbury, JM Rothwell, EJ AF Love, Derik C. Ladbury, John M. Rothwell, Edward J. GP IEEE TI Comparing numerical and experimental results for the shielding properties of a doubly-periodic array of apertures in a thick conducting screen SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY, VOLS 1-3, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility CY AUG 01, 2006 CL Portland, OR SP IEEE ID MODE-STIRRED CHAMBERS; ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING; RECTANGULAR APERTURES; TRANSMISSION; PLATES; SLOT AB The application of mode-matching to determine the shielding properties of thick screens containing a doubly-periodic array of apertures has been demonstrated through numerical results. The geometries used for generating the numerical data were intended to represent typical choices for aluminum honeycomb. In this paper, experimental results will be presented in order to validate this application of mode-matching. Some measurements were produced using an arch range transmission setup, while others were produced using the nested reverberation chamber technique. The measured data for each technique are compared to numerical data obtained using mode-matching. C1 [Love, Derik C.; Ladbury, John M.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Love, DC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0293-9 PY 2006 BP 727 EP 731 DI 10.1109/ISEMC.2006.1706405 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BII44 UT WOS:000259733100146 ER PT B AU Katsap, V Villarrubia, J AF Katsap, V. Villarrubia, John GP IEEE TI High-energy electron/solid state interaction modeling with MONSEL SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL VACUUM ELECTRONICS CONFERENCE HELD JOINTLY WITH 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL VACUUM ELECTRON SOURCES SE IEEE International Vacuum Electronics Conference IVEC LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th IEEE International Vacuum Electronics Conference (IVEC)/6th IEEE International Vacuum Electron Sources Conference (IVESC) CY APR 25-27, 2006 CL Monterey, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB In e-beam tools, interactions between highenergy electrons and the solid target result in backscattering, absorption, and transmission. Each of these effects may be critical to tool performance, affecting resolution, image quality, and even high voltage breakdowns. In most cases, common sense and experience suggest using lowZ materials to minimize backscattering. A more quantitative approach uses MONSEL, a software package capable of modeling e-beam interaction with complex, multi-component, multi-layered 2D and 3D structures, We report on application of MONSEL to common problems found in ebeam lithography tools. C1 [Katsap, V.] NuFlare Technol, Div Toshiba Machine Amer, 10 Corp Pk Dr,Suite C, Hopewell Jct, NY 12533 USA. [Villarrubia, John] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Katsap, V (reprint author), NuFlare Technol, Div Toshiba Machine Amer, 10 Corp Pk Dr,Suite C, Hopewell Jct, NY 12533 USA. EM katsap@nuflare.com NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 1-4244-0108-9 J9 IEEE INT VAC ELECT C PY 2006 BP 435 EP + DI 10.1109/IVELEC.2006.1666369 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BEW82 UT WOS:000239893200212 ER PT S AU Stone, W AF Stone, William GP IEEE TI The evolution of the National Geodetic Survey's continuously operating reference station network and online positioning user service SO 2006 IEEE/ION POSITION, LOCATION AND NAVIGATION SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-3 SE IEEE-ION Position Location and Navigation Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/ION Position, Location, and Navigation Symposium CY APR 24-27, 2006 CL Coronado, CA SP IEEE, ION ID ACCURACY AB The United States Department of Commerce's National Geodetic Survey (NGS) has developed a nationwide network of continuously operating reference stations (CORS) designed to support the broad spectrum of post-processed, relative Global Positioning System (GPS) techniques and applications. This network now comprises more than 900 permanent, geodetic-quality GPS receivers,. in various installation configurations. The network was established through an exemplary cooperative effort, involving nearly 200 organizations from various government levels, academia, and the private sector. CORS GPS observational data are freely provided to the user community via the Internet and are capable of supporting high-accuracy positioning requirements. In addition to enhancing geospatial positioning, applications of CORS data include the following: a critical role in defining the nation's geodetic reference system; the ability to characterize the free electron content of the ionosphere; and an important source of precipitable water vapor input to meteorological forecasts. Associated with the CORS network the Online Positioning User Service (OPUS) is a free, automated Web-based utility that processes submitted GPS observation data with respect to the CORS network, providing corresponding positional coordinates, via email, usually in minutes. This powerful tool has proven to be very popular with the geospatial community and is changing the way NGS is able to provide access to the National Spatial Reference System. C1 Univ New Mexico, NOAA, Natl Geodet Survey, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Stone, W (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, NOAA, Natl Geodet Survey, MSC01-1110, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-358X BN 0-7803-9453-4 J9 IEEE POSITION LOCAT PY 2006 BP 653 EP 663 DI 10.1109/PLANS.2006.1650658 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BFG11 UT WOS:000241665600078 ER PT S AU Nicholson, JW Westbrook, PS Feder, KS Kim, K Diddams, SA Newbury, NR AF Nicholson, J. W. Westbrook, P. S. Feder, K. S. Kim, K. Diddams, S. A. Newbury, N. R. GP IEEE TI Fibers for continuum generation and frequency metrology SO 2006 IEEE LEOS ANNUAL MEETING CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society (LEOS) Annual Meeting LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th Annual Meeting of the IEEE-Lasers-and-Electro-Optics-Society CY OCT 29-NOV 02, 2006 CL Montreal, CANADA SP IEEE Lasers & Electro Opt Soc ID SUPERCONTINUUM GENERATION; ALL-FIBER; FEMTOSECOND; DISPERSION; MODE; NM AB Highly-nonlinear, germano-silicate fibers can be integrated with fetmosecond fiber lasers and generate octave-spanning supercontinuum at 1.5 mu m. Post-processing the fibers with ultra-violet radiation allows for tailoring of the continuum properties for frequency metrology applications. C1 [Nicholson, J. W.; Westbrook, P. S.; Feder, K. S.] OFS Labs, 19 Schoolhouse Rd, Somerset, NJ 08873 USA. [Kim, K.; Diddams, S. A.; Newbury, N. R.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Nicholson, JW (reprint author), OFS Labs, 19 Schoolhouse Rd, Somerset, NJ 08873 USA. EM jwn@ofsoptics.com RI Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013 NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1092-8081 BN 978-0-7803-9555-8 J9 IEEE LEOS ANN MTG PY 2006 BP 683 EP + DI 10.1109/LEOS.2006.278897 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BGD41 UT WOS:000246167900344 ER PT S AU Cao, H Fang, W Solomon, GS AF Cao, Hui Fang, Wei Solomon, Glenn S. GP IEEE TI Chaotic microcavity lasers SO 2006 IEEE LEOS ANNUAL MEETING CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society (LEOS) Annual Meeting LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th Annual Meeting of the IEEE-Lasers-and-Electro-Optics-Society CY OCT 29-NOV 02, 2006 CL Montreal, CANADA SP IEEE Lasers & Electro Opt Soc ID MICROLASERS C1 [Cao, Hui; Fang, Wei] Northwestern Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. [Solomon, Glenn S.] Stanford Univ, Solid State Photon Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Solomon, Glenn S.] NIST, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cao, H (reprint author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. RI Fang, Wei/B-3794-2010 OI Fang, Wei/0000-0002-6511-3570 NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1092-8081 BN 978-0-7803-9555-8 J9 IEEE LEOS ANN MTG PY 2006 BP 727 EP + DI 10.1109/LEOS.2006.278938 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BGD41 UT WOS:000246167900366 ER PT B AU Westwater, ER Cimini, D Mattioli, V Gasiewski, AJ Klein, M Leuski, V Liljegren, JS AF Westwater, E. R. Cimini, D. Mattioli, V. Gasiewski, A. J. Klein, M. Leuski, V. Liljegren, J. S. GP IEEE TI The 2004 north slope of Alaska Arctic winter radiometric experiment: Overview and highlights SO 2006 IEEE MICRORAD LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Specialist Meeting on Microwave Radiometry and Remote Sensing Applications (MicroRad 2006) CY FEB 28-MAR 03, 2006 CL San Juan, PR SP IEEE DE atmospheric measurements; microwave radiometry; remote sensing; radiosondes AB An Intensive Operating Period (IOP) was conducted at the U. S. Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program's field site near Barrow, Alaska, during March 9 to April 9 1004. During this IOP, radiometers were deployed over a broad frequency range (22.235 to 380 GHz), including several channels near the strong water vapor absorption line at 183.31 GHz These radiometers were supplemented by 4-times-a-day observations by Vaisala RS90 radiosondes at the ARM Duplex in Barrow,8 dual-radiosonde launches with "Snow White" Chilled Mirror radiosondes at the same location, once daily Vaisala RS90radiosondes launched at the ARM primary field site, and twice-daily synoptic launches by the US National Weather Service. Radiometers deployed included the Ground-based Scanning Radiometer of NOAA (several frequencies from 50 to 380 GHz), the Microwave Radiometer and the Radiometric Profiler of ARM (frequencies from 12.235 to 60 GHz), and a Global Positioning System operated by NOAA. In addition, all of the ARM active cloud sensors were operated Selected results from this experiment are presented, including observed radiometric sensitivities to Precipitable Water Vapor and Liquid Water Path, radiosonde comparisons between radiosondes types and to MW measurements, and a preliminary comparison of forward models with GSR data. C1 [Westwater, E. R.; Cimini, D.; Klein, M.; Leuski, V.] Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Mattioli, V.] Univ Perugia, Dipartimento Ingn Elect Informaz, I-06125 Perugia, Italy. [Gasiewski, A. J.] Univ Colorado, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Liljegren, J. S.] Argonne Natl Lab, DOE, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Westwater, ER (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Cimini, Domenico/M-8707-2013 OI Cimini, Domenico/0000-0002-5962-223X NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-0-7803-9417-9 PY 2006 BP 77 EP + DI 10.1109/MICRAD.2006.1677066 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BFW80 UT WOS:000245203200015 ER PT B AU Ghedira, H Arevalo, JC Lakhankar, T Azar, A Khanbilvardi, R Romanov, P AF Ghedira, Hosni Arevalo, Juan Carlos Lakhankar, Tarendra Azar, Amir Khanbilvardi, Reza Romanov, Peter GP IEEE TI The effect of vegetation cover on snow cover mapping from passive microwave data SO 2006 IEEE MICRORAD LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Specialist Meeting on Microwave Radiometry and Remote Sensing Applications (MicroRad 2006) CY FEB 28-MAR 03, 2006 CL San Juan, PR SP IEEE AB Snow-cover parameters are being increasingly used as inputs to hydrological models. Having an accurate estimation of the snow cover characteristics during the snowmelt season is indispensable for an efficient hydrological modeling and for an improved snowmelt runoff forecasts. In this paper, we used an adaptive neural network system to generate the spatial distribution of snow accumulation from multi-channel SSM/I data in the Northern Midwest of the United States. Five SSM/I channels were used in this experiment (19H, 19V, 22V, 37V, and 85V). Three snow days with high snow accumulation and no precipitation have been selected during the 2001/2002 winter season to train and test the neural network system. Snow depth measurements have been collected from the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) through the Cooperative Observer Network for the U.S. snow Monitoring. The snow depths have been compiled and gridded into 25 km x 25 km grid to match the final SSM/I resolution. Different vegetation-related parameters (NDVI, Optical Depth, homogeneity) have been collected and gridded over the study area. The current results have shown a significant effect of vegetation cover properties on the mapping accuracy. Furthermore, the addition of vegetation related information to the mapping process has shown to have a positive impact on mapping performance, especially for areas with shallow snow cover (less than 5 cm). C1 [Ghedira, Hosni; Arevalo, Juan Carlos; Lakhankar, Tarendra; Azar, Amir; Khanbilvardi, Reza] CUNY, NOAA, CREST, Convent Av & 138th St, New York, NY 10031 USA. [Romanov, Peter] NOAA, NESDIS, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Ghedira, H (reprint author), CUNY, NOAA, CREST, Convent Av & 138th St, New York, NY 10031 USA. RI Romanov, Peter/F-5622-2010 OI Romanov, Peter/0000-0002-2153-8307 FU NOAA-CREST of the City University of New York FX This research was funded by NOAA-CREST of the City University of New York. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-0-7803-9417-9 PY 2006 BP 148 EP + DI 10.1109/MICRAD.2006.1677079 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BFW80 UT WOS:000245203200028 ER PT B AU Azar, AE Ghedira, H Lakhankar, T Khanbilvardi, R AF Azar, Amir E. Ghedira, H. Lakhankar, T. Khanbilvardi, R. GP IEEE TI Improvement in estimating snowpack properties with SSM/I data and land cover using artificial neural networks SO 2006 IEEE MICRORAD LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Specialist Meeting on Microwave Radiometry and Remote Sensing Applications (MicroRad 2006) CY FEB 28-MAR 03, 2006 CL San Juan, PR SP IEEE ID WATER EQUIVALENT AB The goal of this study is to develop an algorithm to estimate Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) in Great Lakes area based on a three year time series of SSM/I data along with corresponding ground truth data. An assortment of SSM/I EASE-GRID pixels was selected for time series analysis. The pixels were selected based on the amount of snow, latitude, and land cover. Two types of ground truth data were used: 1- Point-based snow depth observations from NCDC; 2- Grid based SNODAS-SWE dataset, produced by NOHRSC. To account for land cover variation in a quantitative way a NDVI was used. To do the time series analysis, three scattering signatures of GTVN (19V-37V), GTH (1911-37H), and SSI (22V-85V) were derived. The analysis shows at lower latitudes of the study area there is no correlation between GTH and GTVN vs snow depth. On the other hand SSI shows an average correlation of 75 percent with snow depth in lower latitudes makes it suitable for shallow snow. In model development a multi-linear algorithm was defined to estimate SWE using NDVI values along with the location of the pixels as classification criteria. The results show up to 60 percent correlation between estimated and ground truth SWE. C1 [Azar, Amir E.; Ghedira, H.; Lakhankar, T.; Khanbilvardi, R.] CUNY, NOAA, CREST, New York, NY 10021 USA. RP Azar, AE (reprint author), CUNY, NOAA, CREST, New York, NY 10021 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-0-7803-9417-9 PY 2006 BP 154 EP + DI 10.1109/MICRAD.2006.1677080 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BFW80 UT WOS:000245203200029 ER PT B AU Lakhankar, T Ghedira, H Azar, A Khanbilvardi, R AF Lakhankar, Tarendra Ghedira, Hosni Azar, Amir Khanbilvardi, Reza GP IEEE TI Effect of sub-pixel variability and land-cover on soil moisture retrieval from RADARSAT-1 data SO 2006 IEEE MICRORAD LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Specialist Meeting on Microwave Radiometry and Remote Sensing Applications (MicroRad 2006) CY FEB 28-MAR 03, 2006 CL San Juan, PR SP IEEE ID CLASSIFICATION; IMAGERY; SAR AB The dynamic of soil moisture is generally affected by the spatial variation in soil surface characteristics such as land cover, vegetation density, soil texture, and soil material. The main purpose of this project is to develop neural network algorithm for soil moisture retrieval from active microwave data. A back-propagation neural network has been used to estimate the soil moisture from Synthetic Aperture Radar data. Soil moisture data with a spatial resolution of 800 m acquired during the SGP97 campaign, were used as truth data in the training and the validation processes. In addition to backscatter values retrieved from RADARSAT-1 image, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), land cover and soil texture have been added as an input to neural network algorithm. The effects of sub-pixels variability of the NDVI and land cover type on the retrieval of soil moisture have been investigated by comparing the measured and the predicted soil moisture. Further, all training and validation pixels (800 m resolution) have been labeled as either homogeneous or heterogeneous based on the occurrence of the same land cover type. The results showed that, homogeneous pixels are more likely to have better accuracy than heterogeneous pixels in soil moisture classification. A better correlation between soil moisture and SAR backscattering was found in areas with high soil moisture content, where the surface wetness dominated the vegetation contribution to the radar backscatter. C1 [Lakhankar, Tarendra; Ghedira, Hosni; Azar, Amir; Khanbilvardi, Reza] CUNY City Coll, NOAA, CREST, Convent Ave & 138th St, New York, NY 10031 USA. RP Lakhankar, T (reprint author), CUNY City Coll, NOAA, CREST, Convent Ave & 138th St, New York, NY 10031 USA. FU NOAA-CREST of the City University of New York FX This research was funded by NOAA-CREST of the City University of New York. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-0-7803-9417-9 PY 2006 BP 187 EP + DI 10.1109/MICRAD.2006.1677086 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BFW80 UT WOS:000245203200035 ER PT B AU Weng, FZ AF Weng, Fuzhong GP IEEE TI Uses of satellite microwave measurements in weather and climate studies SO 2006 IEEE MicroRad LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Specialist Meeting on Microwave Radiometry and Remote Sensing Applications (MicroRad 2006) CY FEB 28-MAR 03, 2006 CL San Juan, PR SP IEEE AB This paper presents an overview of NOAA research activities in microwave remote sensing areas. For a specific demonstration, a hybrid variational scheme (HVAR) is developed to produce the vortex analysis associated with tropical storms. This scheme allows for direct assimilation of rain-affected radiances from satellite microwave instruments such as AMSU and ASUR-E. C1 NOAA, NESDDIS, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Sensor Phys Branch, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Weng, FZ (reprint author), NOAA, NESDDIS, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Sensor Phys Branch, Camp Springs, MD USA. RI Weng, Fuzhong/F-5633-2010 OI Weng, Fuzhong/0000-0003-0150-2179 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-0-7803-9417-9 PY 2006 BP 203 EP 206 DI 10.1109/MICRAD.2006.1677089 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BFW80 UT WOS:000245203200038 ER PT B AU Kleespies, TJ AF Kleespies, Thomas J. GP IEEE TI Relative information content of the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder, and the Advanced microwave Sounding Unit and the Microwave Humidity Sounder suite SO 2006 IEEE MicroRad LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Specialist Meeting on Microwave Radiometry and Remote Sensing Applications (MicroRad 2006) CY FEB 28-MAR 03, 2006 CL San Juan, PR SP IEEE AB This paper compares simulated radiances and Jacobians for the ATMS and the AMSU/MHS. Results from a simple relative information content study are also presented. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, JCSDA, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Kleespies, TJ (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, JCSDA, E-RA2 Room 810 WWB,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-0-7803-9417-9 PY 2006 BP 212 EP 215 DI 10.1109/MICRAD.2006.1677091 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BFW80 UT WOS:000245203200040 ER PT B AU Cimini, D Westwater, ER Gasiewski, AJ Klein, M Leuski, V Mattioli, V Dowlatshahi, S Lijegren, J AF Cimini, Domenico Westwater, Ed R. Gasiewski, Al J. Klein, Marian Leuski, Vladimir Mattioli, Vinia Dowlatshahi, Sally Lijegren, Jim GP IEEE TI Ground-based millimeter- and submillimiter-wave observations of the Arctic atmosphere SO 2006 IEEE MICRORAD LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Specialist Meeting on Microwave Radiometry and Remote Sensing Applications (MicroRad 2006) CY FEB 28-MAR 03, 2006 CL San Juan, PR SP IEEE DE atmospheric measurements; microwave radiometry; remote sensing AB Ground-based millimeter(mm)- and submillimeter (submm)-wave observations were collected during the Arctic winter by a new 25-channel scanning radiometer. Theoretical analysis and observations are shown to demonstrate the enhanced sensitivity of mm- and submit-wave radiometers with respect to conventional instruments, such microwave radiometers and global positioning system, to small changes in water vapor and liquid at low contents. A quantitative analysis of mm- and submm-wavelength sensitivity was carried out, yielding factors from 1.5 to 69 (3 to 4) for integrated water vapor (liquid water) content when compared to 20-30 GHz radiometers. A weighting function analysis illustrates the capability to retrieve atmospheric temperature, humidity, and liquid path from Ground-based Scanning Radiometer (GSR) observations in the extreme conditions of the Arctic winter. Finally, we show preliminary results for the retrievals, and we discuss the path of the future research. C1 [Cimini, Domenico; Westwater, Ed R.; Klein, Marian; Leuski, Vladimir] Univ Colorado, NOAA, Div Phys Sci, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Cimini, Domenico] CNR, Inst Methodol Environm Anal, Rome, Italy. [Gasiewski, Al J.] Univ Colorado, NOAA, Div Phys Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Mattioli, Vinia] Univ Perugia, Dipartimento Ingn Elettron Informaz, Perugia, Italy. [Dowlatshahi, Sally] Sci & Technol Corp, Hampton, VA USA. [Lijegren, Jim] DOE, Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL USA. RP Cimini, D (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, Div Phys Sci, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM domenico.cimini@noaa.gov RI Cimini, Domenico/M-8707-2013 OI Cimini, Domenico/0000-0002-5962-223X NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-0-7803-9417-9 PY 2006 BP 247 EP + DI 10.1109/MICRAD.2006.1677097 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BFW80 UT WOS:000245203200046 ER PT S AU Mateu, J Booth, JC Schima, SA Collado, C Seron, D O'Callaghan, JM AF Mateu, J. Booth, J. C. Schima, S. A. Collado, C. Seron, D. O'Callaghan, J. M. GP IEEE TI Measurements and analysis of microwave nonlinearities in ferroelectric thin film transmission lines SO 2006 IEEE MTT-S INTERNATIONAL MICROWAVE SYMPOSIUM DIGEST, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium CY JUN 11-16, 2006 CL San Francisco, CA SP IEEE MTTS DE ferroelectric films; microwave measurements; nonlinearities; circuit modeling; Harmonic Balance AB This work evaluates the microwave nonlinear properties of ferroelectric BaSrTiO thin films by measuring the frequency response of several coplanar transmission lines and interdigital capacitor structures as a function of the applied electric field from 150 Hz to 40 GHz From these measurements, we obtain the distributed nonlinear capacitance C(V-dc) as a function of dc bias. We also measure the harmonic generation at microwave frequencies in ferroelectric transmission lines, and use an accurate circuit model to obtain C(V-rf), the nonlinear capacitance as a function of rf bias. Information about the tuning speed of the film is obtained from a comparison between the two nonlinear capacitances. Characterization of this mechanism is also required to assess the spurious signal generation in ferroelectric-based devices. C1 [Mateu, J.; Booth, J. C.; Schima, S. A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Collado, C.; Seron, D.; O'Callaghan, J. M.] Univ Politecn Cataluna, Barcelona, Spain. RP Mateu, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI collado, carlos/B-1651-2010; O'Callaghan, Juan /F-6595-2013; mateu, jordi/H-7285-2015 OI collado, carlos/0000-0002-8869-2739; O'Callaghan, Juan /0000-0002-2740-0202; mateu, jordi/0000-0001-9833-9966 NR 8 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 6 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0149-645X BN 978-0-7803-9541-1 J9 IEEE MTT S INT MICR PY 2006 BP 1622 EP + DI 10.1109/MWSYM.2006.249648 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFS69 UT WOS:000244379003088 ER PT S AU Booth, JC Mateu, J Janezic, M Baker-Jarvis, J Beall, JA AF Booth, James C. Mateu, J. Janezic, Michael Baker-Jarvis, James Beall, James A. GP IEEE TI Broadband permittivity measurements of liquid and biological samples using microfluidic channels SO 2006 IEEE MTT-S INTERNATIONAL MICROWAVE SYMPOSIUM DIGEST, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium CY JUN 11-16, 2006 CL San Francisco, CA SP IEEE MTTS DE biological materials; coplanar waveguides liquids; microelectrodes; permittivity measurement ID LIVING CELL-SUSPENSIONS; DIELECTRIC-SPECTROSCOPY; FREQUENCY AB We have developed an integrated microfluidic-microelectronic measurement platform in order to accurately measure the dielectric properties of sub-mu L volumes of liquids at frequencies up to 40 GHz. We use on-wafer calibration techniques to obtain accurate S-parameter measurements of fluids and biological samples in solution contained within microfluidic structures directly integrated with patterned coplanar waveguide transmission lines. Our analysis yields the capacitance and conductance per unit length of our fluid-loaded transmission lines, and finite element simulations yield the relative permittivity as a continuous function of frequency up to 40 GHz. We demonstrate the technique with measurements of the complex permittivity of de-ionized water and methanol. Results for the frequency-dependent permittivity obtained in our microfluidic test structures show good agreement with bulk fluid measurements over a comparable frequency range. We expect this technique to be useful for rapid electromagnetic characterization of sub-microliter volumes of both liquids and biological samples in solution. C1 [Booth, James C.; Mateu, J.; Janezic, Michael; Baker-Jarvis, James; Beall, James A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. RP Booth, JC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. RI mateu, jordi/H-7285-2015 OI mateu, jordi/0000-0001-9833-9966 NR 15 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0149-645X BN 978-0-7803-9541-1 J9 IEEE MTT S INT MICR PY 2006 BP 1750 EP + DI 10.1109/MWSYM.2006.249720 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFS69 UT WOS:000244379004022 ER PT S AU Rabin, MW Hoover, AS Rudy, CR Lamont, SP Tournear, DM Vo, DT Beall, JA Doriese, WB Duncan, WD Ferreira, L Hilton, GC Horansky, RD Irwin, KD O'Neil, GC Reintsema, CD Ullom, JN Vale, LR Chesson, K Zink, BL AF Rabin, M. W. Hoover, A. S. Rudy, C. R. Lamont, S. P. Tournear, D. M. Vo, D. T. Beall, J. A. Doriese, W. B. Duncan, W. D. Ferreira, L. Hilton, G. C. Horansky, R. D. Irwin, K. D. O'Neil, G. C. Reintsema, C. D. Ullom, J. N. Vale, L. R. Chesson, K. Zink, B. L. GP IEEE TI Microcalorimeter Nuclear Spectrometers SO 2006 IEEE NUCLEAR SCIENCE SYMPOSIUM CONFERENCE RECORD, VOL 1-6 SE IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Workshop on Room-Temperature Semiconductor X- and Gamma-Ray Detectors/ 2006 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium CY OCT 29-NOV 04, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP IEEE DE Microcalorimeter; microcalorimeter array; transition-edge sensor (TES); gamma ray spectroscopy; nuclear forensics; spent nuclear fuel; non-destructive analysis (NDA) ID TRANSITION-EDGE SENSORS; ENERGY RESOLUTION; ARRAYS; NOISE AB We present results from the initial testing of arrays of cryogenic microcalorimeter gamma-ray detectors. The successful fabrication and multiplexed operation of these arrays allow us to make pixel-to-pixel performance comparisons. The relationship between operating conditions and array performance is investigated. Advanced refrigerators for these detectors work without liquid cryogens, achieve temperatures below 100 mK, and operate continuously for many days. C1 [Rabin, M. W.; Hoover, A. S.; Rudy, C. R.; Lamont, S. P.; Tournear, D. M.; Vo, D. T.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Beall, J. A.; Doriese, W. B.; Duncan, W. D.; Horansky, R. D.; Irwin, K. D.; O'Neil, G. C.; Ullom, J. N.] NIST, Boulder, CO USA. [Chesson, K.] Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. [Zink, B. L.] Univ Denver, Denver, CO 80208 USA. RP Rabin, MW (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM rabin@lanl.gov FU U.S. Departments of Energy [DOE/NNSA/NA-22/LANL/PDP]; U.S. Departments of Commerce [DOC/NIST/EEEL/Director's Reserve]; U.S. Intelligence Community Postdoctoral fellowship (RDH) FX Manuscript received November 16, 2006. This work was supported in part by the U.S. Departments of Energy (DOE/NNSA/NA-22/LANL/PDP and Commerce (DOC/NIST/EEEL/Directors Reserve), and a U.S. Intelligence Community Postdoctoral fellowship (RDH). NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1082-3654 BN 978-1-4244-0561-9 J9 IEEE NUCL SCI CONF R PY 2006 BP 544 EP 547 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BUC53 UT WOS:000288875600119 ER PT S AU Hoover, AS Rabin, MW Rudy, CR Tournear, DM Vo, DT Beall, JA Doriese, WB Horansky, RD Irwin, KD Ullom, JN Zink, BL Chesson, KE AF Hoover, A. S. Rabin, M. W. Rudy, C. R. Tournear, D. M. Vo, D. T. Beall, J. A. Doriese, W. B. Horansky, R. D. Irwin, K. D. Ullom, J. N. Zink, B. L. Chesson, K. E. GP IEEE TI Monte Carlo Studies of High Resolution Microcalorimeter Detectors SO 2006 IEEE NUCLEAR SCIENCE SYMPOSIUM CONFERENCE RECORD, VOL 1-6 SE IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Workshop on Room-Temperature Semiconductor X- and Gamma-Ray Detectors/ 2006 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium CY OCT 29-NOV 04, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP IEEE DE Monte Carlo; simulation; microcalorimeter; gamma-ray AB World record energy resolution (Delta E similar to 25 eV) has recently been demonstrated for soft gamma-ray detectors using small radiation absorbing elements coupled to transition-edge sensors (microcalorimeters). Initial results were obtained with a 1 mm wide by 250 mu m thick Tin absorber. We are proceeding with construction of arrays of sensors and exploring other absorber materials. Monte Carlo tools, e.g. - GEANT4, are useful for exploring the design space and performance expectations for these arrays of microcalorimeters. In this work, we use simulations to quantify some important characteristics of this emerging technology in the hard x- and gamma-ray regime, such as the effective area and effect of absorber material and thickness. We also explore, through simulations, how these detectors might be used in some interesting applications, like passive assay of spent nuclear fuel from x-ray fluorescence. C1 [Hoover, A. S.; Rabin, M. W.; Rudy, C. R.; Tournear, D. M.; Vo, D. T.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. [Beall, J. A.; Doriese, W. B.; Horansky, R. D.; Irwin, K. D.; Ullom, J. N.; Zink, B. L.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Chesson, K. E.] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Nucl Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Hoover, AS (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1082-3654 BN 978-1-4244-0561-9 J9 IEEE NUCL SCI CONF R PY 2006 BP 1268 EP 1272 DI 10.1109/NSSMIC.2006.356074 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BUC53 UT WOS:000288875601069 ER PT S AU Ullom, JN Horansky, RD Beall, JA Doriese, WB Duncan, WD Ferreira, L Hilton, GC Irwin, KD Reintsema, CD Vale, L Rabin, MW Hoover, AS Lamont, SP Rudy, CR AF Ullom, J. N. Horansky, R. D. Beall, J. A. Doriese, W. B. Duncan, W. D. Ferreira, L. Hilton, G. C. Irwin, K. D. Reintsema, C. D. Vale, L. Rabin, M. W. Hoover, A. S. Lamont, S. P. Rudy, C. R. GP IEEE TI High Resolution Alpha Particle Spectroscopy with Cryogenic Microcalorimeters SO 2006 IEEE NUCLEAR SCIENCE SYMPOSIUM CONFERENCE RECORD, VOL 1-6 SE IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Workshop on Room-Temperature Semiconductor X- and Gamma-Ray Detectors/ 2006 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium CY OCT 29-NOV 04, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP IEEE DE microcalorimeter; alpha spectroscopy; nuclear forensics ID TRANSITION-EDGE SENSORS; DETECTORS AB We present measurements from a novel cryogenic microcalorimeter designed to detect alpha particles. We demonstrate a spectral resolution of 4.4 keV FWHM for 5.3 MeV alpha particles from a Po-210 source. In addition, we present an alpha spectrum from a mixture of Pu isotopes demonstrating the feasibility of resolving the individual contributions of Pu-239 and Pu-240. The unmatched resolution of microcalorimeter alpha detectors will provide new capabilities for actinide analysis. We discuss potential applications and also sensor design. C1 [Ullom, J. N.; Horansky, R. D.; Beall, J. A.; Doriese, W. B.; Duncan, W. D.; Ferreira, L.; Hilton, G. C.; Irwin, K. D.; Reintsema, C. D.; Vale, L.] NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Rabin, M. W.; Hoover, A. S.; Lamont, S. P.; Rudy, C. R.] Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. RP Ullom, JN (reprint author), NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM ullom@boulder.nist.gov FU U.S. Departments of Energy [DOE/NNSA/NA-22]; LANL Exploratory Research; Commerce (EEEL Director's Reserve) FX This work was supported in part by the U.S. Departments of Energy (DOE/NNSA/NA-22 and LANL Exploratory Research) and Commerce (EEEL Director's Reserve). R. D. Horansky acknowledges an Intelligence Community post-doctoral fellowship. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1082-3654 BN 978-1-4244-0561-9 J9 IEEE NUCL SCI CONF R PY 2006 BP 1630 EP 1632 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BUC53 UT WOS:000288875601143 ER PT S AU Randa, J Mckay, T Sweeney, SL Walker, DK Wagner, L Greenberg, DR Tao, J Rezvani, GA AF Randa, James Mckay, Tom Sweeney, Susan L. Walker, David K. Wagner, Lawrence Greenberg, David R. Tao, Jon Rezvani, G. Ali BE Ngo, D TI Reverse noise measurement and use in device characterization SO 2006 IEEE RADIO FREQUENCY INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (RFIC) SYMPOSIUM, DIGEST OF PAPERS SE IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium (RFIC) CY JUN 11-13, 2006 CL San Francisco, CA SP IEEE Microwave Theory & Tech Soc, IEEE Electron Devices Soc, IEEE Solid State Circuits Soc DE CMOS; noise; noise measurements; on-wafer; measurements ID AMPLIFIER NOISE; DESIGN AB We review the concept of reverse noise measurements in the context of on-wafer transistor noise characterization. Several different applications of reverse noise measurements are suggested and demonstrated. Reverse measurements can be used to check measurement results, to significantly reduce the uncertainty in vertical bar Tau(opt broken vertical bar), to reduce the occurrence of nonphysical results, and possibly to directly measure or constrain parameters in models of transistors. C1 [Randa, James; Walker, David K.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. [Mckay, Tom; Tao, Jon; Rezvani, G. Ali] RF Micro Dev, Scotts Valley, CA USA. [Sweeney, Susan L.; Wagner, Lawrence; Greenberg, David R.] IBM Corp, Semicond Res & Dev, Essex Jct, VT USA. RP Randa, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. FU IBM; RF Micro Devices; NIST FX This work was performed as part of the Kelvin Project. The authors are grateful for support of the Kelvin Project from management at IBM, RF Micro Devices, and NIST. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1529-2517 BN 0-7803-9573-5 J9 IEEE RAD FREQ INTEGR PY 2006 BP 345 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BER54 UT WOS:000239086300080 ER PT S AU Randa, J McKay, T Sweeney, SL Walker, DK Wagner, L Greenberg, DR Tao, J Rezvani, GA AF Randa, James McKay, Tom Sweeney, Susan L. Walker, David K. Wagner, Lawrence Greenberg, David R. Tao, Jon Rezvani, G. Ali GP IEEE TI Reverse noise measurement and use in device characterization SO 2006 IEEE RADIO FREQUENCY INTEGRATED CIRCUITS SYMPOSIUM SE IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium (RFIC) CY JUN 11-13, 2006 CL San Francisco, CA SP IEEE Microwave Theory & Tech Soc, IEEE Electron Devices Soc, IEEE Solid State Circuits Soc DE CMOS; noise; noise measurements; on-wafer measurements ID AMPLIFIER NOISE; DESIGN AB We review the concept of reverse noise measurements in the context of on-wafer transistor noise characterization. Several different applications of reverse noise measurements are suggested and demonstrated. Reverse measurements can be used to check measurement results, to significantly reduce the uncertainty in vertical bar Gamma(opt)vertical bar, to reduce the occurrence of nonphysical results, and possibly to directly measure or constrain parameters in models of transistors. C1 [Randa, James; Walker, David K.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO USA. [McKay, Tom; Tao, Jon; Rezvani, G. Ali] RF Micro Devices, Scotts Valley, CA USA. [Sweeney, Susan L.; Wagner, Lawrence; Greenberg, David R.] IBM Corp, Semicond Res & Dev Ctr, Essex Jct, VT USA. RP Randa, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO USA. FU U.S. Government FX Supported in part by U.S. Government, not protected by U.S. copyright NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1529-2517 BN 978-0-7803-9572-5 J9 IEEE RAD FREQ INTEGR PY 2006 BP 305 EP 308 DI 10.1109/RFIC.2006.1651152 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BFW72 UT WOS:000245137400077 ER PT S AU Souryal, MR Klein-Berndt, L Miller, LE Moayeri, N AF Souryal, Michael R. Klein-Berndt, Luke Miller, Leonard E. Moayeri, Nader GP IEEE TI Link Assessment in an Indoor 802.11 Network SO 2006 IEEE WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING CONFERENCE (WCNC 2006), VOLS 1-4 SE IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference CY APR 03-06, 2006 CL Las Vegas, NV SP IEEE AB This paper presents the empirical results and analysis of a link variability study for an indoor, stationary 802.11 network subject to external interference. The objective is to characterize the relationships between the packet loss rate on a link and the transmitter-receiver distance, the SNR as reported by the 802.11 card, and time. Experimental results confirm that distance is not predictive of link reliability. Furthermore, attempting to estimate the packet loss rate by counting missing packets can lead to large estimation errors and latency for estimation parameters of practical interest. We find, however, that the SNR measurements reported by today's 802.11 cards can, under certain circumstances, be reliably predictive of the packet loss rate. These results suggest that SNR-based link assessment can provide for more rapid and accurate measurement of link reliability, but they point to the need for improved SNR measurements and models to adequately predict link quality in environments with significant external interference. C1 [Souryal, Michael R.; Klein-Berndt, Luke; Miller, Leonard E.; Moayeri, Nader] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Wireless Commun Technol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Souryal, MR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Wireless Commun Technol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1525-3511 BN 978-1-4244-0269-4 J9 IEEE WCNC PY 2006 BP 1402 EP 1407 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Engineering; Telecommunications GA BTE80 UT WOS:000286659000234 ER PT B AU Gurfinkel, M Suehle, JS Bemstein, JB Shapira, Y AF Gurfinkel, M. Suehle, J. S. Bemstein, J. B. Shapira, Yoram GP IEEE TI Enhanced gate induced drain leakage current in HfO2 MOSFETs due to remote interface trap-assisted Tunneling SO 2006 INTERNATIONAL ELECTRON DEVICES MEETING, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE International Electron Devices Meeting LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting CY DEC 11-13, 2006 CL San Francisco, CA SP IEEE ID DEVICES AB High-kappa dielectric gate stack MOSFETs have been characterized by separating the transversal and lateral electric field contributions to the substrate current. The results show that at low gate biases the substrate current is dominated by a trap-assisted tunneling component denoted by gate induced drain leakage (GIDL) current, which is not observed in conventional SiO2 devices. Ultra-fast substrate current measurements rule out transient charging of the gate oxide as the cause of this component.. A physical model of the observed substrate current dependence is proposed. C1 [Gurfinkel, M.; Bemstein, J. B.; Shapira, Yoram] Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Suehle, J. S.] NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD USA. [Shapira, Yoram] Tel Aviv Univ, Sch EE, Tel Aviv 66978, Israel. RP Shapira, Y (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. FU NIST Office of Microelectronics Programs FX We would like to thank the International SEMATECH for supplying the samples for this work. This work was funded by the NIST Office of Microelectronics Programs. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0438-4 J9 INT EL DEVICES MEET PY 2006 BP 483 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA BGI76 UT WOS:000247357700120 ER PT B AU Scholtz, J Morse, E Steves, MP AF Scholtz, Jean Morse, Emile Steves, Michelle Potts BE Smari, WW McQuay, W TI A longitudinal study of the use of a collaboration tool: A breadth and depth analysis SO 2006 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON COLLABORATIVE TECHNOLOGIES AND SYSTEMS, PROCEEDINGS SE International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems-CTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Collaboration Technologies and Systems CY MAY 14-17, 2006 CL Las Vegas, NV SP IEEE, IEEE Comp Soc, IEEE Syst Man & Cybernet Soc DE collaboration; evaluation; intelligence analysis; metrics AB In this paper we present both a broad and deep look at the use of a collaboration tool in the intelligence community. Through an experimental program, intelligence analysts are given the opportunity to explore and use tools to determine if the tools provide sufficient value to be certified and moved into the analytic work environment. The goal of this program is to bring advanced technologies to the intelligence community through research and experimentation. New tools are evaluated using a metrics based assessment. Tools that successfully pass these evaluations are then introduced on an experimental network. Analysts employed by the experimental program work along side analysts in the intelligence community and look for opportunities where the experimental tools could be useful in current analytic processes. These uses are also evaluated to determine the value of the tools in the analytic environment. C1 [Scholtz, Jean; Morse, Emile; Steves, Michelle Potts] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Scholtz, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jean.scholtz@nist.gov; emile.morse@nist.gov; msteves@nist.gov RI Scholtz, Jean/E-8955-2013 NR 10 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-0-9785699-0-7 J9 INT S COLLAB TECHNOL PY 2006 BP 1 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BGD91 UT WOS:000246214100001 ER PT B AU Young, CD Heh, D Choi, R Peterson, JJ Barnett, J Lee, BH Zeitzoff, P Brown, GA Bersuker, G AF Young, C. D. Heh, D. Choi, R. Peterson, J. J. Barnett, J. Lee, B. H. Zeitzoff, P. Brown, G. A. Bersuker, G. GP IEEE TI Detection of trap generation in high-kappa gate stacks due to constant voltage stress SO 2006 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON VLSI TECHNOLOGY, SYSTEMS, AND APPLICATIONS (VLSI-TSA), PROCEEDINGS OF TECHNICAL PAPERS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on VLSI Technology, Systems and Applications CY APR 24-26, 2006 CL Hsinchu, TAIWAN ID DIELECTRICS; TRANSISTORS C1 [Young, C. D.; Choi, R.; Peterson, J. J.; Zeitzoff, P.; Brown, G. A.; Bersuker, G.] SEMATECH, 2706 Montopolis Dr, Austin, TX 78741 USA. [Lee, B. H.] SEMATECH, IBM assignee, Austin, TX 78741 USA. [Heh, D.; Barnett, J.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Young, CD (reprint author), SEMATECH, 2706 Montopolis Dr, Austin, TX 78741 USA. EM chadwin.young@SEMATECH.org RI Young, Chadwin/K-7326-2012 OI Young, Chadwin/0000-0003-0690-7423 NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 1-4244-0181-X PY 2006 BP 111 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BEW26 UT WOS:000239791300042 ER PT B AU Ohmori, K Ahmet, P Shiraishi, K Watanabe, H Akasaka, Y Yamabe, K Yoshitake, M Chang, KS Green, ML Yamada, K Chikyow, T AF Ohmori, K. Ahmet, P. Shiraishi, K. Watanabe, H. Akasaka, Y. Yamabe, K. Yoshitake, M. Chang, K. -S. Green, M. L. Yamada, K. Chikyow, T. GP IEEE TI Influences of annealing conditions on flatband voltage properties using continuously workfunction-tuned metal electrodes SO 2006 INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON NANO CMOS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Nano CMOS CY JAN 30-FEB 01, 2006 CL Shizuoka, JAPAN SP IEEE, IEEE Electron Devices Soc C1 [Ohmori, K.; Yoshitake, M.; Chikyow, T.] Natl Inst Mat Sci, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050047, Japan. [Ahmet, P.] Tokyo Inst Technol, Tokyo, Japan. [Shiraishi, K.; Yamabe, K.] Univ Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan. [Watanabe, H.] Osaka Univ, Suita, Osaka 565, Japan. [Akasaka, Y.] Selete, Hitachi, Ibaraki, Japan. [Chang, K. -S.; Green, M. L.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD USA. [Yamada, K.] Waseda Univ, Tokyo, Japan. RP Ohmori, K (reprint author), Natl Inst Mat Sci, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050047, Japan. RI Ohmori, Kenji/M-6291-2014 OI Ohmori, Kenji/0000-0002-5312-319X NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0603-6 PY 2006 BP 160 EP + DI 10.1109/IWNC.2006.4570988 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BIC24 UT WOS:000258329000018 ER PT S AU Stenbakken, G Nelson, T AF Stenbakken, Gerard Nelson, Tom GP IEEE TI NIST support of phasor measurements to increase reliability of the north American electric power grid SO 2006 POWER ENGINEERING SOCIETY GENERAL MEETING, VOLS 1-9 SE IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT General Meeting of the Power-Engineering-Society CY JUN 18-22, 2006 CL Montreal, CANADA SP Power Engn Soc DE calibration; global positioning system; phase measurement; PMU; power system measurements; power system reliability; synchronization AB The importance of developing better tools for observing the status of the North American Power Grid is described Focus is on the performance of the Phase Measurement Units being deployed to give the raw data for this improved observability. How the availability of this information would have appeared during the August 2003 power blackout is described IEEE is developing a standard for these units but no calibration service is available to use as a common reference to assure the interchangeability of units from different manufacturers. The program under way at NIST to develop such a calibration service and the coordination with the power industry to develop a guideline for performing these calibrations is presented The future directions of work in this area are given. C1 NIST, US Dept Commerce, Quantum Elect Metrol Div, EEEL, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stenbakken, G (reprint author), NIST, US Dept Commerce, Quantum Elect Metrol Div, EEEL, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1932-5517 BN 978-1-4244-0492-6 J9 IEEE POWER ENG SOC PY 2006 BP 2333 EP 2335 PG 3 WC Energy & Fuels SC Energy & Fuels GA BGH99 UT WOS:000247080002152 ER PT B AU Kuhn, DR Okun, V AF Kuhn, D. Richard Okun, Vadim TI Pseudo-exhaustive testing for software SO 30TH ANNUAL IEEE/NASA SOFTWARE ENGINEERING WORKSHOP, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 30th Annual NASA/IEEE Software Engineering Workshop CY APR 24-28, 2006 CL Loyola Coll, Columbia Campus, Columbia, MD SP NASA Software Engn Lab, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Informat Syst Div, IEEE Comp Soc, TCSE HO Loyola Coll, Columbia Campus DE automated testing; combinatorial testing; software testing ID TEST-GENERATION; DESIGN AB Pseudo-exhaustive testing uses the empirical observation that, for broad classes of software, a fault is likely triggered by only a few variables interacting. The method takes advantage of two relatively recent advances in software engineering: algorithms for efficiently generating covering arrays to represent software interaction test suites, and automated generation of test oracles using model checking. An experiment with a module of the Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TC,4S) illustrates the approach testing pairwise through 6-way interactions. We also outline current and future work applying the test methodology to a large real-world application, the Personal Identity Verification (PIV) smart card. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kuhn, DR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM kuhn@nist.gov; vadim.okun@nist.gov NR 27 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 978-0-7695-2624-9 PY 2006 BP 153 EP 158 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BFY32 UT WOS:000245430400019 ER PT B AU Madhavan, R Foedisch, M Chang, T Hong, T AF Madhavan, R. Foedisch, M. Chang, T. Hong, T. BE Bonneau, RJ TI Grouping sensory primitives for object recognition and tracking SO 34TH APPLIED IMAGERY AND PATTERN RECOGNITION WORKSHOP: MULTI-MODAL IMAGING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 34th Applied Imagery and Pattern Recognition Workshop (AIPR 2005) CY OCT 19-21, 2005 CL Washington, DC SP IEEE Comp Soc TCPAMI AB In this paper we describe our recent efforts in grouping sensory data into meaningful entities. Our grouping philosophy is based on perceptual organization principles using gestalt hypotheses where we impose structural regularity on sensory primitives stemming from a common underlying cause. We present results using field data from UGVs and outline the utility of our research in object recognition and tracking for autonomous vehicle navigation. In addition, we show how the grouping efforts can be useful for constructing symbolic topological maps when data from different sensing modalities are fused in a bottom-up and top-down fashion. C1 [Madhavan, R.; Foedisch, M.; Chang, T.; Hong, T.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Madhavan, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM raj.madhavan@ieee.org; mike.foedisch@nist.gov; tommy.chang@nist.gov; tsai.hong@nist.gov NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 0-7695-2479-6 PY 2006 BP 166 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BEK80 UT WOS:000237617100027 ER PT B AU Bostelman, R Hong, T Chang, T Shackleford, W Shneier, M AF Bostelman, Roger Hong, Tsai Chang, Tommy Shackleford, William Shneier, Michael BE Chu, HW Aguilar, J Rishe, N Azoulay, J TI Unstructured facility navigation by applying the NIST 4D/RCS architecture SO 3RD INT CONF ON CYBERNETICS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES, SYSTEMS, AND APPLICAT/4TH INT CONF ON COMPUTING, COMMUNICATIONS AND CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES, VOL 1 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Cybernetics and Information Technologies, Systems and Applications/4th International Conference on Computing, Communications and Control Technologies CY JUL 20-23, 2006 CL Orlando, FL SP Int Inst Informat & System DE LAGR; 4D/RCS; automated guided vehicles; hierarchical control; reference model architecture; industrial autonomous vehicles AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology's Intelligent Systems Division (ISD) is working with the material handling industry, specifically on automated guided vehicles, to develop next generation vehicles. ISD is also a participant in the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency Learning Applied to Ground Robots (LAGR) Project embedding learning algorithms into the modules that make up the Four Dimensional/Real-Time Control System (4D/RCS). 4D/RCS is the standard reference model architecture which ISD has applied to control many intelligent systems. Technology from LAGR is being transferred to the material handling industry through the NIST Industrial Autonomous Vehicles Project. This paper describes the 4D/RCS structure and control applied to LAGR and the transfer of this technology through a demonstration to the automated guided vehicles industry. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bostelman, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT INST INFORMATICS & SYSTEMICS PI ORLANDO PA 14269 LORD BARCLAY DR, ORLANDO, FL 32837 USA BN 978-980-6560-83-3 PY 2006 BP 328 EP 333 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Cybernetics; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Telecommunications GA BGW19 UT WOS:000250912900060 ER PT J AU Skrtic, D Antonucci, JM Liu, DW AF Skrtic, D Antonucci, JM Liu, DW TI Ethoxylated bisphenol dimethacrylate-based amorphous calcium phosphate composites SO ACTA BIOMATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE amorphous calcium phosphate; biaxial flexure strength; degree of vinyl conversion; mineral ion release; water sorption ID BIOACTIVE POLYMERIC COMPOSITES; TRANSFORMATION; INHIBITION; HYBRID; BONE C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Skrtic, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM drago.skrtic@nist.gov FU NIDCR NIH HHS [R01 DE013169, R01 DE13169-06] NR 22 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1742-7061 J9 ACTA BIOMATER JI Acta Biomater. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 2 IS 1 BP 85 EP 94 DI 10.1016/j.actbio.2005.10.004 PG 10 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 008RD UT WOS:000235057500010 PM 16701862 ER PT J AU Sriram, RD AF Sriram, RD TI Artificial intelligence in engineering: Personal reflections SO ADVANCED ENGINEERING INFORMATICS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sriram, RD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mail Stop 8263,100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM sriram@nist.gov NR 0 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1474-0346 J9 ADV ENG INFORM JI Adv. Eng. Inform. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 20 IS 1 BP 3 EP 5 DI 10.1016/j.aei.2005.12.002 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 025FC UT WOS:000236249700002 ER PT B AU Keller, RR Volkert, CA Geiss, RH Slifka, AJ Read, DT Barbosa, N Monig, R AF Keller, RR Volkert, CA Geiss, RH Slifka, AJ Read, DT Barbosa, N Monig, R BE Brongersma, SH Taylor, TC Tsujimura, M Masu, K TI Electrical methods for mechanical characterization of interconnect thin films SO Advanced Metallization Conference 2005 (AMC 2005) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Annual Advanced Metallization Conference (AMC) CY SEP 27-29, 2005 CL Colorado Springs, CO SP Mat Res Soc AB We describe the use of electrical methods for evaluating mechanical reliability and properties of patterned copper and aluminum interconnects on silicon substrates. The approach makes use of controlled Joule heating, which causes thermal strains in the materials system due to differences in thermal expansion between the metal and constraining substrate and passivation. Our efforts concentrate on understanding damage formation in the interconnects and on the development of meaningful test methods. We make use of alternating currents in a frequency range (100 Hz to 10 kHz) that does not lead to electromigration but instead causes extensive thermal fatigue damage and failure in the metal interconnects. C1 NIST, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Keller, RR (reprint author), NIST, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Barbosa, Nicholas/D-8917-2012; Keller, Robert/I-9014-2012 NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA BN 1-55899-865-9 PY 2006 BP 643 EP 648 PG 6 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BEA34 UT WOS:000236430900091 ER PT S AU Polyakov, SV Ware, M Migdall, A AF Polyakov, Sergey V. Ware, Michael Migdall, Alan BE Becker, W TI High accuracy calibration of photon-counting detectors SO Advanced Photon Counting Techniques SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advanced Photon Counting Techniques CY OCT 01-03, 2006 CL Boston, MA SP SPIE, Boston Elect Corp, Becker & Hickl GmbH DE calibration; detector; down-conversion; correlated photons; statistical methods ID QUANTUM-EFFICIENCY MEASUREMENTS; PHOTODIODES AB We discuss a practical implementation of a photon-counting detector calibration using correlated photon pairs produced by parametric down-conversion. In this calibration scheme, the detection of a first photon triggers the measurement sequence aimed at detection of a second photon by a detector under test (DUT). We also describe measurements of radiant power with a photon-counting detector, which is important for implementation of a conventional calibration technique based on detector substitution. In the experiment, we obtain a time-delay histogram of DUT detection events consisting of a correlated signal and a background. We present a method for separating the correlated signal from the background signal that appropriately handles complex properties of typical avalanche photodiode (APD) detectors. Also discussed are measurements of relevant APD properties, including count-rate-dependent afterpulsing, delayed (by up to 10 ns) electronic detections and deadtime effects. We show that understanding of these is essential to perform an accurate calibration. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Polyakov, SV (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 23 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6470-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6372 BP U139 EP U150 DI 10.1117/12.685248 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BFQ90 UT WOS:000243901500015 ER PT S AU Rogers, D Bienfang, JC Mink, A Hershman, BJ Nakassis, A Ma, L Tang, X Su, DH Clark, CW Williams, CJ AF Rogers, D. Bienfang, J. C. Mink, A. Hershman, B. J. Nakassis, A. Ma, L. Tang, X. Su, D. H. Clark, Charles W. Williams, Carl J. BE Becker, W TI High-speed photon counting techniques for broadband quantum key distribution SO Advanced Photon Counting Techniques SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advanced Photon Counting Techniques CY OCT 01-03, 2006 CL Boston, MA SP SPIE, Boston Elect Corp, Becker & Hickl GmbH DE single-photon detection; quantum key distribution; avalanche photodiode AB Quantum Cryptography has demonstrated the potential for ultra-secure communications. However, with quantum-channel transmission rates in the MHz range, typical link losses and signal-to-noise ratios have resulted in key-production rates that are impractical for continuous one-time-pad encryption of high-bandwidth communications. We have developed high-speed data handling electronics that support quantum-channel transmission rates up to 1.25 GHz. This system has demonstrated error-corrected and privacy-amplified key rates above 1 Mbps over a free-space link. While the transmission rate is ultimately limited by timing jitter in the single-photon avalanche photodiodes (SPADs), we find the timing resolution of silicon SPADs sufficient to operate efficiently with temporal gates as short as 100 ps. We have developed systems to implement such high-resolution gating in our system, and anticipate the attendant reduction in noise to produce significantly higher secret-key bitrates. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rogers, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009; Williams, Carl/B-5877-2009; Bienfang, Joshua/A-7285-2010 OI Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885; NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6470-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6372 BP U285 EP U289 DI 10.1117/12.686188 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BFQ90 UT WOS:000243901500031 ER PT S AU Stevens, MJ Hadfield, RH Schwall, RE Nam, SW Mirin, RP AF Stevens, Martin J. Hadfield, Robert H. Schwall, Robert E. Nam, Sae Woo Mirin, Richard P. BE Becker, W TI Time-correlated single-photon counting with superconducting single-photon detectors SO Advanced Photon Counting Techniques SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advanced Photon Counting Techniques CY OCT 01-03, 2006 CL Boston, MA SP SPIE, Boston Elect Corp, Becker & Hickl GmbH DE time-correlated single-photon counting; superconducting photodetectors ID WAVELENGTH QUANTUM COMMUNICATIONS; AVALANCHE PHOTODIODES; PERFORMANCE; DIODES; RANGE; NM AB We report use of a niobium nitride superconducting single-photon detector in a time-correlated single-photon counting experiment. The detector has a timing jitter of 68 +/- 3 ps full width at half maximum with a Gaussian temporal profile. The detector's dark count rate and detection efficiency can be tuned by adjusting the bias current applied to the device. Typical values include a detection efficiency of similar to 1-2% and a dark count rate below 100 Hz. We use this detector to measure time-resolved photoluminescence at wavelengths up to 1650 nm, well beyond the range of conventional silicon detectors. We also use this superconducting detector to measure the emission of a quantum dot single-photon source. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Stevens, MJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Hadfield, Robert/L-8081-2013; OI Hadfield, Robert/0000-0002-8084-4187; Mirin, Richard/0000-0002-4472-4655 NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6470-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6372 BP U233 EP U242 DI 10.1117/12.685447 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BFQ90 UT WOS:000243901500025 ER PT J AU Madhavan, R Messina, E AF Madhavan, R. Messina, E. TI Intelligent unmanned ground vehicle navigation via information evaluation SO ADVANCED ROBOTICS LA English DT Article DE entropy; information evaluation; sensor uncertainty; unmanned ground vehicles; localization and mapping ID LOCALIZATION; LANDMARKS AB Sensor-centric navigation of unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) operating in rugged and expansive terrains requires the competency to evaluate the utility of sensor information such that it results in intelligent behavior of the vehicles. Highly imperfect, inconsistent information and incomplete a priori knowledge introduce uncertainty in such unmanned navigation systems. Understanding and quantifying uncertainty yields a measure of useful information that plays a critical role in several robotic navigation tasks such as sensor fusion, mapping, localization, path planning and control. In this article, within a probabilistic framework, the utility of estimation and information-theoretic concepts towards quantifying uncertainty using entropy and mutual information metrics in various contexts of UGV navigation via experimental results is demonstrated. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Computat Sci & Engn Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Madhavan, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM raj.madhavan@ieee.org OI Messina, Elena/0000-0002-1727-9357 NR 40 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 8 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0169-1864 EI 1568-5535 J9 ADV ROBOTICS JI Adv. Robot. PY 2006 VL 20 IS 12 BP 1375 EP 1400 DI 10.1163/156855306778960608 PG 26 WC Robotics SC Robotics GA 127CF UT WOS:000243562200004 ER PT J AU Zhu, T Zhang, DL AF Zhu, T Zhang, DL TI The impact of the storm-induced SST cooling on hurricane intensity SO ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Ocean Atmosphere Conference CY JUN 28-30, 2004 CL Inst Atmospher Phys, Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Meteorol Soc, Chinese Soc Oceanog, Nat Sci Fdn China, Chinese Acad Sci, Nanjing Univ Informat Sci & Technol HO Inst Atmospher Phys DE SST feedback; hurricane intensity; numerical modeling ID RESOLUTION COUPLED MODEL; PLANETARY BOUNDARY-LAYER; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; TROPICAL CYCLONES; HEAT-FLUX; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; OCEAN INTERACTION; ANDREW 1992; SENSITIVITY; LATENT AB The effects of storm-induced sea surface temperature (SST) cooling on hurricane intensity are investigated using a 5-day cloud-resolving simulation of Hurricane Bonnie (1998). Two sensitivity simulations are performed in which the storm-induced cooling is either ignored or shifted close to the modeled storm track. Results show marked sensitivity of the model-simulated storm intensity to the magnitude and relative position with respect to the hurricane track. It is shown that incorporation of the storm-induced cooling, with an average value of 1.3 degrees C, causes a 25-hPa weakening of the hurricane, which is about 20 hPa per 1 degrees C change in SST. Shifting the SST cooling close to the storm track generates the weakest storm, accounting for about 47% reduction in the storm intensity. It is found that the storm intensity changes are well correlated with the air-sea temperature difference. The results have important implications for the use of coupled hurricane-ocean models for numerical prediction of tropical cyclones. C1 NOAA NESDIS ORA, CIRA CSU, Camp Springs, MD USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Zhu, T (reprint author), NOAA NESDIS ORA, CIRA CSU, Camp Springs, MD USA. EM dalin@atmos.umd.edu RI Zhang, Da-Lin/F-2634-2010; AAS, AAS/C-2949-2014 OI Zhang, Da-Lin/0000-0003-1725-283X; NR 36 TC 22 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 4 PU SCIENCE PRESS PI BEIJING PA 16 DONGHUANGCHENGGEN NORTH ST, BEIJING 100717, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 0256-1530 J9 ADV ATMOS SCI JI Adv. Atmos. Sci. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 23 IS 1 BP 14 EP 22 DI 10.1007/s00376-006-0002-9 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 006EM UT WOS:000234878300003 ER PT J AU Wu, XQ Cao, CY AF Wu, XQ Cao, CY TI Sensor calibration in support for NOAA's satellite mission SO ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Ocean Atmosphere Conference CY JUN 28-30, 2004 CL Inst Atmospher Phys, Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Meteorol Soc, Chinese Soc Oceanog, Nat Sci Fdn China, Chinese Acad Sci, Nanjing Univ Informat Sci & Technol HO Inst Atmospher Phys DE calibration; sensors; instruments; satellites; operations; remote sensing ID HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETER; INTERSATELLITE CALIBRATION; ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITES; CHANNELS AB Sensor calibration, including its definition, purpose, traceability options, methodology, complexity, and importance, is examined in this paper in the context of supporting NOAA's satellite mission. Common understanding of sensor calibration is essential for the effective communication among sensor vendors, calibration scientists, satellite operators, program managers, and remote sensing data users, who must cooperate to ensure that a nation's strategic investment in a sophisticated operational environmental satellite system serves the nation's interest and enhances the human lives around the world. Examples of calibration activities at NOAA/NESDIS/ORA are selected to further illustrate these concepts and to demonstrate the lessons learned from the past experience. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Sensor Phys Branch Satellite, Meteorol & Climatol Div, Off Res & Applicat,Natl Environm Satellite Data &, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Wu, XQ (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Sensor Phys Branch Satellite, Meteorol & Climatol Div, Off Res & Applicat,Natl Environm Satellite Data &, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Xiangqian.Wu@noaa.gov RI Cao, Changyong/F-5578-2010; Wu, Xiangqian/F-5634-2010; AAS, AAS/C-2949-2014 OI Wu, Xiangqian/0000-0002-7804-5650; NR 25 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 2 PU SCIENCE PRESS PI BEIJING PA 16 DONGHUANGCHENGGEN NORTH ST, BEIJING 100717, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 0256-1530 J9 ADV ATMOS SCI JI Adv. Atmos. Sci. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 23 IS 1 BP 80 EP 90 DI 10.1007/s00376-006-0009-2 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 006EM UT WOS:000234878300010 ER PT S AU Goodrich, LF AF Goodrich, L. F. BE Balachandran, U TI Voltage versus magnetic field measurements on Nb3Sn wires SO Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, Vol 52A & 52B SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Cryogenic Materials Conference CY AUG 29-SEP 02, 2005 CL Keystone, CO SP US DOE, Fermi Natl Accele Lab, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Off Naval Res, Oak Ridge Natl Lab DE critical current; Nb3Sn wire; quench; stability; transport current ID STRANDS AB We measured voltage versus magnetic field (V-H) on commercial Nb3Sn wires. Typically voltage-current (V-I) at constant field is measured to determine the critical current (I-c). Recently, V-H at constant or ramping current is being measured to assess the relative stability of Nb3Sn wires. Our low-noise measurements were made with the same equipment, apparatus, and sample mount as used in I-c measurements. High-performance Nb3Sn wires exhibit flux-jump instabilities at low magnetic fields, and low-noise V-H curves on these wires show indications of flux jumps. Two nominal 0.8 mm diameter Nb3Sn wires were measured: a high-performance wire with an I-c of 750 A at 12 T and a stable wire with an I-c of 150 A at 12 T. V-H measurements also reveal that less stable wires will quench (abrupt and irreversible transition to the normal state) at currents much smaller than I-c at the lower magnetic fields. The measured V-H curves and quench currents of these two wires are contrasted. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Goodrich, LF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0316-3 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 824 BP 520 EP 527 PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Thermodynamics; Materials Science GA BEF10 UT WOS:000237080500064 ER PT S AU Radebaugh, R Lewis, M Luo, E Pfotenhauer, JM Nellis, GF Schunk, LA AF Radebaugh, Ray Lewis, M. Luo, E. Pfotenhauer, J. M. Nellis, G. F. Schunk, L. A. BE Weisend, JG Barclay, J Breon, S Demko, J DiPirro, M Kelley, JP Kittel, P Klebaner, A Lock, J Maddocks, J Peterson, T Pfotenhauer, J Rowe, A VanSciver, S Zeller, A TI Inertance tube optimization for pulse tube refrigerators SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOLS 51A AND B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Cryogenic Engineering Conference 2005 CY AUG 29-SEP 02, 2005 CL Keystone, CO SP US DOE, Off High Energy Phys, Fermi Natl Accele Lab, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Off Naval Res & Naval Res Lab, Oak Ridge Natl Lab DE cryocoolers; cryogenics; flow impedance; inertance; pulse tubes; refrigeration; thermoacoustics AB The efficiency of regenerative refrigerators is generally maximized when the pressure and flow are in phase near the midpoint of the regenerator. Such a phase relationship minimizes the amplitude of the mass flow for a given acoustic power flow through the regenerator. To achieve this phase relationship in a pulse tube refrigerator requires that the flow at the warm end of the pulse tube lag the pressure by about 60 degrees. The inertance tube allows for the flow to lag the pressure, but such a large phase shift is only possible with relatively large acoustic power flows. In small pulse tube cryocoolers the efficiency is improved by maximizing the phase shift in the inertance tube. This paper describes a simple transmission line model of the inertance tube, which is used to find the maximum phase shift and the corresponding diameter and length of the optimized inertance tube. Acoustic power flows between I and 100 W are considered in this study, though the model may be valid for larger systems as well. For large systems the model can be used to find the minimum reservoir volume that in combination with the inertance tube provides a phase shift of 60 degrees. This transmission line model is compared with some experimental results on a small-diameter inertance tube and found to agree quite well provided some heat transfer is taken into account. Design graphs for a frequency of 60 Hz and an average pressure of 2.5 MPa are presented for different pressure ratios and for both adiabatic and isothermal conditions. C1 Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Radebaugh, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 7 TC 13 Z9 20 U1 7 U2 13 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0317-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 823 BP 59 EP 67 PG 9 WC Thermodynamics; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Thermodynamics; Physics GA BEL54 UT WOS:000237990200008 ER PT S AU Bradley, PE Lewis, MA Radebaugh, R AF Bradley, P. E. Lewis, M. A. Radebaugh, R. BE Weisend, JG Barclay, J Breon, S Demko, J DiPirro, M Kelley, JP Kittel, P Klebaner, A Lock, J Maddocks, J Peterson, T Pfotenhauer, J Rowe, A VanSciver, S Zeller, A TI Evaluation of pressure oscillator losses SO Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, Vols 51A and B SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Cryogenic Engineering Conference 2005 CY AUG 29-SEP 02, 2005 CL Keystone, CO SP US DOE, Off High Energy Phys, Fermi Natl Accele Lab, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Off Naval Res & Naval Res Lab, Oak Ridge Natl Lab DE compressor; cryocooler; efficiency; pressure oscillator; pulse tube; PV power AB Efficiencies of regenerative cryocoolers are influenced by losses within the pressure oscillator (Stirling-type compressor). An evaluation of these losses is important when searching for ways to improve the overall cryocooler efficiency. Typically, compressor efficiency is taken as the ratio of PV power of the piston(s) to electrical input power. This definition ignores blowby, irreversible heat transfer, and flow losses within the compressor. The actual PV power delivered to the cold head is less than that measured at the face of the piston(s). We discuss a simple set of measurements for evaluating the total loss within the compressor. One measurement is the measurement of the electrical and PV required for a blanked off compressor to provide a given pressure ratio. The second is the measurement of electrical and PV power for a given stroke with the compressor connected to a large reservoir. The sum of these two mechanical losses is subtracted from the PV power measured at the piston face to give the estimated PV power delivered to an attached load. We compare such estimates with actual system measurements that use hot wire anemometry at the compressor outlet to determine the PV power delivered by the compressor to the load. Measurements for mean pressures from 1.5 to 2.5 MPa, for pressure ratios from 1.0 to 1.3, and for the corresponding mass flows are presented. The compressor used here had a swept volume of 4.3 cm(3). The ratio of delivered PV power to piston PV power was about 0.73 +/- 0.05, estimated from the simple measurements, compared with 0.60 +/- 0.05 measured directly with the aid of the hot-wire anemometer. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Bradley, PE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0317-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 823 BP 1549 EP 1556 PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Thermodynamics; Physics GA BEL54 UT WOS:000237990201062 ER PT S AU Lewis, MA Bradley, PE Radebaugh, R AF Lewis, M. A. Bradley, P. E. Radebaugh, Ray BE Weisend, JG Barclay, J Breon, S Demko, J DiPirro, M Kelley, JP Kittel, P Klebaner, A Lock, J Maddocks, J Peterson, T Pfotenhauer, J Rowe, A VanSciver, S Zeller, A TI Impedance measurements of inertance tubes SO Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, Vols 51A and B SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Cryogenic Engineering Conference 2005 CY AUG 29-SEP 02, 2005 CL Keystone, CO SP US DOE, Off High Energy Phys, Fermi Natl Accele Lab, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Off Naval Res & Naval Res Lab, Oak Ridge Natl Lab DE cryocoolers; cryogenics; flow impedance; inertance; pulse tubes; refrigeration; resonance; thermoacoustics AB The flow impedance of an inertance tube of 5.74 mm inside diameter and 2.36 m long coupled to various reservoir volumes was measured and compared with that predicted by a model based on a transmission line analogy. Though data at other average pressures and temperatures were obtained, this paper focuses on data taken with an average pressure of 2.5 MPa and a pressure ratio of 1.3. Frequencies of 50, 60, 70 Hz, were used, and reservoir volumes were 30, 83, 134, 334 cm(3). The amplitudes and phases of the instantaneous pressure and flow at both ends of the inertance tube were measured and the resulting complex impedance and inlet acoustic power were determined. The flow at the reservoir end was determined from the instantaneous pressure in the reservoir, and the flow at the inlet end was determined from a measurement of the pressure drop across the aftercooler consisting of copper wire mesh. The model predicted a resonance associated with the compliance of the reservoir and the inertance of the tube analogous to an electrical LC resonance circuit. At this resonance condition the imaginary part of the impedance goes to zero, the magnitude of the impedance reaches a minimum, and the inlet acoustic power becomes a maximum for a fixed pressure ratio. The experiments agreed well with the model and confirmed the existence of the resonance condition at the reservoir volume predicted by the model. For an average pressure of 2.5 MPa, a pressure ratio of 1.3, and a frequency of 60 Hz the inlet acoustic power varied from 200 W with a reservoir volume of 334 cm(3) to about 800 W with a reservoir volume of 83 cm(3). With a smaller reservoir volume the acoustic power decreased, in agreement with that predicted by the model. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Lewis, MA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0317-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 823 BP 1557 EP 1563 PG 7 WC Thermodynamics; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Thermodynamics; Physics GA BEL54 UT WOS:000237990201063 ER PT S AU Radebaugh, R O'Gallagher, A AF Radebaugh, Ray O'Gallagher, Agnes BE Weisend, JG Barclay, J Breon, S Demko, J DiPirro, M Kelley, JP Kittel, P Klebaner, A Lock, J Maddocks, J Peterson, T Pfotenhauer, J Rowe, A VanSciver, S Zeller, A TI Regenerator operation at very high frequencies for microcryocoolers* SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOLS 51A AND B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Cryogenic Engineering Conference 2005 CY AUG 29-SEP 02, 2005 CL Keystone, CO SP US DOE, Off High Energy Phys, Fermi Natl Accele Lab, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Off Naval Res & Naval Res Lab, Oak Ridge Natl Lab DE cryocoolers; cryogenics; high frequency; MEMS; miniature; numerical analysis; pulse tubes; refrigeration; regenerators; Stirling AB The size of Stirling and Stirling-type pulse tube cryocoolers is dominated by the size of the pressure oscillator. Such cryocoolers typically operate at frequencies up to about 60 Hz for cold-end temperatures above about 60 K. Higher operating, frequencies would allow the size and mass of the pressure oscillator to be reduced for a given power input. However, simply increasing the operating frequency leads to large losses in the regenerator. The simple analytical equations derived here show how the right combination of frequency and pressure, along with optimized regenerator geometry, can lead to successful regenerator operation at frequencies up to 1 kHz. Efficient regenerator operation at such high frequencies is possible only with pressures of about 5 to 8 MPa and with very small hydraulic diameters and lengths. Other geometrical parameters must also be optimized for such conditions. The analytical equations are used to provide guidance to the right combination of parameters. We give example numerical calculations with REGEN3.2 in the paper for 60 Hz, 400 Hz, and 1000 Hz operation of optimized screen regenerators and show that the coefficient of performance at 400 Hz and 1000 Hz is about 78% and 68%, respectively, of that for 60 Hz when an average pressure of 7 MPa is used with the higher frequency, compared with 2.5 MPa for 60 Hz operation. The 1000 Hz coefficient of performance for parallel tubes is about the same as that of the screen geometry at 60 Hz. The compressor and cold-end swept volumes are reduced by a factor of 47 at 1000 Hz, compared with the 60 Hz case for the same input acoustic power, which can enable the development of microcryocoolers for MEMS applications. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Radebaugh, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 7 TC 12 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0317-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 823 BP 1919 EP 1928 PG 10 WC Thermodynamics; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Thermodynamics; Physics GA BEL54 UT WOS:000237990201106 ER PT S AU Kelsey, J Kohno, T AF Kelsey, John Kohno, Tadayoshi BE Vaudenay, S TI Herding hash functions and the nostradamus attack SO ADVANCES IN CRYPTOLOGY - EUROCRYPT 2006, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 24th Annual International Conference on Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques CY MAY 28-JUN 01, 2006 CL St Petersburg, RUSSIA SP Int Assoc Cryptol Res AB In this paper, we develop a new attack on Damgard-Merkle hash functions, called the herding attack, in which an attacker who can find many collisions on the hash function by brute force can first provide the hash of a message, and later "herd" any given starting part of a message to that hash value by the choice of an appropriate suffix. We focus on a property which hash functions should have-Chosen Target Forced Prefix (CTFP) preimage resistance-and show the distinction between Damghrd-Merkle construction hashes and random oracles with respect to this property. We describe a number of ways that violation of this property can be used in arguably practical attacks on real-world applications of hash functions. An important lesson from these results is that hash functions susceptible to collision-finding attacks, especially brute-force collision-finding attacks, cannot in general be used to prove knowledge of a secret value. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, CSE Dept, San Diego, CA 92103 USA. RP Kelsey, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,MS 3460, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM john.kelsey@nist.gov; tkohno@cs.ucsd.edu NR 23 TC 71 Z9 75 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-34546-9 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2006 VL 4004 BP 183 EP 200 PG 18 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BEP47 UT WOS:000238574200012 ER PT S AU Voorhees, EM AF Voorhees, Ellen M. GP Springer BE Strzalkowski, T Harabagiu, S TI EVALUATING QUESTION ANSWERING SYSTEM PERFORMANCE SO ADVANCES IN OPEN DOMAIN QUESTION ANSWERING SE Text Speech and Language Technology LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID RELEVANCE AB The TREC question answering (QA) track was the first large-scale evaluation of open-domain question answering systems. In addition to successfully fostering research on the QA task, the track has also been used to investigate appropriate evaluation methodologies for question answering systems. This chapter reviews the TREC QA track, emphasizing the issues associated with evaluating question answering systems. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Voorhees, EM (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr,STOP 8940, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM ellenv@nist.gov NR 30 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES SN 1386-291X BN 978-1-4020-4746-6 J9 TEXT SPEECH LANG TEC PY 2006 VL 32 BP 409 EP 430 D2 10.1007/978-1-4020-4746-6 PG 22 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Language & Linguistics SC Computer Science; Linguistics GA BLA56 UT WOS:000269770600015 ER PT S AU Kang, SH Prabhu, VM Vogt, BD Lin, EK Wu, WL Turnquest, K AF Kang, Shuhui Prabhu, Vivek M. Vogt, Bryan D. Lin, Eric K. Wu, Wen-li Turnquest, Karen BE Lin, Q TI Copolymer fraction effect on acid catalyzed deprotection reaction kinetics in model 193 nm photoresists SO ADVANCES IN RESIST TECHNOLOGY AND PROCESSING XXIII, PTS 1 AND 2 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advances in Resist Technology and Processing XXIII CY FEB 20-22, 2006 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE photolithography; photoresists; diffusion; reaction rate constants; FTIR; copolymer; photoacid; PAG ID CHEMICALLY AMPLIFIED RESISTS; PHOTOACID GENERATOR KINETICS; DEEP-ULTRAVIOLET RESISTS; DIFFUSION; SIMULATIONS; EFFICIENCY AB A correlation between polymer molecular structure and acid catalyzed reaction kinetics is demonstrated by a photoresist copolymer with an acid-labile and a non-reactive monomer. The acid catalyzed deprotection kinetics depend significantly on the composition of the non-reactive comonomer in the polymer chain. The apparent reaction rate constant decreases monotonically with increasing non-reactive comonomer composition. The phenomena are interpreted as the reduction of diffusivity of photoacid in the polymer matrix from a hydrogen-bonding interaction with the polar group in the inert comonomer. In addition, hydrogen-bonding interactions between the photoacid and the reaction product, primarily methacrylic acid, can account for the acid loss or trapping effect observed by various researchers. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kang, SH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 28 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6196-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2006 VL 6153 BP U1381 EP U1389 AR 61533N DI 10.1117/12.656594 PG 9 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BEM64 UT WOS:000238175500121 ER PT S AU Lavery, KA Choi, KW Vogt, BD Prabhu, VM Lin, EK Wu, WL Satija, SK Leeson, MJ Cao, HB Thompson, G Deng, H Fryer, DS AF Lavery, Kristopher A. Choi, Kwang-Woo Vogt, Bryan D. Prabhu, Vivek M. Lin, Eric K. Wu, Wen-li Satija, Sushil K. Leeson, Michael J. Cao, Heidi B. Thompson, George Deng, Hai Fryer, David S. BE Lin, Q TI Fundamentals of the reaction-diffusion process in model EUV photoresists SO ADVANCES IN RESIST TECHNOLOGY AND PROCESSING XXIII, PTS 1 AND 2 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advances in Resist Technology and Processing XXIII CY FEB 20-22, 2006 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE photolithography; chemically amplified photoresists; diffusion ID CHEMICALLY AMPLIFIED RESISTS; LINE EDGE ROUGHNESS; ACID DIFFUSION; REACTION FRONT; DEPROTECTION; KINETICS AB More demanding requirements are being made of photoresist materials for fabrication of nanostructures as the feature critical dimensions (CD) decrease. For extreme ultraviolet (EUV) resists, control of line width roughness (LWR) and high resist sensitivity are key requirements for their success. The observed LWR and CD values result from many factors in interdependent processing steps. One of these factors is the deprotection interface formed during the post-exposure bake (PEB) step. We use model EUV photoresist polymers to systematically address the influence of exposure-dose on the spatial evolution of the deprotection reaction at a model line edge for fixed PEB time using neutron reflectivity. The bilayer consists of an acid feeder layer containing photoacid generator (PAG) and a model photoresist polymer, poly(hydroxystyrene-co-tert-butylacrylate) with perdeuterated t-butyl protecting group. The deuterium labeling allows the protection profile to be measured with nanometer resolution. The evolution of two length scales that contribute to the compositional profile is discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lavery, KA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM klavery@nist.gov; kwang-woo.choi@intel.com; vprabhu@nist.gov NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6196-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2006 VL 6153 BP U470 EP U477 AR 615313 DI 10.1117/12.656831 PG 8 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BEM64 UT WOS:000238175500039 ER PT S AU Rao, A Kang, SH Vogt, BD Prabhu, VM Lin, EK Wu, WL Turnquest, K Hinsberg, WD AF Rao, Ashwin Kang, Shuhui Vogt, Bryan D. Prabhu, Vivek M. Lin, Eric K. Wu, Wen-Li Turnquest, Karen Hinsberg, William D. BE Lin, Q TI Dissolution fundamentals of 193-nm methacrylate based photoresists SO ADVANCES IN RESIST TECHNOLOGY AND PROCESSING XXIII, PTS 1 AND 2 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advances in Resist Technology and Processing XXIII CY FEB 20-22, 2006 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE dissolution; line edge roughness; photoresist; reflectivity; swelling ID QUARTZ-CRYSTAL MICROBALANCE; POLYMER-FILMS; LIQUID AB The dissolution of partially deprotected chemically amplified photoresists is the final step in printing lithographic features. Since this process step can be tuned independently from the design of the photoresist chemistry, measurements of the dissolution behavior may provide needed insights towards improving line-edge roughness. We have studied the dissolution behavior of a model 193-nm photoresist, poly (methyladamantyl methacrylate), as a function of deprotection extent and developer strength. The kinetics of the dissolution process is followed using the quartz crystal microbalance technique. These photoresist films exhibit strong swelling without dissolution over a significant range of deprotection levels. At larger extents of deprotection, we observe a combination of swelling with dissolution. Additionally, we find that the degree of film swelling decreases with tetramethylammonium hydroxide developer concentration. These studies provide the insight needed to better understand the fundamentals of the dissolution of the photoresist - a key step in lithographic process. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rao, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6196-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2006 VL 6153 BP U447 EP U453 AR 615310 DI 10.1117/12.656540 PG 7 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BEM64 UT WOS:000238175500036 ER PT S AU Vogt, BD Kanga, S Prabhu, VM Rao, A Lin, EK Satija, SK Turnquest, K Wu, WL AF Vogt, Bryan D. Kanga, Shuhui Prabhu, Vivek M. Rao, Ashwin Lin, Eric K. Satija, Sushil K. Turnquest, Karen Wu, Wen-Li BE Lin, Q TI The deprotection reaction front profile in model 193 nm methacrylate-based chemically amplified photoresists SO ADVANCES IN RESIST TECHNOLOGY AND PROCESSING XXIII, PTS 1 AND 2 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advances in Resist Technology and Processing XXIII CY FEB 20-22, 2006 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE photolithography; chemically amplified photoresists; diffusion; neutron reflectivity; line edge roughness ID LINE EDGE ROUGHNESS; ACID DIFFUSION; RESISTS; LITHOGRAPHY AB An understanding of acid diffusion-reaction in chemically amplified photoresists during the post-exposure bake (PEB) is critical for both critical dimension (CD) and line edge roughness (LER) control. Despite its importance, there remains insufficient understanding of the diffusion-reaction process. This is due in part to the complex interplay between diffusion and reaction where the deprotection of the resin modifies the local acid diffusivity which in turn changes the rate of deprotection. Here, we report the direct measurement of the reaction diffusion front at a model line edge from neutron reflectivity and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurements. The photoacid generator size influences the reaction extent and breath of the deprotection profile. A larger photoacid results in a sharper deprotection profile and a shorter reaction length. Under the same post-exposure bake time and temperature, the smaller photoacid leads to a much broader deprotection profile. These measurements illustrate the complexity of the reaction-diffusion process. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Vogt, BD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 21 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6196-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2006 VL 6153 BP U498 EP U505 AR 615316 DI 10.1117/12.656464 PG 8 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BEM64 UT WOS:000238175500042 ER PT J AU Mann, IR Balmain, KG Blake, JB Boteler, D Bourdarie, S Clemmons, JH Dent, ZC Degeling, AW Fedosejeves, R Fennell, JF Fraser, BJ Green, JC Jordanova, VK Kale, A Kistler, LM Knudsen, DJ Lessard, MR Loto'aniu, TM Milling, DK O'Brien, TP Onsager, TG Ozeke, LG Rae, IJ Rankin, R Reeves, GD Ridley, AJ Sofko, GJ Summers, D Thomson, I Thorne, RM Tsui, YY Unick, C Vassiliadis, D Wygant, JR Yau, AW AF Mann, I. R. Balmain, K. G. Blake, J. B. Boteler, D. Bourdarie, S. Clemmons, J. H. Dent, Z. C. Degeling, A. W. Fedosejeves, R. Fennell, J. F. Fraser, B. J. Green, J. C. Jordanova, V. K. Kale, A. Kistler, L. M. Knudsen, D. J. Lessard, M. R. Loto'aniu, T. M. Milling, D. K. O'Brien, T. P. Onsager, T. G. Ozeke, L. G. Rae, I. J. Rankin, R. Reeves, G. D. Ridley, A. J. Sofko, G. J. Summers, D. Thomson, I. Thorne, R. M. Tsui, Y. Y. Unick, C. Vassiliadis, D. Wygant, J. R. Yau, A. W. TI The outer radiation belt injection, transport, acceleration and loss satellite (ORBITALS): A Canadian small satellite mission for ILWS SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ILWS; radiation belts; ULF waves; inner magnetosphere; satellite missions ID WHISTLER-MODE CHORUS; RELATIVISTIC ELECTRON MICROBURSTS; SUBAURORAL POLARIZATION STREAM; ION COMPOSITION MEASUREMENTS; WAVE-PARTICLE INTERACTIONS; INNER MAGNETOSPHERE; RESONANT DIFFUSION; CYCLOTRON WAVES; SPACE WEATHER; STORM AB The outer radiation belt injection, transport, acceleration and loss satellite (ORBITALS) is a small satellite mission proposed as a Canadian contribution to the satellite infrastructure for the International Living With a Star (ILWS) program. The ORBITALS will monitor the energetic electron and ion populations in the inner magnetosphere across a wide range of energies (keV to tens of MeV) as well as the dynamic electric and magnetic fields, waves and cold plasma environment which govern the injection, transport, acceleration and loss of these energetic and space weather critical particle populations. ORBITALS will be launched around 2010-2012 into a low-inclination GTO-like orbit which maximizes the long-lasting apogee-pass conjunctions with both the ground-based instruments of the Canadian Geospace Monitoring (CGSM) array as well as with the GOES East and West and geosynchronous communications satellites in the North American sector. Specifically, the ORBITALS will make the measurements necessary to gain fundamental new understanding of the relative importance of different physical acceleration and loss processes which are hypothesised to shape the energetic particle populations in the inner magnetosphere. The ORBITALS will also provide the raw radiation measurements at MEO altitudes necessary for the development of the next-generation of radiation belt specification models, and on-board experiments will also monitor the dose, single-event upset, and deep-dielectric charging responses of electronic components on-orbit. In this paper we outline the scientific objectives of the ORBITALS mission, discuss how the ORBITALS will lead to solutions to outstanding questions in inner magnetospheric science, and examine how the ORBITALS will complement other proposed inner magnetosphere missions in the ILWS era. (C) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 [Mann, I. R.; Dent, Z. C.; Degeling, A. W.; Kale, A.; Loto'aniu, T. M.; Milling, D. K.; Ozeke, L. G.; Rae, I. J.; Rankin, R.] Univ Alberta, Dept Phys, Edmonton, AB, Canada. [Balmain, K. G.] Univ Toronto, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Blake, J. B.; Clemmons, J. H.; Fennell, J. F.; O'Brien, T. P.] Aerosp Corp, Los Angeles, CA USA. [Boteler, D.] Geol Survey Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada. [Fedosejeves, R.; Tsui, Y. Y.; Unick, C.] Univ Alberta, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Edmonton, AB, Canada. [Fraser, B. J.] Univ Newcastle, Sch Math & Phys Sci, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia. [Green, J. C.; Onsager, T. G.] NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. [Jordanova, V. K.; Kistler, L. M.; Lessard, M. R.] Univ New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA. [Knudsen, D. J.; Yau, A. W.] Univ Calgary, Dept Phys & Astron, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. [Reeves, G. D.] LANL, Los Alamos, NM USA. [Ridley, A. J.] Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Sofko, G. J.] Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Phys & Engn Phys, Saskatoon, SK, Canada. [Summers, D.] Mem Univ Newfoundland, Dept Math & Stat, St John, NF A1C 5S7, Canada. [Thomson, I.] Thomson Nielsen, Ottawa, ON, Canada. [Thorne, R. M.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Los Angeles, CA USA. [Vassiliadis, D.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Wygant, J. R.] Univ Minnesota, Sch Phys & Astron, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RP Mann, IR (reprint author), Univ Alberta, Dept Phys, Edmonton, AB, Canada. EM ian.mann@ualberta.ca RI Rankin, Robert/C-5435-2013; Rae, Jonathan/D-8132-2013; Yau, Andrew/E-7007-2013; Ridley, Aaron/F-3943-2011; Reeves, Geoffrey/E-8101-2011; Degeling, Alexander/F-1091-2016; OI Rankin, Robert/0000-0003-0151-6343; Yau, Andrew/0000-0002-8210-0392; Jordanova, Vania/0000-0003-0475-8743; Ridley, Aaron/0000-0001-6933-8534; Reeves, Geoffrey/0000-0002-7985-8098; Degeling, Alexander/0000-0001-7338-9270; Clemmons, James/0000-0002-5298-5222 NR 94 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 EI 1879-1948 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PY 2006 VL 38 IS 8 BP 1838 EP 1860 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2005.11.009 PG 23 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA V44FL UT WOS:000202988500039 ER PT S AU O'Toole, AJ Jiang, F Abdi, H Phillips, PJ AF O'Toole, Alice J. Jiang, Fang Abdi, Herve Phillips, P. Jonathon BE Bebis, G Boyle, R Parvin, B Koracin, D Remagnino, P Nefian, A Meenakshisundaram, G Pascucci, V Zara, J Molineros, J Theisel, H Malzbender, T TI Fusing individual algorithms and humans improves face recognition accuracy SO ADVANCES IN VISUAL COMPUTING, PT 2 SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on Visual Computing CY NOV 06-08, 2006 CL Lake Tahoe, NV SP UNR Comp Vis Lab, Desert Res Inst, NASA, Siemens, Intel, DigitalPersona, Equinox Corp, HP, nVIDA, Ford Corp, Mitsubish, UtopiaCompression AB Recent work indicates that state-of-the-art face recognition algorithms can surpass humans matching identity in pairs of face images taken under different illumination conditions. It has been demonstrated further that fusing algorithm- and human-derived face similarity estimates cuts error rates substantially over the performance of the best algorithms. Here we employed a pattern-based classification procedure to fuse individual human subjects and algorithms with the goal of determining whether strategy differences among humans are strong enough to suggest particular man-machine combinations. The results showed that error rates for the pairwise man-machine fusions were reduced an average of 47 percent when compared to the performance of the algorithms individually. The performance of the best pairwise combinations of individual humans and algorithms was only slightly less accurate than the combination of individual humans with all seven algorithms. The balance of man and machine contributions to the pairwise fusions varied widely, indicating that a one-size-fits-all weighting of human and machine face recognition estimates is not appropriate. C1 [O'Toole, Alice J.; Jiang, Fang; Abdi, Herve] Univ Texas, Dallas, TX 75230 USA. RP Phillips, PJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Abdi, Herve/G-6620-2011 NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2006 VL 4292 BP 447 EP + PG 3 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BFN05 UT WOS:000243132300046 ER PT S AU Klett, KK Hill, S AF Klett, Karl K., Jr. Hill, Steven BE Khounsary, AM Morawe, C TI GOES N-PSXI in-flight calibration using the Crab Nebula SO ADVANCES IN X-RAY/EUV OPTICS, COMPONENTS, AND APPLICATIONS SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advances in X-Ray/EUV Optics, Components and Applications CY AUG 14-16, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE X-ray imaging; space weather; X-ray calibration; Solar Corona; Crab Nebula ID X-RAY IMAGERS AB A potential calibration strategy for the N-P series Solar X-ray Imager (SXI), on the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES), that uses an astronomical X-ray source (the Crab Nebula) is analyzed below. The Crab Nebula is one of the brightest X-ray sources in the sky, and is located near the ecliptic, making consideration of such a calibration possible due to its annual proximity to the sun. The results of these analyses show that in-flight calibration of SXI N-P using the Crab Nebula is possible. Using the longest single exposure which the instrument is capable of making (65 sec) yields a signal-to noise-ratio somewhat insufficient to meet SXI N-P's 20% photometric accuracy requirement. However, summing several 65 second images would increase the signal to noise ratio, making such a calibration readily possible. This analysis demonstrates that effective calibration of SXI N-P could be carried out with only the relatively small cost of operations and analysis to the government, using approximately 12 hours of observing time per year. Expensive calibration underflights, using sounding rockets, would not be needed for SXI N-P. It is important to note that if the GOES R SXI, the follow on series to GOES N-P, uses a normal incidence primary mirror design, an astrophysical calibration with the Crab nebula will not be possible because of the change in instrument spectral response. However, other astrophysical sources could be examined. C1 [Klett, Karl K., Jr.] Swales Aerosp, 5050 Powder Mill Rd, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. [Hill, Steven] NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Klett, KK (reprint author), Swales Aerosp, 5050 Powder Mill Rd, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM kklett@swales.com; steven.hill@noaa.gov FU GOES N-P FX This work was supported by the GOES N-P project office. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6396-5 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2006 VL 6317 AR 631702 DI 10.1117/12.680800 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BFI15 UT WOS:000241972700002 ER PT J AU Larsen, RK Schantz, MM Wise, SA AF Larsen, Randolph K., III Schantz, Michele M. Wise, Stephen A. TI Determination of levoglucosan in particulate matter reference materials SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Particulate Matter Supersites Program and Related Studies CY FEB, 2005 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Assoc Aerosol Res, US EPA ID ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; MOLECULAR MARKER; URBAN AREAS; COMBUSTION; EMISSIONS; PARTICLES; TRACERS; SMOKE AB Source identification is critical for the effective management of air pollution. The ratio of levoglucosan (1,6-anhydro-beta-D-glucose) to organic carbon has been used to identify and quantify the contribution of biomass combustion to the organic carbon content in aerosols. Therefore, accurate levoglucosan measurements in particulate matter are important. This study determined levoglucosan concentrations in urban dust Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) 1649a and 1648 available from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as well as two particulate matter samples with particle sizes nominally 2.5 mu m and smaller collected in Baltimore, MD. Levoglucosan was extracted using both pressurized fluid and Soxhlet techniques. Quantification was performed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) using a deuterated levoglucosan internal standard and two different GC columns. Levoglucosan concentrations were 81.1 mu g g(-1) with a standard deviation of 9.4 mu g g(-1) (n = 9) for SRM 1649a, 107 mu g g(-1) with a standard deviation of 18 mu g g(-1) (n = 8) for SRM 1648, 225 mu g g(-1) (standard deviation of 41 mu g g(-1) n = 4) and 138 mu g g(-1) (standard deviation of 39 mu g g(-1) n = 5) for the two fine particulate matter samples collected in Baltimore, MD. C1 St Marys Coll Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, St Marys City, MD 20686 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Larsen, RK (reprint author), St Marys Coll Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, 18952 E Fisher Rd, St Marys City, MD 20686 USA. EM rklarsen@smcm.edu RI Larsen, Randolph/A-8402-2009 OI Larsen, Randolph/0000-0003-0892-0074 NR 22 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PY 2006 VL 40 IS 10 BP 781 EP 787 DI 10.1080/02786820600596909 PG 7 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 076JT UT WOS:000239954300006 ER PT B AU Stevens, BG AF Stevens, Bradley G. BE Stevens, BG TI Alaska crab stock enhancement and rehabilitation: An introduction SO Alaska Crab Stock: Enhancement and Rehabilitation, Workshop Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Alaska Crab Stock Enhancement and Rehabilitation CY MAR 14-16, 2006 CL Kodiak, AK C1 NOAA fisheries, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Kodial Fisheries Res Ctr, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. RP Stevens, BG (reprint author), NOAA fisheries, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Kodial Fisheries Res Ctr, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. NR 8 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU ALASKA SEA GRANT COLL PROGRAM PI FAIRBANKS PA UNIV ALASKA FAIRBANKS PO BOX 755040, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775-5040 USA BN 978-1-56612-112-5 PY 2006 BP 5 EP 8 PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA BFY88 UT WOS:000245491400001 ER PT B AU Persselin, S AF Persselin, Sara BE Stevens, BG TI Cultivation of king crab larvae at the Kodiak Fisheries Research Center, Kodiak, Alaska SO Alaska Crab Stock: Enhancement and Rehabilitation, Workshop Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Alaska Crab Stock Enhancement and Rehabilitation CY MAR 14-16, 2006 CL Kodiak, AK C1 NOAA Fisheries, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Kodiak Fisheries Res Ctr, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. RP Persselin, S (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Kodiak Fisheries Res Ctr, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. NR 3 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ALASKA SEA GRANT COLL PROGRAM PI FAIRBANKS PA UNIV ALASKA FAIRBANKS PO BOX 755040, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775-5040 USA BN 978-1-56612-112-5 PY 2006 BP 9 EP 13 PG 5 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA BFY88 UT WOS:000245491400002 ER PT B AU Stevens, BG AF Stevens, Bradley G. BE Stevens, BG TI King crab cultivation and stock enhancement in Japan and the United States: A brief history SO ALASKA CRAB STOCK: ENHANCEMENT AND REHABILITATION, WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Alaska Crab Stock Enhancement and Rehabilitation CY MAR 14-16, 2006 CL Kodiak, AK ID PARALITHODES-CAMTSCHATICUS; SPINY LOBSTER; GLAUCOTHOE; CULTURE; PREFERENCE; JUVENILE; LARVAL; STAGE; EGG C1 NOAA Fisheries, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Kodiak Fisheries Res Ctr, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. RP Stevens, BG (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Kodiak Fisheries Res Ctr, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. NR 23 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU ALASKA SEA GRANT COLL PROGRAM PI FAIRBANKS PA UNIV ALASKA FAIRBANKS PO BOX 755040, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775-5040 USA BN 978-1-56612-112-5 PY 2006 BP 23 EP 31 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA BFY88 UT WOS:000245491400004 ER PT B AU Stevens, BG AF Stevens, Bradley G. BE Stevens, BG TI Is it possible to enhance king crab populations in Alaska? SO Alaska Crab Stock: Enhancement and Rehabilitation, Workshop Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Alaska Crab Stock Enhancement and Rehabilitation CY MAR 14-16, 2006 CL Kodiak, AK ID PARALITHODES-CAMTSCHATICUS C1 NOAA Fisheries, Kodiak Fisheries Res Ctr, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. RP Stevens, BG (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Kodiak Fisheries Res Ctr, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. NR 7 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU ALASKA SEA GRANT COLL PROGRAM PI FAIRBANKS PA UNIV ALASKA FAIRBANKS PO BOX 755040, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775-5040 USA BN 978-1-56612-112-5 PY 2006 BP 79 EP 89 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA BFY88 UT WOS:000245491400010 ER PT S AU Atlas, R Reale, O Shen, BW Lin, SJ AF Atlas, Robert Reale, O. Shen, B-W. Lin, S-J. BE Shen, SS Lewis, PE TI The use of remotely sensed data and innovative modeling to improve hurricane prediction - art. no. 62330U SO Algorithms and Technologies for Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Imagery XII Pts 1 and 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Algorithms and Technologies for Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Imagery XII CY APR 17-20, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL AB The assimilation of remotely sensed data from aircraft and satellites has contributed substantially to the current accuracy of operational hurricane forecasting. In the 1960's, satellite imagery revolutionized hurricane detection and forecasting. Since that time, quantitative remotely sensed data (eg. atmospheric motion winds, passive infrared and microwave radiances or retrievals of temperature, moisture, surface wind and rain rate, active microwave measurements of surface wind and rain rate) and significant advances in modeling and data assimilation have increased the accuracy of hurricane track forecasts very significantly. The development of advanced next-generation models in combination new types of remotely sensed observations (eg. space-based lidar winds) should yield significant further improvements in the timing and location of landfall and in the predicted intensification of hurricanes. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Atlas, R (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6289-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6233 BP U2330 EP U2330 AR 62330U DI 10.1117/12.673221 PN 1&2 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BES78 UT WOS:000239353500029 ER PT S AU Xu, R Mei, G Ren, ZB Kwan, C Aube, J Rochet, C Stanford, V AF Xu, Roger Mei, Gang Ren, ZuBing Kwan, Chiman Aube, Julien Rochet, Cedrick Stanford, Vincent BE Cai, Y Abascal, J TI Speaker identification and speech recognition using phased arrays SO AMBIENT INTELLIGENCE IN EVERDAY LIFE SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop of Ambient Intelligence in Everyday Life CY JUL 21-22, 2005 CL Donostia-San Sebastian, SPAIN SP Univ Basque Country-Euskal, Herriko Unibertsitatea, Kutxa, Univ Pais Vasco, Gipuzkoako Fern Aldundia Diputac Foral Gipuzkoa, Robotiker, Ikerlan, NASA ESTO-AIST Program, NASA LaRC C&I Initiat, ARO AB We summarize our research results on an innovative approach to making smart meeting rooms accessible to hands-free users. Specifically, we developed an autodirective system to acquire speech in a noisy room using a microphone array, and to identify the speech from a privileged speaker among others in real time. We successfully established that a commercial speaker-dependent speech recognition product could recognize beamformed speech acquired using our autodirective algorithm. We used the NIST Smart Flow System and the Mk-III microphone array developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology to conduct our experiments. C1 Intelligent Automat Inc, Rockville, MD USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Xu, R (reprint author), Intelligent Automat Inc, 7519 Standish Pl, Rockville, MD USA. EM vincent.stanford@nist.gov NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-37785-9 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2006 VL 3864 BP 227 EP 238 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BEY99 UT WOS:000240189200011 ER PT J AU Millstein, J Conti, DV Gilliland, FD Gauderman, WJ AF Millstein, J Conti, DV Gilliland, FD Gauderman, WJ TI A testing framework for identifying susceptibility genes in the presence of epistasis SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Article ID MULTIFACTOR-DIMENSIONALITY REDUCTION; GENOTYPE-PHENOTYPE ASSOCIATIONS; S-TRANSFERASE M1; BREAST-CANCER; OXIDATIVE STRESS; HYPERTENSION; DISEASE; POLYMORPHISMS; COMPLEXITY; RECEPTOR AB An efficient testing strategy called the "focused interaction testing framework" (FITF) was developed to identify susceptibility genes involved in epistatic interactions for case-control studies of candidate genes. In the FITF approach, likelihood-ratio tests are performed in stages that increase in the order of interaction considered. Joint tests of main effects and interactions are performed conditional on significant lower-order effects. A reduction in the number of tests performed is achieved by prescreening gene combinations with a goodness-of-fit x 2 statistic that depends on association among candidate genes in the pooled case-control group. Multiple testing is accounted for by controlling false-discovery rates. Simulation analysis demonstrated that the FITF approach is more powerful than marginal tests of candidate genes. FITF also outperformed multifactor dimensionality reduction when interactions involved additive, dominant, or recessive genes. In an application to asthma case-control data from the Children's Health Study, FITF identified a significant multilocus effect between the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ( phosphate) reduced: quinone oxidoreductase gene (NQO1), myeloperoxidase gene (MPO), and catalase gene ( CAT) (unadjusted P = .00026), three genes that are involved in the oxidative stress pathway. In an independent data set consisting primarily of African American and Asian American children, these three genes also showed a significant association with asthma status (P = .0008). C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Prevent Med, Div Biostat, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. RP Millstein, J (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE,Bldg 4,1133B, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM josh.millstein@noaa.gov FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES10421, R01 ES010421] NR 51 TC 120 Z9 123 U1 2 U2 4 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0002-9297 J9 AM J HUM GENET JI Am. J. Hum. Genet. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 78 IS 1 BP 15 EP 27 DI 10.1086/498850 PG 13 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 993CN UT WOS:000233930400003 PM 16385446 ER PT J AU Rahman, A Kogan, F Roytman, L AF Rahman, A Kogan, F Roytman, L TI Short report: Analysis of malaria cases in Bangladesh with remote sensing data SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID AFRICA AB Epidemiologic data of malaria cases were correlated with satellite-based vegetation health (VH) indices to investigate if they can be used as proxy for monitoring malaria epidemics in Bangladesh. The VH indices were represented by the vegetation condition index (VCI) and the temperature condition index (CI). The VCI and TCI estimate moisture and thermal conditions, respectively. Sensitivity of VCI and TCI was assessed using correlation and regression analysis. During cooler months (November-March) when mosquitoes are less active, the correlation was low. It increased considerably during the warm and wet season (April-October), reaching, 0.7 for the TCI in early October and -0.66 for the VCI in mid September. C1 CUNY City Coll, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Cooperat Remote Sensing Sci & Technol Ctr, New York, NY 10031 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Rahman, A (reprint author), CUNY City Coll, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Cooperat Remote Sensing Sci & Technol Ctr, 141st St & Convent Ave, New York, NY 10031 USA. EM fmatiq@yahoo.com RI Kogan, Felix/F-5600-2010 OI Kogan, Felix/0000-0001-8216-900X NR 12 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DR, STE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 74 IS 1 BP 17 EP 19 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 002OV UT WOS:000234621800004 PM 16407340 ER PT J AU MacCrehan, W Bedner, M AF MacCrehan, W Bedner, M TI Investigating guns, bombs, and rockets: A new NIST reference material for smokeless powder measurements SO AMERICAN LABORATORY LA English DT Article ID RESIDUES; GUNPOWDER C1 NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP MacCrehan, W (reprint author), NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Stop 8392, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM William.mac.crehan@nist.gov NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 8 PU INT SCIENTIFIC COMMUN INC PI SHELTON PA PO BOX 870, 30 CONTROLS DRIVE, SHELTON, CT 06484-0870 USA SN 0044-7749 J9 AM LAB JI Am. Lab. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 38 IS 1 BP 30 EP 32 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 009VH UT WOS:000235141000006 ER PT J AU Waples, RS AF Waples, RS TI Seed banks, salmon, and sleeping genes: Effective population size in semelparous, age-structured species with fluctuating abundance SO AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE effective population size; fluctuating population size; semelparity; monocarpy; overlapping generations; density dependence ID OVERLAPPING GENERATIONS; CONSERVATION GENETICS; EFFECTIVE NUMBERS; PACIFIC SALMON; CHINOOK SALMON; CONSEQUENCES; VARIABILITY; COALESCENT AB Previous studies reached contrasting conclusions regarding how fluctuations in abundance affect N-e in semelparous species with variable age at maturity: that N-e is determined by the arithmetic mean N among the T years within a generation (N-e approximate to T(N) over bar (t); monocarpic plants with seed banks) or the harmonic mean (N-e approximate to T (N) over tilde (t); Pacific salmon). I show that these conclusions arise from different model assumptions rather than inherent differences between the species. Sequentially applying standard, discrete-generation formulas for inbreeding N-e to a series of nominal generations accurately predicts the multigenerational rate of increase in inbreeding. Variability in mean realized reproductive success across years ((k) over bar (t)) is the most important factor determining N-e and N-e/N. When abundance is driven by random variation in (k) over bar (t), Ne <= T (N) over tilde (t) < (t).With random variation in N-t and constant per capita seed production (C), variation in (k) over bar (t) is low and N-e similar to T (N) over tilde (t); however, if C varies among years, N-e can be closer to T (N) over tilde (t). Because population regulation affects the genetic contribution of entire cohorts of monocarpic perennials, N-e for these species may be more closely approximated by than by T (N) over bar (t) than by T(N) over bar (t). With density-dependent compensation, Cov (k(t), N-t) < 0, and N-e is further reduced because relatively few breeders make a disproportionate contribution to the next generation. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Museum Vertebrate Zool, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Waples, RS (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM robin.waples@noaa.gov RI Waples, Robin/K-1126-2016 NR 30 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 13 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0003-0147 J9 AM NAT JI Am. Nat. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 167 IS 1 BP 118 EP 135 DI 10.1086/498584 PG 18 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 998AD UT WOS:000234289300011 PM 16475104 ER PT J AU Barnes, SE Cygan, ZT Yates, JK Beers, KL Amis, EJ AF Barnes, Susan E. Cygan, Zuzanna T. Yates, Jesse K. Beers, Kathryn L. Amis, Eric J. TI Raman spectroscopic monitoring of droplet polymerization in a microfluidic device SO ANALYST LA English DT Article ID COMPOSITE RESINS; DENTAL RESINS; REACTORS; PHOTOPOLYMERIZATION; MICROREACTORS; MICROCHANNEL; MICROSCOPY; CONVERSION; PARTICLES; NETWORKS AB Microfluidic methodologies are becoming increasingly important for rapid formulation and screening of materials, and development of analytical tools for multiple sample screening is a critical step in achieving a combinatorial 'lab on a chip' approach. This work demonstrates the application of Raman spectroscopy for analysis of monomer composition and degree of conversion of methacrylate-based droplets in a microfluidic device. Droplet formation was conducted by flow focusing on the devices, and a gradient of component composition was created by varying the flow rates of the droplet-phase fluids into the microchannels. Raman data were collected using a fiber optic probe from a stationary array of the droplets/particles on the device, followed by partial least squares (PLS) calibration of the first derivative (1600 cm(-1) to 1550 cm(-1)) allowing successful measurement of monomer composition with a standard error of calibration (SEC) of +/- 1.95% by volume. Following photopolymerization, the percentage of double bond conversion of the individual particles was calculated from the depletion of the normalized intensity of the C=C stretching vibration at 1605 cm(-1). Raman data allowed accurate measurement of the decrease in double bond conversion as a function of increasing crosslinker concentration. The results from the research demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy is an effective, on-chip analytical tool for screening polymeric materials on the micrometre scale. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, NIST Combinatorial Methods Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20879 USA. RP Beers, KL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, NIST Combinatorial Methods Ctr, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20879 USA. EM beers@nist.gov NR 55 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 5 U2 36 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0003-2654 J9 ANALYST JI Analyst PY 2006 VL 131 IS 9 BP 1027 EP 1033 DI 10.1039/b603693g PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 077VN UT WOS:000240059500009 PM 17047803 ER PT J AU Srinivasan, G Sander, LC Muller, K AF Srinivasan, G Sander, LC Muller, K TI Effect of surface coverage on the conformation and mobility of C-18-modified silica gels SO ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE C-18-modified silica gels; surface coverage; NMR; FTIR; conformational order; mobility ID ALKYL-MODIFIED SILICA; CHROMATOGRAPHIC STATIONARY PHASES; NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; STATE NMR-SPECTROSCOPY; CH2 WAGGING MODES; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY; PHOSPHOLIPID-BILAYERS; INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY AB C-18-modified silica gels with surface coverages of 2 to 8.2 mu mol m(-2), were prepared by different synthetic pathways and characterized by Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and chromatographic measurements. The effects of temperature and bonding density on the conformational order of C-18-modified silica gels were studied in detail by FTIR spectroscopy. The silane functionality and degree of cross-linking of silane ligands on the silica surface were evaluated by Si-29 cross-polarization magic-angle spinning (CP/MAS) NMR and the structural order and mobility of the alkyl chains were investigated by C-13 CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy. CH2 symmetric and anti-symmetric stretching bands and CH2 wagging bands were used as IR probes to monitor the conformational order and flexibility of the alkyl chains in the C-18 phases. Qualitative information about the conformational order was obtained from frequency shifts of the CH2 symmetric and anti-symmetric stretching bands. The relative amounts of kink/gauche-trans-gauche, double gauche, and end-gauche conformers in the alkyl chains were determined by analysis of CH2 wagging bands. These results indicate that surface coverage plays a dominant role in the conformational order of C-18-modified silica gels. The FTIR and NMR data are discussed in the context of the chromatographic shape-selectivity differences. C1 Univ Stuttgart, Inst Chem Phys, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany. NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Muller, K (reprint author), Univ Stuttgart, Inst Chem Phys, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany. EM k.mueller@ipc.uni-stuttgart.de NR 48 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1618-2642 J9 ANAL BIOANAL CHEM JI Anal. Bioanal. Chem. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 384 IS 2 BP 514 EP 524 DI 10.1007/s00216-005-0161-z PG 11 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 998DU UT WOS:000234299600024 PM 16315015 ER PT J AU Zhang, JZ AF Zhang, JZ TI Enhanced sensitivity in flow injection analysis using a long pathlength liquid waveguide capillary flow cell for spectrophotometric detection SO ANALYTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ABSORBENCY SPECTROSCOPY; NATURAL-WATERS; NANOMOLAR CONCENTRATIONS; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; DEEP-ULTRAVIOLET; NITRATE; NITRITE; ABSORPTION; LIGHT; SPECTROMETRY AB Incorporation of a liquid waveguide capillary flow cell into a flow injection instrument enhances the sensitivity of flow injection analysis with spectrophotometric detection by two orders of magnitude. Nitrite determination at nM levels has been used to demonstrate the feasibility of this novel technique for trace analysis. Combining the long pathlength spectrophotometry with flow injection analysis, this technique has advantages of low detection limit, good precision and high sample throughput. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Ocean Chem Div, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Zhang, JZ (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Ocean Chem Div, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM jia-zhong.zhang@noaa.gov RI Zhang, Jia-Zhong/B-7708-2008 OI Zhang, Jia-Zhong/0000-0002-1138-2556 NR 37 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 9 PU JAPAN SOC ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY PI TOKYO PA 26-2 NISHIGOTANDA 1 CHOME SHINAGAWA-KU, TOKYO, 141, JAPAN SN 0910-6340 J9 ANAL SCI JI Anal. Sci. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 22 IS 1 BP 57 EP 60 DI 10.2116/analsci.22.57 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 002QO UT WOS:000234626500012 PM 16429773 ER PT J AU Estrada, E Simon-Manso, Y AF Estrada, E Simon-Manso, Y TI Rational design and first principles studies toward the discovery of a small and versatile proton sponge SO ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION LA English DT Article DE basicity; density functional calculations; proton sponges; rational design ID AB-INITIO; HYDROGEN-BOND; STRAIN; 1,6-DIAZABICYCLO<4.4.4>TETRADECANE; 1,8-BIS(DIMETHYLAMINO)NAPHTHALENE; BASICITY; ENERGY C1 Univ Santiago de Compostela, RIAIDT, XRay Unit, Complex Syst Res Grp, Santiago De Compostela 15782, Spain. NIST, Ctr Theoret & Computat Nanosci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. PM USA, INEST Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Univ Santiago de Compostela, RIAIDT, XRay Unit, Complex Syst Res Grp, Edificio CACTUS, Santiago De Compostela 15782, Spain. EM estrada66@yahoo.com RI Estrada, Ernesto/D-1620-2011 OI Estrada, Ernesto/0000-0002-3066-7418 NR 20 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA POSTFACH 101161, 69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1433-7851 EI 1521-3773 J9 ANGEW CHEM INT EDIT JI Angew. Chem.-Int. Edit. PY 2006 VL 45 IS 11 BP 1719 EP 1721 DI 10.1002/anie.200503254 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 022KN UT WOS:000236054800011 PM 16470895 ER PT J AU Lee, J Javed, T Skeini, T Govorov, AO Bryant, GW Kotov, NA AF Lee, Jaebeom Javed, Tanveer Skeini, Timur Govorov, Alexander O. Bryant, Garnett W. Kotov, Nicholas A. TI Bioconjugated Ag nanoparticles and CdTe nanowires: Metamaterials with field-enhanced light absorption SO ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION LA English DT Article DE bioconjugation; luminescence; metamaterials; nanotechnology; silver ID RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY; ENERGY-TRANSFER; METAL; NANOCRYSTALS; DNA; NANOSTRUCTURES; PARTICLES C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Chem Engn, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Biomed Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Ohio Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Athens, OH 45701 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Quantum Proc & Metrol Grp, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kotov, NA (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Chem Engn, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM kotov@umich.edu OI Kotov, Nicholas/0000-0002-6864-5804 NR 37 TC 74 Z9 76 U1 2 U2 29 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA BOSCHSTRASSE 12, D-69469 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1433-7851 J9 ANGEW CHEM INT EDIT JI Angew. Chem.-Int. Edit. PY 2006 VL 45 IS 29 BP 4819 EP 4823 DI 10.1002/anie.200600356 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 067EM UT WOS:000239284500020 PM 16802399 ER PT J AU Harman, DK Voorhees, EM AF Harman, DK Voorhees, EM TI TREC: An overview SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF INFORMATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review ID INFORMATION-RETRIEVAL; REFLECTIONS C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Voorhees, Ellen/D-1755-2013 NR 194 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0066-4200 EI 1550-8382 J9 ANNU REV INFORM SCI JI Annu. Rev. Inform. Sci. Technol. PY 2006 VL 40 BP 113 EP 155 DI 10.1002/aris.1440400111 PG 43 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library Science SC Computer Science; Information Science & Library Science GA 990HC UT WOS:000233732800005 ER PT S AU Novotny, L Stranick, SJ AF Novotny, Lukas Stranick, Stephan J. TI Near-field optical microscopy and spectroscopy with pointed probes SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY SE Annual Review of Physical Chemistry LA English DT Review; Book Chapter DE scatter-probe; enhanced-probe; evanescent-probe ID SINGLE-MOLECULE FLUORESCENCE; ENHANCED RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY; ELASTIC LIGHT-SCATTERING; NANOMETER-SCALE; ELECTRIC-FIELD; METAL TIPS; LOCAL PERTURBATION; SPATIAL-RESOLUTION; PLASMON RESONANCE; FORCE MICROSCOPE AB In recent years, developments in near-field techniques exploiting far-field illumination of a pointed, apertureless probe have demonstrated a newfound excitement. This is due in part to the advantages afforded by apertureless techniques that allow for the practical implementation of spectroscopic contrast mechanisms at length scales below 100 nm. These mechanisms include Raman and infrared absorption for chemical contrast, as well as materials contrast based on dielectric dispersion. In this review. we briefly describe the evolution of the field from the "classical" aperture-based approach toward the development of near-field optical microscopy with pointed probes. We highlight advances in state-of-the-art theory that describe the field distribution under an illuminated probe, as well as advances in the experimental implementation of scattering and excitation probe techniques. C1 Univ Rochester, Inst Opt, Rochester, NY 14627 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Novotny, L (reprint author), Univ Rochester, Inst Opt, Rochester, NY 14627 USA. EM novotny@optics.rochester.edu; stranick@nist.gov NR 105 TC 242 Z9 245 U1 8 U2 84 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 0066-426X BN 978-0-8243-1057-8 J9 ANNU REV PHYS CHEM JI Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. PY 2006 VL 57 BP 303 EP 331 DI 10.1146/annurev.physchem.56.092503.141236 PG 29 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 044JO UT WOS:000237668700011 PM 16599813 ER PT S AU Fenimore, C Roberts, J AF Fenimore, Charles Roberts, John BE Tescher, AG TI Comparison of MPEG-2 and AVC coding on synthetic test materials - art. no. 63120Y SO Applications of Digital Image Processing XXIX SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Applications of Digital Image Processing XXIX CY AUG 15-17, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE AVC; colored noise; evaluation; MPEG-2; motion imagery; moving picture coding; quality metric; synthetic material; video compression AB The resources for evaluation of moving imagery coding include a variety of subjective and objective methods for quality measurement. These are applied to a variety of imagery, ranging from synthetically-generated to live capture. NIST has created a family of synthetic motion imagery (MI) materials providing image elements such as moving spirals, blocks, text, and spinning wheels. Through the addition of a colored noise background, the materials support the generation of graded levels of MI coding impairments such as image blocking and mosquito noise, impairments that are found in imagery coded with Motion Pictures Expert Group (MPEG) and similar codecs. For typical available synthetic imagery, human viewers respond unfavorably to repeated viewings; so in this case, the use of objective (computed) metrics for evaluation of quality is preferred. Three such quality metrics are described: a standard peak-signal-to-noise measure, a new metric of edge-blurring, and another of added-edge-energy. As applied to the NIST synthetic clips, the metrics confirm an approximate doubling [1] of compression efficiency between two commercial codecs, one an implementation of AVC/H.264 and the other of MPEG-2. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Fenimore, C (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6391-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6312 BP Y3120 EP Y3120 AR 63120Y DI 10.1117/12.684409 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFG58 UT WOS:000241729400027 ER PT S AU Chang, W AF Chang, Wo BE Tescher, AG TI MPEG-7 multimedia-based query format - art. no. 63120Z SO Applications of Digital Image Processing XXIX SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Applications of Digital Image Processing XXIX CY AUG 15-17, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE multimedia; MPEG-4 MPEG-7; content description; metadata; Web Services; interoperability AB Searching multimedia content for image, audio, and video is getting more attention especially for personal media content due to the affordability of consumer electronic devices such as MP3 recordable players, digital cameras, DV camcorders, and well-integrated smart phones. The precise search and retrieval of the content derived from these devices can be a very challenging task. Many leading edge search engine vendors, have been applying sophisticated and advanced indexing and retrieval techniques on various text-based document formats, but when it comes to retrieving multimedia content, searching based on the media clip filename is the most common practice. As a result, there is an imprecise and ineffective user experience for searching multimedia content. This paper presents a new development underway from a joint effort between International Organization for Standardization (ISO)/International Electrotechnial Commission (IEC) Subcommittee (SC) 29 Working Group (WG) 11 MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group) [1] and WG1 JPEG (Joint Picture Experts Group) [2] for a universal standard query format called MPEG-7 Query Format (MP7QF) as a means to enable a good user experience for consumers searching multimedia content. It also provides the industry with a unified way to accept and respond to user queries. This paper presents the core requirements for such a universal query format. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chang, W (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6391-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6312 BP Z3120 EP Z3120 AR 63120Z DI 10.1117/12.696722 PG 15 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFG58 UT WOS:000241729400028 ER PT J AU Byun, D Schere, KL AF Byun, Daewon Schere, Kenneth L. TI Review of the governing equations, computational algorithms, and other components of the models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system SO APPLIED MECHANICS REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; ACID DEPOSITION MODEL; DYNAMICALLY CONSISTENT FORMULATIONS; REGIONAL-SCALE TRANSPORT; OZONE CONCENTRATIONS; AEROSOL FORMATION; HETEROGENEOUS HYDROLYSIS; ATMOSPHERIC MODELS; GRID RESOLUTION; BOUNDARY-LAYER AB This article describes the governing equations, computational algorithms, and other components entering into the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system. This system has been designed to approach air quality as a whole by including state-of-the-science capabilities for modeling multiple air quality issues, including tropospheric ozone, fine particles, acid deposition, and visibility degradation. CMAQ was also designed to have multiscale capabilities so that separate models were not needed for urban and regional scale air quality modeling. By making CMAQ a modeling system that addresses multiple pollutants and different spatial scales, it has a "one-atmosphere" perspective that combines the efforts of the scientific community. To implement multiscale capabilities in CMAQ, several issues (such as scalable atmospheric dynamics and generalized coordinates), which depend on the desired model resolution, are addressed. A set of governing equations for compressible nonhydrostatic atmospheres is available to better resolve atmospheric dynamics at smaller scales. Because CMAQ is designed to handle scale-dependent meteorological formulations and a large amount of flexibility, its governing equations are expressed in a generalized coordinate system. This approach ensures consistency between CMAQ and the meteorological modeling system. The generalized coordinate system determines the necessary grid and coordinate transformations, and it can accommodate various vertical coordinates and map projections. The CMAQ modeling system simulates various chemical and physical processes that are thought to be important for understanding atmospheric trace gas transformations and distributions. The modeling system contains three types of modeling components (Models-3): a meteorological modeling system for the description of atmospheric states and motions, emission models for man-made and natural emissions that are injected into the atmosphere, and a chemistry-transport modeling system for simulation of the chemical transformation and fate. The chemical transport model includes the following process modules: horizontal advection, vertical advection, mass conservation adjustments for advection processes, horizontal diffusion, vertical diffusion, gas-phase chemical reactions and solvers, photolytic rate computation, aqueous-phase reactions and cloud mixing, aerosol dynamics, size distributions and chemistry, plume chemistry effects, and gas and aerosol deposition velocity estimation. This paper describes the Models-3 CMAQ system, its governing equations, important science algorithms, and a few application examples. This review article cites 114 references. C1 [Byun, Daewon; Schere, Kenneth L.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Byun, D (reprint author), Univ Houston, 4800 Calhoun, Houston, TX 77204 USA. NR 114 TC 890 Z9 914 U1 26 U2 243 PU ASME PI NEW YORK PA TWO PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0003-6900 J9 APPL MECH REV JI Appl. Mech. Rev. PY 2006 VL 59 IS 1-6 BP 51 EP 77 DI 10.1115/1.2128636 PG 27 WC Mechanics SC Mechanics GA V44HK UT WOS:000202993600004 ER PT S AU Zha, XF AF Zha, Xuan F. BE Abraham, A DeBaets, B Koppen, M Nickolay, B TI Soft computing in engineering design: A fuzzy neural network for virtual product design SO APPLIED SOFT COMPUTING TECHNOLOGIES: THE CHALLENGE OF COMPLEXITY SE ADVANCES IN SOFT COMPUTING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Online Conference on Soft Computing in Industrial Applications CY SEP 20-OCT 08, 2004 CL ELECTR NETWORK SP World Federat Soft Comp, Elsevier, Springer, IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc, NAFIPS, European Soc Fuzzy Log & Technol, Int Fuzzy Syst Assoc DE soft computing; computational intelligence; intelligent design; design process; design pattern; integration; virtual product design; neural networks; and fuzzy logic ID SYSTEM AB This paper presents a fuzzy neural network approach to virtual product design. In the paper, a novel soft computing framework is developed for engineering design based on a hybrid intelligent system technique. First, a fuzzy neural network (FNN) model is proposed for supporting modeling, analysis and evaluation, and optimization tasks in the design process, which combines fuzzy logic with neural networks. The developed system provides a unified soft computing design framework with computational intelligence. The system has self-modifying and self-learning functions. Within the system, only one network is needed training for accomplishing the evaluation, rectification/modification and optimization tasks in the design process. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zha, XF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bureau Dr,MS 3460, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM zha@cme.nist.gov NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1615-3871 BN 3-540-31649-3 J9 ADV SOFT COMP PY 2006 VL 34 BP 775 EP 784 DI 10.1007/3-540-31662-0_59 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Computer Science GA BEN47 UT WOS:000238287700059 ER PT S AU Liu, C Zha, XF Miao, YB Lee, J AF Liu, Chengliang Zha, Xuan F. Miao, Yubin Lee, Jay BE Abraham, A DeBaets, B Koppen, M Nickolay, B TI Internet server controller based intelligent maintenance system for products SO APPLIED SOFT COMPUTING TECHNOLOGIES: THE CHALLENGE OF COMPLEXITY SE ADVANCES IN SOFT COMPUTING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Online Conference on Soft Computing in Industrial Applications CY SEP 20-OCT 08, 2004 CL ELECTR NETWORK SP World Federat Soft Comp, Elsevier, Springer, IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc, NAFIPS, European Soc Fuzzy Log & Technol, Int Fuzzy Syst Assoc DE e-Products; e-Manufacturing; e-Service; remote monitoring; diagnosis; maintenance; integrated intelligent systems; multi-agent system; neural computing; Internet; and WWW AB This paper presents the development of an Internet server controller based intelligent maintenance system for products. It also discusses on how to develop products and manufacturing systems using Internet-based intelligent technologies and how to ensure the product quality, coordinate the activities, reduce costs and change maintenance practice from breakdown reaction to breakdown prevention. In the paper, an integrated approach using hardware and software agents (watchdog agent) is proposed to develop the Internet server controller based integrated intelligent maintenance system. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is verified by developing a real system for the washing machine. C1 [Liu, Chengliang; Zha, Xuan F.; Miao, Yubin] Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Inst Mechatron Control, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R China. [Zha, Xuan F.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Lee, Jay] Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Intelligent Main, Milwaukee, WI 53211 USA. RP Liu, C (reprint author), Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Inst Mechatron Control, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R China. FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [50128504] FX We are happy with the help and support of Mr. Weiping Wu and Dr. Guoquan Zhao from UTRC. They give us the collaborating opportunities. This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.50128504). No approval or endorsement by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology is intended or implied. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1615-3871 BN 3-540-31649-3 J9 ADV SOFT COMP PY 2006 VL 34 BP 785 EP 794 DI 10.1007/3-540-31662-0_60 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Computer Science GA BEN47 UT WOS:000238287700060 ER PT S AU Zha, XF AF Zha, Xuan F. BE Abraham, A DeBaets, B Koppen, M Nickolay, B TI A novel genetic fuzzy/knowledge Petri net model and its applications SO APPLIED SOFT COMPUTING TECHNOLOGIES: THE CHALLENGE OF COMPLEXITY SE ADVANCES IN SOFT COMPUTING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Online Conference on Soft Computing in Industrial Applications CY SEP 20-OCT 08, 2004 CL ELECTR NETWORK SP World Federat Soft Comp, Elsevier, Springer, IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc, NAFIPS, European Soc Fuzzy Log & Technol, Int Fuzzy Syst Assoc DE knowledge Petri net; fuzzy logic; fuzzy knowledge Petri net; knowledge-based systems; genetic algorithms; genetic programming; and genetic fuzzy/knowledge Petri net ID NEURAL NETWORKS AB Every individual intelligent technique has particular computational properties (e.g. ability to-learn, explanation of decisions) that make it suited for particular problems and not for others. There is now a growing realization in the intelligent systems community that many complex problems require hybrid solutions. This paper presents a novel genetic (fuzzy) knowledge Petri net based approach for the integration of KBSs, fuzzy logic (FL) and GAs. Two genetic Petri net models are presented for integrating genetic models and knowledge-based models, including genetic knowledge Petri nets and genetic fuzzy knowledge Petri nets (GKPN, GFKPN). The GKPN and GFKPN models can be used for (fuzzy) knowledge representation and reasoning, especially for (fuzzy) knowledge base tuning and verification & validation. An application example for the proposed models in engineering design is given. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zha, XF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bureau Dr,MS 3460, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM zha@cme.nist.gov NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1615-3871 BN 3-540-31649-3 J9 ADV SOFT COMP PY 2006 VL 34 BP 795 EP 804 DI 10.1007/3-540-31662-0_61 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Computer Science GA BEN47 UT WOS:000238287700061 ER PT S AU Liu, CL Xie, K Miao, YB Zha, XF Feng, ZJ Lee, J AF Liu, Chengliang Xie, Kun Miao, Y. B. Zha, Xuan F. Feng, Zhengjin Lee, Jay BE Abraham, A DeBaets, B Koppen, M Nickolay, B TI Communication method for chaotic encryption in remote monitoring systems for product e-manufacturing and e-maintenance SO APPLIED SOFT COMPUTING TECHNOLOGIES: THE CHALLENGE OF COMPLEXITY SE ADVANCES IN SOFT COMPUTING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Online Conference on Soft Computing in Industrial Applications CY SEP 20-OCT 08, 2004 CL ELECTR NETWORK SP World Federat Soft Comp, Elsevier, Springer, IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc, NAFIPS, European Soc Fuzzy Log & Technol, Int Fuzzy Syst Assoc DE remote monitoring; time series analysis; surrogate data; e-manufacturing; e-maintenance ID SPACE RECONSTRUCTION; SYNCHRONIZATION; DIMENSION AB In chaotic cryptosystems, it is recognized that using (very) high dimensional chaotic attractors for encrypting a given message may improve the privacy of chaotic encoding. In this paper, we study a kind of hyperchaotic systems using some classical methods. The results show that besides the high dimension, the sub-Nyquist sampling interval is also an important factor that can improve the security of the chaotic cryptosystems. We use the method of time series analysis to verify the result. C1 [Liu, Chengliang; Xie, Kun; Miao, Y. B.; Zha, Xuan F.; Feng, Zhengjin] Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Inst Mech Control, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R China. [Zha, Xuan F.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Lee, Jay] Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Intelligent Main, Milwaukee, WI 53211 USA. RP Liu, C (reprint author), Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Inst Mech Control, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R China. FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [50128504, 50575145] FX This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.50128504, 50575145). No approval or endorsement by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology is intended or implied. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1615-3871 BN 3-540-31649-3 J9 ADV SOFT COMP PY 2006 VL 34 BP 825 EP 834 DI 10.1007/3-540-31662-0_64 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Computer Science GA BEN47 UT WOS:000238287700064 ER PT J AU Smith, N Roitberg, AE Rivera, E Howard, A Holden, MJ Mayhew, M Kaistha, S Gallagher, DT AF Smith, N Roitberg, AE Rivera, E Howard, A Holden, MJ Mayhew, M Kaistha, S Gallagher, DT TI Structural analysis of ligand binding and catalysis in chorismate lyase SO ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE crystal structure; dynamic mechanism; hydroxybenzoate; product inhibition; X-ray diffraction ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURES; PYRUVATE-LYASE; 4-HYDROXYBENZOATE; PROGRAM; COMPLEX; FOLD AB Chorismate lyase (CL) removes the pyruvyl group from chorismate to provide 4-hydroxybenzoate (4HB) for the ubiquinone pathway. We previously reported the crystal structure at 1.4 angstrom resolution of the Escherichia coli CL with bound 4HB product, showing that the product is bound in an internal cavity behind two flaps. To provide a more complete basis for understanding CL's unusual ligand-binding properties and mechanism of action, we now report four crystal structures of CL mutants and inhibitor complexes, together with binding and activity measurements and molecular dynamics simulations. First, an ultrahigh resolution (1.0 angstrom) crystal structure of the CL*product complex reveals details of a substrate-sized internal cavity, also behind the flaps, near the product site. Second, a 2.4 angstrom structure of CL complexed with the inhibitor vanillate shows the flaps partly opened relative to their product-bound positions. Third, a 2.0 angstrom structure of the G90A mutant with bound product reveals the basis for tighter product binding and kinetic effects of this active site mutation. Fourth, the combination of the G90A mutation with the vanillate inhibitor produces a 1.9 angstrom structure containing two inhibitor molecules, one in the product site and the other in the adjacent cavity. The two sites are connected by a short tunnel that is partly open at each end, suggesting that CL may operate via a 2-site or tunnel mechanism. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maryland, Inst Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Univ Florida, Quantum Theory Project, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. IIT, Dept Biochem & Phys Sci, Chicago, IL 60616 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Biocatalyt Inc, Pasadena, CA 91105 USA. Ursinus Coll, Collegeville, PA 19426 USA. RP Gallagher, DT (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Inst Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. EM travis.gallagher@nist.gov RI Roitberg, Adrian/A-2378-2009 NR 23 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0003-9861 J9 ARCH BIOCHEM BIOPHYS JI Arch. Biochem. Biophys. PD JAN 1 PY 2006 VL 445 IS 1 BP 72 EP 80 DI 10.1016/j.abb.2005.10.026 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 002TX UT WOS:000234635500009 PM 16343413 ER PT B AU Fiolek, A Anderson, D Beattie, J Collins, DW AF Fiolek, Anna Anderson, Dorothy Beattie, Janice Collins, Donald W. BE Chapman, S Stovall, SA TI NOAA Ocean Exploration digital video and image data: Archiving, preserving, and accessing online oceanographic information SO Archiving 2006: Final Program and Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd IS&T Archiving Conference CY MAY 23-26, 2006 CL Ottawa, CANADA SP Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, Amer Inst Conservat Histor & Artist Works, Assoc Lib Collect & Tech Serv, Canadian Assoc Conservat Cultural Property, Canadian Museum Civilizat, Coalit Networked Informat, Digital Lib Fdn, Digital Preservat Canadian, Eurpean Commiss Preservat & Access, Inter Soc Color Council, Lib & Archives Canada, Museum Comp Lib Ctr, RLG, Soc Amer Archivists AB To address tire increasing requirements for archiving, preserving and managing digital video, still images, and audio resources. the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAH) Office of Ocean Exploration (OE) embarked on tire Video Data Management System (VDMS) Pilot Project, in collaboration with the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC), National Coastal Data Development Center (NCDDC), and the NOAA Central Libran (NCL). Since 2002, tire OE Integrated Product Team (IPT) has been developing a standardized capability for archiving these disparate types of data and information. NCL staff led the development of the Video Data Management Svstein (VDMS) Project Plan, which is a part of a larger comprehensive DE Data Management Project. The VDMS team was asked to define and establish 'best practices' to support OE video data management requirements. They developed metadata guidelines for digital video (DV12) and digital still images (D112) to help scientists and data managers in tire field create complete Inetadata about their data. These guidelines also facilitate creation of MARC21, FGDC or Dublin Core standard inetadata records. They also proposed a workflow for managing digital video by defining the process for moving video data from ship to libran, to archive, including steps for creating archival backup copies and web-accessible video clips and highlights. The VDMS Pilot Project presently manages offline access to more than 1500 MiniDV and 500 DVCAM tapes, over 1000 DVDs, and online access to more than 100 digital video clips and highlights collected during NOAA ocean exploration cruises. Currently access to the NOAA cruise video highlights and related documents is provided through NOAALINC the NCL online catalog at littp://www.lib.noaa.gov. A growing collection of digital data obtained during OE cruises, including video, still images, and in situ ocean observations, is archived at NODC. These data are accessible through the search and retrieval functions of the NODC Ocean Archive System (OAS) at littp://www.nodc.noaa.gov/Archive/Search/. The OE VDMS Pilot Project has demonstrated its initial capability. to acquire. document, manage, preserve and provide access to digital video and still image data. Five-year VDMS Project plans (2006-2010) include: - Increasing access to multi-platform video images through tire NOAA Libraries Online Catalog (NOAALINC) and the Online Computerized Library Center (OCLC) WorldCat catalog. - Developing a web-based portal from which diverse OE ocean data, including video, still image, and audio files will be accessible via text-driven searches or from snap-driven searches using a digital atlas. - Using the NODC Archive Management System as the central digital file management repositorty for video, still images, ocean observations, and related documentation. - Expanding the scope of relevant video and image data to include similar data and information from other NDAA Line Offices and Program Offices. C1 NOAA, Cent Lib, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Fiolek, A (reprint author), NOAA, Cent Lib, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RI Fiolek, Anna/H-3658-2016 OI Fiolek, Anna/0000-0001-8481-3639 NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC IMAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PI SPRINGFIELD PA 7003 KILWORTH LANE, SPRINGFIELD, VA 22151 USA BN 0-89208-261-5 PY 2006 BP 187 EP 190 PG 4 WC Information Science & Library Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Information Science & Library Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFJ21 UT WOS:000242297800043 ER PT B AU Bukowski, RW AF Bukowski, Richard W. GP ASHRAE TI An overview of fire hazard and fire risk assessment in regulation SO ASHRAE Transactions 2006, Vol 112, Pt 1 SE ASHRAE TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Winter Meeting of the American-Society-of-Heating-Refrigerating-and-Air-Conditioning-Engineers (ASHRAE) CY 2006 CL Chicago, IL AB Fire hazard and fire risk assessment has gained popularity in assessing the performance of alternative approaches to prescriptive regulations and in justification of proposed changes to regulations and referenced standards. While risk is the preferred methodology, often the probabilities needed are not available and cannot be estimated, resulting in a default to hazard assessment. In other cases society is hazard averse, an hazard assessment is the preferable approach. This paper will provide an overview of fire hazard and fire risk assessment methodologies used in regulatory systems and the tools available for conducting them. Examples of regulatory applications drawn from buildings, transportation, and nuclear safety will be provided. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bukowski, RW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 25 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HEATING, REFRIGERATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING ENGS PI ATLANTA PA 1791 TULLIE CIRCLE NE, ATLANTA, GA 30329 USA J9 ASHRAE TRAN PY 2006 VL 112 BP 387 EP 393 PN 1 PG 7 WC Construction & Building Technology SC Construction & Building Technology GA BEM68 UT WOS:000238183500036 ER PT B AU Linteris, GT AF Linteris, Gregory T. GP ASHRAE TI Burning velocity of 1,1-diflurorethane (R-152a) SO ASHRAE Transactions 2006, Vol 112, Pt 2 SE ASHRAE TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Heating-Refrigerating-and-Air-Conditioning-Engineers CY 2006 CL Quebec City, CANADA SP Amer Soc Heating Refrigerating & Air Conditioning Engineers ID METHANE-AIR FLAMES; PREMIXED FLAMES; THEORETICAL CALCULATION; 2-H HEPTAFLUOROPROPANE; FLUORINATED COMPOUNDS; MARKSTEIN NUMBERS; THERMAL-EXPANSION; LAMINAR; MIXTURES; PROPAGATION AB This paper presents measurements and numerical calculations of the burning velocity of 1, 1-diflurorethane (R-152a, CH3-CHF2), compares the present results to others appearing in the literature, and discusses the influence of flame stretch and other experimental complications on the measured burning velocities. The measurements have been made in a Mache-Hebra nozzle burner over the range of equivalence ratios 0.9 <= phi <= 1.3. Corresponding numerical calculations for a steady, one-dimensional, planar flame have been made using a comprehensive chemical kinetic mechanism based on 783 reversible elementary reactions. The raw experimental data indicate a peak flame speed (based on the total area method) of 29.3 cm/s, while the numerical calculations predict a value of 27.6 cm/s, both near phi = 1.1. Stretch corrections for the conical Bunsen-type flame have been estimated and lower the experimentally measured values by about 20% for all phi < 1.05 but insignificantly for richer flames. Since flame stretch can significantly modify the laminar flame speed and also change the propensity of the flame to become turbulent (and have a much higher flame speed), it is suggested that it may be useful in future tests to use techniques that allow simultaneous determination of the unstretched laminar flame speed as well as the flame's response to stretch and preferential diffusion. C1 NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Linteris, GT (reprint author), NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 56 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HEATING, REFRIGERATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING ENGS PI ATLANTA PA 1791 TULLIE CIRCLE NE, ATLANTA, GA 30329 USA J9 ASHRAE TRAN PY 2006 VL 112 BP 448 EP 458 PN 2 PG 11 WC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology SC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology GA BFD56 UT WOS:000241189400041 ER PT B AU Syndergaard, S Kuo, YH Lohmann, MS AF Syndergaard, S. Kuo, Y. -H. Lohmann, M. S. BE Foelsche, U Kirchengast, G Steiner, A TI Observation operators for the assimilation of occultation data into atmospheric models: A review SO ATMOSPHERE AND CLIMATE: STUDIES BY OCCULTATION METHODS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Workshop on Occultations for Probing Atmosphere and Climate (OPAC-2) CY SEP 13-17, 2004 CL Graz, AUSTRIA ID NUMERICAL WEATHER-PREDICTION; SYSTEM SIMULATION EXPERIMENT; GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM; GPS/MET BENDING ANGLE; RADIO-OCCULTATION; WATER-VAPOR; VARIATIONAL ASSIMILATION; HORIZONTAL GRADIENTS; SURFACE PRESSURE; IMPACT AB During the past decade, researchers have been working to develop methods for the assimilation of Global Positioning System (CPS) radio occultation data into numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. Until recently, two strategies have received the most attention: 1) assimilation of the retrieved bending angle profiles, and 2) assimilation of the retrieved refractivity profiles. The assimilation of retrieved bending angle profiles, e.g., via a ray tracing model, has the advantage that horizontal refractivity gradients, affecting the observations, can be accounted for. However, accurate computation of ray paths through a NWP model is very time consuming in an operational system, and approximations to the ray tracing have to be made. In contrast, the assimilation of retrieved refractivity profiles, interpreted as being representative of the local vertical structure in the atmosphere (also known as assimilation of local refractivity), is simple and fast, but this approach does not account for the influence of the horizontal gradients. Recently, some new observation operators have been developed which are both fast and, to a large degree, capable of taking into account the influence of the horizontal gradients. These new observation operators rely on predefined ray trajectories, and could also become useful for future assimilation of other kinds of occultation data, e.g., ionospheric CPS occultation data, absorption data from low earth orbit constellations, or data from solar/stellar occultation experiments. In this review, a brief account of past and present efforts to develop efficient observation operators for the assimilation of CPS occultation data into atmospheric models will be given, ranging from early suggestions to the recently developed observation operators. C1 [Syndergaard, S.; Kuo, Y. -H.; Lohmann, M. S.] Univ Corp Atmsopher Res, COSMIC Project Off, 1850 Table Mesa Dr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Lohmann, M. S.] NOAA, NESDIS, Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP Syndergaard, S (reprint author), Univ Corp Atmsopher Res, COSMIC Project Off, 1850 Table Mesa Dr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM ssy@ucan.edu NR 64 TC 2 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 3-540-34116-1 PY 2006 BP 205 EP + DI 10.1007/3-540-34121-8_18 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BER86 UT WOS:000239155400018 ER PT S AU Cao, CY AF Cao, Changyong BE Huang, AHL Bloom, HJ TI Establishing on-orbit calibration links among operational satellite radiometers for the implementation of GEOSS - art. no. 630102 SO Atmospheric and Environmental Remote Sensing Data Processing and Utilization II: Perspective on Calibration/Validation Initiatives and Strategies SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Atmospheric and Environmental Remote Sensing Data Processing and Utilization II CY AUG 16-17, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE on-orbit calibration reference network; radiometer; inter-satellite calibration ID SIMULTANEOUS NADIR OBSERVATIONS; CHANNELS; REFLECTANCE; MODIS AB Numerical weather prediction and climate change detection studies critically depend on accurate, reliable, and consistent satellite radiance data from multiple sensors onboard a constellation of satellites. The calibration consistency across international satellites is further challenged in the implementation of GEOSS (Global Earth Observation System of Systems). As a result, establishing on-orbit calibration links among operational satellite radiometers has become critical. This paper provides an overview of the current status and challenges in the on-orbit calibration traceability among operational satellite radiometers. It then proposes to develop an on-orbit calibration reference network to establish the calibration links. The Simultaneous Nadir Overpass method for intersatellite calibration is a key methodology for the network. Other methodologies including vicarious calibration, moon calibration, and airborne campaigns will also be used to support the network. Example applications of the network for operational satellite radiometers are demonstrated. By establishing an on-orbit calibration network that makes the calibration of similar radiometers traceable to each other, a quasi on-orbit calibration standard can be established in the long-term. The system will help us diagnose radiance biases for data assimilation and time series analysis. It will also bring together a world of radiometers to facilitate the implementation of GEOSS. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Cao, CY (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Cao, Changyong/F-5578-2010 NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6380-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6301 BP 30102 EP 30102 AR 630102 DI 10.1117/12.683960 PG 9 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA BFG54 UT WOS:000241728000002 ER PT S AU Randa, J Cox, AE Walker, DK AF Randa, James Cox, Amanda E. Walker, David K. BE Huang, AHL Bloom, HJ TI Proposal for development of a national microwave brightness-temperature standard - art. no. 630105 SO Atmospheric and Environmental Remote Sensing Data Processing and Utilization II: Perspective on Calibration/Validation Initiatives and Strategies SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Atmospheric and Environmental Remote Sensing Data Processing and Utilization II CY AUG 16-17, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE brightness temperature; microwave radiometry; radiometer calibration; remote sensing; standards AB We review the advantages of a national standard for microwave brightness temperature and outline our proposed approach toward developing such a standard. The proposal is a combined standard that would comprise both a standard radiometer, traceable to primary noise standards, and a fully characterized standard target. We also review our recent work on development of a standard radiometer and on characterization of calibration targets. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Elecromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Randa, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Elecromagnet Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6380-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6301 BP 30105 EP 30105 AR 630105 DI 10.1117/12.679492 PG 9 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA BFG54 UT WOS:000241728000004 ER PT S AU Atlas, R Reale, O Ardizzone, J Terry, J Jusem, JC Brin, E Bungato, D Woiceshyn, P AF Atlas, Robert Reale, O. Ardizzone, J. Terry, J. Jusem, J-C. Brin, E. Bungato, D. Woiceshyn, P. BE Huang, AHL Bloom, HJ TI Geophysical validation of WINDSAT surface wind data and its impact on numerical weather prediction - art. no. 63010C SO Atmospheric and Environmental Remote Sensing Data Processing and Utilization II: Perspective on Calibration/Validation Initiatives and Strategies SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Atmospheric and Environmental Remote Sensing Data Processing and Utilization II CY AUG 16-17, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE AB A detailed evaluation of the latest version of WINDSAT surface wind data has recently been performed to determine the quality of these data and their usefulness for ocean surface wind analysis and numerical weather prediction. The first component of this evaluation consisted of both subjective and objective comparisons of WINDSAT wind vectors to other sources of ocean surface winds (eg. ship and buoy observations, Quikscat satellite winds, or model derived wind analyses). This was followed by data impact experiments using a variational surface wind analysis, as well as an operational four-dimensional data assimilation system. The results of this evaluation demonstrate the usefulness of WINDSAT data, but also show deficiencies relative to current scatterometer measurements. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Atlas, R (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6380-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6301 BP C3010 EP C3010 AR 63010C DI 10.1117/12.680923 PG 7 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA BFG54 UT WOS:000241728000009 ER PT S AU Gurka, JJ Schmit, TJ Renkevens, TM Gunshor, MM Li, J AF Gurka, James J. Schmit, Timothy J. Renkevens, Thomas M. Gunshor, Mathew M. Li, Jun BE Huang, AHL Bloom, HJ TI 2006 update on baseline instruments for the GOES-R series - art. no. 63010H SO Atmospheric and Environmental Remote Sensing Data Processing and Utilization II: Perspective on Calibration/Validation Initiatives and Strategies SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Atmospheric and Environmental Remote Sensing Data Processing and Utilization II CY AUG 16-17, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE GOES-R; GOES; ABI; HES; GLM; SIS; SEISS; environmental satellite AB In order to meet the requirements, documented by the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) user communities, the instruments designated for the GOES-R notional baseline include an Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI), a Hyperspectral Environmental Suite (HES), a Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM), and advanced space and solar observing instruments including the Solar Imaging Suite (SIS) and the Space Environment In-Situ Suite (SEISS). These instruments will monitor a wide range of phenomena, including applications relating to: weather, climate, ocean, coastal zones, land, hazards, solar and space. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, GEOS R Program Off, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Gurka, JJ (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, GEOS R Program Off, Greenbelt, MD USA. RI Schmit, Timothy/F-5624-2010; Li, Jun/H-3579-2015 OI Li, Jun/0000-0001-5504-9627 NR 7 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6380-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6301 BP H3010 EP H3010 AR 63010H DI 10.1117/12.683701 PG 8 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA BFG54 UT WOS:000241728000013 ER PT J AU Zhang, KM Knipping, EM Wexler, AS Bhave, PV Tonnesen, GS AF Zhang, KM Knipping, EM Wexler, AS Bhave, PV Tonnesen, GS TI Reply to comment on "Size distribution of sea-salt emissions as a function of relative humidity" SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Mech & Aeronaut Engn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Elect Power Res Inst, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Ctr Environm Res & Technol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP Zhang, KM (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Mech & Aeronaut Engn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RI Bhave, Prakash/L-1958-2013 OI Bhave, Prakash/0000-0002-2573-951X NR 4 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 40 IS 3 BP 591 EP 592 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.08.044 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 012GD UT WOS:000235325300017 ER PT J AU Gao, ST Ping, F Li, XF AF Gao, ST Ping, F Li, XF TI Tropical heat/water vapor quasi-equilibrium and cycle as simulated in a 2D cloud-resolving model SO ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE tropical convection; tropical heat/water vapor cycle; quasi-equilibrium; cloud-resolving model ID RADIATIVE-CONVECTIVE EQUILIBRIUM; ATMOSPHERE RESPONSE EXPERIMENT; LONG-TERM BEHAVIOR; TOGA COARE; DIURNAL-VARIATIONS; PHASE-III; PART I; SYSTEMS; CLIMATE; REGIME AB The heat/water vapor equilibrium and cycle in the tropical deep convective regime are analyzed using a two-dimensional cloud-resolving simulation. The model is forced by the largescale vertical velocity, zonal wind and large-scale horizontal advection derived from Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) for a 20-day period. The analysis shows a near perfect balance between vertical thermal advection and latent heat of condensation in the mass-weighted mean heat budget and between vertical moisture advection and precipitation in the precipitable water budget. The local changes of mass-weighted mean temperature and precipitable water are mainly determined by the heat and moisture residuals, respectively. The error analysis shows that the error of the local thermal and moisture changes could be 5-10 times larger than the errors introduced by the condensation and vertical advections. The condensation and associated latent heat determine local moisture loss and thermal gain for strong convection, whereas the vertically advective moistening and cooling cause local moisture gain and thermal loss for weak convection, forming a tropical heat/water recycling mechanism. The enhanced rainfall associated with the convection consumes the instability energy and moisture source, and causes the decay of convection. The suppression of convection allows the restorations of CAPE and moisture source for the favorable conditions of development of convection. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, LACS, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD USA. Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Camp Springs, MA USA. RP Gao, ST (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, LACS, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. EM gst@lasg.iap.ac.cn RI Li, Xiaofan/F-5605-2010; Li, Xiaofan/G-2094-2014 NR 26 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0169-8095 J9 ATMOS RES JI Atmos. Res. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 79 IS 1 BP 15 EP 29 DI 10.1016/j.atmosres.2005.04.002 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 007IA UT WOS:000234961000002 ER PT J AU Yu, SC Eder, B Dennis, R Chu, SH Schwartz, SE AF Yu, Shaocai Eder, Brian Dennis, Robin Chu, Shao-Hang Schwartz, Stephen E. TI New unbiased symmetric metrics for evaluation of air quality models SO ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE unbiased symmetric metrics; evaluation; air quality model; factor AB Unbiased symmetric metrics to quantify the relative bias and error between modeled and observed concentrations, based on the factor between measured and observed concentrations, are introduced and compared to conventionally employed metrics. Application to the evaluation of several data sets shows that the new metrics overcome concerns with the conventional metrics and provide useful measures of model performance. Copyright (C) 2006 Royal Meteorological Society C1 [Yu, Shaocai; Eder, Brian; Dennis, Robin] US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. [Chu, Shao-Hang] US EPA, Off Air Qual Planning & Stand, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. [Schwartz, Stephen E.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Div Atmospher Sci, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Yu, SC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM yu.shaocai@epa.gov RI yu, shaocai/G-7806-2011; Schwartz, Stephen/C-2729-2008; yu, shaocai/F-1394-2014 OI Schwartz, Stephen/0000-0001-6288-310X; FU US Department of Energy [DE-ACO2-98CH10886] FX This work has been subjected to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency peer review and approved for publication. The research presented here was performed under the Memorandum of Understanding between the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Department of Commerce's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and under agreement number DW13921548. This work constitutes a contribution to the NOAA Air Quality Program. Although it has been reviewed by EPA and NOAA and approved for publication, it does not necessarily reflect their policies or views. Work by S. E. Schwartz was supported by the US Department of Energy under Contract No DE-ACO2-98CH10886 to Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC. NR 13 TC 93 Z9 97 U1 2 U2 9 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1530-261X J9 ATMOS SCI LETT JI Atmos. Sci. Lett. PD JAN-MAR PY 2006 VL 7 IS 1 BP 26 EP 34 DI 10.1002/asl.125 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA V19DG UT WOS:000208052500005 ER PT S AU Ye, J Blatt, S Boyd, MM Foreman, SM Hudson, ER Ido, T Lev, B Ludlow, AD Sawyer, BC Stuhl, B Zelevinsky, T AF Ye, Jun Blatt, Sebastian Boyd, Martin M. Foreman, Seth M. Hudson, Eric R. Ido, Tetsuya Lev, Benjamin Ludlow, Andrew D. Sawyer, Brian C. Stuhl, Benjamin Zelevinsky, Tanya BE Roos, C Haffner, H Blatt, R TI Precision measurement based on ultracold atoms and cold molecules SO ATOMIC PHYSICS 20 SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th International Conference on Atomic Physics CY JUL 16-21, 2006 CL Innsbruck, AUSTRIA SP Int Union Pure & Appl Phys, bm bwk Austria, FWF Austria, Univ Innsbruck, Inst Quantum Opt & Quantum Informat, Inst Quantum Informat Ges mbH, European Sci Fdn, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, USA Res Off, LINOS, Sacher Lasertechnik, Journal Phys B, Coherent, ELS, Oxford Univ Press, Radiant Dyes Laser, Thorlabs, Toptica, Nufern, MenloSystems, Schafter & Kirchhoff DE coherent interactions; optical lattice; frequency comb; optical atomic clocks; cold molecules; precision measurement ID OPTICAL LATTICE; RADICALS; LEVEL; LASER; OH AB Ultracold atoms and molecules provide ideal stages for precision tests of fundamental physics. With microkelvin neutral strontium atoms confined in an optical lattice, we have achieved a fractional resolution of 4 x 10-(15) on the S-1(0)-P-3(0) doubly-forbidden Sr-87 clock transition at 698 mn. The overall systematic uncertainty of the clock is evaluated below the 10(-15) level. The ultrahigh spectral resolution permits resolving the nuclear spin states of the clock transition at small magnetic fields, leading to measurements of the P-3(0) magnetic moment and metastable lifetime. In addition, photoassociation spectroscopy performed on the narrow S-1(0) - P-3(1) transition of Sr-88 shows promise for efficient optical tuning of the ground state scattering length and production of ultracold ground-state molecules. Lattice-confined Sr-2 molecules are suitable for constraining the time-variation of electron-proton mass ratio. In a separate experiment, cold, ground state polar molecules produced from Stark decelerators have enabled an order of magnitude improvement in measurement precision of ground-state, A-doublet microwave transitions in the OH molecule. Comparing the laboratory results to those from OH megamasers in interstellar space will allow a sensitivity of 10(-6) for measuring the potential time variation of the fundamental fine structure constant Delta alpha/alpha over 10(10) years. These results have also led to improved understandings in the molecular structure. The study of the low magnetic field behavior of OH in its (2)Pi(3/2) ro-vibronic ground state precisely determines a differential Lande g-factor between opposite parity components of the A-doublet. C1 [Ye, Jun] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Ye, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM Ye@jila.colorado.edu RI Blatt, Sebastian/F-8986-2012 OI Blatt, Sebastian/0000-0003-2466-9967 FU ONR; NIST; NSF; DOE FX thank S. Diddams, T. Parker, M. Notcutt, J. L. Hall, H. Lewandowski, and S. Jefferts for technical helps and discussions.We also acknowledge collaboration with R. Ciury.o, P. Naidon and P. Julienne on the photoassociation theory. The Sr work is funded by ONR, NIST, and NSF. The OH work is funded by DOE, NIST, and NSF. NR 38 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0367-8 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 869 BP 80 EP + PG 3 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA BFM66 UT WOS:000243101800011 ER PT S AU Wineland, DJ Leibfried, D Bergquist, JC Blakestad, RB Bollinger, JJ Britton, J Chiaverini, J Epstein, RJ Hume, DB Itano, WM Jost, JD Knill, M Koelemeij, JCJ Langer, C Ozeri, R Reichle, R Rosenband, T Schaetz, T Schmidt, PO Seidelin, S Shiga, N Wesenberg, JH AF Wineland, D. J. Leibfried, D. Bergquist, J. C. Blakestad, R. B. Bollinger, J. J. Britton, J. Chiaverini, J. Epstein, R. J. Hume, D. B. Itano, W. M. Jost, J. D. Knill, M. Koelemeij, J. C. J. Langer, C. Ozeri, R. Reichle, R. Rosenband, T. Schaetz, T. Schmidt, P. O. Seidelin, S. Shiga, N. Wesenberg, J. H. BE Roos, C Haffner, H Blatt, R TI Trapped atomic ions and quantum information processing SO ATOMIC PHYSICS 20 SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th International Conference on Atomic Physics CY JUL 16-21, 2006 CL Innsbruck, AUSTRIA SP Int Union Pure & Appl Phys, bm bwk Austria, FWF Austria, Univ Innsbruck, Inst Quantum Opt & Quantum Informat, Inst Quantum Informat Ges mbH, European Sci Fdn, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, USA Res Off, LINOS, Sacher Lasertechnik, Journal Phys B, Coherent, ELS, Oxford Univ Press, Radiant Dyes Laser, Thorlabs, Toptica, Nufern, MenloSystems, Schafter & Kirchhoff DE entangled states; laser cooling; quantum control; quantum information; trapped ions ID COMPUTATION; ENTANGLEMENT; SPECTROSCOPY; STATES; INTERFEROMETER; ARCHITECTURE; REALIZATION; SEPARATION; COMPUTER; SYSTEM AB The basic requirements for quantum computing and quantum simulation (single- and multi-qubit gates, long memory times, etc.) have been demonstrated in separate experiments on trapped ions. Construction of a large-scale information processor will require synthesis of these elements and implementation of high-fidelity operations on a very large number of qubits. This is still well in the future. NIST and other groups are addressing part of the scaling issue by trying to fabricate multi-zone arrays of traps that would allow highly-parallel and scalable processing. In the near term, some simple quantum processing protocols are being used to aid in quantum metrology, such as in atomic clocks. As the number of qubits increases, Schrodinger's cat paradox and the measurement problem in quantum mechanics become more apparent; with luck, trapped ion systems might be able to shed light on these fundamental issues. C1 [Wineland, D. J.; Leibfried, D.; Bergquist, J. C.; Blakestad, R. B.; Bollinger, J. J.; Britton, J.; Chiaverini, J.; Epstein, R. J.; Hume, D. B.; Itano, W. M.; Jost, J. D.; Koelemeij, J. C. J.; Langer, C.; Ozeri, R.; Reichle, R.; Rosenband, T.; Schaetz, T.; Schmidt, P. O.; Seidelin, S.; Shiga, N.; Wesenberg, J. H.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Chiaverini, J.] LANL, Los Alamos, NM USA. [Knill, M.] NIST, Div Math & Computat Sci, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Koelemeij, J. C. J.] Inst Expt Phys, Dusseldorf, Germany. [Reichle, R.] Univ Ulm, D-89069 Ulm, Germany. [Schaetz, T.] Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, Garching, Germany. [Schmidt, P. O.] Inst Expt Phys, Innsbruck, Austria. RP Wineland, DJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Jost, John/F-4701-2010; Schmidt, Piet/F-6384-2011; OI Schmidt, Piet/0000-0003-0773-5889; Britton, Joe/0000-0001-8103-7347 FU Disruptive Technology Office (DTO); National Security Agency (NSA); Office of Naval Research (ONR); NIST FX The NIST trapped ion work was sponsored by the Disruptive Technology Office (DTO), the National Security Agency (NSA), the Office of Naval Research (ONR) and NIST. We thank J. Amini and R. Schwall for helpful comments on the manuscript. Contribution of NIST; not subject to U. S. copyright. NR 55 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0367-8 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 869 BP 103 EP + PG 3 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA BFM66 UT WOS:000243101800013 ER PT S AU Julienne, PS Gao, B AF Julienne, Paul S. Gao, Bo BE Roos, C Haffner, H Blatt, R TI Simple theoretical models for resonant cold atom interactions SO ATOMIC PHYSICS 20 SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th International Conference on Atomic Physics CY JUL 16-21, 2006 CL Innsbruck, AUSTRIA SP Int Union Pure & Appl Phys, bm bwk Austria, FWF Austria, Univ Innsbruck, Inst Quantum Opt & Quantum Informat, Inst Quantum Informat Ges mbH, European Sci Fdn, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, USA Res Off, LINOS, Sacher Lasertechnik, Journal Phys B, Coherent, ELS, Oxford Univ Press, Radiant Dyes Laser, Thorlabs, Toptica, Nufern, MenloSystems, Schafter & Kirchhoff DE Feshbach resonances; ultracold atoms; ultracold molecules; atomic collisions; van der Waals potential ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE; QUANTUM DEFECT ANALYSIS; SCATTERING LENGTH; COLLISIONS; PREDISSOCIATION; MOLECULES; ENERGY AB Magnetically tunable scattering resonances have been used with great success for precise control of s-wave scattering lengths in ultracold atomic collisions. We describe relatively simple yet quite powerful analytic treatments of such resonances based on the analytic properties of the van der Waals long range potential. This theory can be used to characterize a number of properties of specific resonances that have been used successfully in various experiments With Rb-87, Rb-85, K-40, and Li-6. Optical Feshbach resonances are also possible and may be practical with narrow intercombination line photoassociative transitions in species like Sr and Yb. C1 [Julienne, Paul S.] NIST, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Gao, Bo] Univ Toledo, Dept Phys & Astron, Toledo, OH 43606 USA. RP Julienne, PS (reprint author), NIST, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Julienne, Paul/E-9378-2012 OI Julienne, Paul/0000-0002-5494-1442 NR 40 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0367-8 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 869 BP 261 EP + PG 2 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA BFM66 UT WOS:000243101800030 ER PT J AU Presser, C Avedisian, CT AF Presser, C. Avedisian, C. T. TI Transport of high boiling point fire suppressants in a droplet-laden homogeneous turbulent flow past a cylinder SO ATOMIZATION AND SPRAYS LA English DT Article ID PHASE DOPPLER INTERFEROMETRY; HEATED SOLID-SURFACE; WATER DROPLETS; SPRAY IMPACT; DISPERSION; COLLISION; DYNAMICS; FLAMES AB Liquid agent transport was investigated around unheated and heated horizontal cylinders (to a near-surface temperature of approximately 423 K, i.e., well above the water boiling point) under ambient conditions. Experimental results are presented for a well-characterized, droplet-laden homogenous turbulent flow field, using water; methoxy-nonafluorobutane(i.e., HFE-7100, C4F9OCH3, with a boiling point of 334 K), and 1-methoxyheptapfluoropropane (i.e., HFE-7000, C3F7OCH3, with a boiling point of 307 K). Phase Doppler interferometry and visualization techniques were used to explore the thermal effects on spray surface impingement, vaporization, and transport around and downstream behind the cylinder by providing information on droplet size and velocity in the vicinity of the cylinder. For water; results indicated that impinging droplets larger than about 35 mu m generally coat the unheated cylinder surface, with few droplets rebounding back into the free stream. Downstream, in the wake region of the cylinder, smaller size droplets (generally, of less than 35 mu m) are entrained into the recirculation zone. Heat transfer reduces droplet mean size and velocity significantly in the vicinity of the heated cylinder. For the two HFE agents, liquid coating and dripping (observed for water) were eliminated due to vaporization. Droplet mean size increases and velocity decreases with increasing agent boiling point. These variations may also be explained by the changes in agent physical properties. It is improbable that shattering occurs for the droplet sizes and velocities encountered for the given operating conditions, although it could conceivably occur for a few individual impinging droplets. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Cornell Univ, Sibley Sch Mech & Aerosp Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Presser, C (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM cpresser@nist.gov NR 47 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU BEGELL HOUSE INC PI REDDING PA 50 CROSS HIGHWAY, REDDING, CT 06896 USA SN 1044-5110 J9 ATOMIZATION SPRAY JI Atom. Sprays PY 2006 VL 16 IS 6 BP 627 EP 656 DI 10.1615/AtomizSpr.v16.i6.30 PG 30 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA 098ME UT WOS:000241523900003 ER PT S AU Sherman, K AF Sherman, Kenneth BE Shannon, V Hempel, G MalanotteRizzoli, P Moloney, C Woods, J TI Forecasting Within the Context of Large Marine Ecosystems Programs SO BENGUELA: PREDICTING A LARGE MARINE ECOSYSTEM SE Large Marine Ecosystems LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID SHELF ECOSYSTEM; MANAGEMENT; SUSTAINABILITY; SYSTEMS; RESOURCES; FISHERIES; MODEL; EUTROPHICATION; PERSPECTIVE; DYNAMICS C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Narragansett Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Sherman, K (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Narragansett Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 91 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1570-0461 BN 978-0-08-047604-9; 978-0-44-452759-2 J9 LAR MAR ECOSYST PY 2006 VL 14 BP 11 EP 34 PG 24 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BCP67 UT WOS:000310974300004 ER PT S AU Sherman, K AF Sherman, Kenneth BE Shannon, V Hempel, G MalanotteRizzoli, P Moloney, C Woods, J TI Benguela: Predicting a Large Marine Ecosystem Introduction SO BENGUELA: PREDICTING A LARGE MARINE ECOSYSTEM SE Large Marine Ecosystems LA English DT Editorial Material; Book Chapter C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Narragansett Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Sherman, K (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Narragansett Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1570-0461 BN 978-0-08-047604-9 J9 LAR MAR ECOSYST PY 2006 VL 14 PG 1 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BCP67 UT WOS:000310974300001 ER PT S AU Waters, RL Hoover, MD Day, GA Stefaniak, AB AF Waters, Robert L., Jr. Hoover, Mark D. Day, Gregory A. Stefaniak, Aleksandr B. BE Ashley, K TI Opportunities for development of reference materials for beryllium SO Beryllium: Sampling and Analysis SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Beryllium Sampling and Analysis CY APR 21-22, 2005 CL Reno, NV SP ASTM Int Comm D22, Beryllium Hlth & Safety Comm, Sampling & Anal Subcomm DE beryllium; reference materials; cenified reference materials; standard reference materials; traceability ID AEROSOLS; DISEASE; OXIDE; METAL AB Reference materials provide the foundation for assessment of analytical chemistry methods, accurate quantification of occupational and environmental exposures, and conduct of in vitro and in vivo toxicology studies for health effects research. Although the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) supplies industry, academia, government, and other users with over 1300 reference materials of the highest quality and metrological value, the number of beryllium reference materials is limited. Currently available beryllium reference materials include standard spectroscopy solutions of beryllium and copper-beryllium alloy in the form of blocks, chips, and rods. Beryllium is present as a trace element in some standard soil-sludge, coal fly ash, and urine reference materials. Beryllium on filter media was available at one time, but is not currently available. A number of opportunities exist for identification and development of needed beryllium reference materials for beryllium-containing ores, beryllium oxide, beryllium metal, beryllium metal-matrix materials, beryl lium-containing alloys, and beryllium in biological samples. These opportunities will require multidisciplinary and multi-organizational collaboration. Needed actions include consensus on the relevant chemical and physical forms of beryllium; market analyses of demand for the materials; identification of candidate industrial or laboratory-produced samples of the materials; selection of samples that meet criteria for uniformity, physical form, measured quantities, and continued availability; development of production protocols for collection and preparation of the materials, including adequate provisions for occupational health and environmental protection; incorporation of these materials into a supply, distribution, and cost-recovery infrastructure; and continued feedback and information sharing to ensure that the reference materials are meeting user needs or are modified as necessary. Lessons from other major initiatives for reference materials of lead, silica, and similar materials provide guidance on how to optimize and implement an enhanced program for beryllium reference materials. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Measurement Serv Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Waters, RL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Measurement Serv Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Stefaniak, Aleksandr/I-3616-2012; Hoover, Mark/I-4201-2012 OI Hoover, Mark/0000-0002-8726-8127 NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-3499-1 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2006 VL 1473 BP 29 EP 46 PG 18 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BFE72 UT WOS:000241491400003 ER PT J AU Gopalan, V Qiu, WG Chen, MZ Stoltzfus, A AF Gopalan, V Qiu, WG Chen, MZ Stoltzfus, A TI Nexplorer: phylogeny-based exploration of sequence family data SO BIOINFORMATICS LA English DT Article AB Nexplorer is a web-based program for interactive browsing and manipulation of character data in NEXUS format, well suited for use with alignments and trees representing families of homologous genes or proteins. Users may upload a sequence family dataset, or choose from one of several thousand already available. Nexplorer provides a flexible means to develop customized views that combine a tree and a data matrix or alignment, to create subsets of data, and to output data files or publication-quality graphics. C1 Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. CUNY Hunter Coll, Dept Biol Sci, New York, NY 10021 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stoltzfus, A (reprint author), Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. EM arlin.stoltzfus@nist.gov RI Stoltzfus, Arlin/D-8551-2011 OI Stoltzfus, Arlin/0000-0002-0963-1357 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [S06 GM060654, GM 060654]; NLM NIH HHS [R01 LM 007218, R01 LM007218] NR 4 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1367-4803 J9 BIOINFORMATICS JI Bioinformatics PD JAN 1 PY 2006 VL 22 IS 1 BP 120 EP 121 DI 10.1093/bioinformatics/bti747 PG 2 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Computer Science; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 000AO UT WOS:000234433500022 PM 16267087 ER PT J AU Luckenbach, JA Iliev, DB Goetz, FW Swanson, P AF Luckenbach, J. Adam Iliev, Dimitar B. Goetz, Frederick W. Swanson, Penny TI Identification of ovarian genes regulated during previtellogenic stages of oogenesis in salmon. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 39th Annual Meeting of the Society-for-the-Study-of-Reproduction CY JUL 29-AUG 01, 2006 CL Univ Nebraska Med Ctr, Omaha, NE SP Soc Study Reprod HO Univ Nebraska Med Ctr C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Great Lakes WATER Inst, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2006 SI SI BP 94 EP 94 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 063ZW UT WOS:000239059500156 ER PT S AU Wu, JC Wilson, CL AF Wu, Jin Chu Wilson, Charles L. BE Flynn, PJ Pankanti, S TI An empirical study of sample size in ROC-curve analysis of fingerprint data - art. no. 620207 SO Biometric Technology for Human Identification III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Biometric Technology for Human Identification III CY APR 17-18, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL DE empirical study; Chebyshev's inequality; simple random sampling; sample size; receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve; data analysis; stability metric; Monte Carlo calculation; biometrics; fingerprint matching ID AREA AB The fingerprint datasets in many cases may exceed millions of samples. Thus, the needed size of a blometn*c evaluation test sample is an important issue in terms of both accuracy and efficiency. In this article, an empirical study, namely, using Chebyshev's inequality in combination with simple random sampling, is applied to determine the sample size for biometric applications. No parametric model is assumed, since the underlying distribution functions of the similarity scores are unknown. The performance of fingerprint-image matcher is measured by a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. Both the area under an ROC curve and the True Accept Rate (TAR) at an operational False Accept Rate (FAR) are employed. The Chebyshev's greater-than-95% intervals of using these two criteria based on 500 Monte Carlo iterations are computed for different sample sizes as well as for both high- and low-quality fingerprint-image matchers. The stability of such Monte Carlo calculations with respect to the number of iterations is also explored. The choice of sample size depends on matchers' qualities as well as on which performance criterion is invoked. In general, for 6,000 match similarity scores, 50,000 to 70,000 scores randomly selected from 35,994,000 non-match similarity scores can ensure the accuracy with greater-than-95% probability. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Informat Access Div, Image Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wu, JC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Informat Access Div, Image Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6258-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6202 BP 20207 EP 20207 AR 620207 DI 10.1117/12.665601 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BER26 UT WOS:000239024200007 ER PT J AU Zhou, J Gregurick, SK Krueger, S Schwarz, FP AF Zhou, J Gregurick, SK Krueger, S Schwarz, FP TI Conformational changes in single-strand DNA as a function of temperature by SANS SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID THERMODYNAMICS; STACKING; PNA/DNA; DUPLEX AB Small-angle neutron scattering ( SANS) measurements were performed on a solution of single-strand DNA, 5'-ATGCTGATGC-3', in sodium phosphate buffer solution at 10 degrees C temperature increments from 25 degrees C to 80 degrees C. Cylindrical, helical, and random coil shape models were fitted to the SANS measurements at each temperature. All the shapes exhibited an expansion in the diameter direction causing a slightly shortened pitch from 25 degrees C to 43 degrees C, an expansion in the pitch direction with a slight decrease in the diameter from 43 degrees C to 53 degrees C, and finally a dramatic increase in the pitch and diameter from 53 degrees C to 80 degrees C. Differential scanning calorimeter scans of the sequence in solution exhibited a reversible two-state transition pro. le with a transition temperature of 47.5 +/- 0.5 degrees C, the midpoint of the conformational changes observed in the SANS measurements, and a calorimetric transition enthalpy of 60 +/- 3 kJ mol(-1) that indicates a broad transition as is observed in the SANS measurements. A transition temperature of 47 +/- 1 degrees C was also obtained from ultraviolet optical density measurements of strand melting scans of the single-strand DNA. This transition corresponds to unstacking of the bases of the sequence and is responsible for the thermodynamic discrepancy between its binding stability to its complementary sequence determined directly at ambient temperatures and determined from extrapolated values of the melting of the duplex at high temperature. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Schwarz, FP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD USA. EM frederick.schwarz@nist.gov NR 17 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 9 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 90 IS 2 BP 544 EP 551 DI 10.1529/biophysj.105.071290 PG 8 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 997NK UT WOS:000234252100015 PM 16258042 ER PT J AU Moore, SE Stafford, KM Mellinger, DK Hildebrand, JA AF Moore, SE Stafford, KM Mellinger, DK Hildebrand, JA TI Listening for large whales in the offshore waters of Alaska SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE whales; acoustics; recorders; remote sensing; Alaska ID EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC; LOW-FREQUENCY WHALE; BLUE WHALE; EUBALAENA-JAPONICA; NORTHEAST PACIFIC; BOWHEAD WHALES; BERING-SEA; SOUNDS; CALLS; GULF AB In 1999, the first phase of a multiyear program was initiated at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Marine Mammal Laboratory and Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory to advance the use of passive acoustics for the detection and assessment of large whales in offshore Alaskan waters. To date, autonomous recorders have been successfully deployed in the Gulf of Alaska (1999-2001), the southeastern Bering Sea (2000-present), and the western Beaufort Sea (2003-2004). Seasonal occurrences of six endangered species (blue, fin, humpback, North Pacific right, bowhead, and sperm whales) have been documented on the basis of call receptions in these remote ocean regions. In addition, eastern North Pacific gray whale calls were detected in the western Beaufort Sea from October 2003 through May 2004. Here we provide an overview of this suite Of research projects and suggest the next steps for applying acoustic data from long-term recorders to the assessment of large whale populations. C1 NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. Oregon State Univ, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Marine Phys Lab, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Moore, SE (reprint author), NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM sue.moore@noaa.gov NR 40 TC 56 Z9 58 U1 6 U2 24 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD JAN PY 2006 VL 56 IS 1 BP 49 EP 55 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2006)056[0049:LFLWIT]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 000VW UT WOS:000234491500011 ER PT J AU Watson, AI Jamski, MA Turnage, TJ Bowen, JR Kelley, JC AF Watson, AI Jamski, MA Turnage, TJ Bowen, JR Kelley, JC TI Hurricane Ivan's tornadoes in the Florida Panhandle SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT News Item C1 NWS, Tallahassee, FL USA. RP Watson, AI (reprint author), NWS, Tallahassee, FL USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 87 IS 1 BP 25 EP 26 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 009VB UT WOS:000235140400012 ER PT J AU Evans, M AF Evans, M TI An analysis of a frontogenetically forced early-spring snowstorm SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 Natl Weather Serv, NOAA, Binghamton, NY USA. RP Evans, M (reprint author), 2057 Cheshire Rd, Binghamton, NY 13903 USA. EM michael.evans@noaa.gov NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 87 IS 1 BP 27 EP 32 DI 10.1175/BAMS-87-1-27 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 009VB UT WOS:000235140400013 ER PT J AU Hamill, TM Whitaker, JS Mullen, SL AF Hamill, TM Whitaker, JS Mullen, SL TI Reforecasts - An important dataset for improving weather predictions SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID QUANTITATIVE PRECIPITATION FORECASTS; NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE WINTER; CLIMATE FORECASTS; UNITED-STATES; MODEL OUTPUT; ENSEMBLE; SYSTEM; SKILL; PATTERNS; NCEP AB A "reforecast" (retrospective forecast) dataset has been developed. This dataset is comprised of a 15-member ensemble run out to a 2-week lead. Forecasts have been run every day from 0000 UTC initial conditions from 1979 to the present The model is a 1998 version. of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction's (NCEP's) Global Forecast System (GFS) at T62 resolution. The 15 initial conditions consist of a reanalysis and seven pairs of bred modes. This dataset facilitates a number of applications that were heretofore impossible. Model errors can be diagnosed from the past forecasts and corrected, thereby dramatically increasing the forecast skill. For example, calibrated precipitation forecasts over the United States based on the 1998 reforecast model are more skillful than precipitation forecasts from the 2002 higher-resolution version of the NCEP GFS. Other applications are also demonstrated, such as the diagnosis of the bias for model development and an identification of the most predictable patterns of week-2 forecasts. It is argued that the benefits of reforecasts are so large that they should become an integral part of the numerical weather prediction process. Methods for integrating reforecast approaches without seriously compromising the pace of model development are discussed. Users wishing to explore their own applications of reforecasts can download them through a Web interface. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Phys Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Arizona, Inst Atmospher Phys, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Hamill, TM (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Phys Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM tom.hamill@noaa.gov NR 47 TC 125 Z9 131 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 87 IS 1 BP 33 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-87-1-33 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 009VB UT WOS:000235140400014 ER PT J AU Vera, C Baez, J Douglas, M Emmanuel, CB Marengo, J Meitin, J Nicolini, M Nogues-Paegle, J Paegle, J Penalba, O Salio, P Saulo, C Dias, MAS Dias, PS Zipser, E AF Vera, C Baez, J Douglas, M Emmanuel, CB Marengo, J Meitin, J Nicolini, M Nogues-Paegle, J Paegle, J Penalba, O Salio, P Saulo, C Dias, MAS Dias, PS Zipser, E TI The South American low-level jet experiment SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SUMMER SEASON; PRECIPITATION; ANDES; CLIMATOLOGY; PATTERNS; EVENTS AB Moisture is transported in South America westward from the tropical Atlantic Ocean to the Amazon basin, and then southward toward the extratropics. A regional intensification of this circulation to the east of the Andes Mountains is called the South American low-level jet (SALLJ), with the strongest winds found over eastern Bolivia. SALLJ is present all year and channels moisture to the La Plata basin, which is analogous to the better-known Amazon basin in terms of its biological and habitat diversity, and far exceeds the latter in its economic importance to southern and central South America in terms of hydroelectricity and food production. The relatively small SALLJ spatial scale (compared with the density of the available sounding network) has a limited understanding of and modeling capability for any variations in the SALLJ intensity and structure as well as its possible relationship to downstream rainfall. The SALLJ Experiment (SALLJEX), aimed at describing many aspects of SALLJ, was carried out between 15 November 2002 and 15 February 2003 in Bolivia, Paraguay, central and northern Argentina, western Brazil, and Peru. Scientists, collaborators, students, National Meteorological Service personnel, and local volunteers from South American countries and the United States participated in SALLJEX activities in an unprecedented way, because SALLJEX was the most extensive meteorological field activity to date in subtropical South America, and was the first World Climate Research Program/Climate Variability and Prediction Program international campaign in South America. This paper describes the motivation for the field activity in the region, the special SALLJEX observations, and SALLJEX modeling and outreach activities. We also describe some preliminary scientific conclusions and discuss some of the remaining questions. C1 Univ Buenos Aires, CIMA, CONICET, Dept Cs Atmosfera & Oceanos, Pab 2,2do Piso,Ciudad Univ, RA-1428 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Direcc Meteorol & Hidrol DINAC, Asuncion, Paraguay. NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. UCAR, JOSS, Boulder, CO USA. INPE, CPTEC, Cachoeira Paulista, Brazil. Univ Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA. Univ Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. RP Univ Buenos Aires, CIMA, CONICET, Dept Cs Atmosfera & Oceanos, Pab 2,2do Piso,Ciudad Univ, RA-1428 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. EM carolina@cima.fcen.uba.ar RI Marengo, Jose /J-9382-2012; Nesbitt, Stephen/I-3965-2013; Leite da Silva Dias, Pedro/H-1183-2016 OI Marengo, Jose /0000-0002-8154-2762; Nesbitt, Stephen/0000-0003-0348-0452; Leite da Silva Dias, Pedro/0000-0002-4051-2962 NR 28 TC 94 Z9 107 U1 2 U2 18 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 EI 1520-0477 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 87 IS 1 BP 63 EP 77 DI 10.1175/BAMS-87-1-63 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 009VB UT WOS:000235140400016 ER PT J AU Higgins, W Ahijevych, D Amador, J Barros, A Berbery, EH Caetano, E Carbone, R Ciesielski, P Cifelli, R Cortez-Vazquez, M Douglas, A Douglas, M Emmanuel, G Fairall, C Gochis, D Gutzler, D Jackson, T Johnson, R King, C Lang, T Lee, MI Lettenmaier, D Lobato, R Magana, V Meiten, J Mo, K Nesbitt, S Ocampo-Torres, F Pytlak, E Rogers, P Rutledge, S Schemm, J Schubert, S White, A Williams, C Wood, A Zamora, R Zhang, CD AF Higgins, W Ahijevych, D Amador, J Barros, A Berbery, EH Caetano, E Carbone, R Ciesielski, P Cifelli, R Cortez-Vazquez, M Douglas, A Douglas, M Emmanuel, G Fairall, C Gochis, D Gutzler, D Jackson, T Johnson, R King, C Lang, T Lee, MI Lettenmaier, D Lobato, R Magana, V Meiten, J Mo, K Nesbitt, S Ocampo-Torres, F Pytlak, E Rogers, P Rutledge, S Schemm, J Schubert, S White, A Williams, C Wood, A Zamora, R Zhang, CD TI The NAME 2004 field campaign and modelling strategy SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID NORTH-AMERICAN MONSOON; CALIFORNIA MOISTURE SURGES; UNITED-STATES; PRECIPITATION; SYSTEM AB The North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME) is an internationally coordinated process study aimed at determining the sources and limits of predictability of warm-season precipitation over North America. The scientific objectives of NAME are to promote a better understanding and more realistic simulation of warm-season convective processes in complex terrain, intraseasonal variability of the monsoon, and the response of the warm-season atmospheric circulation and precipitation patterns to slowly varying, potentially predictable surface boundary conditions. During the summer of 2004, the NAME community implemented an international (United States, Mexico, Central America), multiagency (NOAA, NASA, NSF, USDA) field experiment called NAME 2004. This article presents early results from the NAME 2004 campaign and describes how the NAME modeling community will leverage the NAME 2004 data to accelerate improvements in warm-season precipitation forecasts for North America. C1 NOAA, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, 5200 Auth Rd,Room 605A, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NCAR, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica. Duke Univ, Durham, NC USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Serv Meteorol Nacl, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Creighton Univ, Omaha, NE 68178 USA. NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. UCAR, JOSS, Boulder, CO USA. NOAA, ETL, Boulder, CO USA. Univ New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Inst Mexicano Tecnol Agua, Jiutepec, Mexico. Ctr Invest Cient & Educ Super Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico. NWS, NOAA, Tucson, AZ USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP NOAA, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, 5200 Auth Rd,Room 605A, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Wayne.Higgins@noaa.gov RI Nesbitt, Stephen/A-9366-2008; Wood, Andrew/L-5133-2013; lettenmaier, dennis/F-8780-2011; Berbery, Ernesto/F-4560-2010; Williams, Christopher/A-2723-2015; Barros, Ana/A-3562-2011; Nesbitt, Stephen/I-3965-2013 OI Wood, Andrew/0000-0002-6231-0085; lettenmaier, dennis/0000-0003-3317-1327; Berbery, Ernesto/0000-0003-2587-3345; Williams, Christopher/0000-0001-9394-8850; Barros, Ana/0000-0003-4606-3106; Nesbitt, Stephen/0000-0003-0348-0452 NR 17 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 EI 1520-0477 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 87 IS 1 BP 79 EP 94 DI 10.1175/BAMS-87-1-79 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 009VB UT WOS:000235140400017 ER PT S AU Seo, PN Bowman, JD Carlini, RD Chupp, TE Covrig, SD Dabaghyan, M Freedman, SJ Gentile, T Gericke, MT Gillis, RC Greene, GL Hersman, FW Ino, T Jones, GL Kandes, M Lauss, B Leuschner, MB Lozowski, WR Mahurin, R Mason, M Masuda, Y Mitchell, GS Muto, S Nann, H Page, SA Penttila, SI Ramsay, WD Santra, S Sharapov, EI Smith, TB Snow, WM Wilburn, WS Yuan, V Zhu, H AF Seo, PN Bowman, JD Carlini, RD Chupp, TE Covrig, SD Dabaghyan, M Freedman, SJ Gentile, T Gericke, MT Gillis, RC Greene, GL Hersman, FW Ino, T Jones, GL Kandes, M Lauss, B Leuschner, MB Lozowski, WR Mahurin, R Mason, M Masuda, Y Mitchell, GS Muto, S Nann, H Page, SA Penttila, SI Ramsay, WD Santra, S Sharapov, EI Smith, TB Snow, WM Wilburn, WS Yuan, V Zhu, H BE Woehr, A Aprahamian, A TI Measurement of parity-violating gamma-ray asymmetry in compound nuclei with cold neutrons SO CAPTURE GAMMA-RAY SPECTROSCOPY AND RELATED TOPICS SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Symposium on Capture Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy and Related Topics CY SEP 04-09, 2005 CL Univ Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN HO Univ Notre Dame DE parity violation; hadronic weak interaction; compound state; weak spreading width ID PHYSICS; LANSCE AB The NPDGamma collaboration has constructed and commissioned an apparatus on flight path 12 at LANSCE to measure with a high precision, 5x10(-9), the small parity-violating gamma-ray asymmetry, A(gamma), in polarized neutron capture on protons. This asymmetry can be determined unambiguously the weak pion-nucleon coupling constant. To study the hadronic weak interaction at low energy, the collaboration has used the NPDGamma apparatus to measure parity-violating gamma-ray asymmetries in compound nuclei with cold neutrons. Using the statistical model of compound nuclei and spectroscopic information of the target nuclei, we can set upper limit on the spreading width of the hadronic weak interaction for intermediate-mass nuclei. We describe the experiment and the preliminary results of measured gamma-ray asymmetries of Al, Sc, Ti, Mn, and Co. C1 North Carolina State Univ, Dept Phys, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Manitoba, Dept Phys, Winnipeg R3T2N2, MB, Canada. Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. High Energy Accelerator Org, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050801, Japan. Hamilton Coll, Dept Phys, Clinton, NY 13323 USA. Indiana Univ, Dept Phys, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Univ British Columbia, TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC V6T2A3, Canada. Joint Nucl Res Inst, Dubna, Russia. Univ Dayton, Dept Phys, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. RP North Carolina State Univ, Dept Phys, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM mitchell@tunl.duke.edu NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0313-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 819 BP 81 EP + PG 2 WC Physics, Nuclear; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA BEE02 UT WOS:000236907100012 ER PT J AU Lindholm, J Knight, A Kaufman, L Miller, S AF Lindholm, J Knight, A Kaufman, L Miller, S TI Site fidelity and movement of the parrotfishes Scarus coeruleus and Scarus taeniopterus at Conch Reef (northern Florida Keys) SO CARIBBEAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Scarus coeruleus; Scarus taeniopterus; acoustic telemetry; fish movement; site fidelity ID RESOURCE USE; FISHES; BARBADOS AB The largely sedentary behavior of many fishes on coral reefs is well established. However, information on the movement behavior of individual fish, over fine temporal and spatial scales, continues to be limited. While conducting a larger project in the northern Florida Keys in 2002, we surgically-tagged a small number of Scarus coeruleus Bloch 1786 and S. taeniopterus Desmarest in Bory de Saint-Vincent 1831 with acoustic transmitters inside the Conch Reef Research Only Area (a no-take marine reserve). Our objective was to characterize the movement of both species across Conch Reef, and to quantify any fish fidelity to the site where they were caught and released. All fish were captured, surgically-tagged, and released in situ during a saturation mission to the Aquarius Undersea Laboratory. Movement of tagged fishes was recorded in 5 receiving zones formed by the overlapping ranges of 3 acoustic receivers deployed on the seafloor. Results show limited movement of both species occurred across Conch Reef. Recorded site fidelity was higher among tagged S. taeniopterus than among S. coeruleus and varied considerably among individuals. While the number of fish departures from the receiving zones was varied, the majority of departures for each species were less than 30 min in duration for both species, suggesting that when departures occurred, the fish did not travel far. Future efforts will significantly expand the number of receivers at Conch Reef such that both movement and site fidelity can be quantified with increased temporal and spatial resolution. C1 Stellwagen Bank Natl Marine Sanctuary, Scituate, MA 02066 USA. Boston Univ, Marine Program, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Univ N Carolina, Natl Undersea Res Ctr, Key Largo, FL 33037 USA. RP Lindholm, J (reprint author), Pfleger Inst Environm Res, 901-B Pier View Way, Oceanside, CA 92054 USA. EM james@pier.org NR 15 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 12 PU UNIV PUERTO RICO, PI MAYAGUEZ PA COLLEGE ARTS SCIENCES, MAYAGUEZ, PR 00680 USA SN 0008-6452 J9 CARIBB J SCI JI Caribb. J. Sci. PY 2006 VL 42 IS 1 BP 138 EP 144 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 058OI UT WOS:000238673900015 ER PT J AU Nero, VL Sealey, KS AF Nero, Vanessa L. Sealey, Kathleen Sullivan TI Island-specific responses of Bahamian benthic flora to environmental features SO CARIBBEAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE macroalgae; seagrasses; island gradients; wave energy; substrate; terrestrial influences; The Bahamas ID FUNCTIONAL-GROUP APPROACH; HABITAT COMPLEXITY; CORAL-REEFS; MACROALGAL COMMUNITIES; FORM GROUPS; DIVERSITY; NUTRIENT; GROWTH; PATTERNS; SEAGRASS AB We completed presence-absence and point-intercept surveys of benthic flora around four major islands of The Bahamas to determine the effects of various environmental features on benthic flora assemblages. Assemblages were analyzed at species and functional group levels of resolution. Multivariate analyses indicated that each island hosted a very distinct assemblage. Island-specific differences were observed along north-south and east-west gradients, suggesting that climate, geomorphology, and oceanography may play a fundamental role in shaping coastal benthic flora assemblages. Wave energy and substrate significantly affected the occurrences and/or abundances of benthic flora at Eleuthera and North Andros sites, with responses most often detected at the species level. The abundances of functional groups varied among different islands and, within North Andros, among different substrate and wave energy levels. Coastal terrestrial features related to nutrient and sediment regulation had low to moderate influence on floral assemblages, with benthic flora occurrence patterns responding more strongly than patterns in benthic flora abundances. Responses to terrestrial vegetation and land-use patterns were similar at the species and functional group levels of analysis. Overall, our study provides limited support of a broader-scale functional group approach. When properly defined and appropriately used, functional groups may help explain observed distribution patterns, but until this approach is better refined, a species-level approach to describe benthic flora assemblage dynamics is recommended. C1 Univ Miami, Dept Biol, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. RP Nero, VL (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM vanessa.nero@noaa.gov NR 54 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU UNIV PUERTO RICO, PI MAYAGUEZ PA COLLEGE ARTS SCIENCES, MAYAGUEZ, PR 00680 USA SN 0008-6452 J9 CARIBB J SCI JI Caribb. J. Sci. PY 2006 VL 42 IS 2 BP 180 EP 196 PG 17 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 140KM UT WOS:000244503800004 ER PT J AU Hudson, JH Franklin, EC AF Hudson, J. Harold Franklin, Erik C. TI Structural stabilization of a large Montastrea Faveolata (Ellis and Solander, 1786) colony damaged by vessel impact SO CARIBBEAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE coral; Florida Keys; restoration methods; Montastrea faveolata ID CORALS AB The Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary is responsible for the restoration of coral reefs damaged by anthropogenic activities such as vessel groundings within Sanctuary boundaries. A methodology is described to stabilize a large Montastrea faveolata colony damaged by vessel impact. Two years after the repair, all of the reattached fragments were firmly secured to the coral colony and the tissue surface (area of cover) was equivalent to two adjacent colonies that were not injured by the vessel grounding. This simple and effective coral restoration method can be utilized as vessel usage and associated damages continue to increase throughout the Caribbean basin. C1 Florida Keys Natl Marine Sanctuary, Key Largo, FL 33037 USA. RP Hudson, JH (reprint author), Florida Keys Natl Marine Sanctuary, POB 1083, Key Largo, FL 33037 USA. EM harold.hudson@noaa.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV PUERTO RICO, PI MAYAGUEZ PA COLLEGE ARTS SCIENCES, MAYAGUEZ, PR 00680 USA SN 0008-6452 J9 CARIBB J SCI JI Caribb. J. Sci. PY 2006 VL 42 IS 2 BP 250 EP 253 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 140KM UT WOS:000244503800012 ER PT J AU Vogel, GL Chow, LC Carey, CM Schumacher, GE Takagi, S AF Vogel, GL Chow, LC Carey, CM Schumacher, GE Takagi, S TI Effect of a calcium prerinse on salivary fluoride after a 228-ppm fluoride rinse SO CARIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE calcium; fluoride; prerinse; saliva ID USE TOPICAL FLUORIDES; PLAQUE FLUID; IN-VITRO; REMINERALIZATION; MOUTHRINSE; NAF AB The objective of this study was to determine if a concentrated calcium prerinse given before a fluoride rinse would cause an increase in the post rinse salivary fluoride (F). A panel of 5 subjects used a 30, 150 or 300 mmol/l calcium lactate prerinse followed by a 1-min NaF rinse. All calcium prerinses significantly increased the 1-hour saliva F relative to the NaF control without a prerinse. The maximum increase was produced by the 150 mmol/l calcium lactate prerinse and was about ninefold higher than the NaF control. Copyright (C) 2006 S. Karger AG, Basel. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Vogel, GL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8546, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jvogel@nist.gov FU NIDCR NIH HHS [DE05354, DE 14707] NR 15 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0008-6568 J9 CARIES RES JI Caries Res. PY 2006 VL 40 IS 2 BP 178 EP 180 DI 10.1159/000091121 PG 3 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 018OZ UT WOS:000235776000016 PM 16508278 ER PT J AU Vogel, GL Shim, D Schumacher, GE Carey, CM Chow, LC Takagi, S AF Vogel, G. L. Shim, D. Schumacher, G. E. Carey, C. M. Chow, L. C. Takagi, S. TI Salivary fluoride from fluoride dentifrices or rinses after use of a calcium pre-rinse or calcium dentifrice SO CARIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE calcium; dentifrice; fluoride; rinse; saliva ID CONTAINING CHEWING GUM; USE TOPICAL FLUORIDES; CALCULUS FORMATION; SUCROSE CHALLENGE; CARIES PREVENTION; WHOLE SALIVA; PLAQUE; REMINERALIZATION; PHOSPHATE; LACTATE AB The low concentration of available calcium (Ca) in oral fluids limits the formation of Ca-mediated fluoride deposits-that maintain oral fluoride (F) after a topical F treatment. The purpose of this study was to examine if a high concentration of Ca would increase salivary F when used before a F rinse or dentifrice. We found that a Ca pre-rinse (150 mmol/l Ca lactate) or Ca dentifrice (0.084 g Ca glycerolphosphate per gram dentifrice) used immediately before a 60 s 228-ppm F rinse (12 mmol/l NaF) produced a 4.6 x or 3.6 x increase (p < 0.05) respectively in the 1 h salivary F concentrations over the F rinse alone. Reducing the post-Ca F rinse to 10 s still produced a significant 2.2 x increase in salivary F compared to the 60 s F rinse alone. Used with a conventional 1,100 ppm F (i.e. 1,100 mu g F per gram) NaF dentifrice (Crest), the above Ca pre-rinse increased 1 h salivary F levels by 2.3 x over the F dentifrice alone. However, a F rinse given before a Ca rinse produced no increase in 1 h salivary F concentrations. Although the persistence of these increases requires further study, these results suggest that a moderately high concentration of Ca given shortly before a F rinse or F dentifrice may increase the cariostatic effect of the F product. Copyright (c) 2006 S. Karger AG, Basel. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Vogel, GL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8546, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jvogel@nist.gov FU NIDCR NIH HHS [DE14707, DE05354] NR 32 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0008-6568 J9 CARIES RES JI Caries Res. PY 2006 VL 40 IS 5 BP 449 EP 454 DI 10.1159/000094293 PG 6 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 081OV UT WOS:000240327800016 PM 16946616 ER PT J AU Rodriguez, O Fricke, S Chien, C Dettin, L VanMeter, J Shapiro, E Dai, HN Casimiro, M Ileva, L Dagata, J Johnson, MD Lisanti, MP Koretsky, A Albanese, C AF Rodriguez, O Fricke, S Chien, C Dettin, L VanMeter, J Shapiro, E Dai, HN Casimiro, M Ileva, L Dagata, J Johnson, MD Lisanti, MP Koretsky, A Albanese, C TI Contrast-enhanced in vivo imaging of breast and prostate cancer cells by MRI SO CELL CYCLE LA English DT Article DE MRI; breast cancer; prostate cancer; superparamagnetic; nanoparticle; fluorescence; xenograft ID MAGNETIC-RESONANCE TRACKING; IRON-OXIDE NANOPARTICLES; EMBRYONIC STEM-CELLS; MAMMARY-TUMORS; SPINAL-CORD; CYCLIN D1; BRAIN; PARTICLES; DIFFERENTIATION; CHEMOTHERAPY AB The development of effective cancer therapies has been hampered, in part, by the inability to noninvasively follow tumor progression from the initial cancerous lesion through to metastasis. We have previously shown that superparamagnetic iron oxide particles can be used as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents to label embryonic, mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cells in vivo. Improving the capacity to non-invasively image cancer progression is an appealing method that could be useful for assessing the efficacy of anticancer therapies. We have established that human prostate (LNCaP, DU145, PC3), rodent prostate (TRAMPC1, YPEN-1), human breast (MDA-MB-231) and mouse mammary (Myc/VEGF) cancer cell lines were readily labeled by fluorescent superparamagnetic sub-micron particles of iron oxide (MPIOs). The MPIOs were essentially inert with respect to cell proliferation and tumor formation. Fluorescence stereomicroscopy and three dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) determined that subcutaneous, intramuscular or orthotopically implanted labeled cancer cells could be imaged, in vivo, despite in some cases being undetectable by manual palpation. The MPIO-labeled cancer cells could also be imaged, in vivo, at least 6 weeks after implantation. The fluorescent MPIOs further allowed for the ex vivo identification of tumors cells from histological sections. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using fluorescent MPIOs in prostate and breast cancer cell lines as both a negative contrast agent for in vivo MRI as well as a fluorescent tumor marker for optical imaging in vivo and ex vivo. C1 Georgetown Univ, Med Ctr, Lombardi Comprehens Canc Ctr, Dept Oncol, Washington, DC 20057 USA. Georgetown Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Neurosci, Washington, DC 20057 USA. Georgetown Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Neurol, Washington, DC 20057 USA. NIH, Lab Funct Mol Imaging, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Mol Pharmacol, Bronx, NY 10467 USA. Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Med, Bronx, NY 10467 USA. RP Albanese, C (reprint author), Georgetown Univ, Med Ctr, Lombardi Comprehens Canc Ctr, Dept Oncol, Washington, DC 20057 USA. EM albanese@georgetown.edu RI Lisanti, Michael/C-6866-2013; Koretsky, Alan/C-7940-2015 OI Koretsky, Alan/0000-0002-8085-4756 FU Intramural NIH HHS [Z01 NS003047-01]; NCI NIH HHS [U54 CA100970-02, R03CA20337, CA09686T32, 2P30-CA-51008]; NCRR NIH HHS [1S10 RR15768-01] NR 33 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 4 U2 13 PU LANDES BIOSCIENCE PI GEORGETOWN PA 810 SOUTH CHURCH STREET, GEORGETOWN, TX 78626 USA SN 1538-4101 J9 CELL CYCLE JI Cell Cycle PD JAN 1 PY 2006 VL 5 IS 1 BP 113 EP 119 DI 10.4161/cc.5.1.2295 PG 7 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 016HG UT WOS:000235610700020 PM 16340310 ER PT S AU Chu, PM Hodges, JT Rhoderick, GC Lisak, D Travis, JC AF Chu, P. M. Hodges, J. T. Rhoderick, G. C. Lisak, D. Travis, J. C. BE Christesen, SD Sedlacek, AJ Gillespie, JB Ewing, KJ TI Methane-in-air standards measured using a 1.65 mu m frequency-stabilized cavity ring-down spectrometer SO Chemical and Biological Sensors for Industrial and Environmental Monitoring II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Chemical and Biological Sensors for Industrial and Environmental Monitoring II CY OCT 03-04, 2006 CL Boston, MA SP SPIE DE cavity ring-down spectroscopy; gas analysis; quantitative absorption spectroscopy; methane standards ID ABSORPTION-SPECTROSCOPY AB Frequency-stabilized cavity ring-down absorption spectrometry (FS-CRDS) with single-mode excitation using a tunable continuous-wave diode laser is being developed to help support the delivery of reference gas concentration standards. This paper describes initial efforts to compare FS-CRDS measurements with National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) methane-in-air standard reference materials to demonstrate the potential of this method to deliver standards-grade measurements with uncertainties of 1 % or lower. The current work demonstrates measurements with residual standard deviations of approximately 1 % for methane sample mole fractions of 50 mu mol mol(-1) and above. The results for lower mole fraction samples are poorer due to the poor signal-to-noise ratios and the higher pressures required for the measurements. The current results are potentially limited by the Voigt line shape which was used to model the data. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chu, PM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Hodges, Joseph/B-4578-2009; Lisak, Daniel/E-1470-2014 NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6476-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6378 BP U77 EP U84 DI 10.1117/12.684931 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BFR00 UT WOS:000243904500009 ER PT J AU Barange, M Hannesson, R Herrick, SF AF Barange, Manuel Hannesson, Rognvaldur Herrick, Samuel F., Jr. BE Hannesson, R Barange, M Herrick, SF TI Climate change and the economics of the world's fisheries: an introduction SO CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE ECONOMICS OF THE WORLDS FISHERIES: EXAMPLE OF SMALL PELAGIC STOCKS SE New Horizons in Environmental Economics LA English DT Editorial Material; Book Chapter C1 [Hannesson, Rognvaldur] Norwegian Sch Econ & Business Adm, N-5035 Bergen, Norway. [Herrick, Samuel F., Jr.] US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, La Jolla, CA USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU EDWARD ELGAR PUBLISHING LTD PI CHELTENHAM PA GLENSANDA HOUSE, MONTPELLIER PARADE, CHELTENHAM GL50 1UA, GLOS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-84542-447-3 J9 NEW HORIZ ENVIRON EC PY 2006 BP XV EP XVII PG 3 WC Economics; Environmental Studies; Fisheries SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Fisheries GA BRY87 UT WOS:000283926800001 ER PT J AU Herrick, SF Hill, K Reiss, C AF Herrick, Samuel F., Jr. Hill, Kevin Reiss, Christian BE Hannesson, R Barange, M Herrick, SF TI An optimal harvest policy for the recently renewed United States Pacific sardine fishery SO CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE ECONOMICS OF THE WORLDS FISHERIES: EXAMPLE OF SMALL PELAGIC STOCKS SE New Horizons in Environmental Economics LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID NORTHERN ANCHOVY; VARIABILITY; POPULATIONS; CAERULEA; SAGAX C1 [Herrick, Samuel F., Jr.; Reiss, Christian] US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Antarctic Ecosyst Res Div, La Jolla, CA USA. RP Herrick, SF (reprint author), US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Antarctic Ecosyst Res Div, La Jolla, CA USA. NR 30 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU EDWARD ELGAR PUBLISHING LTD PI CHELTENHAM PA GLENSANDA HOUSE, MONTPELLIER PARADE, CHELTENHAM GL50 1UA, GLOS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-84542-447-3 J9 NEW HORIZ ENVIRON EC PY 2006 BP 126 EP 150 PG 25 WC Economics; Environmental Studies; Fisheries SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Fisheries GA BRY87 UT WOS:000283926800006 ER PT J AU Hannesson, R Herrick, SF Barange, M AF Hannesson, Rognvaldur Herrick, Samuel F., Jr. Barange, Manuel BE Hannesson, R Barange, M Herrick, SF TI On the consequences of climate change in pelagic fish populations: a conclusion SO CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE ECONOMICS OF THE WORLDS FISHERIES: EXAMPLE OF SMALL PELAGIC STOCKS SE New Horizons in Environmental Economics LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID ANCHOVY POPULATIONS; SARDINE; VARIABILITY; SALMON; SHIFT C1 [Hannesson, Rognvaldur] Norwegian Sch Econ & Business Adm, N-5035 Bergen, Norway. [Herrick, Samuel F., Jr.] US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, La Jolla, CA USA. RP Hannesson, R (reprint author), Norwegian Sch Econ & Business Adm, N-5035 Bergen, Norway. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU EDWARD ELGAR PUBLISHING LTD PI CHELTENHAM PA GLENSANDA HOUSE, MONTPELLIER PARADE, CHELTENHAM GL50 1UA, GLOS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-84542-447-3 J9 NEW HORIZ ENVIRON EC PY 2006 BP 296 EP 304 PG 9 WC Economics; Environmental Studies; Fisheries SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Fisheries GA BRY87 UT WOS:000283926800012 ER PT J AU Myers, GL Miller, WG Coresh, J Fleming, J Greenberg, N Greene, T Hostetter, T Levey, AS Panteghini, M Welch, M Eckfeldt, JH AF Myers, GL Miller, WG Coresh, J Fleming, J Greenberg, N Greene, T Hostetter, T Levey, AS Panteghini, M Welch, M Eckfeldt, JH CA Natl Kidney Dis Educ Program Lab W TI Recommendations for improving serum creatinine measurement: A report from the laboratory working group of the National Kidney Disease Education Program SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review ID GLOMERULAR-FILTRATION-RATE; PERFORMANCE-LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; EXTERNAL QUALITY-ASSESSMENT; KINETIC JAFFE METHOD; DILUTION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; CANDIDATE REFERENCE METHOD; BILIRUBIN INTERFERENCE; CLINICAL-CHEMISTRY; PLASMA CREATININE; RENAL-DISEASE AB Background: Reliable serum creatinine measurements in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimation are critical to ongoing global public health efforts to increase the diagnosis and treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD). We present an overview of the commonly used methods for the determination of serum creatinine, method limitations, and method performance in conjunction with the development of analytical performance criteria. Available resources for standardization of serum creatinine measurement are discussed, and recommendations for measurement improvement are given. Methods: The National Kidney Disease Education Program (NKDEP) Laboratory Working Group reviewed problems related to serum creatinine measurement for estimating GFR and prepared recommendations to standardize and improve creatinine measurement. Results: The NKDEP Laboratory Working Group, in collaboration with international professional organizations, has developed a plan that enables standardization and improved accuracy (trueness) of serum creatinine measurements in clinical laboratories worldwide that includes the use of the estimating equation for GFR based on serum creatinine concentration that was developed from the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study. Conclusions: The current variability in serum creatinine measurements renders all estimating equations for GFR, including the MDRD Study equation, less accurate in the normal and slightly increased range of serum creatinine concentrations [< 133 mu mol/L (1.5 mg/dL)], which is the relevant range for detecting CKD [< 60 mL (.) min(-1) (.) (1.73 m(2))(-1)]. Many automated routine methods for serum creatinine measurement meet or exceed the required precision; therefore, reduction of analytical bias in creatinine assays is needed. Standardization of calibration does not correct for analytical interferences (nonspecificity bias). The bias and nonspecificity problems associated with some of the routine methods must be addressed. (c) 2006 American Association for Clinical Chemistry C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Sci Lab, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Dept Pathol, Richmond, VA USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Epidemiol, Baltimore, MD USA. Lab Corp Amer, Dept Sci & Technol, Elon College, NC USA. Ortho Clin Diagnost, Rochester, NY USA. Cleveland Clin Fdn, Dept Quantitat Hlth Sci, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA. NIDDKD, Natl Kidney Dis Educ Program, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Tufts New England Med Ctr, Div Nephrol, Boston, MA USA. Univ Milan, Dept Clin Sci Luigi Sacco, Milan, Italy. NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Lab Med & Pathol, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RP Myers, GL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Sci Lab, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM GMyers@cdc.gov NR 136 TC 595 Z9 638 U1 5 U2 44 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 52 IS 1 BP 5 EP 18 DI 10.1373/clinchem.2005.052514 PG 14 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 998SE UT WOS:000234338800003 PM 16332993 ER PT S AU Williams, PA Kemp, NJ Ives, D Park, J Dwelle, JC Rylander, HG Milner, TE AF Williams, Paul A. Kemp, Nate J. Ives, David Park, Jesung Dwelle, Jordan C. Rylander, H. Grady, II Milner, Thomas E. BE Tuchin, VV Izatt, JA Fujimoto, JG TI Noise model for polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography - art. no. 607929 SO Coherence Domain Optical Methods and Optical Coherence Tomography in Biomedicine X SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Coherence Domain Optical Methods and Optical Coherence Tomography in Biomedicine X CY JAN 23-25, 2006 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE birefringence; noise; optical coherence tomography; polarization; PS-OCT; speckle ID BIREFRINGENCE; TISSUES; OCT AB Characterizing and quantifying noise sources in birefringence imaging with polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) is necessary for the development of efficient noise reduction techniques for real-time clinical PS-OCT imaging. We propose three noise regimes based on the strength of specimen backscattering and dominated by different noise sources. We introduce a model that predicts noise effects in two regimes. The model includes source/detector intensity noise, and couples speckle effects with the longitudinal delays due to instrument and specimen birefringence to create realistic noise on simulated orthogonal interference fringe amplitudes and on their relative phases. Experimental examples of the three regimes are presented and in two of them, qualitative agreement between the model and experimental data is demonstrated. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Williams, PA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. OI Ives, David/0000-0002-2482-7032 NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6121-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6079 BP 7929 EP 7929 AR 607929 DI 10.1117/12.649094 PG 7 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Engineering; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA BEF80 UT WOS:000237132000057 ER PT S AU Dyer, SD Dennis, T Williams, PA Street, LK Etzel, SM Espejo, RJ Germer, TA Milner, TE AF Dyer, Shellee D. Dennis, Tasshi Williams, Paul A. Street, Lara K. Etzel, Shelley M. Espejo, R. Joseph Germer, Thomas A. Milner, Thomas E. BE Tuchin, VV Izatt, JA Fujimoto, JG TI High sensitivity measurements of the scattering dispersion of phantoms using spectral domain optical coherence tomography - art. no. 60791Q SO Coherence Domain Optical Methods and Optical Coherence Tomography in Biomedicine X SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Coherence Domain Optical Methods and Optical Coherence Tomography in Biomedicine X CY JAN 23-25, 2006 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE dispersion; Mie scattering; optical coherence tomography; relative group delay; spectral domain AB We demonstrate a novel technique to determine the size of Mie scatterers with high sensitivity. Our technique is based on spectral domain optical coherence tomography measurements of the dispersion that is induced by the scattering process. We use both Mie scattering theory and dispersion measurements of phantoms to show that the scattering dispersion is very sensitive to small changes in the size and/or refractive index of the scatterer. C1 NIST, Optoelect Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Dyer, SD (reprint author), NIST, Optoelect Div, Mailstop 815-03,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6121-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6079 BP Q791 EP Q791 AR 60791Q DI 10.1117/12.649180 PG 5 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Engineering; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA BEF80 UT WOS:000237132000043 ER PT S AU Kim, DH Okamoto, K Goldner, LS Hwang, J AF Kim, Dal-Hyun Okamoto, Kenji Goldner, Loni S. Hwang, Jeeseong BE Osinski, M Yamamoto, K Jovin, TM TI Characterization of single functionalized quantum dots using combined atomic force and confocal fluorescence microscopy - art. no. 60960G SO Colloidal Quantum Dots for Biomedical Applications SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Colloidal Quantum Dots for Biomedical Applications CY JAN 22-24, 2006 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE single nanocrystal; confocal microscope; atomic force microscope; quantum dot ID IN-VIVO; NANOCRYSTALS; BLINKING; AFM AB Fluorescent nanocrystals (quantum dots or QDs) have a number of unique properties that overcome the limitations of conventional organic dyes. However, the optical properties of QDs have been observed to be strongly dependent upon their local chemical environment including novel surface coatings, which have been developed to render QDs water soluble and conjugation ready leading to their use as fluorescent tags and optical sensors for a variety of biological and biomedical applications. The quantitative utility of QDs in complex biological systems requires that their optical properties be well understood and interrelated with their chemical functionalization on the surface and their interactions with surface-conjugated materials. In this report, quantitative measurement of adhesion forces between a hydrophilic or a hydrophobic AFM probe and an amine-functionalized single QD or a hydrophilic substrate were obtained to demonstrate the utility of the atomic force microscopy (AFM) as a tool to probe surface functionalities of single functionalized QDs. We also present procedures to combine AFM and confocal fluorescence microscopy in an effort to simultaneously probe optical characteristics and physical/chemical properties of single or clustered functionalized QDs at the nanoscale. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kim, DH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Opt Technol Div, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8443, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6138-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6096 BP G960 EP G960 AR 60960G DI 10.1117/12.661784 PG 8 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BEL14 UT WOS:000237689800007 ER PT S AU Stafford, CM Kim, JH Kawaguchi, D Royston, G Chiang, MYM AF Stafford, Christopher M. Kim, Jae Hyun Kawaguchi, Daisuke Royston, Gareth Chiang, Martin Y. M. BE Fasolka, MJ Wang, Q Potyrailo, RA Chikyow, T Schubert, US Korkin, A TI Probing the interfacial adhesion strength in compositional libraries of epoxy films SO Combinatorial Methods and Informatics in Materials Science SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Combinatorial Methods and Informatics in Materials Science held at the 2005 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 28-DEC 01, 2005 CL Boston, MA SP Mat Res Soc ID EDGE DELAMINATION TEST; COMBINATORIAL APPROACH; RELIABILITY; COATINGS AB We are developing a measurement platform. based on the edge delamination test geometry, geared towards combinatorial and high-throughput (C&HT) assessment of interfacial adhesion and reliability of epoxy films bonded to a rigid substrate. A critical parameter space to be explored is composition of the epoxy formulation. We have constructed an automated mixing and deposition system for creating discrete and continuous gradients in composition of viscous epoxy formulations, By dicing the combinatorial library into a contiguous discrete sample array. the interfacial adhesion strength can be deduced from the critical stress required to debond each film cell from the substrate. These results can be used to predict the adhesion reliability of epoxy formulations as a function of composition and applied stress. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stafford, CM (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-848-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2006 VL 894 BP 129 EP 137 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA BEN46 UT WOS:000238287300015 ER PT J AU Bruno, TJ AF Bruno, TJ TI Experimental approaches for the study and application of supercritical fluids SO COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE diffusion coefficient; solubility; supercritical fluids; transport properties; vapor/liquid equilibrium; vapor pressure ID BINARY DIFFUSION-COEFFICIENTS; TAYLOR DISPERSION METHOD; VAPOR-LIQUID-EQUILIBRIA; CARBON-DIOXIDE STYRENE; SOLVENT PROPERTIES; HIGH-TEMPERATURE; PHASE-BEHAVIOR; PLUS PROPANE; PRESSURES; APPARATUS AB The design of any process involving supercritical fluids requires some degree of knowledge about the thermophysical and chemical properties of the solvents, solutes, and of the solvent + solute mixture. This knowledge can take the form of measured data, models based on measured data, or predictions. Clearly, the most costly approach is to obtain measured data for each property of interest, and the least accurate is to use predictions throughout. The best compromise is therefore the use of physical and engineering models that are based on measured properties that have a known and acceptable uncertainty. In this review, we cover the experimental aspects of the data required for process design with supercritical fluids. For clarity, the measurement techniques are divided between properties of pure components ( solvents and solutes) and properties of mixtures. For pure components, we begin with the solvents, and discuss the fundamental P-V-T surface of a fluid, and then consider viscosity and thermal conductivity, solvent interaction properties, and finally, chemical stability. For the pure solutes, we discuss the solute vapor pressure and chemical stability. Then, the properties of supercritical fluid mixtures (solvent + solute) are discussed. Here, considerable time is devoted to the measurement of solute solubility. We also discuss aspects of solute diffusion and vapor/liquid equilibrium. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO USA. RP Bruno, TJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO USA. EM bruno@boulder.nist.gov NR 79 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 13 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0010-2202 J9 COMBUST SCI TECHNOL JI Combust. Sci. Technol. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 178 IS 1-3 BP 3 EP 46 DI 10.1080/00102200500295449 PG 44 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 993XY UT WOS:000233993000002 ER PT J AU Anikeev, V Tsang, W Manion, JA AF Anikeev, V Tsang, W Manion, JA TI Density effects in the reaction of 2-propanol in supercritical water SO COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ACID-CATALYZED DEHYDRATION; METHYLENE-CHLORIDE; DYNAMICS; PRESSURES; CONSTANT; KINETICS; HDO AB The effect of density on the reactivity of 2-propanol in supercritical water (SCW) has been investigated in a stirred batch reactor featuring direct injection of small amounts of organic liquids directly into the supercritical environment. The substrate is taken from ambient temperatures to supercritical conditions in <= 200 ms, preventing interference from subcritical hot-water chemistry and allowing one to isolate reactivity in the SCW region. On-line microscale sampling allows product analysis without significantly perturbing the reaction conditions. At densities of 0.24 g cm(-3) to 0.58 g cm(-3) the main reaction of 2-propanol is found to be dehydration to give propene and water. The reaction reaches equilibrium in times of a few minutes to tens of hours, with the rate strongly dependent on the water density. This phenomenon was investigated at water densities between 0.24 g cm(-3) and 0.58 g cm(-3) and temperatures between 654K and 686 K. It is postulated that much of the rate increase with density is due to the increasing importance of ionic processes and acid catalysis due to increasing dissociation of water that occurs at higher densities. Stabilization of charge-separated transition states due to the change in water dielectric constant with density could also be important. Some implications with regard to scale-up of SCW technology based on data from small laboratory-scale studies are discussed. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tsang, W (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM wing.tsang@nist.gov NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 10 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0010-2202 J9 COMBUST SCI TECHNOL JI Combust. Sci. Technol. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 178 IS 1-3 BP 417 EP 441 DI 10.1080/00102200500287266 PG 25 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 993XY UT WOS:000233993000015 ER PT S AU Levine, ZH AF Levine, Zachary H. BE Bouman, CA Miller, EL Pollak, I TI A Bayesian approach to tomography of multiply-scattered beams SO COMPUTATIONAL IMAGING IV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Computational Imaging IV CY JAN 16-18, 2006 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE, Soc Imaging Sci & Technol AB Recently, Levine, Kearsley, and Hagedorn proposed a generalization of generalized Gaussian random Markov field (GGMRF) as developed by Bouman and Sauer. The principal components of the Bouman-Sauer formulation are a quadratic approximation to the log-likelihood assuming a Poisson distribution and a Beer's Law interaction and a prior distribution which penalized deviation of the values in a neighborhood as a user-defined power in the interval (1-2). The generalization removes the restriction that the transmission function follows Beer's Law, but instead admits any functional form for the transmission-thickness relation, such as those arising in transmission electron microscopy of thick samples. Several illustrative examples axe given in this paper. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Levine, ZH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6105-9 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2006 VL 6065 AR 60650V DI 10.1117/12.640627 PG 8 WC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BEF43 UT WOS:000237086400027 ER PT S AU Manohar, V Soundararajan, P Raju, H Goldgof, D Kasturi, R Garofolo, J AF Manohar, V Soundararajan, P Raju, H Goldgof, D Kasturi, R Garofolo, J BE Narayanan, PJ Nayar, SK Shum, HY TI Performance evaluation of object detection and tracking in video SO COMPUTER VISION - ACCV 2006, PT II SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th Asian Conference on Computer Vision CY JAN 13-15, 2006 CL Hyderabad, INDIA ID ALGORITHMS AB The need for empirical evaluation metrics and algorithms is well acknowledged in the field of computer vision. The process leads to precise insights to understanding current technological capabilities and also helps in measuring progress. Hence designing good and meaningful performance measures is very critical. In this paper, we propose two comprehensive measures, one each for detection and tracking, for video domains where an object bounding approach to ground truthing can be followed. Thorough analysis explaining the behavior of the measures for different types of detection and tracking errors are discussed. Face detection and tracking is chosen as a prototype task where such an evaluation is relevant. Results on real data comparing existing algorithms are presented and the measures are shown to be effective in capturing the accuracy of the detection/tracking systems. C1 Univ S Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. Adv Interfaces Inc, State Coll, PA USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Manohar, V (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. EM vmanohar@cse.usf.edu; psoundar@cse.usf.edu; hraju@advancedinterfaces.com; goldgof@cse.usf.edu; rlk@cse.usf.edu; john.garofolo@nist.gov NR 11 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-31244-7 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2006 VL 3852 BP 151 EP 161 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BDW07 UT WOS:000235773200016 ER PT B AU Szczypinski, PM Sriram, PVJ Sriram, RD Reddy, DN AF Szczypinski, PM Sriram, PVJ Sriram, RD Reddy, DN BE Wojciechowski, K Smolka, B Palus, H Kozera, RS Skarbek, W Noakes, L TI Model of deformable rings for aiding the wireless capsule endoscopy video interpretation and reporting SO COMPUTER VISION AND GRAPHICS SE Computational Imaging and Vision LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Computer Vision and Graphics (ICCVG 2004) CY SEP, 2004 CL Warsaw, POLAND SP Assoc Image Proc, Polish Japanese Inst Informat Technol, Silesian Univ Technol DE deformable models; wireless capsule endoscopy; WCE; motion analysis AB The wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) imaging technique provides detailed images of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, in particular the small intestine, not feasible with earlier techniques. We present a model of deformable rings (MDR) for aiding in the interpretation of WCE videos. The model flexibly matches consecutive video frames with regard to displacement of distinctive portions of the GI tract's tube-like surface. It creates a map, 2D representation of the surface, and estimates relative velocity of a capsule endoscope as it traverses the GI tract. The map can be glanced through for rapid identification of the possible abnormal areas for further detailed endoscopic video investigation. This method significantly reduces the total time spent in interpretation of the WCE videos. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Tech Univ Lodz, Inst Elect, PL-90924 Lodz, Poland. Asian Inst Gastroenterol, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 1-4020-4178-0 J9 COMPUT IMAGING VIS PY 2006 VL 32 BP 167 EP + DI 10.1007/1-4020-4179-9_24 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BEC79 UT WOS:000236823500024 ER PT S AU Soundararajan, P Boonstra, M Manohar, V Korzhova, V Goldgof, D Kasturi, R Prasad, S Raju, H Bowers, R Garofolo, J AF Soundararajan, Padmanabhan Boonstra, Matthew Manohar, Vasant Korzhova, Valentina Goldgof, Dmitry Kasturi, Rangachar Prasad, Shubha Raju, Harish Bowers, Rachel Garofolo, John BE Kalra, P Peleg, S TI Evaluation framework for video OCR SO COMPUTER VISION, GRAPHICS AND IMAGE PROCESSING, PROCEEDINGS SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Indian Conference on Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing CY DEC 13-16, 2006 CL Madurai, INDIA ID ALGORITHMS AB In this work, we present a recently developed evaluation framework for video OCR specifically for English Text but could well be generalized for other languages as well. Earlier works include the development of an evaluation strategy for text detection and tracking in video, this work is a natural extension. We sucessfully port and use the ASR metrics used in the speech community here in the video domain. Further, we also show results on a small pilot corpus which involves 25 clips. Results obtained are promising and we believe that this is a good baseline and will encourage future participation in such evaluations. C1 [Soundararajan, Padmanabhan; Boonstra, Matthew; Manohar, Vasant; Korzhova, Valentina; Goldgof, Dmitry; Kasturi, Rangachar] Univ S Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. [Prasad, Shubha; Raju, Harish] VideoMining Corp, State Coll, PA 16801 USA. [Bowers, Rachel; Garofolo, John] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Informat Access Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Soundararajan, P (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. EM psoundar@cse.usf.edu; boonstra@cse.usf.edu; vmanohar@cse.usf.edu; korzhova@cse.usf.edu; goldgof@cse.usf.edu; r1k@cse.usf.edu; sprasad@videomining.com; hraju@videomining.com; rachel.bowers@nist.gov; john.garofolo@nist.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 978-3-540-68301-8 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2006 VL 4338 BP 829 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BFU43 UT WOS:000244671700074 ER PT J AU Zha, XF Du, H AF Zha, XF Du, H TI Knowledge-intensive collaborative design modeling and support Part I: Review, distributed models and framework SO COMPUTERS IN INDUSTRY LA English DT Article DE World-Wide Web; network-centric design; design-with-modules; knowledge servers; distributed module modeling and evaluation (DMME); integrated design and analysis; collaborative design; design support system ID DATA EXCHANGE FRAMEWORK; WEB-BASED DESIGN; PRODUCT DESIGN; VIRTUAL ENTERPRISES; EXPERT-SYSTEMS; IMPLEMENTATION; INFORMATION; ENVIRONMENT; CONFLICT; INTERNET AB Contemporary design problems embody significant levels of complexity, which make it unlikely that a single designer can work alone on a complex design problem. Knowledge-intensive collaboration has emerged as a promising discipline for dealing with the modeling and decision-making processes in distributed design systems. In this paper, we first review previous work and current research status of knowledge-intensive collaborative design. Then, we develop knowledge-intensive distributed design models and a framework for collaborative design modeling and decision support. Based on the component-based modeling/design approach, a unified design-with-modules scheme is proposed to model the distributed network-centric design processes, and a web-based knowledge-intensive distributed module modeling and evaluation framework (KS-DMME) is developed. The KS-DMME framework intends to link distributed, heterogeneous knowledge-based design models and tools and assist designers in evaluating design alternatives, visualizing trade-offs, finding optimal solutions, and making decisions on the web. It also enables designers to build integrated design models using both the local and distributed resources and cooperate by exchanging services. Built on it, the client (browser)/knowledge server architecture allows product design models to be published and connected over the WWW to form an integrated intelligent models/modules network. Finally, as an illustration, a simple design problem model for modular micro-robotic systems design is built upon the KS-DMME framework. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Nanyang Technol Univ, Singapore, Singapore. Inst Mfg Technol, Singapore, Singapore. Nanyang Technol Univ, Singapore, Singapore. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM zha@cme.nist.gov RI Chen, Changyu/G-9346-2011; Du, Hejun/F-8895-2010 NR 87 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-3615 EI 1872-6194 J9 COMPUT IND JI Comput. Ind. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 57 IS 1 BP 39 EP 55 DI 10.1016/j.compind.2005.04.007 PG 17 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Computer Science GA 994BG UT WOS:000234004200004 ER PT J AU Zha, XF Du, H AF Zha, XF Du, H TI Knowledge-intensive collaborative design modeling and support Part II: System implementation and application SO COMPUTERS IN INDUSTRY LA English DT Article DE World Wide Web; network-centric design; design with modules; knowledge servers; distributed module modeling and evaluation (DMME); integrated design and analysis; collaborative design; design support system ID ASSEMBLY-ORIENTED DESIGN; PRODUCT DESIGN; WEB AB Contemporary design problems embody significant levels of complexity, which make it unlikely that a single designer can work alone on a complex design problem. Knowledge-intensive collaboration has emerged as a promising discipline for dealing with the modeling and decision-making processes in distributed design systems. In this paper, we present the implementation and application of a web-based knowledge-intensive collaborative design support system called WebKIDSS. With the modularization of design, a modules networked system could be developed and deployed according to CORBA standard to facilitate the rapid construction of the concurrent integrated distributed models for the design process and the coordination among designers within the range of enterprises and even virtual enterprises. The prototype web-based collaborative design platform, is implemented for proof-of-concept through the distributed knowledge server based framework (KS-DMME) with concurrent integration of multiple cooperative knowledge sources and software using Java/Java Bean and CORBA technologies. The unified user interface of the WebKIDSS provides a cross-platform for distributed users to access to module servers throughout the network. By use of the developed the prototype system, collaborative design can be carried out in an integrated and distributed open environment on the internet/intranet. Based on the preliminary application to the collaborative design of a micro robotic assembly system on the Internet, the developed system indicates some advantages to increase the efficiency of the design coordination and decision-making in the design process. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Nanyang Technol Univ, Singapore, Singapore. RP Zha, XF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM zha@cme.nist.gov RI Du, Hejun/F-8895-2010 NR 34 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-3615 J9 COMPUT IND JI Comput. Ind. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 57 IS 1 BP 56 EP 71 DI 10.1016/j.compind.2005.04.006 PG 16 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Computer Science GA 994BG UT WOS:000234004200005 ER PT J AU Mason, TG Graves, SM Wilking, JN Lin, MY AF Mason, TG Graves, SM Wilking, JN Lin, MY TI Extreme emulsification: formation and structure of nanoemulsions SO CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Statistical Physics 2005 Conference CY AUG 28-30, 2005 CL Natl Univ Lviv Polytechn, Lviv, UKRAINE SP Natl Acad Sci, Inst Conensed Matter Phys HO Natl Univ Lviv Polytechn DE emulsion; nanoemulsion; droplet; nanoscale; rupturing; microfluidics; form factor; structure factor; fractionation ID EMULSIONS; POLYMERIZATION; DEFORMATION; DROPS; FLOWS AB Nanoemulsions are metastable dispersions of nanodroplets of one liquid that have been ruptured by shear in another immiscible liquid. The ruptured droplets are stabilized against subsequent coalescence by a surfactant. Because the nanodroplets do not form spontaneously, as they can in lyotropic "microemulsion" phases, the structure of nanoemulsions is primarily dependent on the history of the applied shear stresses relative to the interfacial restoring stresses. By applying extremely high shear rates and controlling the composition of the emulsion, we have been able to rupture microscale droplets down to diameters as small as 30 nm in a microfluidic process that yields bulk quantities suitable for commercial production. Following ultracentrifugal fractionation to make the droplets uniform, we study the structure of these emulsions using small angle neutron scattering (SANS) at dilute and concentrated volume fractions. We contrast the structure of a concentrated nanoemulsion with the structure factor of hard spheres at a similar volume fraction. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Biochem & Chem, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mason, TG (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Biochem & Chem, 607 Charles E Young Dr E, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. NR 17 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 34 PU INST CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS NATL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES UKRAINE PI LVIV PA 1 SVIENTSITSKII STR, LVIV, 79011, UKRAINE SN 1607-324X J9 CONDENS MATTER PHYS JI Condens. Matter Phys. PY 2006 VL 9 IS 1 BP 193 EP 199 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 032SN UT WOS:000236795100024 ER PT S AU Hefner, A Ryu, SH Hull, B Berning, D Hood, C Ortiz-Rodriguez, JM Rivera-Lopez, A Duong, T Akuffo, A Hernandez-Mora, M AF Hefner, Allen Ryu, Sei-Hyung Hull, Brett Berning, David Hood, Colleen Ortiz-Rodriguez, Jose M. Rivera-Lopez, Angel Duong, Tam Akuffo, Adwoa Hernandez-Mora, Madelaine GP IEEE TI Recent Advances in High-Voltage, High-Frequency Silicon-Carbide Power Devices SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE 2006 IEEE INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS CONFERENCE, FORTY-FIRST IAS ANNUAL MEETING, VOL 1-5 SE IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 41st Annual Meeting of the IEEE Industry-Applications-Society (IAS) CY OCT 08-12, 2006 CL Tampa, FL SP IEEE, Ind Applicat Soc ID STACKING-FAULTS; PIN DIODES AB The emergence of High-Voltage, High-Frequency (HV-HF) Silicon-Carbide (SiC) power devices is expected to revolutionize commercial and military power distribution and conversion systems. The DARPA Wide Bandgap Semiconductor Technology (WBST) High Power Electronics (HPE) program is spearheading the development of HV-HF SiC power semiconductor technology. In this paper, some of the recent advances in development of HV-HF devices by the HPE program are presented and the circuit performance enabled by these devices is discussed. C1 [Hefner, Allen; Berning, David; Hood, Colleen; Ortiz-Rodriguez, Jose M.; Rivera-Lopez, Angel; Duong, Tam; Akuffo, Adwoa; Hernandez-Mora, Madelaine] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hefner, A (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 28 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0197-2618 BN 978-1-4244-0364-6 J9 IEEE IND APPLIC SOC PY 2006 BP 330 EP 337 PG 8 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA BWY63 UT WOS:000295333400049 ER PT S AU Berning, D Hefner, A Ortiz-Rodriguez, JM Hood, C Rivera, A AF Berning, David Hefner, Allen Ortiz-Rodriguez, Jose M. Hood, Colleen Rivera, Angel GP IEEE TI Generalized Test Bed for High-Voltage, High-Power SiC Device Characterization SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE 2006 IEEE INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS CONFERENCE, FORTY-FIRST IAS ANNUAL MEETING, VOL 1-5 SE IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 41st Annual Meeting of the IEEE Industry-Applications-Society (IAS) CY OCT 08-12, 2006 CL Tampa, FL SP IEEE, Ind Applicat Soc DE Curve tracer; DUT; high power; high voltage MOSFET; inductive load switching; parametric testing; power conversion; SiC; semiconductor device characterization AB A generalized 25 kV test bed developed to characterize high-voltage, high-power SiC devices is described. The test bed provides a high-speed (30 mu s), high-voltage linear amplifier that is used as the pulsed power supply for parametric static measurements (curve tracer) and as the continuous high voltage power supply for inductive/resistive switching measurements. The test bed includes high-voltage inductors, clamping capacitors, and load modules for resistive and inductive load switching. An additional reconfigurable section of the test bed with plug-in current limiting and current sense resistors is used for parametric (curve tracer) device characterization. A flexible curve tracer software-based user interface is used to control several power supply and measurement instruments that collectively comprise a versatile pulsed curve tracer. The device under test (DUT) is mounted on a 20 kV electrically-isolated temperature-controlled heatsink. The test bed features containment of all high voltage circuits and the DUT within a clear plastic interlocked safety box. Several example measurements of SiC devices using the test bed are shown.(1) C1 [Berning, David; Hefner, Allen; Ortiz-Rodriguez, Jose M.; Hood, Colleen; Rivera, Angel] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Berning, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0197-2618 BN 978-1-4244-0364-6 J9 IEEE IND APPLIC SOC PY 2006 BP 338 EP 345 PG 8 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA BWY63 UT WOS:000295333400050 ER PT S AU Lai, JS Hefner, A Maitra, A Goodman, F AF Lai, Jih-Sheng Hefner, Allen Maitra, Arindam Goodman, Frank GP IEEE TI Characterization of a Multilevel HV-IGBT Module for Distribution Applications SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE 2006 IEEE INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS CONFERENCE, FORTY-FIRST IAS ANNUAL MEETING, VOL 1-5 SE IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 41st Annual Meeting of the IEEE Industry-Applications-Society (IAS) CY OCT 08-12, 2006 CL Tampa, FL SP IEEE, Ind Applicat Soc DE Multilevel HV-IGBT Module; HV-IGBT; Intelligent Universal Transformer AB A newly proposed 3-level high-voltage insulated-gate-bipolar-transistor (HV-IGBT) module has been developed and tested under static conduction, dynamic switching, and system level pulse-width-modulation (PWM) operation. The conduction voltage drops and switching turn-on and -off energies were measured for loss estimation. Switching voltage and current waveforms were used for parasitic inductance and output capacitance estimation. With sufficiently low parasitic inductance and fast switching speed, the module was successfully operating at 20-kHz switching for a multilevel converter based intelligent universal transformer (IUT), and the proposed multilevel HV-IGBT module is evidently the enabling technology for future utility distribution-level power electronics applications. C1 [Lai, Jih-Sheng] Virginia Tech, ECE Dept, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. [Hefner, Allen] NIST, EEEL, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Maitra, Arindam] EPRI Solut, Knoxville, TN 37932 USA. [Goodman, Frank] EPRI, Palo Alto, CA 94302 USA. RP Lai, JS (reprint author), Virginia Tech, ECE Dept, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM laijs@vt.edu; hefner@nist.gov; amaitra@eprisolutions.com; fgoodman@epri.com OI Lai, Jihsheng/0000-0003-2315-8460 NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0197-2618 BN 978-1-4244-0364-6 J9 IEEE IND APPLIC SOC PY 2006 BP 747 EP 753 PG 7 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA BWY63 UT WOS:000295333400109 ER PT S AU Jaap, WC Hudson, JH Dodge, RE Gilliam, D Shaul, R AF Jaap, Walter C. Hudson, J. Harold Dodge, Richard E. Gilliam, David Shaul, Richard BE Cote, IM Reynolds, JD TI Coral reef restoration with case studies from Florida SO CORAL REEF CONSERVATION SE Conservation Biology Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID ENVIRONMENTAL-IMPACT; ACROPORA-CERVICORNIS; DAMAGE ASSESSMENT; TRANSPLANTATION; FRAGMENTATION; RECRUITMENT; MORTALITY; GROWTH; LARVAE; REHABILITATION C1 [Jaap, Walter C.] Florida Fish & Wildlife Res Inst, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. [Dodge, Richard E.; Gilliam, David] Nova SE Univ, Oceanog Ctr, Dania, FL 33004 USA. [Hudson, J. Harold] Florida Keys Natl Marine Sanctuary, Key Largo, FL 33037 USA. [Shaul, Richard] Sea Byte Inc, Bradenton, FL 34280 USA. [Jaap, Walter C.] Lithophyte Res, St Petersburg, FL USA. RP Jaap, WC (reprint author), Florida Fish & Wildlife Res Inst, 100 8th Ave SE, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. NR 114 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 11 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1363-3090 BN 978-0-52185-536-5 J9 CONSERV BIOL SER JI Conserv. Biol. Ser. PY 2006 IS 13 BP 478 EP 514 D2 10.2277/ 0521671450 PG 37 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BYD27 UT WOS:000298093000018 ER PT S AU Riley, P Linker, JA Mikic, Z Odstrcil, D AF Riley, Pete Linker, J. A. Mikic, Z. Odstrcil, Dusan BE Cohen, C TI Modeling interplanetary coronal mass ejections SO CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS AND SOLAR PARTICLE EVENTS IN SOLAR CYCLE 23 SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH-SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 18-25, 2004 CL Paris, FRANCE SP Comm Space Res DE coronal mass ejections; magnetohydrodynamics; solar wind; Sun ID STRUCTURED SOLAR-WIND; 3-DIMENSIONAL MHD SIMULATION; MAGNETIC CLOUDS; FLUX ROPE; HELMET STREAMER; CME; PROPAGATION; EVOLUTION; ULYSSES; FIELD AB Heliospheric models of Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) propagation and evolution provide an important insight into the dynamics of CMEs and are a valuable tool for interpreting interplanetary in situ observations. Moreover, they represent a virtual laboratory for exploring conditions and regions of space that are not conveniently or currently accessible by spacecraft. In this report, we summarize our recent advances in modeling the properties and evolution of CMEs in the solar wind. We describe our current state of research with three examples: (1) interpreting the global context of in situ observations; (2) identifying new phenomena in the simulations; and (3) differentiating between CME initiation models. We conclude by discussing what topics will likely be important for models to address in the future. (C) 2005 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Sci Applicat Int Corp, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Riley, P (reprint author), Sci Applicat Int Corp, 10260 Campus Point Dr, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. EM Pete.Riley@saic.com; Jon.Linker@saic.com; Zoran.Mikic@saic.com NR 50 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD 0X5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES-SERIES PY 2006 VL 38 IS 3 BP 535 EP 546 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2005.04.040 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BFM60 UT WOS:000243095700025 ER PT S AU Wang, LY Yao, C Singhal, A Jajodia, S AF Wang, Lingyu Yao, Chao Singhal, Anoop Jajodia, Sushil BE Damiani, E Liu, P TI Interactive analysis of attack graphs using relational queries SO DATA AND APPLICATIONS SECURITY XX, PROCEEDINGS SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 20th Annual Working Conference on Data and Applications Security CY JUL 31-AUG 02, 2006 CL Sophia Antipolis, FRANCE SP IFIP WG 11 3, SAP Lab AB Attack graph is important in defending against well-orchestrated network intrusions. However, the current analysis of attack graphs requires an algorithm to be developed and implemented, causing a delay in the availability of analysis. Such a delay is usually unacceptable because the needs for analyzing attack graphs may change rapidly in defending against network intrusions. An administrator may want to revise an analysis upon observing its outcome. Such an interactive analysis, similar to that in decision support systems, is difficult if at all possible with current approaches based on proprietary algorithms. This paper removes the above limitation and enables interactive analysis of attack graphs. We devise a relational model for representing necessary inputs including network configuration and domain knowledge. We generate the attack graph from those inputs as relational views. We then show that typical analyses of the attack graph can be realized as relational queries against the views. Our approach eliminates the needs for developing a proprietary algorithm for each different analysis, because an analysis is now simply a relational query. The interactive analysis of attack graphs is now possible, because relational queries can be dynamically constructed and revised at run time. Moreover, the mature optimization techniques in relational databases can also improve the performance of the analysis. C1 George Mason Univ, Ctr Secure Informat Syst, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. NIST, Comp Secur Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wang, LY (reprint author), George Mason Univ, Ctr Secure Informat Syst, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. EM lwang3@gmu.edu; cyao@gmu.edu; anoop.singhal@nist.gov; jajodia@gmu.edu NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-36796-9 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2006 VL 4127 BP 119 EP 132 PG 14 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BEU98 UT WOS:000239572200009 ER PT J AU Sun, XC Corliss, BH Brown, CW Showers, WJ AF Sun, XC Corliss, BH Brown, CW Showers, WJ TI The effect of primary productivity and seasonality on the distribution of deep-sea benthic foraminifera in the North Atlantic SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS LA English DT Review DE deep-sea benthic foraminifera; primary productivity; seasonality; North Atlantic ID EASTERN EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; SURFACE OCEAN PRODUCTIVITY; ORGANIC-CARBON FLUX; WATER CIRCULATION; BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTIVITY; QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION; ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS; BENTHONIC FORAMINIFERA; NORTHEASTERN ATLANTIC; CONTINENTAL-MARGIN AB Deep-sea benthic foraminifera from 43 Holocene core tops in the North Atlantic were studied to evaluate the influence of primary productivity and the seasonality of primary productivity on the distributional patterns of species, faunal assemblages, and microhabitat groups. Two faunal assemblages, Epistominella exigua-Alabaminella weddellensis assemblage and Globocassidulina subglobosa-Epistominella umbonifera assemblage, were found to correlate with seasonality of primary productivity. The E. exigua-A. weddellensis assemblage is found at high latitudes and positively correlates with seasonality, while the G. subglobosa-E umbonifera assemblage is generally found at low latitudes and has a negative correlation. Correlation analysis indicates that the relative abundance of one species alone (E exigua or A. weddellensis) is not a strong indicator of either primary productivity or seasonality. No significant relationships are found between benthic foraminiferal species, faunal assemblages, or microhabitat groups and bottom water properties, which suggests that the deep-sea fauna may not be used to reconstruct bottom water properties in this region. Based on microhabitat preferences of individual species, the fauna is categorized into epifaunal, infaunal, and phytodetrital groups and is compared with primary productivity of the overlying surface waters and seasonality. No significant relationship was found between the relative abundance of the infaunal group and primary productivity or its seasonality, and only a weak correlation was found between these variables and the epifaunal group (r(2) = 0.33; 0.46). However, the relative abundances of the phytodetrital group correlate relatively well with seasonal variability (r(2) = 0.63), reflecting the association of these species with phytodetritus in regions marked by high seasonal variation in organic carbon flux. These results indicate that the relative abundance of the phytodetrital group may be used to reconstruct seasonality of productivity in the North Atlantic. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Div Earth & Ocean Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Off Res & Applicat, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. RP Corliss, BH (reprint author), Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Div Earth & Ocean Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA. EM bruce.corliss@duke.edu RI Brown, Christopher/B-8213-2008 OI Brown, Christopher/0000-0002-9905-6391 NR 105 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0637 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT I JI Deep-Sea Res. Part I-Oceanogr. Res. Pap. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 53 IS 1 BP 28 EP 47 DI 10.1016/j.dsr.2005.07.003 PG 20 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 014JY UT WOS:000235477300003 ER PT J AU Li, YH Menviel, L Peng, TH AF Li, YH Menviel, L Peng, TH TI Nitrate deficits by nitrification and denitrification processes in the Indian Ocean SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS LA English DT Article DE remineralization ratios; nitrification; partial nitrification; denitrification; anammox; nitrate deficit; Indian Ocean ID ANAEROBIC AMMONIUM OXIDATION; ARABIAN SEA; NITROUS-OXIDE; PACIFIC-OCEAN; NORTH PACIFIC; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; REDFIELD RATIOS; OXYGEN MINIMUM; REMINERALIZATION; FIXATION AB The three-end-member mixing model of Li and Peng [Latitudinal change of remineralization ratios in the oceans and its implication for nutrient cycles. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 16, 1130-1145] was applied to the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) data from Indian Ocean to obtain additional estimates on the remineralization ratios (P\N\C-org\-O-2) of organic matter in the oxygenated regions. The results show systematic changes of the remineralization ratios with latitude and depth in the Indian Ocean. The average remineralization ratios for Indian warm water masses (potential temperature theta > similar to 10 degrees C are P\N\C-org\-O-2 = 1\(15.6 +/- 0.7)\(110 +/- 9)\(159 +/- 8). These are comparable to the traditional Redfield ratios (P\N\C-org\-O-2 = 1\16\106\138), and are in good agreement with Anderson's [On the hydrogen and oxygen content of marine phytoplankton. Deep-Sea Research 142, 1675-1680.] values of P\N\C-org\-O-2 = 1\16\106\150 within the given uncertainties. Separation of nitrate deficits resulting from aerobic partial nitrification (M) and anaerobic denitrification (dN '') processes using empirical equations is shown to be useful and consistent with other observations. The dN maximum coincides with the phosphate and nitrate maximums, lies within the oxycline below the oxygen minimum zone, and is in contact with the continental slope sediments. The dN '' maximum lies within the oxygen minimum zone with O-2 9.0 December 26, 2004 and the M-w = 8.6 March 28, 2005 earthquakes are examined to explain the dramatic difference in tsunami observations. We evaluate both scalar measures (seismic moment, maximum slip, potential energy) and finite-source representations (distributed slip and far-field beaming from finite source dimensions) of tsunami generation potential. There exists significant variability in local tsunami runup with respect to the most readily available measure, seismic moment. The local tsunami intensity for the December 2004 earthquake is similar to other tsunamigenic earthquakes of comparable magnitude. In contrast, the March 2005 local tsunami was deficient relative to its earthquake magnitude. Tsunami potential energy calculations more accurately reflect the difference in tsunami severity, although these calculations are dependent on knowledge of the slip distribution and therefore difficult to implement in a real-time system. A significant factor affecting tsunami generation unaccounted for in these scalar measures is the location of regions of seafloor displacement relative to the overlying water depth. The deficiency of the March 2005 tsunami seems to be related to concentration of slip in the down-dip part of the rupture zone and the fact that a substantial portion of the vertical displacement field occurred in shallow water or on land. The comparison of the December 2004 and March 2005 Sumatra earthquakes presented in this study is analogous to previous studies comparing the 1952 and 2003 Tokachi-Oki earthquakes and tsunamis, in terms of the effect slip distribution has on local tsunamis. Results from these studies indicate the difficulty in rapidly assessing local tsunami runup from magnitude and epicentral location information alone. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM egeist@usgs.gov OI Titov, Vasily/0000-0002-1630-3829 NR 68 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 12 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1880-5981 J9 EARTH PLANETS SPACE JI Earth Planets Space PY 2006 VL 58 IS 2 BP 185 EP 193 PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 018MZ UT WOS:000235769800012 ER PT J AU Olsen, N Haagmans, R Sabaka, TJ Kuvshinov, A Maus, S Purucker, ME Rother, M Lesur, V Mandea, M AF Olsen, N Haagmans, R Sabaka, TJ Kuvshinov, A Maus, S Purucker, ME Rother, M Lesur, V Mandea, M TI The Swarm End-to-End mission simulator study: A demonstration of separating the various contributions to Earth's magnetic field using synthetic data SO EARTH PLANETS AND SPACE LA English DT Article DE Earth's magnetic field; comprehensive inversion; electromagnetic induction; ionosphere; lithosphere; magnetosphere ID ANOMALIES; OCEAN; MODEL AB Swarm, a satellite constellation to measure Earth's magnetic field with unpreceded accuracy, has been selected by ESA for launch in 2009. The mission will provide the best ever survey of the geomagnetic field and its temporal evolution, in order to gain new insights into the Earth system by improving our understanding of the Earth's interior and climate. An End-to-End mission performance simulation was carried out during Phase A of the mission, with the aim of analyzing the key system requirements, particularly with respect to the number of Swarm satellites and their orbits related to the science objectives of Swarm. In order to be able to use realistic parameters of the Earth's environment, the mission simulation starts at January 1, 1997 and lasts until re-entry of the lower satellites five years later. Synthetic magnetic field values were generated for all relevant contributions to Earth's magnetic field: core and lithospheric fields, fields due to currents in the ionosphere and magnetosphere, due to their secondary, induced, currents in the oceans, lithosphere and mantle, and fields due to currents coupling the ionosphere and magnetosphere. Several independent methods were applied to the synthetic data to analyze various aspects of field recovery in relation to different number of satellites, different constellations and realistic noise sources. This paper gives an overview of the study activities, describes the generation of the synthetic data, and assesses the obtained results. C1 Danish Natl Space Ctr, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. ESA, ESTEC, Directorate Earth Observ Programmes, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk ZH, Netherlands. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Geodynam Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. British Geol Survey, Edinburgh EH9 3LA, Midlothian, Scotland. Inst Phys Globe, F-75252 Paris, France. RP Olsen, N (reprint author), Danish Natl Space Ctr, Juliane Maries Vej 30, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. EM nio@spacecenter.dk RI Olsen, Nils/H-1822-2011; Sabaka, Terence/D-5618-2012; MANDEA, Mioara/E-4892-2012; Lesur, Vincent/H-1031-2012 OI Olsen, Nils/0000-0003-1132-6113; Lesur, Vincent/0000-0003-2568-320X NR 30 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 9 PU TERRA SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PI TOKYO PA 2003 SANSEI JIYUGAOKA HAIMU, 5-27-19 OKUSAWA, SETAGAYA-KU, TOKYO, 158-0083, JAPAN SN 1343-8832 J9 EARTH PLANETS SPACE JI Earth Planets Space PY 2006 VL 58 IS 4 BP 359 EP 370 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 037ZB UT WOS:000237185700003 ER PT J AU Manoj, C Kuvshinov, A Maus, S Luhr, H AF Manoj, C Kuvshinov, A Maus, S Luhr, H TI Ocean circulation generated magnetic signals SO EARTH PLANETS AND SPACE LA English DT Article DE ocean flow; geomagnetic field; satellite measurements ID ELECTROMAGNETIC-FIELDS; SEA; INDUCTION; TRANSPORTS; RESPONSES; MODELS; VOLUME; EARTH AB Conducting ocean water, as it flows through the Earth's magnetic field, generates secondary electric and magnetic fields. An assessment of the ocean-generated magnetic fields and their detectability may be of importance for geomagnetism and oceanography. Motivated by the clear identification of ocean tidal signatures in the CHAMP magnetic field data we estimate the ocean magnetic signals of steady flow using a global 3-D EM numerical solution. The required velocity data are from the ECCO ocean circulation experiment and alternatively from the OCCAM model for higher resolution. We assume an Earth's conductivity model with a surface thin shell of variable conductance with a realistic ID mantle underneath. Simulations using both models predict an amplitude range of +/-2 nT at Swarm altitude (430 km). However at sea level, the higher resolution simulation predicts a higher strength of the magnetic field, as compared to the ECCO simulation. Besides the expected signatures of the global circulation patterns, we find significant seasonal variability of ocean magnetic signals in the Indian and Western Pacific Oceans. Compared to seasonal variation, interannual variations produce weaker signals. C1 Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. Natl Geophys Res Inst, Hyderabad 500007, Andhra Pradesh, India. Danish Natl Space Ctr, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. Geoelectromagnet Res Inst, Troitsk, Russia. NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Manoj, C (reprint author), Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. EM manoj@gfz-potsdam.de RI Nair, Manoj/C-4813-2009 NR 33 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 3 U2 15 PU TERRA SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PI TOKYO PA 2003 SANSEI JIYUGAOKA HAIMU, 5-27-19 OKUSAWA, SETAGAYA-KU, TOKYO, 158-0083, JAPAN SN 1343-8832 J9 EARTH PLANETS SPACE JI Earth Planets Space PY 2006 VL 58 IS 4 BP 429 EP 437 PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 037ZB UT WOS:000237185700008 ER PT B AU Weng, FZ AF Weng, Fuzhong BE Qu, JJ Gao, W Kafatos, M Murphy, RE Salomonson, VV TI Conically scanned microwave imager sounder SO Earth Science Satellite Remote Sensing: Science and Instruments, Vol 1 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Workshop of the Earth Science Satellite Remote Sensing CY OCT 15-22, 2002 CL George Mason Univ, Fairfax, VA HO George Mason Univ ID CLOUD LIQUID WATER; SPECIAL SENSOR MICROWAVE/IMAGER; PHYSICAL RETRIEVAL; SSM/I OBSERVATIONS; SNOW COVER; UNIT C1 NOAA, Sensor Phys Branch, NESDIS Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Weng, FZ (reprint author), NOAA, Sensor Phys Branch, NESDIS Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Weng, Fuzhong/F-5633-2010 OI Weng, Fuzhong/0000-0003-0150-2179 NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 978-3-540-35606-6 PY 2006 BP 224 EP 242 DI 10.1007/978-3-540-37293-6_12 PG 19 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BFY52 UT WOS:000245436900012 ER PT B AU Goldberg, MD Weng, FZ AF Goldberg, Mitchell D. Weng, Fuzhong BE Qu, JJ Gao, W Kafatos, M Murphy, RE Salomonson, VV TI Advanced technology microwave sounder SO EARTH SCIENCE SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING: SCIENCE AND INSTRUMENTS, VOL 1 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Workshop of the Earth Science Satellite Remote Sensing CY OCT 15-22, 2002 CL George Mason Univ, Fairfax, VA HO George Mason Univ C1 [Goldberg, Mitchell D.; Weng, Fuzhong] NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Satellite Meteorol & Climatol, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Goldberg, MD (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Satellite Meteorol & Climatol, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM mitch.Goldberg@noaa.gov; fuzhong.weng@noaa.gov RI Weng, Fuzhong/F-5633-2010 OI Weng, Fuzhong/0000-0003-0150-2179 NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 978-3-540-35606-6 PY 2006 BP 243 EP + DI 10.1007/978-3-540-37293-6_13 PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BFY52 UT WOS:000245436900013 ER PT B AU Flynn, LE Seftor, CJ Larsen, JC Xu, P AF Flynn, Lawrence E. Seftor, Colin J. Larsen, Jack C. Xu, Philippe BE Qu, JJ Gao, W Kafatos, M Murphy, RE Salomonson, VV TI The ozone mapping and profiler suite SO EARTH SCIENCE SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING: SCIENCE AND INSTRUMENTS, VOL 1 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Workshop of the Earth Science Satellite Remote Sensing CY OCT 15-22, 2002 CL George Mason Univ, Fairfax, VA HO George Mason Univ ID LIMB SCATTER MEASUREMENTS; O-3 PROFILES; SATELLITE C1 [Flynn, Lawrence E.] NOAA, NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD 20734 USA. [Seftor, Colin J.; Larsen, Jack C.] Informat Technol & Sci, Raytheon, Upper Marlboro, MD 20774 USA. [Xu, Philippe] Raytheon Informat Solut, Reston, VA 20895 USA. RP Flynn, LE (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD 20734 USA. EM lawrence.e.flynn@noaa.gov; colin_j_seftor@raytheon.com; jack_c_larsen@raytheon.com RI Flynn, Lawrence/B-6321-2009 OI Flynn, Lawrence/0000-0001-6856-2614 FU Integrated Program Office; Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corporation; Northrop Grumman Corporation; Raytheon Company FX The authors wish to formally recognize that the progress on the NPOESS OMPS is the result of extensive research, development, fabrication and programmingwork performed by dozens of engineers, scientists, programmers, administrators and support staff at the Integrated Program Office, Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corporation, Northrop Grumman Corporation, and Raytheon Company, and by their subcontractors and consultants. This chapter contents are the opinions of the authors and do not constitute a statement of policy, decision, or position on behalf of NOAA or the US Government. NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 978-3-540-35606-6 PY 2006 BP 279 EP + DI 10.1007/978-3-540-37293-6_15 PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BFY52 UT WOS:000245436900015 ER PT J AU Fagan, WF Holmes, EE AF Fagan, WF Holmes, EE TI Quantifying the extinction vortex SO ECOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE decline to extinction; extinction risk; extinction vortex; population extinction; time-to-extinction; vertebrate extinctions ID POPULATION VIABILITY ANALYSIS; VULNERABILITY; ENVIRONMENTS; BIOLOGY; DECLINE AB We developed a database of 10 wild vertebrate populations whose declines to extinction were monitored over at least 12 years. We quantitatively characterized the final declines of these well-monitored populations and tested key theoretical predictions about the process of extinction, obtaining two primary results. First, we found evidence of logarithmic scaling of time-to-extinction as a function of population size for each of the 10 populations. Second, two lines of evidence suggested that these extinction-bound populations collectively exhibited dynamics akin to those theoretically proposed to occur in extinction vortices. Specifically, retrospective analyses suggested that a population size of n individuals within a decade of extinction was somehow less valuable to persistence than the same population size was earlier. Likewise, both year-to-year rates of decline and year-to-year variability increased as the time-to-extinction decreased. Together, these results provide key empirical insights into extinction dynamics, an important topic that has received extensive theoretical attention. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Biol, College Pk, MD 20906 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Cumulat Risk Initiat, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Fagan, WF (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Biol, College Pk, MD 20906 USA. EM bfagan@glue.umd.edu NR 40 TC 97 Z9 100 U1 12 U2 97 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1461-023X J9 ECOL LETT JI Ecol. Lett. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 9 IS 1 BP 51 EP 60 DI 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00845.x PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 011YW UT WOS:000235306400008 PM 16958868 ER PT J AU Dawson, MN Waples, RS Bernardi, G AF Dawson, Michael N. Waples, Robin S. Bernardi, Giacomo BE Allen, LG Pondella, DJ Horn, MH TI Phylogeography SO ECOLOGY OF MARINE FISHES: CALIFORNIA AND ADJACENT WATERS LA English DT Editorial Material; Book Chapter ID EUCYCLOGOBIUS-NEWBERRYI TELEOSTEI; CALIFORNIA PENINSULAR DESERT; SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; EREMICUS SPECIES GROUP; GLOBAL CLIMATE-CHANGE; MARINE SHORE FISHES; FRESH-WATER FISHES; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; GENE FLOW; BAJA-CALIFORNIA C1 [Dawson, Michael N.] Univ New S Wales, Sch Biol Earth & Environm Sci, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. [Waples, Robin S.] NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Conservat Biol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [Bernardi, Giacomo] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Dawson, MN (reprint author), Univ New S Wales, Sch Biol Earth & Environm Sci, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. OI Dawson, Michael/0000-0001-7927-8395 NR 195 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 3 PU UNIV CALIFORNIA PRESS PI BERKELEY PA 2120 BERKELEY WAY, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA BN 978-0-520-93247-0 PY 2006 BP 26 EP 54 PG 29 WC Ecology; Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BWD97 UT WOS:000293694000003 ER PT J AU Hobson, ES AF Hobson, Edmund S. BE Allen, LG Pondella, DJ Horn, MH TI Evolution SO ECOLOGY OF MARINE FISHES: CALIFORNIA AND ADJACENT WATERS LA English DT Editorial Material; Book Chapter ID CRETACEOUS-TERTIARY EXTINCTION; SANTA-BARBARA; ACANTHOPTERYGIAN FISHES; CEBIDICHTHYS-VIOLACEUS; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; TELEOSTEAN FISHES; MASS EXTINCTIONS; FOSSIL RECORD; LIFE-HISTORY; KELP FORESTS C1 NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Hobson, ES (reprint author), NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. NR 155 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CALIFORNIA PRESS PI OAKLAND PA 155 GRAND AVE, SUITE 400, OAKLAND, CA 94612-3758 USA BN 978-0-520-93247-0 PY 2006 BP 55 EP 80 PG 26 WC Ecology; Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BWD97 UT WOS:000293694000004 ER PT J AU Allen, LG Yoklavich, MM Cailliet, GM Horn, MH AF Allen, Larry G. Yoklavich, Mary M. Cailliet, Gregor M. Horn, Michael H. BE Allen, LG Pondella, DJ Horn, MH TI Bays and Estuaries SO ECOLOGY OF MARINE FISHES: CALIFORNIA AND ADJACENT WATERS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID CALIFORNIA COASTAL LAGOON; SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; UPPER NEWPORT BAY; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; ELKHORN SLOUGH; MYLIOBATIS-CALIFORNICA; FUNDULUS-HETEROCLITUS; FISH-ASSEMBLAGE; SALT-MARSH; MUSTELUS-CALIFORNICUS C1 [Allen, Larry G.] Calif State Univ Northridge, Dept Biol, Northridge, CA 91330 USA. [Yoklavich, Mary M.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. [Cailliet, Gregor M.] Moss Landing Marine Labs, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. [Horn, Michael H.] Calif State Univ Fullerton, Dept Biol Sci, Fullerton, CA 92834 USA. RP Allen, LG (reprint author), Calif State Univ Northridge, Dept Biol, Northridge, CA 91330 USA. NR 132 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 5 PU UNIV CALIFORNIA PRESS PI BERKELEY PA 2120 BERKELEY WAY, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA BN 978-0-520-93247-0 PY 2006 BP 119 EP 148 PG 30 WC Ecology; Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BWD97 UT WOS:000293694000006 ER PT J AU Love, MS Yoklavich, MM AF Love, Milton S. Yoklavich, Mary M. BE Allen, LG Pondella, DJ Horn, MH TI Deep Rock Habitats SO ECOLOGY OF MARINE FISHES: CALIFORNIA AND ADJACENT WATERS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID SANTA-BARBARA CHANNEL; 7 OIL PLATFORMS; FISH ASSEMBLAGES; CALIFORNIA; OREGON; REEF; ASSOCIATIONS; ROCKFISHES; VESSEL; SHELF C1 [Love, Milton S.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Yoklavich, Mary M.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. RP Love, MS (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. NR 44 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CALIFORNIA PRESS PI BERKELEY PA 2120 BERKELEY WAY, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA BN 978-0-520-93247-0 PY 2006 BP 253 EP 266 PG 14 WC Ecology; Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BWD97 UT WOS:000293694000011 ER PT J AU Moser, HG Watson, W AF Moser, H. G. Watson, W. BE Allen, LG Pondella, DJ Horn, MH TI Ichthyoplankton SO ECOLOGY OF MARINE FISHES: CALIFORNIA AND ADJACENT WATERS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID EARLY-LIFE-HISTORY; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA BIGHT; ANCHOVY ENGRAULIS-MORDAX; LARVAL FISH ASSEMBLAGES; SHALLOW COASTAL WATERS; DIEL VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION; HAKE MERLUCCIUS-PRODUCTUS; NORTHEAST PACIFIC-OCEAN; SARDINE SARDINOPS-SAGAX; SOLE PAROPHRYS-VETULUS C1 [Moser, H. G.; Watson, W.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. RP Moser, HG (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. NR 336 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CALIFORNIA PRESS PI OAKLAND PA 155 GRAND AVE, SUITE 400, OAKLAND, CA 94612-3758 USA BN 978-0-520-93247-0 PY 2006 BP 269 EP 319 PG 51 WC Ecology; Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BWD97 UT WOS:000293694000012 ER PT J AU DeMartini, EE Sikkel, PC AF DeMartini, Edward E. Sikkel, Paul C. BE Allen, LG Pondella, DJ Horn, MH TI Reproduction SO ECOLOGY OF MARINE FISHES: CALIFORNIA AND ADJACENT WATERS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID EARLY LIFE-HISTORY; CORAL-REEF FISH; FEMALE MATE CHOICE; MALE PARENTAL CARE; SCULPIN ALCICHTHYS-ALCICORNIS; INTERNAL GAMETIC ASSOCIATION; SPAWNING-SITE CHOICE; PUTATIVE STEROIDAL PHEROMONES; ROCKFISH SEBASTES-FLAVIDUS; BIDIRECTIONAL SEX-CHANGE C1 [DeMartini, Edward E.] NOAA, Fisheries Serv, Pacific Islands Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Sikkel, Paul C.] Murray State Univ, Dept Biol, Murray, KY 42071 USA. RP DeMartini, EE (reprint author), NOAA, Fisheries Serv, Pacific Islands Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 557 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU UNIV CALIFORNIA PRESS PI BERKELEY PA 2120 BERKELEY WAY, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA BN 978-0-520-93247-0 PY 2006 BP 483 EP 523 PG 41 WC Ecology; Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BWD97 UT WOS:000293694000019 ER PT J AU Josell, D Bonevich, JE Moffat, TP Aaltonen, T Ritala, M Leskela, M AF Josell, D Bonevich, JE Moffat, TP Aaltonen, T Ritala, M Leskela, M TI Iridium barriers for direct copper electrodeposition in damascene processing SO ELECTROCHEMICAL AND SOLID STATE LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DIFFUSION BARRIER; THIN-FILM; RUTHENIUM; CU; GROWTH AB Seedless superfilling by copper electrodeposition is demonstrated on submicrometer trenches with Ir barrier layers deposited by atomic layer deposition. The Cu deposition is seen to occur smoothly and continuously on the Ir without the benefit of a copper seed layer. The work supports efforts to develop diffusion barriers compatible with seedless superfill for damascene fabrication of interconnects. It also indicates the suitability of atomic layer deposition for fabrication of barrier layers, in this case Ir, for seedless processing. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Helsinki, Inorgan Chem Lab, Helsinki, Finland. RP Josell, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM daniel.josell@nist.gov RI Ritala, Mikko/N-7268-2013; Aaltonen, Titta/C-8881-2015; OI Ritala, Mikko/0000-0002-6210-2980; Aaltonen, Titta/0000-0002-6858-1126; Leskela, Markku/0000-0001-5830-2800 NR 12 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 1099-0062 J9 ELECTROCHEM SOLID ST JI Electrochem. Solid State Lett. PY 2006 VL 9 IS 2 BP C48 EP C50 DI 10.1149/1.2150165 PG 3 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 995YR UT WOS:000234142000026 ER PT J AU Josell, D Witt, C Moffat, TP AF Josell, D Witt, C Moffat, TP TI Osmium barriers for direct copper electrodeposition in Damascene processing SO ELECTROCHEMICAL AND SOLID STATE LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DIFFUSION BARRIER; THIN-FILM; RUTHENIUM; GROWTH; CU AB Direct electrodeposition of copper on osmium (Os) is described. Effective superfilling of submicrometer trenches by direct copper electrodeposition onto the osmium barrier layer is demonstrated. Surface modification of osmium prior to copper deposition as demonstrated herein, including electrochemical reduction in sulfuric acid and exposure to plating additives, presents an avenue for future process optimization. The work suggests further examination of Os as a diffusion barrier and/or adhesion layer for Damascene metallization. (c) 2005 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Cookson Elect, Enthone Div, Orange, CT 06516 USA. RP Josell, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM daniel.josell@nist.gov NR 11 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 1099-0062 J9 ELECTROCHEM SOLID ST JI Electrochem. Solid State Lett. PY 2006 VL 9 IS 2 BP C41 EP C43 DI 10.1149/1.2149214 PG 3 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 995YR UT WOS:000234142000024 ER PT J AU Kim, SK Hwang, S Cho, SK Kim, JJ AF Kim, SK Hwang, S Cho, SK Kim, JJ TI Leveling of superfilled damascene Cu film using two-step electrodeposition SO ELECTROCHEMICAL AND SOLID STATE LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SUPERCONFORMAL ELECTRODEPOSITION; COPPER DEPOSITION; BUMP FORMATION; CORROSION; ACID; BENZOTRIAZOLE; ADDITIVES; INTERCONNECTS; ACCELERATOR; INHIBITION AB To enhance the compatibility of electrodeposition with the chemical mechanical polishing process, we attempted to prevent step formation on active areas. In the absence of benzotriazole (BTA), the step heights increased with the decrease in the pattern width and the increase in the pattern density due to the locally condensed accelerator. However, the addition of BTA significantly suppressed the deposition kinetic through the deactivation of the accelerator. The two-step electrodeposition with modulated accelerator and BTA concentrations was found to be effective in the retardation of bump formation and the prevention of bumps from growing without an impact on the superfilling. (c) 2005 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Seoul Natl Univ, Res Ctr Energy Convers & Storage, Sch Chem Engn, Seoul 151742, South Korea. RP Kim, JJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jjkimm@snu.ac.kr RI Kim, Soo-Kil/E-1295-2011 NR 30 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 1099-0062 J9 ELECTROCHEM SOLID ST JI Electrochem. Solid State Lett. PY 2006 VL 9 IS 2 BP C25 EP C28 DI 10.1149/1.2139976 PG 4 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 995YR UT WOS:000234142000019 ER PT J AU Josell, D Bonevich, JE Moffat, TP Aaltonen, T Ritala, M Leskela, M AF Josell, D Bonevich, JE Moffat, TP Aaltonen, T Ritala, M Leskela, M TI Iridium barriers for direct copper electrodeposition in damascene processing (vol 9, pg C48, 2006) SO ELECTROCHEMICAL AND SOLID STATE LETTERS LA English DT Correction C1 NIST, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Helsinki, Inorgan Chem Lab, Helsinki, Finland. RP Josell, D (reprint author), NIST, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Ritala, Mikko/N-7268-2013 OI Ritala, Mikko/0000-0002-6210-2980 NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 1099-0062 J9 ELECTROCHEM SOLID ST JI Electrochem. Solid State Lett. PY 2006 VL 9 IS 5 BP L4 EP L4 DI 10.1149/1.2179770 PG 1 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 024XD UT WOS:000236228900037 ER PT J AU Josell, D Witt, C Moffat, TP AF Josell, D Witt, C Moffat, TP TI Osmium barriers for direct copper electrodeposition in damascene processing (vol 9, pg C41, 2006) SO ELECTROCHEMICAL AND SOLID STATE LETTERS LA English DT Correction C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Cookson Elect, Enthone Div, West Haven, CT 06516 USA. RP Josell, D (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 1099-0062 J9 ELECTROCHEM SOLID ST JI Electrochem. Solid State Lett. PY 2006 VL 9 IS 5 BP L3 EP L3 DI 10.1149/1.2179769 PG 1 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 024XD UT WOS:000236228900036 ER PT S AU Obrzut, J Psurek, T Chiang, CK DeLongchamp, DM AF Obrzut, J. Psurek, T. Chiang, C. K. DeLongchamp, D. M. BE Bharti, V BarCohen, Y Cheng, ZY Zhang, Q Madden, J TI Non-linear charge transport in polythiophene under high AC field SO Electroresponsive Polymers and Their Applications SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Electroresponsive Polymers an Their Applications held at the 2005 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 28-DEC 01, 2005 CL Boston, MA ID COMPOSITES; POLYMERS AB Complex impedance and conductivity were measured for regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) at alternating current (AC) voltages using a waveform technique. The waveforms were Fourier transformed from time domain to frequency domain and analyzed at fundamental and higher order harmonic frequencies. It was found that the impedance of the semi-conducting P3HT decreases with increasing electric field strength. The non-linear charge transport is dominated by a third harmonic response that originates from extended polarizability of pi-type electronic states. The third order non-linear conductivity can be used to quantify the effect of an electric field on the conduction mechanism and to correlate the intrinsic charge carriers mobility with molecular structure. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Obrzut, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-843-8 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2006 VL 889 BP 213 EP 218 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter; Polymer Science SC Materials Science; Physics; Polymer Science GA BEG46 UT WOS:000237223100029 ER PT S AU Ro, HW Ding, YF Lee, HJ Hines, DR Jones, RL Lin, EK Karim, A Wu, WL Soles, CL AF Ro, Hyun Wook Ding, Yifu Lee, Hae-Jeong Hines, Daniel R. Jones, Ronald L. Lin, Eric K. Karim, Alamgir Wu, Wen-li Soles, Christopher L. BE Lercel, MJ TI The role of stress in nanoimprint lithography - art. no. 615116 SO Emerging Lithographic Technologies X, Pts 1 and 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Emerging Lithographic Technologies X CY FEB 21-23, 2006 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE nanoimprint lithography; residual stress; thickness; pattern shape; metrology; X-ray reflectivity; critical dimension small angle scattering ID RESIDUAL LAYER THICKNESS; THIN POLYMER-FILMS; CORRUGATION GRATINGS; IMPRINT LITHOGRAPHY; GLASS-TRANSITION; FABRICATION; RESOLUTION; DECAY AB The thermal embossing form of nanoimprint lithography is used to pattern arrays of nanostructures into several different polymer films. The shape of the imprinted patterns is characterized with nm precision using both X-ray scattering and reflectivity techniques. By studying the time dependent response of the pattern shape at temperatures near the glass transition temperature, we are able to perceive large levels of residual stress induced by the imprinting process. The large shear fields that result as the viscous polymer flows into the mold leads to residual stresses. At elevated temperatures in the freestanding structures (once the mold has been separated from the imprint), there is an accelerated reduction in pattern height in the reverse direction from which the material originally flowed into the mold. Two factors that influence this residual stress include the molecular mass of the polymer resist and the amount of time the pattern is annealed at high temperature in the presence of the mold. C1 NIST, Polymers Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Soles, CL (reprint author), NIST, Polymers Div, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6194-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6151 BP 15116 EP 15116 AR 615116 DI 10.1117/12.656742 PN 1-2 PG 7 WC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BEN16 UT WOS:000238249800038 ER PT S AU Hill, SB Ermanoski, I Grantham, S Tarrio, C Lucatorto, TB Madey, TE Bajt, S Chandhok, M Yan, P Wood, O Wurm, S Edwards, NV AF Hill, S. B. Ermanoski, I. Grantham, S. Tarrio, C. Lucatorto, T. B. Madey, T. E. Bajt, S. Chandhok, M. Yan, P. Wood, O. Wurm, S. Edwards, N. V. BE Lercel, MJ TI EUV testing of multilayer mirrors: critical issues - art. no. 61510F SO Emerging Lithographic Technologies X, Pts 1 and 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Emerging Lithographic Technologies X CY FEB 21-23, 2006 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE extreme ultraviolet; lithography; reflectometry; EUV optics; ruthenium films; lifetime testing AB Recently, while performing extensive EUV irradiation endurance testing on Ru-capped multilayer mirrors in the presence of elevated partial pressures of water and hydrocarbons, NIST has observed that the amount of EUV-induced damage actually decreases with increasing levels of water vapor above similar to 5 x 10(-7) Torr. It is thought that the admitted water vapor may interact with otherwise stable, condensed carbonaceous species in an UHV vacuum system to increase the background levels of simple gaseous carbon-containing molecules. Some support for this hypothesis was demonstrated by observing the mitigating effect of very small levels of simple hydrocarbons with the intentional introduction of methyl alcohol in addition to the water vapor. It was found that the damage rate decreased by at least an order of magnitude when the partial pressure of methyl alcohol was just one percent of the water partial pressure. These observations indicate that the hydrocarbon components of the vacuum environment under actual testing conditions must be characterized and controlled to 10(-11) Torr or better in order to quantify the damage caused by high levels of water vapor. The possible effects of exposure beam size and out-of-band radiation on mirror lifetime testing will also be discussed. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20853 USA. RP Hill, SB (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8411, Gaithersburg, MD 20853 USA. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6194-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6151 BP F1510 EP F1510 AR 61510F DI 10.1117/12.656502 PN 1-2 PG 9 WC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BEN16 UT WOS:000238249800014 ER PT S AU Lee, HJ Soles, CL Ro, HW Hines, DR Jones, RL Lin, EK Karim, A Wu, WL AF Lee, Hae-Jeong Soles, Christopher L. Ro, Hyun Wook Hines, D. R. Jones, Ronald L. Lin, Eric K. Karim, Alamgir Wu, Wen-Li BE Lercel, MJ TI Characterizing nanoimprint pattern cross-section and fidelity from X-ray reflectivity - art. no. 61510N SO Emerging Lithographic Technologies X, Pts 1 and 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Emerging Lithographic Technologies X CY FEB 21-23, 2006 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE nanoimprint lithography; pattern fidelity; x-ray reflectivity; cross-section; residual layer; pattern profile ID OPTICAL-DEVICES; REPLICATION; LITHOGRAPHY; FABRICATION AB To address several of the challenges associated with nanoimprint lithography, new measurement techniques that can correlate the physical structure of an imprinted nanostructure with the materials used and the imprinting conditions are critical for optimizing imprint processes. Specular X-ray reflectivity (SXR) is a widely used technique to quantify the thickness, density, and roughness of the non-patterned films. Here we extend the applicability of SXR to imprinted nanostructures by characterizing the pattern height, the line-to-space ratio as a function of pattern height, the residual layer thickness, and the fidelity of pattern transfer. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Soles, CL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8541, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6194-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6151 BP N1510 EP N1510 AR 61510N DI 10.1117/12.656826 PN 1-2 PG 7 WC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BEN16 UT WOS:000238249800021 ER PT J AU Duncan, CJ Fenves, SJ Iwankiw, N AF Duncan, Cynthia J. Fenves, Steven J. Iwankiw, Nestor TI Technical note: Determination of allowable strength design safety factors in the 2005 AISC Specification SO ENGINEERING JOURNAL-AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION INC LA English DT Article C1 [Duncan, Cynthia J.] AISC Inc, Chicago, IL USA. [Fenves, Steven J.] NIST, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Fenves, Steven J.] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. [Iwankiw, Nestor] Hughes Associates Inc, Chicago, IL USA. RP Duncan, CJ (reprint author), AISC Inc, Chicago, IL USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST STEEL CONSTRUCTION PI CHICAGO PA ONE EAST WACKER DR, SUITE 3100, CHICAGO, IL 60601-2001 USA SN 0013-8029 J9 ENG J AISC JI Eng. J.-Amer. Inst. Steel Constr. PY 2006 VL 43 IS 4 BP 267 EP 270 PG 4 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA V56RB UT WOS:000203829900005 ER PT J AU Keller, JM McClellan-Green, PD Kucklick, JR Keil, DE Peden-Adams, MM AF Keller, JM McClellan-Green, PD Kucklick, JR Keil, DE Peden-Adams, MM TI Effects of organochlorine contaminants on loggerhead sea turtle immunity: Comparison of a correlative field study and in vitro exposure experiments SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE DDT; immunotoxicity; organochlorine contaminants; organochlorine pesticides; PCBs; persistent organic pollutants; polychlorinated biphenyls; reptile ID HAWAIIAN GREEN TURTLES; CHELONIA-MYDAS; LYMPHOCYTE-PROLIFERATION; PERIPHERAL-BLOOD; CASPIAN TERNS; DBA/2 MICE; IMMUNOTOXICITY; RESPONSES; LYSOZYME; STRESS AB Several laboratory and field studies indicate that organochlorine contaminants (OCs), such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and pesticides, modulate immune responses in rodents, wildlife, and humans. In the present study we examined the effects of OCs on immunity in free-ranging logger-head sea turtles (Caretta caretta). Mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation responses, lysozyme activity, and OC concentrations were measured from blood samples. Mitogens chosen in the lymphocyte proliferation assay were phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (ConA) for T-lymphocyte stimulation, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDB) for B-lymphocyte stimulation. Lysozyme activity was significantly and negatively correlated with whole-blood concentrations of 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (4,4'-DDE) and the sum of chlordanes. Lymphocyte proliferation responses stimulated by PHA, LPS, and PDB were significantly and positively correlated with concentrations of the sum of PCBs measured in whole blood. LPS- and PDB-induced proliferation were also significantly and positively correlated with 4,4'-DDE blood concentrations. These correlative observations in free-ranging turtles suggest that current, chronic exposure to OCs may suppress innate immunity and enhance certain lymphocyte functions of loggerhead sea turtles. To further test this hypothesis, lymphocyte proliferation was measured after in vitro exposure of peripheral blood leukocytes from 16 turtles to Aroclor 1254 (0-13.5 mu g/mL) or 4,4'-DDE (0-13.4 mu g/mL). Both contaminants increased PHA- and PDB-induced proliferation at concentrations below those that affected cell viability. Moreover, the concentrations that enhanced PDB-induced proliferation in vitro were similar to concentrations measured in turtles with the highest proliferative responses. The similarities between the in vitro experiments and the correlative field study suggest that OC exposure modulates immunity in loggerhead turtles. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci Coastal Syst &, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Duke Univ, Integrated Toxicol Program, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Environm & Mol Toxicol, Morehead City, NC USA. N Carolina State Univ, Ctr Marine Sci & Technol, Morehead City, NC USA. Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Pediat, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. Coll Charleston, Grice Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29401 USA. Mystic Aquarium & Inst Explorat, Mystic, CT USA. RP Keller, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Hollings Marine Lab, 331 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM Jennifer.keller@noaa.gov RI Keller, Jennifer/C-5006-2008 NR 51 TC 64 Z9 71 U1 3 U2 25 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 114 IS 1 BP 70 EP 76 DI 10.1289/ehp.8143 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 999NR UT WOS:000234396800041 PM 16393661 ER PT J AU Yuan, ZP Courtenay, S Chambers, RC Wirgin, I AF Yuan, ZP Courtenay, S Chambers, RC Wirgin, I TI Evidence of spatially extensive resistance to PCBs in an anadromous fish of the Hudson River SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE AHR; Atlantic tomcod; CYP1A; evolutionary change; genetic adaptation; Hudson River; PCBs; resistance ID TOMCOD MICROGADUS-TOMCOD; MESSENGER-RNA INDUCTION; FUNDULUS-HETEROCLITUS POPULATIONS; ARYL-HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR; TREATED ATLANTIC TOMCOD; NONIMPACTED SUBPOPULATIONS; CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS; CIRCULATION FAILURE; CYTOCHROME P4501A1; GENETIC-STRUCTURE AB Populations of organisms that are chronically exposed to high levels of chemical contaminants may not suffer the same sublethal or lethal effects as naive populations, a phenomenon called resistance. Atlantic tomcod (Microgadus tomcod) from the Hudson River, New York, are exposed to high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and bioaccumulate polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). They have developed resistance to PCBs and PCDDs but not to PAHs. Resistance is largely heritable and manifests at early-life-stage toxic end points and in inducibility of cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) mRNA expression. Because CYP1A induction is activated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) pathway, as are most toxic responses to these compounds, we sought to determine the geographic extent of resistance to CYP1A mRNA induction by PCBs in the Hudson River tomcod population. Samples of young-of-the-year tomcod were collected from seven locales in the Hudson River, extending from the Battery at river mile 1 (RM 1) to RM 90, and from the Miramichi River, New Brunswick, Canada. Laboratory-reared offspring of tomcod adults from Newark Bay, in the western portion of the Hudson River estuary, were also used in this study. Fish were partially depurated in clean water and intraperitoneally injected with 10 ppm coplanar PCB-77, 10 ppm benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), or corn oil vehicle, and levels of CYP1A mRNA were determined. CYP1A was significantly inducible by treatment with BaP in tomcod from the Miramichi River, from laboratory-spawned offspring of Newark Bay origin, and from all Hudson River sites spanning 90 miles of river. In contrast, only tomcod from the Miramichi River displayed significantly induced CYP1A mRNA expression when treated with PCB-77. Our results suggest that the population of tomcod from throughout the Hudson River estuary has developed resistance to CYP1A inducibility and probably other toxicities mediated by the AHR pathway. Tomcod from the Hudson River may represent the most geographically expansive population of vertebrates with resistance to chemical pollutants that has been characterized. C1 NYU, Dept Environm Med, Tuxedo Pk, NY 10987 USA. Univ New Brunswick, Dept Fisheries & Oceans, Canadian Rivers Inst, Dept Biol, Fredericton, NB, Canada. Fisheries Serv, NOAA, Howard Marine Sci Lab, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Highlands, NJ USA. RP Wirgin, I (reprint author), NYU, Dept Environm Med, 57 Old Forge Rd, Tuxedo Pk, NY 10987 USA. EM Wirgin@env.med.nyu.edu FU NIEHS NIH HHS [P42 ES010344, ES00260, ES10344, P30 ES000260] NR 64 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 5 U2 26 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 114 IS 1 BP 77 EP 84 DI 10.1289/ehp.8255 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 999NR UT WOS:000234396800042 PM 16393662 ER PT J AU Huber, JA Johnson, HP Butterfield, DA Baross, JA AF Huber, JA Johnson, HP Butterfield, DA Baross, JA TI Microbial life in ridge flank crustal fluids SO ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DE-FUCA RIDGE; GREEN NONSULFUR BACTERIA; SEA VOLCANIC-ERUPTION; ARCHAEAL DIVERSITY; OCEANIC-CRUST; HYDROTHERMAL VENT; SUBSEAFLOOR SEDIMENTS; EASTERN FLANK; PACIFIC-OCEAN; FLOOR BASALT AB To determine the microbial community diversity within old oceanic crust, a novel sampling strategy was used to collect crustal fluids at Baby Bare Seamount, a 3.5 Ma old outcrop located in the north-east Pacific Ocean on the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Stainless steel probes were driven directly into the igneous ocean crust to obtain samples of ridge flank crustal fluids. Genetic signatures and enrichment cultures of microorganisms demonstrate that these crustal fluids host a microbial community composed of species indigenous to the subseafloor, including anaerobic thermophiles, and species from other deep-sea habitats, such as seawater and sediments. Evidence using molecular techniques indicates the presence of a relatively small but active microbial population, dominated by bacteria. The microbial community diversity found in the crustal fluids may indicate habitat variability in old oceanic crust, with inputs of nutrients from seawater, sediment pore-water fluids and possibly hydrothermal sources. This report further supports the presence of an indigenous microbial community in ridge flank crustal fluids and advances our understanding of the potential physiological and phylogenetic diversity of this community. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Ctr Astrobiol & Early Evolut, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, NOAA, PMEL, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Ocean, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Huber, JA (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Ctr Astrobiol & Early Evolut, Box 357940, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM jhuber@mbl.edu RI Butterfield, David/H-3815-2016; OI Butterfield, David/0000-0002-1595-9279; Huber, Julie/0000-0002-4790-7633 NR 68 TC 105 Z9 108 U1 1 U2 22 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1462-2912 J9 ENVIRON MICROBIOL JI Environ. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 8 IS 1 BP 88 EP 99 DI 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00872.x PG 12 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 991IS UT WOS:000233807300010 PM 16343325 ER PT J AU Stamski, RE Field, ME AF Stamski, RE Field, ME TI Characterization of sediment trapped by macroalgae on a Hawaiian reef flat SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE fleshy algae; terrigenous mud; carbonate; coral reef; Molokai; Hawaii ID GREAT-BARRIER-REEF; CORAL-REEF; PHASE-SHIFTS; NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT; COMMUNITY DYNAMICS; SOUTHERN MOLOKAI; ALGAE; MORTALITY; HERBIVORY; RESPONSES AB Reef researchers studying community shifts in the balance between corals and fleshy macroalgae have noted that algae are often covered with sediment. This study characterizes sediment trapping by macroalgae within a Hawaiian reef habitat and constrains the controls on this process. Sediment-laden macroalgae were sampled and macroalgal cover was assessed on a wide (similar to I km) reef flat off south-central Molokai. Macroalgae trapped a mean of 1.26 (+/- 0.91 SD) grams of sediment per gram of dry weight biomass and that sediment was dominantly terrigenous mud (59% by weight). It was determined that biomass, as a proxy for algal size, and morphology were not strict controls on the sediment trapping process. Over 300 metric tons of sediment were estimated to be retained by macroalgae across 5.75 km(2) of reef flat (54 g m(-2)), suggesting that this process is an important component of sediment budgets. In addition, understanding the character of sediment trapped by macroalgae may help constrain suspended sediment flux and has implications for nutrient dynamics in reef flat environments. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Earth Sci Dept, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. United State Geol Survey, Pacific Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Stamski, RE (reprint author), Monterey Bay Natl Marine Sanctuary, 299 Foam St, Monterey, CA 93940 USA. EM becky.stamski@noaa.gov NR 34 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0272-7714 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF S JI Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 66 IS 1-2 BP 211 EP 216 DI 10.1016/j.ecss.2005.08.010 PG 6 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 005AA UT WOS:000234792800021 ER PT J AU Able, KW Fahay, MP Witting, DA McBride, RS Hagan, SM AF Able, KW Fahay, MP Witting, DA McBride, RS Hagan, SM TI Fish settlement in the ocean vs. estuary: Comparison of pelagic larval and settled juvenile composition and abundance from southern New Jersey, USA SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE fishes; settlement; metamorphosis; benthic; estuarine; ocean ID CORAL-REEF FISHES; PLAICE PLEURONECTES-PLATESSA; TIDAL STREAM TRANSPORT; MIDDLE ATLANTIC BIGHT; INNER SHELF; LIFE-HISTORY; PARALICHTHYS-DENTATUS; PRIONOTUS-CAROLINUS; SUMMER FLOUNDER; DEMERSAL FISH AB To describe the larval and juvenile fish fauna and to evaluate the relative contribution of the ocean and the estuary as settlement areas for benthic species, we compared the composition and abundance of larval fish supply to that of recently settled juvenile fishes in both ocean and an adjacent estuary habitats in southern New Jersey. The study was conducted from May to November 1992 in the Great Bay-Little Egg Harbor estuary (< 1-8 m sampling depth) and on the adjacent inner continental shelf in the vicinity of Beach Haven Ridge (8-16 m). During the study more larvae nearing settlement (postflexion) were captured in the estuary than in the ocean. Settlement occurred earlier in the estuary than in the ocean perhaps under the influence of earlier, seasonal warming of estuarine waters. There appeared to be two spatial patterns of settlement in the study area based on the dominant species (n = 17) represented by a sufficient number of individuals (n >= 25 individuals). There were species that primarily settle in the estuary, as represented by both estuarine residents (n 3) and transients (n = 4), and those that settle in both the estuary and the ocean (n = 10). However, there were no species whose larvae were present in the estuary yet settle in the ocean. The fact that many of the species settle in both the estuary and the ocean indicates an overlap between these habitats because, at least for some species, these habitats may function in the same way. Further resolution of fish settlement patterns, and its influence on recruitment will need to rely on synoptic comparisons between estuaries and the ocean over multiple years. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Marine Field Stn, Tuckerton, NJ 08087 USA. NOAA NMFS NEFSC, Howard Marine Lab, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. NOAA MSRP, Long Beach, CA 90802 USA. Florida Marine Res Inst, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Able, KW (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Marine Field Stn, 800 132 Great Bay Blvd, Tuckerton, NJ 08087 USA. EM able@marine.rutgers.edu RI McBride, Richard/C-2818-2012 NR 95 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0272-7714 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF S JI Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 66 IS 1-2 BP 280 EP 290 DI 10.1016/j.ecss.2005.09.003 PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 005AA UT WOS:000234792800028 ER PT J AU Kwan, C Ho, KC Mei, G Li, Y Ren, Z Xu, R Zhang, Y Lao, D Stevenson, M Stanford, V Rochet, C AF Kwan, C. Ho, K. C. Mei, G. Li, Y. Ren, Z. Xu, R. Zhang, Y. Lao, D. Stevenson, M. Stanford, V. Rochet, C. TI An automated acoustic system to monitor and classify birds SO EURASIP JOURNAL ON APPLIED SIGNAL PROCESSING LA English DT Article AB This paper presents a novel bird monitoring and recognition system in noisy environments. The project objective is to avoid bird strikes to aircraft. First, a cost-effective microphone dish concept ( microphone array with many concentric rings) is presented that can provide directional and accurate acquisition of bird sounds and can simultaneously pick up bird sounds from different directions. Second, direction-of-arrival (DOA) and beamforming algorithms have been developed for the circular array. Third, an efficient recognition algorithm is proposed which uses Gaussian mixture models (GMMs). The overall system is suitable for monitoring and recognition for a large number of birds. Fourth, a hardware prototype has been built and initial experiments demonstrated that the array can acquire and classify birds accurately. C1 Intelligent Automat Inc, Rockville, MD 20855 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kwan, C (reprint author), Intelligent Automat Inc, 15400 Calhoun Dr,Suite 400, Rockville, MD 20855 USA. NR 10 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 4 PU HINDAWI PUBLISHING CORPORATION PI NEW YORK PA 410 PARK AVENUE, 15TH FLOOR, #287 PMB, NEW YORK, NY 10022 USA SN 1110-8657 J9 EURASIP J APPL SIG P JI EURASIP J Appl. Signal Process. PY 2006 AR 96706 DI 10.1155/ASP/2006/96706 PG 19 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 083MK UT WOS:000240459800001 ER PT J AU Sayrafian-Pour, K Kaspar, D AF Sayrafian-Pour, Kamran Kaspar, Dominik TI Application of beamforming in wireless location estimation SO EURASIP JOURNAL ON APPLIED SIGNAL PROCESSING LA English DT Article ID CHANNEL; OPTIMIZATION; PROPAGATION; SYSTEMS AB A simple technique to estimate the position of a given mobile source inside a building is based on the received signal strength. For this methodology to have a reasonable accuracy, radio visibility of the mobile by at least three access points is required. To reduce the number of the required access points and therefore simplify the underlying coverage design problem, we propose a novel scheme that takes into account the distribution of RF energy around the receiver. In other words, we assume that the receiver is equipped with a circular array antenna with beamforming capability. In this way, the spatial spectrum of the received power can be measured by electronically rotating the main lobe around the 360-degree field of view. This spatial spectrum can be used by a single receiver as a means for estimating the position of the mobile transmitter. In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of this methodology, and show the improvement achieved in the positioning accuracy. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Dept Comp Sci, Zurich, Switzerland. RP Sayrafian-Pour, K (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU HINDAWI PUBLISHING CORPORATION PI NEW YORK PA 410 PARK AVENUE, 15TH FLOOR, #287 PMB, NEW YORK, NY 10022 USA SN 1110-8657 J9 EURASIP J APPL SIG P JI EURASIP J Appl. Signal Process. PY 2006 AR 51673 DI 10.1155/ASP/2006/51673 PG 13 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 106DR UT WOS:000242081700001 ER PT J AU Kramida, AE Nave, G AF Kramida, AE Nave, G TI New FTS measurements, optimized energy levels and refined VUV standards in the NeIII spectrum SO EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL D LA English DT Article ID OXYGEN ISOELECTRONIC SEQUENCE; EXTREME-ULTRAVIOLET SPECTRUM; FORBIDDEN NEBULAR LINES; SOLAR ACTIVE-REGION; FE-II; FOURIER-TRANSFORM; IONIZED NEON; WAVE LENGTHS; ATOMIC DATA; TRANSITIONS AB All observed spectral lines of Ne III in the range 204 A to 36 pm (277 cm(-1) to 490000 cm(-1)) have been compiled and critically evaluated. 57 visible and ultraviolet lines of Ne III have been precisely, measured using Fourier transform spectroscopy. An optimized level scheme has been derived from the total list of observed lines. Relative positions of about 180 out of a total of 226 previously known energy levels of Ne III have been determined with improved accuracy compared to previous studies. Excitation energies of almost all excited levels have been revised by (1.5-2.0) cm(-1). 127 precise wavelength standards in the region 210 angstrom to 2900 angstrom, have been derived. Concepts of error current and covariance matrix have been implemented in a computational algorithm that permits one to derive the uncertainties of Ritz wavelength standards obtained from a set of least-squares-optimized energy levels. Nine new energy levels have been found. and 16 new transitions have been identified in the extreme ultraviolet region. The ionization potential has been increased by 4.5 cm(-1). The new value is (511543.5 +/- 2.7) cm(-1) (63.4233 eV +/- 0.0003 eV). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kramida, AE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Alexander.Kramida@nist.gov OI Kramida, Alexander/0000-0002-0788-8087 NR 40 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1434-6060 J9 EUR PHYS J D JI Eur. Phys. J. D PD JAN PY 2006 VL 37 IS 1 BP 1 EP 21 DI 10.1140/epjd/e2005-00249-7 PG 21 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 000YZ UT WOS:000234499900001 ER PT S AU Ivezic, N Barkmeyer, E Kulvatunyou, S Jones, A Snack, P Marjanovic, Z Cho, H AF Ivezic, Nenad Barkmeyer, Ed Kulvatunyou, Serm Jones, Albert Snack, Pat Marjanovic, Zoran Cho, Hyunbo BE Cunningham, P Cunningham, M TI A Validation Architecture for Advanced Interoperability Provisioning SO EXPLOITING THE KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY: ISSUES, APPLICATIONS AND CASE STUDIES, PTS 1 AND 2 SE Information and Communication Technologies and the Knowledge Economy LA English DT Article; Book Chapter AB This paper describes an architecture to validate new tools in support of interoperability provisioning processes that take place within industrial communities. We start from a best-practices standards development process where an industry community develops interoperability specifications that are used by vendors to make their software applications compliant to the community's requirements. We show how these standards-based interoperability provisioning processes may be enhanced using the new tools. We describe potential impact of these tools and discuss how that impact may be validated within the proposed architecture. We conclude by discussing the business value of the validation analyses discussed in this paper. Based on the initial phase of the ATHENA Sub-Project B5.10: Piloting Including Technology Testing Coordination - Inventory Visibility and Interoperability (IV&I), the primary purpose is to perform validation of the ATHENA results (i.e., advanced tools and methodologies) on an industrial inventory visibility scenario. C1 [Ivezic, Nenad; Barkmeyer, Ed; Kulvatunyou, Serm; Jones, Albert] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Snack, Pat] Automot Ind Act Grp, Southfield, MI 48034 USA. [Marjanovic, Zoran] Fac Org Sci, Belgrade 11000, Serbia. [Cho, Hyunbo] Pohang Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Ind & Management Engn, Pohang 790784, South Korea. RP Ivezic, N (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM nivezic@nist.gov; edbark@nist.gov; serm@nist.gov; ajones@nist.gov; psnack@aiag.org; marjanovic.zoran@fon.bg.ac.yu; hcho@postech.ac.kr NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOS PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1574-1230 BN 978-1-58603-682-9 J9 INFORM COMM TECH KNO PY 2006 VL 3 BP 157 EP 164 PN 1-2 PG 8 WC Business; Information Science & Library Science; Management SC Business & Economics; Information Science & Library Science GA BKW75 UT WOS:000269485400020 ER PT S AU Kelsey, J Lucks, S AF Kelsey, John Lucks, Stefan BE Robshaw, M TI Collisions and near-collisions for reduced-round tiger SO FAST SOFTWARE ENCRYPTION SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Workshop on Fast Software Encryption CY MAR 15-17, 2006 CL Graz, AUSTRIA SP France Telecom R& D, Siemens DE tiger; hash function; collisions; attack ID HASH FUNCTIONS AB We describe a collision-finding attack on 16 rounds of the Tiger hash function requiring the time for about 2 44 compression function invocations. This extends to a collision-finding attack on 17 rounds of the Tiger hash function in time of about 2(49) compression function invocations. Another attack generates circular near-collisions, for 20 rounds of Tiger with work less than that of 2(49) compression function invocations. Since Tiger has only 24 rounds, these attacks may raise some questions about the security of Tiger. In developing these attacks, we adapt the ideas of message modification attacks and neutral bits, developed in the analysis of MD4 family hashes, to a completely different hash function design. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Mannheim, D-6800 Mannheim 1, Germany. RP Kelsey, J (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM john.kelsey@nist.gov NR 8 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-36597-4 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2006 VL 4047 BP 111 EP 125 PG 15 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BET73 UT WOS:000239471600008 ER PT J AU Cole, MW Geyer, RG Nothwang, WD AF Cole, M. W. Geyer, R. G. Nothwang, W. D. TI Unpatterned ferroelectric thin film measurements for optimization of perovskite oxide thin film based microwave devices SO FERROELECTRICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Advanced Active Thin Films for Meso-Micro Scale Applications CY MAY 10-12, 2005 CL Destin, FL SP USA DE OTM antennas; ferroelectric thin films; phase shifter; unpatterned microwave measurements ID CAPACITORS; CERAMICS AB The Army's Future Force (FF) antennas require increased bandwidth for multimission communications; increased antenna gain for robust communications and range extension; increased mobility for high data rate on-the-move (OTM) communications; and undetectable antenna visual signatures for low probably of mission detection and increased survivability. Electronic scanning antennas (ESA's) are the key components for such advanced communication systems. ESA's provide rapid scanning capability, which enables modes such as multiple target tracking, track while scan, and sensor fusion operation. One of the major challenges, which must be overcome before such advanced ESA systems can be realized, is the development of affordable, low loss, high tunability, low power, lightweight, and high performance microwave frequency phase shifters. The enabling technology for such phase shifters is centered on the development of single-phase nanometer-scale constituent perovskite oxide thin films with enhanced dielectric, insulating, and microstructural properties. The Army Research Laboratory (ARL) has successfully designed, fabricated, characterized, and optimized, novel pure and acceptor doped Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 (BST) based thin films on MgO substrates with excellent microwave material properties. Pure and 1-mol% Mg doped BST thin films were fabricated by the metalorganic solution deposition (MOSD) technique and the film's dielectric properties were characterized at microwave frequency via a tuned coupled-split dielectric resonator technique developed at NIST Using this measurement technique, for first time ever, has allowed the true "singular" dielectric loss (tan E) and permittivity (er) of the BST-based films to be assessed and optimized without the influence of device design (radiative losses) and electrode metallization (conductor losses). C1 USA, Res Lab, Weap & Mat Res Directorate, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, RF Tecchnol Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Cole, MW (reprint author), USA, Res Lab, Weap & Mat Res Directorate, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 USA. EM mcole@arl.army.mil NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0015-0193 J9 FERROELECTRICS JI Ferroelectrics PY 2006 VL 342 BP 83 EP + DI 10.1080/00150190600946229 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 103CA UT WOS:000241862100009 ER PT S AU Ohno, Y AF Ohno, Y BE Rosas, E Cardoso, R Bermudez, JC BarbosaGarcia, O TI Optical metrology for LEDs and solid state lighting - art. no. 604625 SO Fifth Symposium Optics in Industry SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Symposium Optics in Industry CY SEP 08-09, 2005 CL Santiago Queretaro, MEXICO SP CENAM, Acad Mexicana Opt, SMF Div Opt, SPIE Mexico Chapter DE color rendering; colorimetry; luminous efficacy; measurement; photometry; solid state lighting; LED; white LED AB The performance of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), including efficiency, flux level, lifetime, and the variation of color, is advancing at a remarkable pace. LEDs are increasingly used for many applications including automotive, aviation, display, transportation and special lighting applications. White LEDs are expected for general lighting applications (solid state lighting) in the near future. Thus, accurate measurements of LEDs and appropriate standards are increasingly important. This paper reviews photometric, radiometric, and colorimetric quantities used for LEDs, and discusses the current state of optical measurements of LEDs and standardization efforts in International Commission on Illumination (CIE). The paper also touches on the issue of color quality (e.g., Color Rendering Index) of light expected from solid state lighting, and the need for a new metric. The calibration facilities and services for LEDs established at NIST are also discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ohno, Y (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6078-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6046 BP 4625 EP 4625 AR 604625 DI 10.1117/12.674617 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA BEB16 UT WOS:000236544400077 ER PT J AU Manzello, SL Cleary, TG Shields, JR Yang, JC AF Manzello, SL Cleary, TG Shields, JR Yang, JC TI On the ignition of fuel beds by firebrands SO FIRE AND MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE firebrands; urban-wildland fires; ignition; fuel beds AB An experimental apparatus has been built to investigate the ignition of fuel beds as a result of impact with burning firebrands. The apparatus allowed the ignition and deposition of both single and multiple firebrands onto the target fuel bed. The moisture content of the fuel beds used was varied, and the fuels considered were pine needle beds, shredded paper beds and crevices constructed of cedar shingles. Firebrands were simulated by machining wood (Pinus ponderosa) into small disks Of uniform geometry and the size of the disks was varied. Firebrand simulation was necessary because it is difficult to capture and characterize firebrands from all actual burning object. The firebrand ignition apparatus was installed into the fire emulator/detector evaluator to investigate the influence of an air flow on the ignition propensity of fuel beds. The results of this study are presented and compared with relevant studies in the literature. Published in 2005 by John Wiley & Soils, Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, BFRL, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Manzello, SL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, BFRL, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM samuel.manzello@nist.gov NR 16 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 7 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0308-0501 J9 FIRE MATER JI Fire Mater. PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 30 IS 1 BP 77 EP 87 DI 10.1002/fam.901 PG 13 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 014ZN UT WOS:000235521800005 ER PT S AU Stoliarov, SI Westmoreland, PR Zhang, H Lyon, RE Nyden, MR AF Stoliarov, SI Westmoreland, PR Zhang, H Lyon, RE Nyden, MR BE Wilkie, CA Nelson, GL TI Molecular modeling of the thermal decomposition of polymers SO FIRE AND POLYMERS IV: MATERIALS AND CONCEPTS FOR HAZARD PREVENTION SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 228th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 22-26, 2004 CL Philadelphia, PA SP Amer Chem Soc, Amer Chem Soc, Fuel Chem Div, Amer Chem Soc, Petr Chem Div ID DYNAMICS MODEL; POLYISOBUTYLENE; MECHANISM AB Applications presented in this chapter demonstrate the potential for using quantum chemical methods and molecular simulations to determine the mechanisms and rates of the thermal decomposition of polymers Our expectation is that these capabilities can be used to predict materials flammability and develop strategies to improve fire resistance The thermal decompositions of poly(dihydroxybiphenylisophthalamide) and bisphenol C polycarbonate are investigated by performing density-functional calculations of potential energy surfaces of model compounds representing the polymers Reactive molecular dynamics, a relatively new technique that extends conventional molecular dynamics to modeling chemical reactions, is used to simulate the thermal decomposition of polyisobutylene. The advantages and limitations of both computational approaches are discussed. C1 Galaxy Sci Corp, Turnpike, NJ 08234 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Chem Engn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. WJ Hughes FAA Tech Ctr, Fire Safety Branch, Atlantic City, NJ 08405 USA. NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stoliarov, SI (reprint author), Galaxy Sci Corp, 3120 Fire Rd,Egg Harbor, Turnpike, NJ 08234 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3948-7 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 2006 VL 922 BP 306 EP 319 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Polymer Science SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Polymer Science GA BED20 UT WOS:000236871600024 ER PT J AU Schirripa, MJ Colbert, JJ AF Schirripa, MJ Colbert, JJ TI Interannual changes in sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) recruitment in relation to oceanographic conditions within the California Current System SO FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE environment; oceanographic variables; recruitment; sablefish ID EARLY-LIFE-HISTORY; OREGON; ZOOPLANKTON; MANAGEMENT; COAST; WASHINGTON; FECUNDITY; GROWTH; WATERS; OCEAN AB Sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) Supports substantial fisheries in both the eastern and western Pacific Oceans. juvenile recruitment along the west coast of the continental United States has been highly variable over the past three decades. Using a generalized additive model, we demonstrate that physical oceanographic variables within the California Current System have significant effects on sablefish recruitment. Significant relationships were found between juvenile recruitment and northward Ekman transport, eastward Ekman transport, and sea level during key times and at key locations within the habitat of this species. The model explains nearly 70% of the variability in sablefish recruitment between the years 1974 and 2000. The predictive power of the model was demonstrated by refitting without the last 5 yr of data and subsequent prediction of those years. Bootstrap assessments of bias associated with parameter estimates and jackknife-after-bootstrap assessments of the influence of individual data on parameter estimates are presented and discussed. Using this model, it is possible to draw preliminary Conclusions concerning year-class strength of cohorts not yet available to the Survey gear as well as historic year-class strengths. We discuss changes in zooplankton abundance and shifts in species of copepods associated With fluctuations in the physical variables that appear to have a major influence on sablefish recruitment. C1 Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Schirripa, MJ (reprint author), Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2032 S OSU Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM michael.schirripa@noaa.gov RI Bizzarro, Joseph/A-2988-2012 NR 33 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 10 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1054-6006 J9 FISH OCEANOGR JI Fish Oceanogr. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 15 IS 1 BP 25 EP 36 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2419.2005.00352.x PG 12 WC Fisheries; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Oceanography GA 014YY UT WOS:000235520300002 ER PT J AU Wells, BK Grimes, CB Field, JC Reiss, CS AF Wells, BK Grimes, CB Field, JC Reiss, CS TI Covariation between the average lengths of mature coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Chinook salmon (O-tshawytscha) and the ocean environment SO FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE Aleutian Low Pressure Index; El Nino-Southern Oscillation; environment; growth; Multivariate El Nino-Southern Oscillation Index ID PACIFIC-SALMON; NORTHEAST PACIFIC; SURVIVAL RATES; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; CALIFORNIA CURRENT; MARINE GROWTH; WEST-COAST; EL-NINO; PATTERNS; SIZE AB We used the average fork length of age-3 returning coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and age-3 ocean-type and age-4 stream-type Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) salmon along the northeast Pacific coast to assess the covariability between established oceanic environmental indices and growth. These indices included the Multivariate El Nino-Southern Oscillation Index (MEI), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), Northern Oscillation Index, and Aleutian Low Pressure Index. Washington, Oregon, and California (WOC) salmon sizes were negatively correlated with the MEI values indicating that ultimate fish size was affected negatively by El Nino-like events. Further, we show that the growth trajectory of WOC salmon was set following the first ocean winter. Returning ocean-type British Columbia-Puget Sound Chinook salmon average fork length vas positively correlated with the MEI values during the summer and autumn of return year, which was possibly a result of a shallower mixed layer and improved food-web productivity of subarctic Pacific waters. Size variation of coho salmon stocks South of Alaska was synchronous and negatively correlated with warm conditions (positive PDO) and weak North Pacific high pressure during ocean residence. C1 NOAA Fisheries, Santa Cruz Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. NOAA Fisheries, La Jolla Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Wells, BK (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Santa Cruz Lab, 110 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM brian.wells@noaa.gov NR 43 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 10 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1054-6006 J9 FISH OCEANOGR JI Fish Oceanogr. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 15 IS 1 BP 67 EP 79 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2419.2005.00361.x PG 13 WC Fisheries; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Oceanography GA 014YY UT WOS:000235520300006 ER PT J AU Duffy-Anderson, JT Busby, MS Mier, KL Deliyanides, CM Stabeno, PJ AF Duffy-Anderson, JT Busby, MS Mier, KL Deliyanides, CM Stabeno, PJ TI Spatial and temporal patterns in summer ichthyoplankton assemblages on the eastern Bering Sea shelf 1996-2000 SO FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE assemblages; Bering Sea; El Nino; fish larvae; juveniles; spatial distribution ID LARVAL FISH ASSEMBLAGES; EL-NINO; SPRINGTIME ICHTHYOPLANKTON; PACIFIC-OCEAN; SYDNEY SHELF; ENSO EVENTS; VARIABILITY; ALASKA; DISTRIBUTIONS; TRANSPORT AB Larval and early juvenile fishes were sampled from the eastern Bering Sea (EBS) shelf during summer from 1996 to 2000. Data from these collections were used to examine spatial and temporal patterns in species assemblage structure and abundance. Cluster analyses based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarity coefficients were used to group species and stations according to similar abundance and species composition. Ordination techniques were used to verify groupings, and a non-parametric stepwise procedure using a Spearman correlation coefficient (BIO-ENV) was used to relate groupings to predominant environmental variables. These approaches revealed a pattern of station groupings that were generally related to bathymetry in 1996, 1997, 1999, and 2000, although no obvious relationship to geographic boundaries was observed in 1998. Significant differences in species associations were observed in 1997 and 1998, and depressions in abundance were also noted among many species between 1997 and 1999. A regional, full primitive equation model was used to simulate float trajectories on the EBS shelf in each year to better relate fish distributional observations to prevailing Current patterns. Model results indicated general variations in flow in several years, although 1998 stood out with stronger northeast flow than in any of the other years examined. Observed disruptions of larval and early juvenile fish assemblages could be related to the strong El-Nino event of 1997-98 in the EBS. If this idea is confirmed, our Study suggests that larval and juvenile fish are sensitive and respond relatively quickly (1-2 yr) to environmental perturbations, and as such, may be timely indicators of environmental change. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Duffy-Anderson, JT (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM janet.duffy-anderson@noaa.gov RI Bizzarro, Joseph/A-2988-2012 NR 42 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 13 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1054-6006 EI 1365-2419 J9 FISH OCEANOGR JI Fish Oceanogr. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 15 IS 1 BP 80 EP 94 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2419.2005.00348.x PG 15 WC Fisheries; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Oceanography GA 014YY UT WOS:000235520300007 ER PT J AU Nielsen, A Bigelow, KA Musyl, MK Sibert, JR AF Nielsen, Anders Bigelow, Keith A. Musyl, Michael K. Sibert, John R. TI Improving light-based geolocation by including sea surface temperature SO FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE blue shark; geolocation errors; Hawaii; Kalman filter; Lagrangian drifters; pop-up satellite archival tags; sea surface temperature ID ARCHIVAL TAGGING DATA; TUNA THUNNUS-OBESUS; MOVEMENTS; TAGS AB An approach to integrate sea surface temperature (SST) measurements into estimates of geolocations calculated by changes in ambient light level from data downloaded from pop-up satellite archival tags (PSAT) is presented. The model is an extension of an approach based on Kalman filter estimation in a state-space model. The approach uses longitude and latitude estimated from light, and SST. The extra information on SST is included in a consistent manner within the milieu of the Kalman filter. The technique was evaluated by attaching PSATs directly on thermistor-equipped global positioning system drifter buoys. SSTs measured in the PSATs and drifter buoy were statistically compared with SSTs determined from satellites. The method is applied to two tracks derived from PSAT-tagged blue sharks (Prionace glauca) in the central Pacific Ocean. The inclusion of SST in the model produced substantially more probable tracks with lower prediction variance than those estimated from light-level data alone. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Pelagic Fisheries Res Program, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NOAA, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Nielsen, A (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Pelagic Fisheries Res Program, 1000 Pope Rd,MSB 312, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM anders.nielsen@hawaii.edu RI Nielsen, Anders/C-7156-2009; Nielsen, Anders/I-2536-2016 NR 24 TC 84 Z9 89 U1 1 U2 14 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1054-6006 J9 FISH OCEANOGR JI Fish Oceanogr. PY 2006 VL 15 IS 4 BP 314 EP 325 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2419.2005.00401.x PG 12 WC Fisheries; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Oceanography GA 048NT UT WOS:000237954500005 ER PT J AU Prince, ED Goodyear, CP AF Prince, Eric D. Goodyear, C. Phillip TI Hypoxia-based habitat compression of tropical pelagic fishes SO FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE dissolved oxygen; habitat compression; hypoxia; overexploitation; tropical pelagic fishes; upwelling ID MARLIN MAKAIRA-NIGRICANS; KATSUWONUS-PELAMIS; SKIPJACK TUNA; BLUE MARLIN; ISTIOPHORUS-PLATYPTERUS; HORIZONTAL MOVEMENTS; ULTRASONIC TELEMETRY; DEPTH DISTRIBUTION; TAGGING TECHNIQUES; THUNNUS-ALBACARES AB Large areas of cold hypoxic water occur as distinct strata in the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP) and Atlantic oceans as a result of high productivity initiated by intense nutrient upwelling. We show that this stratum restricts the depth distribution of tropical pelagic marlins, sailfish, and tunas by compressing the acceptable physical habitat into a narrow surface layer. This layer extends downward to a variable boundary defined by a shallow thermocline, often at 25 m, above a barrier of cold hypoxic water. The depth distributions of marlin and sailfish monitored with electronic tags and average dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature profiles show that this cold hypoxic environment constitutes a lower habitat boundary in the ETP, but not in the western North Atlantic (WNA), where DO is not limiting. Eastern Pacific and eastern Atlantic sailfish are larger than those in WNA, where the hypoxic zone is much deeper or absent. Larger sizes may reflect enhanced foraging opportunities afforded by the closer proximity of predator and prey in compressed habitat, as well as by the higher productivity. The shallow band of acceptable habitat restricts these fishes to a very narrow surface layer and makes them more vulnerable to over-exploitation by surface gears. Predictably, the long-term landings of tropical pelagic tunas from areas of habitat compression have been far greater than in surrounding areas. Many tropical pelagic species in the Atlantic Ocean are currently either fully exploited or overfished and their future status could be quite sensitive to increased fishing pressures, particularly in areas of habitat compression. C1 SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Prince, ED (reprint author), SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM eric.prince@noaa.gov NR 50 TC 164 Z9 174 U1 0 U2 32 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1054-6006 J9 FISH OCEANOGR JI Fish Oceanogr. PY 2006 VL 15 IS 6 BP 451 EP 464 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2419.2005.00393.x PG 14 WC Fisheries; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Oceanography GA 089XX UT WOS:000240916300002 ER PT J AU Howell, EA Kobayashi, DR AF Howell, Evan A. Kobayashi, Donald R. TI El Nino effects in the Palmyra Atoll region: oceanographic changes and bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) catch rate variability SO FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE bigeye tuna; El Nino; empirical orthogonal function; fishery oceanography; generalized additive model; Palmyra Atoll ID GENERALIZED ADDITIVE-MODEL; SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; VERTICAL MOVEMENTS; LONGLINE FISHERY; HAWAIIAN-ISLANDS; NORTH PACIFIC; CHLOROPHYLL; HABITAT AB A generalized additive model (GAM) was constructed to separate and quantify the effects of fishery-based (operational) and oceanographic parameters on the bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) catch rates at Palmyra Atoll in the central Tropical Pacific. Bigeye catch, the number of hooks per set, and set location from 4884 longline sets spanning January 1994 to December 2003 were used with a temporally corresponding El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) indicator built from sea surface height (SSH) data. Observations of environmental data combined with the results from the GAM indicated that there is an increase in bigeye catch rates corresponding to an increase in eastward advection during the winter months of El Nino events. A seasonal pattern with higher bigeye catch rates from December to April and a spatial pattern with higher rates to the northeast and northwest of the atoll were observed during this study period. It is hypothesized that the combination of the eastward advection of the warm pool coupled with vertical changes in temperature during the winter months of El Nino events increases the availability of bigeye tuna in this region. This increase in availability may be due to a change in exploitable population size, location, or both. C1 NOAA, Ecosyst & Oceanog Div, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, NMFS, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Technol Sydney, Dept Environm Sci, Broadway, NSW, Australia. RP Howell, EA (reprint author), NOAA, Ecosyst & Oceanog Div, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, NMFS, 2570 Dole St, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM Evan.Howell@noaa.gov OI Howell, Evan/0000-0001-9904-4633 NR 25 TC 18 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 10 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1054-6006 J9 FISH OCEANOGR JI Fish Oceanogr. PY 2006 VL 15 IS 6 BP 477 EP 489 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2419.2005.00397.x PG 13 WC Fisheries; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Oceanography GA 089XX UT WOS:000240916300004 ER PT J AU Busby, MS Mier, KL Brodeur, RD AF Busby, MS Mier, KL Brodeur, RD TI Habitat associations of demersal fishes and crabs in the Pribilof Islands region of the Bering Sea (vol 75, pg 15, 2005) SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Correction C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Estuarine & Ocean Ecol Program,Hatfield Marine Sc, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Busby, MS (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, 7600 Sand Point Way NE,Bldg 4, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM morgan.busby@noaa.gov NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 77 IS 1 BP 122 EP 123 DI 10.1016/j.fishres.2005.11.001 PG 2 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 004QQ UT WOS:000234767700017 ER PT J AU Weinberg, KL Somerton, DA AF Weinberg, KL Somerton, DA TI Variation in trawl geometry due to unequal warp length SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID BRIDLE EFFICIENCY; NET EFFICIENCY; CONTACT; SPEED; CRAB AB Survey standardization procedures can reduce the variability in trawl catch efficiency thus producing more precise estimates of biomass. One such procedure, towing with equal amounts of trawl warp on both sides of the net, was experimentally investigated for its importance in determining optimal trawl geometry and for evaluating the effectiveness of the recent National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) national protocol on accurate measurement of trawl warps. This recent standard for measuring warp length requires that the difference between warp lengths can be no more than 4% of the distance between the otter doors measured along the bridles and footrope. Trawl performance data from repetitive towing with warp differentials of 0, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 20 m were analyzed for their effect on three determinants of flatfish catch efficiency: footrope distance off-bottom, bridle length in contact with the bottom, and area swept by the net. Our results indicated that the distortion of the trawl caused by asymmetry in trawl warp length could have a negative influence on flatfish catch efficiency. At a difference of 7 m in warp length, the NOAA 4% threshold value for the 83112 Eastern survey trawl used in our study, we found no effect on the acoustic-based measures of door spread, wing spread, and headrope height off-bottom. However, the sensitivity of the trawl to 7 m of warp offset could be seen as footrope distances off-bottom increased slightly (particularly in the center region of the net where flatfish escapement is highest), and as the width of the bridle path responsible for flatfish herding, together with the effective net width, was reduced. For this survey trawl, a NOAA threshold value of 4% should be considered a maximum. A more conservative value (less than 45%) would likely reduce potential bias in estimates of relative abundance caused by large differences in warp length approaching 7 m. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Weinberg, KL (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM ken.weinberg@noaa.gov NR 12 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 104 IS 1 BP 21 EP 34 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 999TZ UT WOS:000234414700003 ER PT J AU Kotwicki, S Weinberg, KL Somerton, DA AF Kotwicki, S Weinberg, KL Somerton, DA TI The effect of autotrawl systems on the performance of a survey trawl SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID BRIDLE EFFICIENCY; NET EFFICIENCY; CRAB AB Three aspects of a survey bottom trawl performance-1) trawl geometry (i.e., net spread, door spread, and headrope height); 2) footrope distance off-bottom; and 3) bridle distance off-bottom-were compared among hauls by using either of two autotrawl systems (equal tension and net symmetry) and hauls conducted with towing cables of equal length and locked winches. The effects of environmental conditions, vessel heave, crabbing (i.e., the difference between vessel heading and actual vessel course over ground), and bottom current on trawl performance with three trawling modes were investigated. Means and standard deviations of trawl geometry measures were not significantly different between autotrawl and locked-winch systems. Bottom trawls performed better with either autotrawl system as compared to trawling with locked winches by reducing the variance and increasing the symmetry of the footrope contact with the bottom. The equal tension autotrawl system was most effective in counteracting effects of environmental conditions on footrope bottom contact. Footrope bottom contact was most influenced by environmental conditions during tows with locked winches. Both of the autotrawl systems also reduced the variance and increased the symmetry of bridle bottom contact. Autotrawl systems proved to be effective in decreasing the effects of environmental factors on some aspects of trawl performance and, as a result, have the potential to reduce among-haul variance in catchability of survey trawls. Therefore, by incorporating an autotrawl system into standard survey procedures, precision of survey estimates of relative abundance may be improved. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Weinberg, KL (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM ken.weinberg@noaa.gov RI Kotwicki, Stan/C-3599-2009 NR 13 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 104 IS 1 BP 35 EP 45 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 999TZ UT WOS:000234414700004 ER PT J AU Zeidberg, LD AF Zeidberg, LD TI The fishery for California market squid (Loligo opalescens) (Cephalopoda : Myopsida), from 1981 through 2003 SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID ILLEX-ARGENTINUS CEPHALOPODA; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; SANTA-BARBARA CHANNEL; 1982-1983 EL-NINO; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY BAY; NORTHEAST PACIFIC; CURRENT SYSTEM; LIFE-CYCLE; OCEAN AB The California market squid (Loligo opalescens) has been harvested since the 1860s and it has become the largest fishery in California in terms of tonnage and dollars since 1993. The fishery began in Monterey Bay and then shifted to southern California, where effort has increased steadily since 1983. The California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG) collects information on landings of squid, including tonnage, location, and date of capture. We compared landings data gathered by CDFG with sea surface temperature (SST), upwelling index (UI), the southern oscillation index (SOI), and their respective anomalies. We found that the squid fishery in Monterey Bay expends twice the effort of that in southern California. Squid landings decreased substantially following large El Nino events in 1982-83 and 1997-98, but not following the smaller El Nino events of 1987 and 1992. Spectral analysis revealed autocorrelation at annual and 4.5-year intervals (similar to the time period between El Nino cycles). But this analysis did not reveal any fortnightly or monthly spawning peaks, thus squid spawning did not correlate with tides. A paralarvae density index (PDI) for February correlated well with catch per unit of effort (CPUE) for the following November recruitment of adults to the spawning grounds. This stock-recruitment analysis was significant for 2000-03 (CPUE=8.42+0.41PDI, adjusted coefficient of determination, r(2)=0.978, P=0.0074). Surveys of squid paralarvae explained 97.8% of the variance for catches of adult squid nine months later. The regression of CPUE on PDI could be used to manage the fishery. Catch limits for the fishery could be set on the basis of paralarvae abundance surveyed nine months earlier. C1 Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. So Calif Coastal Water Res Project, Westminster, CA 92683 USA. SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Calif Dept Fish & Game, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Zeidberg, LD (reprint author), Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, 7700 Sandholdt Rd, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. EM zelo@mbari.org NR 65 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 15 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 104 IS 1 BP 46 EP 59 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 999TZ UT WOS:000234414700005 ER PT J AU Criales, MM Wang, JD Browder, JA Robblee, MB Jackson, TL Hittle, C AF Criales, MM Wang, JD Browder, JA Robblee, MB Jackson, TL Hittle, C TI Variability in supply and cross-shelf transport of pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeus duorarum) postlarvae into western Florida Bay SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID PENAEUS-DUORARUM; TORTUGAS GROUNDS; VERTICAL MIGRATION; ENDOGENOUS CONTROL; TIDAL CYCLES; RECRUITMENT; KEYS; AUSTRALIA; LARVAE; TEMPERATURE AB The variability in the supply of pink shrimp (Farfante-penaeus duorarum) postlarvae and the transport mechanisms of planktonic stages were investigated with field data and simulations of transport. Postlarvae entering the nursery grounds of Florida Bay were collected for three consecutive years at channels that connect the Bay with the Gulf of Mexico, and in channels of the Middle Florida Keys that connect the southeastern margin of the Bay with the Atlantic Ocean. The influx of postlarvae in the Middle Florida Keys was low in magnitude and varied seasonally and among years. In contrast, the greater postlarval influx occurred at the northwestern border of the Bay, where there was a strong seasonal pattern with peaks in influx from July through September each year. Planktonic stages need to travel up to 150 km eastward between spawning grounds (northeast of Dry Tortugas) and nursery grounds (western Florida Bay) in about 30 days, the estimated time of planktonic development for this species. A Lagrangian trajectory model was developed to estimate the drift of planktonic stages across the SW Florida shelf. The model simulated the maximal distance traveled by planktonic stages under various assumptions of behavior. Simulation results indicated that larvae traveling with the instantaneous current and exhibiting a diel behavior travel up to 65 km and 75% of the larvae travel only 30 km. However, the eastward distance traveled increased substantially when a larval response to tides was added to the behavioral variable (distance increased to 200 km and 85% of larvae traveled 150 km). The question is, when during larval development, and where on the shallow SW Florida shelf, does the tidal response become incorporated into the behavior of pink shrimp. C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, MBF, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, AMP, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA Fisheries, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. US Geol Survey, Ctr Water & Restorat Studies, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33315 USA. RP Criales, MM (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, MBF, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM mcriales@rsmas.miami.edu NR 58 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 3 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 104 IS 1 BP 60 EP 74 PG 15 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 999TZ UT WOS:000234414700006 ER PT J AU Porch, CE Eklund, AM Scott, GP AF Porch, CE Eklund, AM Scott, GP TI A catch-free stock assessment model with application to goliath grouper (Epinephelus itajara) off southern Florida SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID REFERENCE POINTS; MANAGEMENT; FISHERIES; FISH; AGE AB Many modern stock assessment methods provide the machinery for determining the status of a stock in relation to certain reference points and for estimating how quickly a stock can be rebuilt. However, these methods typically require catch data, which are not always available. We introduce a model-based framework for estimating reference points, stock status, and recovery times in situations where catch data and other measures of absolute abundance are unavailable. The specific estimator developed is essentially an age-structured production model recast in terms relative to pre-exploitation levels. A Bayesian estimation scheme is adopted to allow the incorporation of pertinent auxiliary information such as might be obtained from meta-analyses of similar stocks or anecdotal observations. The approach is applied to the population of goliath grouper (Epinephelus itajara) off southern Florida, for which there are three indices of relative abundance but no reliable catch data. The results confirm anecdotal accounts of a marked decline in abundance during the 1980s followed by a substantial increase after the harvest of goliath grouper was banned in 1990. The ban appears to have reduced fishing pressure to between 10% and 50% of the levels observed during the 1980s. Nevertheless, the predicted fishing mortality rate under the ban appears to remain substantial, perhaps owing to illegal harvest and depth-related release mortality. As a result, the base model predicts that there is less than a 40% chance that the spawning biomass will recover to a level that would produce a 50% spawning potential ratio. C1 NOAA, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Porch, CE (reprint author), NOAA, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM clay.porch@noaa.gov NR 22 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 15 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 104 IS 1 BP 89 EP 101 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 999TZ UT WOS:000234414700008 ER PT J AU Edwards, EF AF Edwards, EF TI Duration of unassisted swimming activity for spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata) calves: implications for mother-calf separation during tuna purse-seine sets SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID BOTTLE-NOSED DOLPHINS; EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC; TURSIOPS-TRUNCATUS; PERFORMANCE; SPEED; ENERGETICS; CETACEANS; OCEAN; POWER AB Size-related differences in power production and swim speed duration may contribute to the observed deficit of nursing calves In relation to lactating females killed in sets by tuna purse-seiners in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean (ETP). Power production and swim-speed duration were estimated for northeastern spotted dolphins (Stenella attenuota), the species (neonate through adult) most often captured by the fishery. Power required by neonates to swim unassisted was 3.6 times that required of an adult to swim the same speed. Estimated unassisted burst speed for neonates is only about 3 m/s compared to about 6 m/s for adults. Estimated long-term sustainable speed is about 1 m/s for neonates compared to about 2.5 m/s for adults. Weight-specific power requirements decrease as dolphin calves increase in size, but power estimates for 2-year-old spotted dolphin calves are still about 40% higher than power estimates for adults, to maintain the same speed. These estimated differences between calves and adults are conservative because the calculations do not include accommodation for reduced aerobic capacity in dolphin calves compared to adults. Discrepancies in power production are probably ameliorated under normal circumstances by calves drafting next to their mothers, and by employing burst-coast or leap-burst-coast swimming, but the relatively high speeds associated with evasion behaviors during and after tuna sets likely diminish use of these energy-saving strategies by calves. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Edwards, EF (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM Elizabeth.Edwards@noaa.gov NR 54 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 104 IS 1 BP 125 EP 135 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 999TZ UT WOS:000234414700011 ER PT J AU Friedland, KD Clarke, LM Dutil, JD Salminen, M AF Friedland, KD Clarke, LM Dutil, JD Salminen, M TI The relationship between smolt and postsmolt growth for Atlantic salmon (Salmo solar) in the Gulf of St. Lawrence SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID TO-ADULT SURVIVAL; NORTH-SEA AREA; POST-SMOLT; SALAR L.; LIFE-HISTORY; ONCORHYNCHUS-NERKA; MARINE SURVIVAL; KEOGH RIVER; SIZE; MATURITY C1 Univ Massachusetts, NOAA, Cooperat Marine Educ & Res Program, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Nat Resources Conservat, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Finnish Game & Fisheries Res Inst, FIN-00791 Helsinki, Finland. Minist Peches & Oceans, Inst Maurice Lamontagne, Mont Joli, PQ G5H 3Z4, Canada. RP Friedland, KD (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 28 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM kevin.friedland@noaa.gov NR 39 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 104 IS 1 BP 149 EP 155 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 999TZ UT WOS:000234414700013 ER PT J AU Peacock, RD Bukowski, RW AF Peacock, R. D. Bukowski, R. W. BE Apte, VB TI Flammability tests for railway passenger cars SO FLAMMABILITY TESTING OF MATERIALS USED IN CONSTRUCTION, TRANSPORT AND MINING LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Peacock, R. D.; Bukowski, R. W.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Peacock, RD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8664, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM richard.peacock@nist.gov NR 42 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU WOODHEAD PUBL LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA ABINGTON HALL ABINGTON, CAMBRIDGE CB1 6AH, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-85573-935-2 PY 2006 BP 336 EP 360 D2 10.1533/9781845691042 PG 25 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science; Mining & Mineral Processing GA BNG28 UT WOS:000274494200015 ER PT S AU Bertness, KA Schlager, JB Sanford, NA Roshko, A Harvey, TE Davydov, AV AF Bertness, K. A. Schlager, J. B. Sanford, N. A. Roshko, A. Harvey, T. E. Davydov, A. V. BE Kuball, M Myers, TH Redwing, JM Mukai, T TI High degree of crystalline perfection in spontaneously grown GaN nanowires* SO GAN, AIN, INN AND RELATED MATERIALS SE Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on GaN, AIN, InN Related Materials held at the 2005 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 28-DEC 02, 2005 CL Boston, MA ID NANOCOLUMNS; EPITAXY AB We have grown a variety of isolated GaN nanowires using gas-source molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and characterized their structural and optical properties. The nanowires have demonstrated a number of promising materials characteristics, including low defect density and high luminescence intensity. Well separated nanowires formed spontaneously on Si(I 11) substrates after deposition of a thin AlN buffer layer. Metal catalysts were not used. X-ray diffraction indicates that the c and a lattice parameters are within 0.01 % of the lattice parameters of bulk GaN. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the nanowires to be free of dislocations and stacking faults, although a GaN matrix layer growing at the base of the wires was found to have a high density of basal plane stacking faults. The room temperature photoluminescence (PL) intensity compared favorably with a free-standing film of high quality GaN. Several features of the low temperature PL spectra also indicated that the nanowires had few structural defects or chemical impurities. Finally, electrical characterization of dispersed nanowires demonstrated that efficient electrical contacts could be made and that the resistivity of the nanowires was comparable to that of bulk material. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Bertness, KA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Davydov, Albert/F-7773-2010 OI Davydov, Albert/0000-0003-4512-2311 NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-846-2 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2006 VL 892 BP 799 EP 804 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BEG53 UT WOS:000237224500119 ER PT S AU Keller, GR Hildenbrand, TG Kucks, R Webring, M Briesacher, A Rujawitz, K Hittleman, AM Roman, DR Winester, D Aldouri, R Seeley, J Rasillo, J Torres, R Hinze, WJ Gates, A Kreinovich, V Salayandia, L AF Keller, G. Randy Hildenbrand, T. G. Kucks, R. Webring, M. Briesacher, Allen Rujawitz, Kristine Hittleman, A. M. Roman, Daniel R. Winester, Daniel Aldouri, R. Seeley, John Rasillo, Jorge Torres, Roberto Hinze, William J. Gates, Ann Kreinovich, Vladik Salayandia, Leonardo BE Sinha, AK TI A community effort to construct a gravity database for the United States and an associated Web portal SO GEOINFORMATICS: DATA TO KNOWLEDGE SE Geological Society of America Special Papers LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE gravity; geoinformatics; database; geophysics; data processing ID ANOMALIES AB Potential field data (gravity and magnetic measurements) are both useful and cost-effective tools for many geologic investigations. Significant amounts of these data are traditionally in the public domain. A new magnetic database for North America was released in 2002, and as a result, a cooperative effort between government agencies, industry, and universities to compile an upgraded digital gravity anomaly database, grid, and map for the conterminous United States was initiated and is the subject of this paper. This database is being crafted into a data system that is accessible through a Web portal. This data system features the database, software tools, and convenient access. The Web portal will enhance the quality and quantity of data contributed to the gravity database that will be a shared community resource. The system's totally digital nature ensures that it will be flexible so that it can grow and evolve as new data, processing procedures, and modeling and visualization tools become available. Another goal of this Web-based data system is facilitation of the efforts of researchers and students who wish to collect data from regions currently not represented adequately in the database. The primary goal of upgrading the United States gravity database and this data system is to provide more reliable data that support societal and scientific investigations of national importance. An additional motivation is the international intent to compile an enhanced North American gravity database, which is critical to understanding regional geologic features, the tectonic evolution of the continent, and other issues that cross national boundaries. C1 [Keller, G. Randy] Univ Texas El Paso, Dept Geol Sci, El Paso, TX 79968 USA. [Hildenbrand, T. G.; Kucks, R.; Webring, M.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Hildenbrand, T. G.; Kucks, R.; Webring, M.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Briesacher, Allen; Rujawitz, Kristine] Natl Geospatial Intelligence Agcy, St Louis, MO USA. [Hittleman, A. M.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. [Roman, Daniel R.; Winester, Daniel] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Geodet Survey, Silver Spring, MD USA. [Aldouri, R.; Seeley, John; Rasillo, Jorge; Torres, Roberto] Univ Texas El Paso, Pan Amer Ctr Earth & Environm Sci, El Paso, TX 79968 USA. [Hinze, William J.] Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. [Gates, Ann; Kreinovich, Vladik; Salayandia, Leonardo] Univ Texas El Paso, Dept Comp Sci, El Paso, TX 79968 USA. RP Keller, GR (reprint author), Univ Texas El Paso, Dept Geol Sci, El Paso, TX 79968 USA. NR 30 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER INC PI BOULDER PA 3300 PENROSE PL, PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA SN 0072-1077 BN 978-0-8137-2397-6 J9 GEOL SOC AM SPEC PAP PY 2006 VL 397 BP 21 EP 34 DI 10.1130/2006.2397(02) PG 14 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Geology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Geology GA BLX56 UT WOS:000271295900003 ER PT S AU Powell, A Jayarman, V Kondragunta, S Kogan, F Kuligowski, R Maturi, E AF Powell, A. Jayarman, V. Kondragunta, S. Kogan, F. Kuligowski, R. Maturi, E. BE Mango, SA Navalgund, RR Yasuoka, Y TI NOAA - ISRO joint science projects on earth observation system science, technology, and applications for societal benefits - art. no. 640704 SO GEOSS and NEXT - Generation Sensors and Missions SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on GEOSS and Next-Generation Sensors and Missions CY NOV 13-14, 2006 CL Goa, INDIA SP SPIE, Int Soc Opt Engn, Indian Space Res Org, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, NASA, Natl Atmospher & Oceanic Adm, Natl Inst Informat & Commun Technol, Natl Inst Oceanog, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off Sci & Technol Corporat, Chinese Natl Comm Remote Sensing, Chinese Soc Oceanog, Council Sci & Ind Res, Dept Ocean Dev, Dept Sci & Technol, India Meteorol Dept, Indian Inst Trop Meteorol, Indian Natl Ctr Ocean Informat Serv, NASA, Sci Mission Directorate, Natl Ctr Antarct Oceanog Res, Natl Environm Satellite, Data & Informat Serv, State Oceanic Adm AB India and the United States of America (U.S.A.) held a joint conference from June 21-25, 2004 in Bangalore, India to strengthen and expand cooperation in the area of space science, applications, and commerce. Following the recommendations in the joint vision statement released at the end of the conference, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the Indian Space and Reconnaissance Organization (ISRO) initiated several joint science projects in the area of satellite product development and applications. This is an extraordinary step since it concentrates on improvements in the data and scientific exchange between India and the United States, consistent with a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) signed by the two nations in 1997. With the relationship between both countries strengthening with President Bush's visit in early 2006 and new program announcements between the two countries, there is a renewed commitment at ISRO and other Indian agencies and at NOAA in the U.S. to fulfill the agreements reached on the joint science projects. The collaboration is underway with several science projects that started in 2005 providing initial results. NOAA and ISRO agreed that the projects must promote scientific understanding of the satellite data and lead to a satellite-based decision support systems for disaster and public health warnings. The projects target the following areas: Supporting a drought monitoring system for India Improving precipitation estimates over India from Kalpana-1 Increasing aerosol optical depth measurements and products over India Developing early indicators of malaria and other vector borne diseases via satellite monitoring of environmental conditions and linking them to predictive models Monitoring sea surface temperature (SST) from INSAT-3D to support improved forecasting of regional storms, monsoon onset and cyclones The research collaborations and results from these projects will be presented and discussed in the context of India-US cooperation and the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) concept. C1 NOAA, NESDIS Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD 20748 USA. RP Powell, A (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD 20748 USA. RI Powell, Alfred/G-4059-2010; Kogan, Felix/F-5600-2010; Kondragunta, Shobha/F-5601-2010; Maturi, Eileen/F-5611-2010; Kuligowski, Robert/C-6981-2009 OI Powell, Alfred/0000-0002-9289-8369; Kogan, Felix/0000-0001-8216-900X; Kondragunta, Shobha/0000-0001-8593-8046; Kuligowski, Robert/0000-0002-6909-2252 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6514-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6407 BP 40704 EP 40704 AR 640704 DI 10.1117/12.694020 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFW45 UT WOS:000245101600002 ER PT S AU Bajpai, SN Dittberner, GJ Baron, R Gerber, AJ AF Bajpai, Shyam N. Dittberner, Gerald J. Baron, Richard Gerber, Andrew J., Jr. BE Mango, SA Navalgund, RR Yasuoka, Y TI A vision for a national global operational environmental satellite system (NGOESS) - art. no. 640705 SO GEOSS and NEXT - Generation Sensors and Missions SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on GEOSS and Next-Generation Sensors and Missions CY NOV 13-14, 2006 CL Goa, INDIA SP SPIE, Int Soc Opt Engn, Indian Space Res Org, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, NASA, Natl Atmospher & Oceanic Adm, Natl Inst Informat & Commun Technol, Natl Inst Oceanog, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off Sci & Technol Corporat, Chinese Natl Comm Remote Sensing, Chinese Soc Oceanog, Council Sci & Ind Res, Dept Ocean Dev, Dept Sci & Technol, India Meteorol Dept, Indian Inst Trop Meteorol, Indian Natl Ctr Ocean Informat Serv, NASA, Sci Mission Directorate, Natl Ctr Antarct Oceanog Res, Natl Environm Satellite, Data & Informat Serv, State Oceanic Adm DE NGOESS; MEO; GOES-R; NPOESS; BISTRO; architecture; satellite; instrument; coverage AB The NOAA/NESDIS has been conducting studies to see if user requirements can be met by a single constellation of satellites that would provide high spatial, temporal and spectral resolution data every 15 minutes every where in post GOES-R and NPOESS time frame. The current Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) at an altitude of 35,000 km provide observations up to local zenith angles of 75 degrees for monitoring severe weather in real time. The Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellites (POES) at an altitude of 833 km complement monitoring in the polar region at a regular time interval. The POES and DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program) satellites will be merged into a new satellite system referred to as the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) which is under development. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) has been supporting this study by analyzing characteristics of Medium Earth Orbits (MEO) as an observation venue to meet user requirements. An optimal altitude of 10,400 km has been selected based on the manageable radiation impacts on the electronics. This paper presents the initial encouraging results in several areas such as: orbit selection, constellation, coverage, revisit time analyses, communications options, scan mechanisms, and instrument concepts. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Satellite & Informat Serv, Off Syst Dev,RPSI, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Bajpai, SN (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Satellite & Informat Serv, Off Syst Dev,RPSI, SSMC1,Stn 5218,1335 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6514-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6407 BP 40705 EP 40705 AR 640705 DI 10.1117/12.694046 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFW45 UT WOS:000245101600003 ER PT S AU Inoue, HY Feely, RA Ishii, M Kawano, T Murata, A Wanninkhof, R AF Inoue, Hisayuki Y. Feely, Richard A. Ishii, Masao Kawano, Takeshi Murata, Akihiko Wanninkhof, Rik BE Kawahata, H Awaya, Y TI Long-Term Trend of the Partial Pressure of CO2 in Surface Waters and Sea-Air CO2 Flux in the Equatorial Pacific SO GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND RESPONSE OF CARBON CYCLE IN THE EQUATORIAL PACIFIC AND INDIAN OCEANS AND ADJACENT LANDMASSES SE Elsevier Oceanography Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE partial pressure of CO2; sea-air CO2 flux; Oceanic carbon cycle; Equatorial Pacific; Long-term trend ID EL-NINO; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; CARBON-DIOXIDE; NORTH PACIFIC; WARM POOL; PCO2 MEASUREMENTS; WIND-SPEED; LA-NINA; OCEAN; TEMPERATURE AB Measurements of partial pressure of CO2 in surface waters (pCO(2)(sw)) and overlying air (pCO(2)(air)) were made intermittently in the central and western equatorial Pacific from January 1987 to January 2003. We estimated the long-term trend of the pCO(2)(sw) in the high nutrient low chlorophyll (HNLC) region and the western Pacific warm pool. The spatial distribution of pCO(2)(sw) in the HNLC region could be expressed as a linear function of sea surface temperature (SST) and concentration of macronutrients ([NO2-]+[NO3-]), and in the western Pacific warm pool as a function of SST and sea surface salinity (SSS). By using an average SST (27.4 degrees C) and concentration of nitrate and nitrite (3.9 mu mol/kg) in the HNLCregion and the average SST (29.6 degrees C) and SSS (34.29) in the western Pacific warm pool between 1987 and 2003, we obtained pCO(2)(sw) values for respective cruises. The growth rate of pCO(2)(sw) due to increases in atmospheric CO2 was calculated to be 1.4 +/- 0.5 mu atm/yr in the HNLC region and 1.3 +/- 0.3 mu atm/yr in the western Pacific warm pool. The sea-air CO2 flux in the equatorial Pacific since 1998 was evaluated by using underway pCO(2)(sw) data measured by Japan Meteorological Agency, Meteorological Research Institute (JMA/MRI), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (NOAA/PMEL), and NOAA, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (NOAA/AOML). From 1998 to 2003 the sea-air CO2 flux in the equatorial Pacific (5 degrees N-10 degrees S, 140 degrees E-90 degrees W) showed lowest flux in January/February 1998 (0.1 +/- 0.1 Pg C/yr, 1997/98 El Nino), and highest (0.9 +/- 0.4 Pg C/yr) in January/February 2001, suggesting significant interannual variations in sea-air CO2 flux in the equatorial Pacific. In October 2002-January 2003, which was within a weak El Nino period, the CO2 flux in the equatorial Pacific was 0.5 +/- 0.3 Pg C/yr, almost same as that of the non-El Nino period. In this period, sea-air CO2 flux in the central and western equatorial Pacific decreased considerably to the same level of January/February 1998, but that in the eastern equatorial Pacific remained fairly constant. C1 [Inoue, Hisayuki Y.; Ishii, Masao] Meteorol Res Inst, Geochem Res Dept, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050052, Japan. [Feely, Richard A.] NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Kawano, Takeshi; Murata, Akihiko] Japan Marine Sci & Technol Ctr, Ocean Res Dept, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 2370061, Japan. [Wanninkhof, Rik] NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Inoue, Hisayuki Y.] Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Environm Earth Sci, Lab Marine & Atmospher Geochem, Kita Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600810, Japan. RP Inoue, HY (reprint author), Meteorol Res Inst, Geochem Res Dept, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050052, Japan. EM hyoshika@ees.hokudai.ac.jp NR 37 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0422-9894 BN 978-0-08-046941-6 J9 ELSEV OCEANOGR SERIE JI Elsevier Oceanogr. Ser. PY 2006 VL 73 BP 1 EP 26 PG 26 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Oceanography GA BCT53 UT WOS:000311358100001 ER PT S AU Gentile, C Kik, A AF Gentile, Camillo Kik, Alfred GP IEEE TI An Evaluation of Ultra Wideband Technology for Indoor Ranging SO GLOBECOM 2006 - 2006 IEEE GLOBAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS CONFERENCE SE IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (Globecom) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM 06) CY NOV 27-DEC 01, 2006 CL San Francisco, CA SP IEEE Commun Soc DE Channel modeling; frequency domain; vector network analyzer ID PROPAGATION; CHANNEL; MODEL AB Ultra wideband technology shows promise for precision ranging due to its fine time resolution to resolve multipath fading and the presence of lower frequencies in the baseband to penetrate walls. While a concerted effort has been conducted in the extensive modeling of the indoor UWB channel in recent years, to our knowledge only two papers have reported ranging performance, but for limited range and fixed bandwidth and center frequency. In principle boosting power can guarantee connectivity between transmitter and receiver, but not precision due to the distorting effects of walls and other objects in the direct path. In order to gauge the limits of UWB ranging, we carry out 5000 measurements up to an unprecedented 45 m in non line-of-sight conditions in four separate buildings with dominant wall material varying from sheet rock to steel. In addition, we report performance for varying bandwidth and center frequency of the system. C1 [Gentile, Camillo; Kik, Alfred] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Wireless Commun Technol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gentile, C (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Wireless Commun Technol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM camillo.gentile@nist.gov; alfred.elkik@nist.gov NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1930-529X BN 978-1-4244-0356-1 J9 GLOB TELECOMM CONF PY 2006 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BUC00 UT WOS:000288765604024 ER PT S AU Fenimore, C Irvine, J Cannon, D Roberts, J Aviles, I Israel, S Brennan, M Simon, L Miller, J Haverkamp, D Tighe, PF Gross, M AF Fenimore, Charles Irvine, John Cannon, David Roberts, John Aviles, Ivelisse Israel, Steven Brennan, Michelle Simon, Larry Miller, James Haverkamp, Donna Tighe, Paul F. Gross, Michael BE Rogowitz, BE Pappas, TN Daly, SJ TI Perceptual study of the impact of varying frame rate on motion imagery interpretability - art. no. 60570P SO Human Vision and Electronic Imaging XI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Human Vision and Electronic Imaging XI CY JAN 16-18, 2006 CL San Jose, CA SP Soc Investigat Dermatol DE colored noise; confusers; frame rate; imagery interpretability; motion imagery; motion complexity; NIRS; quality scale; speed; target AB The development of a motion imagery (MI) quality scale, akin to the National Image Interpretibility Rating Scale (NIIRS) for still imagery, would have great value to designers and users of surveillance and other MI systems. A multiphase study has adopted a perceptual approach to identifying the main MI attributes that affect interpretibility. The current perceptual study measured frame rate effects for simple motion imagery interpretation tasks of detecting and identifying a known target. By using synthetic imagery, there was full control of the contrast and speed of moving objects, motion complexity, the number of confusers, and the noise structure. To explore the detectibility threshold, the contrast between the darker moving objects and the background was set at 5%, 2%, and 1%. Nine viewers were to detect or identify a moving synthetic "bug" in each of 288 10-second clip. We found that frame rate, contrast, and confusers had a statistically significant effect on image interpretibility (at the 95% level), while the speed and background showed no significant effect. Generally, there was a significant loss in correct detection and identification for frame rates below 10 F/s. Increasing the contrast improved detection and at high contrast, confusers did not affect detection. Confusers reduced detection of higher speed objects. Higher speed improved detection, but complicated identification, although this effect was small. Higher speed made detection harder at 1 Frame/s, but improved detection at 30 F/s. The low loss of quality at moderately lower frame rates may have implications for bandwidth limited systems. A study is underway to confirm, with live action imagery, the results reported here with synthetic. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Fenimore, C (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6097-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6057 BP P570 EP P570 AR 60570P DI 10.1117/12.651124 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Ophthalmology; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Ophthalmology; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BEF36 UT WOS:000237083200024 ER PT J AU Schein, J Bushby, ST AF Schein, J Bushby, ST TI Hierarchical rule-based fault detection and diagnostic method for HVAC systems SO HVAC&R RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB A rule-based, system-level fault detection and diagnostic (FDD) method for HVAC systems was developed. It functions as an interface between multiple, equipment-specific FDD tools and a human operator. The method resolves and prioritizes conflicting fault reports from equipment-specific FDD tools, performs FDD at the system level, and presents an integrated view of an HVAC system's fault status to an operator. A simulation study to test and evaluate the method was conducted. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mech Syst & Controls Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Schein, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mech Syst & Controls Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 15 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC HEATING REFRIGERATING AIR-CONDITIONING ENG, INC, PI ATLANTA PA 1791 TULLIE CIRCLE NE, ATLANTA, GA 30329 USA SN 1078-9669 J9 HVAC&R RES JI HVAC&R Res. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 12 IS 1 BP 111 EP 125 DI 10.1080/10789669.2006.10391170 PG 15 WC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 004DH UT WOS:000234731700008 ER PT S AU Mamontov, E Udovic, TJ Rush, JJ Isnard, O AF Mamontov, Eugene Udovic, Terrence J. Rush, John J. Isnard, Olivier BE Dillion, A Olk, C Filiou, C Ohi, J TI Dynamics of hydrogen in Pr2Fe17H4 and Pr2Fe17H5 SO Hydrogen Cycle-Generation, Storage and Fuel Cells SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on the Hydrogen Cycle held at the 2005 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 28-DEC 02, 2005 CL Boston, MA SP Mat Res Soc ID NEUTRON POWDER DIFFRACTION; MOSSBAUER-SPECTROSCOPY; MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; ND; HYDRIDES; HO AB We describe a study of the dynamics of hydrogen in Pr2Fe17H4, where isolated hexagons formed by the interstitial tetrahedral (t) sites of the metal lattice are populated by mobile hydrogen atoms. An activation energy of 0.10 eV has been determined for a localized jump process involving the hopping of these hydrogen atoms among adjacent vertices of each hexagon, slightly lower than that for hydrogen hopping in Pr2Fe17H5, where each hexagon is occupied by two hydrogen atoms, C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mamontov, E (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8562, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Mamontov, Eugene/Q-1003-2015 OI Mamontov, Eugene/0000-0002-5684-2675 NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-839-X J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2006 VL 885 BP 183 EP 187 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels GA BEU27 UT WOS:000239520400023 ER PT S AU Paul, RL AF Paul, Rick L. BE Myneni, GR Hjorvarsson, B TI Measurement of hydrogen in advanced materials by cold neutron prompt gamma-ray activation analysis SO Hydrogen in Matter SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on Hydrogen in Matter CY JUN 13-17, 2005 CL Uppsala, SWEDEN SP Royal Swedish Acad Sci, Nobel Inst Phys, European Sci Fdn, Swedish Res Council, Swedish Energy Agcy, City Uppsala, DOE, Argonne Natl Lab, Jefferson Lab, Natl Inst Standards & Technol, NASA/Jet Propuls Lab, Reference Met Co Inc, ATI Wah Chang, Uppsala Univ DE hydrogen; prompt gamma activation analysis; cold neutrons; elemental analysis; advanced materials ID TITANIUM-ALLOY; SEMICONDUCTORS; SCATTERING AB An instrument for cold neutron prompt gamma-ray activation analysis (PGAA), located at the NIST Center for Neutron Research (NCNR), has proven useful for the measurement of trace hydrogen in advanced materials. Samples are irradiated by a beam of neutrons extracted from the reactor core; gamma rays emitted upon neutron capture are measured by a high purity germanium detector. The detection limit for hydrogen is less than 10 mg/kg for most materials. PGAA has been used to study hydrogen in a wide variety of materials, including titanium alloys, RF superconducting niobium cavities, and semiconductor materials. The technique has also been used to measure hydrogen uptake by solid proton conductors and hydrogen storage materials. A future upgrade to the instrument will improve detection limits and applicability of the method. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Paul, RL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0329-5 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 837 BP 223 EP 229 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA BEN58 UT WOS:000238327100024 ER PT J AU Nichol, DG Chilton, EA AF Nichol, DG Chilton, EA TI Recuperation and behaviour of Pacific cod after barotrauma SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE barotrauma; behaviour; buoyancy; cod; data-storage tags; migration; swimbladder ID DATA-STORAGE TAGS; VERTICAL MOVEMENTS; SWIMBLADDER; OXYGEN; PERMEABILITY; SEA; MACROCEPHALUS; SECRETION; FISH AB A total of 624 Pacific cod was captured, tagged with data-storage tags. and released in the Gulf of Alaska and eastern Bering Sea from 2001 to 2003. Cod were captured with pot or jig gear at depths ranging from 32 to 127 m. As of January 2004, 272 tags (44%) were recovered, with fish at liberty from 2 days to 1.5 years. The tags, which collected time, depth, and temperature information, revealed behaviour patterns common to nearly all recaptured fish. Analysis of swimbladder function suggests that these patterns resulted from swimbladder ruptures and deflation. In most cases, fish immediately dived to the bottom and then, within hours, returned to shallower depths. Fish that subsequently descended back to the depth at which they were captured, did so at rates ranging from 4.9 to 23.2 m day(-1). Observations of bubbles being released from cod as they neared the surface during capture, indicated that cod swimbladders call rupture. A series of X-rays taken of live cod immediately after capture and subsequently at 24 h, revealed that ruptured swimbladders were sealed within 24 h. The loss of gas from the swimbladder, and the subsequent loss ill buoyancy, inhibited most cod from remaining near the bottom. Their quick return to shallow water after an initial escape response indicates either a need or preference to reside at a depth at which they are more neutrally buoyant. Although rates of descent were highly variable among individuals, smaller individuals tended to descend faster than larger ones. Rates of descent were most likely limited by the secretion rate of gas into the swimbladder. Future tagging work for species such as Pacific cod need to recognize the recuperation period that is necessary before natural vertical or horizontal migrations call be evaluated. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Ctr, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. RP Nichol, DG (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM dan.nichol@noaa.gov NR 27 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 11 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 63 IS 1 BP 83 EP 94 DI 10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.05.021 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 009EV UT WOS:000235095100009 ER PT B AU Albus, J Bostelman, R Hong, T Chang, T Shackleford, W Shneier, M AF Albus, James Bostelman, Roger Hong, Tsai Chang, Tommy Shackleford, Will Shneier, Michael GP INSTICC TI The LAGR project - Integrating learning into the 4D/RCS control hierarchy SO ICINCO 2006: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics: ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics CY AUG 01-05, 2006 CL Setubal Coll Business Adm, Setubal, PORTUGAL SP Inst Syst & Technol Informat Control & Commun, Polytech Inst Setubal, IEEE Robot & Automat Soc, Int Federat Automat Control, Amer Assoc Artificial Intelligence, AgentLink, ACM SIGAI, Portuguese Assoc Automat Control HO Setubal Coll Business Adm DE LAGR; learning; 4D/RCS; mobile robot; hierarchical control; reference model architecture AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology's (NIST) Intelligent Systems Division (ISD) is a participant the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) LAGR (Learning Applied to Ground Robots) Project. The NIST team's objective for the LAGR Project is to insert learning algorithms into the modules that make up the 4D/RCS (Four Dimensional/Real-Time Control System), the standard reference model architecture to which ISD has applied to many intelligent systems. This paper describes the 4D/RCS structure, its application to the LAGR project, and the learning and mobility control methods used by the NIST team's vehicle. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Albus, J (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INSTICC-INST SYST TECHNOLOGIES INFORMATION CONTROL & COMMUNICATION PI SETUBAL PA AVENIDA D MANUEL L, 27A 2 ESQUERDO, SETUBAL, 2910-595, PORTUGAL BN 972-8865-60-0 PY 2006 BP 154 EP 161 PG 8 WC Automation & Control Systems; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Robotics GA BFH86 UT WOS:000241941800027 ER PT B AU Li, B Shi, L Zhou, JP Ho, PS Allen, RA Cresswell, MW AF Li, Bin Shi, Li Zhou, JiPing Ho, Paul S. Allen, Richard A. Cresswell, Michael W. GP IEEE TI Test structures for study of electron transport in nickel silicide features with linewidths between 40 nm and 160 nm(dagger) SO ICMTS 2006: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MICROELECTRONIC TEST STRUCTURES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Conference on Microelectronic Test Structures (ICMTS 2006) CY MAR 06-09, 2006 CL Austin, TX SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB A new test structure has been designed and fabricated for the investigation of the effect of linewidth scaling on electron transport in nickel mono-silicide features. In the fabrication process, nickel silicide (NiSi) features were formed by annealing a nickel coating that was deposited on singlecrystal silicon features that were as narrow as 150 nm and had vertical and nearly atomically flat sidewalls. The features were patterned on (110) silicon-on-insulator wafers with i-line lithography that replicated test structures from which voltage/current (V/I) measurements could be extracted. Subsequently, the patterning of single-crystal features with direct-write electron-beam lithography has been developed in order to facilitate the future reduction of the linewidths of NiSi features having a highly controlled surface microstructure to below 40 nm. C1 [Li, Bin] Univ Texas Austin, Texas Mat Inst, Dept Mech Engn, Austin, TX 78712 USA. [Shi, Li] Univ Texas Austin, Texas Mat Inst, Austin, TX 78712 USA. [Allen, Richard A.; Cresswell, Michael W.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Ho, Paul S.] Univ Texas Austin, Microelect Res Ctr, Austin, TX 78758 USA. RP Li, B (reprint author), Univ Texas Austin, Texas Mat Inst, Dept Mech Engn, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RI Shi, Li/C-8123-2013 OI Shi, Li/0000-0002-5401-6839 FU NIST; OMP; ATP; EEEL; MEL; ITL FX The authors acknowledge the editorial reviews provided by NIST staffers David Blackburn, Robert Thurber, Erik Secula, and J. V. Martinez de Pinillos. Financial support was provided at NIST by OMP, ATP, EEEL, MEL, and ITL. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE, ELECTRON DEVICES SOC & RELIABILITY GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 1-4244-0167-4 PY 2006 BP 18 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BEG37 UT WOS:000237219700004 ER PT B AU Shulver, B Bunting, A Gundlach, A Haworth, L Ross, A Snell, A Stevenson, J Walton, A Allen, RA Cresswell, MW AF Shulver, B. J. R. Bunting, A. S. Gundlach, A. M. Haworth, L. I. Ross, A. W. S. Snell, A. J. Stevenson, J. T. M. Walton, A. J. Allen, R. A. Cresswell, M. W. GP IEEE TI Design and fabrication of a copper test structure for use as an electrical critical dimension reference SO ICMTS 2006: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MICROELECTRONIC TEST STRUCTURES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Conference on Microelectronic Test Structures (ICMTS 2006) CY MAR 06-09, 2006 CL Austin, TX SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB A novel copper damascene process is reported for fabrication of Electrical Critical Dimension (ECD) reference material. The method of fabrication first creates an initial "silicon preform" whose linewidth is transferred into a trench using a silicon nitride mould. The trench is created by removing a portion of the silicon and replacing it with copper to enable both Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and electrical linewidth measurements to be made on the same structure. The technique is based on the use of anisotropic wet etching of (110) silicon wafers to yield silicon features with vertical sidewalls. The paper demonstrates that this method successfully produces copper lines which serve as ECD control structures and the process can be applied to any damascene compatible material for developing electrical linewidth measurement reference material. C1 [Shulver, B. J. R.; Bunting, A. S.; Gundlach, A. M.; Haworth, L. I.; Ross, A. W. S.; Snell, A. J.; Stevenson, J. T. M.; Walton, A. J.] Univ Edinburgh, Sch Engn & Elect, Scottish Microelect Ctr, Inst Integrated Micro & Nano Syst, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Midlothian, Scotland. [Allen, R. A.; Cresswell, M. W.] Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Semicond Electron Div, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Shulver, B (reprint author), Univ Edinburgh, Sch Engn & Elect, Scottish Microelect Ctr, Inst Integrated Micro & Nano Syst, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Midlothian, Scotland. RI Walton, Anthony/B-9108-2009; Walton, Anthony/A-1550-2010; Bunting, Andrew/L-2357-2013 OI Bunting, Andrew/0000-0001-5104-145X FU Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) FX Staff at the University of Edinburgh would like to acknowledge the financial support of the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE, ELECTRON DEVICES SOC & RELIABILITY GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 1-4244-0167-4 PY 2006 BP 124 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BEG37 UT WOS:000237219700021 ER PT S AU Chiaverini, J Barrett, MD Blakestad, RB Britton, J Itano, W Jost, JD Knill, E Langer, C Leibfried, D Ozeri, R Schaetz, T Wineland, DJ AF Chiaverini, J. Barrett, M. D. Blakestad, R. B. Britton, J. Itano, W. Jost, J. D. Knill, E. Langer, C. Leibfried, D. Ozeri, R. Schaetz, T. Wineland, D. J. BE Bachor, HA Bandrauk, AD Corkum, PB Drescher, M Fedorov, M Haroche, S Kilin, S Sergienko, A TI Recent experiments in trapped-ion quantum information processing at NIST - art. no. 625610 SO ICONO 2005: Ultrafast Phenomena and Physics of Superintense Laser Fields; Quantum and Atom Optics; Engineering of Quantum Information SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ICONO 2005 Conference CY MAY 11-15, 2005 CL St Petersburg, RUSSIA SP Russian Minist Educ & Sci, Russian Fdn Basic Res, Russian Union Physicists, SPIE Russia Chapter DE atomic physics; quantum algorithms; quantum communication; quantum computing; quantum error correction; quantum Fourier transform; quantum information processing; trapped ions ID EXPERIMENTAL REALIZATION; FOURIER-TRANSFORM; ERROR-CORRECTION; FACTORING ALGORITHM; FREQUENCY STANDARD; SPECTROSCOPY; COMPUTATION; COMPUTERS; STATES; GATE AB Atomic ions confined in segmented trap arrays provide a system for quantum information processing. We report on the execution of two simple quantum algorithms, quantum error correction and the quantum Fourier transform, using this implementation. The demonstration of these algorithms in a scalable system is one step towards the execution of useful, large-scale quantum algorithms. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Chiaverini, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Jost, John/F-4701-2010; Barrett, Murray/G-2732-2012; OI Britton, Joe/0000-0001-8103-7347 NR 41 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6315-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6256 BP 25610 EP 25610 AR 625610 DI 10.1117/12.682633 PG 12 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BER11 UT WOS:000239001300036 ER PT J AU Miller, LE Haas, ZJ AF Miller, LE Haas, ZJ TI Public safety SO IEEE COMMUNICATIONS MAGAZINE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Wireless Commun Technol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Miller, LE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Wireless Commun Technol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM lmiller@antd.nist.gov; haas@ece.cornell.edu NR 0 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0163-6804 J9 IEEE COMMUN MAG JI IEEE Commun. Mag. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 44 IS 1 BP 28 EP 29 DI 10.1109/MCOM.2006.1580929 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 001EB UT WOS:000234515300002 ER PT J AU Riley, K Song, YY Kraus, M Ebert, DS Levit, JJ AF Riley, K Song, YY Kraus, M Ebert, DS Levit, JJ TI Visualization of structured nonuniform grids SO IEEE COMPUTER GRAPHICS AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article C1 Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NOAA, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Riley, K (reprint author), Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. EM kriley@ecn.purdue.edu; song7@purdue.edu; martin.kraus@informatik.uni-stuttgart.de; ebertd@ecn.purdue.edu; jason.levit@noaa.gov OI Ebert, David/0000-0001-6177-1296 NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 0272-1716 J9 IEEE COMPUT GRAPH JI IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl. PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 26 IS 1 BP 46 EP 55 DI 10.1109/MCG.2006.25 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA 998YG UT WOS:000234355200008 PM 16463478 ER PT B AU Hu, VC Kuhn, DR Ferraiolo, DF AF Hu, Vincent C. Kuhn, D. Richard Ferraiolo, David F. BE Werner, B TI The computational complexity of enforceability validation for generic access control rules SO IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SENSOR NETWORKS, UBIQUITOUS, AND TRUSTWORTHY COMPUTING, VOL 1, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Sensor Networks, Ubiquitous, and Trustworthy Computing CY JUN 05-07, 2006 CL Tai Chung, TAIWAN SP IEEE Comp Soc, Asia Univ, Natl Sci Council, USA Force Off Sci Res, Asian Off Aerosp Res & Dev, Inst Informat Ind, Minist Educ AB In computer security, many researches have tackled on the possibility of a unified model of access control, which could enforce any access control policies within a single unified system. One issue that must be considered is the efficiency of such systems, i.e., what is the computational complexity for the enforceability validation of access control rules of a system that is capable of implementing any access control policy? We investigate this question by arguing that two fundamental requirements exist for any such system: satisfiability of access rules and ensuring absence of deadlock among rules. We then show that both of these problems art? NP-Complete by using some basic computational theorems applied to the components of the generic access control process. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hu, VC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM vhu@nist.gov; kuhn@nist.gov; dferraiolo@nist.gov NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 0-7695-2553-9 PY 2006 BP 260 EP 266 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BEQ69 UT WOS:000238969200033 ER PT J AU Chandramouli, R Rose, S AF Chandramouli, R Rose, S TI Challenges in securing the Domain Name System SO IEEE SECURITY & PRIVACY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chandramouli, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mouli@nist.gov; scottr@nist.gov NR 3 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 1540-7993 J9 IEEE SECUR PRIV JI IEEE Secur. Priv. PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 4 IS 1 BP 84 EP 87 DI 10.1109/MSP.2006.8 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA 012FK UT WOS:000235323400014 ER PT J AU Wang, HY Pramanik, N Roy, U Sudarsan, R Sriram, RD Lyons, KW AF Wang, HY Pramanik, N Roy, U Sudarsan, R Sriram, RD Lyons, KW TI A scheme for mapping tolerance specifications to generalized deviation space for use in tolerance synthesis and analysis SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AUTOMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT American-Society-of-Mechanical-Engineers Design Engineering Technical Conference CY SEP 29-OCT 02, 2002 CL Montreal, CANADA SP Amer Soc Mech Engineers DE deviation space; mapping; tolerance analysis; tolerance synthesis AB Tolerances impose restrictions on the possible deviations of features from their nominal sizes/shapes. These variations of size/shape could be thought of as deviations of a set of generalized coordinates defined at some convenient point on a feature. Any tolerance specification for a feature imposes some kind of restrictions or constraints on its deviation parameters. These constraints, in general, define a bounded region in the deviation space. In this paper, a method has been presented for converting tolerance specifications as per maximum material condition (MMC)/least material condition (LMC)/regardless of feature size (RFS) material conditions for standard mating features (planar, cylindrical, and spherical) into a set of inequalities in a deviation space. Both virtual condition boundaries' (VCB) and tolerance zones are utilized for these mappings. The mapping procedures have been illustrated with an example. C1 Bowling Green State Univ, Dept Appl Sci, Huron, OH 44839 USA. Univ No Iowa, Dept Ind Technol, Cedar Falls, IA 50614 USA. Syracuse Univ, Dept Mech Aerosp & Mfg Engn, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. George Washington Univ, Washington, DC USA. NIST, MSID, Design & Proc Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wang, HY (reprint author), Bowling Green State Univ, Dept Appl Sci, Huron, OH 44839 USA. EM haoyuw@bgnet.bgsu.edu; n.pramanik@uni.edu; uroy@ecs.syr.edu; sudarsan@cme.nist.gov; sriram@cme.nist.gov; klyons@cme.nist.gov NR 12 TC 5 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 7 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1545-5955 J9 IEEE T AUTOM SCI ENG JI IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 3 IS 1 BP 81 EP 91 DI 10.1109/TASE.2005.853583 PG 11 WC Automation & Control Systems SC Automation & Control Systems GA 001FP UT WOS:000234519300007 ER PT J AU Williams, DF Lewandowski, A Clement, TS Wang, JCM Hale, PD Morgan, JM Keenan, DA Dienstfrey, A AF Williams, DF Lewandowski, A Clement, TS Wang, JCM Hale, PD Morgan, JM Keenan, DA Dienstfrey, A TI Covariance-based uncertainty analysis of the NIST electrooptic sampling system SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article DE covariance matrix; electrooptic sampling; impulse response; Jacobian; standard uncertainty; uncertainty; uncertainty propagation; variance ID TIME-DOMAIN; FREQUENCY RESPONSES; CALIBRATION; BOUNDS; OSCILLOSCOPES AB We develop a covariance matrix describing the uncertainty of mismatch-corrected measurements performed on the National Institute of Standards and Technology's electrooptic sampling system. This formulation offers a general way of describing the uncertainties of the measurement system in both the temporal and frequency domains. We illustrate the utility of the approach with several examples, including determining the uncertainty in the temporal voltage generated by the photodiode. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Williams, DF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM dylan@boulder.nist.gov RI Hale, Paul/B-1737-2013 NR 36 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9480 J9 IEEE T MICROW THEORY JI IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 54 IS 1 BP 481 EP 491 DI 10.1109/TMTT.2005.860492 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 003BW UT WOS:000234657600059 ER PT S AU Gladkova, I Nalli, N Wolf, W Zhou, L Goldberg, M Roytman, L AF Gladkova, I. Nalli, N. Wolf, W. Zhou, L. Goldberg, M. Roytman, L. BE Cristobal, G Javidi, B Vallmitjana, S TI Efficient compression of hyperspectral images by grouping around lines SO INFORMATION OPTICS SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Workshop on Information Optics CY JUN 05-07, 2006 CL Toledo, SPAIN SP Univ Castilla Mancha, Spanish Minist Educ & Sci, Europeam Off Aerosp Res & Dev, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Inc, Int Comm Opt, Lasing S A, Consejo Super Invest Cientifid DE compression; clustering; subspaces; least squares; hyperspectral infrared; satellite remote sensing; AIRS; GOES-R ID COMPONENT ANALYSIS; PRODUCTS AB In this paper we present a new lossless algorithm for compression of the signals from advanced hyperspectral infrared sensors onboard sun- and geo-synchronous environmental satellites. At each stage, our compression algorithm achieves an efficient grouping of channel data points around a relatively small number of I-dimensional lines in a large dimensional data space. The parametrization of these lines is very efficient, which leads to efficient descriptions of data points via adaptive clustering. Using one full day's worth (24 h) of global hyperspectral data obtained by the AQUA-EOS Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), the mean ratio of compression attainable by the method is shown to be similar or equal to 3.7 to 1. C1 [Gladkova, I.; Roytman, L.] CUNY City Coll, 138th St & Convent Ave, New York, NY 10031 USA. [Nalli, N.; Wolf, W.; Zhou, L.] QSS Group Inc, NOAA NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Goldberg, M.] ORA NOAA NESDI, E RA, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Gladkova, I (reprint author), CUNY City Coll, 138th St & Convent Ave, New York, NY 10031 USA. EM gladkova@cs.ccny.cuny.edu RI Nalli, Nicholas/F-6731-2010 OI Nalli, Nicholas/0000-0002-6914-5537 NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0356-2 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 860 BP 321 EP + PG 2 WC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Physics GA BFL05 UT WOS:000242566200034 ER PT S AU Amon, F Hamins, A AF Amon, Francine Hamins, Anthony BE Holst, GC TI First responder thermal imaging cameras: development of performance metrics and test methods - art. no. 62070S SO Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XVII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Imaging Systems - Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XVII CY APR 19-20, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL DE CTF; MRTD; NETD; TIC; performance standards; thermal imager; test methods; first responder; infrared camera AB Thermal imaging cameras are rapidly becoming integral equipment for first responders for use in structure fires and other emergencies. Currently, there are no standardized performance metrics or test methods available to the users and manufacturers of these instruments. The Building and Fire Research Laboratory at the National Institute of Standards and Technology is developing performance evaluation techniques that combine aspects of conventional metrics such as the contrast transfer function (CTF), the minimum resolvable temperature difference (MRTD), and noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD) with test methods that accommodate the special conditions in which first responders use these instruments. First responders typically use thermal imagers when their vision is obscured due to the presence of smoke, dust, fog, and/or the lack of visible light, and in cases when the ambient temperature is uncomfortably hot. Testing has shown that image contrast, as measured using a CTF calculation, suffers when a target is viewed through obscuring media. A proposed method of replacing the trained observer required for the conventional MRTD test method with a CTF calculation is presented. A performance metric that combines thermal resolution with target temperature and sensitivity mode shifts is also being investigated. Results of this work will support the establishment of standardized performance metrics and test methods for thermal imaging cameras that are meaningful to the first responders that use them. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Amon, F (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6263-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6207 BP S2070 EP S2070 AR 62070S DI 10.1117/12.665563 PG 11 WC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BES55 UT WOS:000239300100027 ER PT S AU Dinaburg, JB Amon, F Hamins, A Boynton, P AF Dinaburg, Joshua B. Amon, Francine Hamins, Anthony Boynton, Paul BE Holst, GC TI LCD display screen performance testing for handheld thermal imaging cameras - art. no. 62070T SO Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XVII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Imaging Systems - Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XVII CY APR 19-20, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL DE characterization; thermal imager; display performance; performance metrics; non-destructive testing; infrared camera; TIC AB Handheld thermal imaging cameras are an important tool for the first responder community. As their use becomes more prevalent, it will become important for a set of standard test metrics to be available to characterize the performance of these cameras. A major factor in the performance of the imagers is the quality of the image on a display screen. An imager may employ any type of display screen, but the results of this paper will focus on those using liquid crystal displays. First responders, especially firefighters, in the field rely on the performance of this screen to relay vital information during critical situations. Current research on thermal imaging camera performance metrics for first responder applications uses trained observer tests or camera composite output signal measurements. Trained observer tests are subjective and composite output tests do not evaluate the performance of the complete imaging system. It is the goal of this work to develop a nondestructive, objective method that tests the performance of the entire thermal imaging camera system, from the infrared sensor to the display screen. Application of existing display screen performance metrics to thermal imaging cameras requires additional consideration. Most display screen test metrics require a well defined electronic input, with either full black or white pixel input, often encompassing detailed spatial patterns and resolution. Well characterized thermal inputs must be used to obtain accurate, repeatable, and non-destructive display screen measurements for infrared cameras. For this work, a thermal target is used to correlate the measured camera output with the actual display luminance. A test method was developed to determine display screen luminance. A well characterized CCD camera and digital recording device were used to determine an electro-optical transfer function for thermal imaging cameras. This value directly relates the composite output signal to the luminance of the display screen, providing a realistic characterization of system performance. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dinaburg, JB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6263-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6207 BP T2070 EP T2070 AR 62070T DI 10.1117/12.666280 PG 8 WC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BES55 UT WOS:000239300100028 ER PT S AU Amon, F Bryner, N AF Amon, Francine Bryner, Nelson BE Holst, GC TI Advances in thermal imaging technology in the first responder arena - art. no. 62070W SO Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XVII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Imaging Systems - Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XVII CY APR 19-20, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL DE CTF; MRTD; NETD; TIC; thermal imager; performance evaluation; first responder; infrared camera AB Thermal imaging cameras are rapidly becoming integral equipment for first responders for use in structure fires and other emergencies. Currently there are no standardized test methods or performance metrics available to the users and manufacturers of these instruments. The Building and Fire Research Laboratory at the National Institute of Standards and Technology has been conducting research that will provide a quantifiable physical and scientific basis upon which industry standards for imaging performance, testing protocols and reporting practices can be developed. To date, the components of this project have included full-scale fire testing, development of bench-scale testing facilities, computational fluid dynamics and radiation modeling, and performance metric evaluations. A workshop was held in which participants representing thermal imager users, manufacturers, researchers, government agencies, and standards developing organizations discussed the future of thermal imaging technology as it applies to first responders. Performance metrics for thermal and spatial resolution have been explored, with emphasis on the contrast transfer function, minimum resolvable temperature difference, and noise equivalent temperature difference. These performance metrics and associated test methods are currently being applied to conditions that simulate first responder scenarios. A system of thermal classifications was adopted to define the boundaries of testing conditions. A method of relating the performance of the imager's display screen to an image captured from the imager's composite video output is proposed. New testing instrumentation, in which optically simulated thermal scenes are projected onto the imager's sensor, is also under development. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Amon, F (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6263-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6207 BP W2070 EP W2070 AR 62070W DI 10.1117/12.665573 PG 9 WC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BES55 UT WOS:000239300100031 ER PT J AU Lehman, JH Deshpande, R Rice, P To, B Dillon, AC AF Lehman, JH Deshpande, R Rice, P To, B Dillon, AC TI Carbon multi-walled nanotubes grown by HWCVD on a pyroelectric detector SO INFRARED PHYSICS & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Carbon multi-wall nanotubes (MWNTs) were grown on a lithium niobate (LiNbO3) pyroelectric detector with a nickel film as the catalyst by hot-wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD). Two detectors are documented, each with slightly different deposition conditions. The absolute spectral responsivity of each device was measured from 600 nm to 1800 nm and indicates that the MANT-coating absorptance is spectrally uniform, with variations of only a few percent. We also discuss growth of MWNTs on LiTaO3 by CVD and the limitations presented by the Curie temperature of the pyroelectric material. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Lehman, JH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM lehman@boulder.nist.gov; anne_dillon@nrel.gov NR 18 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1350-4495 J9 INFRARED PHYS TECHN JI Infrared Phys. Technol. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 47 IS 3 BP 246 EP 250 DI 10.1016/j.infrared.2004.12.004 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA 002SD UT WOS:000234630800005 ER PT S AU Rice, JP Brown, SW Neira, JE AF Rice, J. P. Brown, S. W. Neira, J. E. BE Strojnik, M TI Development of hyperspectral image projectors - art. no. 629701 SO Infrared Spaceborne Remote Sensing XIV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Spaceborne Remote Sensing XIV CY AUG 15-17, 2006 CL San Diego, CA DE hyperspectral; imaging; projector; testing; video; spectroscopy; radiometry; hardware-in-the-loop; DMD ID SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE; DEVICE; LIGHT AB We present design concepts for calibrated hyperspectral image projectors (HIP) and related sources intended for system-level testing of instruments ranging from complex hyperspectral or multispectral imagers to simple filter radiometers. HIP, based on the same digital mirror arrays used in commercial digital light processing (DLP1) displays, is capable of projecting any combination of many different arbitrarily programmable basis spectra into each pixel of the unit under test (UUT) at video frame rates. The resulting spectral and spatial content of the image entering the UUT can simulate at typical video frame rates and integration times, realistic scenes to which the UUT will be exposed during use. Also, its spectral radiance can be measured with a calibrated spectroradiometer, such that the hyperspectral photon field entering the UUT is well known. Use of such generated scenes in a controlled laboratory setting would alleviate expensive field testing, allow better separation of environmental effects from instrument effects, and enable system-level performance testing and validation. Example potential applications include system-level testing of complex hyperspectral imaging instruments as implemented with data reduction algorithms when viewing realistic scenes, testing the performance of simple fire-fighter infrared cameras under simulated adverse conditions, and hardware-in-the-loop testing of multispectral and hyperspectral systems. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rice, JP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 17 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6376-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6297 BP 29701 EP 29701 AR 629701 DI 10.1117/12.684085 PG 15 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BFI35 UT WOS:000241988100003 ER PT S AU Yoon, HW Dopkiss, MC Eppeldauer, GP AF Yoon, Howard W. Dopkiss, Matt C. Eppeldauer, George P. BE Strojnik, M TI Performance comparisons of InGaAs, extended InGaAs, and short-wave HgCdTe detectors between 1 mu m and 2.5 mu m - art. no. 629703 SO Infrared Spaceborne Remote Sensing XIV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Spaceborne Remote Sensing XIV CY AUG 15-17, 2006 CL San Diego, CA DE infrared detectors; InGaAs; extended InGaAs; MCT; NEP; noise; responsivity; shunt resistance; temperature dependence AB In this study, three different detectors, regular InGaAs, short-wave infrared extended-InGaAs (exInGaAs) with the bandgap wavelength at 2.6 mu m and short-wave HgCdTe (swMCT) with the bandgap wavelength at 2.8 mu m are studied. The detectors have active areas of 3 mm or 1 mm diameter with all the detectors capable of being cooled from room temperatures to -85 degrees C with 4-stage thermo-electric coolers. Two of the detectors have field-of-view limiting, cold shrouds attached. From room temperatures to their coldest operating temperatures, the detectors are compared for their temperature-dependent shunt resistances, absolute spectral power responsivities, and noise performances at the output of the photocurrent meter. The photodiode current measuring circuit is analyzed to determine the effect of the shunt resistance for the output offset voltage, the noise and drift amplification, the uncertainty of the current-to-voltage conversion, and the linear operation. The temperature dependences of the shunt resistances are described by Arrhenius plots, and the spectral power responsivities are determined against a pyroelectric detector standard with constant responsivity versus wavelength. We determine that the shunt resistances of regular InGaAs photodiodes can increase to 5 G Omega when cooled to -20 degrees C demonstrating Si-like performance. The shunt resistances of the 1 mm diameter extended InGaAs and short-wave MCT photodiodes were both measured to be about 11 M Omega at diode temperatures of -70 degrees C. Further increase in the shunt resistances would be possible with decreasing diode temperatures. The noise voltage at the output of the photocurrent-to-voltage converter is measured for the respective detectors to determine the noise-equivalent power. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Bethesda, MD USA. RP Yoon, HW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Bethesda, MD USA. NR 6 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6376-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6297 BP 29703 EP 29703 AR 629703 DI 10.1117/12.684614 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BFI35 UT WOS:000241988100004 ER PT B AU Deshayes, L Welsch, L Donmez, A Ivester, R Gilsinn, D Rhorer, R Whitenton, E Potra, F AF Deshayes, L. Welsch, L. Donmez, A. Ivester, R. Gilsinn, D. Rhorer, R. Whitenton, E. Potra, F. BE Brissaud, D Tichkiewitch, S Zwolinski, P TI Smart machining systems: issues and research trends SO INNOVATION IN LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th CIRP International Conference on Life Cycle Engineering CY APR, 2006 CL Univ Grenoble, Grenoble, FRANCE SP CIRP HO Univ Grenoble DE Smart Machining Systems; Life Cycle Engineering; robust optimization; knowledge bases; ontologies AB Smart Machining Systems (SMS) are an important part of Life Cycle Engineering (LCE) since its capabilities include: producing the first and every product correct; improving the response of the production system to changes in demand (just in time); realizing rapid manufacturing; and, providing data on an as needed basis. Thereby, SMS improve the performance of production systems and reduce production costs. In addition, an SMS not only has to improve a particular machining process, but it also has to determine the best optimized solution to produce the part faster, better, at lower cost, and with a minimum impact on the environment. In addition, new software tools are required to facilitate the improvement of a machining system, characterized by a high level of expertise or heuristic methods. A global approach requires integrating knowledge/information about the product design, production equipment, and machining process. This paper first discusses the main characteristics and components that are envisioned to be part of SMS. Then, uncertainties associated with models and data and the optimization tasks in SMS are discussed. Robust Optimization is an approach for coping with such uncertainties in SMS. Current use of machining models by production engineers and associated problems are discussed. Finally, the paper discusses interoperability needs for integrating SMS into the product life cycle, as well as the need for knowledge-based systems. The paper ends with a description of future research trends and work plans. C1 [Deshayes, L.; Welsch, L.; Donmez, A.; Ivester, R.; Gilsinn, D.; Rhorer, R.; Whitenton, E.; Potra, F.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Deshayes, L (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 43 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 1-4020-4601-4 PY 2006 BP 363 EP + DI 10.1007/1-4020-4617-0_25 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BET98 UT WOS:000239489800025 ER PT S AU Ostrovsky, L Sutin, A Sarvazyan, A AF Ostrovsky, Lev Sutin, Alexander Sarvazyan, Armen BE Atchley, AA Sparrow, VW Keolian, RM TI A non-dissipative mechanism of acoustic radiation force generation SO INNOVATIONS IN NONLINEAR ACOUSTICS SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Symposium on Nonlinear Acoustics CY JUL 18-22, 2005 CL State Coll, PA SP Penn State Univ, Grad Program Acoust, Acoust Soc Amer, Int Commiss Acoust DE radiation force; rubber like media; shear displacement ID LESIONS AB A general approach to the description of radiation force (RF) and shear displacement induced by an ultrasonic beam in a nonlinear rubber-like medium is developed. A new, non-dissipative mechanism of RF generation due to medium inhomogeneity is suggested, and the corresponding medium response is calculated for rubber-like media such as biological tissues. C1 [Ostrovsky, Lev] NOAA, ESRL, Zel Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Sutin, Alexander; Sarvazyan, Armen] Artann Labs, Trenton, NJ 08618 USA. RP Ostrovsky, L (reprint author), NOAA, ESRL, Zel Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. OI Ostrovsky, Lev/0000-0003-2233-1305 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0330-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 838 BP 329 EP + PG 2 WC Acoustics SC Acoustics GA BEN52 UT WOS:000238312600063 ER PT S AU Zha, XF Howlett, RJ AF Zha, Xuan F. (William) Howlett, Robert J. (Bob) BE Zha, XF Howlett, RJ TI Integrated Intelligent Systems for Engineering Design Preface SO INTEGRATED INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS FOR ENGINEERING DESIGN SE Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications LA English DT Editorial Material; Book Chapter C1 [Zha, Xuan F. (William)] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Zha, Xuan F. (William)] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD USA. [Howlett, Robert J. (Bob)] Univ Brighton, Brighton BN2 4AT, E Sussex, England. RP Zha, XF (reprint author), Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOS PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0922-6389 BN 978-1-58603-675-1 J9 FRONT ARTIF INTEL AP PY 2006 VL 149 BP V EP XII PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BMB03 UT WOS:000271715800001 ER PT S AU Zha, XF AF Zha, Xuan F. BE Zha, XF Howlett, RJ TI Integrated Intelligent Design for STEP-based Electro-Mechanical Assemblies SO INTEGRATED INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS FOR ENGINEERING DESIGN SE Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE assemblability; evaluation; STEP; intelligent CAD; design for assembly; multi-agent-based integration; fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (AHP) approach ID SYSTEM; FEATURES; METHODOLOGY AB Assemblability analysis and evaluation plays a key role in assembly design, operation analysis and planning. In this paper, we propose an integrated intelligent approach and framework for evaluation of assemblability and assembly sequence for electro-mechanical assemblies (EMAs). The approach integrates the STEP (STandard for the Exchange of Product model data, officially ISO 10303) based assembly model and XML schema with the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process for assembly evaluation. The evaluation structure covers not only the geometric and physical characteristics of the assembly parts but also the assembly operation data necessary to assemble the parts. The realization of the integration system is implemented through a multi-agent framework. Through integration with the STEP-based product modeling agent system, CAD agent system and assembly planning agent system, the developed assembly evaluation agent system can effectively incorporate, exchange, and share concurrent engineering knowledge into the preliminary design process so as to provide users with suggestions for improving a design and also helping obtain better design ideas. The proposed approach has the flexibility to be used in various assembly methods and different environments. The applications show that the proposed approach and system are feasible. C1 [Zha, Xuan F.] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Zha, Xuan F.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Zha, XF (reprint author), Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 47 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOS PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0922-6389 BN 978-1-58603-675-1 J9 FRONT ARTIF INTEL AP PY 2006 VL 149 BP 199 EP 230 PG 32 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BMB03 UT WOS:000271715800012 ER PT S AU Zha, XF Sriram, RD AF Zha, Xuan F. Sriram, Ram D. BA Gupta, JND Forgionne, GA Mora, TM BF Gupta, JND Forgionne, GA Mora, TM TI Knowledge-intensive Collaborative Decision Support for Design Process SO INTELLIGENT DECISION-MAKING SUPPORT SYSTEMS: FOUNDATIONS, APPLICATIONS AND CHALLENGES SE Decision Engineering LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID SYSTEM AB In this chapter, we describe a hybrid decision model and a multiagent framework for collaborative decision support in the design process. The proposed knowledge-based collaborative decision support model can quantitatively incorporate qualitative design knowledge and preferences for multiple, conflicting attributes stored in a knowledge repository so that a better understanding of the consequences of design decisions can be achieved from an overall perspective. The multiagent framework provides an efficient decision support environment involving distributed resources to shorten the realization of products with optimal life-cycle performance and competitiveness. The developed model and framework are generic and flexible enough to be used in a variety of design decision problems. The framework is illustrated with an application in concept evaluation and selection in power-supply product family design for mass customization. C1 [Zha, Xuan F.; Sriram, Ram D.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zha, XF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM zha@cme.nist.gov NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG LONDON LTD PI GODALMING PA SWEETAPPLE HOUSE CATTESHALL RD FARNCOMBE, GODALMING GU7 1NH, SURREY, ENGLAND SN 1619-5736 BN 978-1-84628-231-7; 978-1-84628-228-7 J9 DECIS ENG PY 2006 BP 301 EP 320 D2 10.1007/1-84628-231-4 PG 20 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Operations Research & Management Science SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA BSQ32 UT WOS:000285380700017 ER PT S AU Bostelman, R Hong, T Chang, T AF Bostelman, Roger Hong, Tsai Chang, Tommy BE Casasent, DP Hall, EL Roning, J TI Visualization of pallets - art. no. 638408 SO Intelligent Robots and Computer Vision XXIV: Algorithms, Techniques, and Active Vision SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Intelligent Robots and Computer Vision XXIV - Algorithms, Techniques, and Active Vision CY OCT 03-04, 2006 CL Boston, MA SP SPIE DE 4D/RCS; LADAR; pallet visualization; sensor processing; world modeling AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has been studying pallet visualization for the automated guided vehicle (AGV) industry. Through a cooperative research and development agreement with Transbotics, an AGV manufacturer, NIST has developed advanced sensor processing and world modeling algorithms to verify pallet location and orientation with respect to the AGV. Sensor processing utilizes two onboard AGV, single scan-line, laser-range units. The "Safety" sensor is a safety unit located at the base of a forktruck AGV and the "Panner" sensor is a panning laser-ranger rotated 90 degrees, mounted on a rotating motor, and mounted at the top, front of the AGV. The Safety sensor, typically used to detect obstacles such as humans, was also used to detect pallets and their surrounding area such as the walls of a truck to be loaded with pallets. The Panner, was used to acquire many scan-lines of range data which was processed into a 3D point cloud and segment out the pallet by a priori, approximate pallet load or remaining truck volumes. A world model was then constructed and output to the vehicle for pallet/truck volume verification. This paper will explain this joint government/industry project and results of using LADAR imaging methods. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bostelman, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8230, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6482-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6384 BP 38408 EP 38408 AR 638408 DI 10.1117/12.684677 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Computer Science; Robotics GA BFI49 UT WOS:000242033100008 ER PT S AU Londono, C Lawall, J Postek, M Stone, J Stoup, J AF Londono, C. Lawall, J. Postek, M. Stone, J. Stoup, J. BE Creath, K Schmit, J TI The NIST advanced measurement laboratory: At the leading edge of measurement science and technology! - art. no. 629209 SO Interferometry XIII: Techniques and Analysis SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry XIII CY AUG 14-16, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE NIST; Advanced Measurement Laboratory Center for Nanoscience and Technology; metrology; measurement science; spectroscopy; coordinate measuring machines; nanometrology AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology as the U.S. National Metrology Institute has the fundamental responsibility to continuously push the limits of measurement science (metrology) to promote U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness. In 2004, NIST finished construction of a $235 million, 49 843 m(2) Advanced Measurement Laboratory to enhance its measurement capabilities in response to the fast-growing metrology needs of the scientific and industrial community. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Technol Serv, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Londono, C (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Technol Serv, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6371-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6292 BP 29209 EP 29209 AR 629209 DI 10.1117/12.696090 PG 5 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BFD95 UT WOS:000241327300009 ER PT J AU Liu, R Wynne, B AF Liu, Rosa Wynne, Briget TI Analysis of Interlibrary Loan at the National Institute of Standards and Technology library: lessons learned SO INTERLENDING & DOCUMENT SUPPLY LA English DT Article DE collections management; document delivery; interlending AB Purpose - The paper seeks to study whether process and cost-effective improvements could be made to the Interlibrary Loan and internal Document Request services at NIST. Design/methodology/approach - The authors analyze the usage data from the automated management system over a two-year period. Findings - Heavy users, types of materials and journal titles were identified as well as process improvements. Anticipating rising costs remains elusive. Originality/value - The paper gives valuable insights into the workings of document supply in a major research institution in the USA, particularly in relation to costs. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Liu, R (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM rosa.liu@nist.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU EMERALD GROUP PUBLISHING LIMITED PI BRADFORD PA 60/62 TOLLER LANE, BRADFORD BD8 9BY, W YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0264-1615 J9 INTERLEND DOC SUPPLY JI Interlend. Doc. Supply PY 2006 VL 34 IS 3 BP 115 EP 118 DI 10.1108/02641610610686670 PG 4 WC Information Science & Library Science SC Information Science & Library Science GA 096AY UT WOS:000241350600005 ER PT J AU Jones, CY Luecke, WE Copland, E AF Jones, CY Luecke, WE Copland, E TI Neutron diffraction study of oxygen dissolution in alpha(2)-Ti3Al SO INTERMETALLICS LA English DT Article DE titanium aluminides based on Ti3Al; neutron diffraction; site occupancy; crystal chemistry; interstitial oxygen ID TI-AL-O; PHASE; SYSTEM AB Rietveld refinements of neutron powder diffraction data on alpha(2)-Ti3Al have been performed to determine the crystal structure as a function of interstitial oxygen (0) concentration for three alloys with a Ti/Al ratio of approximate to 2.34 and O concentrations of 0.25, 3.99, and 7.71%. The structures of the alloys are hexagonal in space group P6(3)/mmc where Ti and At atoms populate unique sites with excess Al at the Ti site and 0 atoms occupy octahedral interstitial sites surrounded by six Ti sites. The length of the c-axis was found to increase linearly as the 0 occupancy of the interstitial sites increased; this lattice lengthening effect was much less pronounced along the a-axis. Correspondingly, the increases in the lengths of Ti-Al and Ti-Ti bonds with a major component of their direction parallel to the c-axis were roughly an order of magnitude greater than the increases in the lengths of Ti-Al and Ti-Ti bonds more closely aligned with the a-axis. Densities calculated from the lattice parameters and occupancy factors fall in the range (4.118 +/- 0.004) to (4.194 +/- 0.004) g/cm(3), and exhibit a nearly linear increase with oxygen concentration. Measured densities of (4.113 +/- 0.001), (4.146 +/- 0.009), and (4.191 +/- 0.002) g/cm(3) for these alloys agree with the results of the refinements. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Div Mat, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM camille.jones@nist.gov OI Luecke, William/0000-0003-0587-4500 NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0966-9795 EI 1879-0216 J9 INTERMETALLICS JI Intermetallics PD JAN PY 2006 VL 14 IS 1 BP 54 EP 60 DI 10.1016/j.intermet.2005.04.011 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 977TC UT WOS:000232825100007 ER PT S AU McCormick, MJ Manley, TO Foley, AJ Gascard, JC Fahnenstiel, GL AF McCormick, M. J. Manley, T. O. Foley, A. J., III Gascard, J. C. Fahnenstiel, G. L. BE Jones, J TI Lake Champlain Lagrangian experiment SO International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology, Vol 29, Pt 3, Proceedings SE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF THEORETICAL AND APPLIED LIMNOLOGY - PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 29th Congress of the International-Association-of-Theoretical-and-Applied-Limnology CY AUG 08-14, 2004 CL Lahti, FINLAND SP Int Assoc Theoret & Appl Limnol DE Lake Champlain; Lagrangian; RAFOS C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP McCormick, MJ (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU E SCHWEIZERBART'SCHE VERLAGSBUCHHANDLUNG PI STUTTGART PA JOHANNESTRASSE 3, W-7000 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0368-0770 BN 3-510-54067-0 J9 INT VER THEOR ANGEW PY 2006 VL 29 BP 1683 EP 1687 PN 3 PG 5 WC Limnology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BER16 UT WOS:000239005000113 ER PT J AU Niederstatter, H Coble, MD Grubwieser, P Parsons, TJ Parson, W AF Niederstatter, H Coble, MD Grubwieser, P Parsons, TJ Parson, W TI Characterization of mtDNA SNP typing and mixture ratio assessment with simultaneous real-time PCR quantification of both allelic states SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LEGAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE heteroplasmy; allele proportion assessment; TaqMan assay; forensic science ID HUMAN MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; CONTROL REGION; GENOME AB We performed a study on the forensic utility of allele-discriminatory quantitative real-time PCR (rtPCR) using Minor Groove Binder TaqMan probes, targeting the highly variable mitochondrial single nucleotide polymorphism 16519T/C. The apparent single-cycle PCR efficiency was virtually 100% for both 16519 alleles. The allele designations made by rtPCR were concordant with the results obtained in a previous study by sequencing analysis. In heteroplasmic samples, minor allele proportions down to 9% were unambiguously detected and quantified. The variation in allele proportion estimates was essentially the same within and between different rtPCR runs, and the differences between total copy number estimates found for rerun samples were comparable to those found with non-allele-discriminatory quantitative rtPCR assays. C1 Univ Innsbruck Med, Inst Legal Med, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. Armed Forces Inst Pathol, Armed Forces DNA Identificat Lab, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Parson, W (reprint author), Univ Innsbruck Med, Inst Legal Med, Mullerstr 44, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. EM walther.parson@uibk.ac.at RI Coble, Michael/E-7540-2010 NR 11 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0937-9827 J9 INT J LEGAL MED JI Int. J. Legal Med. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 120 IS 1 BP 18 EP 23 DI 10.1007/s00414-005-0024-3 PG 6 WC Medicine, Legal SC Legal Medicine GA 995ZR UT WOS:000234144700004 PM 16088411 ER PT J AU Coble, MD Vallone, PM Just, RS Diegoli, TM Smith, BC Parsons, TJ AF Coble, MD Vallone, PM Just, RS Diegoli, TM Smith, BC Parsons, TJ TI Effective strategies for forensic analysis in the mitochondrial DNA coding region SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LEGAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE mitochondrial DNA; single nucleotide polymorphism; mtDNA coding region; increased forensic discrimination ID SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; MTDNA GENOME; IDENTIFICATION; POPULATIONS; AFRICAN; NETWORK; DISEASE; MARKER; GENE AB Recently, it has been recognized that accessing information in the mtDNA coding region can provide additional forensic discrimination with respect to the standard typing of the D-loop region, augmenting the sometimes rather limited forensic power of mtDNA testing. Here, we discuss considerations relating to maximally effective approaches for recovering additional discrimination in the coding region, bearing in mind that (1) DNA quality and quantity in typical mtDNA casework usually restrict the amount of additional sequence that can be obtained, and (2) the need for additional discrimination primarily arises when common HV1/HV2 types are encountered. Most investigators have sought additional discrimination by sequencing short segments of coding region that are thought to be particularly variable. Unfortunately, efforts in this regard have generally failed to appreciate that most variation in the coding region is redundant with information already present in HV1/HV2 and have therefore overvalued the potential of this approach for providing additional discrimination. An alternative single nucleotide polymorphism-based approach [Int J Legal Med 118:137-146, 2004] has been to identify specific bases that provide resolution in specific common HV1/HV2 types (and related sequences). We investigate several highly relevant data sets wherein the latter approach performs appreciably better than sequencing selected short portions of the coding region. This is true even when only synonymous variation is targeted to minimize the potential for problems arising from discovery of mutations that have reportedly been related to disease. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Armed Forces DNA Identificat Lab, Rockville, MD USA. RP Coble, MD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, 100 Bur Dr Mail Stop 8311, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Michael.coble@nist.gov RI Coble, Michael/E-7540-2010 NR 26 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0937-9827 J9 INT J LEGAL MED JI Int. J. Legal Med. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 120 IS 1 BP 27 EP 32 DI 10.1007/s00414-005-0044-z PG 6 WC Medicine, Legal SC Legal Medicine GA 995ZR UT WOS:000234144700006 PM 16261373 ER PT J AU Yoon, SS DesJardin, PE Presser, C Hewson, JC Avedisian, CT AF Yoon, SS DesJardin, PE Presser, C Hewson, JC Avedisian, CT TI Numerical modeling and experimental measurements of water spray impact and transport over a cylinder SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIPHASE FLOW LA English DT Article ID SOLID-SURFACE; NONSPHERICAL PARTICLES; LIQUID DROPLETS; TURBULENT-FLOW; WALL; COMBUSTION; DRAG; DEFORMATION; IMPINGEMENT; EVAPORATION AB This study compares experimental measurements and numerical simulations of liquid droplets over heated (to a near surface temperature of 423 K) and unheated cylinders. The numerical model is based on an unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) formulation using a stochastic separated flow (SSF) approach for the droplets that includes submodels for droplet dispersion, heat and mass transfer, and impact on a solid surface. The details of the droplet impact model are presented and the model is used to simulate water spray impingement on a cylinder. Computational results are compared with experimental measurements using phase Doppler interferometry (PDI). Overall, good agreement is observed between predictions and experimental measurements of droplet mean size and velocity downstream of the cylinder. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Korea Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Seoul 136713, South Korea. SUNY Buffalo, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Yoon, SS (reprint author), Korea Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Anamdong 5-Ga, Seoul 136713, South Korea. EM ssyoon@sandia.gov NR 48 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0301-9322 EI 1879-3533 J9 INT J MULTIPHAS FLOW JI Int. J. Multiph. Flow PD JAN PY 2006 VL 32 IS 1 BP 132 EP 157 DI 10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2005.05.007 PG 26 WC Mechanics SC Mechanics GA 010NH UT WOS:000235200900006 ER PT J AU Meade, P Rabelo, L Jones, A AF Meade, Phillip Rabelo, Luis Jones, Albert TI Applications of chaos and complexity theories to the technology adoption life cycle: case studies in the hard-drive, microprocessor, and server high-tech industries SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE chaos and complexity theories; high tech industries; product strategy; technology adoption life cycle ID PRODUCT DIFFUSION-MODELS; DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES; CONSUMER DURABLES; DYNAMICS; GROWTH AB Strategy formulation for high-technology products is very difficult. The short life cycles, and rapidly changing technology make it extremely challenging to develop and implement successful product strategy. Additionally, since the high-tech market is an example of a complex system, its behaviour is an emergent property of component interactions. The continual co-evolution of system components with respect to each other and the environment creates a highly non-linear dynamical system. This paper introduces a quantitative approach to understand the product position in the technology adoption life cycle using some of the principles and tools of Chaos and Complexity theories. This approach is demonstrated by using data sets of three case studies in the hard-drive, microprocessor, and server high-tech industries C1 Xodus Business & Technol Solut, Merritt Isl, FL 32953 USA. Univ Cent Florida, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. NIST, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Meade, P (reprint author), Xodus Business & Technol Solut, 3330 Biscayne Dr, Merritt Isl, FL 32953 USA. EM pmeade@xodusbts.com; lrabelo@mail.ucf.edu; jonesa@cme.nist.gov NR 59 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 6 PU INDERSCIENCE ENTERPRISES LTD PI GENEVA PA WORLD TRADE CENTER BLDG, 29 ROUTE DE PRE-BOIS, CASE POSTALE 856, CH-1215 GENEVA, SWITZERLAND SN 0267-5730 EI 1741-5276 J9 INT J TECHNOL MANAGE JI Int. J. Technol. Manage. PY 2006 VL 36 IS 4 BP 318 EP 335 DI 10.1504/IJTM.2006.010270 PG 18 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Management; Operations Research & Management Science SC Engineering; Business & Economics; Operations Research & Management Science GA 067ZE UT WOS:000239340500004 ER PT J AU Manzello, SL Cleary, TG Shields, JR Yang, JC AF Manzello, Samuel L. Cleary, Thomas G. Shields, John R. Yang, Jiann C. TI Ignition of mulch and grasses by firebrands in wildland-urban interface fires SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WILDLAND FIRE LA English DT Article DE fuel beds AB Firebrands or embers are produced as trees and structures burn in wildland-urban interface (WUI) fires. It is believed that firebrand showers created in WUI fires may ignite vegetation and mulch located near homes and structures. This, in turn, may lead to ignition of homes and structures due to burning vegetation and mulch. Understanding the ignition events that are due to firebrands is important to mitigate fire spread in communities. To assess the ignition propensity of such materials, simulated firebrands of uniform geometry, but in two different sizes, were allowed to impinge on fuel beds of shredded hardwood mulch, pine straw mulch, and cut grass. The moisture content of these materials was varied. Firebrands were suspended and ignited within the test cell of the Fire Emulator/Detector Evaluator (FE/DE) apparatus. The FE/DE was used to investigate the influence of an air flow on the ignition propensity of a fuel bed. Ignition regime maps were generated for each material tested as a function of impacting firebrand size, number of deposited firebrands, air flow, and material moisture content. C1 NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Manzello, SL (reprint author), NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM samuel.manzello@nist.gov NR 13 TC 47 Z9 50 U1 2 U2 13 PU CSIRO PUBLISHING PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 1049-8001 J9 INT J WILDLAND FIRE JI Int. J. Wildland Fire PY 2006 VL 15 IS 3 BP 427 EP 431 DI 10.1071/WF06031 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 080FV UT WOS:000240234200013 ER PT B AU Anicic, N Ivezic, N Jones, A AF Anicic, N Ivezic, N Jones, A BE Konstantas, D Bourrieres, JP Leonard, M Boudjlida, N TI An architecture for semantic enterprise application integration standards SO INTEROPERABILITY OF ENTERPRISE SOFTWARE AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Interoperability of Enterprise Software and Applications (I-ESA 2005) CY FEB 21-25, 2005 CL Univ Geneva, Geneva, SWITZERLAND SP INTEROP NoE, Int Federat Informat Proc, ACM SIGAPP, Swiss State Secretariat Educ & Res HO Univ Geneva AB Large, industry-wide interoperability projects use syntax-based standards approaches to accomplish interoperable data exchange among enterprise applications. We are investigating Semantic Web to advance these approaches. In this paper, we describe an architecture for Semantic Enterprise Application Integration Standards as a basis for experimental assessment of the Semantic Web technologies to enhance these standards approaches. The architecture relies on automated translation of the XML Schema-based representation of business document content models into an OWL-based ontology. Based on this architecture, we use Semantic Web representation and reasoning mechanisms to support consistency checking of ontological constructs and constraints specified within the ontology. The proposed architecture is relevant (1) when managing multiple enterprise ontologies derived from, and dependent on, a common ontology and (2) when dealing with model-driven integration using customizable interface models and testing of such integration efforts. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Fac Org Sci, Belgrade 11000, Serbia. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM nanicic@nist.gov; nivezic@nist.gov; ajones@nist.gov RI Anicic, Nenad/J-9545-2016 NR 3 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES BN 1-84628-151-2 PY 2006 BP 25 EP + DI 10.1007/1-84628-152-0_3 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BDW60 UT WOS:000235866800003 ER PT S AU Nico, JS AF Nico, J. S. BE Liss, TM TI Neutron lifetime measurements SO Intersections of Particle and Nuclear Physics SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Conference on Intersections of Particle and Nuclear Physics CY MAY 30-JUN 03, 2006 CL Rio Grande, PR SP Brookhaven Natl Lab, Ferml Natl Acad Lab, Thomas Jefferson Natl Lab, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Univ Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Dept Phys, Univ Res Assoc DE cold neutron; beta decay; neutron lifetime; ultracold neutron; weak interaction ID INELASTICALLY SCATTERED NEUTRONS; STORING ULTRACOLD NEUTRONS; BETA-DECAY; PHYSICS; TRAP AB Precision measurements of neutron beta decay address basic questions in nuclear and particle physics, astrophysics, and cosmology. As the simplest semileptonic decay system, the free neutron plays an important role in understanding the physics of the weak interaction, and improving the precision of the neutron lifetime is fundamental to testing the validity of the theory. The neutron lifetime also directly affects the relative abundance of primordial helium in big bang nucleosynthesis. There are two distinct strategies for measuring the lifetime. Experiments using cold neutrons measure the absolute specific activity of a beam of neutrons by counting decay protons; experiments using confined, ultracold neutrons determine the lifetime by counting neutrons that remain after some elapsed time. The status of the recent lifetime measurements using both of these techniques is discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Nico, JS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 30 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0368-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 870 BP 132 EP 138 PG 7 WC Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BFQ64 UT WOS:000243874100015 ER PT J AU Gelder, SR Messick, G AF Gelder, SR Messick, G TI First report of the aberrant association of branchiobdellidans (Annelida : Clitellata) on blue crabs (Crustacea : Decapoda) in Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, USA SO INVERTEBRATE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Branchiobdellida; Callinectes sapidus; ectosymbiosis AB This is the first article of branchiobdellidans on blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, in Chesapeake Bay, MD, USA. The ectosymbionts consisted of sympatric populations of Cambarincola mesochoreus and Cambarincola pamelae living on the ventral body surface and in the gill chambers of blue crabs. The occurrence of branchiobdellidans in the upper bay region was documented at ten sites during August and late September 2003. Branchiobdellidans were found on blue crabs following a rainy summer when salinity levels fell below 3 ppt. The blue crabs move into the freshwater estuaries during the summer, where they enter the habitats of crayfishes; however, the mechanism of transfer from one crustacean host to another is not known. C1 Univ Maine Presque Isle, Dept Sci & Math, Presque Isle, ME 04769 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Cooperat Oxford Lab, Oxford, MD 21654 USA. RP Gelder, SR (reprint author), Univ Maine Presque Isle, Dept Sci & Math, Presque Isle, ME 04769 USA. EM gelder@polaris.umpi.maine.edu NR 20 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1077-8306 J9 INVERTEBR BIOL JI Invertebr. Biol. PY 2006 VL 125 IS 1 BP 51 EP 55 DI 10.1111/j.1744-7410.2006.00039.x PG 5 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 030AZ UT WOS:000236606800006 ER PT J AU Reif, JS Mazzoil, MS McCulloch, SD Varela, RA Goldstein, JD Fair, PA Bossart, GD AF Reif, JS Mazzoil, MS McCulloch, SD Varela, RA Goldstein, JD Fair, PA Bossart, GD TI Lobomycosis in Atlantic bottlenose dolphins from the Indian River Lagoon, Florida SO JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID TURSIOPS-TRUNCATUS; LOBOS-DISEASE; KELOIDAL-BLASTOMYCOSIS; SOUTH FLORIDA AB Objective-To determine the prevalence of lobomycosis, a mycotic infection of dolphins and humans caused by a yeastlike organism (Lacazia loboi), among dolphins in the Indian River Lagoon in Florida. Design-Cross-sectional study. Animals-146 Atlantic bottlenose dolphins. Procedure-Comprehensive health assessments of bottlenose dolphins in the Indian River Lagoon of Florida (n = 75) and in estuarine waters near Charleston, SC (71), were conducted during 2003 and 2004. Bottlenose dolphins were captured, examined, and released. Skin lesions were photographed and then biopsied. Tissue sections were stained with H&E and Gomori methenamine silver stains for identification of L loboi. Results-9 of 30 (30%) dolphins captured in the southern portion of the Indian River Lagoon had lobomycosis, whereas none of the 45 dolphins captured in the northern portion of the lagoon or of the 71 dolphins captured near Charleston, SC, did. Affected dolphins had low serum alkaline phosphatase activities and high acute-phase protein concentrations. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Results suggest that lobomycosis may be occurring in epidemic proportions among dolphins in the Indian River Lagoon. Localization of the disease to the southern portion of the lagoon, an area characterized by freshwater intrusion and lower salinity, suggests that exposure to environmental stressors may be contributing to the high prevalence of the disease, but specific factors are unknown. Because only dolphins and humans are naturally susceptible to infection, dolphins may represent a sentinel species for an emerging infectious disease. C1 Harbor Branch Oceanog Inst Inc, Div Marine Mammal Res & Conservat, Ft Pierce, FL 34946 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Environm & Radiol Hlth Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29142 USA. RP Reif, JS (reprint author), Harbor Branch Oceanog Inst Inc, Div Marine Mammal Res & Conservat, 5600 US 1 North, Ft Pierce, FL 34946 USA. NR 27 TC 49 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 JAVMA-J AM VET MED A JI JAVMA-J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 1 PY 2006 VL 228 IS 1 BP 104 EP 108 DI 10.2460/javma.228.1.104 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 000YA UT WOS:000234497100029 PM 16426180 ER PT J AU Faucheu, J Wood, KA Sung, LP Martin, JW AF Faucheu, J Wood, KA Sung, LP Martin, JW TI Relating gloss loss to topographical features of a PVDF coating SO JCT RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation-of-Societies-for-Coatings-Technology CY OCT 27-29, 2004 CL Chicago, IL SP Federat Soc Coatings Tech DE surface analysis; photodegradation; fluorinated polymers; pigments; appearance; durability; service life prediction; architectural; laser scanning confocal microscopy; light scattering; gloss measurement ID FLUOROPOLYMER COATINGS; PAINT FILMS; DURABILITY; DEGRADATION; SURFACES; EROSION AB Semi-Sloss commercial poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) coatings typically have 60 degrees gloss values between 20 and 50. Gloss is affected by PVDF crystallite structures and by the pigmentation. In this article, we have demonstrated that for some pigmented PVDF coatings, after 10 years or Florida exposure, the principal proximal cause or gloss changes is the formation of micron-scale pits, rather than the emergence of pigment particles at the coating surface. We have used laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) and light scattering to characterize the surface topography and near-surface structure of weathered and unweathered PVDF coatings. Florida-weathered PVDF coatings show only a modest increase in the root mean square (RMS) roughness of the surface, even when noticeable gloss loss has occurred. Changes in gloss call be cot-related with surface roughness and other topographical features, including the formation of pits and the emergence of pigments. C1 Arkema Inc, King Of Prussia, PA 19406 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Faucheu, J (reprint author), Arkema Inc, 900 1st Ave, King Of Prussia, PA 19406 USA. NR 25 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 5 PU FEDERATION SOC COATINGS TECHNOLOGY PI BLUE BELL PA 492 NORRISTOWN ROAD, BLUE BELL, PA 19422-2350 USA SN 1547-0091 J9 JCT RES JI JCT Res. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 3 IS 1 BP 29 EP 39 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 004TR UT WOS:000234775700004 ER PT J AU Kim, JH Holmes, GA Snyder, CR AF Kim, Jae-Hyun Holmes, Gale A. Snyder, Chad R. TI A methodology for detecting interfacial debonding in clay/epoxy nanocomposites SO JOURNAL OF ADHESION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE nanocomposite; failure analysis; montmorillonite; debonding ID LAYERED SILICATE NANOCOMPOSITES; EPOXY; POLYURETHANE AB A novel methodology is presented for detecting the onset of debonding in clay-based nanocomposites. The procedure is based on constant illumination of the test specimen as it is subjected to tensile deformation by sequential strain-steps. After each strain-step, an image of the specimen is taken along its gauge length using a digital camera and the image is stored in a computer for later analysis using image analysis software. Test results from a nanocomposite containing a weak interface between the clay and the matrix indicate that interface debonding begins to occur above 1% strain, as evidenced by a reduction in the transmitted light through the specimen with increasing strain. Based on related research, the darkening of the specimen was interpreted as clay/matrix debonding. In contrast to the approximately 11% failure strain of the base epoxy resin, the nanocomposite specimen with the weak interface failed at 3.6% strain. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Characterizat & Methods Dev Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Holmes, GA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Characterizat & Methods Dev Grp, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8541, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM gale.holmes@nist.gov RI Snyder, Chad/B-4957-2008 OI Snyder, Chad/0000-0002-2916-9809 NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU VSP BV PI LEIDEN PA BRILL ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS, PO BOX 9000, 2300 PA LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4243 J9 J ADHES SCI TECHNOL JI J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. PY 2006 VL 20 IS 10 BP 1079 EP 1089 DI 10.1163/156856106777890644 PG 11 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Mechanics GA 084PG UT WOS:000240545200003 ER PT J AU Hawa, T Zachariah, MR AF Hawa, T Zachariah, MR TI Coalescence kinetics of unequal sized nanoparticles SO JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE sintering; coagulation; coalescence; molecular dynamics; nanocrystals ID FINITE-ELEMENT-ANALYSIS; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; LIQUID-DROPS; SILICON NANOPARTICLES; AMORPHOUS PARTICLES; SURFACE-AREA; GAS-PHASE; COLLISION; NANOCRYSTALS; MODEL AB The largest collision kernel is between a small particle with high mobility, and a larger particle which presents a large collision cross-section. However, most coalescence models are limited to the analysis of equivalent particle sizes. In this paper we focus on understanding the coalescence mechanisms of unequal sized nanoparticles. We have studied the coalescence of pairs of silicon nanoparticles of volume ratios between 0.053 and 1 with 10000 (at 1500 K) and 1600 (at 1000 K) silicon atoms using, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation under constant temperature conditions. We found that the convection processes, and deformation of the smaller particle dominated the coalescence process for liquid-like particles. On the other hand, for near solid-like particles diffusion processes dominated the coalescence of nanoparticles. Coalescence processes become faster when the ratio of two particle sizes (smaller/larger) approaches zero. Most importantly we find that the Koch-Friedlander (KF) accurately predicts the coalescence time of two unequal sized particles when benchmarked against the MID simulation results, and that the characteristic coalescence times is independent of the volume ratio of the coalescing partners. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zachariah, MR (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM mrz@umd.edu NR 57 TC 79 Z9 79 U1 4 U2 30 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0021-8502 J9 J AEROSOL SCI JI J. Aerosol. Sci. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 37 IS 1 BP 1 EP 15 DI 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2005.02.007 PG 15 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 006BE UT WOS:000234869300001 ER PT J AU Cross, I Rebordinos, L Diaz, E AF Cross, I Rebordinos, L Diaz, E TI Species identification of Crassostrea and Ostrea oysters by polymerase chain reaction amplification of the 5S rRNA gene SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID POPULATION-GENETICS; RDNA GENE; PCR AMPLIFICATION; PORTUGUESE OYSTER; FAMILY OSTREIDAE; PACIFIC OYSTER; GIGAS THUNBERG; SEQUENCES; DIFFERENTIATION; DISCRIMINATION AB A specific multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed for the identification of Crassostrea angulata, C. gigas, Ostrea edulis, and O. stentina oyster species. Universal primers were used for the amplification of complete repetition units of 5S rDNA in each of the 4 species. The alignment of the obtained sequences was the basis for the specific design of species-specific primers (ED1, ED2, ST1, ST2, CR1, and CR2) located in the nontranscribed spacer regions. The different sizes of the species-specific amplicons, separated by agarose gel electrophoresis, allowed identification of Crassostrea and Ostrea species. A multiplex PCR with a set of the 6 designed primers showed that they did not interfere with each other and bound specifically to the DNA target. This genetic marker can be very useful for traceability of the species, application in the management of oyster cultures, and conservation of the genetic resources of the species. C1 Univ Cadiz, Fac Ciencias Mar & Ambientales, Genet Lab, Poligono Rio San Pedro, Puerto Real 11510, Cadiz, Spain. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Alaska Fisheries Sci, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Rebordinos, L (reprint author), Univ Cadiz, Fac Ciencias Mar & Ambientales, Genet Lab, Poligono Rio San Pedro, Puerto Real 11510, Cadiz, Spain. EM laureana.rebordinos@uca.es RI Cross, Ismael/K-1674-2014; REBORDINOS, LAUREANA/K-1327-2014 OI Cross, Ismael/0000-0002-2291-5629; REBORDINOS, LAUREANA/0000-0001-6255-9449 NR 24 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 4 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 89 IS 1 BP 144 EP 148 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 010GJ UT WOS:000235175000022 PM 16512239 ER PT J AU Angevine, WM Tjernstrom, M Zagar, M AF Angevine, WM Tjernstrom, M Zagar, M TI Modeling of the coastal boundary layer and pollutant transport in New England SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LAKE-MICHIGAN; SEA-BREEZE; MESOSCALE; OZONE; DYNAMICS; CLOUDS; FLUXES; WATER; GULF; FLOW AB Concentrations of ozone exceeding regulatory standards are regularly observed along the coasts of New Hampshire and Maine in summer. These events are primarily caused by the transport Of Pollutants from urban areas in Massachusetts and farther south and west. Pollutant transport is most efficient over the ocean. The coastline makes transport processes complex because it makes the Structure of the atmospheric boundary layer complex. During pollution episodes, the air over land in daytime is warmer than the sea surface, so air transported from land over water becomes statically stable and the formerly well-mixed boundary layer separates into possibly several layers, each transported in a different direction. This study examines several of the atmospheric boundary layer processes involved in pollutant transport. A three-dimensional model [the Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Mesoscalc Prediction System (COAMPS)] run oil grids of 2.5 and 7.5 km is used to examine the winds, thermodynamic structure, and structure of tracer plumes emitted from Boston, Massachusetts, and New York City, New York, in two different real cases - one dominated by large-scale transport (22-23 July 2002) and one with important mesoscale effects (11-14 August 2002). The model simulations are compared with measurements taken during the 2002 New England Air Quality Study. The model simulates the basic Structure of the two different episodes well. The boundary layer stability over the cold water is weaker in the model than in reality. The tracer allows for easy visualization of the pollutant transport. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Stockholm, Inst Meteorol, Stockholm, Sweden. RP Angevine, WM (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab RAL3, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Wayne.M.Angevine@noaa.gov RI Angevine, Wayne/H-9849-2013; OI Angevine, Wayne/0000-0002-8021-7116; Tjernstrom, Michael/0000-0002-6908-7410 NR 32 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1558-8424 J9 J APPL METEOROL CLIM JI J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 45 IS 1 BP 137 EP 154 DI 10.1175/JAM2333.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 038SL UT WOS:000237243900009 ER PT J AU Zhang, HM Reynolds, RW Smith, TM AF Zhang, HM Reynolds, RW Smith, TM TI Adequacy of the in situ observing system in the satellite era for climate SST SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; INTERPOLATION; RADIOMETER; ACCURACY; IMPACT; OCEAN AB A method is presented to evaluate the adequacy of the recent in situ network for climate sea surface temperature (SST) analyses using both in situ and satellite observations. Satellite observations provide superior spatiotemporal coverage, but with biases; in situ data are needed to correct the satellite biases. Recent NOAA/U.S. Navy operational Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) satellite SST biases were analyzed to extract typical bias patterns and scales. Occasional biases of 2 degrees C were found during large volcano eruptions and near the end of the satellite instruments' lifetime. Because future biases could not be predicted, the in situ network was designed to reduce the large biases that have occurred to a required accuracy. Simulations with different buoy density were used to examine their ability to correct the satellite biases and to define the residual bias as a potential satellite bias error (PSBE). The PSBE and buoy density (BD) relationship was found to be nearly exponential, resulting in an optimal BD range of 2-3 per 10 degrees x 10 degrees box for efficient PSBE reduction. A BD of two buoys per 10 degrees x 10 degrees box reduces a 2 degrees C maximum bias to below 0.5 degrees C and reduces a 1 degrees C maximum bias to about 0.3 degrees C. The present in situ SST observing system was evaluated to define an equivalent buoy density (EBD), allowing ships to be used along with buoys according to their random errors. Seasonally averaged monthly EBD maps were computed to determine where additional buoys are needed for future deployments. Additionally, a PSBE was computed from the present EBD to assess the in situ system's adequacy to remove potential future satellite biases. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RP Zhang, HM (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Natl Climat Data Ctr, 151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. EM huai-min.zhang@noaa.gov RI Smith, Thomas M./F-5626-2010 OI Smith, Thomas M./0000-0001-7469-7849 NR 25 TC 7 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 23 IS 1 BP 107 EP 120 DI 10.1175/JTECH1828.1 PG 14 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 012HU UT WOS:000235330000008 ER PT J AU Slifka, AJ Drexler, ES Wright, JE Shandas, R AF Slifka, A. J. Drexler, E. S. Wright, J. E. Shandas, R. TI Bubble-test method for synthetic and bovine vascular material SO JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICS LA English DT Article DE bubble test; e-PTFE; mechanical properties; vascular graft ID MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; ARTERIAL-WALL; POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE; INFLATION; SYSTEM; LATEX AB A measurement system has been designed and constructed at NIST for the study of the mechanical properties of synthetic and bovine vascular materials. The measurement technique was validated on latex, where good agreement was found with the Neo-Hookean model. Measurements were also made on expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, which is commonly used for vascular grafts. The measurements of this material were carried out over a pressure range greater than would be seen in vivo. However, the strains were still small enough to effectively apply the Neo-Hookean model to these data. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NIST, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Mech Engn, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Slifka, AJ (reprint author), NIST, Div Mat Reliabil, MS 853,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM slifka@boulder.nist.gov OI Shandas, Robin/0000-0002-9473-7542 NR 17 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-9290 J9 J BIOMECH JI J. Biomech. PY 2006 VL 39 IS 10 BP 1939 EP 1942 DI 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2005.05.030 PG 4 WC Biophysics; Engineering, Biomedical SC Biophysics; Engineering GA 069AV UT WOS:000239417900020 PM 16085073 ER PT J AU Torres, MP Vogel, BM Narasimhan, B Mallapragada, SK AF Torres, MP Vogel, BM Narasimhan, B Mallapragada, SK TI Synthesis and characterization of novel polyanhydrides with tailored erosion mechanisms SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART A LA English DT Article DE polyanhydrides; ethylene glycol; surface erosion; bulk erosion; degradation ID CONTROLLED DRUG-DELIVERY; GLYCOL) BLOCK-COPOLYMERS; BIOERODIBLE POLYANHYDRIDES; CONTROLLED-RELEASE; DEGRADATION; MICROSPHERES; BIOCOMPATIBILITY; ACID); POLYPEPTIDES; POLYESTERS AB We have designed a new synthesis route to create polyanhydrides based on monomers that contain hydrophilic entities within highly hydrophobic backbones. The method results in polyanhydrides that can be easily processed into drug-containing tablets. The synthesis, characterization, and erosion studies of polyanhydride copolymers based on 1,6-bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)hexane (CPH), which is highly hydrophobic, and 1,8-bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)-3,6-dioxaoctane (CPTEG), which has hydrophilic oligomeric ethylene glycol segments in the monomer unit, was performed using a combination of molecular spectroscopy, thermal analysis, gravimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. The studies demonstrate that by increasing the CPH content in the CPTEG:CPH copolymers, the erosion of the system can be tailored from bulk-eroding to surface-eroding mechanism. These systems have promise as protein carriers. (c) 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Polymers Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Narasimhan, B (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM nbalaji@iastate.edu; suryakm@iastate.edu RI Narasimhan, Balaji/A-5487-2008; Mallapragada, Surya/F-9375-2012; OI Narasimhan, Balaji/0000-0002-7955-5353; Vogel, Brandon/0000-0002-7370-9577 NR 35 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 1549-3296 J9 J BIOMED MATER RES A JI J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A PD JAN PY 2006 VL 76A IS 1 BP 102 EP 110 DI 10.1002/jbm.a.30510 PG 9 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 995MW UT WOS:000234105400012 PM 16138330 ER PT J AU Abdulagatov, IM Emirov, SN Abdulagatova, ZZ Askerov, SY AF Abdulagatov, IM Emirov, SN Abdulagatova, ZZ Askerov, SY TI Effect of pressure and temperature on the thermal conductivity of rocks SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA LA English DT Review ID TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES; CRYSTALLINE ROCKS; COMPRESSIONAL WAVES; FLASH MEASUREMENTS; POROUS MATERIALS; SINGLE-CRYSTAL; HEAT-TRANSFER; EARTHS CRUST; UPPER-MANTLE; 10 KILOBARS AB Effective thermal conductivity (ETC) of five dry rocks (sandstone, limestone, amphibolite, granulite, and pyroxene-granulite) have been measured over a temperature range from (273 to 423) K and at pressures up to 350 MPa with a steady-state parallel-plate apparatus. It is an absolute, steady-state measurement device with an operational temperature range of (273 to 1273) K and hydrostatic pressures up to 1500 MPa. The estimated uncertainty of the method is 2 The porosity of the samples (sandstone, limestone, amphibolite, granulite, and pyroxene-granulite) was 5 %, 5 %, 1.0 %, 1.0 %, and 1.2 %, respectively. A sharp increase of ETC was found for rocks at low pressures between (0.1 and 100) MPa along various isotherms between (273 and 423) K. At high pressures (P > 100 MPa), a weak linear dependence of the ETC with pressure was observed. The measured values of ETC of rocks were used to test and confirm of applicability of the various theoretical and semiempirical models. The effect of structure (size, shape, and distribution of the pores), porosity, and mineralogical composition on temperature and pressure dependences of the ETC of various rocks types is discussed. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Inst Geothermal Problems, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Makhachkala 367003, Russia. RP Abdulagatov, IM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM ilmutdin@boulder.nist.gov NR 130 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 4 U2 18 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-9568 J9 J CHEM ENG DATA JI J. Chem. Eng. Data PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 51 IS 1 BP 22 EP 33 DI 10.1021/je050016a PG 12 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 003HD UT WOS:000234671500006 ER PT J AU Zhang, XB McPhaden, MJ AF Zhang, XB McPhaden, MJ TI Wind stress variations and interannual sea surface temperature anomalies in the eastern equatorial Pacific SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID NINO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; 1997-98 EL-NINO; ATMOSPHERE OCEAN MODEL; TROPICAL PACIFIC; THERMOCLINE DEPTH; WARM POOL; LA-NINA; ENSO; VARIABILITY; EVOLUTION AB Vertical advection of temperature is the primary mechanism by which El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) time-scale sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies are generated in the eastern equatorial Pacific. Variations in vertical advection are mediated primarily by remote wind-forced thermocline displacements, which control the temperature of water upwelled to the surface. However, during some ENSO events, large wind stress variations occur in the eastern Pacific that in principle should affect local upwelling rates, the depth of the thermocline, and SST. In this study, the impact of these wind stress variations on the eastern equatorial Pacific is addressed using multiple linear regression analysis and a linear equatorial wave model. The regression analysis indicates that a zonal wind stress anomaly of 0.01 N m(-2) leads to approximately a 1 degrees C SST anomaly over the Nino-3 region (5 degrees N-5 degrees S, 90 degrees-150 degrees W) due to changes in local upwelling rates. Wind stress variations of this magnitude occurred in the eastern Pacific during the 1982/83 and 1997/98 El Ninos, accounting for about 1/3 of the maximum SST anomaly during these events. The linear equatorial wave model also indicates that depending on the period in question, zonal wind stress variations in the eastern Pacific can work either with or against remote wind stress forcing from the central and western Pacific to determine the thermocline depth in the eastern Pacific. Thus, zonal wind stress variations in the eastern Pacific contribute to the generation of interannual SST anomalies through both changes in local upwelling rates and changes in thermocline depth. Positive feedbacks between the ocean and atmosphere in the eastern Pacific are shown to influence the evolution of the surface wind field, especially during strong El Nino events, emphasizing the coupled nature of variability in the region. Implications of these results for understanding the character of event-to-event differences in El Nino and La Nina are discussed. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP McPhaden, MJ (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM michael.j.mcphaden@noaa.gov RI Zhang, Xuebin/A-3405-2012; McPhaden, Michael/D-9799-2016 OI Zhang, Xuebin/0000-0003-1731-3524; NR 50 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 19 IS 2 BP 226 EP 241 DI 10.1175/JCLI3618.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 014YH UT WOS:000235516400004 ER PT J AU L'Heureux, ML Thompson, DWJ AF L'Heureux, ML Thompson, DWJ TI Observed relationships between the El Nino-Southern Oscillation and the extratropical zonal-mean circulation SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID CLIMATE VARIABILITY; ANNULAR MODES; HEMISPHERE; ENSO; FLOW; TELECONNECTIONS; TEMPERATURE; REANALYSIS; FEEDBACK AB There is increasing evidence indicating that the climate response to variations in the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) includes not only thermally forced zonal wind anomalies in the subtropics but also eddy-driven zonal wind anomalies that extend into the mid-high latitudes of both hemispheres. In this study, new insights into the observed seasonally varying signature of ENSO in the extratropical zonal-mean circulation are provided and the associated linkages with the dominant patterns of extratropical variability are examined. The zonal-mean extratropical atmospheric response to ENSO is characterized by two principal features: an equivalent barotropic dipole in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) zonal-mean zonal flow with centers of action located near similar to 40 and similar to 60 during austral summer, and a weaker, but analogous, dipole in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) with centers of action located near similar to 25 and similar to 45 during early and late boreal winter. Both structures are accompanied by eddy momentum flux anomalies that exhibit a remarkable degree of hemispheric symmetry. In the SH, the extratropical signature of ENSO projects strongly onto the primary mode of large-scale variability, the southern annular mode (SAM). During the austral summer, roughly 25% of the temporal variability in the SAM is linearly related to fluctuations in the ENSO cycle. An analogous relationship is not observed in association with the principal mode of climate variability in the NH, the northern annular mode (NAM). It is argued that the seasonally varying impact of ENSO on the extratropical circulation is consistent with the impact of the thermally forced subtropical wind anomalies on the dissipation of equatorward-propagating wave activity at subtropical latitudes. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, Rm 605,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM michelle.lheureux@noaa.gov RI Thompson, David/F-9627-2012; L'Heureux, Michelle/C-7517-2013 OI L'Heureux, Michelle/0000-0002-7095-9706 NR 33 TC 214 Z9 220 U1 2 U2 26 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 19 IS 2 BP 276 EP 287 DI 10.1175/JCLI3617.1 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 014YH UT WOS:000235516400007 ER PT J AU Shimizu, M Beckman, BR Hara, A Dickhoff, WW AF Shimizu, M Beckman, BR Hara, A Dickhoff, WW TI Measurement of circulating salmon IGF binding protein-1: assay development, response to feeding ration and temperature, and relation to growth parameters SO JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COHO SALMON; FACTOR-I; OREOCHROMIS-MOSSAMBICUS; HEPATOMA-CELLS; INSULIN; SERUM; CHILDREN; SMOLTIFICATION; RESTRICTION; TILAPIA AB Fish plasma/serum contains multiple IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), although their identity and physiological regulation are poorly understood. In salmon plasma, at least three IGFBPs with molecular masses of 22, 28 and 41 kDa are detected by Western ligand blotting. The 22 kDa IGFBP has recently been identified as a homolog of mammalian IGFBP-1. In the present study, an RIA for salmon IGFBP-l was established and regulation of IGFBP-1 by food intake and temperature, and changes in IGFBP-1 during smoltification, were examined. Purified IGFBP-1 from serum was used for as a standard, for tracer preparation and for antiserum production. Cross-linking I-125-labelled IGFBP-1 with salmon IGF-I eliminated interference by IGFs. The RIA had little cross-reactivity with salmon 28 and 41 kDa IGFBPs (<0.5%) and measured IGFBP-1 levels as low as 0.1 ng/ml. Fasted fish had significantly higher IGFBP-1 levels than fed fish (21.6 +/- 4.6 vs 3.0 +/- 2.2 ng/ml). Plasma IGFBP-1 was measured in individually tagged 1-year-old coho salmon reared for 10 weeks under four different feeding regimes as follows: high constant (2% body weight/day), medium constant (1% body weight/day), high variable (2% to 0.5% body weight/day) and medium variable (1% to 0.5% body weight/day). Fish fed with the high ration had lower IGFBP-1 levels than those fed with the medium ration. Circulating IGFBP-1 increased following a drop in feeding ration to 0.5% and returned to the basal levels when feeding ration was increased. Another group of coho salmon were reared for 9 weeks under different water temperatures (11 or 7 degrees C) and feeding rations (1.75, 1 or 0.5% body weight/day). Circulating IGFBP-1 levels were separated by temperature during the first 4 weeks; a combined effect of temperature and feeding ration was seen in week 7; only feeding ration influenced IGFBP-1 level thereafter. These results indicate that IGFBP-1 is responsive to moderate nutritional and temperature changes. There was a clear trend that circulating IGFBP-1 levels were negatively correlated with body weight, condition factor (body weight/body length(3) x 100), growth rates and circulating 41 kDa IGFBP levels but not IGF-I levels. During parr-smolt transformation of coho salmon, IGFBP-1 levels showed a transient peak in late April, which was opposite to the changes in condition factor. Together, these findings suggest that salmon IGFBP-1 is inhibitory to IGF action. In addition, IGFBP-1 responds to moderate changes in dietary ration and temperature, and shows a significant negative relationship to condition factor. C1 NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Fisheries Sci, Hakodate, Hokkaido 0418611, Japan. RP Shimizu, M (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM munetaka.shimizu@noaa.gov NR 39 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 8 PU SOC ENDOCRINOLOGY PI BRISTOL PA 22 APEX COURT, WOODLANDS, BRADLEY STOKE, BRISTOL BS32 4JT, ENGLAND SN 0022-0795 J9 J ENDOCRINOL JI J. Endocrinol. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 188 IS 1 BP 101 EP 110 DI 10.1677/joe.1.06475 PG 10 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 007NI UT WOS:000234976000010 PM 16394179 ER PT J AU Becker, PR Gunter, EW Schluter, C Shibata, Y Wise, SA AF Becker, Paul R. Gunter, Elaine W. Schlueter, Christoph Shibata, Yasuyuki Wise, Stephen A. TI Environmental specimen banking SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Analyt Chem Div, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Specimen Solut LLC, Tucker, GA 30084 USA. Fed Environm Agcy, D-06844 Dessau, Germany. Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058506, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Becker, PR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Analyt Chem Div, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. NR 8 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 5 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PY 2006 VL 8 IS 8 BP 776 EP 778 DI 10.1039/b608753c PG 3 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 071YO UT WOS:000239640000001 ER PT J AU Becker, PR Wise, SA AF Becker, Paul R. Wise, Stephen A. TI The US National Biomonitoring Specimen Bank and the Marine Environmental Specimen Bank SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT News Item ID PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; DOLPHINS STENO-BREDANENSIS; URIA-AALGE; EGGS; MERCURY; TISSUES; SEA; PROGRAM; MAMMALS; TRENDS AB The National Biomonitoring Specimen Bank (NBSB), established in 1979 at the NIST Neutron Research Facility, Gaithersburg, Maryland, was specifically designed to store environmental specimens over long periods of time (50-100 years). This bank contains specimens (e.g., human livers, marine sediments, fish tissues, mussels, oysters, human diet samples, and marine mammal tissues) collected as part of several monitoring and research programs supported by U. S. Federal agencies. In 2002, NIST completed the construction of a second environmental specimen bank facility specifically designed for supporting monitoring and research on marine environmental health issues. This facility, the Marine Environmental Specimen Bank (Marine ESB) is located at the Hollings Marine Laboratory in Charleston, South Carolina, in partnership with a U. S. Federal resource agency, two universities, and a State of South Carolina resource agency. The Marine ESB provides a resource of research specimens that are used to address questions regarding temporal and geographic trends in environmental contamination, genetic separation of populations of animals, and the health status of various types of marine animals. Specimens banked include marine mammal tissues, bird tissues, mussels, and oysters. Plans are underway to establish protocols and initiate banking procedures for other types of marine organisms and environmental materials as part of an expanded effort to support research on the health of marine biota. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Becker, PR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Hollings Marine Lab, 331 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. NR 28 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 6 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 EI 1464-0333 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PY 2006 VL 8 IS 8 BP 795 EP 799 DI 10.1039/b602813f PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 071YO UT WOS:000239640000005 PM 16896462 ER PT J AU Kucklick, JR Krahn, MM Becker, PR Porter, BJ Schantz, MM York, GS O'Hara, TM Wise, SA AF Kucklick, John R. Krahn, Margaret M. Becker, Paul R. Porter, Barbara J. Schantz, Michele M. York, Geoffrey S. O'Hara, Todd M. Wise, Stephen A. TI Persistent organic pollutants in Alaskan ringed seal (Phoca hispida) and walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) blubber SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Environmental Specimen Bank Symposium CY NOV 14-16, 2005 CL Charleston, SC ID ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES; TEMPORAL TRENDS; PCBS; RESIDUES AB Since 1987, the Alaska Marine Mammal Tissue Archival Project (AMMTAP) has collected tissues from 18 marine mammal species. Specimens are archived in the National Institute of Standards and Technology's National Biomonitoring Specimen Bank (NIST-NBSB). AMMTAP has collected blubber, liver and/or kidney specimens from a number of ringed seals (Phoca hispida) from the areas near Nome and Barrow, Alaska and walruses (Odobenus rosmarus) from several locations in the Bering Sea. Thirty-three ringed seal and 15 walrus blubber samples from the NIST-NBSB were analyzed for persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The compounds determined included PCBs (28 congeners or congener groups), DDT and related compounds, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), chlordanes, dieldrin, and mirex. POP concentrations in ringed seal blubber were significantly higher in Barrow than in Nome when statistically accounting for the interaction of age and gender; HCB, however, was not statistically different between the two locations. Unlike males, POP concentrations and age were not significantly correlated in females probably as a result of lactational loss. POP concentrations in walrus blubber were lower than in ringed seal blubber for Sigma PCBs, chlordanes, and HCHs, but higher for dieldrin and mirex. POP concentrations in ringed seals and walrus from Alaska provide further evidence that the western Arctic tends to have lower or similar POP concentrations compared to the eastern Canadian Arctic. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Kucklick, JR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Hollings Marine Lab, 331 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM john.kucklick@nist.gov NR 22 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 12 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 EI 1464-0333 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PY 2006 VL 8 IS 8 BP 848 EP 854 DI 10.1039/b602379g PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 071YO UT WOS:000239640000011 PM 16896468 ER PT J AU Peck, AM Hornbuckle, KC AF Peck, Aaron M. Hornbuckle, Keri C. TI Environmental sources, occurrence, and effects of synthetic musk fragrances SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Article ID SOLID-PHASE MICROEXTRACTION; WASTE-WATER TREATMENT; CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY; PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS; SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANT; LIPPE RIVER GERMANY; POLYCYCLIC MUSKS; RISK-ASSESSMENT; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; AMINO METABOLITES C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Univ Iowa, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. RP Peck, AM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM aaron.peck@nist.gov; keri-hornbuckle@uiowa.edu RI Hornbuckle, Keri/A-8155-2008 OI Hornbuckle, Keri/0000-0002-3478-3221 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [P42 ES013661, P42 ES013661-01A19006] NR 71 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 4 U2 15 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PY 2006 VL 8 IS 9 BP 874 EP 879 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 080GP UT WOS:000240236200002 PM 16951746 ER PT J AU DeLorenzo, ME Serrano, L AF DeLorenzo, Marie E. Serrano, Lorimar TI Mixture toxicity of the antifouling compound irgarol to the marine phytoplankton species Dunaliella tertiolecta SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART B-PESTICIDES FOOD CONTAMINANTS AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES LA English DT Article DE irgarol; mixture toxicity; phytoplankton; antifoulant; pesticide; estuarine ID RISK-ASSESSMENT; CHLOROTHALONIL; ATRAZINE; CHLORPYRIFOS; WATERS AB This study examined the toxicity of irgarol, individually and in binary mixtures with three other pesticides (the fungicide chlorothalonil, and the herbicides atrazine and 2,4-D), to the marine phytoplankton species Dunaliella tertiolecta. Standard 96-h static algal bioassays were used to determine pesticide effects on population growth rate. Irgarol significantly inhibited D. tertiolecta growth rate at concentrations >= 0.27 mu g/L. Irgarol was significantly more toxic to D. tertiolecta than the other pesticides tested (irgarol 96 h EC50 = 0.7 mu g/L; chlorothalonil 96 h EC50 = 64 mu g/L; atrazine 96 h EC50 = 69 mu g/L; 2,4-D 96 h EC50 = 45,000 mu g/L). Irgarol in mixture with chlorothalonil exhibited synergistic toxicity to D. tertiolecta, with the mixture being approximately 1.5 times more toxic than the individual compounds. Irgarol and atrazine, both triazine herbicides, were additive in mixture. The toxicity threshold of 2,4-D was much greater than typical environmental levels and would not be expected to influence irgarol toxicity. Based on these interactions, overlap of certain pesticide applications in the coastal zone may increase the toxicological risk to resident phytoplankton populations. C1 US Dept Commerce, NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Coastal Ctr Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Univ S Carolina, Norman J Arnold Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Columbia, SC USA. Coll Charleston, Grice Marine Biol Lab, Charleston, SC USA. RP DeLorenzo, ME (reprint author), US Dept Commerce, NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Coastal Ctr Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, 219 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM marie.delorenzo@noaa.gov NR 21 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 5 U2 17 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0360-1234 J9 J ENVIRON SCI HEAL B JI J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B-Pestic. Contam. Agric. Wastes PY 2006 VL 41 IS 8 BP 1349 EP 1360 DI 10.1080/03601230600964100 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 110FN UT WOS:000242363800007 PM 17090497 ER PT J AU Tremblay, Y Shaffer, SA Fowler, SL Kuhn, CE McDonald, BI Weise, MJ Bost, CA Weimerskirch, H Crocker, DE Goebel, ME Costa, DR AF Tremblay, Y Shaffer, SA Fowler, SL Kuhn, CE McDonald, BI Weise, MJ Bost, CA Weimerskirch, H Crocker, DE Goebel, ME Costa, DR TI Interpolation of animal tracking data in a fluid environment SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE tracking; telemetry; Argos; geolocation; GPS; Bezier; cubic; hermite; spline; albatross; penguin; sea lion; fur seal; elephant seal; booby; seabird; marine mammal ID WANDERING ALBATROSSES; SATELLITE TRACKING; FORAGING ECOLOGY; ELEPHANT SEALS; GEOLOCATION; SEABIRDS; TEMPERATURE; MOVEMENTS; TURTLES; SPEEDS AB Interpolation of geolocation or Argos tracking data is a necessity for habitat use analyses of marine vertebrates. In a fluid marine environment, characterized by curvilinear structures, linearly interpolated track data are not realistic. Based on these two facts, we interpolated tracking data from albatrosses, penguins, boobies, sea lions, fur seals and elephant seals using six mathematical algorithms. Given their popularity in mathematical computing, we chose Bezier, hermite and cubic splines, in addition to a commonly used linear algorithm to interpolate data. Performance of interpolation methods was compared with different temporal resolutions representative of the less-precise geolocation and the more-precise Argos tracking techniques. Parameters from interpolated sub-sampled tracks were compared with those obtained from intact tracks. Average accuracy of the interpolated location was not affected by the interpolation method and was always within the precision of the tracking technique used. However, depending on the species tested, some curvilinear interpolation algorithms produced greater occurrences of more accurate locations, compared with the linear interpolation method. Total track lengths were consistently underestimated but were always more accurate using curvilinear interpolation than linear interpolation. Curvilinear algorithms are safe to use because accuracy, shape and length of the tracks are either not different or are slightly enhanced and because analyses always remain conservative. The choice of the curvilinear algorithm does not affect the resulting track dramatically so it should not preclude their use. We thus recommend using curvilinear interpolation techniques because of the more realistic fluid movements of animals. We also provide some guidelines for choosing an algorithm that is most likely to maximize track quality for different types of marine vertebrates. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Long Marine Lab, Ctr Ocean Hlth, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Ctr Etud Biol Chize, F-79360 Villiers en Bois, France. Sonoma State Univ, Dept Biol, Rohnert Pk, CA 94928 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. RP Tremblay, Y (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Long Marine Lab, Ctr Ocean Hlth, 100 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM tremblay@biology.ucsc.edu RI Shaffer, Scott/D-5015-2009; Logger, Satellite/C-1379-2010 OI Shaffer, Scott/0000-0002-7751-5059; NR 38 TC 87 Z9 96 U1 5 U2 38 PU COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA BIDDER BUILDING CAMBRIDGE COMMERCIAL PARK COWLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4DL, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0022-0949 J9 J EXP BIOL JI J. Exp. Biol. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 209 IS 1 BP 128 EP 140 DI 10.1242/jeb.01970 PG 13 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 008DK UT WOS:000235020200021 PM 16354784 ER PT J AU Johnson, AN Merkle, CL Moldover, MR Wright, JD AF Johnson, AN Merkle, CL Moldover, MR Wright, JD TI Relaxation effects in small critical nozzles SO JOURNAL OF FLUIDS ENGINEERING-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article ID VIBRATIONAL-RELAXATION AB We computed the flow of fiber gases (He, N-2, CO2, and SF6) through a critical flow venturi (CFV) by augmenting traditional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with a rate equation that accounts for tau(relax), a species-dependent relaxation time that characterizes the equilibration of the vibrational degrees of freedom with the translational and rotational degrees of freedom. Conventional CFD (tau(relax)=0) underpredicts the flow through small CFVs (throat diameter d=0.593 mm) by up to 2.3% for CO2 and by up to 1.2% for SF6. When we used values of tau(relax) from the acoustics literature, the augmented CFD underpredicted the flow for SF6 by only 0.3%, in the worst case. The augmented predictions for CO2 were within the scatter of previously published experimental data (+/- 0.1%). As expected, both conventional and augmented CFD agree with experiments for He and N-2. Thus, augmented CFD enables one to calibrate a small CFV with one gas (e.g., N-2) and to use these results as a flow standard with other gases (e.g., CO2) for which reliable values of tau(relax) and the relaxing heat capacity are available. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Johnson, AN (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8361, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM aaron.johnson@nist.gov RI Moldover, Michael/E-6384-2013 NR 40 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 5 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0098-2202 J9 J FLUID ENG-T ASME JI J. Fluids Eng.-Trans. ASME PD JAN PY 2006 VL 128 IS 1 BP 170 EP 176 DI 10.1115/1.2137346 PG 7 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 048DX UT WOS:000237928900023 ER PT J AU Quinn, FH Sellinger, CE AF Quinn, FH Sellinger, CE TI A reconstruction of Lake Michigan-Huron water levels derived from tree ring chronologies for the period 1600-1961 SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE lake levels; tree rings; climate change; lake regulation ID LAURENTIAN GREAT-LAKES; ST-CLAIR RIVER; UNITED-STATES; TRANSPOSED CLIMATES; VARIABILITY; HYDROLOGY; SCENARIOS; RECORD AB A dendrochronolgy of annual precipitation and air temperatures from six Great Lakes locations was used to reconstruct Lake Michigan-Huron water levels front 1600-1961 representing the present St. Clair River channel conditions and basin land cover. The reconstructions are based upon a multi-linear regression model relating multi-year annual precipitation and air temperature to annual water levels. An increased frequency of low lake levels was found to occur prior to the twentieth century, accompanied by a major extreme in water levels, greater than that experienced in the historical record, in the early 1600s. The comparison of simulated and measured water levels also indicates that the impact of some of the channel changes in the St. Clair River may be underestimated and that the major drop in lake level in the 1880s may be due to erosion as well as to decreased precipitation. The occurrence of extreme levels around 1640, in 1838, and in 1986 suggests a return interval of 150-190 years for extreme lake levels. The analysis also suggests that the variability of lake levels has greatly decreased over the last century when comparing tree-ring-derived level variability. Thus climatic periods used for the development of the current regulation plans may not be representative of the longer-term climate and lake levels. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Quinn, FH (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM frank.quinn1@comcast.net NR 28 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 6 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2006 VL 32 IS 1 BP 29 EP 39 DI 10.3394/0380-1330(2006)32[29:AROLMW]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 030LL UT WOS:000236636000003 ER PT J AU Schwab, DJ Eadie, BJ Assel, RA Roebber, PJ AF Schwab, DJ Eadie, BJ Assel, RA Roebber, PJ TI Climatology of large sediment resuspension events in southern Lake Michigan SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Lake Michigan; turbidity; sediments; climatology ID TRANSPORT; CURRENTS; MODELS AB Lake Michigan, particularly the southern basin, is subject to recurrent episodes of massive sediment resuspension by storm-induced waves and currents. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the climatology of these events for Lake Michigan, including an analysis of associated meteorological conditions. This paper begins by examining turbidity records from two water treatment plants (Chicago, IL and St. Joseph, MI) for which long-term records are available. The turbidity records from the two plants show significant differences indicating that turbidity measurements from a single location would probably not be representative of a basin-wide climatology. A one-dimensional sediment resuspension and deposition model for fine-grained sediments is then developed and calibrated with data from the water treatment plants. The one-dimensional model is applied at 15 points around the southern basin for a 45-year period for which Lake Michigan wave climatology is available and the results are averaged to obtain a basin-wide turbidity index (Southern Lake Michigan Turbidity Index, SLMTI). A frequency distribution of the turbidity index is presented and meteorological conditions associated with the largest events are examined. Our analysis indicates that significant resuspension events in southern Lake Michigan are usually caused by a strong cyclone passing to the east of the lake. The most likely time of the year for this to occur is October to April. There is an average of 1 event per year with SLMTI above 25 mg/L and each event typically lasts about 3 days. Our analysis indicates that events have occurred more frequently since the late 1980s as the number of winter storms has increased and ice cover has decreased. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Math Sci, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA. RP Schwab, DJ (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM david.schwab@noaa.gov RI Schwab, David/B-7498-2012 NR 23 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2006 VL 32 IS 1 BP 50 EP 62 DI 10.3394/0380-1330(2006)32[50:COLSRE]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 030LL UT WOS:000236636000005 ER PT J AU Plattner, S Mason, DM Leshkevich, GA Schwab, DJ Rutherford, ES AF Plattner, S Mason, DM Leshkevich, GA Schwab, DJ Rutherford, ES TI Classifying and forecasting coastal upwellings in Lake Michigan using satellite derived temperature images and buoy data SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE upwelling; Lake Michigan; AVHRR; Great Lakes ID GREAT-LAKES; ONTARIO; ABUNDANCE AB Coastal upwellings are common in the Great Lakes but have lacked enumeration and systematic classification of spatial extent, frequency, duration, and magnitude. Near real-time sea surface temperature (SST) images derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) provide indices of upwelling events, but visual inspection of daily images can be tedious. Moreover, the definition, of what constitutes an upwelling from AVHRR data is subjective. We developed a semi-automated method to classify upwellings during the period of thermal stratification using daily, cloud-free surface for temperature charts from AVHRR SST data. Then we statistically evaluated the location, frequency, magnitude extent, and duration of upwelling events in Lake Michigan from 1992-2000. Further, we analyzed meteorological data from the National Data Buoy Center buoys in an attempt to improve the reliability of the classification and to provide a means for future forecast of coastal upwelling. Although variable, upwelling events along the western shoreline were preceded by 4 days of southerly and west-to-north-westerly winds, while upwelling events occurring along the eastern shore were preceded by 4 days of northerly winds. Probability of an upwelling event occuring was a function of the direction-weighted wind speed, reaching 100% probability at direction weighted wind speeds of 11 m s(-1) for the western shore. Probability of an upwelling occurrence along the east coast reached 73% at 11 m s(-1) and 100% at 13 m s(-1). Continuous measurements of wind data with a sufficient temporal resolution are required during the entire upwelling season to improve the predictability of upwellings. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Fisheries Res Inst, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Mason, DM (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonweatlh Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM Doran.Mason@noaa.gov RI Schwab, David/B-7498-2012; OI Mason, Doran/0000-0002-6017-4243; Rutherford, Edward/0000-0002-7282-6667 NR 14 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 3 U2 13 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2006 VL 32 IS 1 BP 63 EP 76 DI 10.3394/0380-1330(2006)32[63:CAFCUI]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 030LL UT WOS:000236636000006 ER PT J AU Pothoven, SA Nalepa, TF AF Pothoven, Steven A. Nalepa, Thomas F. TI Feeding ecology of lake whitefish in Lake Huron SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE lake whitefish; Lake Huron; diet; feeding ecology ID MUSSEL DREISSENA-POLYMORPHA; LAURENTIAN GREAT-LAKES; COREGONUS-LAVARETUS; MYSIS-RELICTA; ZEBRA MUSSEL; BIOENERGETICS MODEL; GASTRIC EVACUATION; STOMACH CONTENTS; HABITAT USE; GROWTH AB We determined diet composition, feeding strategy, prey size, and effects of prey type on food weight and energy in stomachs for lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis in Lake Huron during 2002-04. Age-0 lake whitefish (73-149 mm TL) ate mainly large-bodied cladoceran zooplankton in the summer (July-mid September). Medium lake whitefish (<= 350 mm TL excluding age-0) generally ate soft-bodied macroinvertebrates, especially Chironomidae larvae and pupae, in the spring (mid May-June). Zooplankton, if eaten, were generally most important in the summer. Molluscs were generally a minor part of medium lake whitefish diets. Large lake whitefish (> 350 mm) mainly ate molluscs, particularly quagga mussels (Dreissena bugensis), despite geographic differences in mussel abundance. Large-bodied crustaceans (Diporeia spp., Mysis relicta, Isopoda) were a minor part of large lake whitefish diets. Lake whitefish demonstrated a flexible feeding strategy, with individual specialization on some prey and generalized feeding on others. The size of benthic prey (Diporeia spp., Chironomidae, and Dreissena spp.) eaten increased with fish size and influenced the energetic value of prey for medium and large lake whitefish. The type of prey eaten affected the food and energy intake differently for each size class of lake whitefish. Age-0 lake whitefish that ate mainly zooplankton had more food and energy in stomachs than fish eating shelled prey or other macroinvertebrates. On the other hand, food weight in stomachs did not differ across prey groups for medium fish, but energy in stomachs was lowest for fish that ate shelled prey. For large lake whitefish, there was no difference in food weight or energy in stomachs for different prey groups. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. RP Pothoven, SA (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM steve.pothoven@noaa.gov OI Pothoven, Steven/0000-0002-7992-5422 NR 42 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 8 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2006 VL 32 IS 3 BP 489 EP 501 DI 10.3394/0380-1330(2006)32[489:FEOLWI]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 095HP UT WOS:000241299100008 ER PT J AU Carter, GS Nalepa, TF Rediske, RR AF Carter, Glenn S. Nalepa, Thomas F. Rediske, Richard R. TI Status and trends of benthic populations in a coastal drowned river mouth lake of Lake Michigan SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE macroinvertebrates; multivariate statistics; historic changes; wastewater diversion; contaminants; Area of Concern ID MUSSEL DREISSENA-POLYMORPHA; SEDIMENT QUALITY GUIDELINES; LARVAE CHIRONOMUS-TENTANS; HEAVY-METALS; SAGINAW BAY; ZEBRA MUSSEL; MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES; AMPHIPOD DIPOREIA; WATER-QUALITY; MACROBENTHOS AB Muskegon Lake was designated an Area of Concern because of severe environmental impairments from direct discharge of industrial and municipal wastes. Since diversion of all municipal and industrial wastewater in 1973, few studies have assessed ecological changes associated with improved water quality. We examined distributions and long-term changes in the benthic macroinvertebrate community at 2 7 sites. Distributions were evaluated relative to distance from the river mouth, water depth, grain size, and known areas of sediment contamination. Temporal changes were assessed relative to wastewater diversion. Oligochaeta and Chironomidae dominated the community, and the oligochaete trophic condition index indicated that, in 1999, the lake was generally mesotrophic to eutrophic. Cluster analysis resulted in four distinct site groupings. A cluster of sites near the river mouth had the highest total density (9,375 m(-2)) and lowest diversity (Shannon Weaver Index 1.05) suggesting an enriched habitat. A site cluster in the south central region had the lowest oligochaete density (2,782 m(-2)), lowest oligochaete trophic condition index scores (1.00), and highest diversity (2.24), suggesting the best habitat. The chironomid community in this site cluster was dominated by predatory species, possibly resulting from high concentrations of heavy metals at some sites. Densities of all major taxonomic groups increased significantly between 1972 and 1999. Decreasing proportions of oligochaetes (0.85 to 0.68) and increasing diversity suggest improved environmental conditions over this period. Evidence suggests that changes in Muskegon Lake's benthic community were more a result of wastewater diversion than Dreissena invasion. C1 Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Grand Valley State Univ, Annis Water Resources Inst, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. RP Carter, GS (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Fisheries Res Inst, Dept Nat Resources, 1109 N Univ Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM carterg@umich.edu RI Carter, Glenn/P-4744-2016 OI Carter, Glenn/0000-0001-6630-7513 NR 62 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 16 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2006 VL 32 IS 3 BP 578 EP 595 DI 10.3394/0380-1330(2006)32[578:SATOBP]2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 095HP UT WOS:000241299100015 ER PT J AU Hong, Y Steinman, A Biddanda, B Rediske, R Fahnenstiel, G AF Hong, Ying Steinman, Alan Biddanda, Bopaiah Rediske, Richard Fahnenstiel, Gary TI Occurrence of the toxin-producing cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in Mona and Muskegon lakes, Michigan SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE toxic cyanobacteria; Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii; Mona Lake; Muskegon Lake; Lake Michigan ID TOLERANCE; NOSTOCALES; MORPHOLOGY; TOXICITY; BLOOM AB The bloom-forming and toxin-producing cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii was observed in Muskegon and Mona lakes, drowned river-mouth tributaries of Lake Michigan. Morphological features of the taxon were similar to those described elsewhere. The species was observed only in late summer; elevated bottom water temperature, and perhaps phosphorus concentration, appears to be implicated in its appearance. Maximum abundances at any given site reached 393 and 0.9 trichomes/mL in Mona Lake and Muskegon Lake, respectively. Although these concentrations are low relative to other reports, the presence of this species in these two lakes from adjacent watersheds adds to a growing body of literature that suggests the distribution of C. raciborskii is on the increase in northern latitudes. C1 Grand Valley State Univ, Annis Water Resources Inst, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Lake Michigan Field Stn, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. RP Steinman, A (reprint author), Grand Valley State Univ, Annis Water Resources Inst, 740 W Shoreline Dr, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. EM steinmaa@gvsu.edu OI Steinman, Alan/0000-0002-4886-4305 NR 29 TC 32 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 10 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2006 VL 32 IS 3 BP 645 EP 652 DI 10.3394/0380-1330(2006)32[645:OOTTCC]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 095HP UT WOS:000241299100019 ER PT J AU Hook, TO McCormick, MJ Rutherford, ES Mason, DM Carter, GS AF Hook, Tomas O. McCormick, Michael J. Rutherford, Edward S. Mason, Doran M. Carter, Glenn S. TI Short-term water mass movements in Lake Michigan: Implications for larval fish transport SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE drifting buoys; alewives; yellow perch; ichthyoplankton; transport; Lake Michigan ID PERCH PERCA-FLAVESCENS; YELLOW PERCH; NEARSHORE WATERS; ABUNDANCE; SURVIVAL; SIZE AB Water mass movement within the Great Lakes may rapidly transport fish larvae from favorable nursery areas to less favorable habitats, thereby affecting recruitment success. During 2001 and 2002, we released satellite-tracked drifting buoys in eastern Lake Michigan to follow discrete water masses, and used ichthyoplankton nets to repeatedly sample larval fish within these water masses. Observed nearshore water currents were highly variable in both direction and velocity. Current velocities far exceeded potential larval fish swimming speeds, suggesting that currents can potentially rapidly advect fish larvae throughout the lake. Evidence suggests that while paired drifters released during 2002 were able to track relatively small alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) and yellow perch (Perca flavescens) larvae within an alongshore coastal current., paired drifters released during 2001 failed to track larger alewife larvae when flow was more offshore and highly variable. These results are consistent with the decorrelation scales associated with alongshore and offshore transport. C1 Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Inst Fisheries Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Hook, TO (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM thook@umich.edu RI Carter, Glenn/P-4744-2016; OI Carter, Glenn/0000-0001-6630-7513; Mason, Doran/0000-0002-6017-4243; Rutherford, Edward/0000-0002-7282-6667 NR 24 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 3 U2 10 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2006 VL 32 IS 4 BP 728 EP 737 DI 10.3394/0380-1330(2006)32[728:SWMMIL]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 121QM UT WOS:000243172100006 ER PT J AU Lofgren, BM AF Lofgren, Brent M. TI Land surface roughness effects on lake effect precipitation SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE lake effect precipitation; land use; atmospheric modeling ID AGGREGATE MESOSCALE DISTURBANCES; EFFECT SNOWSTORMS; MODEL; MORPHOLOGY; SIMULATION; HYDROLOGY; MICHIGAN; SNOW; RAMS AB The land use of the Great Lakes region has changed significantly during historical times, and continues to change. As a preliminary step in investigating the overall effect that this might have on climate, attention is focused here on one forcing factor and one effect-land surface roughness length and lake effect precipitation, respectively-that are anticipated to be particularly sensitive pieces of the land use-climate interaction. On both a monthly basis and in an individual case of lake effect precipitation, a reduction of land surface roughness reduces the total amount of lake effect precipitation. It also reduces the degree to which the precipitation is focused on the area closest to the lakeshore. The largest reductions occur immediately adjacent to the lakeshore in an area smaller than the overall lake effect zone. In the individual lake effect event that is investigated here, precipitation increases in some places farther inland when surface roughness is reduced. Because this increase in precipitation farther inland appears to be associated with significant topography, this result is most valid for lake effect zones where there is a high topographic relief such as near southeastern Lake Erie (the main focus of this study), and to the south and east of Lake Ontario. This displacement in location of precipitation is particularly crucial where the boundary of the drainage basin is near the shoreline, and can indicate a flux of moisture out of the Great Lakes drainage basin and into another basin. C1 NOAA Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Lofgren, BM (reprint author), NOAA Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM Brent.Lofgren@noaa.gov OI Lofgren, Brent/0000-0003-2189-0914 NR 18 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 7 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2006 VL 32 IS 4 BP 839 EP 851 DI 10.3394/0380-1330(2006)32[839:LSREOL]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 121QM UT WOS:000243172100016 ER PT J AU Croley, TE Lewis, CFM AF Croley, Thomas E., II Lewis, C. F. Michael TI Warmer and drier climates that make terminal great lakes SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE climate change; Great Lakes; hydrology; water levels; terminal lakes ID LAURENTIDE ICE-SHEET; LEVEL HISTORY; ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION; GEORGIAN BAY; RECORD; MICHIGAN; HOLOCENE; IMPACTS; HURON; BASIN AB A recent empirical model of glacial-isostatic uplift showed that the Huron and Michigan lake level fell tens of meters below the lowest possible outlet about 7,900 C-14 years BP when the upper Great Lakes became dependent for water supply on precipitation alone, as at present. The upper Great Lakes thus appear to have been impacted by severe dry climate that may have also affected the lower Great Lakes. While continuing paleoclimate studies are corroborating and quantifying this impacting climate and other evidence of terminal lakes, the Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory applied their Advanced Hydrologic Prediction System, modified to use dynamic lake areas, to explore the deviations from present temperatures and precipitation that would force the Great Lakes to become terminal (closed), i.e., for water levels to fall below outlet sills. We modeled the present lakes with pre-development natural outlet and water flow conditions, but considered the upper and lower Great Lakes separately with no river connection, as in the early Holocene basin configuration. By using systematic shifts in precipitation, temperature, and humidity, relative to the present base climate, we identified candidate climates that result in terminal lakes. The lakes would close in the order: Erie, Superior, Michigan-Huron, and Ontario for increasingly drier and warmer climates. For a temperature rise of T degrees C and a precipitation drop of P% relative to the present base climate, conditions for complete lake closure range from 4.7T + P > 51 for Erie to 3.5T + P > 71 for Ontario. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Nat Resources Canada, Bedford Inst Oceanog, Geol Survey Canada, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Croley, TE (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM Tom.Croley@noaa.gov NR 53 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2006 VL 32 IS 4 BP 852 EP 869 DI 10.3394/0380-1330(2006)32[852:WADCTM]2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 121QM UT WOS:000243172100017 ER PT J AU Cui, YT Parker, G Braudrick, C Dietrich, WE Cluer, B AF Cui, Yantao Parker, Gary Braudrick, Christian Dietrich, William E. Cluer, Brian TI Dam Removal Express Assessment Models (DREAM). Part 1: Model development and validation SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE dam removal; dam decommissioning; sediment transport; numerical model ID GRAVEL-BED RIVERS; NUMERICAL PHYSICAL FRAMEWORK; MOUNTAIN RIVERS; SEDIMENT PULSES; TRANSPORT; EVOLUTION AB Many dams have been removed in the recent decades in the U.S. for reasons including economics, safety, and ecological rehabilitation. More dams are under consideration for removal; some of them are medium to large-sized dams filled with millions of cubic meters of sediment. Reaching a decision to remove a dam and deciding as how the dam should be removed, however, are usually not easy, especially for medium to large-sized dams. One of the major reasons for the difficulty in decision-making is the lack of understanding of the consequences of the release of reservoir sediment downstream, or alternatively the large expense if the sediment is to be removed by dredging. This paper summarizes the Dam Removal Express Assessment Models (DREAM) developed at Stillwater Sciences, Berkeley, California for simulation of sediment transport following dam removal. There are two models in the package: DREAM-1 simulates sediment transport following the removal of a dam behind which the reservoir deposit is composed primarily of non-cohesive sand and silt, and DREAM-2 simulates sediment transport following the removal of a dam behind which the upper layer of the reservoir deposit is composed primarily of gravel. Both models are one-dimensional and simulate cross-sectionally and reach averaged sediment aggradation and degradation following dam removal. DREAM-1 is validated with a set of laboratory experiments; its reservoir erosion module is applied to the Lake Mills drawdown experiment. DREAM-2 is validated with the field data for a natural landslide. Sensitivity tests are conducted with a series of sample runs in the companion paper, Cui et al. (2006), to validate some of the assumptions in the model and to provide guidance in field data collection in actual dam removal projects. C1 Stillwater Sci, Berkeley, CA 94705 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Geol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NOAA Fisheries, Santa Rosa, CA 95404 USA. RP Cui, YT (reprint author), Stillwater Sci, 2855 Telegraph Ave,Suite 400, Berkeley, CA 94705 USA. EM Yantao@stillwatersci.com OI Cui, Yantao/0000-0001-5820-8670 NR 37 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 3 U2 22 PU INT ASSN HYDRAULIC RESEARCH PI MADRID PA PASEO BAJO VIRGEN DEL PUERTO, 3, 28005 MADRID, SPAIN SN 0022-1686 J9 J HYDRAUL RES JI J. Hydraul. Res. PY 2006 VL 44 IS 3 BP 291 EP 307 PG 17 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 079XW UT WOS:000240212200001 ER PT J AU Cui, YT Braudrick, C Dietrich, WE Cluer, B Parker, G AF Cui, Yantao Braudrick, Christian Dietrich, William E. Cluer, Brian Parker, Gary TI Dam Removal Express Assessment Models (DREAM). Part 2: Sample runs/sensitivity tests SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE dam removal; dam decommissioning; sediment transport; numerical model ID GRAVEL-SAND TRANSITIONS; MOUNTAIN RIVERS; SEDIMENT PULSES; EVOLUTION; FRONT AB This paper presents sample runs of the Dam Removal Express Assessment Models (DREAM) presented in the companion paper, Cui et al. (2006): DREAM-1 for simulation of sediment transport following the removal of a dam behind which the reservoir deposit is composed primarily of noncohesive sand and silt, and DREAM-2 for simulation of sediment transport following the removal of a dam behind which the upper layer of the reservoir deposit is composed primarily of gravel. The primary purposes of the sample runs presented here are to validate some of the assumptions used in the model and to provide guidance as how accurately the field data should be collected. Sample runs indicate that grain size distribution of the reservoir sediment deposit is the most important piece of information needed during the field campaign. Other than the grain size distribution of the reservoir sediment deposit, errors within a reasonable range in other parameters do not result in significant variations in the predicted depositional patterns downstream of the dam, although different magnitudes of sediment deposition may result from such errors. Sample runs also indicate that when the reservoir deposit is composed primarily of gravel, sediment deposition downstream of the dam following dam removal may not propagate far downstream of the dam, and may be limited to isolated reaches where sediment transport capacity is low. Farther downstream sediment deposition becomes progressively smaller due to the attenuation of sediment transport and gravel abrasion. When the reservoir deposit is primarily fine sediment, however, there may be more extensive sediment deposition (both larger area and higher magnitude) downstream of the dam following dam removal. Dredging part of the sediment in advance reduces the downstream impact due to the reduced volume, and the extra distance provided by dredging allows for attenuation of sediment transport. Sample runs with staged dam removal indicate that it provides only limited benefit compared to a one-time removal in case the reservoir deposit is composed primarily of coarse sediment, but may provide significant benefits in case the reservoir deposit is composed primarily of fine sediment. The benefits of a staged removal for the latter case include reduced magnitude and area of deposition as well as reduced suspended sediment concentration downstream of the dam. C1 Stillwater Sci, Berkeley, CA 94705 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NOAA Fisheries, Santa Rosa, CA 95404 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Geol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Cui, YT (reprint author), Stillwater Sci, 2855 Telegraph Ave,Suite 400, Berkeley, CA 94705 USA. EM Yantao@stillwatersci.com OI Cui, Yantao/0000-0001-5820-8670 NR 20 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 18 PU INT ASSN HYDRAULIC RESEARCH PI MADRID PA PASEO BAJO VIRGEN DEL PUERTO, 3, 28005 MADRID, SPAIN SN 0022-1686 J9 J HYDRAUL RES JI J. Hydraul. Res. PY 2006 VL 44 IS 3 BP 308 EP 323 PG 16 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 079XW UT WOS:000240212200002 ER PT J AU Croley, TE He, CS AF Croley, TE He, CS TI Watershed surface and subsurface spatial intraflows model SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID BASIN RUNOFF MODEL; CLIMATE-CHANGE; RIVER; SOIL AB We present new developments to the original, spatially lumped large basin runoff model (LBRM) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. In addition to making it a two-dimensional, spatially distributed model, we modify it to allow routing flows between adjacent cells upper soil zones, lower soil zones, and groundwater zones. We modify the LBRM continuity equations for these additional flows and add corresponding corrector terms to the original solution equations. We derive the flow network from elevation and hydrography and the LBRM automatically arranges cell computations. We apply the newly modified LBRM to the Kalamazoo River watershed in Michigan and to the Maumee River watershed in Ohio. The simulations show that the Kalamazoo River has dominant groundwater storage, allowing delayed and sustained hydrologic responses to rainfall whereas the Maumee River lacks any significant groundwater storage, allowing a fast flashy response to rainfall. These results are characteristic of the study watersheds, indicating that the addition of subsurface intraflows in the model has improved watershed representation. C1 Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Western Michigan Univ, Dept Geog, Kalamazoo, MI 49008 USA. RP Croley, TE (reprint author), Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RI He, Chansheng/A-3337-2008 OI He, Chansheng/0000-0001-7748-0485 NR 22 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 1084-0699 J9 J HYDROL ENG JI J. Hydrol. Eng. PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 11 IS 1 BP 12 EP 20 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2006)11:1(12) PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 997FQ UT WOS:000234231000002 ER PT J AU Bennett, AF Chua, BS Ngodock, HE Harrison, DE McPhaden, MJ AF Bennett, AF Chua, BS Ngodock, HE Harrison, DE McPhaden, MJ TI Generalized inversion of the Gent-Cane model of the tropical Pacific with Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean (TAO) data SO JOURNAL OF MARINE RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID WEATHER PREDICTION MODEL; 1997-98 EL-NINO; CIRCULATION MODEL; COUPLED MODEL; DATA ASSIMILATION; ENSO PREDICTION; REDUCED GRAVITY; PARAMETERIZATION; VARIABILITY; ERROR AB We here describe the results of our latest effort to reanalyze TAO monthly mean Surface and subsurface temperature observations constrained by a tropical Pacific ocean model, and simultaneously to evaluate the physical consistency of the observations and the model. Both tasks are executed by weak-constraint, four-dimensional variational assimilation of the observations into the model. In this study our reanalysis employs the reduced-gravity Gent-Cane model, combined with the 'KPP-interior' parameterization of vertical turbulent fluxes. With the limited vertical resolution adopted in previous studies of this model, the 'W4DVAR' or inverse method fails to produce an acceptable reanalysis, as the dynamical residuals are too large locally ill space and time. Moreover, the objective significance test that is an essential product of the inversion rejects the model, even though the model is imposed only as a weak constraint, as convincingly as the even simpler Zebiak-Cane model was rejected (Bennett et al., 1998, 2000). In order to obtain a locally plausible reanalysis of the observations, we have to employ significantly finer vertical resolution. The calculations are extremely expensive and technically difficult, ill the interests of efficiency and convergence, we solve the fixed-interval smoothing problem for 3-month intervals (during the 1997-1998 El Ni (n) over tildeo, December 1996-March 1998), and we impose the continuity equations for layer thickness as strong constraints. We present detailed results for just one such experiment which shows the model in the best light. The resulting fits to the monthly-mean data are within our prior error assumptions and so constitute a highly plausible reanalysis. However, the significance test statistic for the inversion exceeds its expected value by many tens of standard deviations, forcing us to the inference that the model cannot ill fact be reconciled with the observations. The paradox of locally small residuals and a large test statistic is explained by an analysis of the degrees of freedom allowed in the weak constraints. C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ So Mississippi, Dept Marine Sci, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM bennett@coas.oregonstate.edu RI Harrison, Don/D-9582-2013; McPhaden, Michael/D-9799-2016 NR 46 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEARS FOUNDATION MARINE RESEARCH PI NEW HAVEN PA YALE UNIV, KLINE GEOLOGY LAB, 210 WHITNEY AVENUE, NEW HAVEN, CT 06520-8109 USA SN 0022-2402 EI 1543-9542 J9 J MAR RES JI J. Mar. Res. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 64 IS 1 BP 1 EP 42 DI 10.1357/002224006776412313 PG 42 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 036SD UT WOS:000237094600001 ER PT J AU Wilkie, CA Chigwada, G Gilman, JW Lyon, RE AF Wilkie, CA Chigwada, G Gilman, JW Lyon, RE TI High-throughput techniques for the evaluation of fire retardancy SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID POLYMER MATERIALS SCIENCE; COMBINATORIAL METHODS; NMR CHARACTERIZATION; NANOCOMPOSITES; FLAMMABILITY; PHOSPHORUS AB As new flame retardant (FR) approaches are developed they must be evaluated with conventional FR additives, processing additives, stabilizers, and fillers. In most cases this is done in a number of polymers, and a variety of processing conditions also must be optimized. Thus the development of new FR methods is a multi-parameter problem. A full-factorial approach to developing the structure - property relationships of interest requires numerous experiments and is prohibitively labor intensive; additional methods in which the composition space can be rapidly sampled and evaluated are necessary. Several new high throughput approaches are described herein which have been correlated with conventional flammability tests. C1 Marquette Univ, Dept Chem, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Fed Aviat Adm Tech Ctr, Fire Safety Branch, Atlantic City, NJ USA. RP Wilkie, CA (reprint author), Marquette Univ, Dept Chem, POB 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA. NR 25 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 9 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0959-9428 J9 J MATER CHEM JI J. Mater. Chem. PY 2006 VL 16 IS 21 BP 2023 EP 2029 DI 10.1039/b514598h PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 045KS UT WOS:000237741600001 ER PT J AU Jones, RL Soles, CL Lin, EK Hu, W Reano, RM Pang, SW Weigand, SJ Keane, DT Quintana, JP AF Jones, RL Soles, CL Lin, EK Hu, W Reano, RM Pang, SW Weigand, SJ Keane, DT Quintana, JP TI Pattern fidelity in nanoimprinted films using critical dimension small angle x-ray scattering SO JOURNAL OF MICROLITHOGRAPHY MICROFABRICATION AND MICROSYSTEMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT SPIE Conference on Emerging Lithographic Technologies IX CY MAR, 2005 CL San Jose, CA DE nanoimprint lithography; critical dimension metrology; x-ray scattering; sub-100-nm lithography ID THIN POLYMER-FILMS; NANOFLUIDIC CHANNELS; FLOW BEHAVIOR; LITHOGRAPHY; FABRICATION; RESOLUTION; METROLOGY; GRATINGS AB The primary measure of process quality in nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is the fidelity of pattern transfer, comparing the dimensions of the imprinted pattern to those of the mold. Routine production of nanoscale patterns will require new metrologies capable of nondestructive dimensional measurements of both the mold and the pattern with subnanometer precision. In this work, a rapid, nondestructive technique termed critical dimension small angle x-ray scattering (CD-SAXS) is used to measure the cross sectional shape of both a pattern master, or mold, and the resulting imprinted films. CD-SAXS data are used to extract periodicity as well as pattern height, width, and sidewall angles. Films of varying materials are molded by thermal embossed NIL at temperatures both near and far from the bulk glass transition (T-G). The polymer systems include a photoresist and two homopolymers. Our results indicate that molding at low temperatures (T-T-G < 40 degrees C) produces small-aspect-ratio patterns that maintain periodicity to within a single nanometer, but feature large sidewall angles. While the observed pattern height does not reach that of the mold until very large imprinting temperatures (T-T-G > 70 degrees C), the pattern width of the mold is accurately transferred for T-TG > 30 degrees C. (c) 2006 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, DND, CAT, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Jones, RL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM ronald.jones@nist.gov RI Pang, Stella/A-7770-2012; Reano, Ronald/J-9286-2014 OI Pang, Stella/0000-0002-4330-0877; NR 17 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 9 PU SPIE-INT SOCIETY OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98225 USA SN 1537-1646 J9 J MICROLITH MICROFAB JI J. Microlithogr. Microfabr. Microsyst. PD JAN-MAR PY 2006 VL 5 IS 1 AR 013001 DI 10.1117/1.2170550 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Optics GA 043SS UT WOS:000237622500015 ER PT J AU Suenram, RD Lovas, FJ Plusquellic, DF Ellzy, MW Lochner, JM Jensen, JO Samuels, AC AF Suenram, RD Lovas, FJ Plusquellic, DF Ellzy, MW Lochner, JM Jensen, JO Samuels, AC TI Microwave spectrum and structure of methyl phosphonic difluoride SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE methyl phosphonic difluoride; rotational spectrum; Fourier transform microwave spectrum; molecular structure; molecular beam spectrum; ab initio calculations; methyl barrier to internal rotation ID CORRELATED MOLECULAR CALCULATIONS; GAUSSIAN-BASIS SETS; ROTATIONAL SPECTRUM; SARIN AB The rotational spectrum of methyl phosphonic difluoride has been reinvestigated using a pulsed-molecular-beam Fabry-Perot cavity microwave spectrometer. The enhanced resolution of the Fourier transform microwave (FTMW) spectrometer (compared to the original work done in a conventional Stark spectrometer) has allowed the measurement of small A-E splittings of many of the rotational transitions caused by the internal rotation of the methyl top. The barrier to internal rotation, V-3 = 676 (25) cm(-1), has been determined experimentally from the A E splittings of the rotational transitions in the ground vibrational state. This barrier height is substantially lower than the previously determined value for the barrier, which was 1252 (14) cm-1. High-level ab initio calculations at the MP2/aug-ccpVTZ level predict a barrier to internal rotation of 638 cm-1, in agreement with the experimentally determined value found here. The high sensitivity of the FTMW spectrometer has also permitted the measurement of the C-13 and O-18 isotopomers in natural abundance. The addition of these two isotopomers has allowed an improved structural determination. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Chem, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Edgewood Chem Biol Ctr, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010 USA. RP Suenram, RD (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Dept Chem, Mccormick Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. EM suenramr@earthlink.net NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2852 J9 J MOL SPECTROSC JI J. Mol. Spectrosc. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 235 IS 1 BP 18 EP 26 DI 10.1016/j.jms.2005.10.001 PG 9 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 017BL UT WOS:000235669000002 ER PT J AU Jani, AA Fierro, M Kiser, S Ayala-Simms, V Darby, DH Juenker, S Storey, R Reynolds, C Marr, J Miller, G AF Jani, AA Fierro, M Kiser, S Ayala-Simms, V Darby, DH Juenker, S Storey, R Reynolds, C Marr, J Miller, G TI Hurricane Isabel-related mortality - Virginia, 2003 SO JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE LA English DT Article DE alcohol; Hurricane Isabel; injury risk; mortality; Virginia ID ALCOHOL AB Background: Hurricane Isabel had a massive negative environmental, public health, and economic impact; Virginia bore the highest death toll (32) among nine states affected by this storm. A descriptive mortality analysis was conducted to identify modifiable risk factors and corresponding injury prevention measures that might mitigate future natural disaster-related morbidity and mortality in Virginia. Methods: Information for the decedents, including demographic data, health status, and injury circumstances, was collected from the records of the Virginia Office of the Chief Medical Examiner and Office of Vital Records/Health Statistics. Criteria from the National Hurricane Center were used to classify deaths as direct or indirect. Storm assessments and emergency-response reports were also reviewed. Results: A total of 32 deaths associated with Hurricane Isabel occurred in several densely populated localities in southeastern and central Virginia. The median age of decedents was 48 years (range: 7-85 years). A disproportionately higher mortality (21 [66%] of 32) occurred among persons older than 45 years (Virginia 2000 Census data). Twelve deaths were directly caused by environmental factors related to the storm (eg, seven drowning deaths and five traumatic head injuries from falling trees). Twenty deaths were indirectly associated with the storm and its effects: six fatal motor vehicle crashes, five related to clean-up operations, seven associated with power outages, and two stress-related (ie, myocardial infarction and suicide). The presence of alcohol or drugs was observed in 9 (28%) of 32 deaths. Conclusions: Classifying deaths as direct or indirect facilitates better target interventions on the basis of the identification of modifiable risk factors underlying hurricane-associated fatal injuries. Public education messages that reinforce avoidance of use of alcohol and drugs during natural disaster situations might reduce risk for injury. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, US Publ Hlth Serv, Coordinating Off Global Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Virginia Commonwealth Univ Med Coll Virginia, Richmond, VA USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Washington, DC USA. Fed Emergency Management Assoc, Tech Serv Div, Washington, DC USA. Virginia Ctr Hlth Stat, Richmond, VA USA. Virginia Dept Hlth, Richmond, VA USA. RP Jani, AA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, US Publ Hlth Serv, Coordinating Off Global Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM ajani@cdc.gov NR 19 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3261 USA SN 1078-4659 J9 J PUBLIC HEALTH MAN JI J. Public Health Manag. Pract. PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 12 IS 1 BP 97 EP 102 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 999FY UT WOS:000234375500016 PM 16340521 ER PT J AU Mielenz, KD AF Mielenz, KD TI Optical diffraction in close proximity to plane apertures. IV. Test of a pseudo-vectorial theory SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE diffraction; narrow slits; optics; polarization; pseudo-vectorial theory; small circular apertures; scalar theory; transmission coefficients AB Rayleigh's pseudo-vectorial theory of the diffraction of polarized light by apertures which are small compared to the wavelength of light is analyzed with respect to its mathematical rigor and physical significance. It is found that the results published by Rayleigh and Bouwkamp for s-polarized incident do not obey the conditions assumed in their derivation and must therefore be dismissed. It is also found that the theory leads to paradoxical predictions concerning the polarization of the diffracted field, so that the pseudo-vectorial approach is intrinsically incapable of describing polarization effects. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mielenz, KD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM klausm@hereintown.net NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 111 IS 1 BP 1 EP 8 DI 10.6028/jres.111.001 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 032WI UT WOS:000236806500001 PM 27274913 ER PT J AU Tsai, BK AF Tsai, BK TI A summary of lightpipe radiation thermometry research at NIST SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE blackbody; effective emissivity models; heat-pipe blackbody; lightpipe radiation thermometer; radiation thermometer; temperature; thin-film thermocouple; traceability; uncertainty ID THIN-FILM THERMOCOUPLES; OPTICAL-FIBER THERMOMETER; STANDARDS-AND-TECHNOLOGY; SILICON-WAFERS; TEMPERATURE SCALES; ITS-90 AB During the last 10 years, research in lightpipe radiation thermometry has significantly reduced the uncertainties for temperature measurements in semiconductor processing. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has improved the calibration of lightpipe radiation thermometers (LPRTs), the characterization procedures for LPRTs, the in situ calibration of LPRTs using thin-film thermocouple (TFTC) test wafers, and the application of model-based corrections to improve LPRT spectral radiance temperatures. Collaboration with industry on implementing techniques and ideas established at NIST has led to improvements in temperature measurements in semiconductor processing. LPRTs have been successfully calibrated at NIST for rapid thermal processing (RTP) applications using a sodium heat-pipe blackbody between 700 degrees C and 900 degrees C with an uncertainty of about 0.3 degrees C (k=1) traceable to the International Temperature Scale of 1990. Employing appropriate effective emissivity models, LPRTs have been used to determine the wafer temperature in the NIST RTP Test Bed with an uncertainty of 3.5 degrees C. Using a TFTC wafer for calibration, the LPRT can measure the wafer temperature in the NIST RTP Test Bed with an uncertainty of 2.3 degrees C. Collaborations with industry in characterizing and calibrating LPRTs will be summarized, and future directions for LPRT research will be discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tsai, BK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM benjamin.tsai@nist.gov NR 77 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 5 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 111 IS 1 BP 9 EP 30 DI 10.6028/jres.111.002 PG 22 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 032WI UT WOS:000236806500002 PM 27274914 ER PT J AU Parr, AC AF Parr, AC TI A tale about the first weights and measures intercomparison in the United States in 1832 SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Hassler; history; intercomparison AB In preparation for the Hassler memorial tablet dedication in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Administration Building lobby in December of 2004, I learned that Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler had carried out the first systematic study of weights and measures in the United States. I obtained a copy of Comparison of Weights and Measures of Length and Capacity Reported to the Senate of the United States which is Hassler's 1832 report to Congress on this comparison that related all the weights and measures then in use by the states and federal customhouses. Handwritten inscriptions in the book reveal interesting facts about Hassler's work and his communication with other scientists in Europe at that time. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Parr, AC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM albert.parr@nist.gov NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 111 IS 1 BP 31 EP 40 DI 10.6028/jres.111.003 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 032WI UT WOS:000236806500003 PM 27274915 ER PT J AU Wong-Ng, W Cook, LP Su, HB Vaudin, MD Chiang, CK Welch, DR Fuller, ER Yang, Z Bennett, LH AF Wong-Ng, W Cook, LP Su, HB Vaudin, MD Chiang, CK Welch, DR Fuller, ER Yang, Z Bennett, LH TI Phase transformations in the high-T-c superconducting compounds, Ba2RCu3O7-delta (R = Nd, Sm, Gd, Y, Ho, and Er) SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ac magnetic susceptibility; orthorhombic/tetra-gonal transformation; oxygen ordering; phase transformation of Ba2RCu3O7-delta (R=lanthanides); strain effect on phase transition; transition temperature ID YBCO-COATED CONDUCTORS; OXYGEN-DEFICIENT YBA2CU3O7-DELTA; PULSED-LASER DEPOSITION; BUFFER LAYERS; THIN-FILMS; STRUCTURAL-PROPERTIES; BULK SUPERCONDUCTOR; CRYSTAL-CHEMISTRY; CURRENT-DENSITY; TRANSITION AB The phase transformation between the orthorhombic and tetragonal structures of six high-T-c superconductors, Ba2RCu3O7-delta, where R=Nd, Sm, Gd, Y, Ho, and Er, and delta=0 to 1, has been investigated using techniques of x-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis/thermogravimetric analysis (DTA/TGA) and electron diffraction. The transformation from the oxygen-rich orthorhombic phase to the oxygen-deficient tetragonal phase involves two orthorhombic phases. A superlattice cell caused by oxygen ordering, with a'=2a, was observed for materials with smaller ionic radius (Y, Ho, and Er). For the larger lanthanide samples (Nd, Sm, and Gd), the a'=2a type superlattice cell was not observed. The structural phase transition temperatures, oxygen stoichiometry and characteristics of the T-c plateaus appear to correlate with the ionic radius, which varies based on the number of f electrons. Lanthanide elements with a smaller ionic radius stabilize the orthorhombic phase to higher temperatures and lower oxygen content. Also, the superconducting temperature is less sensitive to the oxygen content for materials with smaller ionic radius. The trend of dependence of the phase transformation temperature on ionic radius across the lanthanide series can be explained using a quasi-chemical approximation (QCA) whereby the strain effect plays an important role on the order-disorder transition due to the effect of oxygen content on the CuO chain sites. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. CALTECH, Beckman Inst, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Mat Sci, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Wong-Ng, W (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OI Su, Haibin/0000-0001-9760-6567 NR 71 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 10 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 111 IS 1 BP 41 EP 55 DI 10.6028/jres.111.004 PG 15 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 032WI UT WOS:000236806500004 PM 27274916 ER PT J AU Regan, KA Huang, Q Lee, M Ramirez, AP Cava, RJ AF Regan, KA Huang, Q Lee, M Ramirez, AP Cava, RJ TI Structure and magnetism of NaRu2O4 and Na2.7Ru4O9 SO JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE ruthenate; bronze; NaRu2O4; Na2.7Ru4O9; ferrite; paramagnetic ID CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; HEAT MEASUREMENTS; SODIUM TITANATE; RUTHENIUM; PHASES; OXIDE; NA3-XRU4O9; PEROVSKITE; NA2TI6O13; SR2RUO4 AB The structures of NaRu2O4 and Na2.7Ru4O9 are refined using neutron diffraction. NaRu2O4 is a stoichionietric compound consisting ;of double chains of edge sharing RuO6 octahedra. Na2.7Ru4O9 is a non-stoichiometric compound with partial occupancy of the Na sublattice. The structure is a mixture of single, double and triple chains of edge-shared RuO6 octahedra. Na2.7Ru6O4 displays temperature independent paramagnetism with chi(0) = 1.23 x 10(-4) emu/mol(Ru) Oe. Na2.7Ru4O9 is paramagnetic, chi(0) = 2.0 x 10(-4) emu/mol Oe with Theta(w) = -11.8 K and a Curie constant of 0.0119 emu/mol Oe K. Specific heat measurements reveal a small upturn at low temperatures, similar to the upturn observed in La4Ru6O19. The electronic contribution to the specific heat (gamma) for Na2.7Ru4O9 was determined to be 15 mJ/mole(Ru) K-2. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA. RP Regan, KA (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM kregan@princeton.edu NR 29 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 27 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-4596 EI 1095-726X J9 J SOLID STATE CHEM JI J. Solid State Chem. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 179 IS 1 BP 195 EP 204 DI 10.1016/j.jssc.2005.10.016 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 005FH UT WOS:000234807500027 ER PT J AU McCarthy, MC Hafner, HR Montzka, SA AF McCarthy, MC Hafner, HR Montzka, SA TI Background concentrations of 18 air toxics for North America SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC BURDEN; FORMALDEHYDE AB The U.S. Clean Air Act identifies 188 hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), or "air toxics," associated with adverse human health effects. Of these air toxics, 18 were targeted as the most important in a 10-City Pilot Study conducted in 2001 and 2002 as part of the National Air Toxics Trend Sites Program. In the present analysis, measurements available from monitoring networks in North America were used to estimate boundary layer background concentrations and trends of these 18 HAPs. The background concentrations reported in this study are as much as 85% lower than those reported in recent studies of HAP concentrations. Background concentrations of some volatile organic compounds were analyzed for trends at the 95% confidence level; only carbon tetrachloride (CCI4) and tetrachloroethylene decreased significantly in recent years. Remote background concentrations were compared with the one-in-a-million (i.e., 10(-6)) cancer benchmarks to determine the possible causes of health risk in rural and remote areas; benzene, chloroform, formaldehyde, and chromium (Cr) fine particulate were higher than cancer benchmark values. In addition, remote background concentrations were found to contribute between 5% and 99% of median urban concentrations. C1 Sonoma Technol Inc, Petaluma, CA USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP McCarthy, MC (reprint author), Sonoma Technol Inc, Petaluma, CA USA. EM mmccarthy@sonomatech.com RI McCarthy, Michael/E-5970-2010; OI Montzka, Stephen/0000-0002-9396-0400 NR 27 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 7 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 56 IS 1 BP 3 EP 11 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 002KW UT WOS:000234611300002 PM 16499141 ER PT J AU Hausman, SA Ooyama, KV Schubert, WH AF Hausman, SA Ooyama, KV Schubert, WH TI Potential vorticity structure of simulated hurricanes SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL CYCLONE MODEL; THERMODYNAMIC FOUNDATION; MOIST ATMOSPHERE; NUMERICAL-MODEL; ANDREW 1992; DYNAMICS; MICROPHYSICS; SENSITIVITY; RESOLUTION; EVOLUTION AB To better understand the processes involved in tropical cyclone development, the authors simulate an axisymmetric tropical-cyclone-like vortex using a two-dimensional model based on nonhydrostatic dynamics, equilibrium thermodynamics, and bulk microphysics. The potential vorticity principle for this nonhydrostatic, moist, precipitating atmosphere is derived. The appropriate generalization of the dry potential vorticity is found to be P=rho(-1){(-partial derivative upsilon/partial derivative z) (partial derivative theta(rho)/partial derivative r) + [f+partial derivative(r upsilon)/r partial derivative r] (partial derivative theta(rho)/partial derivative z)}, where rho is the total density, upsilon is the azimuthal component of velocity, and theta(p) is the virtual potential temperature. It is shown that P carries all the essential dynamical information about the balanced wind and mass fields. In the fully developed, quasi-steady-state cyclone, the P field and the theta(p) field become locked together, with each field having an outward sloping region of peak values on the inside edge of the eyewall cloud. In this remarkable structure, the P field consists of a narrow, leaning tower in which the value of P can reach several hundred potential vorticity (PV) units. Sensitivity experiments reveal that the simulated cyclones are sensitive to the effects of ice, primarily through the reduced fall velocity of precipitation above the freezing level rather than through the latent heat of fusion, and to the effects of vertical entropy transport by precipitation. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USAF, Weather Agcy, Offutt Air Force Base, NE USA. Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL USA. RP Schubert, WH (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM waynes@atmos.colostate.edu NR 36 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 63 IS 1 BP 87 EP 108 DI 10.1175/JAS3601.1 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 008HP UT WOS:000235031100006 ER PT J AU McFarquhar, GM Zhang, HN Heymsfield, G Hood, R Dudhia, J Halverson, JB Marks, F AF McFarquhar, GM Zhang, HN Heymsfield, G Hood, R Dudhia, J Halverson, JB Marks, F TI Factors affecting the evolution of Hurricane Erin (2001) and the distributions of hydrometeors: Role of microphysical processes SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL CYCLONE MODEL; VERTICAL VELOCITY; ANDREW 1992; PART II; REFLECTIVITY; PARAMETERIZATION; SIMULATIONS; PHASE; PRECIPITATION; CONVECTION AB Fine-resolution simulations of Hurricane Erin are conducted using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University - NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) to investigate roles of thermodynamic, boundary layer, and microphysical processes on Erin's structure and evolution. Choice of boundary layer scheme has the biggest impact on simulations, with the minimum surface pressure ( P-min) averaged over the last 18 h ( when Erin is relatively mature) varying by over 20 hPa. Over the same period, coefficients used to describe graupel fall speeds (V-g) affect Pmin by up to 7 hPa, almost equivalent to the maximum 9-hPa difference between microphysical parameterization schemes; faster Vg and schemes with more hydrometeor categories generally give lower Pmin. Compared to radar reflectivity factor (Z) observed by the NOAA P-3 lower fuselage radar and the NASA ER-2 Doppler radar (EDOP) in Erin, all simulations overpredict the normalized frequency of occurrence of Z larger than 40 dBZ and underpredict that between 20 and 40 dBZ near the surface; simulations overpredict Z larger than 25 to 30 dBZ and underpredict that between 15 and 25 or 30 dBZ near the melting layer, the upper limit depending on altitude. Brightness temperatures (T-b) computed from modeled fields at 37.1- and 85.5-GHz channels that respond to scattering by graupel-size ice show enhanced scattering, mainly due to graupel, compared to observations. Simulated graupel mixing ratios are about 10 times larger than values observed in other hurricanes. For the control run at 6.5 km averaged over the last 18 simulated hours, Doppler velocities computed from modeled fields (V-dop) greater than 5 m s(-1) make up 12% of Erin's simulated area for the base simulation but less than 2% of the observed area. In the eyewall, 5% of model updrafts above 9 km are stronger than 10 m s(-1), whereas statistics from other hurricanes show that 5% of updrafts are stronger than only 5 m s(-1). Variations in distributions of Z, vertical motion, and graupel mixing ratios between schemes are not sufficient to explain systematic offsets between observations and models. A new iterative condensation scheme, used with the Reisner mixed-phase microphysics scheme, limits unphysical increases of equivalent potential temperature associated with many condensation schemes and reduces the frequency of Z larger than 50 dBZ, but has minimal effect on Z below 50 dBZ, which represent 95% of the modeled hurricane rain area. However, the new scheme changes the Erin simulations in that 95% of the updrafts are weaker than 5 m s(-1) and P-min is up to 12 hPa higher over the last 18 simulated hours. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NOAA, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL USA. RP Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, 105 S Gregory St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. EM mcfarq@atmos.uiuc.edu RI Dudhia, Jimy/B-1287-2008; Marks, Frank/A-5733-2011; OI Dudhia, Jimy/0000-0002-2394-6232; Marks, Frank/0000-0003-0371-5514; McFarquhar, Greg/0000-0003-0950-0135 NR 40 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 EI 1520-0469 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 63 IS 1 BP 127 EP 150 DI 10.1175/JAS3590.1 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 008HP UT WOS:000235031100008 ER PT J AU Aberson, SD Etherton, BJ AF Aberson, SD Etherton, BJ TI Targeting and data assimilation studies during Hurricane Humberto (2001) SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID GPS DROPWINDSONDE; MODEL; SYSTEM; TRACK; PERFORMANCE; SEASON; ERROR AB Two operational synoptic surveillance missions were conducted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration into Hurricane Humberto (2001). Forecasts from two leading dynamical hurricane track forecast models were improved substantially during the watch and warning period before a projected landfall by the assimilation of the additional dropwindsonde data. Feasibility tests with a barotropic model suggest that further improvements may be obtained by the use of the ensemble transform Kalman filter for assimilating these additional data into the model. This is the first effort to assimilate data into a hurricane model using the ensemble transform Kalman filter. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ N Carolina, Charlotte, NC 28223 USA. RP Aberson, SD (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM sim.aberson@noaa.gov RI Aberson, Sim/C-4891-2013; Etherton, Brian/E-7419-2015 OI Aberson, Sim/0000-0002-3670-0100; Etherton, Brian/0000-0002-2760-0095 NR 20 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 63 IS 1 BP 175 EP 186 DI 10.1175/JAS3594.1 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 008HP UT WOS:000235031100010 ER PT J AU Hood, RE Cecil, DJ LaFontaine, FJ Blakeslee, RJ Mach, DM Heymsfield, GM Marks, FD Zipser, EJ Goodman, M AF Hood, RE Cecil, DJ LaFontaine, FJ Blakeslee, RJ Mach, DM Heymsfield, GM Marks, FD Zipser, EJ Goodman, M TI Classification of tropical oceanic precipitation using high-altitude aircraft microwave and electric field measurements SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID CONVECTIVE-SYSTEMS; ICE-SCATTERING; DOPPLER RADAR; RADIOMETER; RETRIEVAL; PROFILE; RAIN; THUNDERSTORMS; HURRICANES; AIRBORNE AB During the 1998 and 2001 hurricane seasons of the western Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico, the Advanced Microwave Precipitation Radiometer (AMPR), the ER-2 Doppler (EDOP) radar, and the Lightning Instrument Package (LIP) were flown aboard the NASA ER-2 high-altitude aircraft as part of the Third Convection and Moisture Experiment (CAMEX-3) and the Fourth Convection and Moisture Experiment (CAMEX-4). Several hurricanes, tropical storms, and other precipitation systems were sampled during these experiments. An oceanic rainfall screening technique has been developed using AMPR passive microwave observations of these systems collected at frequencies of 10.7, 19.35, 37.1, and 85.5 GHz. This technique combines the information content of the four AMPR frequencies regarding the gross vertical structure of hydrometeors into an intuitive and easily executable precipitation mapping format. The results have been verified using vertical profiles of EDOP reflectivity and lower-altitude horizontal reflectivity scans collected by the NOAA WP-3D Orion radar. Matching the rainfall classification results with coincident electric field information collected by the LIP readily identifies convective rain regions within the precipitation fields. This technique shows promise as a real-time research and analysis tool for monitoring vertical updraft strength and convective intensity from airborne platforms such as remotely operated or uninhabited aerial vehicles. The technique is analyzed and discussed for a wide variety of precipitation types using the 26 August 1998 observations of Hurricane Bonnie near landfall. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Earth & Planetary Sci Branch, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. Univ Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. Raytheon Tech Serv Co, Huntsville, AL USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL USA. Univ Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA. RP Hood, RE (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Earth & Planetary Sci Branch, Code XD11, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM Robbie.Hood@nasa.gov RI Marks, Frank/A-5733-2011 OI Marks, Frank/0000-0003-0371-5514 NR 31 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 63 IS 1 BP 218 EP 233 DI 10.1175/JAS3606.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 008HP UT WOS:000235031100013 ER PT J AU Jiang, HY Black, PG Zipser, EJ Marks, FD Uhlhorn, EW AF Jiang, HY Black, PG Zipser, EJ Marks, FD Uhlhorn, EW TI Validation of rain-rate estimation in hurricanes from the Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer: Algorithm correction and error analysis SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID TRMM PRECIPITATION RADAR; CONVECTIVE CELLS; LIGHTNING CHARACTERISTICS; MESOSCALE SYSTEMS; VERTICAL PROFILE; ICE SCATTERING; HEAVY RAINFALL; C-BAND; REFLECTIVITY; AIRCRAFT AB Simultaneous observations by the lower fuselage (LF) radar, the tail (TA) radar, and the Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer (SFMR) on board the NOAA WP-3D aircraft are used to validate the rainfall rate estimates from microwave emission measurements of SFMR in tropical cyclones. Data collected in Hurricane Bonnie (1998) and Hurricane Humberto (2001) with a total of 820 paired samples are used in the comparisons. The SFMR 10-s path-integrated rain rates are found to have an overestimate in light rain and an underestimate in heavy rain relative to radar rainfall estimates. Examination of the existing SFMR algorithm shows that the coefficient should be changed in the attenuation-rain-rate relationship used in the inversion algorithm. After this correction, a linear regression result with a correlation coefficient of 0.8 and a slope close to 1 is obtained. But an overall high bias of 5 mm h(-1) of the SFMR rainfall estimate relative to radar is also found. The error analysis shows that the bias is nearly independent of rain type, a result confirming Jorgensen and Willis's conclusion that the drop size distributions between convective and stratiform rain in hurricanes are similar. It is also shown that the bias is a weak function of wind speed, as well as a weak inverse function of radial distance to the hurricane center. Temperature dependence has been ruled out as the main explanation. After doing sensitivity tests, the authors conclude that the bias results from a combination of two factors: an underestimate of the freezing-level height, and a downward increase of radar reflectivity in the high wind regions. If the true downward increase is 1-2 dBZ km(-1), a 0.5-km underestimate of the freezing-level height could account for up to a 3-5 mm h(-1) bias. C1 Univ Utah, Dept Meteorol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL USA. Univ Utah, Dept Meteorol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. Univ Miami, RSMAS, CIMAS, Miami, FL USA. RP Jiang, HY (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 613-1,Bldg 33,Rm C415, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM jiang@agnes.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Marks, Frank/A-5733-2011; Uhlhorn, Eric/B-1336-2014 OI Marks, Frank/0000-0003-0371-5514; Uhlhorn, Eric/0000-0002-4759-5342 NR 50 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 63 IS 1 BP 252 EP 267 DI 10.1175/JAS3605.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 008HP UT WOS:000235031100015 ER PT J AU Molinari, J Dodge, P Vollaro, D Corbosiero, KL Marks, F AF Molinari, J Dodge, P Vollaro, D Corbosiero, KL Marks, F TI Mesoscale aspects of the downshear reformation of a tropical cyclone SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID LIGHTNING DETECTION NETWORK; VERTICAL WIND SHEAR; LIVED MESOCONVECTIVE VORTICES; PREDICTION SCHEME SHIPS; HURRICANE DIANA 1984; VORTEX ROSSBY WAVES; EASTERN NEW-YORK; INTENSITY PREDICTION; EXTERNAL INFLUENCES; INNER-CORE AB The downshear reformation of Tropical Storm Gabrielle (2001) was investigated using radar reflectivity and lightning data that were nearly continuous in time, as well as frequent aircraft reconnaissance flights. Initially the storm was a marginal tropical storm in an environment with strong 850-200-hPa vertical wind shear of 12-13 ms(-1) and an approaching upper tropospheric trough. Both the observed outflow and an adiabatic balance model calculation showed that the radial-vertical circulation increased with time as the trough approached. Convection was highly asymmetric, with almost all radar return located in one quadrant left of downshear in the storm. Reconnaissance data show that an intense mesovortex formed downshear of the original center. This vortex was located just south of, rather than within, a strong downshear-left lightning outbreak, consistent with tilting of the horizontal vorticity associated with the vertical wind shear. The downshear mesovortex contained a 972-hPa minimum central pressure, 20 hPa lower than minimum pressure in the original vortex just 3 h earlier. The mesovortex became the new center of the storm, but weakened somewhat prior to landfall. It is argued that dry air carried around the storm from the region of upshear subsidence, as well as the direct effects of the shear, prevented the reformed vortex from continuing to intensify. Despite the subsequent weakening of the reformed center, it reached land with greater intensity than the original center. It is argued that this intensification process was set into motion by the vertical wind shear in the presence of an environment with upward motion forced by the upper tropospheric trough. In addition, the new center formed much closer to the coast and made landfall much earlier than predicted. Such vertical-shear-induced intensity and track fluctuations are important to understand, especially in storms approaching the coast. C1 SUNY Albany, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Albany, NY 12222 USA. NOAA, AOML, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL USA. RP Molinari, J (reprint author), SUNY Albany, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Albany, NY 12222 USA. EM molinari@atmos.albany.edu RI Marks, Frank/A-5733-2011; dodge, peter/A-9808-2017 OI Marks, Frank/0000-0003-0371-5514; NR 62 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 63 IS 1 BP 341 EP 354 DI 10.1175/JAS3591.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 008HP UT WOS:000235031100020 ER PT J AU Aberson, SD Dunion, JP Marks, FD AF Aberson, SD Dunion, JP Marks, FD TI A photograph of a wavenumber-2 asymmetry in the eye of Hurricane Erin SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL CYCLONE; INNER-CORE AB A photograph of a wavenumber-2 asymmetry in the eye of Hurricane Erin taken during a NOAA WP-3D research flight during the Fourth Convection and Moisture Experiment (CAMEX-4) field program on 10 September 2001 is described. The photograph of the cloud structure within the eye is evaluated using airborne and satellite remote sensing observations, and a possible explanation for the asymmetry is presented. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Miami, CIMAS, Miami, FL USA. RP Aberson, SD (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM sim.aberson@noaa.gov RI Marks, Frank/A-5733-2011; Aberson, Sim/C-4891-2013; Dunion, Jason/B-1352-2014 OI Marks, Frank/0000-0003-0371-5514; Aberson, Sim/0000-0002-3670-0100; Dunion, Jason/0000-0001-7489-0569 NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 63 IS 1 BP 387 EP 391 DI 10.1175/JAS3593.1 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 008HP UT WOS:000235031100022 ER PT J AU Hickner, MA Siegel, NP Chen, KS McBrayer, DN Hussey, DS Jacobson, DL Arif, M AF Hickner, MA Siegel, NP Chen, KS McBrayer, DN Hussey, DS Jacobson, DL Arif, M TI Real-time imaging of liquid water in an operating proton exchange membrane fuel cell SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID TRANSPORT; VISUALIZATION; MODEL; PEFC AB Neutron imaging experiments were carried out to measure the water content of an operating proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) under varying conditions of current density and temperature. It was found that the water content of the PEMFC is strongly coupled to the current density and temperature of the cell. These measurements indicate that changes in water content lag changes in current density by at least 100 s, both when the current density was increased and decreased. Less liquid water was measured in the cells when operating at 80 degrees C than at 40 degrees C. At 60 degrees C cell temperature, a peak in water content was observed around 650 mA/cm(2) and the water content was found to decrease with increasing current density. This is explained in the context of cell heating by performing a simple thermal analysis of an operating PEMFC so as to yield quantitative information on the waste heat and its effects on the liquid water contained in the cell. (c) 2006 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Energy Infrastruct & Knowledge Syst Ctr, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Engn Sci Ctr, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hickner, MA (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Energy Infrastruct & Knowledge Syst Ctr, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM mahickn@sandia.gov OI McBrayer, Dominic/0000-0003-1806-3627 NR 16 TC 154 Z9 155 U1 1 U2 22 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2006 VL 153 IS 5 BP A902 EP A908 DI 10.1149/1.2184893 PG 7 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 028VD UT WOS:000236516000016 ER PT J AU Josell, D Wheeler, D Moffat, TP AF Josell, D Wheeler, D Moffat, TP TI Gold superfill in submicrometer trenches: Experiment and prediction SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SUPERCONFORMAL ELECTRODEPOSITION; CYANIDE SOLUTIONS; METAL IONS; COPPER; DEPOSITION; KINETICS; SILVER; MODEL; DICYANOAURATE; CONTACTS AB Bottom-up deposition of gold in fine trenches, also called "superfill," was recently demonstrated using a submonolayer coverage of preadsorbed, deposition-rate-accelerating lead followed by gold electrodeposition. The present study has used experiments on planar substrates to quantify the effect of Pb adsorption on the Au deposition rate and the rate at which the adsorbed Pb was consumed during the Au deposition process. The values obtained have been incorporated into the curvature enhanced accelerator coverage mechanism of superfill where they were used to quantitatively predict the nonconformal, bottom-up deposition observed during filling of the patterned features. The results indicate the potential of the process for damascene interconnect fabrication in GaAs, GaN, and related technologies. (c) 2005 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Josell, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM daniel.josell@nist.gov RI Wheeler, Daniel/C-8994-2009 OI Wheeler, Daniel/0000-0002-2653-7418 NR 36 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 14 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2006 VL 153 IS 1 BP C11 EP C18 DI 10.1149/1.2128765 PG 8 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 995YV UT WOS:000234142400036 ER PT J AU Kim, SK Josell, D Moffat, TP AF Kim, S. -K. Josell, D. Moffat, T. P. TI Cationic Surfactants for the control of overfill bumps in Cu superfilling SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SCANNING-TUNNELING-MICROSCOPY; COPPER ELECTRODEPOSITION; POLYETHYLENE-GLYCOL; IN-SITU; ADDITIVE SYSTEM; DISK ELECTRODE; ACID; DEPOSITION; ADSORPTION; MECHANISM AB Electroanalytical measurements and feature-filling experiments have been conducted to study the effect of dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (DTAC), a quaternary ammonium cationic surfactant, on Cu deposition in the presence of various combinations of superfilling additives. A variety of other surfactants, cetyltrimethylammonium chloride, cetyltrimethylammonium hydrogen sulfate, and sodium dodecyl sulfate were examined to reveal the significance of head group charge, counterion, and chain length for the adsorption and interaction of levelers with the accelerator bis(3-sulfopropyl) disulfide (SPS). Dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (DTAC)-saturated surfaces yield substantial inhibition of Cu deposition that is similar in magnitude to that provided by polyethylene glycol (PEG)-Cl. This suggests that such layers operate by physically limiting access of Cu2+ to the Cu surface. However, the addition of DTAC and related cationic surfactants quench the characteristic voltammetric hysteresis of the PEG-Cl-SPS system. This is attributed to ion-pairing between the cationic head group of the surfactants and the anionic tail group of SPS, resulting in the deactivation of SPS. Deactivation may occur either by DTAC accumulation from the electrolyte or by lateral interaction during area reduction that occurs on advancing concave surfaces in accordance with the curvature-enhanced adsorbate coverage mechanism. The combined process may be optimized to enable the superfilling dynamic to be sustained while overfill bump is effectively attenuated. (c) 2006 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kim, SK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM thomas.moffat@nist.gov RI Kim, Soo-Kil/E-1295-2011 NR 46 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 21 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 EI 1945-7111 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2006 VL 153 IS 12 BP C826 EP C833 DI 10.1149/1.2354456 PG 8 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 101RF UT WOS:000241757400042 ER PT J AU Kim, SK Josell, D Moffat, TP AF Kim, S. -K. Josell, D. Moffat, T. P. TI Electrodeposition of Cu in the PEI-PEG-Cl-SPS additive system - Reduction of overfill bump formation during superfilling SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID COPPER ELECTRODEPOSITION; ADSORPTION; DEPOSITION; MODEL; ACID; ACCELERATOR; INTERFACE; MECHANISM; SURFACES; SULFATE AB The impact of branched polyethyleneimine (PEI) on Cu electrodeposition from an acidified cupric sulfate electtrolyte containing a combination of superfilling additives, specifically polyethylene glycol, bis(3-sulfopropyl)disulfide, and chloride (PEG-Cl-SPS), is examined. Electroanalytical measurements reveal that adsorption of cationic PEI leads to inhibition of the metal deposition reaction to an extent similar to that provided by PEG-Cl adsorption. However, unlike the PEG-Cl suppressor, PEI is shown to deactivate adsorbed SPS accelerator. As a result, addition of PEI quenches the hysteretic voltammetric response that is a signature of competitive adsorption in the PEG-Cl-SPS additive system. Trench-filling experiments in a PEI-PEG-Cl-SPS electrolyte demonstrate that the deactivating interaction between PEI adsorption and adsorbed SPS can be optimized to prevent overfill bump formation without substantial detrimental impact on bottom-up, void-free feature filling. (c) 2006 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kim, SK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM thomas.moffat@nist.gov RI Kim, Soo-Kil/E-1295-2011 NR 30 TC 63 Z9 65 U1 3 U2 41 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2006 VL 153 IS 9 BP C616 EP C622 DI 10.1149/1.2216356 PG 7 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 066SO UT WOS:000239250600037 ER PT J AU Moffat, TP Walker, M Chen, PJ Bonevich, JE Egelhoff, WF Richter, L Witt, C Aaltonen, T Ritala, M Leskela, M Josell, D AF Moffat, TP Walker, M Chen, PJ Bonevich, JE Egelhoff, WF Richter, L Witt, C Aaltonen, T Ritala, M Leskela, M Josell, D TI Electrodeposition of Cu on Ru barrier layers for damascene processing SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SCANNING-TUNNELING-MICROSCOPY; RING-DISK ELECTRODE; UNDERPOTENTIAL DEPOSITION; COPPER ELECTRODEPOSITION; RUTHENIUM ELECTRODES; SULFURIC-ACID; SUPERCONFORMAL ELECTRODEPOSITION; SURFACE OXIDATION; RU(0001) SURFACE; ULTRAHIGH-VACUUM AB Superfilling of submicrometer trenches by direct copper electrodeposition onto physical vapor deposited and atomic layer deposited Ru barriers is demonstrated. The Cu nucleation and growth mode is found to be sensitive to the oxidation state of the Ru surface as well as the copper deposition parameters. Depending on the processing conditions, Cu deposition may or may not occur competitively with oxide reduction. Failure to remove the air-formed 3D oxide film results in Volmer-Weber (island) growth and consequently poor trench filling, as well as poor adhesion between Cu and Ru. In the case of thin resistive oxide-covered Ru seed layers, the "terminal effect" further exacerbates the difficulties in obtaining a compact, fully coalesced Cu film because the rate of Ru oxide reduction is decreased along with the density of Cu nuclei. In contrast, Cu deposition on a reduced "oxide- free" Ru surface results in more rapid coalescence involving the formation of a wetting Cu underpotential deposition layer. Electrochemical reduction of the oxidized Ru seed layer in a deaerated sulfuric acid solution, followed by rapid wet transfer to a Cu plating bath, enables robust superfilling of trenches and improved adhesion between Cu and Ru. Early film coalescence is favored by deposition at high (eta approximate to -0.25 V) overpotentials. (c) 2005 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Cookson Elect, Enthone Div, West Haven, CT 06516 USA. Univ Helsinki, Inorgan Chem Lab, Helsinki, Finland. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM thomas.moffat@nist.gov RI Ritala, Mikko/N-7268-2013; Aaltonen, Titta/C-8881-2015; OI Ritala, Mikko/0000-0002-6210-2980; Aaltonen, Titta/0000-0002-6858-1126; Leskela, Markku/0000-0001-5830-2800 NR 49 TC 80 Z9 81 U1 2 U2 26 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 EI 1945-7111 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2006 VL 153 IS 1 BP C37 EP C50 DI 10.1149/1.2131826 PG 14 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 995YV UT WOS:000234142400040 ER PT J AU Moffat, TP Wheeler, D Kim, SK Josell, D AF Moffat, TP Wheeler, D Kim, SK Josell, D TI Curvature enhanced adsorbate coverage model for electrodeposition SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SURFACTANTS; SCANNING-TUNNELING-MICROSCOPY; DODECYL-SULFATE; IN-SITU; SUPERCONFORMAL ELECTRODEPOSITION; COPPER ELECTRODEPOSITION; SUBMICROMETER TRENCHES; CATIONIC SURFACTANTS; BLOCKING INHIBITORS; ADSORPTION-KINETICS AB The influence of a catalyst deactivating leveling additive in electrodeposition is explored in the context of the previously developed curvature enhanced accelerator coverage model of superconformal film growth. Competitive adsorption between a rapidly adsorbed suppressor, rate accelerating catalyst, and catalyst-deactivating leveler is examined. Rate equations are formulated where the leveling agent is capable of deactivating the adsorbed catalyst by either direct adsorption from the electrolyte or by deactivation/displacement during surface area reduction that accompanies advancing concave surfaces. The influence of a prototypical cationic surfactant leveler on electrochemical kinetics and feature filling is examined for copper electrodeposition from an electrolyte containing polyethylene glycol-chloride-bis(3-sulfopropyl)disulfide (PEG-Cl-SPS). (c) 2006 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Moffat, TP (reprint author), Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM thomas.moffat@nist.gov RI Wheeler, Daniel/C-8994-2009; Kim, Soo-Kil/E-1295-2011 OI Wheeler, Daniel/0000-0002-2653-7418; NR 47 TC 72 Z9 73 U1 3 U2 30 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2006 VL 153 IS 2 BP C127 EP C132 DI 10.1149/1.2165580 PG 6 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 001NK UT WOS:000234543400047 ER PT J AU Stafford, GR Kongstein, OE Haarberg, GM AF Stafford, GR Kongstein, OE Haarberg, GM TI In situ stress measurements during aluminum deposition from AlCl3-EtMeImCl ionic liquid SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID INDUCED SURFACE STRESS; THIN-FILM ELECTRODES; UNDERPOTENTIAL DEPOSITION; INTRINSIC STRESS; MOLTEN-SALTS; COPPER ELECTRODEPOSITION; AU(111) ELECTRODES; SOLID ELECTRODES; VAPOR-DEPOSITION; GOLD ELECTRODES AB In situ stress measurements were made during aluminum electrodeposition from Lewis acidic aluminum chloride-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (AlCl3-EtMeImCl) using the wafer curvature method. The underpotential deposition of Al on (111)-textured Cu shows a stress response that is consistent with a two-step process where the first step involves the desorption of AlCl4- from the Cu surface. This results in a tensile surface stress which is consistent with adsorbate-induced stress models that appear in the literature. The tensile stress is eliminated when the full incommensurate monolayer of aluminum is formed. On (111)-textured Au, the full Al monolayer results in a tensile stress that can be attributed to both lattice misfit and Al-Au alloying. The bulk deposition of Al on (111)-textured Au appears to be governed by Stranski-Krastanov three-dimensional growth. Initially a compressive stress is observed that we attribute to capillarity effects. This is followed by a rapid increase in tensile stress that is consistent with nuclei coalescence and grain boundary formation. In this region of nucleation and growth, the total stress is the superposition of both stress mechanisms and each is dependent on the deposition potential. C1 NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20879 USA. Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Mat Technol, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway. RP Stafford, GR (reprint author), NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20879 USA. EM gery.stafford@nist.gov NR 54 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 17 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2006 VL 153 IS 4 BP C207 EP C212 DI 10.1149/1.2168048 PG 6 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 017WI UT WOS:000235723600028 ER PT J AU Svedberg, EB Mallett, JJ Bendersky, LA Roy, AG Egelhoff, WF Moffat, TP AF Svedberg, E. B. Mallett, J. J. Bendersky, L. A. Roy, A. G. Egelhoff, W. F., Jr. Moffat, T. P. TI A structural study of electrodeposited Fe on n-GaAs(001) SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SITU INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY; EPITAXIAL NI FILMS; SEMICONDUCTOR SPINTRONICS; METAL ELECTRODEPOSITION; INTERFACE PROPERTIES; MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; GAAS CATHODES; EVOLUTION; GROWTH; GAAS(001) AB The microstructure of Fe films electrodeposited onto n-GaAs(001) from FeCl2 and FeSO4-(NH4)(2)SO4 electrolytes was examined by X-ray and electron diffraction. Symmetrical theta-2 theta X-Ray diffraction from films deposited from chloride solutions indicates a dominant (001) texture with the presence of additional minority orientations. In contrast, deposition from an ammonium sulfate electrolyte yields films that only exhibit (001) scattering in the theta-2 theta geometry. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) cross-sectional images of films grown in chloride solutions reveal intermittent cube-on-cube epitaxy that is also evident in plan view TEM dark field images. Interestingly, X-ray pole figure measurements for all specimens examined reveal an additional (221) orientation that is undetectable by symmetric theta-2 theta diffraction. The (221) oriented material most likely derives from twinning of (001) oriented grains during growth. (c) 2006 The Electrochemical Society. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RP Svedberg, EB (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jon.mallett@nist.gov RI Schaff, William/B-5839-2009 NR 40 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 3 U2 8 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2006 VL 153 IS 12 BP C807 EP C813 DI 10.1149/1.2353782 PG 7 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 101RF UT WOS:000241757400039 ER PT J AU Walker, ML Richter, LJ Moffat, TP AF Walker, ML Richter, LJ Moffat, TP TI Competitive adsorption of PEG, Cl-, and SPS/MPS on Cu: An in situ ellipsometric study SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; POLYETHYLENE-GLYCOL; POLYCRYSTALLINE GOLD; DIALKYL DISULFIDES; THIOL ADSORPTION; FILM GROWTH; COPPER; ELECTRODEPOSITION; INTERFACE; SURFACE AB The adsorption of Cu electrodeposition accelerating agents bis-(3-sodiumsulfopropyl disulfide) (SPS) and (3-mercaptopropyl) sulfonate (MPS) on evaporated Cu thin films was examined in situ using spectroscopic ellipsometry under quiescent conditions. Both the thiol MPS and disulfide SPS resulted in definitive changes in the optical response of the interface, indicative of irreversible chemisorption. The optical responses of the films formed from the two additives were different, however, suggesting a difference in the adsorbed states. Cl- can reversibly coadsorb with either MPS or SPS. Preadsorption of either MPS or SPS inhibits the specific adsorption of polyethylene glycol (PEG) in the presence of Cl-. Both SPS and MPS adsorption displace preadsorbed PEG layers. The kinetics of the PEG displacement reaction differ significantly between the thiol and disulfide, consistent with observations of their respective effect on metal deposition kinetics. (c) 2006 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Walker, ML (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM marlon.walker@nist.gov RI Richter, Lee/N-7730-2016 OI Richter, Lee/0000-0002-9433-3724 NR 28 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 5 U2 19 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2006 VL 153 IS 8 BP C557 EP C561 DI 10.1149/1.2206999 PG 5 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 055SG UT WOS:000238470100042 ER PT J AU Walker, ML Richter, LJ Josell, D Moffat, TP AF Walker, ML Richter, LJ Josell, D Moffat, TP TI An in situ ellipsometric study of Cl--induced adsorption of PEG on Ru and on underpotential deposited Cu on Ru SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID COPPER DIFFUSION BARRIER; RUTHENIUM THIN-FILM; POLYETHYLENE-GLYCOL; ELECTRODEPOSITION; SURFACE; GROWTH; RU(0001); CHLORIDE; METALLIZATION; VOLTAMMETRY AB The adsorption of polyethylene glycol and chloride ion (PEG-Cl-) on (i) air-oxidized Ru (native oxide), (ii) "activated" Ru (electrolytic reduction of the native oxide), and (iii) underpotential deposited (UPD) Cu on activated Ru was examined in situ using spectroscopic ellipsometry. In the absence of Cl-, PEG adsorption was minimal at all relevant potentials on the activated Ru and Cu UPD surfaces characterized in this study. On activated Ru, the addition of Cl- ion resulted in enhanced PEG coadsorption. At potentials relevant to Cu UPD, a three-component PEG-Cl--Cu layer formed independent of the order of additive addition to the electrolyte. The PEG-Cl--Cu UPD overlayer provided inhibition of subsequent Cu overpotential deposition. At potentials positive of Cu UPD, a monolayer oxide film formed on Ru that inhibited PEG adsorption even in the presence of Cl-. Slight PEG adsorption was observed on Ru native oxide surfaces, although there was no enhancement observed in the presence of Cl-. Ru oxidation exerted a strong effect on the adsorption of additives that was directly relevant to the nucleation and growth of electrodeposited Cu. C1 NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Walker, ML (reprint author), NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM marlon.walker@nist.gov RI Richter, Lee/N-7730-2016 OI Richter, Lee/0000-0002-9433-3724 NR 43 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 6 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2006 VL 153 IS 4 BP C235 EP C241 DI 10.1149/1.2170587 PG 7 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 017WI UT WOS:000235723600033 ER PT J AU Lai, YK Sun, L Chen, YC Zhuang, HF Lin, CJ Chin, JW AF Lai, YK Sun, L Chen, YC Zhuang, HF Lin, CJ Chin, JW TI Effects of the structure of TiO2 nanotube array on Ti substrate on its photocatalytic activity SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID METHYLENE-BLUE; HETEROGENEOUS PHOTOCATALYSIS; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; TITANIA NANOTUBES; ANODIC-OXIDATION; OXIDE-FILMS; ELECTROLYTES; SURFACE; METAL; DISPERSIONS AB A novel oriented TiO2 nanotube (TN) array on Ti substrate was fabricated by using an electrochemical method. The structure and surface morphology of the TN array was examined by Raman spectroscopy and scanning electronic microscopy, respectively. The photocatalytic activity of the TN arrays was evaluated by the removal of methylene blue in aqueous solution. The effects of structure and morphology of the TN array on its photocatalytic activity were investigated. It was observed that the crystal structure, morphologies, and nanotube sizes were greatly influenced by anodization voltage and calcination temperature. The shift of absorption edges shorter wavelengths were ascribed to the quantum effect of the tube wall thickness. The TN arrays prepared at 20 V and calcined at 450 degrees C have the highest photocatalytic activity due to an increase in the anatase crystal phase and an increase in surface area. When the calcination temperature was higher than 450 degrees C, the photocatalytic activity of the TN array decreased, which was ascribed to excessive rutile content and a decrease in surface area resulting from the sintering and growth of TiO2 crystallites. (c) 2006 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Xiamen Univ, Dept Chem, State Key Lab Phys Chem Solid Surfaces, Xiamen 361005, Peoples R China. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lai, YK (reprint author), Xiamen Univ, Dept Chem, State Key Lab Phys Chem Solid Surfaces, Xiamen 361005, Peoples R China. EM cjlin@xmu.edu.cn RI Lin, CJ/G-3392-2010; Lai, Yuekun/A-9429-2010; Sun, L/G-4153-2010; Lai, Yue-Kun/C-7783-2015 OI Lai, Yuekun/0000-0003-4100-510X; Lai, Yue-Kun/0000-0003-4100-510X NR 39 TC 161 Z9 165 U1 5 U2 62 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2006 VL 153 IS 7 BP D123 EP D127 DI 10.1149/1.2203112 PG 5 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 048KF UT WOS:000237945300047 ER PT J AU Ehrstein, J Richter, C Chandler-Horowitz, D Vogel, E Young, C Shah, S Maher, D Foran, B Hung, PY Diebold, A AF Ehrstein, J Richter, C Chandler-Horowitz, D Vogel, E Young, C Shah, S Maher, D Foran, B Hung, PY Diebold, A TI A comparison of thickness values for very thin SiO2 films by using ellipsometric, capacitance-voltage, and HRTEM measurements SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID TRANSMISSION ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; ULTRATHIN GATE OXIDES; QUANTIZATION; SIO2 AB A comparative study of very thin SiO2 film thickness values obtained from the three dominant measurement techniques used in the integrated circuit industry, ellipsometry, capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been completed. This work is directed at evaluating the metrology capabilities that might support the development of thickness reference materials for very thin dielectric films. We used a variety of models to analyze ellipsometry measurements and used three different quantum-mechanical-based algorithms to account for substrate quantized states and depletion effects in the polysilicon electrode to analyze the C-V results. TEM measurements were conducted by both phase contrast high resolution (HRTEM) and atomic number (Z) contrast high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM). We found a range of thickness values with each of the methods, with an overlap of values among the three techniques. HRTEM and STEM values showed less consistency between wafers than did ellipsometry or C-V, and seemed to be influenced more by local variations such as interface nonuniformities. We present sources of variation and estimates of the primary components of uncertainty for the measurements employed and discuss the implications of these results for obtaining consistent and unified film thickness metrology and for possible reference standards. (c) 2005 The Electrochemical Society. C1 NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Int SEMATECH, Austin, TX 78741 USA. Duke Univ, Fuqua Sch Business, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Adv Technol Dev Facil Inc, Austin, TX 78741 USA. RP Ehrstein, J (reprint author), NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jehrstein@nist.gov RI Vogel, Eric/A-7731-2008 OI Vogel, Eric/0000-0002-6110-1361 NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2006 VL 153 IS 1 BP F12 EP F19 DI 10.1149/1.2133710 PG 8 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 995YV UT WOS:000234142400055 ER PT J AU Moffat, TP Walker, M Chen, PJ Bonevich, JE Egelhoff, WF Richter, L Witt, C Aaltonen, T Ritala, M Leskela, M Josella, D AF Moffat, TP Walker, M Chen, PJ Bonevich, JE Egelhoff, WF Richter, L Witt, C Aaltonen, T Ritala, M Leskela, M Josella, D TI Electrodeposition of Cu on Ru barrier layers for damascene processing (vol 153, pg C37, 2005) SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Correction C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Cookson Elect, Enthone Div, Orange, CT 06516 USA. Univ Helsinki, Inorgan Chem Lab, Helsinki, Finland. RP Moffat, TP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Ritala, Mikko/N-7268-2013 OI Ritala, Mikko/0000-0002-6210-2980 NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2006 VL 153 IS 3 BP L5 EP L5 DI 10.1149/1.2162179 PG 1 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 009TP UT WOS:000235136600083 ER PT J AU Fuks, IM Charnotskii, MI AF Fuks, IM Charnotskii, MI TI Statistics of specular points at a randomly rough surface SO JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA A-OPTICS IMAGE SCIENCE AND VISION LA English DT Article ID MOVING SURFACE; PATTERN; LIGHT AB Statistical parameters are obtained for an ensemble of specular points at a randomly rough Gaussian statistically isotropic surface at normal incidence. The joint probability density functions (PDFs) of specular point heights and total curvatures are derived separately for maxima, minima, and saddle points. The joint PDFs of brightness and surface elevations of specular points of different types are obtained analytically in an explicit form. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America. C1 Zel Technol LLC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Fuks, IM (reprint author), Zel Technol LLC, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Iosif.Fuks@noaa.gov RI Charnotskii, Mikhail/A-7193-2013 OI Charnotskii, Mikhail/0000-0002-8315-8254 NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1084-7529 J9 J OPT SOC AM A JI J. Opt. Soc. Am. A-Opt. Image Sci. Vis. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 23 IS 1 BP 73 EP 80 DI 10.1364/JOSAA.23.000073 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA 000PK UT WOS:000234474100008 PM 16478062 ER PT J AU Archer, DG AF Archer, D. G. TI New NIST-traceable standards for calibration and validation of DSC SO JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 33rd Annual Meeting of the North-American-Thermal-Analysis-Society CY SEP 19-21, 2005 CL Univ City, CA SP N Amer Thermal Anal Soc DE bismuth; calibration; differential scanning calorimetry; gallium; indium; standard reference material; tin ID DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY; CERTIFIED REFERENCE MATERIAL; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; SUPERCOOLED STATES; ENTHALPY; FUSION AB Several reference materials and associated reference values have been recommended for the purposes of calibration and/or validation of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). However, issues of available sample purity, reference-property value accuracy, and potential undesired reactions between reference materials and the materials used for sample pans have not been considered sufficiently in some of the recommendations of property values for the materials. These limitations attenuate greatly the usefulness of many of these reference material recommendations. Indeed, the state of uncertainty regarding true reference property values can be shown to be a limiting factor in the uncertainty of measurements made with DSC. NIST has certified the temperatures and enthalpies of fusion of two new Standard Reference Materials, SRMs 2234 and 2235, in order to help alleviate some of the difficulty. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Archer, DG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8380, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM donald.archer@nist.gov NR 9 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 12 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1388-6150 J9 J THERM ANAL CALORIM JI J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. PY 2006 VL 85 IS 1 BP 131 EP 134 DI 10.1007/s10973-005-7356-6 PG 4 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA 076MA UT WOS:000239961200023 ER PT J AU Hill, RJ AF Hill, RJ TI Opportunities for use of exact statistical equations SO JOURNAL OF TURBULENCE LA English DT Article ID HIGH-REYNOLDS-NUMBER; SCALE-BUDGET EQUATIONS; ENERGY-DISSIPATION; TURBULENCE; FLOW; LAW AB Exact structure function equations are an efficient means of obtaining asymptotic laws such as inertial range laws, as well as all measurable effects of inhomogeneity and anisotropy that cause deviations from such laws. "Exact" means that the equations are obtained from the Navier - Stokes equation or other hydrodynamic equations without any approximation. A pragmatic definition of local homogeneity lies within the exact equations because terms that explicitly depend on the rate of change of measurement location appear within the exact equations; an analogous statement is true for local stationarity. An exact definition of averaging operations is required for the exact equations. Careful derivations of several inertial range laws have appeared in the literature recently in the form of theorems. These theorems give the relationships of the energy dissipation rate to the structure function of acceleration increment multiplied by velocity increment and to both the trace of and the components of the third-order velocity structure functions. These laws are efficiently derived from the exact velocity structure function equations. In some respects, the results obtained herein differ from the previous theorems. The acceleration - velocity structure function is useful for obtaining the energy dissipation rate in particle tracking experiments provided that the effects of inhomogeneity are estimated by means of displacing the measurement location. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Hill, RJ (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 28 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1468-5248 J9 J TURBUL JI J. Turbul. PY 2006 VL 7 IS 43 BP 1 EP 13 DI 10.1080/14685240600595636 PG 13 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA 057QZ UT WOS:000238611600001 ER PT J AU Park, SE Nguyen, NV Kopanski, JJ Suehle, JS Vogel, EM AF Park, SE Nguyen, NV Kopanski, JJ Suehle, JS Vogel, EM TI Comparison of scanning capacitance microscopy and scanning Kelvin probe microscopy in determining two-dimensional doping profiles of Si homostructures SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Workshop on Fabrication, Characterization, and Modeling of Ultra-Shallow Doping Profiles in Semiconductors CY JUN 05-08, 2005 CL Daytona Beach, FL ID FORCE MICROSCOPY; GAN AB Two-dimensional (2D) doping profiles of layered, differently doped, n-step Si homostructures were measured by scanning capacitance microscopy (SCM) and scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM). The calibrated doping concentration of the n-type Si layers was in the range of 4.2 x 10(14) cm(-3) to 1.7 x 10(19) cm(-3). For the SCM images, the measured Delta C/Delta V signals were converted to 2D doping concentrations using the NIST FASTC2D program. To compare the SCM-based 2D dopant profiles with those obtained by SKPM, a contact potential difference (CPD) between a probe tip and the Si sample surface was measured with SKPM. Using the relation between a work function and a doping concentration of Si, the doping concentrations were extracted from the measured CPD. The SCM results had good agreements with the calibrated data, but the SKPM results showed some differences due to the presence of the top native oxide layer. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kopanski, JJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM joseph.kopanski@nist.gov RI Vogel, Eric/A-7731-2008 OI Vogel, Eric/0000-0002-6110-1361 NR 14 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 3 U2 10 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 1071-1023 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL B JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 24 IS 1 BP 404 EP 407 DI 10.1116/1.2162569 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 019OF UT WOS:000235845900075 ER PT S AU Cheok, GS Lytle, AM Saidia, KS AF Cheok, Geraldine S. Lytle, Alan M. Saidi, Kamel S. BE Kamerman, GW Turner, MD TI Status of the NIST 3D imaging system Performance Evaluation Facility - art. no. 62140F SO Laser Radar Technology and Applications XI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Radar Technology and Applications XI CY APR 19-20, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE AB This paper presents the status of an indoor artifact-based Performance Evaluation Facility at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for 3D imaging systems, a terminology pre-standard, and a summary of the ranging protocol pre-standard. The indoor facility will be used to develop test protocols and performance metrics for the evaluation of terrestrial 3D imaging systems. The NIST facility was initiated in response to a workshop which was held at NIST in 2003 to determine future efforts needed to standardize 3D imaging system testing and reporting and to assess the need for a neutral performance evaluation facility. Three additional workshops have since been held at NIST with the most recent on March 2-3, 2006. These workshops provided further guidance in defining priorities and in identifying the types of measurements that are of most interest to the terrestrial scanning community. The two pre-standards were developed based on feedback from the workshops. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cheok, GS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6270-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6214 BP F2140 EP F2140 AR 62140F DI 10.1117/12.665833 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA BES20 UT WOS:000239256800015 ER PT S AU Fryc, I Brown, SW Ohno, Y AF Fryc, I Brown, SW Ohno, Y BE Kolacz, K Sochacki, J TI A spectrally tunable LED sphere source enables accurate calibration of tristimulus colorimeters SO LIGHTMETRY AND LIGHT AND OPTICS IN BIOMEDICINE 2004 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lightmetry and Light and Optics in Biomedicine CY OCT 20-22, 2004 CL Warsaw, POLAND SP Inst Appl Opt, SPIE Poland Chapter, Comm Sci Res, Italian Soc Opt & Photon, Spanish Soc Opt DE color; colorimeter; display; Four Color Method; light emitting diode; spectral power distribution AB The Four-Color Matrix method (FCM) was developed to improve the accuracy of chromaticity measurements of various display colors. The method is valid for each type of display having similar spectra. To develop the Four-Color correction matrix, spectral measurements of primary red, green, blue, and white colors of a display are needed. Consequently, a calibration facility should be equipped with a number of different displays. This is very inconvenient and expensive. A spectrally tunable light source (STS) that can mimic different display spectral distributions would eliminate the need for maintaining a wide variety of displays and would enable a colorimeter to be calibrated for a number of different displays using the same setup. Simulations show that an STS that can create red, green, blue and white distributions that are close to the real spectral power distribution (SPD) of a display works well with the FCM for the calibration of colorimeters. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6210-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2006 VL 6158 AR 61580E DI 10.1117/12.675770 PG 8 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BEB07 UT WOS:000236540100014 ER PT S AU Roberts, JW Fanning, E Sahibzada, H AF Roberts, John W. Fanning, Edward Sahibzada, Hassan BE Chien, LC TI Cross-display-technology video motion measurement tools - art. no. 61350S SO Liquid Crystal Materials, Devices, and Applications XI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Crystal Materials, Devices, and Applications XI CY JAN 21-22, 2006 CL San Jose, CA DE video motion measurement; moving image; display metrology; screen capture; LCD; DMD; plasma; CRT AB High performance video places severe demands on playback system and display device resources. Motion playback errors such as irregular motion playback and image breakup are common, making accurate measurement of motion critically important for device selection and system tuning to ensure the desired viewing experience. Direct observation of the actual displayed image (screen capture) is the only way to perform a complete end-to-end system test that accounts for all possible sources of motion errors, including original video capture, compression/decompression, playback system performance, and display device operation. Unfortunately for the development of measurement techniques, the fundamentally different ways that different display technologies present imagery can easily confound sensitive measurement techniques, producing measured playback performance differences across multiple display technologies such as LCD (liquid crystal display), plasma, CRT (cathode ray tube), and DMD (digital micromirror device) that are disproportionately large compared to the actual differences (if any) seen by a human viewer. Cross-technology measurement tools are necessary to ensure the validity of measures across multiple technologies. The methods being used include a combination of test materials (both selected live video clips and synthetic clips), capture technique (including control of capture rate, triggering, and timestamping), and analysis. This paper describes these methods, then gives several illustrative examples of the use of these methods by the project. The NIST Motion Image Quality Measurement project uses a combination of quantitative measures and subjective analysis to evaluate motion imagery and to identify the factors that determine overall performance. The NIST project has conducted tests to measure (1) perceived image quality and (2) motion image interpretability, as a function of factors including compression, video motion and other scene content, playback system performance, and frame rate. Tests have been conducted using a variety of playback systems with different levels of performance, and using a variety of display technologies. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Roberts, JW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6177-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6135 BP S1350 EP S1350 AR 61350S DI 10.1117/12.646532 PG 9 WC Crystallography; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Crystallography; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BEN17 UT WOS:000238251400021 ER PT S AU Sillanpaa, M Roschier, L Lehtinen, T Hakonen, P AF Sillanpaa, Mika Roschier, Leif Lehtinen, Teijo Hakonen, Pertti BE Takano, Y Hershfield, SP Hirschfeld, PJ Goldman, AM TI Band engineering in Cooper-pair box: Dispersive measurements of charge and phase SO LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS, PTS A AND B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 24th International Conference on Low Temperature Physics (LT24) CY AUG 10-17, 2005 CL Orlando, FL SP Univ Florida, Dept Phys, Univ Florida, Coll Liberal Arts & Sci, Univ Florida, Div Sponsored Res, Natl Sci Fdn, 23rd Int Conf Low Temp Phys, Int Union Pure & Appl Phys, Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, Natl High Magnet Field Lab DE quantum measurement; Cooper-pair-box ID SINGLE-ELECTRON TRANSISTOR; JOSEPHSON-JUNCTIONS AB Low-frequency susceptibility of the split Cooper-pair box (SCPB) is investigated for use in sensitive measurements of external phase or charge. Depending on the coupling scheme, the box appears as either inductive or capacitive reactance which depends on external phase and charge. While coupling to the source-drain phase, we review how the SCPB looks like a tunable inductance, which property we used to build a novel radio-frequency electrometer. In the dual mode of operation, that is, while observed at the gate input, the SCPB looks like a capacitance. We concentrate on discussing the latter scheme, and we show how to do studies of fast phase fluctuations at a sensitivity of 1 mrad/root Hz by measuring the input capacitance of the box. C1 [Sillanpaa, Mika; Roschier, Leif; Lehtinen, Teijo; Hakonen, Pertti] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Sillanpaa, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Hakonen, Pertti/E-7688-2012 OI Hakonen, Pertti/0000-0002-8247-4108 FU Academy of Finland; Vaisala Foundation of the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters FX We thank T. Heikkila, F. Hekking, R. Lindell, Yu. Makhlin, M. Paalanen, and R. Schoelkopf for comments and useful criticism. This work was supported by the Academy of Finland and by the Vaisala Foundation of the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0347-3 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 850 BP 927 EP 930 PN A-B PG 4 WC Thermodynamics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Thermodynamics; Physics GA BFO10 UT WOS:000243396400417 ER PT S AU Masuda, T Zheludev, A Manaka, H Chung, JH AF Masuda, T. Zheludev, A. Manaka, H. Chung, J. -H. BE Takano, Y Hershfield, SP Hirschfeld, PJ Goldman, AM TI IPA-CuCl3: a S=1/2 ladder with ferromagnetic rungs SO LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS, PTS A AND B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 24th International Conference on Low Temperature Physics (LT24) CY AUG 10-17, 2005 CL Orlando, FL SP Univ Florida, Dept Phys, Univ Florida, Coll Liberal Arts & Sci, Univ Florida, Div Sponsored Res, Natl Sci Fdn, 23rd Int Conf Low Temp Phys, Int Union Pure & Appl Phys, Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, Natl High Magnet Field Lab DE spin ladder; Haldane gap; inelastic; neutron scattering ID (CH3)(2)CHNH3CUCL3; STATE AB The spin gap material IPA-CuCl3 has been extensively studied as a ferromagnetic-antiferromagnetic bond-alternating S = 1/2 chain. This description of the system was derived from structural considerations and bulk measurements. New inelastic neutron scattering experiments reveal a totally different picture: IPA-CuCl consists of weakly coupled spin ladders with antiferromagnetic legs and ferromagnetic rungs. The ladders run perpendicular to the originally supposed bond-alternating chain direction. The ferromagnetic rungs make this system equivalent to a Haldane S = 1 antiferromagnet. With a gap energy of 1.17(1) meV, a zone-boundary energy of 4.1(1) meV, and almost no magnetic anisotropy, IPA-CuCl3 may be the best Haldane-gap material yet, in terms of suitability for neutron scattering studies in high magnetic fields. C1 [Masuda, T.; Zheludev, A.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Masuda, T.; Manaka, H.] Kagoshima Univ, Dept Nano Struct & Adv Mat, Kagoshima 8900065, Japan. [Chung, J. -H.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NCNR, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Masuda, T (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. FU DOE [DE-AC05-00OR22725]; National Science Foundation [DMR-9986442] FX Work at ORNL was carried out under DOE Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725. The work at SPINS was supported by the National Science Foundation under Agreement No. DMR-9986442. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0347-3 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 850 BP 1031 EP + PN A-B PG 2 WC Thermodynamics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Thermodynamics; Physics GA BFO10 UT WOS:000243396400464 ER PT S AU Woodcraft, AL Ade, PAR Bintley, D Hunt, CL Sudiwala, RV Hilton, GC Irwin, KD Reintsema, CD Audley, MD Holland, WS MacIntosh, M AF Woodcraft, Adam L. Ade, Peter A. R. Bintley, Dan Hunt, Cynthia L. Sudiwala, Rashmi V. Hilton, Gene C. Irwin, Kent D. Reintsema, Carl D. Audley, Michael D. Holland, Wayne S. MacIntosh, Mike BE Takano, Y Hershfield, SP Hirschfeld, PJ Goldman, AM TI First tests of prototype SCUBA-2 superconducting bolometer array SO LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS, PTS A AND B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 24th International Conference on Low Temperature Physics (LT24) CY AUG 10-17, 2005 CL Orlando, FL SP Univ Florida, Dept Phys, Univ Florida, Coll Liberal Arts & Sci, Univ Florida, Div Sponsored Res, Natl Sci Fdn, 23rd Int Conf Low Temp Phys, Int Union Pure & Appl Phys, Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, Natl High Magnet Field Lab DE submillimeter; TES; multiplexer; array; bolometer; SQUID; cryogenic AB We present results of the first tests on a 1280 pixel superconducting bolometer array, a prototype for SCUBA2, a sub-mm camera being built for the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope in Hawaii. The bolometers are TES (transition edge sensor) detectors; these take advantage of the large variation of resistance with temperature through the superconducting transition. To keep the number of wires reasonable, a multiplexed read-out is used. Each pixel is read out through an individual DC SQUID; room temperature electronics switch between rows in the array by biasing the appropriate SQUIDs in turn. Arrays of 100 SQUIDs in series for each column then amplify the output. Unlike previous TES arrays, the multiplexing elements are located beneath each pixel, making large arrays possible, but construction more challenging. The detectors are constructed from Mo/Cu bi-layers; this technique enables the transition temperature to be tuned using the proximity effect by choosing the thickness of the normal and superconducting materials. To achieve the required performance, the detectors are operated at a temperature of approximately 120 mK. We describe the results of a basic characterisation of the array.. demonstrating that it is fully operational, and give the results of signal to noise measurements. C1 [Woodcraft, Adam L.; Ade, Peter A. R.; Bintley, Dan; Hunt, Cynthia L.; Sudiwala, Rashmi V.] Cardiff Univ, Sch Phys & Astron, 5 Parade, Cardiff CF24 3YB, Wales. [Hilton, Gene C.; Irwin, Kent D.; Reintsema, Carl D.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Audley, Michael D.; Holland, Wayne S.; MacIntosh, Mike] UK Astron Technol Ctr, Royal Observ, Edinburgh EH9 3JF, Midlothian, Scotland. RP Woodcraft, AL (reprint author), Cardiff Univ, Sch Phys & Astron, 5 Parade, Cardiff CF24 3YB, Wales. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0347-3 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 850 BP 1611 EP + PN A-B PG 2 WC Thermodynamics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Thermodynamics; Physics GA BFO10 UT WOS:000243396400731 ER PT S AU Brink, PL Akerib, DS Armed-Funkhouser, MS Attisha, MJ Bailey, CN Baudis, L Bauer, DA Bunker, R Cabrera, B Caldwell, DO Chang, CL Crisler, MB Cushman, P Daal, M Dixon, R Dragowsky, MR Driscoll, DD Duong, L Ferril, R Filippini, J Gaitskell, RJ Hennings-Yeomans, R Holmgren, D Huber, ME Kamat, S Lu, A Mahapatra, R Mandic, V Martinis, JM Meunier, P Mirabolfathi, N Nelson, H Nelson, R Ogburn, RW Perera, TA Ramberg, E Reisetter, A Ross, RR Saab, T Sadoulet, B Sander, J Savage, C Schnee, RW Seitz, DN Serfass, B Sundqvist, KM Thompson, JPF Wang, G Yellin, S Young, BA AF Brink, P. L. Akerib, D. S. Armed-Funkhouser, M. S. Attisha, M. J. Bailey, C. N. Baudis, L. Bauer, D. A. Bunker, R. Cabrera, B. Caldwell, D. O. Chang, C. L. Crisler, M. B. Cushman, P. Daal, M. Dixon, R. Dragowsky, M. R. Driscoll, D. D. Duong, L. Ferril, R. Filippini, J. Gaitskell, R. J. Hennings-Yeomans, R. Holmgren, D. Huber, M. E. Kamat, S. Lu, A. Mahapatra, R. Mandic, V. Martinis, J. M. Meunier, P. Mirabolfathi, N. Nelson, H. Nelson, R. Ogburn, R. W. Perera, T. A. Ramberg, E. Reisetter, A. Ross, R. R. Saab, T. Sadoulet, B. Sander, J. Savage, C. Schnee, R. W. Seitz, D. N. Serfass, B. Sundqvist, K. M. Thompson, J-P. F. Wang, G. Yellin, S. Young, B. A. BE Takano, Y Hershfield, SP Hirschfeld, PJ Goldman, AM TI Latest results from the CDMS-II Cold Dark Matter search SO LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS, PTS A AND B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 24th International Conference on Low Temperature Physics (LT24) CY AUG 10-17, 2005 CL Orlando, FL SP Univ Florida, Dept Phys, Univ Florida, Coll Liberal Arts & Sci, Univ Florida, Div Sponsored Res, Natl Sci Fdn, 23rd Int Conf Low Temp Phys, Int Union Pure & Appl Phys, Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, Natl High Magnet Field Lab DE cold dark matter; cryogenic detectors; underground astrophysics AB The CDMS-II collaboration's Cold Dark Matter search presently sets the most competitive exclusion limit in the world for the direct detection of the hypothesized Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) that constitute the cold dark matter of the Universe. Our experiment utilizes Ge (and Si) crystals as the target detectors, each with a mass of 250 g (100 g) and cooled to 30 mK. To eliminate natural radioactive sources as background the experiment is conducted in a well-shielded environment in the Soudan Mine, Minnesota, and has been operating for the last two years. To aid in the identification of a possible WIMP-candidate event, the detectors are designed to measure both the ionization and athermal phonon signals produced by each candidate event. The athermal phonon signal is measured using superconducting aluminum films on the crystal surface connected to tungsten transition edge sensors. The latest WIMP-search results from Soudan will be presented, along with projections for the future. C1 [Brink, P. L.] Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Akerib, D. S.; Bailey, C. N.; Kamat, S.; Perera, T. A.] Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Phys, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. [Armed-Funkhouser, M. S.; Daal, M.; Filippini, J.; Mandic, V.; Meunier, P.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Attisha, M. J.; Gaitskell, R. J.; Thompson, J-P. F.] Brown Univ, Dept Phys, Providence, RI 02912 USA. [Baudis, L.] Univ Florida, Dept Phys, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. [Crisler, M. B.; Dixon, R.; Holmgren, D.] Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. [Caldwell, D. O.; Cushman, P.; Mahapatra, R.; Nelson, H.; Yellin, S.] Univ Minnesota, Sch Phys, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. [Mahapatra, R.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Cushman, P.; Duong, L.; Huber, M. E.; Ross, R. R.; Sadoulet, B.; Sundqvist, K. M.] Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Denver, CO 80217 USA. [Martinis, J. M.; Ross, R. R.; Sadoulet, B.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Ross, R. R.; Sadoulet, B.] Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Young, B. A.] Santa Clara Univ, Dept Phys, Santa Clara, CA 95053 USA. RP Brink, PL (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RI Huber, Martin/B-3354-2011; Bailey, Catherine/C-6107-2009 FU National Science Foundation [AST-9978911, PHY-9722414]; Department of Energy [DE-AC03-76SF00098, DE-FG03-90ER40569, DEFG03-91ER40618]; Universities Research Association, Inc., [DE-AC02-76CH03000]; [ECS-9731293] FX This work is supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. AST-9978911 and No. PHY-9722414, by the Department of Energy under contracts DE-AC03-76SF00098, DE-FG03-90ER40569, DEFG03- 91ER40618, and by Fermilab, operated by the Universities Research Association, Inc., under Contract No. DE-AC02-76CH03000 with the Department of Energy. The ZIP detector fabrication was performed in part at the Stanford Nanofabrication Facility of NNIN supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant ECS-9731293. NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0347-3 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 850 BP 1617 EP 1620 PN A-B PG 4 WC Thermodynamics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Thermodynamics; Physics GA BFO10 UT WOS:000243396400734 ER PT S AU Michel, M Ajot, J Fiscus, J AF Michel, Martial Ajot, Jerome Fiscus, Jonathan BE Renals, S Bengio, S Fiscus, JG TI The NIST Meeting Room Corpus 2 Phase 1 SO MACHINE LEARNING FOR MULTIMODAL INTERACTION SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Workshop on Machine Learning for Multimodal Interaction CY MAY 01-04, 2006 CL Bethesda, MD SP US Natl Inst Stand & Technol AB The Speech Group and Smart Spaces Lab of National Institute of Standards and Technology's Information Technology Laboratory have collaborated to collect a second phase of meetings in the NIST Meeting Data Collection Laboratory. The meeting laboratory, which was used to collect a 15 hour pilot corpus beginning in 2001, was updated with 7 HDV cameras and new head microphones for participants to collect a twenty hour corpus to support ARDA's Video Analysis and Content Exploitation (VACE) program. For the second phase of data collection, a strong emphasis was placed on high resolution video along with video calibration to enable various visual processing applications such as three dimensional person tracking. This paper documents the evolution of the meeting room to its current form and describes the key components of the phase 11 corpus. C1 [Michel, Martial] Syst Plus Inc, 1370 Piccard Dr,Suite 270, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. [Michel, Martial; Ajot, Jerome; Fiscus, Jonathan] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Michel, M (reprint author), Syst Plus Inc, 1370 Piccard Dr,Suite 270, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. EM martial.michel@nist.gov; jerome.ajot@nist.gov; jon.fiscus@nist.gov NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 978-3-540-69267-6 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2006 VL 4299 BP 13 EP + PG 3 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BFT65 UT WOS:000244546600002 ER PT S AU Fiscus, JG Ajot, J Michel, M Garofolo, JS AF Fiscus, Jonathan G. Ajot, Jerome Michel, Martial Garofolo, John S. BE Renals, S Bengio, S Fiscus, JG TI The rich transcription 2006 Spring Meeting Recognition Evaluation SO MACHINE LEARNING FOR MULTIMODAL INTERACTION SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Workshop on Machine Learning for Multimodal Interaction CY MAY 01-04, 2006 CL Bethesda, MD SP US Natl Inst Stand & Technol AB We present the design and results of the Spring 2006 (RT-06S) Rich Transcription Meeting Recognition Evaluation; the fourth in a series of community-wide evaluations of language technologies in the meeting domain. For 2006, we supported three evaluation tasks in two meeting sub-domains: the Speech-To-Text (STT) transcription task, and the "Who Spoke When" and "Speech Activity Detection" diarization tasks. The meetings were from the Conference Meeting, and Lecture Meeting sub-domains. The lowest STT word error rate, with up to four simultaneous speakers, in the multiple distant microphone condition was 46.3% for the conference sub-domain, and 53.4% for the lecture sub-domain. For the "Who Spoke When" task, the lowest diarization error rates for all speech were 35.8% and 24.0% for the conference and lecture sub-domains respectively. For the "Speech Activity Detection" task, the lowest diarization error rates were 4.3% and 8.0% for the conference and lecture sub-domains respectively. C1 [Fiscus, Jonathan G.; Ajot, Jerome; Michel, Martial; Garofolo, John S.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8940, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Michel, Martial] Syst Plus Inc, One Res Court, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Fiscus, JG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8940, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jfiscus@nist.gov; ajot@nist.gov; martial.michel@nist.gov; jgarofolo@nist.gov NR 8 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 978-3-540-69267-6 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2006 VL 4299 BP 309 EP + PG 3 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BFT65 UT WOS:000244546600028 ER PT S AU Green, JC AF Green, J. C. BE Takahashi, K Chi, PJ Denton, RE Lysak, RL TI Using electron phase space density signatures to identify the electromagnetic waves responsible for accelerating relativistic electrons in earth's magnetosphere SO Magnetospheric ULF Waves: Synthesis and New Directions SE GEOPHYSICAL MONOGRAPH SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Chapman Conference on Magnetospheric ULF Waves CY MAR 21-25, 2005 CL San Diego, CA SP NASA, NSF ID RADIATION BELT ELECTRONS; GEOMAGNETIC FLUCTUATIONS; INNER MAGNETOSPHERE; VANALLEN RADIATION; MAGNETIC STORMS; FLUXES; DIFFUSION; DYNAMICS; ORIGIN AB Decades of satellite monitoring have shown that Earth's electron radiation belts are highly variable. Many mechanisms have been proposed to explain how these electrons are accelerated to relativistic energies, but which of these is responsible for the temporal variation is still uncertain. They separate into two categories: internal- and external-source acceleration mechanisms. Internal-source mechanisms locally accelerate electrons already present in the inner magnetosphere, while external-source mechanisms transport and accelerate electrons earthward from the outer magnetosphere. External-source mechanisms rely on radial diffusion, which can be enhanced by ULF waves. The two categories can be differentiated because they will produce different radial gradients of electron phase space density (PSD) given as a function of the adiabatic invariants. Internal-source mechanisms may produce PSD peaks in the inner magnetosphere, while external-source mechanisms should maintain a PSD maximum at a large L* (radial distance to equatorial location of an electron if only the internal dipole field, and no external magnetic fields, were acting). Studies attempting to positively identify the mechanisms by evaluating PSD gradients have reached ambiguous and contradictory conclusions. The likely cause of the confusion is that particle instruments do not explicitly measure PSD with fixed invariants. Most fail to measure all the quantities necessary to transform measured flux to PSD, forcing assumptions that introduce unknown errors into gradient estimates. These errors confound comparisons between predictions and prevent definitive conclusions. This paper describes two prominent acceleration mechanisms currently debated and their predictions regarding PSD gradients. It details methods for obtaining PSD gradients and sources of errors. It reviews how gradients obtained by various studies compare to predictions and how errors affect those comparisons. Finally, the results are synthesized into a comprehensive understanding of acceleration processes, and future opportunities for resolving remaining discrepancies are discussed. C1 NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Green, JC (reprint author), NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 42 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0065-8448 BN 978-0-87590-434-4 J9 GEOPH MONOG SERIES PY 2006 VL 169 BP 225 EP 237 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA BGB59 UT WOS:000245919900014 ER PT J AU Swartz, SL Taylor, BL Rugh, DJ AF Swartz, SL Taylor, BL Rugh, DJ TI Gray whale Eschrichtius robustus population and stock identity SO MAMMAL REVIEW LA English DT Article DE cetaceans; marine mammals; North Pacific Ocean; population structure; stock identity; wildlife management ID ATLANTIC RIGHT WHALES; BAJA-CALIFORNIA; KOREAN STOCK; NORTH; SEA; GROUNDS; MIGRATE; MEXICO; ISLAND AB 1. In response to conservation and management concerns about gray whale Eschrichtius robustus population and stock structure, we provide an overview of the life history and ecology of gray whales as a context for discussion of population and stock structure within the species. Historically eastern and western North Pacific gray whales were managed separately because: (i) their ranges do not overlap; (ii) genetic analyses indicate that the two populations are significantly different; and (iii) eastern gray whales have increased in abundance over the past century while western gray whales have not. 2. Here, we review gray whale migration timing and segregation, feeding and prey species, and reproduction and reproductive behaviour. For the eastern and western gray whale, we review their distribution, history of exploitation, abundance and current status, although most of what is known is founded on the better studied eastern gray whale and only implied for the lesser known western gray whale. Methods to investigate population and stock identity are reviewed including genetics, morphology, chemical signatures, carbon isotopes, parasites, photographic identification and trends in abundance. 3. While the evidence indicates that there is at least some degree of mixing within each of the gray whale populations, no stocks or sub-stocks can be defined. Population structure is not evident in nuclear data, and because selection occurs primarily on the nuclear genome, it is unlikely that there is structuring within each population that could result in evolutionary differences. For western gray whales, there are insufficient data to assess the plausibility of stock structure within the population, owing to its extremely depleted state. Research on eastern gray whales has focused mostly on documenting changes in abundance, feeding biology and behaviour, and suggests separate breeding groups to be unlikely. Both males and females are promiscuous breeders lending little opportunity for the nuclear genome to be anything other than well mixed as is suggested by the high haplotypic diversity of the eastern population. 4. The available data strongly indicate that western gray whales represent a population geographically isolated from eastern gray whales and therefore that the western and eastern populations should be treated as separate management units. C1 NOAA, Fisheries Serv, Off Sci & Technol, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NOAA, Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. NOAA, Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Swartz, SL (reprint author), NOAA, Fisheries Serv, Off Sci & Technol, 1315 EW Highway,SSMC 3,Rm 12552, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM steven.swartz@noaa.gov NR 99 TC 22 Z9 27 U1 7 U2 45 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0305-1838 J9 MAMMAL REV JI Mammal Rev. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 36 IS 1 BP 66 EP 84 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2907.2006.00082.x PG 19 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 051EN UT WOS:000238144000005 ER PT J AU Kimura, DK Kastelle, CR Goetz, BJ Gburski, CM Buslov, AV AF Kimura, DK Kastelle, CR Goetz, BJ Gburski, CM Buslov, AV TI Corroborating the ages of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) SO MARINE AND FRESHWATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE age corroboration; age determination; age validation ID VALIDATION; OTOLITH; SHARK AB Fish ageing researchers have long recognised the importance of validating age-reading methodologies. The strongest age validations require the acquisition of ageing structures from fish of known-ages, or specimens whose ages are appropriate for bomb carbon validation. Often such specimens are extremely difficult or impossible to acquire so researchers have sought alternatives to validation. The alternative to age validation is age corroboration. Corroboration of a fish ageing method occurs when fish ages are found to be consistent with some ancillary information when comparisons are made in an unbiased manner. The question pursued in this study is how desirable are such comparisons from a scientific viewpoint. Information is presented that corroborates otolith ages for walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), one of the largest groundfish fisheries in the world. Walleye pollock ages were corroborated using marginal increment analysis, ages following the strong 1978 year class in the eastern Bering Sea, and a comparison of ages read from otoliths with ages read from vertebrae. A new statistical method is suggested for comparing otolith and vertebra age readings. The walleye pollock example demonstrated that corroborating evidence can improve confidence in fish ages and ageing techniques. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Kamchatka Res Inst Fisheries & Oceanog, Petropavlovsk Kamchatski 683602, Russia. RP Kimura, DK (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM dan.kimura@noaa.gov NR 29 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 1 PU CSIRO PUBLISHING PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 1323-1650 J9 MAR FRESHWATER RES JI Mar. Freshw. Res. PY 2006 VL 57 IS 3 BP 323 EP 332 DI 10.1071/MF05132 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 037GX UT WOS:000237136200010 ER PT J AU Adams, LD Rosel, PE AF Adams, LD Rosel, PE TI Population differentiation of the Atlantic spotted dolphin (Stenella frontalis) in the western North Atlantic, including the Gulf of Mexico SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MITOCHONDRIAL CONTROL REGION; PORPOISE PHOCOENA-PHOCOENA; SEX-BIASED DISPERSAL; GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION; HARBOR PORPOISE; HUMPBACK WHALES; MEGAPTERA-NOVAEANGLIAE; LIFE-HISTORY; DNA; NUCLEAR AB Information about the genetic population structure of the Atlantic spotted dolphin [Stenella frontalis (G. Cuvier 1829)] in the western North Atlantic would greatly improve conservation and management of this species in USA waters. To this end, mitochondrial control region sequences and five nuclear microsatellite loci were used to test for genetic differentiation of Atlantic spotted dolphins in the western North Atlantic, including the Gulf of Mexico (n=199). Skin tissue samples were collected from 1994-2000. Significant heterozygote deficiencies in three microsatellite loci within samples collected off the eastern USA coast prompted investigation of a possible Wahlund effect, resulting in evidence for previously unsuspected population subdivision in this region. In subsequent analyses including three putative populations, two in the western North Atlantic (n=38, n=85) and one in the Gulf of Mexico (n=76), significant genetic differentiation was detected for both nuclear DNA (R (ST)=0.096, P <= 0.0001) and mitochondrial DNA (Phi(ST)=0.215, P <= 0.0001), as well as for all pair-wise population comparisons for both markers. This genetic evidence for population differentiation coupled to known biogeographic transition zones at Cape Hatteras, North Carolina and Cape Canaveral, Florida, USA, evidence of female philopatry, and preliminary support for significant genetic differences between previously documented morphotypes of Atlantic spotted dolphins in coastal and offshore waters all indicate that the biology and life history of this species is more complex than previously assumed. Assumptions of large, panmictic populations might not be accurate in other areas where S. frontalis is continuously distributed (e.g., eastern Atlantic), and could have a detrimental effect on long-term viability and maintenance of genetic diversity in this species in regions where incidental human-induced mortality occurs. C1 Coll Charleston, Grice Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Adams, LD (reprint author), Coll Charleston, Grice Marine Lab, 20 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM Lara.Adams@noaa.gov NR 49 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 4 U2 37 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 0025-3162 EI 1432-1793 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 148 IS 3 BP 671 EP 681 DI 10.1007/s00227-005-0094-2 PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 993FE UT WOS:000233939200019 ER PT J AU Manderson, JP Pessutti, J Shaheen, P Juanes, F AF Manderson, John P. Pessutti, Jeffrey Shaheen, Patricia Juanes, Francis TI Dynamics of early juvenile winter flounder predation risk on a North West Atlantic estuarine nursery ground SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE nursery habitat dynamics; predation risk; essential fish habitat ID SHRIMP CRANGON-SEPTEMSPINOSA; PLAICE PLEURONECTES-PLATESSA; HUDSON RIVER ESTUARY; NEW-YORK BIGHT; PSEUDOPLEURONECTES-AMERICANUS; STRIPED BASS; PRIONOTUS-CAROLINUS; SETTLEMENT-PATTERNS; FISH COMMUNITY; CHESAPEAKE-BAY AB In an effort to determine the characteristics of estuarine habitats suitable for early juvenile winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus survivorship, we examined piscivorous fish distributions and diets, and flounder predation risk along estuarine gradients in the Navesink River/Sandy Hook Bay estuarine system, New Jersey, USA. Demersal fish, striped searobin Prionotus evolans and summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus, were more important predators of winter flounder than pelagic fish (Pomatomus saltatrix, Cynoscion regalis, Morone saxatilis) based on diet analysis of 4 yr of gill (1998 and 1999) and trammel net (2001 and 2002) fish collections. From April through June newly settled winter flounder < 20 mm standard length (SL) were eaten by striped searobin that were common in habitats with salinities >= 20 parts per thousand. Fish > 20 mm standard length (SL) were consumed by summer flounder in shallow habitats in June and July. In May and June tethering experiments, Age-0 winter flounder predation risk was high in habitats with salinities > 19 parts per thousand. and temperatures > 20 degrees C. In 3 yr, salinities were < 20 parts per thousand in the upstream reach of estuary which probably served as a predator refuge for settling flounder. During 2002, however, historically low freshwater discharge associated with a spring drought produced high salinities >= 20 parts per thousand in upstream habitats where searobins ate large numbers of settling winter flounder and predation risk was high. These results suggest that the volume of estuarine habitat suitable for early juvenile flounder survivorship is determined, in part, by predator and prey responses to spatially dynamic physico-chemical gradients. Because gradient dynamics are controlled by climate forcing, climate variation may cause nursery habitat volumes to contract or expand resulting in variation in the local production of Age-0 recruits. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Ecosyst Proc Div, Behav Ecol Branch,James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. Wagner Coll, Dept Biol Sci, Staten Isl, NY 10301 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Nat Resources Conservat, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Manderson, JP (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Ecosyst Proc Div, Behav Ecol Branch,James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. EM john.manderson@noaa.gov NR 58 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 8 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 328 BP 249 EP 265 DI 10.3354/meps328249 PG 17 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 151VR UT WOS:000245319400023 ER PT J AU Lemke, JL Ryer, CH AF Lemke, Jena L. Ryer, Clifford H. TI Relative predation vulnerability of three juvenile (Age-0) North Pacific flatfish species: possible influence of nursery-specific predation pressures SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE anti-predator behavior; predator-prey interactions; juvenile flatfish; estuarine dependence; turbidity ID SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; SOLE PAROPHRYS-VETULUS; TURBIDITY; PREY; HABITAT; ESTUARINE; BEHAVIOR; FISH; STRATEGIES; AVOIDANCE AB Pleuronectid flatfish are generally thought to utilize stereotypical anti-predator behavior to reduce encounters with potential predators. In this study, we tested the relative vulnerability of 3 juvenile (Age-0) flatfish species to predation under controlled laboratory conditions. Predators consumed significantly more English sole Parophrys vetulus than either Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis or northern rock sole Lepidopsetta polyxystra in clear water (0 nephelometric turbidity units, NTU), suggesting differing anti-predator strategies and/or capabilities. In contrast to halibut and rock sole, which remained buried and inactive, English sole were often observed actively moving about. As a result, English sole were encountered more frequently by predators than the other 2 species, suggesting that they were more conspicuous to the predators. This was further evidenced by a higher frequency of stalk encounters for English sole, whereby the predators detected and approached them prior to prey flushing. However, as an estuarine-dependent species, English sole are generally exposed to lower densities of predators in an environment that tends to be highly turbid. When similar trials were conducted at higher turbidity (18 NTU), predation rates on English sole decreased to rates comparable to that for halibut and rock sole in clear water (0 NTU). Although English sole appeared more vulnerable to predation, their behavior may have evolved in response to, and be mitigated by, the turbid nature of the estuarine nursery environments to which they recruit, where predation pressure is significantly reduced in comparison to open coastal habitats. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NOAA, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv,Hatfield Marine Sci Ct, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Lemke, JL (reprint author), ABR Inc, POB 249, Forest Grove, OR 97116 USA. EM jlemke@abrinc.com NR 35 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 328 BP 267 EP 273 DI 10.3354/meps328267 PG 7 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 151VR UT WOS:000245319400024 ER PT J AU Tolley, KA Rosel, PE AF Tolley, K. A. Rosel, P. E. TI Population structure and historical demography of eastern North Atlantic harbour porpoises inferred through mtDNA sequences SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE demographic history; Phocoenidae; palaeoclimate; leading edge effect; population structure ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA ANALYSIS; PHOCOENA-PHOCOENA; BLACK-SEA; MYTILUS-GALLOPROVINCIALIS; GENETIC-STRUCTURE; QUATERNARY; PHYLOGEOGRAPHY; MOVEMENTS; ADJACENT; WATERS AB The harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena experiences high rates of incidental mortality in commercial fisheries, and in some areas these rates are sufficiently high to justify concern over population sustainability. Given this high mortality, conservation efforts may be facilitated by an understanding of how present-day population structure has been shaped by historical demographic changes. To investigate the demographic history of porpoises in the eastern North Atlantic, variation in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region of 115 porpoises was compared among 4 sampling locations (North Sea, France, Portugal, and West Africa). Genetic variation was investigated by analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and spatial analysis of molecular variance (SAMOVA). To put the present study in context within the eastern Atlantic, previously published sequence data from Norway (n = 87) and the Black Sea (n = 9) were included. All areas showed substantial geographic structure as indicated by AMOVA and SAMOVA, and there was significant isolation by distance among sampling areas. The haplotype network, mismatch distribution and Fu's F-S test of population equilibrium suggest there has been a relatively recent range expansion into the northernmost area (Norway), probably as a result of re-colonisation into regions previously iced over during Quaternary glaciation events. In all, these results suggest that harbour porpoises within the eastern North Atlantic show geographic structuring as a consequence of limited gene flow along the coast, and their historical biogeography can be interpreted in light of demographic changes that have influenced the evolutionary patterns observed in the mtDNA sequences. C1 Inst Marine Res, Marine Mammal Div, N-5024 Bergen, Norway. S African Natl Biodivers Inst, Mol Systemat Lab, ZA-7735 Cape Town, South Africa. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Tolley, KA (reprint author), Inst Marine Res, Marine Mammal Div, POB 1870, N-5024 Bergen, Norway. EM tolley@sanbi.org RI Tolley, Krystal/D-9738-2011 NR 39 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 14 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 EI 1616-1599 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 327 BP 297 EP 308 DI 10.3354/meps327297 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 151VO UT WOS:000245319100026 ER PT J AU Methratta, ET Link, JS AF Methratta, Elizabeth T. Link, Jason S. TI Seasonal variation in groundfish habitat associations in the Gulf of Maine-Georges Bank region SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE demersal fish; temperate; grain size; essential fish habitat; spatial fisheries management ID DEMERSAL FISH ASSEMBLAGES; MARINE RESERVES; NORTHWEST ATLANTIC; AREAS; PATTERNS; SCALE; SHELF AB Fish distributions are related to several habitat factors. We explored how the distribution of a 24 species assemblage is related to depth, temperature, substrate, season, and time-block using a 35 yr time series in the Gulf of Maine-Georges Bank region. We examined the relative importance of each factor, how it changes with season, and how individual species shift their relative distribution along environmental gradients on a seasonal basis. Distribution patterns were more strongly related to depth and temperature than to substrate type in both fall and spring. We observed 4 major patterns: (1) some species remained in relatively deep waters in both fall and spring; (2) some remained in relatively shallow habitats in both seasons and experienced wide temperature fluctuations as a result; (3) some moved from warmer shallow areas in the fall to warmer deep areas in the spring; (4) some traveled from the cool deep portion of the region in the fall to the cool shallow portion of the region in the spring. Of the 24 species examined, 19 declined in biomass over the study period in response to exploitation. The relationships between abundance and substrate type previously established for some species at local scales were weak at more synoptic spatial scales, although some trends in substrate associations were observed. Defining habitat at broad spatial scales remains a unique challenge. Compared to temperate systems, more refined habitat delineations for demersal marine fish have been established in tropical coral reef systems. Accordingly, much of our theory and the methodologies for applied spatial management have been derived from tropical systems. Differences between temperate and tropical systems necessitate modified approaches for temperate systems. C1 NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Food Web Dynam Program, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Woods Hole, MA 02540 USA. RP Methratta, ET (reprint author), Univ Penn, Dept Biol, 415 S Univ Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. EM methratt@sas.upenn.edu NR 38 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 10 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 326 BP 245 EP 256 DI 10.3354/meps326245 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 120RT UT WOS:000243104300021 ER PT J AU Tiwari, M Bjorndal, KA Bolten, AB Bolker, BM AF Tiwari, Manjula Bjorndal, Karen A. Bolten, Alan B. Bolker, Benjamin M. TI Evaluation of density-dependent processes and green turtle Chelonia mydas hatchling production at Tortuguero, Costa Rica SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE green turtles; Chelonia mydas; density-dependent effects; density-independent effects; hatchling production; carrying capacity; Tortuguero; Costa Rica ID GUIANAN LEATHERBACK TURTLES; LOGGERHEAD SEA-TURTLES; NEST DESTRUCTION; MODEL; POPULATION; CONSERVATION; TEMPERATURE; SUCCESS; TREND AB The role of density-dependent processes in sea turtle populations remains largely unknown. This study quantified density-dependent and density-independent processes that underlie hatchling production in the green turtle nesting population at Tortuguero, Costa Rica, and estimated current mean hatchling output and potential carrying capacity of Tortuguero beach for hatchlings and nesting females. Density-dependent effects of nest destruction by nesting females and coatis were evaluated in the 2000 nesting season along the 28.8 km nesting beach. To quantify factors affecting hatchling production, the fates of nests were monitored in twelve 50 m long study plots. Density-dependent factors included nest destruction by nesting females and predation by coatis, whereas density-independent factors included beach erosion, beach flooding, and below-beach-surface destruction by crabs, ants, microbes, and plant roots. Calculations indicated that between 5 and 6 million hatchlings are currently produced, while a simulation model suggested that at carrying capacity, 6 to 10 times as many hatchlings could be produced by more than 600 000 nesting females. The current mean number of females nesting at Tortuguero is between 3 and 4% of the population that is estimated to nest at carrying capacity. This estimate is consistent with previous estimates that modern day populations of Caribbean green turtles represent only 3 to 7% of pre-exploitation levels. The hatchling production model is applicable to other beaches and sea turtle species, and provides a framework to evaluate recovery goals for sea turtles. C1 Univ Florida, Archie Carr Ctr Sea Turtle Res, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Marine Turtle Res Program, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Tiwari, M (reprint author), Univ Florida, Archie Carr Ctr Sea Turtle Res, POB 118525, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. EM manjula.tiwari@noaa.gov OI Bjorndal, Karen/0000-0002-6286-1901; Bolker, Benjamin/0000-0002-2127-0443 NR 47 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 13 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 326 BP 283 EP 293 DI 10.3354/meps326283 PG 11 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 120RT UT WOS:000243104300024 ER PT J AU Buckley, LJ Caldarone, EM Lough, RG Onge-Burns, JMS AF Buckley, L. J. Caldarone, E. M. Lough, R. G. Onge-Burns, J. M. St. TI Ontogenetic and seasonal trends in recent growth rates of Atlantic cod and haddock larvae on Georges Bank: effects of photoperiod and temperature SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE Atlantic cod; haddock; larvae; growth; photoperiod; temperature; Diel trends ID GADUS-MORHUA; MELANOGRAMMUS-AEGLEFINUS; NORTH-SEA; SOUTHERN FLANK; MARINE FISHES; OTOLITH MICROSTRUCTURE; DEPENDENT GROWTH; RNA/DNA RATIOS; JUVENILE COD; EARLY-LIFE AB Growth rate is a key demographic factor affecting survival and recruitment of marine fishes. Yet in the field, the patterns of change in growth rate with development and the effects of environmental variability on growth are poorly understood. We examined several factors that may contribute to the observed variability in recent (i.e. 2 to 4 d before sampling) growth and survival of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua and haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus larvae on the southern flank of Georges Bank for the years 1995 through 1999. For both species, strong ontogenetic and seasonal trends in larval growth rates were apparent. A rapid initial increase in specific growth rate with larval size was observed in both species, followed by a stanza with little change in specific growth rate and finally a gradual increase with size to a maximum specific growth rate. For larva of any given size, growth rate increased as the season progressed. A variety of models were used to explore and describe the relations among growth rate, larval size, photoperiod, temperature and other variables. Generalized additive models (GAMs) with both larval size (protein content) and photoperiod terms explained 48 % and 61 % of the variability observed in recent growth of cod and haddock, respectively. Residuals from these models were used to examine the effects of other factors on estimated growth rates. Salinity, water density (sigma-t, sigma(t)), distance along the Bank, bottom depth, temperature (T) and residual T (observed T minus the long-term mean for a given day of the year) explained small but significant portions of the residual variability in larval growth rates. These data and other considerations suggest that, while both increasing photoperiod and temperature contribute to the increase in larval growth rates observed each spring, photoperiod rather than temperature was the better proxy for the seasonal trend in larval growth rates between March and May on Georges Bank. Feeding conditions and growth of larval Atlantic cod and haddock were poor during the late winter and spring of 1995 compared with those from 1997 to 1999. C1 Univ Rhode Isl, NOAA, Cooperat Marine Educ & Res Program, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Narragansett Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Woods Hole Lab, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Buckley, LJ (reprint author), Univ Rhode Isl, NOAA, Cooperat Marine Educ & Res Program, Grad Sch Oceanog, S Ferry Rd, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM lbuckley@gso.uri.edu NR 71 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 11 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 325 BP 205 EP 226 DI 10.3354/meps325205 PG 22 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 116LZ UT WOS:000242805700019 ER PT J AU Womble, JN Sigler, MF AF Womble, Jamie N. Sigler, Michael F. TI Seasonal availability of abundant, energy-rich prey influences the abundance and diet of a marine predator, the Steller sea lion Eumetopias juhatus SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE seasonal; prey availability; abundance; diet; energy; Eumetopias jubatus; Clupea pallasii; Theragra chalcogramma ID EULACHON THALEICHTHYS-PACIFICUS; FATTY-ACID COMPOSITION; LONG-TERM-MEMORY; FECAL SAMPLES; ZALOPHUS-CALIFORNIANUS; ARCTOCEPHALUS-GAZELLA; SKELETAL STRUCTURES; JUBATUS; ALASKA; FOOD AB Steller sea lions Eumetopiasjubatus are central-place foragers that forage in the marine environment while using terrestrial sites to rest and care for young. Some terrestrial sites are used seasonally; however, the reasons for doing so are not fully understood. We addressed the hypothesis that seasonal availability of prey influences seasonal abundance and diet of sea lions. We quantified monthly prey availability and sea lion abundance and quarterly diet composition at Benjamin Island in SE Alaska (2001-2004). Large numbers of sea lions occupied Benjamin Island during the nonbreeding season from October to April when Pacific herring Clupea pallasii biomass was highest. Herring was the most common species in sea lion diet (frequency of occurrence [FO] = 90 %) and comprised over 81 % of the available pelagic prey biomass and 96 % of the energy encountered during pelagic surveys. Walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma accounted for 19% of the available prey biomass but was only slightly less common in sea lion diet (FO = 88 %) than herring. Herring biomass was correlated with the number of sea lions; in contrast, there was no relationship between pollock biomass and number of sea lions. Several fish species were found in nearshore areas, but were uncommon in sea lion diet. Sea lions consumed the available pelagic prey but little of the available nearshore prey. The FO of herring and pollock in sea lion diet did not differ significantly between seasons; however, the FO of other seasonal prey species differed between seasons. Seasonal occupation of Benjamin Island by sea lions is influenced by seasonally available, densely aggregated, energy-rich prey. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Womble, JN (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, 11120 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM jamie_womble@nps.gov NR 60 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 12 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 325 BP 281 EP 293 DI 10.3354/meps325281 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 116LZ UT WOS:000242805700024 ER PT J AU Martin, GB Wuenschel, MJ AF Martin, Gretchen Bath Wuenschel, Mark J. TI Effect of temperature and salinity on otolith element incorporation in juvenile gray snapper Lutjanus griseus SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE otolith chemistry; salinity; temperature; strontium; barium; manganese; magnesium; Lutjanus griseus ID SPOT LEIOSTOMUS-XANTHURUS; ONTOGENIC HABITAT SHIFTS; MARINE FISH; ANGUILLA-ROSTRATA; MORONE-SAXATILIS; NORTH-CAROLINA; NURSERY AREAS; STRIPED BASS; SEA-TROUT; REEF FISH AB Otolith chemistry provides one approach for identifying the relative contribution of juveniles from different nursery habitats to adult populations. The goal of this study was to validate otolith element incorporation by quantifying the relation between otolith and water element concentrations (Sr/Ca, Mg/Ca, Mn/Ca, and Ba/Ca) as a function of differences in water temperature and salinity using juvenile gray snapper Lutjanus griseus, a reef fish that inhabits estuarine and nearshore habitats as juveniles. We investigated the effects of 20 different temperature (18, 23, 28, 33 degrees C) and salinity (5, 15, 25, 35, 45) combinations on otolith element incorporation (partition coefficient D) in L. griseus. Temperature and salinity had significant effects on D-Sr but no significant effect on D-Mg or D-Mn; however, salinity had a significant effect on D-Ba. The broad range of temperatures and salinities used in the present study encompasses those occupied by juveniles in the wild and therefore provides a realistic test for using otolith chemistry to infer environmental history of individual gray snapper. Element incorporation and the effects of temperature and salinity on element incorporation differ among fish species, limiting development of generalized models aimed at predicting water chemistry from otolith chemistry. Thus, the data presented here underscore the necessity of validation experiments to translate species-specific elemental signatures in otoliths. C1 NOAA, NOS, NICCOS, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Martin, GB (reprint author), NOAA, Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, 101 Pivers Island Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM gretchen.bath.martin@noaa.gov NR 49 TC 53 Z9 56 U1 5 U2 24 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 324 BP 229 EP 239 DI 10.3354/meps324229 PG 11 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 110KE UT WOS:000242376800019 ER PT J AU Menezes, GM Sigler, MF Silva, HM Pinho, MR AF Menezes, Gui M. Sigler, Michael F. Silva, Helder M. Pinho, Mario R. TI Structure and zonation of demersal fish assemblages off the Azores Archipelago (mid-Atlantic) SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE Azores archipelago; demersal fish assemblages; islands; seamounts; fish distribution; zonation; water masses ID EASTERN NORTH-ATLANTIC; DEEP-WATER FISH; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; UPPER SLOPE; GROUNDFISH ASSEMBLAGES; PORCUPINE SEABIGHT; MEDITERRANEAN SEA; CANARY-ISLANDS; COMMUNITY; PATTERNS AB The assemblages of the demersal fish fauna of the Azores Archipelago are described from longline surveys that extended from the coastline to 1200 m water depth. A total of 104 fish species from 47 different families were caught, and despite the changes of biogeographic affinities with depth, most species caught are of subtropical origin (mainly from the Eastern Atlantic/Mediterranean areas) or have a broad geographic distribution. Four large-scale fish assemblages following a depth-aligned structure were found: a shallow-shelf/shelf-break assemblage at depths < 200 m, an upper-slope assemblage at 200-600 m, a mid-slope assemblage at 600-800 m and a deep mid-slope assemblage at 800-1200 m. Within the main shallow assemblage, 4 small-scale fish assemblages were found: an inner-shelf-island assemblage, an outer-shelf-island assemblage, a seamount/island-shelf/shelf-break assemblage and a transitional shelf/break assemblage. The bathymetric delineation of the mid-slope assemblages coincides with the known distributions of the North Atlantic Central Water (NACW), Mediterranean Water (MW) and the upper influence of the intermediate waters in the region: the northern sub-polar waters (Subarctic Intermediate Water [SAIW], the Labrador Sea Water [LSW]) and the Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW). The delineation of the shallow small-scale fish assemblages appears to be determined by small-scale environmental factors (e.g. bottom characteristics, seamounts or island areas). C1 Univ Acores, Dept Oceanograf & Pescas, P-9901862 Horta, Portugal. US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Menezes, GM (reprint author), Univ Acores, Dept Oceanograf & Pescas, Cais Santa Cruz, P-9901862 Horta, Portugal. EM gui@notes.horta.uac.pt RI Menezes, Gui/A-3956-2009; OI Menezes, Gui/0000-0003-0781-4579; Pinho, Mario/0000-0002-8045-2546; Silva, Helder/0000-0001-7181-1976 NR 67 TC 59 Z9 61 U1 2 U2 9 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 324 BP 241 EP 260 DI 10.3354/meps324241 PG 20 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 110KE UT WOS:000242376800020 ER PT J AU Sasso, CR Braun-McNeill, J Avens, L Epperly, SP AF Sasso, Christopher R. Braun-McNeill, Joanne Avens, Larisa Epperly, Sheryan P. TI Effects of transients on estimating survival and population growth in juvenile loggerhead turtles SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE mark-recapture; North Carolina; pound nets; sea turtles ID CARETTA-CARETTA; SEA-TURTLES; RECAPTURE; SURVIVORSHIP; WATERS; MARK AB Population growth and annual survival of juvenile loggerhead turtles Caretta caretta were investigated in North Carolina using mark-recapture techniques. Lack of fit of the models employed caused us to reject the obtained estimates and led us to suspect that many loggerhead turtles were transient in the study area. We estimated apparent survival and the proportions of residents and transients. Transients represented approximately 75% of newly captured individuals captured at our study site. When transients were taken into account, apparent survival of residents increased from between 0.36 and 0.74 to 0.81. Our study highlights the need to consider the presence of transients when interpreting the results of loggerhead monitoring studies. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Sasso, CR (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM chris.sasso@noaa.gov NR 31 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 6 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 324 BP 287 EP 292 DI 10.3354/meps324287 PG 6 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 110KE UT WOS:000242376800024 ER PT J AU Gomez-Gutierrez, J Feinberg, LR Shaw, T Peterson, WT AF Gomez-Gutierrez, Jaime Feinberg, Leah R. Shaw, Tracy Peterson, William T. TI Variability in brood size and female length of Euphausia pacifica among three populations in the North Pacific SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE Euphausia pacifica; intraspecific scaling; brood size; reproductive effort; North Pacific ID CENTRAL OREGON; CALIFORNIA; BIOLOGY; USA AB We compared brood sizes among adult female Euphausia pacifica Hansen, 1911 from 3 populations in the North Pacific: Puget Sound, Washington, USA; Toyama Bay, Japan; and the Oregon coast, USA. Additionally, we used multiple linear regression models to compare the interspecific brood size as a function of female length and location. The females from Oregon attained larger brood sizes (maximurn 600 eggs brood(-1), mean 152 eggs brood(-1)) and were longer (mean length 20.1 mm) than females from the other 2 regions (means: 96 eggs brood(-1) and 15.9 mm; 113 eggs brood(-1) and 18.5 mm. for Puget Sound and Toyama Bay, respectively). The brood size for females from the 3 populations increased with size, reaching a maximum when females attained lengths ranging from 19 to 22 mm. The brood size decreased substantially for larger individuals. When the relationship between brood size and length was corrected for differences in female length, the median brood sizes were statistically indistinguishable among the 3 regions, indicating an inherent reproductive potential probably associated with the carapace volume available for the gonads for a given female length. C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. CIMRS, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NOAA, NMFS, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Gomez-Gutierrez, J (reprint author), Inst Politecn Nacl, Ctr Interdisciplinario Ciencias Marinas, Dept Plancton & Ecol Marina, AP 592, La Paz 23096, Baja California, Mexico. EM jagomezg@ipn.mx NR 33 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 323 BP 185 EP 194 DI 10.3354/meps323185 PG 10 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 103XY UT WOS:000241921700016 ER PT J AU Waggett, RJ Buskey, EJ AF Waggett, Rebecca J. Buskey, Edward J. TI Copepod sensitivity to flow fields: detection by copepods of predatory ctenophores SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE mechanoreception; predator-prey interactions; ctenophore; escape behavior ID MNEMIOPSIS-LEIDYI; LOBATE CTENOPHORE; ESCAPE BEHAVIOR; ACARTIA-TONSA; MARINE COPEPODS; LEUCOTHEA-SP; SEA AB Copepods have the mechanoreceptive abilities to detect velocity gradients generated by approaching predators and the ability to respond to these predators within milliseconds. Ctenophores produce a low-velocity feeding current to entrain slow-swimming and non-motile prey. Since copepod species vary in their sensitivity to hydrodynamic disturbances, it is possible that species will differ in their ability to distinguish flow-generating ctenophores from the surrounding fluid. Predator-prey interactions were recorded between the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi and 3 copepod species, Acartia tonsa, Paracalanus parvus and Temora turbinata. Although A. tonsa is more sensitive to hydrodynamic disturbances, T turbinata was most successful in escaping the ctenophore predator. T turbinata entered the inner lobe area (capture surfaces) of the ctenophore significantly less than either A. tonsa or P. parvus and were better able to escape both encounters and contacts with the inner lobes. These results suggest that sensitivity to velocity gradients may play only a minor role in determining escape success and an intermittent swimming pattern may increase susceptibility to capture by flow-generating predators. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Univ Texas, Inst Marine Sci, Port Aransas, TX 78373 USA. RP Waggett, RJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM rebecca.waggett@noaa.gov NR 26 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 323 BP 205 EP 211 DI 10.3354/meps323205 PG 7 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 103XY UT WOS:000241921700018 ER PT J AU Swimmer, Y Arauz, R McCracken, M McNaughton, L Ballestero, J Musyl, M Bigelow, K Brill, R AF Swimmer, Yonat Arauz, Randall McCracken, Marti McNaughton, Lianne Ballestero, Jorge Musyl, Mike Bigelow, Keith Brill, Richard TI Diving behavior and delayed mortality of olive ridley seat turtles Lepidochelys olivacea after their release from longline fishing gear SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE marine turtles; pop-off satellite archival tags; PSATs; eastern tropical Pacific Ocean ID CENTRAL NORTH PACIFIC; CARETTA-CARETTA; CHELONIA-MYDAS; SURVIVAL; FISHERY; ATLANTIC AB We deployed pop-off satellite archival tags (PSATs) on 14 olive ridley turtles Lepidochelys olivacea and 1 green turtle Chelonia mydas in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean between November 2001 and June 2003 to determine dive behavior and post-release mortality following interactions with longline fishing gear. Nine olive ridleys and 1 green turtle were captured by longline fishing gear, and 5 free swimming olive ridleys were hand-captured at the surface to serve as controls. Hooks were removed from all longline-caught turtles, with the exception of 1 olive ridley turtle. PSATs remained on control- and longline-caught olive ridleys for an average of 61 and 54 d, respectively (range: 26 to 115) and on the green turtle for 26 d. Olive ridleys spent nearly all of their recorded time within the top 60 m, with very few dives exceeding 100 m. Over 95% of the time was spent between water temperatures of 22 and 28 degrees C and turtles' dive behaviors appeared to be correlated with oceanographic variables (e.g. sea surface temperature and chlorophyll concentration). There were no clear differences evident either in horizontal movements, depth distributions, or associations with specific water temperatures between longline-caught and control turtles. Our data showed only one mortality event, that of a control turtle that died and sank 66 d after being tagged. We conclude that olive ridley turtles that are lightly hooked and handled properly survive and generally behave normally following interactions with shallow-set longline gear. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. PRETOMA, San Jose, Costa Rica. Univ Hawaii, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. RP Swimmer, Y (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2570 Dole St, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM yonat.swimmer@noaa.gov RI Logger, Satellite/C-1379-2010 NR 30 TC 41 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 12 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 323 BP 253 EP 261 DI 10.3354/meps323253 PG 9 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 103XY UT WOS:000241921700023 ER PT J AU Travis, SE Sheridan, P AF Travis, Steven E. Sheridan, Pete TI Genetic structure of natural and restored shoalgrass Halodule wrightii populations in the NW Gulf of Mexico SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE seagrass; Halodule wrightii; genetic structure; clonal reproduction; genetic diversity; amplified length polymorphism; Gulf of Mexico ID SEAGRASS POSIDONIA-OCEANICA; AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA; ZOSTERA-MARINA L; GALVESTON BAY; SPARTINA-ALTERNIFLORA; F-STATISTICS; DIVERSITY; EELGRASS; RESTORATION; TEXAS AB The decline of seagrass communities worldwide has sparked an urgent need for effective restoration strategies, which require a working knowledge of population genetic structure. Halodule wrighti is a common seagrass of the Caribbean region that is being restored to areas of the Gulf of Mexico, yet little is known of its population genetics. This study provides an assessment of individual, clonal and population effects on the genetic structure of 4 natural H. wrightii populations occupying 170 km. of coastline in and around Galveston Bay, Texas, for comparison with 7 restored populations ranging in age from 2 to 7 yr. By using molecular markers, in the form of amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), we found considerable variation in clonal richness at the population scale (from 0.54 to 0.82), with the restored populations occupying an intermediate to high position within this range. Replicate sampling within individual seagrass beds of 3 to 5 m diameter generally revealed higher levels of clonal richness, elevated by 4 to 22 % over that at the population scale, suggesting that seed recruitment is more important at the local scale than at distances of > 10 m. Genetic diversity was 2 to 3 times less than that expected for a widespread, outcrossing species like H. wrightii, although a 170 % increase in the frequency of variable markers relative to the mean for all other populations was noted for a volunteer population that had recruited from a mixture of donor materials planted at a nearby restoration site. Within the spatial extent of this study, natural populations adhered to a model of isolation-by-distance, whereas donor materials from these same natural populations were undergoing a rapid genetic convergence within a restored site where they had been planted together. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, US Dept Commerce, Panama City Beach, FL 32408 USA. RP Travis, SE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. EM steven_travis@usgs.gov NR 60 TC 7 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 18 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 EI 1616-1599 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 322 BP 117 EP 127 DI 10.3354/meps322117 PG 11 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 098JD UT WOS:000241515900010 ER PT J AU Seminoff, JA Jones, TT Marshall, GJ AF Seminoff, Jeffrey A. Jones, T. Todd Marshall, Greg J. TI Underwater behaviour of green turtles monitored with video-time-depth recorders: what's missing from dive profiles? SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE behaviour; dive type; Chelonia mydas; Crittercam; habitat use; green turtle; VTDR ID COASTAL FORAGING AREA; GULF-OF-CALIFORNIA; CHELONIA-MYDAS L; DIVING BEHAVIOR; HABITAT USE; SEA-TURTLE; LOGGERHEAD TURTLES; HAWAIIAN-ISLANDS; ASCENSION ISLAND; CARETTA-CARETTA AB We used a turtle-mounted video and data-logging system (Crittercam; National Geographic Society, USA) to study underwater behaviour and dive patterns of green turtles, Chelonia mydas, at a coastal foraging area in the Gulf of California, Mexico, Between August 1997 and June 2002, units were deployed 36 times on 34 green turtles ranging from 64.1 to 96.7 cm in straight carapace length and 38.6 to 120.5 kg in weight. A total of 89.5 h of video was recorded with corresponding dive data (1065 total dives). Foraging was observed during 8 deployments (28 events) at depths of 3.0 to 32.0 m and occurred while turtles were swimming in the midwater column and stationary on the seafloor; 4 marine algae and 5 invertebrate prey species were identified. Resting behaviour was seen during 9 deployments (33 dives) as turtles set on the seafloor at depths of 7.0 to 26.5 m. Overall, 6 dive types were observed and labeled Type 1 to Type 6 dives. Green turtles foraged during Type 1, Type 3, and Type 5 dives, whereas they rested only during Type 1 dives. In addition to elucidating the importance of specific habitats and resources in neritic foraging areas, our results confirm that a variety of underwater behaviours can be reflected by 1 specific dive profile. These data indicate caution should be exercised when ascertaining in-water activity solely based on the appearance of dive profiles. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Univ British Columbia, Dept Zool, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. Natl Geog Soc, Remote Imaging Div, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Seminoff, JA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM jeffrey.seminoff@noaa.gov NR 31 TC 49 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 15 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 322 BP 269 EP 280 DI 10.3354/meps322269 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 098JD UT WOS:000241515900023 ER PT J AU Grober-Dunsmore, R Bonito, V Frazer, TK AF Grober-Dunsmore, Rikki Bonito, Victor Frazer, Thomas K. TI Potential inhibitors to recovery of Acropora palmata populations in St. John, US Virgin Islands SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE coral reefs; elkhorn coral; corallivorous snails; resheeting; recruitment ID CARIBBEAN CORAL-REEFS; DIADEMA-ANTILLARUM; CORALLIOPHILA-ABBREVIATA; HERMODICE-CARUNCULATA; MASS MORTALITY; CLIMATE-CHANGE; ELKHORN CORAL; WHITE POX; DYNAMICS; DISEASE AB Populations of Acropora palmata in the Caribbean were decimated in the 1970s and 1980s, with little apparent signs of recovery until the late 1990s. Here, we document an increase in A. palmata colonies between 2001 and 2003 at 8 of 11 monitoring sites in waters adjacent to the island of St. John, US Virgin Islands. The shallow waters along the NW coast of the island exhibited the greatest increase in colony abundance, perhaps due to greater larval supply and/or conditions that favor settlement and subsequent survivorship. Of concern, however, is the lack of survival of large colonies (at all sites), which are most frequently affected by stressors (e.g. Coralliophila abbreviata, damselfishes, active disease) and are most likely to be remnants (colonies with discontinuous, living coral-tissue over an existing coral framework). Predation by C. abbreviata and active coral disease may directly contribute to the development of these remnant colonies. In addition, we recorded damage to colonies attributed to damselfishes and raise the possibility that these territorial reef-inhabitants act as vectors in the transmission of coral disease. While the incidence of disease around St. John is generally low, it may persist as a ubiquitous, chronic stress. Finally, because stressors are more prevalent on large colonies and in high-density stands, they have the potential to inhibit the recovery of A. palmata populations to their historic condition. C1 Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Fisheries & Aqua Sci, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. RP Grober-Dunsmore, R (reprint author), Natl Marine Protected Areas Ctr, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 110 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM rikki.dunsmore@noaa.gov NR 49 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 22 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 321 BP 123 EP 132 DI 10.3354/meps321123 PG 10 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 095BH UT WOS:000241282700011 ER PT J AU Wetz, MS Hayes, KC Lewitus, AJ Wolny, JL White, DL AF Wetz, Michael S. Hayes, Kenneth C. Lewitus, Alan J. Wolny, Jennifer L. White, David L. TI Variability in phytoplankton pigment biomass and taxonomic composition over tidal cycles in a salt marsh estuary SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE phytoplankton; estuaries; tidal cycles; grazing; diatoms; storms ID OYSTER CRASSOSTREA-GIGAS; SHORT-TERM VARIABILITY; WATER-QUALITY; MICROBIAL COMMUNITY; SHALLOW ESTUARIES; RHODE RIVER; MICROPHYTOBENTHOS; COASTAL; MICROZOOPLANKTON; IMPACT AB Tidal flow causes high temporal variability in environmental properties that impact ecosystem dynamics. Microbes such as phytoplankton are especially susceptible to tidal advection and mixing, and understanding their role in estuarine food webs and biogeochemical cycles requires information on their biomass and taxonomic composition over short time scales (e.g. tidal cycles). We conducted a survey of phytoplankton pigment biomass and taxonomic composition over complete tidal cycles in 2 salt marsh creeks on 5 sampling occasions from July to September 2000, and assessed environmental factors regulating phytoplankton properties. Tidal input of low chl a water combined with phytoplankton losses (microzooplankton grazing, oyster grazing, settling) caused large decreases in phytoplankton biomass (by 47 to 51% on average) on the flood tide, and also influenced the taxonomic composition. Depending on sampling date, pennate diatoms or flagellates were primarily reduced on the flood tide. One sampling date followed a heavy rain event, and was marked by substantial increases in tidal creek nutrient concentrations and reduced microzooplankton grazing rates, emphasizing the need to consider the combined influences of nutrients and grazing in explaining bloom formation following rain events. The high tidal variability in phytoplankton properties suggests that strict attention to tidal phase is needed in determining long-term trends or inter-estuary comparisons in phytoplankton biomass, and primary production in tidally-driven estuaries. C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ S Carolina, Belle W Baruch Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Georgetown, SC 29442 USA. Marine Resources Res Inst, S Carolina Dept Nat Resources, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Florida Inst Oceanog, Fish & Wildlife Res Inst, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. NOAA, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Wetz, MS (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Inst Marine Sci, 3431 Arendell St, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. EM mwetz@coas.oregonstate.edu NR 45 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 13 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 320 BP 109 EP 120 DI 10.3354/meps320109 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 092NC UT WOS:000241102800010 ER PT J AU Link, JS Ford, MD AF Link, Jason S. Ford, Michael D. TI Widespread and persistent increase of Ctenophora in the continental shelf ecosystem off NE USA SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE gelatinous zooplankton; large marine ecosystem; global-scale perturbation; Ctenophore abundance; spiny dogfish; regime shift ID MNEMIOPSIS-LEIDYI; GELATINOUS ZOOPLANKTON; CLIMATE-CHANGE; BLACK-SEA; FISH; JELLYFISH; BLOOMS; STOMACHS; BIOMASS; BENTHOS AB Changes in the prey composition of the stomachs of opportunistic-feeding fishes can provide information on various ocean-ecosystem dynamics. From 1981 to 2000, stomach samples of the spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias showed a major increase in the overall occurrence (and hence implied abundance) of Ctenophora, gelatinous zooplankton that range throughout the ecosystem, There have been a few such major increases in ctenophores in enclosed (e.g. Caspian Sea) and semi-enclosed (e.g. Mediterranean Sea) ecosystems, with concomitant significant effects on those ecosystems and the productivity of their fishery resources. We show the first such increases in ctenophores in an open ecosystem, persistent over 2 decades, with implications for the productivity of the fishery resources in any large marine ecosystem. C1 NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Food Web Dynam Program, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Natl Oceanog Data Ctr, Laurel, MD 20707 USA. RP Link, JS (reprint author), NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Food Web Dynam Program, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM jason.link@noaa.gov NR 36 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 3 U2 16 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 320 BP 153 EP 159 DI 10.3354/meps320153 PG 7 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 092NC UT WOS:000241102800014 ER PT J AU Auth, TD Brodeur, RD AF Auth, Toby D. Brodeur, Richard D. TI Distribution and community structure of ichthyoplankton off the coast of Oregon, USA, in 2000 and 2002 SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE ichthyoplankton; fish larvae; assemblages; distributions; multivariate analyses; North Pacific Ocean; Oregon coast ID NORTHERN CALIFORNIA CURRENT; LARVAL FISH ASSEMBLAGES; VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION; ENGRAULIS-MORDAX; PACIFIC SARDINE; SEBASTES SPP.; CROSS-SHELF; ABUNDANCE; WATERS; REGION AB The species composition, distribution and concentration of ichthyoplankton off the central Oregon coast in the NE Pacific Ocean were examined during 2000 and 2002 to investigate annual, seasonal, vertical, and cross-shelf variability. Larval concentrations were also analyzed in relation to water temperature and salinity. The 281 samples collected from 5 cruises along a historically sampled transect between April and September in each of the 2 study years yielded 4944 fish larvae comprising 72 taxa in 28 families. The dominant taxa collected were Engraulis mordax, Lyopsetta exilis, Sebastes spp., Stenobrachius leucopsarus and Tarletonbeania crenularis. Total larval concentration increased from 49.3 per 1000 m(3) in 2000 to 72.0 per 1000 m(3) in 2002, with seasonal concentrations highest in August 2000 (90.3 per 1000 m(3)) and April 2002 (151.2 per 1000 m(3)). Relatively few larvae were found at depths > 100 m, while highest larval concentrations generally occurred from 0 to 50 m. However, L. exilis concentrations were highest from 50 to 100 m. Larval diversity and concentration were higher offshore (46 to 84 km) than in coastal areas (9 to 28 km). Highest concentrations were normally found at an intermediate station 65 km off the coast. Species designated as either coastal or offshore species by previous studies were predominantly found in their respective shelf regions. With the exception of L. exilis, larval concentrations were positively correlated with temperature and negatively correlated with salinity (p < 0.0001). C1 Oregon State Univ, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Auth, TD (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM toby.auth@noaa.gov NR 47 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 3 U2 12 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 319 BP 199 EP 213 DI 10.3354/meps319199 PG 15 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 092NA UT WOS:000241102600018 ER PT J AU Faunce, CH Serafy, JE AF Faunce, Craig H. Serafy, Joseph E. TI Mangroves as fish habitat: 50 years of field studies SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Review DE fishes; essential fish habitat; mangroves; nursery; review ID CORAL-REEF FISH; SHALLOW-WATER BIOTOPES; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; JUVENILE FISH; SPECIES COMPOSITION; FLORIDA BAY; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; SEAGRASS BEDS; NETHERLANDS-ANTILLES; TROPICAL QUEENSLAND AB Mangroves dominate undisturbed natural shorelines of many sub-tropical and tropical regions, yet their utilization by fishes is poorly understood. To provide the first comprehensive list of empirical field studies for comparative and reference purposes, we assembled and quantified aspects of 111 mangrove-fish surveys published between 1955 and 2005. Differences in the location, purpose, methodology, data gathered, and analyses performed among studies have resulted in a fragmented literature making cross-study comparisons difficult, at best. Although the number of published studies has increased over time, a geographical bias in the literature has persisted towards studies performed in the USA and Australia, and against studies performed in Southeast Asia and West Africa. The typical survey design has examined < 10 fixed locations on a monthly or bimonthly basis for a period of less than 2 yr. Water temperature and salinity measurements have been the most reported habitat variables; others, such as structural and landscape measures, continue to be rare. Moreover, the focus to date has been on identifying assemblage-level patterns of fish use, with very few studies providing species-specific estimates of abundance, growth, mortality, and secondary production. Unless future studies strive towards obtaining such estimates, gauging the importance of mangroves as fish habitat and their broader contribution to ecosystem diversity and production will remain elusive, C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Marine Biol & Fisheries, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Faunce, CH (reprint author), Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, Fish & Wildlife Res Inst, Tequesta Field Lab, 19100 SE Fed Highway, Tequesta, FL 33469 USA. EM craig.faunce@myfwc.com NR 163 TC 89 Z9 95 U1 14 U2 54 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 318 BP 1 EP 18 DI 10.3354/meps318001 PG 18 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 082ER UT WOS:000240370000001 ER PT J AU Yeung, C McConnaughey, RA AF Yeung, Cynthia McConnaughey, Robert A. TI Community structure of eastern Bering Sea epibenthic invertebrates from summer bottom-trawl surveys 1982 to 2002 SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE dominant epibenthos; indicator taxa; spatial distribution; interannual variability; oceanographic front; El Nino; environment; climate shift ID CLIMATE; VARIABILITY; ECOSYSTEM; PATTERNS; PACIFIC; SHIFTS; CRABS; SHELF AB Catches of invertebrates from the annual summer bottom-trawl surveys in the eastern Bering Sea between 1982 and 2002 were analyzed to describe the composition and spatial distribution of epibenthic invertebrate communities. A persistent characteristic is distinct inshore and offshore community types separated by the dynamic oceanographic inner front that generally coincides with the 50 m isobath. This typical spatial distribution of the 2 communities corresponds closely with surficial sediment type and previously reported patterns for groundfishes and infaunal invertebrates. The biomass of the inshore assemblage is overwhelmingly dominated by the sea star Asterias amurensis, whereas Gastropoda, Paguridae and the snow crab Chionoecetes opilio dominate the offshore assemblage. Variations in the typical inshore-offshore pattern occurred in 1982-84, 1987-88, 1998-99 and 2001-02, when there were substantial reductions in the spatial extent of the inshore community, especially in the Bristol Bay area. During these reductions, epibenthos in Bristol Bay shifted from the inshore type to either offshore or an undefined community type. In general, reductions in the inshore domain were correlated with a mean bottom temperature in the survey area that was higher than normal in the preceding summer. Extreme El Nino events coincided with sizable contractions of the inshore community in 1982-84 and 1998-99. Spatial variability in the epibenthic communities may thus reflect the influence of environmental changes on interannual and decadal scales. Evidence suggests that mobile taxa, especially crabs, may be migrating offshore toward cooler waters, thereby rearranging the epibenthic communities. C1 NOAA Fisheries, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Yeung, C (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM cynthia.yeung@noaa.gov NR 44 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 6 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 318 BP 47 EP 62 DI 10.3354/meps318047 PG 16 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 082ER UT WOS:000240370000004 ER PT J AU Parry, M AF Parry, Matthew TI Feeding behavior of two ommastrephid squids Ommastrephes bartramii and Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis off Hawaii SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE ommastrephidae; squid; feeding behavior; Hawaii; Ommastrephes bartramii; Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis; myctophidae; trophic ecology; otoliths; beaks ID PACIFIC; HABITS; SHARK AB The feeding behaviors of squids Ommastrephes bartramii (n = 315) and Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis (n = 280), collected during yearly 2 wk cruises from 1996 to 2001, were compared. Fish and squid prey dominated the stomach contents and were identified from otoliths and beaks, respectively. A total of 2561 otoliths and 424 beaks were recovered; 84% of O. bartramii stomachs contained otoliths while 54% contained cephalopod beaks. For S. oualaniensis, 75% of stomachs contained otoliths while 34% contained cephalopod beaks. Myctophidae were the most prevalent fish prey item for both species in frequency and abundance; however, O. bartramii fed on a wider range of prey items than S. oualaniensis at the family and species level. The myctophid Symbolophorus evermanni was a substantial prey item for both species. Both predators fed substantially on the squid families Onychoteuthidae and Enoploteuthidae, but O. bartramii fed on a wider range of squid prey items than S. oualaniensis. Levins' (1968; 'Evolution in changing environments', Princeton University Press) standardized measure of niche breadth was greater for O. bartramii than for S. oualaniensis when calculated using either otoliths (0.56 vs. 0.086) or beaks (0.22 vs. 0.097). MacArthur & Levins' (1967; Am Nat 101:377-385) measure of niche overlap of S. oualaniensis on O. bartramii was greater than that of O. bartramii on S. oualaniensis, for both fish otoliths (1.16 vs. 0.22) and squid beaks (0.93 vs. 0.46). These results suggested that O. bartramii is a more generalized predator than S. oualaniensis. Competition for food resources appears low between O. bartramii and S. oualaniensis where they overlap in the North Pacific. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Pacific Isl Reg Off, Honolulu, HI 96841 USA. RP Parry, M (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Pacific Isl Reg Off, 1601 Kapiolani Blvd,Suite 1110, Honolulu, HI 96841 USA. EM matthew.parry@noaa.gov NR 17 TC 21 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 9 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 318 BP 229 EP 235 DI 10.3354/meps318229 PG 7 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 082ER UT WOS:000240370000020 ER PT J AU Danil, K Chivers, SJ AF Danil, Kerri Chivers, Susan J. TI Habitat-based spatial and temporal variability in life history characteristics of female common dolphins Delphinus delphis in the eastern tropical Pacific SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE common dolphin; Delphinus delphis; oceanography; population dynamics; Costa Rica Dome; life history; Eastern tropical Pacific; El Nino ID STENELLA-ATTENUATA; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; SPOTTED DOLPHINS; GROWTH; DISPERSAL; BARRIERS; OCEAN; AGE AB Spatial and temporal variability in mean age, breeding season and mean body length were examined for female short-beaked common dolphins Delphinus delphis in the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP). Specimens were obtained from central stock D. delphis incidentally killed in the tuna purse-seine fishery between 1973 and 1993. To examine spatial variability in life history parameters, oceanographic variables were used to characterize 2 primary habitats within the range of central stock animals: the Costa Rica Dome (CRD) and the surrounding areas of the CRD. Mean age of mature females did not vary through time or between habitats, and calving occurred throughout the year in both habitats. However, mean body length of D. delphis sampled 'on' the CRD was 10 cm shorter than those sampled 'off' the CRD during the years 1973-1974 but was not significantly different between the 2 habitats in the years 1988-1989. The difference between spatial groups in 1973-1974 is likely attributed to animals moving within the region in response to changes in their environment. That is, animal size and location is consistent with southern stock D. delphis moving into the higher quality habitat of the CRD area during the strong El Nino of 1972-1973 when preferred habitat was likely reduced in the area that the southern stock inhabits. Our evidence of animal movement suggests animals cross stock boundaries during periods of significant environmental change. This result has implications for development and implementation of management plans and estimation of life history parameters for D. delphis inhabiting the ETP. C1 NOAA Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Danil, K (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM kerri.danil@noaa.gov NR 33 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 11 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 318 BP 277 EP 286 DI 10.3354/meps318277 PG 10 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 082ER UT WOS:000240370000026 ER PT J AU Adams, AJ Dahlgren, CP Kellison, GT Kendall, MS Layman, CA Ley, JA Nagelkerken, I Serafy, JE AF Adams, Aaron J. Dahlgren, Craig P. Kellison, G. Todd Kendall, Matthew S. Layman, Craig A. Ley, Janet A. Nagelkerken, Ivan Serafy, Joseph E. TI Nursery function of tropical back-reef systems SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE back-reef systems; nursery; nearshore habitats; coral reef; seagrass; mangrove ID JUVENILE QUEEN CONCH; GROUPER EPINEPHELUS-STRIATUS; ONTOGENIC HABITAT SHIFTS; CARIBBEAN SPINY LOBSTERS; NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE; SHALLOW-WATER BIOTOPES; CORAL-REEF; SEAGRASS BEDS; FISH ASSEMBLAGES; HAEMULON-FLAVOLINEATUM AB Similar to nearshore systems in temperate latitudes, the nursery paradigm for tropical back-reef systems is that they provide a habitat for juveniles of species that subsequently make ontogenetic shifts to adult populations on coral reefs (we refer to this as the nursery function of back-reef systems). Nevertheless, we lack a full understanding of the importance of the nursery function of back-reef systems to the maintenance of coral reef fishes and invertebrate populations; the few studies that have examined the nursery function of multiple habitats indicate that the relationship between juvenile production in back-reef habitats and their subsequent contribution to adult populations on reefs remain poorly understood. In this synopsis we (1) synthesize current knowledge of life history, ecological and habitat influences on juvenile distribution patterns and nursery function within back-reef systems; (2) outline a research strategy for assessing the nursery function of various habitat types in back-reef systems; and (3) discuss management recommendations, particularly in regard to how improved knowledge of the nursery function of back-reef systems can be used in fisheries and ecosystem management, including habitat conservation and restoration decisions. The research strategy builds on research recommendations for assessing the nursery function of temperate habitats and includes 4 levels of research: (1) building conceptual models to guide research and management; (2) identifying juvenile habitat use patterns; (3) measuring connectivity of juvenile and adult populations between habitats; and (4) examining ecological processes that may influence patterns assessed in Level 2 and Level 3 research. Research and modeling output from Levels 1 to 4 will provide an improved ecological understanding of the degree and importance of interconnections between coral reef and adjacent back-reef systems, and will provide information to managers that will facilitate wise decisions pertaining to habitat conservation, habitat restoration, and ecosystem-based management, and the maintenance of sustainable fisheries. C1 Perry Inst Marine Sci, Jupiter, FL 33477 USA. Mote Marine Lab, Charlotte Harbor Field Stn, Pineland, FL 33945 USA. Biscayne Natl Pk, Homestead, FL 33033 USA. NOAA, Biogeog Team, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Yale Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Australian Maritime Coll, Beauty Point, Tas 7270, Australia. Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Inst Water & Wetland Res, Dept Anim Ecol & Ecophysiol, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands. NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Dahlgren, CP (reprint author), Perry Inst Marine Sci, 100 N US Highway 1,Suite 202, Jupiter, FL 33477 USA. EM cdahlgren@perryinstitute.org RI Nagelkerken, Ivan/E-1093-2011 OI Nagelkerken, Ivan/0000-0003-4499-3940 NR 157 TC 114 Z9 121 U1 10 U2 64 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 EI 1616-1599 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 318 BP 287 EP 301 DI 10.3354/meps318287 PG 15 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 082ER UT WOS:000240370000027 ER PT J AU Layman, CA Dahlgren, CP Kellison, GT Adams, AJ Gillanders, BM Kendall, MS Ley, JA Nagelkerken, I Serafy, JE AF Layman, Craig A. Dahlgren, Craig P. Kellison, G. Todd Adams, Aaron J. Gillanders, Bronwyn M. Kendall, Matthew S. Ley, Janet A. Nagelkerken, Ivan Serafy, Joseph E. TI Marine nurseries and effective juvenile habitats SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Editorial Material ID IDENTIFICATION; ESTUARINE; FISH C1 Yale Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Perry Inst Marine Sci, Jupiter, FL 33477 USA. Biscayne Natl Pk, Homestead, FL 33033 USA. Mote Marine Lab, Charlotte Harbor Field Stn, Pineland, FL 33945 USA. Univ Adelaide, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, So Seas Ecol Labs, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. NOAA, Biogeog Team, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Australian Maritime Coll, Beauty Point, Tas 7270, Australia. Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Fac Sci, Dept Anim Ecol & Ecophysiol, Inst Water & Wetland Res, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands. NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Layman, CA (reprint author), Yale Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, POB 208106, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. EM cal1634@yahoo.com RI Nagelkerken, Ivan/E-1093-2011; Gillanders, Bronwyn/B-4218-2013 OI Nagelkerken, Ivan/0000-0003-4499-3940; Gillanders, Bronwyn/0000-0002-7680-2240 NR 7 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 14 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 318 BP 307 EP 308 DI 10.3354/meps318307 PG 2 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 082ER UT WOS:000240370000029 ER PT J AU Wilson, MT Jump, CM Duffy-Anderson, JT AF Wilson, Matthew T. Jump, Christina M. Duffy-Anderson, Janet T. TI Comparative analysis of the feeding ecology of two pelagic forage fishes: capelin Mallotus villosus and walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE capelin; age-0 walleye pollock; diet overlap; prey selectivity ID PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; GULF-OF-ALASKA; BERING-SEA; BARENTS SEA; NORTHERN GULF; WESTERN GULF; ZOOPLANKTON ABUNDANCE; VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION; PROXIMATE COMPOSITION; PRIBILOF ISLANDS AB Pelagic forage fishes are an important component in the transfer of trophic energy in marine ecosystems. Capelin Mallotus villosus and age-0 walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma are pelagic forage fishes whose alternate fluctuations in abundance have been associated with system-wide biotic reorganization of the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) ecosystem. To better understand differences between these fishes, we compared their feeding ecology using samples of similar-sized (39 to 126 mm) individuals collected together in midwater trawl hauls during September 2000 to 2001 in the western GOA. Zooplankton samples were used to characterize prey availability. The comparative analysis focused on diet, feeding chronology, daily ration, and prey selectivity. The diet of both species mostly consisted of small copepods, large copepods, adult and juvenile euphausiids, thecosome pteropods, and larvaceans; consequently, the overall diet overlap was high. The diet overlap of fish from some samples, however, was low. Capelin fed mostly during crepuscular periods while pollock mostly fed at night. The daily ration estimate for capelin was low (1.8% body weight [BW]) relative to pollock (5.2% BW). Chesson's index of selectivity indicated preferential selection of euphausiids (adult and juvenile) by capelin and age-0 pollock. At euphausiid-poor locations, capelin stomachs were mostly empty while pollock stomachs contained alternate prey. Selectivity of amphipods, large copepods, larvaceans, and reptantians was higher for age-0 pollock than for capelin. Consumption of euphausiids increased with their abundance in the plankton, and consumption: biomass ratios indicate that localized depletion could occur. We hypothesize that capelin increase foraging mobility while age-0 pollock switch to alternate prey as a competitive response to limited euphausiid availability. C1 NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Wilson, MT (reprint author), NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM matt.wilson@noaa.gov NR 68 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 3 U2 14 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 317 BP 245 EP 258 DI 10.3354/meps317245 PG 14 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 075PB UT WOS:000239896600022 ER PT J AU Feinberg, LR Shaw, CT Peterson, WT AF Feinberg, Leah R. Shaw, C. Tracy Peterson, William T. TI Larval development of Euphausia pacifica in the laboratory: variability in developmental pathways SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE Euphausia pacifica; larval development time; developmental pathways ID SUPERBA DANA; CRUSTACEA-EUPHAUSIACEA; POPULATION BIOLOGY; BAJA-CALIFORNIA; FEEDING-STAGE; COPEPODS; GROWTH; TEMPERATURE; DURATION; PATTERNS AB Gravid adult female Euphausia pacifica were collected off Newport, Oregon, USA and transferred to the laboratory, where females spawned eggs, eggs hatched, and larvae were reared at 10.5 degrees C. We fed 4 cohorts of larvae to excess with a combination of phytoplankton species and monitored them daily until they reached the juvenile stage. The euphausiids were maintained separately (1 individual per jar) from the third furcilia (FIII) to the juvenile stage to observe developmental pathways. Individual cohorts developed at nearly the same rate until the first furcilia stage, after which 2 cohorts began to develop significantly faster than the others. Median time to the juvenile stage ranged from 51.9 to 60.6 d, with significant differences among cohorts. The first calyptopis stage and the third furcilia stage lasted longer than any other stages and appear to be bottlenecks in the development of this species. Individual development from FIII to juvenile varied widely both within and among cohorts. We observed 4 main developmental pathways. Over half of the euphausiids skipped 1 development stage between FIII and juvenile (58 %), and none skipped multiple stages. There was no tendency for individuals from the same cohort to follow the same developmental pathway. This variability in development may be even higher in the field and could impact mortality calculations and cohort analysis from field samples. C1 Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, Newport, OR 97356 USA. Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NMFS, Newport, OR 97356 USA. RP Feinberg, LR (reprint author), Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, 2030 S Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97356 USA. EM leah.feinberg@oregonstate.edu NR 36 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 13 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 316 BP 127 EP 137 DI 10.3354/meps316127 PG 11 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 070HN UT WOS:000239512600011 ER PT J AU Litzow, MA Bailey, KM Prahl, FG Heintz, R AF Litzow, Michael A. Bailey, Kevin M. Prahl, Fredrick G. Heintz, Ron TI Climate regime shifts and reorganization of fish communities: the essential fatty acid limitation hypothesis SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE regime shift; essential fatty acid; climate; community ecology; lipid ID COD GADUS-MORHUA; NORTH-SEA; FOOD-WEB; PROXIMATE COMPOSITION; SPECIES VARIABILITY; GADOID OUTBURST; ENERGY DENSITY; PACIFIC-OCEAN; FORAGE FISH; ALASKA AB Climate regime shifts force fish communities through rapid transitions between alternate species assemblages, but little is known about the role that biochemical ecology plays in these transitions. We document a biochemical effect of climate-induced community transitions in boreal oceans: opposite population trajectories of lipid-rich and lipid-poor fish species. We compared published estimates of fish lipid content and population trajectories following climate shifts in 4 areas (Bering Sea, Gulf of Alaska, Scotian Shelf and North Sea). In all cases, total lipid content differed between species that increased and decreased in abundance, and the resulting relatively lipid-rich or lipid-poor communities persisted for decades. We hypothesize that these changes in fish community lipid content are the result of climate-mediated changes in the availability of essential fatty acids (EFAs), which are required by fish as components of hormones and cell membranes. EFAs are produced only by plants and must be obtained by fish through their diet, and ecosystem EFA availability is sensitive to physical forcing mechanisms. Using original data from 5 species of northeast Pacific fish (total lipid 1.0 to 28.9% wet mass) and published data for 29 species of myctophids (total lipid 0.5 to 46.3% wet mass), we found that the content of 2 important EFAs was positively correlated with total lipid content. This result suggests the possibility of species differences in EFA requirements that are related to total lipid content, and possible differences in susceptibility to changing EFA availability in lipid-rich and lipid-poor fish species. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Litzow, MA (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 301 Res Court, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. EM mike.litzow@noaa.gov NR 41 TC 55 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 31 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 315 BP 1 EP 11 DI 10.3354/meps315001 PG 11 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 066PI UT WOS:000239241800001 ER PT J AU Vilchis, LI Ballance, LT Fiedler, PC AF Vilchis, L. Ignacio Ballance, Lisa T. Fiedler, Paul C. TI Pelagic habitat of seabirds in the eastern tropical Pacific: effects of foraging ecology on habitat selection SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE eastern tropical Pacific; habitat relationships; seabirds; foraging ecology; thermocline depth; generalized additive models ID GENERALIZED ADDITIVE-MODELS; EQUATORIAL WATERS; POPULATION TRENDS; DOLPHIN HABITATS; OCEAN; SEA; ABUNDANCE; DISTRIBUTIONS; PRODUCTIVITY; ASSOCIATIONS AB A central tenet of ecology is the quantification of species-habitat relationships in order to explain spatial variability in the distribution and abundance patterns of animals, We quantified habitat preferences for 6 tropical seabird species representing a phylogenetically and ecologically diverse group within the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP). Seabird censuses were conducted aboard NOAA research vessels from August to November of 1989 and 1990 using 300 m strip transect methods. Simultaneously with the seabird censuses and from the same ships, oceanic habitat was quantified by measuring sea surface temperature, salinity, and chlorophyll, as well as thermocline depth and strength. We quantified seabird habitat using generalized additive models fitted with forward and backward selection algorithms based on minimizing the Akaike information criterion (AIC). In general, seabird habitat models performed well in explaining spatial variability in abundance, reducing the null deviance to ranges between 42.8 and 73.5%, and predicting seabird density patterns with an accuracy ranging from 56.6 to 80.5%. Relative abundance of the species modeled affected the outcome: the higher the abundance, the more robust the fit. Seabirds feeding on fishes and squids associated with habitats characterized by deep (> 100 m) and strong (> 2 degrees C 10 m(-1)) thermoclines, while planktivorous species preferred habitat characterized by shallower thermoclines with cooler surface temperatures (< 25 degrees C) and a less stratified water column. Thus, seabirds in different feeding guilds have clear and distinct habitat preferences within the ETP. We propose thermocline topography as a key variable in predicting distribution and abundance of seabirds in this area, probably due to its influence on the availability of seabird prey. C1 Scripps Inst Oceanog, Integrat Oceanog Div, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NOAA Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Ecosyst Studies Program, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Vilchis, LI (reprint author), Scripps Inst Oceanog, Integrat Oceanog Div, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM lvilchis@ucsd.edu NR 52 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 18 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 315 BP 279 EP 292 DI 10.3354/meps315279 PG 14 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 066PI UT WOS:000239241800025 ER PT J AU Bradford, AL Wade, PR Weller, DW Burdin, AM Ivashchenko, YV Tsidulko, GA VanBlaricom, GR Brownell, RL AF Bradford, Amanda L. Wade, Paul R. Weller, David W. Burdin, Alexander M. Ivashchenko, Yulia V. Tsidulko, Grigory A. VanBlaricom, Glenn R. Brownell, Robert L., Jr. TI Survival estimates of western gray whales Eschrichtius robustus incorporating individual heterogeneity and temporary emigration SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE survival estimation; temporary emigration; individual heterogeneity; western gray whale; robust design; mark-recapture; photo-identification; Sakhalin Island ID CAPTURE-RECAPTURE DATA; DEMOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS; HUMPBACK WHALES; MEGAPTERA-NOVAEANGLIAE; MODEL SELECTION; MARKED ANIMALS; KOREAN STOCK; POPULATIONS; DESIGN; PROBABILITY AB Gray whales Eschrichtius robustus exist as 2 geographically and genetically distinct populations in the eastern and western North Pacific. Subjected to intensive commercial whaling during the 19th and 20th centuries, the western population presently numbers approximately 100 individuals and is regarded as one of the most endangered baleen whale populations in the world. Since 1997, ongoing studies of western gray whales have resulted in a photographic dataset that can be used for mark-recapture survival estimation. Pollock's robust design was applied to 129 individual whale encounter histories spanning 25 monthly capture occasions from 1997 to 2003. Using Akaike's Information Criterion (AICc) model selection, models incorporating individual heterogeneity in residency patterns and higher temporary emigration probabilities for younger whales provided better fits to the data. Non-calf and calf (1st year post-weaning) survival were estimated as 0.951 (SE = 0.0135, 95% Cl = 0.917 to 0.972) and 0.701 (SE = 0.0944, 95% Cl = 0.492 to 0.850), respectively, averaging across the best models (n = 13) in order to account for model uncertainty. The non-calf survival point estimate is similar to mark-recapture estimates for Gulf of Maine humpback whales, but lower than an indirect estimate for the eastern gray whale population. Although no statistically robust direct estimates of baleen whale calf survival exist for comparison to the current study, the calf survival estimate is markedly lower than a value suggested for Gulf of Maine humpback whales. Estimation of survival is necessary for assessing the status of western gray whales, which can contribute to increased protection, conservation, and management planning for this critically endangered population. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Washington Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, NMFS, Natl Marine Mammal LAb, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NOAA, NMFS, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Pacific Inst Geog, Kamchatka Branch, Far E Branch, Petropavlovsk Kamchatski 683024, Russia. Alaska SeaLife Ctr, Seward, AK 99664 USA. Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Dept Vertebrate Zool, Moscow 119899, Vorobjovy Gory, Russia. RP Bradford, AL (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Washington Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM alb992@u.washington.edu NR 75 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 18 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 315 BP 293 EP 307 DI 10.3354/meps315293 PG 15 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 066PI UT WOS:000239241800026 ER PT J AU Zerbini, AN Andriolo, A Heide-Jorgensen, MP Pizzorno, JL Maia, YG VanBlaricom, GR DeMaster, DP Simoes-Lopes, PC Moreira, S Bethlem, C AF Zerbini, Alexandre N. Andriolo, Artur Heide-Jorgensen, Mads Peter Pizzorno, Jose Luis Maia, Ygor G. VanBlaricom, Glenn R. DeMaster, Douglas P. Simoes-Lopes, Paulo Cesar Moreira, Sergio Bethlem, Claudia TI Satellite-monitored movements of humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae in the southwest Atlantic Ocean SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE Megaptera novaeangliae; migration; satellite telemetry; wintering grounds; feeding grounds; South Atlantic Ocean; South Georgia; South Sandwich Islands ID BOWHEAD WHALES; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; NORTH PACIFIC; BAFFIN-BAY; MIGRATION; TRACKING; RECORD; SEALS AB Southern Hemisphere humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae migrate from wintering grounds in tropical latitudes to feeding areas in the Antarctic Ocean. It has been hypothesized that the population wintering off eastern South America migrates to feeding grounds near the Antarctic Peninsula (ca. 65 degrees S, 60 degrees W) and/or South Georgia (54 degrees 20'S, 36 degrees 40'W), but direct evidence to support this has never been presented. Between 19 and 28 October 2003, 11 humpback whales (7 females and 4 males) were instrumented with satellite transmitters off Brazil (ca. 18 degrees 30'S, 39 degrees 30'W) to investigate their movements and migratory destinations. Mean tracking time for the whales was 39.6 d (range = 5 to 205 d) and mean distance travelled was 1673 km per whale (range = 60 to 7258 km). Movements on the wintering ground showed marked individual variation. Departure dates from the Brazilian coast ranged from late October to late December. Whales migrated south through oceanic waters at an average heading of 170 and travelled a relatively direct, linear path from wintering to feeding grounds. Two whales were tracked to feeding grounds in offshore areas near South Georgia and in the South Sandwich Islands (58 degrees S, 26 degrees W) after a 40 to 60 d long migration. Historical catches and current sighting information support these migratory routes and destinations. This study is the first to describe the movements of humpback whales in the western South Atlantic Ocean. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Washington Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Fed Juiz Fora, Inst Ciencias Biol, Dept Zool, BR-36015400 Juiz De Fora, MG, Brazil. Greenland Inst Nat Resources, Nuuk 3900, Greenland. Projeto Monitoramento Baleias Satalite, BR-22763010 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. NOAA Fisheries, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Fed Santa Catarina, LAMAQ ECZ, BR-88040970 Florianopolis, SC, Brazil. RP Zerbini, AN (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Washington Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM azerbini@u.washington.edu RI Andriolo, Artur/K-5624-2013; Zerbini, Alexandre/G-4138-2012; Simoes-Lopes, P. C./I-9501-2012 OI Andriolo, Artur/0000-0002-5582-0183; Simoes-Lopes, P. C./0000-0002-7338-3669 NR 63 TC 77 Z9 94 U1 1 U2 34 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 313 BP 295 EP 304 DI 10.3354/meps313295 PG 10 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 060YE UT WOS:000238837300025 ER PT J AU Keppler, CJ Lewitus, AJ Ringwood, AH Hoguet, J Staton, T AF Keppler, Charles J. Lewitus, Alan J. Ringwood, Amy H. Hoguet, Jennifer Staton, Tracy TI Sublethal cellular effects of short-term raphidophyte and brevetoxin exposures on the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE brevetoxin; Chattonella subsalsa; Crassostrea virginica; Fibrocapsa japonica; harmful algal bloom; lysosomal destabilization; raphidophyceae; sublethal toxicity ID HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS; CAROLINA COASTAL ESTUARIES; SALT-MARSH SEDIMENTS; SOUTH-CAROLINA; HETEROSIGMA-AKASHIWO; LYSOSOMAL DESTABILIZATION; TIDAL CREEK; RED TIDE; RESPONSES; GLUTATHIONE AB The susceptibility of shellfish to raphidophyte toxicity is not well resolved. This study examined the sublethal cellular responses of eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica exposed to 2 raphidophyte blooms (Chattonella subsalsa or Fibrocapsa japonica). Also, based on the hypothesis that raphidophyte toxicity is related to brevetoxin production, we determined the cellular responses of oysters to purified brevetoxin (PbTx-3) exposure in a separate experiment. We evaluated 3 cellular biomarkers, constituting both cellular damage and detoxification responses: lysosomal destabilization, lipid peroxidation and glutathione concentration. Exposing oysters to water collected from both blooms significantly increased lysosomal destabilization rates in oyster digestive gland when compared to controls, as did exposure to 1 and 10 nM PbTx-3. Glutathione and lipid peroxidation levels were not significantly affected in any treatment.. The physiological stress response (i.e. increased lysosomal destabilization rates) in oysters exposed to brevetoxin, C. subsalsa bloom water, or F japonica bloom water is consistent with that found in oysters exposed to Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae) blooms and cultures. The results indicate that oysters are susceptible to raphidophyte and brevetoxin toxicity, and are not solely a vector for neurotoxic shellfish poisoning. The common physiological response to raphidophyte and brevetoxin exposure is consistent with the hypothesized production of brevetoxin by this group, but alternatively may reflect a more general stress response in oysters. C1 Marine Resources Res Inst, S Carolina Dept Nat Resources, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Univ S Carolina, Belle W Baruch Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Georgetown, SC 29442 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol, Charlotte, NC 28223 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Elizabeth City State Univ, Elizabeth, NC 27909 USA. RP Keppler, CJ (reprint author), Marine Resources Res Inst, S Carolina Dept Nat Resources, 217 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM kepplerc@mrd.dnr.state.sc.us NR 34 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 10 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 312 BP 141 EP 147 DI 10.3354/meps312141 PG 7 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 047ZX UT WOS:000237918300011 ER PT J AU Bargu, S Lefebvre, K Silver, MW AF Bargu, Sibel Lefebvre, Kathi Silver, Mary W. TI Effect of dissolved domoic acid on the grazing rate of krill Euphausia pacifica SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE dissolved amino acid; domoic acid; glutamic acid; Pseudo-nitzschia; krill; Euphausia pacifica; feeding response ID DIATOM PSEUDONITZSCHIA-AUSTRALIS; PRINCE-EDWARD-ISLAND; PSEUDO-NITZSCHIA; ANTARCTIC KRILL; CENTRAL CALIFORNIA; FEEDING DETERRENT; MONTEREY BAY; AMINO-ACIDS; SEA LIONS; PHYTOPLANKTON AB Some amino acids released from phytoplankton into the water are known to be feeding stimulants to zooplankton. However, domoic acid (DA), a neuroexcitatory amino acid released by 14 some species of the diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia, has the potential to be a feeding deterrent due to its neurotoxicity. Euphausiids (krill) are important members of the zooplankton grazer community and key prey items for many high level carnivores in the world's oceans. Although it is known that krill do consume toxic Pseudo-nitzschia spp. during blooms, there is currently no information concerning the effect of dissolved DA on the rate of feeding or the grazing behavior of krill. Therefore, we conducted experiments in which Euphausia pacifica were fed non-toxic P. pungens along with different added levels of either dissolved DA or glutamic acid (GA), an amino acid with a similar structure to DA. Krill grazing rates did not change significantly with added GA, but decreased significantly in the presence of DA. The rapid response of krill to dissolved DA suggests that either direct toxic action on the filtering apparatus or a chemoreceptor-like mechanism may suppress grazing in the krill. We suggest that these dissolved DA concentrations are relevant, given the DA concentrations found in Pseudo-nitzschia spp. populations in Monterey Bay and the feeding biology of krill. In either case, the suppression of feeding by dissolved DA suggests that high dissolved DA concentrations, should they occur in the field, may be a mechanism whereby blooms are perpetuated due to reduced losses to grazers such as krill. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ocean Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. NOAA Fisheries, NWFSC, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Bargu, S (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ocean Sci, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. EM sibelbargu@hotmail.com NR 48 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 10 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 312 BP 169 EP 175 DI 10.3354/meps312169 PG 7 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 047ZX UT WOS:000237918300014 ER PT J AU Dahlgren, CP Kellison, GT Adams, AJ Gillanders, BM Kendall, MS Layman, CA Ley, JA Nagelkerken, I Serafy, JE AF Dahlgren, Craig P. Kellison, G. Todd Adams, Aaron J. Gillanders, Bronwyn M. Kendall, Matthew S. Layman, Craig A. Ley, Janet A. Nagelkerken, Ivan Serafy, Joseph E. TI Marine nurseries and effective juvenile habitats: concepts and applications SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE habitat; juvenile; nursery; nearshore ID CORAL-REEF FISHES; SHALLOW-WATER BIOTOPES; ROLE HYPOTHESIS; SEAGRASS BEDS; CARIBBEAN BAY; ESTUARINE; RECRUITMENT; CONNECTIVITY; POPULATIONS; MANGROVES AB Much recent attention has been focused on juvenile fish and invertebrate habitat use, particularly defining and identifying marine nurseries. The most significant advancement in this area has been the development of a standardized framework for assessing the relative importance of juvenile habitats and classifying the most productive as nurseries. Within this framework, a marine nursery is defined as a juvenile habitat for a particular species that contributes a greater than average number of individuals to the adult population on a per-unit-area basis, as compared to other habitats used by juveniles. While the nursery definition and framework provides a powerful approach to identifying habitats for conservation and restoration efforts, it can omit habitats that have a small per-unit-area contribution to adult populations, but may be essential for sustaining adult populations. Here we build on the nursery concept by developing a framework for evaluating juvenile habitats based on their overall contribution to adult populations, and introduce the concept of Effective Juvenile Habitat (EJH) to refer to habitats that make a greater than average overall contribution to adult populations. C1 Perry Inst Marine Sci, Jupiter, FL 33477 USA. Biscayne Natl Pk, Homestead, FL 33033 USA. Mote Marine Lab, Charlotte Harbor Field Stn, Pineland, FL 33945 USA. Univ Adelaide, So Seas Ecol Labs, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. NOAA, Biogeog Team, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Yale Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Australian Maritime Coll, Beauty Point, Tas 7270, Australia. Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Dept Anim Ecol & Ecophysiol, Inst Water & Wetland Res, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, So Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Dahlgren, CP (reprint author), Perry Inst Marine Sci, 100 N US Highway 1,Suite 202, Jupiter, FL 33477 USA. EM cdahlgren@perryinstitute.org RI Nagelkerken, Ivan/E-1093-2011; Gillanders, Bronwyn/B-4218-2013 OI Nagelkerken, Ivan/0000-0003-4499-3940; Gillanders, Bronwyn/0000-0002-7680-2240 NR 23 TC 155 Z9 158 U1 6 U2 81 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 312 BP 291 EP 295 DI 10.3354/meps312291 PG 5 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 047ZX UT WOS:000237918300025 ER PT J AU Melrose, DC Oviatt, CA O'Reilly, JE Berman, MS AF Melrose, D. Christopher Oviatt, Candace A. O'Reilly, John E. Berman, Mark S. TI Comparisons of fast repetition rate fluorescence estimated primary production and C-14 uptake by phytoplankton SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE variable fluorescence; primary productivity; fast repetition rate fluorescence; phytoplankton ID EQUATORIAL PACIFIC-OCEAN; IRON LIMITATION; PHOTOSYNTHETIC PARAMETERS; MARINE-PHYTOPLANKTON; RATE FLUOROMETRY; IN-SITU; METHODOLOGY; ECOSYSTEMS; PROTOCOLS; BLOOM AB Comparisons of primary productivity measured by C-14 uptake and fast repetition rate fluorescence (FRRF) for samples taken from Massachusetts Bay and Narragansett Bay demonstrated a linear relationship between the 2 techniques. The slope of the regression for different phytoplankton samples ranged between 0.23 and 1.04, with most between 0.4 and 0. The r(2) was usually high and > 0.9 in the best cases. The results indicated that the FRRF usually underestimated primary productivity relative to C-14. The variability in the relationship between C-14 uptake and the FRRF productivity estimates indicates that FRRF field measurements should be calibrated against other productivity measurement techniques such as C-14 uptake or oxygen production if they are to be compared to historical productivity estimates. The Kolber & Falkowski (1993; Limnol Oceanogr 38:1646-1665) and the Smyth et al. (2004; J Plankton Res 19:1637-1670) models for estimating productivity by variable fluorescence were compared, and agreed very well with an r(2) of 0.99 for the linear relationship between the 2 techniques. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Melrose, DC (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 28 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM chris.melrose@noaa.gov NR 31 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 6 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 311 BP 37 EP 46 DI 10.3354/meps311037 PG 10 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 044FB UT WOS:000237656700004 ER PT J AU Ruesink, JL Feist, BE Harvey, CJ Hong, JS Trimble, AC Wisehart, LM AF Ruesink, J. L. Feist, B. E. Harvey, C. J. Hong, J. S. Trimble, A. C. Wisehart, L. M. TI Changes in productivity associated with four introduced species: ecosystem transformation of a 'pristine' estuary SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE Crassostrea gigas; invasion; Ostreola conchaphila; Spartina alterniflora; Ruditapes philippinarum; Zostera marina; Zostera japonica ID SEAGRASS ZOSTERA-JAPONICA; SPARTINA-ALTERNIFLORA; BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS; WILLAPA BAY; SALT-MARSH; COASTAL ESTUARIES; WASHINGTON-STATE; SMOOTH CORDGRASS; NUTRIENT FLUXES; PACIFIC ESTUARY AB Multiple stressors in estuaries can cause declines in native species and impairment of ecosystem goods and services. In contrast, one stressor-the introduction of non-native species-actually leads to higher local richness. We examined the changes in ecosystem function associated with introductions into Willapa Bay, Washington, USA, a relatively undeveloped estuary with 45 documented exotic marine species. The replacement of native oysters by 2 new bivalve species has increased secondary production of harvested suspension feeders by 250 % over peak historic values (3.3 x 10(5) vs. 0.9 x 10(5) kg dry wt yr(-1)), based on > 150 yr of records of harvested biomass. Key aspects of aquaculture-particularly planted area-have remained constant over time, so we attribute much of the altered secondary production to higher growth rates of non-native species. The addition of 2 tracheophytes has increased primary production on the tideflats by > 50%, (5.3 x 10(7) vs. 3.5 x 10(7) kg dry wt yr(-1)), which we calculated by scaling up local measurements of plant growth to the total area occupied by each species. These changes in production are also associated with altered detritus, water filtration, and biogenic habitat. Because other stressors are largely absent from Willapa Bay, the addition of particular exotic species has dramatically enhanced system production, while fundamentally reshaping the ecological character of the estuary. These strong ecological impacts of introduced species have rarely been measured at whole-ecosystem scales, and they occur in part because new species occupy habitats where similar native species were not present. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Biol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fishery Resource Anal & Monitoring Div, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. Inha Univ, Dept Oceanog, Inchon 402751, South Korea. Oregon State Univ, Dept Zool, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Ruesink, JL (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Biol, Box 35100, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM ruesink@u.washington.edu OI Feist, Blake/0000-0001-5215-4878 NR 90 TC 72 Z9 74 U1 6 U2 38 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 311 BP 203 EP 215 DI 10.3354/meps311203 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 044FB UT WOS:000237656700019 ER PT J AU Vermeij, MJA Fogarty, ND Miller, MW AF Vermeij, M. J. A. Fogarty, N. D. Miller, M. W. TI Pelagic conditions affect larval behavior, survival, and settlement patterns in the Caribbean coral Montastraea faveolata SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE stress; planulae; settlement; behavior; plankton; life-history ID REEF-BUILDING CORAL; ANNULARIS SPECIES COMPLEX; REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS; PLANULA-LARVAE; DELAYED METAMORPHOSIS; VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION; GROWTH; TRANSPORT; SALINITY; SCLERACTINIA AB The lack of detailed studies on the earliest life stages in corals currently limits the understanding of coral population dynamics. Although pre- and postsettlement processes both play a role in structuring coral populations, their relative importance and interaction are not well understood. By lowering seawater salinity (range: 28 to 36 psu), we created an artificial environmental gradient and followed the responses of Montastraea faveolata (Ellis & Solander, 1786) planulae during their pre- and postsettlement phases. Decreased salinity increased pre- and postsettlement mortality and altered larval behavior and substrate choice upon settlement. The effect of lowered salinity on the survival of M faveolata planulae was mainly expressed during the pelagic life-phase. Reduced salinity levels increased the mobility of planulae, and reduced the duration of the planktonic period and their selectivity among available habitats for settlement. Regardless of salinity, planula behavior changed over time. During the early planktonic phase (0 to 52 h) the proportion of moving and positively geotactic planulae within a population increased towards lower salinity and under dark conditions. Thereafter (> 67 h), most planulae (> 60%) became positively geotactic, regardless of salinity. Settlement started after 144 h and salinity had no effect on settlement rate, i.e. the number of planulae settling per unit of time. As variable pelagic histories influence planular survival and habitat choice upon settlement, the number and distribution of coral settlers was related to their earlier pelagic experiences. This finding experimentally shows that the distribution and subsequent performance of corals early after settlement depends at least partly on their presettlement history and highlights the potential importance of presettlement processes in structuring coral populations. C1 Univ Miami, CIMAS, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA Fisheries, SEFSC, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Florida State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. RP Vermeij, MJA (reprint author), Univ Miami, CIMAS, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM mark.vermeij@seaegg.org RI Vermeij, Mark/B-2752-2013 OI Vermeij, Mark/0000-0001-9612-9527 NR 67 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 29 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 310 BP 119 EP 128 DI 10.3354/meps310119 PG 10 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 042VG UT WOS:000237558000011 ER PT J AU Williams, ID Walsh, WJ Miyasaka, A Friedlander, AM AF Williams, I. D. Walsh, W. J. Miyasaka, A. Friedlander, A. M. TI Effects of rotational closure on coral reef fishes in Waikiki-Diamond Head Fishery Management Area, Oahu, Hawaii SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE rotational closure; Marine Protected Area; MPA; Coral reef; fishing; Hawaii ID MARINE PROTECTED AREAS; PREDATORY FISH; APO-ISLAND; RESERVES; RECOVERY; BIOMASS; ASSEMBLAGES; PHILIPPINES; HABITAT; POPULATIONS AB No-take marine reserves can be effective biodiversity conservation and fisheries management tools, but as yet there is little indication of whether rotational management, i.e. alternately closing and opening an area to fishing, might also confer such benefits on coral reef fish stocks. Using data taken from the state of Hawaii's long-term reef monitoring program, we have assessed the effects of more than 2 decades of rotational management on fish stocks at the Waikiki-Diamond Head Fishery Management Area (FMA) on Oahu, Hawaii. Fish biomass tended to increase during the 1 to 2 yr closure periods, but the scale of these increases was insufficient to compensate for declines during open periods. The net effect was that, between 1978 and 2002, total biomass declined by around two-thirds. Coincident with this decline was the virtual disappearance of large fishes (> 40 cm) of fishery-target groups: acanthurids, scarids and mullids. Such fishes, although initially common, were only rarely recorded in surveys after 1990. In 1988, a portion of the FMA was converted into the permanently closed Waikiki Marine Life Conservation District (MLCD). Assessment of the relative effectiveness of permanent and rotational Closure is complicated by declines in habitat quality, particularly within the MLCD, caused by overgrowth of much of the reef by the alien algae Gracilaria salicornia, which began in the early 1990s. However, the initial effect of full closure was a reversal of the previous downward trend in fish biomass, and, even in the post habitat-decline period, biomass of target species within the MLCD has been nearly twice as high as in the FMA. Additionally, there have been no declines or even downward trends in maximum size of target families in the MLCD. Overall, rotational management, as implemented at the Waikiki FMA, has not been an effective means of conserving fish stocks or revitalizing public fishing grounds. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Hawaii Coral Reef Initiat, Res Program, Social Sci Res Inst, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Honokohau Marina, Hawaii Div Aquat Resources, Kailua Kona, HI 96740 USA. Ocean Inst, Waimanalo, HI 96725 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, CCMA,Biogeog Team, Waimanalo, HI 96725 USA. RP Williams, ID (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Hawaii Coral Reef Initiat, Res Program, Social Sci Res Inst, 2424 Maile Way,704, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM ivor@hawaii.edu NR 42 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 29 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 310 BP 139 EP 149 DI 10.3354/meps310139 PG 11 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 042VG UT WOS:000237558000013 ER PT J AU Lough, RG Hannah, CG Berrien, P Brickman, D Loder, JW Quinlan, JA AF Lough, R. G. Hannah, C. G. Berrien, P. Brickman, D. Loder, J. W. Quinlan, J. A. TI Spawning pattern variability and its effect on retention, larval growth and recruitment in Georges Bank cod and haddock SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE Georges Bank; cod; haddock; spawning pattern; larval transport; growth; recruitment ID MELANOGRAMMUS-AEGLEFINUS; ATLANTIC COD; GADUS-MORHUA; SCOTIAN SHELF; BROWNS BANK; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; JUVENILE HADDOCK; SOUTHERN FLANK; NORTH-ATLANTIC; FISH LARVAE AB The MARMAP 11-yr time series (1977 to 1987) of cod and haddock egg/larval distributions was used as a basis for examining the consequences of spawning between eastern and western Georges Bank. For each year, from 1978 to 1987, weekly mean flow fields were based on linear interpolation of seasonal velocity fields with wind and upstream boundary-forcing anomalies. Particles were released from the Northeast Peak (NEP) and western Georges Bank (WGB) spawning areas to assess the relative number of larvae retained within the 70 in isobath after 8 wk. A scaled aggregate Georges Bank (AGB) retention index was also created by weighting the relative number of eggs spawned on the eastern and western halves. While there was considerable interannual variability, mean retention for particles released from NEP at the surface (0 to 10 in) was low (< 20 %) during winter but increased in the spring to about 50 % by mid-April, declining through May. Mean retention at 30 in, however, was consistently between 30 and 40 %. Mean retention of particles from WGB was higher for surface releases than at depth, and reached 50 % during May. The NEP usually had higher retention than WGB, but the WGB releases could contribute significantly to retention, especially near the surface during the winter period, when there was a loss of particles from NEP due to wind. The 2 yr of high recruitment for cod, 1980 and 1985, occurred during periods of high retention over the spawning season, despite the fact that in 1980 spawning was primarily in the eastern area, while, in 1985, spawning was split between the areas. The large year class of haddock in 1978 had high larval retention and the latest seasonal growth optima in the time series, extending through May. C1 NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Ocean Sci Div, Bedford Inst Oceanog, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. Rutgers State Univ Lib, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. RP Lough, RG (reprint author), NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM glough@whsun1.wh.whoi.edu NR 62 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 3 U2 5 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 310 BP 193 EP 212 DI 10.3354/meps310193 PG 20 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 042VG UT WOS:000237558000018 ER PT J AU Mizroch, SA Rice, DW AF Mizroch, Sally A. Rice, Dale W. TI Have North Pacific killer whales switched prey species in response to depletion of the great whale populations? SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE whaling; killer whale; sequential decline; sequential megafaunal collapse ID MARINE MAMMALS; ORCINUS-ORCA; ESCHRICHTIUS-ROBUSTUS; GRAY WHALE; PREDATION; CALIFORNIA; WATERS; ALASKA AB Springer et al. (2003; Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:12223-12228) hypothesized that populations of seals, sea lions and sea otters in the northern North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea declined because of increased predation by killer whales, in what they termed a 'sequential megafaunal collapse'. They hypothesized that the killer whales had been dependent on large whales for food, and that their increased predation on the smaller marine mammals was directly due to the depletion of great whale populations as a result of post-World War II industrial whaling. The maps presented by Springer et al. (2003) masked the development and precipitous decline of post-World War II industrial whaling. Our analysis shows that north of 50 degrees N, whaling developed slowly from 1948 to 1951, expanded steadily from 1952 to 1962, and increased very sharply from 1963 to 1967. By 1968, there was near total drop-off in catches north of 50 degrees N as the whaling fleets moved south. Because of the extraordinary whale biomass removals in the mid-1960s, any whaling-related prey shifting should have started by 1968, not the mid-1970s as they suggested. We also present data that refute their assumption that North Pacific killer whales depended on large whales as prey either prior to or concurrent with the whaling era. During the years of the development and pulse of whaling (i.e. prior to 1968), less than 3 % of the mammal-eating killer whales were observed to have large whale remains in their stomachs. Killer whales attack healthy, adult large whales only rarely, and such attacks are usually unsuccessful. Neither minke nor gray whales were depleted by post-World War II industrial whaling, and they have always been available as prey for North Pacific killer whales. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Mizroch, SA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM sally.mizroch@noaa.gov RI Mizroch, Sally/M-6084-2016 OI Mizroch, Sally/0000-0002-1736-5909 NR 59 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 4 U2 28 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 310 BP 235 EP 246 DI 10.3354/meps310235 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 042VG UT WOS:000237558000021 ER PT J AU Redfern, JV Ferguson, MC Becker, EA Hyrenbach, KD Good, C Barlow, J Kaschner, K Baumgartner, MF Forney, KA Ballance, LT Fauchald, P Halpin, P Hamazaki, T Pershing, AJ Qian, SS Read, A Reilly, SB Torres, L Werner, F AF Redfern, J. V. Ferguson, M. C. Becker, E. A. Hyrenbach, K. D. Good, C. Barlow, J. Kaschner, K. Baumgartner, M. F. Forney, K. A. Ballance, L. T. Fauchald, P. Halpin, P. Hamazaki, T. Pershing, A. J. Qian, S. S. Read, A. Reilly, S. B. Torres, L. Werner, F. TI Techniques for cetacean-habitat modeling SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Review DE cetacean-habitat modeling; predictive models; regression models; cross validation; spatial autocorrelation; classification models; ordination; environmental envelope models ID EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC; GULF-OF-MEXICO; NORTH-ATLANTIC RIGHT; SCALE-DEPENDENT CORRELATION; WHALES EUBALAENA-AUSTRALIS; COASTAL BRITISH-COLUMBIA; RELATIVE ABUNDANCE; ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; DOLPHIN HABITATS AB Cetacean-habitat modeling, although still in the early stages of development, represents a potentially powerful tool for predicting cetacean distributions and understanding the ecological processes determining these distributions. Marine ecosystems vary temporally on diel to decadal scales and spatially on scales from several meters to 1000s of kilometers. Many cetacean species are wide-ranging and respond to this variability by changes in distribution patterns. Cetacean-habitat models have already been used to incorporate this variability into management applications, including improvement of abundance estimates, development of marine protected areas, and understanding cetacean-fisheries interactions. We present a review of the development of cetacean-habitat models, organized according to the primary steps involved in the modeling process. Topics covered include purposes for which cetacean-habitat models are developed, scale issues in marine ecosystems, cetacean and habitat data collection, descriptive and statistical modeling techniques, model selection, and model evaluation. To date, descriptive statistical techniques have been used to explore cetacean-habitat relationships for selected species in specific areas; the numbers of species and geographic areas examined using computationally intensive statistic modeling techniques are considerably less, and the development of models to test specific hypotheses about the ecological processes determining cetacean distributions has just begun. Future directions in cetacean-habitat modeling span a wide range of possibilities, from development of basic modeling techniques to addressing important ecological questions. C1 SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Marine Sci Grad Program, Inst Computat Earth Syst Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Forsch & Technol Zentrum Westkuste, D-25761 Busum, Germany. Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Ctr, Sea Around Us Project, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Biol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Norwegian Inst Nat Res, Polar Environm Ctr, N-9296 Tromso, Norway. Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Marine Sci, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Redfern, JV (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM jessica.redfern@noaa.gov RI Qian, Song/A-3163-2008; Qian, Song/I-6544-2012 NR 149 TC 155 Z9 173 U1 13 U2 90 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 310 BP 271 EP 295 DI 10.3354/meps310271 PG 25 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 042VG UT WOS:000237558000024 ER PT J AU Mowitt, WP Houde, ED Hinkle, DC Sanford, A AF Mowitt, WP Houde, ED Hinkle, DC Sanford, A TI Growth of planktivorous bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli, top-down control, and scale-dependence in estuarine mesocosms SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE mesocosms; scale; trophic cascades; planktivorous fish ID CASCADING TROPHIC INTERACTIONS; FOOD-WEB STRUCTURE; CHESAPEAKE BAY; PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITY; EXPERIMENTAL ECOSYSTEMS; PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY; PELAGIC ECOSYSTEMS; FISH; ZOOPLANKTON; ENCLOSURES AB Growth of the zooplanktivorous bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli and its potential to control plankton communities were investigated in estuarine mesocosms. The effects of mesocosm dimensions (size and shape) on anchovy growth and grazing impact were evaluated in 2 experiments, of 6 and 15 wk duration, respectively. Estuarine mesocosms of 1 and 10 m(3) volume and. 2 shapes were used. The size-shape differences provided mesocosms with 3 volume-to-wall area ratios that determined how 'pelagic' the enclosures were. Anchovy growth rates scaled directly with mesocosm size and with mesocosm volume:wall area ratio, Growth was slowest in the least 'pelagic' enclosures, and fastest in the most 'pelagic' enclosures. The fish had a clear top-down impact on copepod populations. Mesocosms without fish supported copepods that were larger in size and of higher community biomass. Highest anchovy growth rates (and presumed consumption) occurred in mesocosms with lower mean copepod biomasses, further suggesting top-down control. Although not conclusive, trends in trophic relationships were consistent and supportive of the trophic cascade hypothesis. Mesocosms with high mean copepod biomasses tended to have low mean phytoplankton densities, and mesocosms with high anchovy growth rates tended to have high phytoplankton densities. There was no consistent evidence that top-down control by bay anchovy was related to mesocosm sizes or dimensions. C1 Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Horn Point Lab, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA. RP Mowitt, WP (reprint author), NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. EM william.mowitt@noaa.gov RI Houde, Edward/D-8498-2012 NR 53 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 308 BP 255 EP 269 DI 10.3354/meps308255 PG 15 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 023QO UT WOS:000236141500021 ER PT J AU Seminoff, JA Jones, TT Eguchi, T Jones, DR Dutton, PH AF Seminoff, JA Jones, TT Eguchi, T Jones, DR Dutton, PH TI Stable isotope discrimination (delta C-13 and delta N-15) between soft tissues of the green sea turtle Chelonia mydas and its diet SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE carbon; Chelonidae; ectotherm; fractionation; isotope enrichment; nitrogen; reptilia ID CARBON ISOTOPES; TROPHIC RELATIONSHIPS; NITROGEN ISOTOPES; MARINE TURTLES; FRACTIONATION; TURNOVER; ECOLOGY; MAMMALS; BLOOD; ANIMALS AB The foraging ecology and movements of vertebrate species have been increasingly studied via stable isotope analyses of small quantities of body tissues. However, the theoretical and experimental basis of this method remains poorly validated for most taxa despite numerous studies using these techniques in natural systems. In this study, we measured stable carbon and stable nitrogen diet-tissue discrimination (Delta(dt) in whole blood, red blood cells, blood plasma, and epidermis of 8 captive green turtles Chelonia mydas maintained on a control diet (41% protein, 12% lipids, 4% fiber) for 619 d. During the course of the study, mean straight carapace length increased from 45.2 1.2 to 53.7 +/- 2.1 cm, whereas mean body mass increased from 11.7 +/- 0.7 to 19.9 +/- 2.2 kg. Both diet and tissue isotope values remained constant throughout the study, indicating that diet-tissue equilibrium had been achieved. Whereas Delta C-13(dt) ranged from -1.11%. (red blood cells) to +0.1.7%o (epidermis), Delta N-15(dt) ranged from +0.22%. (red blood cells) to +2.92%. (blood plasma). These results contrast with the widely accepted discrimination factors of 0 to 1%. for VC and 3 to 5%, for delta N-15. Comprising the initial enrichment factors available for green turtles, these data will be useful in future interpretations of field isotopic values for this species. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Univ British Columbia, Dept Zool, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. RP Seminoff, JA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM jeffrey.seminoff@noaa.gov NR 47 TC 48 Z9 51 U1 5 U2 31 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 308 BP 271 EP 278 DI 10.3354/meps308271 PG 8 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 023QO UT WOS:000236141500022 ER PT J AU Hart, DR AF Hart, DR TI Effects of sea stars and crabs on sea scallop Placopecten magellanicus recruitment in the Mid-Atlantic Bight (USA) SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE recruitment; predation; scallop; sea star; Placopecten magellanicus; Asterias spp.; Astropecten spp.; Cancer spp. ID BENTHIC MARINE-INVERTEBRATES; DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS; NORTHWEST ATLANTIC; CANCER-IRRORATUS; BAY SCALLOP; JUVENILE; MORTALITY; GMELIN; ECHINODERMATA; ASTEROIDEA AB Relationships between recruitment of the Atlantic sea scallop Placopecten magellanicus and the abundances of 3 types of invertebrate predators, the sand star Astropecten americanus, the common sea stars Asterias spp. and the crabs Cancer spp., were investigated using data from large-scale scallop surveys in the Mid-Atlantic Bight (USA). Both asteroid groups appeared to reduce sea scallop recruitment, with significantly lower recruitment in areas where the sea stars were in high abundance. No significant effect of Cancer spp. crabs on scallop recruitment was detected. Very high densities of A. americanus, no sea scallop recruitment, and low Asterias spp. densities were observed in all stations with depths > 85 m, and in many stations between 65 and 85 m. Astropecten americanus may be a dominant component of the deep-water (> 75 m) benthic community in the Mid-Atlantic Bight that is capable of excluding both sea scallops and Asterias spp. from areas where A. americanus are highly abundant. C1 NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Hart, DR (reprint author), NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM deborah.hart@noaa.gov NR 44 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 306 BP 209 EP 221 DI 10.3354/meps306209 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 014YQ UT WOS:000235518100019 ER PT J AU Jodice, PGR Roby, DD Suryan, RM Irons, DB Turco, KR Brown, ED Thedinga, JF Visser, GH AF Jodice, PGR Roby, DD Suryan, RM Irons, DB Turco, KR Brown, ED Thedinga, JF Visser, GH TI Increased energy expenditure by a seabird in response to higher food abundance SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE daily energy expenditure; DEE; doubly labeled water; food availability; black-legged kittiwake; Pacific herring; Prince William Sound; Alaska ID BLACK-LEGGED KITTIWAKES; PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; FIELD METABOLIC-RATES; RISSA-TRIDACTYLA; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; BROOD SIZE; BODY WATER; ENERGETICS; AVAILABILITY; ALASKA AB Variability in forage fish abundance strongly affects seabird behavior and reproductive success, although details of this relationship are unclear. During 1997 and 1998, we measured (1) daily energy expenditure (DEE) of 80 parent black-legged kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla at 2 colonies in Prince William Sound, Alaska (North Icy Bay and Shoup Bay), (2) abundance of surface-schooling forage fishes within the foraging range of each colony, and (3) diet composition, energy delivery rates to nestlings, and reproductive success of kittiwakes at these same colonies. Female DEE was highest at North Icy Bay in 1998, while male DEE did not differ by colony year. Abundances of Pacific herring Clupea pallasi and sand lance Ammodytes hexapterus were highest near North Icy Bay in 1998 and nearly equal in density, although Age 1+ herring comprised the majority of the diet there. Energy delivery rates to nestlings, nestling growth rates, and productivity were also highest at North Icy Bay in 1998. We suggest that female kittiwakes responded to the increased abundance of Age 1+ herring near North Icy Bay in 1998 by increasing their DEE, which in turn positively affected reproductive success. Given that adult kittiwakes have been shown to suffer decreased survival as a response to increased energy expenditure during brood rearing, the positive correlation we observed between increased abundance of a high quality food source, parental effort, and productivity is consistent with maximizing lifetime reproductive success. The lack of a response in male DEE suggests that brood-rearing roles in kittiwakes differ between genders. C1 Oregon State Univ, USGS Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Migratory Bird Management, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Univ Alaska, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Inst Marine Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Oceanog & Atmospher Adm, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Univ Groningen, Ctr Isotope Res, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands. RP Jodice, PGR (reprint author), Clemson Univ, USGS S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, G27 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. EM pjodice@clemson.edu NR 52 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 5 U2 11 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 306 BP 283 EP 293 DI 10.3354/meps306283 PG 11 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 014YQ UT WOS:000235518100025 ER PT J AU Doucette, GJ Cembella, AD Martin, JL Michaud, J Cole, TVN Rolland, RM AF Doucette, GJ Cembella, AD Martin, JL Michaud, J Cole, TVN Rolland, RM TI Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins in North Atlantic right whales Eubalaena glacialis and their zooplankton prey in the Bay of Fundy, Canada SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE PSP toxins; saxitoxin; Alexandrium; North Atlantic right whale; Eubalaena; Calanus; biotoxin trophic transfer; harmful algal blooms ID MARINE FOOD WEBS; DOMOIC ACID; SEA LIONS; OF-FUNDY; ALEXANDRIUM; ACCUMULATION; FINMARCHICUS; MORTALITY; BINDING; VECTOR AB Intensive study of the highly endangered western North Atlantic right whale Eubalaena glacialis over the past 25 yr has yielded evidence of reproductive dysfunction and compromised health, particularly in the late 1990s. Among the factors identified as potentially contributing to this phenomenon, exposure to marine biotoxins associated with harmful algal blooms has received little consideration, We assessed the occurrence of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins (saxitoxin [STX] analogues) in E. glacialis and in the co-occurring zooplankton assemblage dominated by Calanus finmarchicus, the primary food for this whale species in the North Atlantic. Samples of E. glacialis feces collected during August/September 2001 from at least 11 different whales in the Bay of Fundy, Canada, tested positive for PSP toxins using a receptor binding assay and were also quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, indicating concentrations as high as 0.5 mu g STX equivalents g(-1) of feces. Zooplankton samples collected in the Bay of Fundy during the same period contained similar levels of PSP toxins by weight using both methods. Additional data from the Bay of Fundy revealed the presence of PSP toxin-producing dinoflagellates, Alexandrium spp., immediately before and during the sampling period. Associated PSP toxin levels in shellfish from nearby Cheney Passage, New Brunswick, exceeded regulatory limits over the same time frame. These findings provide direct evidence for the occurrence of PSP toxins in E. glacialis and suggest that trophic transfer of marine algal toxins is a factor contributing to the failure of the endangered North Atlantic right whale population to recover. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Marine Biotoxins Program, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany. Fisheries & Oceans Canada, St Andrews, NB E5B 2L9, Canada. Dalhousie Univ, Dept Oceanog, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Protected Species Branch, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. New England Aquarium, Global Marine Programs, Boston, MA 02110 USA. RP Doucette, GJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Marine Biotoxins Program, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM greg.doucette@noaa.gov RI Doucette, Gregory/M-3283-2013 NR 47 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 3 U2 23 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 EI 1616-1599 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 306 BP 303 EP 313 DI 10.3354/meps306303 PG 11 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 014YQ UT WOS:000235518100027 ER PT J AU Collier, TK Arkoosh, MR Johnson, LL Ginn, TR Loge, FJ AF Collier, Tracy K. Arkoosh, Mary R. Johnson, Lyndal L. Ginn, Timothy R. Loge, Frank J. TI The influence of chemical contaminants on disease ecology in Columbia River Chinook salmon SO MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-1136 J9 MAR ENVIRON RES JI Mar. Environ. Res. PY 2006 VL 62 SU S BP S370 EP S370 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 062PU UT WOS:000238957800232 ER PT J AU Incardona, J Stehr, C Linbo, T Scholz, N AF Incardona, John Stehr, Carla Linbo, Tiffany Scholz, Nathaniel TI Fipronil causes locomotor defects in developing zebrafish SO MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-1136 J9 MAR ENVIRON RES JI Mar. Environ. Res. PY 2006 VL 62 SU S BP S74 EP S75 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 062PU UT WOS:000238957800062 ER PT J AU Incardona, J Carls, M Collier, T Scholz, N AF Incardona, John Carls, Mark Collier, Tracy Scholz, Nat TI Cardiovascular toxicity of petrogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is aryl hydrocarbon receptor-independent SO MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-1136 J9 MAR ENVIRON RES JI Mar. Environ. Res. PY 2006 VL 62 SU S BP S73 EP S74 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 062PU UT WOS:000238957800061 ER PT J AU Springman, KR Short, JW Lindeberg, M Rice, SD AF Springman, Kathrine R. Short, Jeffrey W. Lindeberg, Mandy Rice, Stanley D. TI Induction of CYP1A in rainbow trout from bioavailable Exxon Valdez oil: Fifteen years and still counting SO MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Hlth & Environm, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NOAA, NMFS, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-1136 J9 MAR ENVIRON RES JI Mar. Environ. Res. PY 2006 VL 62 SU S BP S73 EP S73 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 062PU UT WOS:000238957800060 ER PT J AU Park, CH Kim, JW Isezaki, N Roman, DR von Frese, RRB AF Park, Chan Hong Kim, Jeong Woo Isezaki, Nobuhiro Roman, Daniel R. von Frese, Ralph R. B. TI Crustal analysis of the Ulleung Basin in the East Sea (Japan Sea) from enhanced gravity mapping SO MARINE GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCHES LA English DT Article DE shipborne and satellite gravity; cross-over adjustment; Ulleung Basin; gravity modeling; transitional crust; fossil ridge ID TSUSHIMA BASIN; OPENING MODE; ARC; ROTATION AB To facilitate geological analyses of the Ulleung Basin in the East Sea (Japan Sea) between Korea and Japan, shipborne and satellite altimetry-derived gravity data are combined to derive a regionally coherent anomaly field. The 2-min gridded satellite altimetry-based gravity predicted by Sandwell and Smith [Sandwell DT, Smith WHF (1997) J Geophys Res 102(B5):10,039-10,054] are used for making cross-over adjustments that reduce the errors between track segments and at the cross-over points of shipborne gravity profiles. Relative to the regionally more homogeneous satellite gravity anomalies, the longer wavelength components of the shipborne anomalies are significantly improved with minimal distortion of their shorter wavelength components. The resulting free-air gravity anomaly map yields a more coherent integration of short and long wavelength anomalies compared to that obtained from either the shipborne or satellite data sets separately. The derived free-air anomalies range over about 140 mGals or more in amplitude and regionally correspond with bathymetric undulations in the Ulleung Basin. The gravity lows and highs along the basin's margin indicate the transition from continental to oceanic crust. However, in the northeastern and central Ulleung Basin, the negative regional correlation between the central gravity high and bathymetric low suggests the presence of shallow denser mantle beneath thinned oceanic crust. A series of gravity highs mark seamounts or volcanic terranes from the Korean Plateau to Oki Island. Gravity modeling suggests underplating by mafic igneous rocks of the northwestern margin of the Ulleung Basin and the transition between continental and oceanic crust. The crust of the central Ulleung Basin is about a 14-15 km thick with a 4-5 km thick sediment cover. It may also include a relatively weakly developed buried fossil spreading ridge with approximately 2 km of relief. C1 Sejong Univ, Dept Geoinformat Engn, Seoul 143747, South Korea. Korea Ocean Res & Dev Inst, Marine Environm Dept, Ansan 426744, South Korea. Chiba Univ, Dept Geol, Chiba 260, Japan. NOAA, Natl Geodet Survey, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Kim, JW (reprint author), Sejong Univ, Dept Geoinformat Engn, Seoul 143747, South Korea. EM jwkim@sejong.ac.kr NR 34 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3235 J9 MAR GEOPHYS RES JI Mar. Geophys. Res. PY 2006 VL 27 IS 4 BP 253 EP 266 DI 10.1007/s11001-006-9006-1 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography GA 119FQ UT WOS:000242998600003 ER PT J AU Kellar, NM Trego, ML Marks, CI Dizon, AE AF Kellar, NM Trego, ML Marks, CI Dizon, AE TI Determining pregnancy from blubber in three species of delphinids SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE blubber; adipose tissue; biopsy; progesterone; pregnancy; pregnancy; race; short-beaked common dolphin; Dellphinus delphis; northern right-whale dolphin; Lissodelphis borealis; Pacific white-sided dolphin; Lagenorhynchus obliquidens; gestation; free-ranging ID BOTTLE-NOSED-DOLPHIN; PROGESTERONE CONCENTRATIONS; HORMONE METABOLITES; REPRODUCTIVE STATUS; TURSIOPS-TRUNCATUS; MINKE WHALES; ST-LAWRENCE; FATTY-ACIDS; HISTOLOGY; STRATIFICATION AB We quantified progesterone in 1. 10 blubber sarnples from dolphins of known reproductive Status in order to test the accuracy of a method to determine pregnancy status in wild cetaceans. The samples were collected from fishery-bycaught delphinids of three species (Delphinus delphis, Lissodelphis borealis, and Lagenorhynchus obliquidens). We ascertained that blubber progesterone concentrations could clearly distinguish pregnant D. delphis (range 132-415 ng/g, mean 261 ng/g) from non-pregnant mature and immature ones (range 0.92-48.2 ng/g, mean 15.2 ng/g). We found similar dramatic differences in L. borealis and L. obliquidens. These results were insensitive to various blubber sampling depths and anatomical sampling locations on the body, Suggesting relative homogeneity of progesterone levels throughout the blubber. However, no trend Was found in blubber progesterone concentration with fetal length, indicating that although blubber progesterone appears to distinguish pregnancy status, it is unlikely to differentiate pregnancy stage. Based on the findings presented here We Suggest that this method, when Coupled with projectile biopsy procedures, can be used to assess the pregnancy status of free-ranging cetaceans and thus provide a new tool to determine pregnancy rates of wild populations. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. RP Kellar, NM (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, POB 271, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. EM nick.kellar@noaa.gov NR 50 TC 33 Z9 37 U1 4 U2 19 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 22 IS 1 BP 1 EP 16 PG 16 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 007BL UT WOS:000234942300001 ER PT J AU Trumble, SJ Castellini, MA Mau, TL Castellini, JM AF Trumble, SJ Castellini, MA Mau, TL Castellini, JM TI Dietary and seasonal influences on blood chemistry and hematology in captive harbor seals SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE blood chemistry; hematology; dietary shifts; harbor seal; Phoca vitulina; health index ID NORTHERN ELEPHANT SEAL; WHITE-TAILED DEER; EUMETOPIAS-JUBATUS; LION PUPS; ALASKA; PATTERNS; DECLINE; VALUES; POPULATION; INDICATORS AB It has become increasingly important to understand the relationship between dietary intake and blood chemistry and hematological profiles in pinniped populations, especially where nutritional stress has been implicated in Population declines. Blood chemistry and hematology reference ranges have been commonly reported for both free-ranging and captive harbor seats, but seasonal and dietary fluctuations are limited to only a few Studies. We quantified changes in plasma metabolites and hematology Values in captive harbor seals on different diets over two years. Of 29 blood chemistry and hematology variables examined in captive harbor seals, ALT, AST, GGT, creatinine, and BUN:creatinine were influenced by diet. BUN, Na+, Cl-, Hct, and Hb were influenced by season. Diet did not affect hematology variables. While these data were collected oil captive animals, we assume seasonal and dietary influences Would be comparable in free-ranging seals. According to this study, controlling for season during sampling becomes important when assessing blood chemistry values as all index of foraging status or health. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Inst Marine Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Trumble, SJ (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Inst Marine Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM sceve.trumble@noaa.gov OI Trumble, Stephen/0000-0001-6319-9633 NR 52 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 8 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 22 IS 1 BP 104 EP 123 PG 20 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 007BL UT WOS:000234942300008 ER PT J AU Vos, DJ Quakenbush, LT Mahoney, BA AF Vos, DJ Quakenbush, LT Mahoney, BA TI Documentation of sea otters and birds as prey for killer whales SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; ALASKA C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Anchorage, AK 99513 USA. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. RP Vos, DJ (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 222 W 7th Ave,43, Anchorage, AK 99513 USA. EM daniel.vos@noaa.gov NR 14 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 7 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 22 IS 1 BP 201 EP 205 PG 5 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 007BL UT WOS:000234942300014 ER PT S AU Muller, J Hooker, SA Balzar, D AF Muller, Jens Hooker, Stephanie A. Balzar, Davor BE Furuya, Y Su, J Takeuchi, I Varadan, VK Ulicny, J TI Microstructure-controlled multilayer PZT actuators: Effects of cyclic actuation on crystallographic structure SO Material and Devices for Smart Systems II SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Materials and Devices for Smart Systems II held at the 2005 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 28-DEC 01, 2005 CL Boston, MA ID DIFFRACTION AB In this study, multilayered PbTixZr1-xO3 (PZT) samples (produced at sintering temperatures in the range of 1175 degrees C to 1325 degrees C) were electrically fatigued by long-term exposure (similar to 10(6) cycles) to electric fields, and the parameters of initial and remnant polarization were estimated. Changes in the crystallographic microstructure as a function of sintering temperature T-S were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to gain insight on fatigue mechanisms and their prevention. Results showed that domain wall movement was facilitated in samples processed at T-S less than 1250 degrees C, and that such samples were more resistant to electrical fatigue. C1 NIST, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Muller, J (reprint author), NIST, Div Mat Reliabil, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-842-X J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2006 VL 888 BP 151 EP 156 PG 6 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BEG73 UT WOS:000237236600022 ER PT J AU Neumann, DA AF Neumann, Dan A. TI Neutron scattering and hydrogenous materials SO MATERIALS TODAY LA English DT Review ID METAL-ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS; STRONG LIQUID TRANSITION; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS; SINGLE-PARTICLE DYNAMICS; WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES; TRICALCIUM SILICATE; SUPERCOOLED WATER; SURFACE-WATER; DIFFUSIVE MOTIONS; RESEARCH REACTOR AB Advances in neutron scattering instrumentation along with new sources are providing exciting new opportunities to study increasingly complex issues in materials research. Here we provide a basic introduction into the properties of the neutron that make it a nearly ideal probe of materials. We then describe recent examples that demonstrate how these properties have been exploited to study the dynamics of hydrogen and water in a variety of materials. C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Neumann, DA (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dan@nist.gov NR 81 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1369-7021 EI 1873-4103 J9 MATER TODAY JI Mater. Today PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 9 IS 1-2 BP 34 EP 41 DI 10.1016/S1369-7021(05)71336-5 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 113OR UT WOS:000242607700017 ER PT S AU Boyar, J Peralta, R AF Boyar, Joan Peralta, Rene BE Kralovic, R Urzyczyn, P TI Concrete multiplicative complexity of symmetric functions SO MATHEMATICAL FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE 2006, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 31st International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science CY AUG 28-SEP 01, 2006 CL Stara Lesna, SLOVAKIA SP Slovak Soc Comp Sci, Comenius Univ ID BOOLEAN FUNCTIONS AB The multiplicative complexity of a Boolean function f is defined as the minimum number of binary conjunction (AND) gates required to construct a circuit representing f, when only exclusive-or, conjunction and negation gates may be used. This article explores in detail the multiplicative complexity of symmetric Boolean functions. New techniques that allow such exploration are introduced. They are powerful enough to give exact multiplicative complexities for several classes of symmetric functions. In particular, the multiplicative complexity of computing the Hamming weight of n bits is shown to be exactly n-H-N(n), where H-N(n) is the Hamming weight of the binary representation of n. We also show a close relationship between the complexity of symmetric functions and fractals derived from the parity of binomial coefficients. C1 Univ So Denmark, Dept Math & Comp Sci, Odense, Denmark. NIST, Informat Technol Lab, Secur Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Boyar, J (reprint author), Univ So Denmark, Dept Math & Comp Sci, Odense, Denmark. EM joan@imada.sdu.dk; rene.peralta@nist.gov OI Boyar, Joan/0000-0002-0725-8341 NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-37791-3 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2006 VL 4162 BP 179 EP 189 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Mathematics SC Computer Science; Mathematics GA BEZ39 UT WOS:000240271700016 ER PT J AU Butler, WM Huq, MS Li, ZF Thomadsen, BR DeWerd, LA Ibbott, GS Mitch, MG Nath, R Rivard, MJ Williamson, JE Yue, NJ Zaider, M AF Butler, WM Huq, MS Li, ZF Thomadsen, BR DeWerd, LA Ibbott, GS Mitch, MG Nath, R Rivard, MJ Williamson, JE Yue, NJ Zaider, M TI Third party brachytherapy seed calibrations and physicist responsibilities SO MEDICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Letter C1 Wheeling Hosp, Schiffler Canc Ctr, Wheeling, WV 26003 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Inst Canc, Pittsburgh, PA USA. Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL USA. Univ Wisconsin, Accredited Dosimetry & Calibrat Lab, Madison, WI USA. MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Radiol Phys Ctr, Houston, TX USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, New Haven, CT USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Richmond, VA USA. Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, New York, NY 10021 USA. RP Butler, WM (reprint author), Wheeling Hosp, Schiffler Canc Ctr, Wheeling, WV 26003 USA. OI Zaider, Marco/0000-0002-5113-7862 NR 4 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0094-2405 J9 MED PHYS JI Med. Phys. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 33 IS 1 BP 247 EP 248 DI 10.1118/1.2148917 PG 2 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 004SI UT WOS:000234772100030 PM 16485431 ER PT B AU Brannon, A Gerginov, V Knappe, S Popovic, Z Kitching, J AF Brannon, Alan Gerginov, Vladislav Knappe, Svenja Popovic, Zoya Kitching, John BE Sukhoivanov, IA Shmaily, YS TorresCisneros, M IbarraManzano, OG GuzmanCabrera, R TI System-level integration of a chip-scale atomic clock: Microwave oscillator and physics package SO MEP 2006: PROCEEDINGS OF MULTICONFERENCE ON ELECTRONICS AND PHOTONICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Advanced Optoelectronics and Lasers/3rd International Conference on Precision Oscillations in Electronics and Optics/1st International Workshop on Image and Signal Processing (MEP 2006) CY NOV 07-11, 2006 CL Univ Guanajuato, Guanajuato, MEXICO SP Univ Guanajuato, Fac Ingenieria Mecan, Elect & Elect, Natl Inst Astrophys, Opt & Elect, CONACYT, Res Ctr Opt, Presidencia Municipal Salamanca 2006 2009, IEEE LEOS, Ukraine Chapter HO Univ Guanajuato DE atomic clocks; CSAC; CPT; microfabrication; VCO AB We report on our progress in developing a prototype chip-scale atomic clock and describe the integration of the local oscillator and the physics package. A discussion of the design and results is given with a focus on frequency stability, size, and power consumption. Finally, we suggest methods to improve reliability. C1 [Brannon, Alan; Popovic, Zoya] Univ Colorado, 425 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Gerginov, Vladislav] Univ Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. [Knappe, Svenja; Kitching, John] NIST, Boulder, CO USA. RP Brannon, A (reprint author), Univ Colorado, 425 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM alan.brannon@colorado.edu FU Microsystems Technology Office of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA); National Science Foundation; NIST FX This work was supported by the Microsystems Technology Office of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). The first author was supported by fellowships from the National Science Foundation and NIST. This work is in part a contribution of NIST, an agency of the US government, and is not subject to copyright. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0627-2 PY 2006 BP 118 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Computer Science; Engineering; Optics GA BFY27 UT WOS:000245429600032 ER PT S AU Garno, JC Xu, C Bazzan, G Batteas, JD Drain, CM AF Garno, Jayne C. Xu, Chang Bazzan, Griorgio Batteas, James D. Drain, Charles Michael BE Schubert, US Newkome, GR Manners, I TI Designing supramolecular porphyrin arrays for surface assembly and patterning of optoelectronic materials SO METAL-CONTAINING AND METALLOSUPRAMOLECULAR POLYMERS AND MATERIALS SE ACS Symposium Series LA English DT Review CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc ID SELF-ORGANIZATION; MOLECULAR RECOGNITION; CATIONIC PORPHYRINS; PHOTONIC MATERIALS; COORDINATION; DEVICES; NANOPARTICLES; PERSPECTIVES; CATALYSTS; CORNERS AB Designing nanoscale devices requires a clear understanding of the hierarchical structural organization of the functional material - from the design of the molecule, to how the molecules self-assemble into supramolecular structures, to how these structures organize on various surfaces. Investigations comparing the structures in solution to the structures found on surfaces such as in thin films, nanoparticles, and nanoarrays, reveal the complex interplay between the energetics of self-organization and the energetics of interactions of supramolecular systems with surfaces. A perspective on the design of porphyrins that self-assemble into discrete supramolecular structures that subsequently self-organize into nanoparticles and films, and some of the factors dictating solution and surface morphology is presented. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Dept Chem, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. CUNY Hunter Coll, Dept Chem & Biochem, New York, NY 10021 USA. CUNY, Grad Ctr, New York, NY 10021 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Rockefeller Univ, New York, NY 10021 USA. RP Garno, JC (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Dept Chem, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RI Batteas, James/D-4144-2015 OI Batteas, James/0000-0002-6244-5000 NR 48 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3929-0 J9 ACS SYM SER JI ACS Symp. Ser. PY 2006 VL 928 BP 168 EP 183 PG 16 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Polymer Science SC Chemistry; Polymer Science GA BEI40 UT WOS:000237328000013 ER PT J AU Zurita-Gotor, P Lindzen, RS AF Zurita-Gotor, Pablo Lindzen, Richard S. TI Potential momentum and the equilibration of short Charney waves SO METEOROLOGISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on New Aspects of Theoretical Geophysical Fluid Dynamics CY APR 29, 2005 CL Vienna, AUSTRIA ID BAROCLINIC EQUILIBRATION; INSTABILITY; TROPOSPHERE; ATMOSPHERE; MAINTENANCE; BALANCE; SCALE AB This paper proposes a new formalism for studying the extratropical circulation, based on the concept of potential momentum. Mathematically, the potential momentum is defined as the zonal momentum profile that produces the same potential vorticity distribution as the baroclinic term. Physically, easterly (westerly) potential momentum is associated with isentropic layers that open up (close down) with latitude. The former is the case in the extratropical troposphere, and gives a negative contribution to the interior potential vorticity gradient. Likewise, the surface temperature variance is interpreted in this framework as a reservoir of easterly potential momentum at the surface. With this redefinition of the mean flow, the wave-mean flow interaction problem can be recast in a form that is reminiscent of the barotropic framework. In particular, the eddy PV flux is the only wave-mean flow interaction term, and exchanges eddy pseudomomentum and mean flow momentum (which includes both the standard momentum and potential momentum) locally. On the other hand, the partition of the mean flow momentum between its physical and potential components is determined remotely, subject to the thermal wind constraint. This constraint is enforced by a residual circulation that exchanges both terms without affecting the total momentum or the full PV gradient. The potential momentum framework relates thermal homogenization at the surface to the net interior eddy absorption, regardless of whether this results from a meridional or a vertical EP convergence. This helps explain previous results by the same authors that a limited interior PV gradient does not constrain thermal homogenization at the surface, since in the 3D problem the waves can also refract meridionally to be absorbed at other latitudes. C1 MIT, Program Atmospher Oceans & Climate, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Zurita-Gotor, P (reprint author), GFDL, Rm 237 US Route 1, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM pzurita@alum.mit.edu RI Zurita-Gotor, Pablo/A-5045-2008 OI Zurita-Gotor, Pablo/0000-0002-6873-7645 NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEBRUDER BORNTRAEGER PI STUTTGART PA JOHANNESSTR 3A, D-70176 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0941-2948 J9 METEOROL Z JI Meteorol. Z. PY 2006 VL 15 IS 4 BP 389 EP 399 DI 10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0141 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 077MD UT WOS:000240032600002 ER PT J AU Qiu, CJ Shao, AM Liu, S Xu, Q AF Qiu, CJ Shao, AM Liu, S Xu, Q TI A two-step variational method for three-dimensional wind retrieval from single Doppler radar SO METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID VELOCITY RETRIEVALS; MICROBURST WINDS; ADJOINT-METHOD; CASP STORM; FIELDS; MODEL; RECOVERY AB A two-step variational method is developed to retrieve the three-dimension wind field from single-Doppler radar observation for operational applications. The first step produces a proxy background wind field, and the second step retrieves the detailed wind structures in data dense areas on a high-resolution grid. The background field is called proxy because it is obtained in the first step by a spectral analysis of the same radial-wind observations that will be used in the second step and thus the background is not independent of the observations. In the second step, the wind retrieval is constrained by the proxy background and the advection equation of liquid water content in the cost function. Tested with a dataset collected during Meiyu front heavy rainfall on 22 July 2002 in China, the two-step approach is shown to yield the best performance in comparison with a single-step approach that uses either only the proxy background field or the retrieval without the proxy background. C1 Lanzhou Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China. Univ Oklahoma, NOAA, CIMMS, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Qiu, CJ (reprint author), Lanzhou Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China. EM qiucj@lzu.edu.cn NR 23 TC 9 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0177-7971 J9 METEOROL ATMOS PHYS JI Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 91 IS 1-4 BP 1 EP 8 DI 10.1007/s00703-004-0093-8 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 000RQ UT WOS:000234480500001 ER PT J AU Gao, ST Ping, F Li, XF AF Gao, ST Ping, F Li, XF TI Cloud microphysical processes associated with the diurnal variations of tropical convection: A 2D cloud resolving modeling study SO METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID PACIFIC WARM POOL; TOGA-COARE; RADIATION INTERACTION; OCEANIC CONVECTION; CUMULUS CONVECTION; MIXED-LAYER; PRECIPITATION AB Cloud microphysical processes associated with the diurnal variations of tropical convection are investigated based on hourly data from a 2D coupled ocean-cloud resolving atmosphere simulation. The model is forced by the large-scale vertical velocity and zonal wind derived from TOGA COARE for a 50-day period. The diurnal composites are carried out in weak diurnal SST variations (case W) and strong diurnal SST signals (case S). The ice water path is larger than the liquid water path in case W than it is in case S. The difference is enhanced in the morning in case W and in the early afternoon in case S when the surface rain rates reach their peaks. Further comparison of cloud microphysics budgets, associated with rainfall peaks, between cases S and W shows that solar heating in case S warms air to reduce the contribution of vapor deposition to cloud growth, which decreases ice water path compared to those in case W. While the collection of cloud water by rain is a major contributor to the surface precipitation in both cases, the melting of precipitation ice (sum of snow and graupel) contributes less to the rainfall in case S than in case W. C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Mesomicroscale Meteorol Div, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat Camp Springs, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Gao, ST (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Mesomicroscale Meteorol Div, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. EM gst@lasg.iap.ac.cn RI Li, Xiaofan/F-5605-2010; Li, Xiaofan/G-2094-2014 NR 22 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0177-7971 J9 METEOROL ATMOS PHYS JI Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 91 IS 1-4 BP 9 EP 16 DI 10.1007/s00703-005-0108-5 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 000RQ UT WOS:000234480500002 ER PT S AU Germer, TA Marx, E AF Germer, Thomas A. Marx, Egon BE Archie, CN TI Simulations of optical microscope images - art. no. 615201 SO Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XX, Pts 1 and 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XX CY FEB 20-23, 2006 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE coherence; imaging; lithography; microscopy; polarization; scatter ID COUPLED-WAVE ANALYSIS; IMPLEMENTATION; GRATINGS AB The resolution of an optical microscope is limited by the optical wavelengths used. However, there is no fundamental limit to the sensitivity of a microscope to small differences in any of a feature's dimensions. That is, those limits are determined by such things as the sensitivity of the detector array, the quality of the optical system, and the stability of the light source. The potential for using this nearly unbounded sensitivity has sparked interest in extending optical microscopy to the characterization of sub-wavelength structures created by photolithography and using that characterization for process control. In this paper, an analysis of the imaging of a semiconductor grating structure with an optical microscope will be presented. The analysis includes the effects of partial coherence in the illumination system, aberrations of both the illumination and the collection optics, non-uniformities in the illumination, and polarization. It can thus model just about any illumination configuration imaginable, including Kohler illumination, focused (confocal) illumination, or dark-field illumination. By propagating Jones matrices throughout the system, polarization control at the back focal planes of both illumination and collection can be investigated. Given a detailed characterization of the microscope (including aberrations), images can be calculated and compared to real data, allowing details of the grating structure to be determined, in a manner similar to that found in scatterometry. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Germer, TA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6195-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6152 BP 15201 EP 15201 AR 615201 DI 10.1117/12.656370 PN 1-2 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BEN18 UT WOS:000238252000018 ER PT S AU Patrick, HJ Attota, R Barnes, BM Germer, TA Stocker, MT Silver, RM Bishop, MR AF Patrick, Heather J. Attota, Ravikiran Barnes, Bryan M. Germer, Thomas A. Stocker, Michael T. Silver, Richard M. Bishop, Michael R. BE Archie, CN TI Scatterfield microscopy using back focal plane imaging with an engineered illumination field - art. no. 61520J SO Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XX, Pts 1 and 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XX CY FEB 20-23, 2006 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE back focal plane; conoscopy; microscopy; optical critical dimension metrology; scatterometry; semiconductors ID RESOLUTION OPTICAL METROLOGY; SCATTEROMETRY AB We have implemented back focal plane (conoscopic) imaging in an optical microscope that has also been modified to allow selection of the illumination angles and polarization at the sample, and collected back focal plane images of silicon on silicon grating scatterometry targets with varying line widths. Using a slit illumination mask, the zero-order diffraction versus angle for -60 degrees to +60 degrees incident angles at a given polarization was obtained from a single image. By using reference images taken on a flat silicon background, we correct the raw target images for illumination source inhomogeneities and polarization-dependent transmission of the optics, and convert them to reflectance versus angle data for s- and p-polarizations, similar to that obtained from angle-resolved grating scatterometry. As with conventional scatterometry, the target lines need not be resolved for the reflectance signature to show sensitivity to small changes in the grating parameters. For a series of 300 nm pitch targets with line widths from 150 nm to 157 nm, we demonstrate nanometer-level sensitivity to line width with good repeatability, using 546 nm illumination. Additionally, we demonstrate a technique for separating the zero order from higher order diffraction on targets with multiple diffraction orders, allowing collection of both zero and higher order diffraction versus angle from the back focal plane image. As conventional images can be easily collected on the same microscope, the method provides a powerful tool for combining imaging metrology with scatterometry for optical critical dimension measurements in semiconductors. Keywords: back focal plane, conoscopy, microscopy, optical critical dimension metrology, scatterometry, semiconductors. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Patrick, HJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6195-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6152 BP J1520 EP J1520 AR 61520J DI 10.1117/12.656452 PN 1-2 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BEN18 UT WOS:000238252000019 ER PT S AU Attota, R Silver, RM Bishop, MR Dixson, RG AF Attota, Ravikiran Silver, Richard M. Bishop, Michael R. Dixson, Ronald G. BE Archie, CN TI Optical critical dimension measurement and illumination analysis using the through-focus focus metric - art. no. 61520K SO Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XX, Pts 1 and 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XX CY FEB 20-23, 2006 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE optical critical dimension (OCD) metrology; through-focus focus metric; angular optical illumination; Kohler factor ID METROLOGY; OVERLAY AB In this paper we present a unique method of evaluating the angular illumination homogeneity in an optical microscope using the through-focus focus metric. A plot of the sum of the mean square slope throughout an optical image as the target moves through the focus is defined as the through-focus focus metric. Using optical simulations we show that the angular illumination inhomogeneity causes the through-focus focus metric value to proportionately increase at specific focus positions. Based on this observation, we present an experimental method to measure angular illumination homogeneity by evaluating the through-focus focus metric values on a grid across the field of view. Using the same through-focus focus metric, we present a detailed study to measure critical dimensions with nanometer sensitivity with the aid of simulations. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Precis Engn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Attota, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Precis Engn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6195-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6152 BP K1520 EP K1520 AR 61520K DI 10.1117/12.656421 PN 1-2 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BEN18 UT WOS:000238252000020 ER PT S AU Jones, RL Wu, WL Wang, CQ Lin, EK Kwang-Woo, C Rice, BJ Thompson, GM Weigand, SJ Keane, DT AF Jones, Ronald L. Wu, Wen-li Wang, Cheng-Qing Lin, Eric K. Kwang-Woo, Choi Rice, Bryan J. Thompson, George M. Weigand, Steven J. Keane, Denis T. BE Archie, CN TI Characterization of line edge roughness using CD-SAXS - art. no. 61520N SO Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XX, Pts 1 and 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XX CY FEB 20-23, 2006 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE critical dimension metrology; line edge roughness; extreme ultraviolet lithography; scatterometry ID FABRICATION AB We are developing a transmission X-ray scattering platform capable of measuring the average cross section and line edge roughness in patterns ranging from 10 nm to 500 run in width with sub-nm precision. Critical Dimension Small Angle X-ray Scattering (CD-SAXS) measures the diffraction of a collimated X-ray beam with sub-Angstrom wavelength from a repeating pattern, Such as those in light scatterometry targets, to determine the pattern periodicity, line width, line height, and sidewall angle. Here, we present results from CD-SAXS with an emphasis on line edge roughness characterization. Line edge roughness measurements from CD-SAXS are compared with top-down scanning electron microscopy values and comparative definitions are discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jones, RL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6195-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6152 BP N1520 EP N1520 AR 61520N DI 10.1117/12.656829 PN 1-2 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BEN18 UT WOS:000238252000023 ER PT S AU Dixson, R Orji, NG Fu, J Cresswell, M Allen, R Guthrie, W AF Dixson, Ronald Orji, Ndubuisi G. Fu, Joseph Cresswell, Michael Allen, Rich Guthrie, Will BE Archie, CN TI Traceable atomic force microscope dimensional metrology at NIST - art. no. 61520P SO Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XX, Pts 1 and 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XX CY FEB 20-23, 2006 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE CD-AFM; metrology; CD; linewidth; reference measurement system; standards; calibration; traceability ID NANOMETER UNCERTAINTY; CD-AFM; CALIBRATION; STANDARD AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has a multifaceted program in atomic force microscope (AFM) dimensional metrology. There are two major instruments being used for traceable AFM measurements at NIST. The first is a custom in-house metrology AFM, called the calibrated AFM (C-AFM). and the second instrument is a commercial critical dimension AFM (CD-AFM). The C-AFM has displacement metrology for all three axes traceable to the 633 nm wavelength of the Iodine-stabilized He-Ne laser. In the current generation of this system, the relative standard uncertainty of pitch and step height measurements is approximately 1.0 X 10(-3) for pitches at the micrometer scale and step heights at the 100 nm scale, as supported by several international comparisons. We expect to surpass this performance level soon. Since the CD-AFM has the capability of measuring vertical sidewalls, it complements the C-AFM. Although it does not have intrinsic traceability, it can be calibrated using standards measured on other instruments - such as the C-AFM, and we have developed uncertainty budgets for pitch. height. and linewidth measurements using this instrument. We use the CD-AFM primarily for linewidth measurements of near-vertical structures. At present, the relative standard uncertainties are approximately 0.2 % for pitch measurements and 0.4 % for step height measurements. As a result of the NIST single crystal critical dimension reference material (SCCDRM) project, it is possible to calibrate CD-AFM tip width with a 1 nm standard uncertainty. We are now using the CD-AFM to support the next generation of the SCCDRM project. In prototypes. we have observed features with widths as low as 20 nm and having uniformity at the 1 nm level. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dixson, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8212, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 22 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6195-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6152 BP P1520 EP P1520 AR 61520P DI 10.1117/12.656803 PN 1-2 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BEN18 UT WOS:000238252000025 ER PT S AU Vladar, AE Radi, Z Postek, MT Kavuri, PP AF Vladar, Andras E. Radi, Zsolt Postek, Michael T. Kavuri, Prenisagar P. BE Archie, CN TI Application of nano-tips to cold field emission CD-SEM - art. no. 61524Q SO Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XX, Pts 1 and 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XX CY FEB 20-23, 2006 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE nano-tip; electron gun; scanning electron microscope; metrology; SEM; scanning electron microscopy; resolution; CD-SEM AB Experimental nano-tips have shown significant improvements in the resolution performance of a cold field emission critical dimension metrology scanning electron microscope (CD-SEM). Nano-tip electron sources are very sharp electron emitter tips used as a replacement for the conventional tungsten field emission (FE) electron sources. Nano-tips offer higher brightness and smaller electron source size. An electron microscope equipped with nano-tip electron gun can provide images with higher spatial resolution and with better signal-to-noise ratio. This could present a considerable advantage over the current scanning electron microscope electron gun technology if the tips are sufficiently long-lasting and stable for practical use. In this study, an old cold field emission critical dimension CD-SEM was used as an experimental test platform. Substitution of tungsten nano-tips for the regular cathodes required modification of the electron gun circuitry, tip mounting and preparation of nano-tips that properly fit the electron gun assembly. The images taken with experimental nano-tips showed a minimum two-fold improvement in resolution performance than the specification of the test SEM. The lifetime and stability of the nano-tip electron gun was excellent, the tip stayed useful for high-resolution imaging during many days of tests without flashing. The tip. lifetime was found to be over a year. This paper summarizes the current state of the work and points to future possibilities that will open when electron guns can be designed to fully take the advantage of the nano-tip electron emitters. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Vladar, AE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6195-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6152 BP Q1524 EP Q1524 AR 61524Q DI 10.1117/12.677216 PN 1-2 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BEN18 UT WOS:000238252000161 ER PT S AU Sohn, YJ Barnes, BM Howard, L Silver, RM Attota, R Stocker, MT AF Sohn, Yeung Joon Barnes, Bryan M. Howard, Lowell Silver, Richard M. Attota, Ravikiran Stocker, Michael T. BE Archie, CN TI Kohler illumination for high-resolution optical metrology - art. no. 61523S SO Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XX, Pts 1 and 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XX CY FEB 20-23, 2006 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE Kohler illumination; Kohler factor; high-resolution metrology; back focal plane; angular homogeneity; field aperture pattern transfer method AB Accurate preparation of illumination is critical for high-resolution optical metrology applications such as linewidth and overlay measurements. To improve the detailed evaluation and alignment of the illumination optics, we have separated Kohler illumination into three components. The three Kohler illumination components are defined as full field spatial intensity variation (Kohler factor 1), angular intensity homogeneity (Kohler factor 2), and wavefront phase/intensity homogeneity (Kohler factor 3). We have also proposed a field aperture pattern transfer method to analyze the illumination properties with respect to systematic variations, such as the shape of the source, the intensity distribution at the back focal plane, and the displacements of elements along and off the optical axis. These factors were investigated in both ideal and practical illumination systems. In particular, any angular asymmetry in the illumination proves to have a detrimental effect upon the distribution of light that illuminates the target. Wavefront asymmetry is also studied in the context of an optical system with a coherent or partially coherent light source. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sohn, YJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 9 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6195-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6152 BP S1523 EP S1523 AR 61523S DI 10.1117/12.655126 PN 1-2 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BEN18 UT WOS:000238252000129 ER PT S AU Silver, RM Barnes, BM Attota, R Jun, J Filliben, J Soto, J Stocker, M Lipscomb, P Marx, E Patrick, HJ Dixson, R Larrabee, R AF Silver, R. M. Barnes, B. M. Attota, R. Jun, J. Filliben, J. Soto, J. Stocker, M. Lipscomb, P. Marx, E. Patrick, H. J. Dixson, R. Larrabee, R. BE Archie, CN TI The limits of image-based optical metrology - art. no. 61520Z SO Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XX, Pts 1 and 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XX CY FEB 20-23, 2006 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE ID OVERLAY METROLOGY AB An overview of the challenges encountered in imaging device-sized features using optical techniques recently developed in our laboratories is presented in this paper. We have developed a set of techniques we refer to as scatterfield microscopy which allows us to engineer the illumination in combination with appropriately designed metrology targets. The techniques have previously been applied to samples with sub-50 nm. sized features having pitches larger than the conventional Rayleigh resolution criterion which results in images having edge contrast and elements of conventional imaging. In this paper we extend these methods to targets composed of features much denser than the conventional Rayleigh resolution criterion. For these applications, a new approach is presented which uses a combination of zero order optical response and edge-based imaging. The approach is, however, more general and a series of analyses based on theoretical methods is presented. This analysis gives a direct measure of the ultimate size and density of features which can be measured with these techniques and addresses what measurement resolution can be obtained. We present several experimental results, optical simulations using different electromagnetic scattering packages, and statistical analyses to evaluate the ultimate sensitivity and extensibility of these techniques. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Silver, RM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6195-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6152 BP Z1520 EP Z1520 AR 61520Z DI 10.1117/12.660289 PN 1-2 PG 15 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BEN18 UT WOS:000238252000035 ER PT S AU Orji, NG Martinez, A Dixson, RG Allgair, J AF Orji, Ndubuisi G. Martinez, Angela Dixson, Ronald G. Allgair, John BE Archie, CN TI Progress on implementation of a CD-AFM-based reference measurement system SO METROLOGY, INSPECTION, AND PROCESS CONTROL FOR MICROLITHOGRAPHY XX, PTS 1 AND 2 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XX CY FEB 20-23, 2006 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE CD-AFM; reference measurement system; higher order tip effects; traceability; metrology; linewidth ID ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; CMOS TECHNOLOGY NODE; NANOMETER UNCERTAINTY; DIMENSIONAL METROLOGY; SPECIFICATIONS; METHODOLOGIES; NIST AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and SEMATECH are working to address traceability issues in semiconductor dimensional metrology. In semiconductor manufacturing, many of the measurements made in the fab are not traceable to the SI definition of the meter. This is because a greater emphasis is often placed on precision and tool matching than accuracy. Furthermore, the fast pace of development in the industry makes it difficult to introduce suitable traceable standard artifacts in a timely manner. To address this issue, NIST and SEMATECH implemented a critical dimension atomic force microscope (CD-AFM)-based reference measurement system (RMS). The system is calibrated for height, pitch, and width and has traceability to the SI definition of length in all three axes. Because the RMS is expected to function at a higher level of performance than inline tools, the level of characterization and handling of uncertainty sources is on a level usually seen for instruments at national measurement institutes. We have implemented a performance monitoring system to help us check the long-term stability of the calibrations. In this paper, we discuss progress in improving the uncertainty of the instrument and the details of our performance monitoring. We also present a method for accounting for some of the uncertainty due to the higher order tip effects. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Orji, NG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 22 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6195-4 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2006 VL 6152 AR 61520O DI 10.1117/12.653287 PN 1-2 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BEN18 UT WOS:000238252000024 ER PT S AU Bajpai, S Madden, M Chu, D Yapur, M AF Bajpai, Shyam Madden, Michael Chu, Donald Yapur, Martin BE Valinia, A Uratsuka, S Misra, T TI Latest developments of geostationary microwave sounder technologies for NOAA's mission - art. no. 64100F SO Microwave Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Environment V SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Microwave Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Environment V CY NOV 15-16, 2006 CL Goa, INDIA DE GOES-R; geostationary; microwave radiometry; sounding AB The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) have been flying microwave sounders since 1975 on Polar Operational Environmental Satellites (POES). Microwave observations have made significant contributions to the understanding of the atmosphere and earth surface. This has helped in improving weather and storm tracking forecasts. However, NOAA's Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) have microwave requirements that can not be met due to the unavailability of proven technologies. Several studies of a Geostationary Microwave Sounder (GMS) have been conducted. Among those, are the Geostationary Microwave Sounder (GEM) that uses a mechanically steered solid dish antenna and the Geostationary Synthetic Thinned Aperture Radiometer (GeoSTAR) that utilizes a sparse aperture array. Both designs take advantage of the latest developments in sensor technology. NASA/Jet Propulsion Lab (JPL) has recently successfully built and tested a prototype ground-based GeoSTAR at 50 GHz frequency with promising test results. Current GOES IR Sounders are limited to cloud top observations. Therefore, a sounding suite of IR and Microwave should be able to provide observations under clear as well as cloudy conditions all the time. This paper presents the results of the Geostationary Microwave Sounder studies, user requirements, frequencies, technologies, limitations, and implementation strategies. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, OSD, RPSI, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Bajpai, S (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, OSD, RPSI, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6517-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6410 BP F4100 EP F4100 AR 64100F DI 10.1117/12.697946 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BFZ52 UT WOS:000245648200014 ER PT B AU Kootbally, Z Madhavan, R Schlenoff, C AF Kootbally, Z. Madhavan, R. Schlenoff, C. GP IEEE TI PRediction in Dynamic Environments via identification of critical time points SO MILCOM 2006, VOLS 1-7 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM 2006) CY OCT 23-25, 2006 CL Washington, DC SP IEEE AB PRIDE (PRediction In Dynamic Environments) is a hierarchical multi-resolutional framework that incorporates multiple prediction algorithms to enable navigation of autonomous vehicles in real-life, on-road traffic situations. At the lower levels, we utilize estimation theoretic short-term (ST) predictions via an extended Kalman filter-based algorithm using sensor data to predict the future location of moving objects with an associated confidence measure. At the higher levels, we utilize a long-term (IT) situation-based probabilistic prediction using spatiotemporal relations and situation recognition. At these levels, moving objects are identified as far as the sensors can detect and these two approaches provide for the prediction of the future location of moving objects at various levels of resolution at the frequency and level of abstraction necessary for planners at different levels within the hierarchy. This paper presents the results from research exploring the integration of these two prediction approaches in a way that the predictions from one can help to enforce the predictions of the other. We propose a methodology at which the short-term prediction algorithm no longer provides results within an acceptable predefined error threshold. We identify the different time periods where the two algorithms provide better estimates and thus demonstrate the ability to use the results of the short-term prediction algorithm to strengthen/weaken the estimates of the long-term prediction algorithm at different time periods. We provide experimental results in an autonomous on-road driving scenario on a closed-track for different cases using AutoSim(1), a highfidelity simulation tool that models details about road networks, including individual lanes, lane markings, intersections, legal intersection traversability, etc. C1 [Kootbally, Z.; Madhavan, R.; Schlenoff, C.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kootbally, Z (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM zeid.kootbally@nist.gov; raj.madhavan@nist.gov; craig.schlenoff@nist.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0617-3 PY 2006 BP 852 EP + PG 2 WC Telecommunications SC Telecommunications GA BFU06 UT WOS:000244601001048 ER PT B AU Rouil, R Golmie, N AF Rouil, Richard Golmie, Nada GP IEEE TI Adaptive channel scanning for IEEE 802.16e SO MILCOM 2006, VOLS 1-7 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM 2006) CY OCT 23-25, 2006 CL Washington, DC SP IEEE AB In this article we propose an adaptive algorithm that determines the duration and frequency of channel scanning in order to facilitate the discovery of neighboring base stations and handovers across multiple IIEEE 802.16 networks. The proposed algorithm supports application quality of service requirements and can be generalized to multiple mobile devices concurrently performing channel scanning. Performance results for select simulation scenarios are presented and discussed. C1 [Rouil, Richard; Golmie, Nada] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8920, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rouil, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8920, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM richard.rouil@nist.gov; nada.golmie@nist.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0617-3 PY 2006 BP 1404 EP + PG 2 WC Telecommunications SC Telecommunications GA BFU06 UT WOS:000244601002053 ER PT B AU Souryal, MR Moayeri, N AF Souryal, Michael R. Moayeri, Nader GP IEEE TI Joint rate adaptation and channel-adaptive relaying in 802.11 ad hoc networks SO MILCOM 2006, VOLS 1-7 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM 2006) CY OCT 23-25, 2006 CL Washington, DC SP IEEE AB Channel-adaptive relaying has recently been proposed as a means to exploit spatial and temporal diversity in multihop ad hoc networks with fading. In conjunction with appropriate routing protocols, adaptive relaying enables each forwarding node in a multihop path to dynamically select the next-hop relay as a function of the measured (time-varying) channel state, providing a form of selection diversity at each hop. Based on the notion that links to diversity-selected relays have higher information capacity and therefore can support higher data rates than links obtained with traditional routing, this paper proposes marrying channel-adaptive relaying with rate adaptation (or adaptive modulation-coding). In particular, we specify a protocol for performing joint rate and relay adaptation in 802.11 ad hoc networks with geographic routing. Using both analytical and simulation tools, synergistic gains are observed in throughput, capacity and delay. Performance results are given for individual links as well as for multihop networks, in time-varying, correlated Rayleigh and Ricean fading channels over a range of channel speeds. Of particular interest in this study is the robustness of the adaptation to increasing channel Doppler As a by-product of this work, we propose a new, SNR-based rate adaptation scheme for use in 802.11 systems that requires no modification to the standard 802.11 frame structure. C1 [Souryal, Michael R.; Moayeri, Nader] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Wireless Commun Technol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Souryal, MR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Wireless Commun Technol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0617-3 PY 2006 BP 3107 EP + PG 2 WC Telecommunications SC Telecommunications GA BFU06 UT WOS:000244601005065 ER PT J AU Bhadriraju, K Nguyen, M Elliott, J Plant, A AF Bhadriraju, K. Nguyen, M. Elliott, J. Plant, A. TI Microscopy Based Measurement of Myosin Light Chain Phosphorylation in Adherent Cells SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Bhadriraju, K.; Nguyen, M.; Elliott, J.; Plant, A.] NIST, Cell & Tissue Measurements Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA 8120 WOODMONT AVE, STE 750, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2755 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PY 2006 VL 17 PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA V05MS UT WOS:000207130700501 ER PT J AU Kim, SK Koo, SY Lee, M Lee, H Lee, HJ AF Kim, SK Koo, SY Lee, M Lee, H Lee, HJ TI Selective attachment of functionalized carbon nanotubes on templates fabricated by AFM and nanosphere lithography SO MOLECULAR CRYSTALS AND LIQUID CRYSTALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th Korea-Japan Joint Forum on Organic Materials for Electronics and Photonics CY 2004 CL Okinawa, JAPAN DE AFM; carbon nanotube; chemical attachment; nanosphere AB We have investigated a selective attachment of functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) on templates. Our efforts have been concentrated on both functionalization of carbon nanotubes and their binding onto templates such as Si-wafer and gold. The alignment of SWNTs was performed by modifying the SWNTs with carboxylic acid, carboxylic chloride and alkyl thiol groups. Functionalized SWNTs were selectively immobilized through the formation of amide bonds using a coupling reagent onto prepatterned nanostructures by a self-assembly method. The characterization of chemically attached carbon nanotubes has been investigated using various surface characterization tools like AFM, TEM, SEM, and FT-IR. C1 Hanyang Univ, Dept Chem, Seoul 133794, South Korea. NIST, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Lee, HJ (reprint author), Hanyang Univ, Dept Chem, Seoul 133794, South Korea. EM haiwon@hanyang.ac.kr RI Kim, Sung-Kyoung/G-6782-2011 NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1542-1406 J9 MOL CRYST LIQ CRYST JI Mol. Cryst. Liquid Cryst. PY 2006 VL 444 BP 73 EP 79 DI 10.1080/15421400500383071 PG 7 WC Crystallography SC Crystallography GA 005II UT WOS:000234815400010 ER PT J AU Pirollo, KF Dagata, J Wang, P Freedman, M Vladar, A Fricke, S Ileva, L Zhou, Q Chang, EH AF Pirollo, Kathleen F. Dagata, John Wang, Paul Freedman, Matthew Vladar, Andras Fricke, Stanley Ileva, Lilia Zhou, Qi Chang, Esther H. TI A tumor-targeted nanodelivery system to improve early MRI detection of cancer SO MOLECULAR IMAGING LA English DT Article DE nanocomplex; tumor targeting; Magnevist (R); MRI; early detection ID P53 GENE-THERAPY; ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; TRANSFERRIN RECEPTOR; MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; DELIVERY; LIPOSOME; DNA; NANOPARTICLES; COMBINATION; REGRESSION AB The development of improvements in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that would enhance sensitivity, leading to earlier detection of cancer and visualization of metastatic disease, is an area of intense exploration. We have devised a tumor-targeting, liposomal nanodelivery platform for use in gene medicine. This systemically administered nanocomplex has been shown to specifically and efficiently deliver both genes and oligonucleotides to primary and metastatic tumor cells, resulting in significant tumor growth inhibition and even tumor regression. Here we examine the effect on MRI of incorporating conventional MRI contrast agent Magnevist(R) into our anti-transferrin receptor single-chain antibody (TfRscFv) liposomal complex. Both in vitro and in an in vivo orthotopic mouse model of pancreatic cancer; we show increased resolution and image intensity with the complexed Magnevist(R). Using advanced microscopy techniques (scanning electron microscopy and scanning probe microscopy), we also established that the Magnevist(R) is in fact encapsulated by the liposome in the complex and that the complex still retains its nanodimensional size. These results demonstrate that this TfRscFv-liposome-Magnevist(R) nanocomplex has the potential to become a useful tool in early cancer detection. C1 Georgetown Univ, Med Ctr, Lombardi Comprehens Canc Ctr, Dept Oncol, Washington, DC 20057 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Howard Univ, Washington, DC 20059 USA. RP Chang, EH (reprint author), Georgetown Univ, Med Ctr, Lombardi Comprehens Canc Ctr, Dept Oncol, 3970 Reservoir Rd NW,Res Bldg,TRB E420, Washington, DC 20057 USA. EM change@georgetown.edu FU NCI NIH HHS [CA103579-01] NR 33 TC 41 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 15 PU B C DECKER INC PI HAMILTON PA 50 KING STREET EAST, 2ND FLOOR, PO BOX 620, L C D 1, HAMILTON, ONTARIO L8N 3K7, CANADA SN 1535-3508 J9 MOL IMAGING JI Mol. Imaging PD JAN-MAR PY 2006 VL 5 IS 1 BP 41 EP 52 DI 10.2310/7290.2006.00005 PG 12 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 064KB UT WOS:000239086900005 PM 16779969 ER PT J AU Arnott, NR Richardson, YP Wurman, JM Rasmussen, EM AF Arnott, NR Richardson, YP Wurman, JM Rasmussen, EM TI Relationship between a weakening cold front, misocyclones, and cloud development on 10 June 2002 during IHOP SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID LAYER CONVERGENCE LINES; SEA-BREEZE FRONT; BOUNDARY-LAYER; CONVECTIVE INITIATION; STORM DEVELOPMENT; OUTFLOW BOUNDARY; ANALYSIS SCHEME; DOPPLER RADAR; DRYLINE; ORGANIZATION AB The finescale structure and evolution of a cold front in the presence of small-scale circulations are examined using overdetermined dual-Doppler syntheses of mobile radar data along with thermodynamic data and cloud imagery collected on 10 June 2002 during the International H2O Project (IHOP). Linear clear-air reflectivity maxima and open cellular convection intersect the cold front, causing spatial variations in convergence along the front. Small-scale vertical vorticity maxima (misocyclones) often are coincident with these intersections and are associated with vertical velocity maxima. Throughout the deployment, trajectory analyses indicate that parcels entering the frontal circulation travel predominately in the along-front direction. During the first hour of the deployment, upward motion is nearly continuous along the front. Consequently, parcels remain in regions of upward motion as they move along the front, and many eventually ascend to cloud base. In response, a line of cumulus clouds develops along the front. Later in the deployment, however, enhanced warming behind the cold front causes the frontal circulation to weaken. Small-scale features such as misocyclones play a larger role in organizing upward motion along the front than when the front was stronger. Misocyclones contort the weakened cold front and are associated with kinks in radar reflectivity and fractures in upward motion. Parcels moving along the front now experience regions of both upward and downward forcing due to this fracturing. Hence, many of these parcels do not retain upward motion long enough to reach cloud base, and clouds along the cold front dissipate in the dry air above the boundary layer. Parcels that remain coincident with upward motion maxima, such as those maxima associated with misocyclones, however, often still reach the top of the radar domain and presumably cloud base. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Ctr Severe Weather Res, Boulder, CO USA. Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK USA. RP Richardson, YP (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, 503 Walker Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM yrichardson@psu.edu RI Richardson, Yvette/G-5016-2013 OI Richardson, Yvette/0000-0002-4495-5074 NR 36 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 134 IS 1 BP 311 EP 335 DI 10.1175/MWR3065.1 PG 25 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 008TO UT WOS:000235063800017 ER PT S AU Stiles, MD AF Stiles, M. D. BE Mills, DL Bland, JAC TI EXCHANGE COUPLING IN MAGNETIC MULTILAYERS SO NANOMAGNETISM: ULTRATHIN FILMS, MULTILAYERS AND NANOSTRUCTURES SE Contemporary Concepts of Condensed Matter Science LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE magnetic multilayers; exchange coupling; quantum well; spin-dependent reflection; Fermi surface; biquadratic coupling; critical spanning vector; interface electronic structure ID QUANTUM-WELL STATES; COUCHES MINCES FERROMAGNETIQUES; DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL FORMALISM; INTERLAYER EXCHANGE; GIANT MAGNETORESISTANCE; FE/CR MULTILAYERS; SPIN-WAVES; CR FILMS; FE; SUPERLATTICES AB In magnetic multilayers, the magnetizations of two ferromagnetic layers separated by a non-magnetic spacer layer are coupled by the electrons in the spacer layer. This coupling oscillates in sign as a function of the thickness of the spacer layer. Extensive research done on these systems has led to a simple model for this coupling and remarkable agreement between predictions of the model and measurements of the coupling. The model predicts that the periods of the coupling are determined by geometrical properties of the Fermi surface belonging to the spacer layer material. The oscillatory coupling is an instance of oscillations in metals caused by the existence of a Fermi surface. C1 NIST, Electron Phys Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stiles, MD (reprint author), NIST, Electron Phys Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OI Stiles, Mark/0000-0001-8238-4156 NR 90 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1572-0934 BN 978-0-08-045717-8 J9 CONT CONCEPT CONDENS PY 2006 BP 51 EP 76 DI 10.1016/S1572-0934(05)01003-6 PG 26 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA BCS88 UT WOS:000311300900005 ER PT B AU Slutsker, J Roytburd, AL McFadden, GB Warren, JA AF Slutsker, J Roytburd, AL McFadden, GB Warren, JA BE Chuang, TJ Anderson, PM Wu, MK Hsieh, S TI Phase field modeling of solidification and melting of a confined nano-particle SO NANOMECHANICS OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Nanomechanics CY JUL 14-17, 2004 CL Pacific Grove, CA DE phase field modeling; solidification; nano-volumes; phase change recording ID SIMULATION AB A phase field model that includes the stress field during non-isothermal solidification of a one-component system has been developed. The model has been applied to solidification and melting of confined spherical volumes. It has been shown that at some boundary and initial conditions the evolution of a spherically symmetric system results in isothermal steady states with a time-independent distribution of phase. The temperature interval of two-phase stability decreases with the sphere radius. The presented model can be applied to simulate the process of "writing" to electronic media that exploit an amorphous-to-crystalline phase change for recording information. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Math & Computat Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM julias@nist.gov RI Warren, James/B-1698-2008 OI Warren, James/0000-0001-6887-1206 NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 1-4020-3950-6 PY 2006 BP 33 EP + DI 10.1007/1-4020-3951-4_4 PG 2 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Mechanics GA BEA84 UT WOS:000236498700003 ER PT B AU Chuang, TJ AF Chuang, TJ BE Chuang, TJ Anderson, PM Wu, MK Hsieh, S TI On the tensile strength of a solid nanowire SO NANOMECHANICS OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Nanomechanics CY JUL 14-17, 2004 CL Pacific Grove, CA DE mechanical strength; nanowires; size effect; surface stress; tension/compression asymmetry ID MELTING TEMPERATURE; SURFACE AB The present paper is concerned with the mechanical characterization of the measured tensile strength of a solid nanowire. As miniaturization is a general trend in nanotechnology, a variety of nanowires have been successfully fabficated/synthesized, including but not limited to Si, C, polymer DNA, MoSe, Au, Cu, TiC, Fe, Mo, NiAl and W. Mechanical strength is essential to maintaining the structural integrity in the multi-functional performance of those nanowires. A simple derivation in mechanics principle, without relying on tedious ab initio molecular dynamics calculations, is given which shows that the measured tensile strength contains two terms: the material's intrinsic bond breaking strength and the surface stress (or surface tension) contribution. It further shows that as the size of the nanowire diminishes, the surface stress effect is enhanced, such that a simple functional relationship can be established in the nanscale regime: sigma alpha 1/D where sigma is strength and D is the diameter of the nanowire. Generally speaking, depending on the ratio of surface stress to the intrinsic strength, the apparent tensile strength can be enhanced up to one order of magnitude in the nanometer size range. In addition to the mechanical strength, the surface tension plays a role in: tension/compression asymmetry; helical shapes of a nanobelt if surface stress is anisotropic; reduced melting point; stress-induced phase transformation under free external loading conditions. These phenomena will be discussed as direct evidence of the existence of the surface stress. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Chuang@nist.gov NR 17 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 1-4020-3950-6 PY 2006 BP 67 EP 78 DI 10.1007/1-4020-3951-4_7 PG 12 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Mechanics GA BEA84 UT WOS:000236498700006 ER PT B AU Tewary, VK Read, DT AF Tewary, VK Read, DT BE Chuang, TJ Anderson, PM Wu, MK Hsieh, S TI Multiscale modeling of a germanium quantum dot in silicon SO NANOMECHANICS OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Nanomechanics CY JUL 14-17, 2004 CL Pacific Grove, CA DE germanium in silicon; lattice Green's functions; molecular dynamics; multiscale modeling; quantum dots ID GREENS-FUNCTIONS; SOLIDS; SIMULATIONS; DEFECTS AB A method is described for multiscale modeling of a quantum dot in a semiconductor solid containing a free surface. The method is based upon the use of lattice-statics and continuum Green's functions integrated with classical molecular dynamics. It fully accounts for the nonlinear discrete lattice effects inside and close to the quantum dot, discrete lattice structure of the host solid near the quantum dot and reduces asymptotically to the macroscopic continuum model near the free surface. Our method can model a large crystallite containing, for example, a million atoms without excessive CPU effort and it connects nanoscales seamlessly to macroscales. The method relates the physical processes such as lattice distortion at the atomistic level to measurable macroscopic parameters such as strains at a free surface in the solid. The method is applied to calculate the lattice distortion around a Ge quantum dot in Si. Preliminary numerical results are reported. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM tewary@boulder.nist.gov FU NIST ATP Program FX This work was supported in part by the NIST ATP Program. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 1-4020-3950-6 PY 2006 BP 89 EP + DI 10.1007/1-4020-3951-4_9 PG 2 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Mechanics GA BEA84 UT WOS:000236498700008 ER PT B AU Yan, B Gharavi, H AF Yan, Bo Gharavi, Hamid GP IEEE TI Mullti-path multi-channel routing protocol SO NCA 2006: FIFTH IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON NETWORK COMPUTING AND APPLICATIONS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th IEEE International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications CY JUL 24-26, 2006 CL Cambridge, MA SP IEEE Comp Soc TC Distributed Proc AB In this paper we present a DSR-based multi path Routing protocol, which has been developed for transmission of Multiple Description Coded (MDC) packets in wireless ad-hoc network environments. The protocol is designed to eliminate co-channel interference between multiple routes from source to destination by assigning a different frequency band to each route. In the route discovery process we use three metrics to select the best multiple routes. These are hop count, power budget, and the number of joint nodes between the different routes. For continuous media communications we show that in order to effectively benefit from the advantages associated with multipath diversity routing, it is important to use a multi-channel protocol such as the one developed here. C1 [Yan, Bo; Gharavi, Hamid] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8920, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Yan, B (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8920, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM yan@nist.gov; gharavi@nist.gov RI Yan, Bo/B-2502-2012 FU National High Technology Research and Development Program [2015AA01A705]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [61371081]; National Natural Young Science Foundation of China [61401381]; Science Technology Project of Xiamen [3502Z20153004] FX The work presented in this paper was partially supported by National High Technology Research and Development Program(Grant number 2015AA01A705),2014 National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant number 61371081) , 2015 National Natural Young Science Foundation of China (Grant number 61401381), and by 2015 Science Technology Project of Xiamen (Grant number 3502Z20153004). NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7695-2640-3 PY 2006 BP 27 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BEY21 UT WOS:000240091200003 ER PT S AU Moore, CJ Habermann, RE AF Moore, Carla J. Habermann, Ray E. BE Rothwell, RG TI Core data stewardship: a long-term perspective SO NEW TECHNIQUES IN SEDIMENT CORE ANALYSIS SE Geological Society Special Publication LA English DT Article; Book Chapter AB The US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) and collocated World Data Center for Marine Geology and Geophysics, Boulder, CO, USA provides scientific data stewardship for many environmental datasets, including geological information derived from sea-floor samples. The essence of NGDC's stewardship philosophy is that data management practices must evolve and incorporate new technologies in order to keep data interoperable with complementary data streams and maintain their usefulness in a changing research environment. The Index to Marine and Lacustrine Geological Samples database exemplifies NGDC's evolutionary and collaborative approach to data management. The most recent version of the Index is a geospatially enabled relational database, providing data discovery and delivery via an interactive map on the Web. Geospatial databases and Internet mapping tools are an integral part of NGDC's current centre-wide systems architecture. C1 [Moore, Carla J.; Habermann, Ray E.] NOAA, US Dept Commerce, Satellite & Informat Serv, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Moore, CJ (reprint author), NOAA, US Dept Commerce, Satellite & Informat Serv, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, E-GC3 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM carla.j.moore@noaa.gov; ted.habermann@noaa.gov RI Moore, Carla/F-5350-2015 OI Moore, Carla/0000-0002-2610-8648 NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC PUBLISHING HOUSE PI BATH PA UNIT 7, BRASSMILL ENTERPRISE CTR, BRASSMILL LANE, BATH BA1 3JN, AVON, ENGLAND SN 0305-8719 BN 978-1-86239-210-6 J9 GEOL SOC SPEC PUBL JI Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. PY 2006 VL 267 BP 241 EP 251 DI 10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.267.01.18 PG 11 WC Geology SC Geology GA BKT49 UT WOS:000269182200018 ER PT S AU Bollinger, JJ Delaney, MJ Hasegawa, T Dubin, DHE AF Bollinger, J. J. Delaney, M. J. Hasegawa, T. Dubin, D. H. E. BE Drewsen, M Uggerhoj, U Knudsen, H TI Heating rates and enhanced equilibration rates with strongly correlated ions in a Penning-Malmberg trap SO NON-NEUTRAL PLASMA PHYSICS VI SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Non-Neural Plasmas CY JUN 25-29, 2006 CL Univ Aarhus, Aarhus, DENMARK SP QUANTOP, Danish Agcy Sci, Technol & Innovat, Carlsberg Fdn, Toyota Fdn, Danfysik HO Univ Aarhus DE cyclotron equilibration rate; laser cooling; latent heat; one-component plasma; Penning trap; strongly correlated plasma ID NONNEUTRAL PLASMAS; CRYSTALS AB We laser-cooled up to 10(6) Be-9(+) ions to similar to 1 mK in a Penning-Malmberg trap and measured the ion temperature as a function of time after turning off the cooling laser. We observed a rapid heating of the ions when their temperature in a direction parallel to the magnetic field increased above 10 mK and show that this is due to the equilibration of a warm (few kelvins) impurity-ion cyclotron motion with the parallel motion of the Be-9(+) ions. The observed equilibration is more than 14 orders of magnitude faster than predicted by theory that is valid in the absence of correlations, and is closely related to the enhancement of nuclear reactions in dense stellar interiors, first predicted over 50 years ago by Salpeter. Future experiments similar to the work described here can be used to model nuclear fusion in dense plasmas. Finally, we describe an attempt to use the measured heating rate of the Be-9(+) ions to observe the latent heat of the predicted solid-liquid phase transition. C1 [Bollinger, J. J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Delaney, M. J.] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Phys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Hasegawa, T.] Keio Univ, Dept Phys, Kanagawa 2238522, Japan. [Dubin, D. H. E.] Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Bollinger, JJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. FU US Office of Naval Research FX We thank Dr. N. Shiga and Dr. R. J. Epstein for their comments on the manuscript. Construction of the apparatus and the initial experimental m easurements described here were supported by the US Office of Naval Research NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0360-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 862 BP 183 EP 192 PG 10 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA BFM64 UT WOS:000243101600023 ER PT S AU Schmidt, PO Rosenband, T Koelemeij, JCJ Hume, DB Itano, WM Bergquist, JC Wineland, DJ AF Schmidt, P. O. Rosenband, T. Koelemeij, J. C. J. Hume, D. B. Itano, W. M. Bergquist, J. C. Wineland, D. J. BE Drewsen, M Uggerhoj, U Knudsen, H TI Spectroscopy of atomic and molecular ions using quantum logic SO Non-Neutral Plasma Physics VI SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Non-Neural Plasmas CY JUN 25-29, 2006 CL Univ Aarhus, Aarhus, DENMARK SP QUANTOP, Danish Agcy Sci, Technol & Innovat, Carlsberg Fdn, Toyota Fdn, Danfysik HO Univ Aarhus DE coherent control of atomic interactions with photons; optical cooling of atoms; optical cooling of molecules; trapping; laser spectroscopy; spectroscopic techniques ID TRAPPED IONS; IMPLEMENTATION; TELEPORTATION; FREQUENCY; CONSTANTS; LASERS; STATE AB Recently developed techniques for quantum computation using trapped ions allow precise coherent control of the internal and external states of single atoms. Here we report how these techniques can be employed to perform precision spectroscopy of atomic and molecular ions that lack accessible transitions for laser cooling and detection. Furthermore, we discuss how quantum logic can be used to laser-cool molecules to near their rotational and vibrational ground state by avoiding detrimental spontaneous emission of photons from the molecule. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Schmidt, PO (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Schmidt, Piet/F-6384-2011 OI Schmidt, Piet/0000-0003-0773-5889 NR 46 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0360-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 862 BP 305 EP 312 PG 8 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA BFM64 UT WOS:000243101600037 ER PT J AU Waring, GT Gilbert Jr Loftin, J Cabana, N AF Waring, GT Gilbert, JR Loftin, J Cabana, N TI Short-term movements of radio-tagged harbor seals in New England SO NORTHEASTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID PHOCA-VITULINA-CONCOLOR; SOUTHERN NEW-ENGLAND; SITE FIDELITY; HAUL-OUT; CANADA; ABUNDANCE; ISLAND AB We captured and radio-tagged 29 harbor seals in spring 2001 in Chatham, MA, and off Rockland, ME. Male and female seals of all ages were captured in Chatham, compared to mostly juveniles in Maine. Seventy-five percent (9/12) of the Chatham seals moved to the Maine coast in spring and summer during the pupping, breeding, and moult seasons. Similarly, seventy-one percent (12/17) of seals tagged in western Penobscot Bay remained in the mid-Maine coastal region during these seasons. These short-term movement patterns suggest that Penobscot Bay may be the source for some of the seals overwintering in southern New England. C1 NOAA Fisheries, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Maine, Dept Wildlife Ecol, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Waring, GT (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM Gordon.Waring@noaa.gov NR 36 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 12 PU HUMBOLDT FIELD RESEARCH INST PI STEUBEN PA PO BOX 9, STEUBEN, ME 04680-0009 USA SN 1092-6194 J9 NORTHEAST NAT JI Northeast. Nat PY 2006 VL 13 IS 1 BP 1 EP 14 DI 10.1656/1092-6194(2006)13[1:SMORHS]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 037UK UT WOS:000237172600001 ER PT S AU Barnes, BM Howard, LP Silver, RM AF Barnes, Bryan M. Howard, Lowell P. Silver, Richard M. BE Sasian, JM Turner, MG TI Illumination optimization for optical semiconductor metrology - art. no. 62890P SO Novel Optical Systems Design and Optimization IX SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Novel Optical Systems Design and Optimization IX CY AUG 15-16, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Kohler illumination; metrology; alignment; overlay; tool-induced shift AB Uniform sample illumination via Kohler illumination is achieved by establishing a pair of conjugate focal planes; a light source is focused onto the condenser lens back focal plane while the image of the field aperture is focused at the plane of the specimen. Placement accuracy of these elements along the optical axis will determine the quality of the spatial homogeneity of the illumination in the sample plane. Imaging is therefore inherently sensitive to the tolerance of this alignment. Measuring three-dimensional features on semiconductor wafers has demonstrated an additional requirement for angular illumination homogeneity, as this is critical for robust matching between experimental results and numerically modeled results.[1] We outline our techniques for aligning a custom-built microscope that features a 12 mm diameter conjugate back focal plane, beginning with the establishment of an optical axis based upon the objective lens. We then illustrate the techniques used to establish the and optical metrology are provided. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Barnes, BM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6368-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6289 BP P2890 EP P2890 AR 62890P DI 10.1117/12.681064 PG 11 WC Optics SC Optics GA BFG52 UT WOS:000241727800022 ER PT S AU Attota, R Silver, RM Potzick, J AF Attota, Ravikiran Silver, Richard M. Potzick, James BE Sasian, JM Turner, MG TI Optical illumination and critical dimension analysis using the through-focus focus metric method - art. no. 62890Q SO Novel Optical Systems Design and Optimization IX SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Novel Optical Systems Design and Optimization IX CY AUG 15-16, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE optical critical dimension (OCD) metrology; through-focus focus metric; through-focus image map; Angular Optical illumination; Kohler factor; overlay; process control; defect analysis ID METROLOGY AB In this paper we present recent developments in optical microscope image analysis using both, best focus optical image as well as those images conventionally considered out of focus for metrology applications. Depending on the type of analysis, considerable information can be deduced with the additional use of the out of focus optical images. One method for analyzing the complete set of images is to calculate the total "edge slope" from an image, as the target is moved through-focus. A plot of the sum of the mean square slope is defined as the through-focus focus metric. We present a unique method for evaluating the angular illumination homogeneity in an optical microscope (with Kohler illumination configuration), based on the through-focus focus metric approach. Both theoretical simulations and experimental results are presented to demonstrate this approach. We present a second application based on the through-focus focus metric method for evaluating critical dimensions (CD) with demonstrated nanometer sensitivity for both experimental and optical simulations. An additional approach to analyzing the complete set of images is to assemble or align the through focus image intensity profiles such that the x-axis represents the position on the target, the y-axis represents the focus (or defocus) position of the target with respect to the lens and the z-axis represents the image intensity. This two-dimensional image is referred to as the through focus image map. Using recent simulation results we apply the through focus image map to CD and overlay analysis and demonstrate nanometer sensitivity in the theoretical results. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Precis Engn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Attota, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Precis Engn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 9 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6368-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6289 BP Q2890 EP Q2890 AR 62890Q DI 10.1117/12.681231 PG 10 WC Optics SC Optics GA BFG52 UT WOS:000241727800023 ER PT J AU Seiple, L Jaruga, P Dizdaroglu, M Stivers, JT AF Seiple, L Jaruga, P Dizdaroglu, M Stivers, JT TI Linking uracil base excision repair and 5-fluorouracil toxicity in yeast SO NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID OXIDATIVE DNA-DAMAGE; ALDEHYDE REACTIVE PROBE; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; APURINIC ENDONUCLEASE; ABASIC SITES; COLORECTAL-CANCER; MAMMALIAN-CELLS; N-GLYCOSYLASE; RIBOSOMAL-RNA; DUTPASE GENE AB 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is a widely used anticancer drug that disrupts pyrimidine nucleotide pool balances and leads to uracil incorporation in DNA, which is then recognized and removed by the uracil base excision repair (BER) pathway. Using complementary biochemical and genetic approaches we have examined the role of uracil BER in the cell killing mechanism of 5-FU. A yeast strain lacking the enzyme uracil DNA glycosylase (Ung1), which excises uracil from the DNA backbone leaving an abasic site, showed significant protection against the toxic effects of 5-FU, a G(1)/S cell cycle arrest phenotype, and accumulated massive amounts of U/A base pairs in its genome (similar to 4% of T/A pairs were now U/A). A strain lacking the major abasic site endonuclease of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Apn1) showed significantly increased sensitivity to 5-FU with G(2)/M arrest. Thus, efficient processing of abasic sites by this enzyme is protective against the toxic effects of 5-FU. However, contrary to expectations, the Apn1 deficient strain did not accumulate intact abasic sites, indicating that another repair pathway attempts to process these sites in the absence Apn1, but that this process has catastrophic effects on genome integrity. These findings suggest that new strategies for chemical intervention targeting BER could enhance the effectiveness of this widely used anticancer drug. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol & Mol Sci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Chem & Biochem Engn, Baltimore, MD 21225 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Techol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stivers, JT (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol & Mol Sci, 725 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. EM jstivers@jhmi.edu RI Jaruga, Pawel/M-4378-2015 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM56834-10, R01 GM056834] NR 55 TC 48 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0305-1048 J9 NUCLEIC ACIDS RES JI Nucleic Acids Res. PY 2006 VL 34 IS 1 BP 140 EP 151 DI 10.1093/nar/gkj430 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 004WC UT WOS:000234782300021 PM 16407331 ER PT J AU Bacolla, A Collins, JR Gold, B Chuzhanova, N Yi, M Stephens, RM Stefanov, S Olsh, A Jakupciak, JP Dean, M Lempicki, RA Cooper, DN Wells, RD AF Bacolla, A Collins, JR Gold, B Chuzhanova, N Yi, M Stephens, RM Stefanov, S Olsh, A Jakupciak, JP Dean, M Lempicki, RA Cooper, DN Wells, RD TI Long homopurine center dot homopyrimidine sequences are characteristic of genes expressed in brain and the pseudoautosomal region SO NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID TRIPLEX-FORMING OLIGONUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEOTIDE EXCISION-REPAIR; MAJOR BREAKPOINT REGION; HUMAN INHERITED DISEASE; B DNA CONFORMATIONS; HUMAN GENOME; MAMMALIAN-CELLS; HELIX FORMATION; H-DNA; PERICENTRIC-INVERSION AB Homo(purine center dot pyrimidine) sequences (R center dot Y tracts) with mirror repeat symmetries form stable triplexes that block replication and transcription and promote genetic rearrangements. A systematic search was conducted to map the location of the longest R center dot Y tracts in the human genome in order to assess their potential function(s). The 814 R center dot Y tracts with >= 250 uninterrupted base pairs were preferentially clustered in the pseudoautosomal region of the sex chromosomes and located in the introns of 228 annotated genes whose protein products were associated with functions at the cell membrane. These genes were highly expressed in the brain and particularly in genes associated with susceptibility to mental disorders, such as schizophrenia. The set of 1957 genes harboring the 2886 R center dot Y tracts with >= 100 uninterrupted base pairs was additionally enriched in proteins associated with phosphorylation, signal transduction, development and morphogenesis. Comparisons of the >= 250 bp R center dot Y tracts in the mouse and chimpanzee genomes indicated that these sequences have mutated faster than the surrounding regions and are longer in humans than in chimpanzees. These results support a role for long R center dot Y tracts in promoting recombination and genome diversity during evolution through destabilization of chromosomal DNA, thereby inducing repair and mutation. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Genome Res, Inst Biosci & Technol, Syst Hlth Sci Ctr,Texas Med Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NCI Frederick, Adv Biomed Comp Ctr, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. NCI Frederick, Lab Genom Divers, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. Cardiff Univ, Biostat & Bioinformat Unit, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales. Cardiff Univ, Inst Med Genet, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, DNA Technol Grp, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. SAIC Frederick Inc, Lab Immunopathogenesis & Bioinformat, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. RP Wells, RD (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Genome Res, Inst Biosci & Technol, Syst Hlth Sci Ctr,Texas Med Ctr, 2121 W Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030 USA. EM rwells@ibt.tamhsc.edu RI Cooper, David/H-4384-2011; Lempicki, Richard/E-1844-2012; Bacolla, Albino/N-3877-2013; OI Cooper, David/0000-0002-8943-8484; Lempicki, Richard/0000-0002-7059-409X; Bacolla, Albino/0000-0003-0206-8423; Chuzhanova, Nadia/0000-0002-4655-3618; Dean, Michael/0000-0003-2234-0631 FU Intramural NIH HHS; NCI NIH HHS [N01-CO-12400, N01CO12400]; NIEHS NIH HHS [ES11347, R01 ES011347]; NINDS NIH HHS [NS37554] NR 78 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 3 U2 7 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0305-1048 J9 NUCLEIC ACIDS RES JI Nucleic Acids Res. PY 2006 VL 34 IS 9 BP 2663 EP 2675 DI 10.1093/nar/gkl354 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 059WU UT WOS:000238763700025 PM 16714445 ER PT J AU Diaz, RH Nanni, T AF Diaz, RH Nanni, T TI Historical reconstruction climate variability and change in Mediterranean regions SO NUOVO CIMENTO DELLA SOCIETA ITALIANA DI FISICA C-GEOPHYSICS AND SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Historical Reconstruction of Climate Variability and Change in Mediterranean Regions CY OCT 05-06, 2004 CL Bologna, ITALY AB In the frame of "US-Italy cooperation on Science and Technology of climatic change", sponsored by INGV, we organized a meeting focusing on decadal climate variability in the Mediterranean regions in the context of long-term climate change. Our aim is to assess past climate variability using historical climate reconstructions and sources in the Mediterranean region both of western US and southern Europe. This report summarizes some key aspects of climate variability in the Mediterranean region in the past 200 years and identifies uncertainties and unresolved scientific questions still open for further research. C1 NOAA, OAR, CDC, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. CNR, ISAC, I-40126 Bologna, Italy. RP Diaz, RH (reprint author), NOAA, OAR, CDC, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOCIETA ITALIANA DI FISICA PI BOLOGNA PA VIA SARAGOZZA, 12, I-40123 BOLOGNA, ITALY SN 1124-1896 J9 NUOVO CIMENTO C JI Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. C-Geophys. Space Phys. PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 29 IS 1 BP 1 EP 2 DI 10.1393/ncc/i2005-10214-2 PG 2 GA 040JT UT WOS:000237375500001 ER PT J AU Woodhouse, CA AF Woodhouse, CA TI Tree-ring analysis of winter climate variability and ENSO in Mediterranean California SO NUOVO CIMENTO DELLA SOCIETA ITALIANA DI FISICA C-GEOPHYSICS AND SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Historical Reconstruction of Climate Variability and Change in Mediterranean Regions CY OCT 05-06, 2004 CL Bologna, ITALY AB The feasibility of using tree-ring data as a, proxy for regional precipitation and ENSO events in the Mediterranean region of California is explored. A transect of moisture-sensitive tree-ring sites, extending from southwestern to northcentral California, documents regional patterns of winter precipitation and replicates the regional response to ENSO events in the 20th century. Proxy records of ENSO were used with the tree-ring data to examine precipitation/ENSO patterns in the 18and 19th centuries. Results suggest some temporal and spatial variability in the regional precipitation response to ENSO over the last three centuries. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Paleoclimatol Branch, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, INSTAAR, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Woodhouse, CA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Paleoclimatol Branch, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOCIETA ITALIANA DI FISICA PI BOLOGNA PA VIA SARAGOZZA, 12, I-40123 BOLOGNA, ITALY SN 1124-1896 J9 NUOVO CIMENTO C JI Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. C-Geophys. Space Phys. PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 29 IS 1 BP 65 EP 71 PG 7 GA 040JT UT WOS:000237375500009 ER PT J AU Hoerling, M Hurrell, J Eischeid, J AF Hoerling, M Hurrell, J Eischeid, J TI Mediterranean climate change and Indian ocean warming SO NUOVO CIMENTO DELLA SOCIETA ITALIANA DI FISICA C-GEOPHYSICS AND SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Historical Reconstruction of Climate Variability and Change in Mediterranean Regions CY OCT 05-06, 2004 CL Bologna, ITALY AB General circulation model (CCM) responses to 20th century changes in sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and greenhouse gases are diagnosed, with emphasis on their relationship to observed regional climate change over the Mediterranean region. A major question is whether the Mediterranean region's drying trend since 1950 can be understood as a consequence of the warming trend in tropical SSTs. We focus on the impact of Indian Ocean warming, which is itself the likely result of increasing greenhouse gases. It is discovered that a, strong projection onto the positive polarity of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index characterizes the atmospheric response structure to the 1950-1999 warming of Indian Ocean SSTs. This influence appears to be robust in so far as it is reproduced in ensembles of experiments using three different GCMs. Both the equilibrium and transient responses to Indian Ocean warming are examined. Under each scenario, the latitude of prevailing midlatitude westerlies shifts poleward during the November-April period. The consequence is a drying of the Mediterranean region, whereas northern Europe and Scandinavia receive increased precipitation in concert with the poleward shift of storminess. The IPCC (TAR) 20th century coupled ocean-atmosphere simulations forced by observed greenhouse gas changes also yield a post-1950 drying trend over the Mediterranean. We argue that this feature of human-induced regional climate change is the outcome of a dynamical feedback, one involving Indian Ocean warming and a requisite adjustment of atmospheric Circulation systems to such ocean warming. C1 NOAA, CDC, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NCAR, CGD, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Hoerling, M (reprint author), NOAA, CDC, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 2 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOCIETA ITALIANA DI FISICA PI BOLOGNA PA VIA SARAGOZZA, 12, I-40123 BOLOGNA, ITALY SN 1124-1896 J9 NUOVO CIMENTO C JI Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. C-Geophys. Space Phys. PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 29 IS 1 BP 99 EP 104 PG 6 GA 040JT UT WOS:000237375500013 ER PT J AU Ukwe, CN Ibe, CA Sherman, K AF Ukwe, Chika N. Ibe, Chidi A. Sherman, Kenneth TI A sixteen-country mobilization for sustainable fisheries in the Guinea Current Large Marine Ecosystem SO OCEAN & COASTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL ATLANTIC-OCEAN; SEASONAL-VARIATIONS; SURFACE CURRENTS; GULF; CIRCULATION AB The Guinea Current Large Marine Ecosystem (GCLME) extending from Bissagos Island (Guinea Bissau) in the north to Cabinda (Angola) in the south defines the shared transboundary waters off the coast of western Africa, which embodies some of the major coastal upwelling sub-ecosystems of the world and is an important centre of marine biodiversity and marine food production. The GCLME is characterized by distinctive bathymetry, hydrography, chemistry, and trophodynamics and represents the number 28 Large Marine Ecosystem (LME) ranked among the most productive coastal and offshore waters in the world with rich fishery resources. However, over-exploitation of fisheries, pollution from domestic and industry sources, habitat destruction and poorly planned and managed coastal developments and near-shore activities are resulting in a rapid depletion of the rich fisheries resources and degradation of vulnerable coastal and offshore habitats putting the economies, productivity and health of the populace at risk. Recognizing the urgency of the fisheries decline and the environmental and socio-economic consequences for the region, the 16 countries bordering the ecosystem have mobilized complementary resources to the funding from the Global Environment Facility and United Nations Industrial Development Organization to implement priority management actions agreed in the preliminary Strategic Action Programme for the recovery of depleted fish stocks and restoration of degraded habitats for the advancement of the achievement of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Johannesburg Plan of Implementation targets for recovery of fish stocks. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 United Nat Ind Dev Org, Water Management Unit, Energy & Cleaner Prod Branch, A-1400 Vienna, Austria. United Nat Ind Dev Org Field Off, Accra, Ghana. US NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Narragansett Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Ukwe, CN (reprint author), United Nat Ind Dev Org, Water Management Unit, Energy & Cleaner Prod Branch, VIC,Box 300, A-1400 Vienna, Austria. EM C.ukwe@unido.org NR 78 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-5691 J9 OCEAN COAST MANAGE JI Ocean Coastal Manage. PY 2006 VL 49 IS 7-8 BP 385 EP 412 DI 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2006.04.006 PG 28 WC Oceanography; Water Resources SC Oceanography; Water Resources GA 080VC UT WOS:000240275600001 ER PT J AU Sherman, K AF Sherman, Kenneth TI The Large Marine Ecosystem network approach to WSSD targets SO OCEAN & COASTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT East Asian Seas Congress CY DEC 08-12, 2003 CL Minist Sci, Technol & Environm Makaysia, Putrajaya, MALAYSIA SP GEF/UNDP/IMO Reg Program HO Minist Sci, Technol & Environm Makaysia AB Since the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, considerable movement has been made by international organizations engaged in ocean affairs towards adopting ecosystem-based assessment and management practices. A decade later, at the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), another significant milestone was reached with the support, by over 100 countries, for a Plan of Implementation that agreed on several specific ecosystem-related targets including: achievement of "substantial" reductions in land-based sources of pollution by 2006; introduction of the ecosystems approach to marine resource assessment and management by 2010; designation of a network of marine protected areas by 2012; and the maintenance and restoration of fish stocks to maximum sustainable yield levels by 2015. An international financial mechanism, the Global Environment Facility (GEF), is assisting developing countries in meeting the WSSD targets by supporting Large Marine Ecosystem (LME) assessment and management projects. Of the 29 LMEs for which published case study information is available on analyses of principal forces driving changes in biomass yields, fishing effort was the primary forcing mechanism in 14 LMEs, climate forcing was the principal factor in 13 LMEs, eutrophication in one case and the data were inconclusive in another. Fishing effort was a secondary driver of change in biomass yields in the 13 LMEs driven by climate forcing. Mitigating actions for reducing fishing effort to promote recovery of lost biomass yield is proving successful in one case study. Actions for improving forecasts of oceanographic conditions affecting fish stocks are underway in four GEF-supported LME projects (e.g., Humboldt Current, Canary Current, Guinea Current and Benguela Current); measures to assess and manage excessive fishing effort are planned for eight LME projects, eutrophication reduction and control in another; and six LMEs with relatively stable decadal biomass yields appear suitable for mandating precautionary total allowable catch levels. The GEF/LME projects include countries that contributed to 45% of global marine biomass yields in 1999. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NEFSC, Narragansett Lab, NOAA, NMFS, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Sherman, K (reprint author), NEFSC, Narragansett Lab, NOAA, NMFS, 28 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM kenneth.sherman@noaa.gov NR 9 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-5691 J9 OCEAN COAST MANAGE JI Ocean Coastal Manage. PY 2006 VL 49 IS 9-10 SI SI BP 640 EP 648 DI 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2006.06.012 PG 9 WC Oceanography; Water Resources SC Oceanography; Water Resources GA 096SA UT WOS:000241395900010 ER PT J AU Solomon, A Wainer, I AF Solomon, Amy Wainer, Ilana TI Pacific tropical-extratropical thermocline water mass exchanges in the NCAR coupled climate system model v.3 SO OCEAN MODELLING LA English DT Article ID WIND-DRIVEN CIRCULATION; SUBTROPICAL CELL; NORTH PACIFIC; OCEAN; TRITIUM; CCSM3; PREDICTION; FLOW AB In this study we document how model biases in extratropical surface wind and precipitation, due to ocean-atmosphere coupling, are communicated to the equatorial Pacific thermocline through Pacific Subtropical Cell (STC) pathways. We compare the simulation of climate mean Pacific Subtropical Cells (STCs) in the NCAR Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3) to observations and to an uncoupled ocean simulation (the ocean component of the CCSM3 forced by observed wind stress and surface fluxes). We use two versions of the CCSM3 with atmospheric resolution of 2.8 degrees (T42) and 1.4 degrees (T85) to investigate whether the climate mean STCs are sensitive to the resolution of the atmospheric model. Since STCs provide water that maintains the equatorial thermocline, we first document biases in equatorial temperature and salinity fields. We then investigate to what extent these biases are due to the simulation of extratropical-tropical water mass exchanges in the coupled models. We demonstrate that the coupled models' cold and fresh bias in the equatorial thermocline is due to the subduction of significantly fresher and colder water in the South Pacific. This freshening is due to too much precipitation in the South Pacific Convergence Zone. Lagrangian trajectories of water that flows to the equatorial thermocline are calculated to demonstrate that the anomalously large potential vorticity barriers in the coupled simulations in both the North and South Pacific prevent water in the lower thermocline from reaching the equator. The equatorial thermocline is shown to be primarily maintained by water that subducts in the subtropical South Pacific in both the coupled and uncoupled simulations. It is shown that the zonally integrated transport convergence at the equator in the subsurface branch of the climate mean STCs is well simulated in the uncoupled ocean model. However, coupling reduces the net equatorward pycnocline transport by similar to 4 Sv at 9 degrees S and similar to 1 Sv at 9 degrees N. An increase in the atmospheric resolution from T42 to T85 results in more realistic equatorial trades and off-equatorial convergence zones. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, ESRL, PSD, CIRES,Climate Diagnost Ctr,RPSDI, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Phys Oceanog, Sao Paulo, Brazil. RP Solomon, A (reprint author), NOAA, ESRL, PSD, CIRES,Climate Diagnost Ctr,RPSDI, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Amy.Solomon@noaa.gov RI Wainer, Ilana/B-4540-2011; Solomon, Amy/L-8988-2013 OI Wainer, Ilana/0000-0003-3784-623X; NR 38 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1463-5003 J9 OCEAN MODEL JI Ocean Model. PY 2006 VL 15 IS 3-4 BP 218 EP 235 DI 10.1016/j.ocemod.2006.04.003 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 115NK UT WOS:000242740800006 ER PT J AU Solomon, A Zhang, DX AF Solomon, Amy Zhang, Dongxiao TI Pacific subtropical cell variability in coupled climate model simulations of the late 19th-20th century SO OCEAN MODELLING LA English DT Article ID EQUATORIAL UNDERCURRENT; OCEAN; CIRCULATION; SUBDUCTION; FORCINGS; WATERS; GCM AB Observational studies of the Pacific basin since the 1950s have demonstrated that a decrease (increase) in tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs) is significantly correlated with a spin-up (slow-down) of the Pacific Subtropical Cells (STCs). STCs are shallow wind-driven overturning circulations that provide a pathway by which extratropical atmospheric variability can impact the equatorial Pacific thermocline and, through upwelling in the eastern equatorial Pacific, tropical Pacific SSTs. Recent studies have shown that this observed relationship between SSTs and STCs is absent in coupled climate model simulations of the late 19th-20th centuries. In this paper we investigate what causes this relationship to breakdown and to what extent this limits the models' ability to simulate observed climate change in the equatorial Pacific since the late 19th century. To provide insight into these questions we first show that the NCAR Community Climate System Model's simulation of observed climate change since the 1970s has a robust signal in the equatorial Pacific that bears a close resemblance to observations. Strikingly, absent is a robust signal in the equatorial thermocline. Our results suggest that the coupled model may be reproducing the observed local ocean response to changes in forcing but inadequately reproducing the remote STC-forcing of the tropical Pacific due to the underestimate of extratropical winds that force these ocean circulations. These conclusions are found to be valid in five different coupled climate model simulations of the late 19th-20th centuries (CCSM3, GISS EH, GFDL CM2.1, CSIRO-Mk3, and HadCM3). (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Colorado, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Div Phys Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA USA. RP Solomon, A (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Amy.Solomon@noaa.gov RI Solomon, Amy/L-8988-2013 NR 30 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1463-5003 J9 OCEAN MODEL JI Ocean Model. PY 2006 VL 15 IS 3-4 BP 236 EP 249 DI 10.1016/j.ocemod.2006.03.007 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 115NK UT WOS:000242740800007 ER PT J AU Zhang, DX McPhaden, MJ AF Zhang, Dongxiao McPhaden, Michael J. TI Decadal variability of the shallow Pacific meridional overturning circulation: Relation to tropical sea surface temperatures in observations and climate change models SO OCEAN MODELLING LA English DT Article DE climate variability; climate change; ocean circulation ID EL-NINO-LIKE; NORTH PACIFIC; INCREASED CO2; INTERDECADAL VARIABILITY; EQUATORIAL UNDERCURRENT; ANTHROPOGENIC FORCINGS; COUPLED MODEL; OCEAN; 20TH-CENTURY; SIMULATION AB In this study, we use existing observational datasets to evaluate 20th century climate simulations of the tropical Pacific. The emphasis of our work is decadal variability of the shallow meridional overturning circulation, which links the tropical and subtropical Pacific Ocean. In observations, this circulation is characterized by equatorward geostrophic volume transport convergence in the interior ocean pycnocline across 9 degrees N and 9 degrees S. Historical hydrographic data indicate that there has been a decreasing trend in this convergence over the period 1953-2001 of about I I Sverdrup (I SV = 10(6) m(3) s(-1)), with maximum decade-to-decade variations of 7-11 Sv. The transport time series is highly anti-correlated with sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the central and eastern tropical Pacific, implying that variations in meridional overturning circulation are directly linked to decadal variability and trends in tropical SST. These relationships are explored in 18 model simulations of 20th century climate from 14 state-of-the-art coupled climate models. Significant correlation exists between meridional volume transport convergence and tropical SST in the majority of the models over the last half century. However, the magnitude of transport variability on decadal time scales in the models is underestimated while at the same time modeled SST variations are more sensitive to that transport variability than in the observations. The effects of the meridional overturning circulation on SST trends in most the models is less clear. Most models show no trend in meridional transport convergence and underestimate the trend in eastern tropical Pacific SST. The eddy permitting MIROCH model is the only model that reasonably reproduces the observed trends in transport convergence, tropical Pacific SST, and SST gradient along the equator over the last half century. If the observed trends and those simulated in the MIROCH model are ultimately related to greenhouse gas forcing, these results suggest that the Bjerknes feedback, by affecting pycnocline transport convergences, may enhance warming that arises from anthropogenic forcing in the eastern tropical Pacific. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Ocean, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Zhang, DX (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM dongxiao.zhang@noaa.gov RI McPhaden, Michael/D-9799-2016 NR 83 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1463-5003 J9 OCEAN MODEL JI Ocean Model. PY 2006 VL 15 IS 3-4 BP 250 EP 273 DI 10.1016/j.ocemod.2005.12.005 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 115NK UT WOS:000242740800008 ER PT J AU Capotondi, A Wittenberg, A Masina, S AF Capotondi, Antonietta Wittenberg, Andrew Masina, Simona TI Spatial and temporal structure of Tropical Pacific interannual variability in 20th century coupled simulations SO OCEAN MODELLING LA English DT Article DE El Nino phenomena; climatic changes; permanent thermocline; winds; surface temperature ID DATA ASSIMILATION SYSTEM; OCEAN RECHARGE PARADIGM; EL-NINO; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; INTERCOMPARISON PROJECT; WAVE DYNAMICS; ENSO; MODEL; TELECONNECTIONS; REANALYSIS AB Tropical Pacific interannual variability is examined in nine state-of-the-art coupled climate models, and compared with observations and ocean analyses data sets, the primary focus being on the spatial structure and spectral characteristics of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The spatial patterns of interannual sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies from the coupled models are characterized by maximum variations displaced from the coast of South America, and generally extending too far west with respect to observations. Thermocline variability is characterized by dominant modes that are qualitatively similar in all the models, and consistent with the "recharge oscillator" paradigm for ENSO. The meridional scale of the thermocline depth anomalies is generally narrower than observed, a result that can be related to the pattern of zonal wind stress perturbations in the central-western equatorial Pacific. The wind stress response to eastern equatorial Pacific SST anomalies in the models is narrower and displaced further west than observed. The meridional scale of the wind stress can affect the amount of warm water involved in the recharge/discharge of the equatorial thermocline, while the longitudinal location of the wind stress anomalies can influence the advection of the mean zonal temperature gradient by the anomalous zonal currents, a process that may favor the growth and longer duration of ENSO events when the wind stress perturbations are displaced eastwards. Thus, both discrepancies of the wind stress anomaly patterns in the coupled models with respect to observations (narrow meridional extent, and westward displacement along the equator) may be responsible for the ENSO timescale being shorter in the models than in observations. The examination of the leading advective processes in the SST tendency equation indicates that vertical advection of temperature anomalies tends to favor ENSO growth in all the CGCMs, but at a smaller rate than in observations. In some models it can also promote a phase transition. Longer periods tend to be associated with thermocline and advective feedbacks that are in phase with the SST anomalies, while advective tendencies that lead the SST anomalies by a quarter cycle favor ENSO transitions, thus leading to a shorter period. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Lab, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, RCDCI, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. Ist Nazl Geofis & Vulcanol, Bologna, Italy. RP Capotondi, A (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Lab, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, RCDCI, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Antonietta.Capotondi@noaa.gov RI Wittenberg, Andrew/G-9619-2013; Masina, Simona/B-4974-2012 OI Wittenberg, Andrew/0000-0003-1680-8963; NR 35 TC 100 Z9 103 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1463-5003 J9 OCEAN MODEL JI Ocean Model. PY 2006 VL 15 IS 3-4 BP 274 EP 298 DI 10.1016/j.ocemod.2006.02.004 PG 25 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 115NK UT WOS:000242740800009 ER PT J AU Gerdes, R Hurlin, W Griffies, SM AF Gerdes, R Hurlin, W Griffies, SM TI Sensitivity of a global ocean model to increased run-off from Greenland SO OCEAN MODELLING LA English DT Article DE ocean circulation; thermohaline circulation; fresh water flux; ice sheet mass balance ID ANISOTROPIC HORIZONTAL VISCOSITY; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; CLIMATE-CHANGE; ARCTIC-OCEAN; ATMOSPHERE; ATLANTIC; HEAT; FLUX; CONSERVATION; VARIABILITY AB We study the reaction of a global ocean-sea ice model to an increase of fresh water input into the northern North Atlantic under different surface boundary conditions, ranging from simple restoring of surface salinity to the use of an energy balance model (EBM) for the atmosphere. The anomalous fresh water flux is distributed around Greenland, reflecting increased melting of the Greenland ice sheet and increasing fresh water export from the Arctic Ocean. Depending on the type of surface boundary condition, the large circulation reacts with a slow-down of overturning and gyre circulations. Restoring of the total or mean surface salinity prevents a large scale redistribution of the salinity field that is apparent under mixed boundary conditions and with the EBM. The control run under mixed boundary conditions exhibits large and unrealistic oscillations of the meridional overturning. Although the reaction to the fresh water flux anomaly is similar to the response with the EBM, mixed boundary conditions must thus be considered unreliable. With the EBM, the waters in the deep western boundary current initially become saltier and a new fresh water mass forms in the north-eastern North Atlantic in response to the fresh water flux anomaly around Greenland. After an accumulation period of several decades duration, this new North East Atlantic intermediate Water spreads towards the western boundary and opens a new southward pathway at intermediate depths along the western boundary for the fresh waters of high northern latitudes. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. RP Gerdes, R (reprint author), Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, Bussestr 24, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany. EM rgerdes@awi-bremerhaven.de NR 56 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1463-5003 J9 OCEAN MODEL JI Ocean Model. PY 2006 VL 12 IS 3-4 BP 416 EP 435 DI 10.1016/j.ocemod.2005.08.003 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 017LQ UT WOS:000235695500009 ER PT J AU Legg, S Hallberg, RW Girton, JB AF Legg, S Hallberg, RW Girton, JB TI Comparison of entrainment in overflows simulated by z-coordinate, isopycnal and non-hydrostatic models SO OCEAN MODELLING LA English DT Article DE overflows; entrainment; vertical coordinate; model resolution; mixing parameterization ID OCEAN MODELS; TURBULENT ENTRAINMENT; ROTATING FLUID; NORTH-ATLANTIC; EDDY FORMATION; BOUNDARY; BOTTOM; FLOWS; CIRCULATION; TOPOGRAPHY AB A series of idealised numerical simulations of dense water flowing down a broad uniform slope are presented, employing both a z-coordinate model (the MIT general circulation model) and an isopycnal coordinate model (the Hallberg Isopycnal Model). Calculations are carried out at several different horizontal and vertical resolutions, and for a range of physical parameters. A subset of calculations are carried out at very high resolution using the non-hydrostatic variant of the MITgcm. In all calculations dense water descends the slope while entraining and mixing with ambient fluid. The dependence of entrainment, mixing and down-slope descent on resolution and vertical coordinate are assessed. At very coarse resolutions the z-coordinate model generates excessive spurious mixing, and dense water has difficulty descending the slope. However, at intermediate resolutions the mixing in the z-coordinate model is less than found in the high-resolution non-hydrostatic simulations, and dense water descends further down the slope. Isopycnal calculations show less resolution dependence, although entrainment and mixing are both reduced slightly at coarser resolution. At intermediate resolutions the z-coordinate and isopycnal models produce similar levels of mixing and entrainment. These results provide a benchmark against which future developments in overflow entrainment parameterizations in both z-coordinate and isopycnal models may be compared. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Phys Oceanog, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Legg, S (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Forrestal Campus,US Rt 1,POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM slegg@whoi.edu; robert.hallberg@noaa.gov; jgirton@whoi.edu RI Legg, Sonya/E-5995-2010 NR 46 TC 98 Z9 98 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1463-5003 J9 OCEAN MODEL JI Ocean Model. PY 2006 VL 11 IS 1-2 BP 69 EP 97 DI 10.1016/j.ocemod.2004.11.006 PG 29 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 977EZ UT WOS:000232786700004 ER PT J AU Alves, JHGM AF Alves, JHGM TI Numerical modeling of ocean swell contributions to the global wind-wave climate SO OCEAN MODELLING LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN-HEMISPHERE; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; MOMENTUM FLUX; SURFACE-WAVE; PART I; SEA; TRANSFORMATION; VARIABILITY; REANALYSIS; PACIFIC AB A new technique for studying the contribution of ocean swell to the global wind-wave climate is proposed, on the basis of numerical simulations of wind-wave evolution. In this technique, waves are generated by winds that are kept active only in selected oceanic areas and switched off over the rest of the global ocean domain. In this way, swells are generated only in selected areas and are propagated freely elsewhere. A preliminary analysis of the major patterns associated with swells generated within a selection of generation areas is presented, providing new insights on the properties of swell propagation. Results support the validity of the technique for the purposes of wind-wave climate studies on a global scale. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 SAIC, NOAA, NCEP, EMC,Marine Modeling & Anal Branch, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Alves, JHGM (reprint author), SAIC, NOAA, NCEP, EMC,Marine Modeling & Anal Branch, 5200 Auth Rd,Room 209, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM henrique.alves@noaa.gov NR 41 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1463-5003 J9 OCEAN MODEL JI Ocean Model. PY 2006 VL 11 IS 1-2 BP 98 EP 122 DI 10.1016/j.ocemod.2004.11.007 PG 25 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 977EZ UT WOS:000232786700005 ER PT J AU Adcroft, A Hallberg, R AF Adcroft, A Hallberg, R TI On methods for solving the oceanic equations of motion in generalized vertical coordinates SO OCEAN MODELLING LA English DT Article DE ocean model; vertical coordinate; coordinate transformation; non-hydrostatic; layer model; isopycnal coordinate; terrain following ID MODEL; REPRESENTATION; CIRCULATION AB We note that there are essentially two methods of solving the hydrostatic primitive equations in general vertical coordinates: the quasi-Eulerian class of algorithms are typically used in quasi-stationary coordinates (e.g. height, pressure, or terrain following) coordinate systems; the quasi-Lagrangian class of algorithms are almost exclusively used in layered models and is the preferred paradigm in modern isopycnal models. These approaches are not easily juxtaposed. Thus, hybrid coordinate models that choose one method over the other may not necessarily obtain the particular qualities associated with the alternative method. We discuss the nature of the differences between the Lagrangian and Eulerian algorithms and suggest that each has its benefits. The arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian method (ALE) purports to address these differences but we find that it does not treat the vertical and horizontal dimensions symmetrically as is done in classical Eulerian models. This distinction is particularly evident with the non-hydrostatic equations, since there is explicitly no symmetry breaking in these equations. It appears that the Lagrangian algorithms can not be easily invoked in conjunction with the pressure method that is often used in non-hydrostatic models. We suggest that research is necessary to find a way to combine the two viewpoints if we are to develop models that are suitable for simulating the wide range of spatial and temporal scales that are important in the ocean. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, GFDL, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Adcroft, A (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, GFDL, Forrestal Campus,US Route 1,POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM alistair.adcroft@noaa.gov; robert.hallberg@noaa.gov RI Adcroft, Alistair/E-5949-2010 OI Adcroft, Alistair/0000-0001-9413-1017 NR 13 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1463-5003 J9 OCEAN MODEL JI Ocean Model. PY 2006 VL 11 IS 1-2 BP 224 EP 233 DI 10.1016/j.ocemod.2004.12.007 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 977EZ UT WOS:000232786700011 ER PT J AU Lee, HC Rosati, A Spelman, MJ AF Lee, HC Rosati, A Spelman, MJ TI Barotropic tidal mixing effects in a coupled climate model: Oceanic conditions in the Northern Atlantic SO OCEAN MODELLING LA English DT Article ID BOUNDARY-LAYER; CIRCULATION; WATER; SEA; PARAMETERIZATION; DISSIPATION; TOPOGRAPHY; DYNAMICS; REGION AB Impacts of mixing driven by barotropic tides in a coupled climate model are investigated by using an atmosphere-ocean-ice-land coupled climate model, the GFDL CM2.0. We focus on oceanic conditions of the Northern Atlantic. Barotropic tidal mixing effects increase the surface salinity and density in the Northern Atlantic and decrease the RMS error of the model surface salinity and temperature fields related to the observational data. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. RSIS, Mclean, VA USA. RP Lee, HC (reprint author), NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. EM hyun-chul.lee@noaa.gov NR 31 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1463-5003 J9 OCEAN MODEL JI Ocean Model. PY 2006 VL 11 IS 3-4 BP 464 EP 477 DI 10.1016/j.ocemod.2005.03.003 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 987EM UT WOS:000233501200010 ER PT J AU Wainer, I Lazar, A Solomon, A AF Wainer, I. Lazar, A. Solomon, A. TI Tropical extra-tropical thermocline water mass exchanges in the Community Climate Model v.3 Part I: the Atlantic Ocean SO OCEAN SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB The climatological annual mean tropical-extratropical pathways of thermocline waters in the Atlantic Ocean are investigated with the NCAR CCSM numerical coupled model. Results from three numerical experiments are analyzed: Two are fully coupled runs with different spatial resolution (T42 and T85) for the atmospheric component. The third numerical experiment is an ocean-only run forced by NCEP winds and fluxes. Results show that the different atmospheric resolutions have a significant impact on the subduction pathways in the Atlantic because of how the wind field is represented. These simulation results also show that the water subducted at the subtropics reaching the EUC is entirely from the South Atlantic. The coupled model ability to simulate the STCs is discussed. C1 [Wainer, I.] Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Phys Oceanog, Sao Paulo, Brazil. [Lazar, A.] Lab Oceanog Dynam & Climatol LODYC, Paris, France. [Solomon, A.] NOAA CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. RP Wainer, I (reprint author), Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Phys Oceanog, Sao Paulo, Brazil. EM wainer@usp.br RI Wainer, Ilana/B-4540-2011; lazar, alban/B-7290-2013 OI Wainer, Ilana/0000-0003-3784-623X; FU FAPESP; CNPq [300223/93-5, 300561/91-1, 300040/94-6] FX The authors wish to thank P. Gent and W. Large from NCAR for very useful discussions and M. Goes for helping with the lagrangean tracers algorithm. This work was supported in part by grants FAPESP and CNPq 300223/93-5, 300561/91-1, 300040/94-6. I. Wainer thanks NCAR, SGER and WISC from the National Science Foundation for additional travel support. NR 33 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1812-0784 J9 OCEAN SCI JI Ocean Sci. PY 2006 VL 2 IS 2 BP 137 EP 146 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA V28FR UT WOS:000208667200005 ER PT B AU Griffies, SA AF Griffies, Stephen A. BE Chassignet, EP Verron, J TI Some ocean model fundamentals SO Ocean Weather Forecasting: An Integrated View of Oceanography LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Summer School of Oceanography CY SEP 20-OCT 01, 2004 CL Agelonde in Lalonde-Les Maures, Agelonde, FRANCE HO Agelonde in Lalonde-Les Maures DE ocean modelling; parameterization; vertical coordinate ID CIRCULATION MODELS; COORDINATE; REPRESENTATION; CONSERVATION; TOPOGRAPHY; BOUSSINESQ; ADVECTION; EQUATIONS; ACCURATE; SCHEMES AB The purpose of these lectures is to present elements of the equations and algorithms used in numerical models of the large-scale ocean circulation. Such models generally integrate the ocean's primitive, equations, which are based on Newton's Laws applied to a, continuum fluid under hydrostatic balance in a spherical geometry, along with linear irreversible thermodynamics and subgrid scale (SGS) parameterizations. During formulations of both the kinematics and dynamics, we highlight, issues related to the use of a generalized vertical coordinate. The vertical coordinate is arguably the most critical element determining how a model is designed and applications to which a model is of use. C1 NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Griffies, SA (reprint author), NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. NR 48 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 1-4020-3981-6 PY 2006 BP 19 EP 73 DI 10.1007/1-4020-4028-8_2 PG 55 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA BEE87 UT WOS:000237012000002 ER PT B AU Wilkin, JL Lanerolle, L AF Wilkin, John L. Lanerolle, Lyon BE Chassignet, EP Verron, J TI Ocean forecast and analysis models for coastal observatories SO OCEAN WEATHER FORECASTING: AN INTEGRATED VIEW OF OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Summer School of Oceanography CY SEP 20-OCT 01, 2004 CL Agelonde in Lalonde-Les Maures, Agelonde, FRANCE HO Agelonde in Lalonde-Les Maures DE coastal oceanography; ocean modeling; coastal observatories ID MIDDLE ATLANTIC BIGHT; SUBMERSIBLE FLOW CYTOMETER; HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS; CONTINENTAL-MARGIN; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; SEDIMENT-TRANSPORT; SARGASSO SEA; UPPER WATERS; SHELF WATER; PART I AB Physical circulation processes in the coastal ocean affect air-sea interaction, sediment transport, the dispersal of nutrients and pollutants from terrestrial sources. and shelf-wide ecosystem dynamics and carbon cycling. A burgeoning network of coastal ocean observatories is expanding our ability to study these processes by simultaneously observing coastal ocean physics, meteorology, geochemistry and ecology at resolutions suited to quantitative interdisciplinary analysis. Complementary developments in ocean modeling have introduced more accurate numerical algorithms, improved parameterizations of unresolved sub-grid-scale mixing and boundary layer processes, and a transition to higher resolution on parallel computing, platforms. The formulation and capabilities of modern coastal models are illustrated here with two examples from applications in the Mid-Atlantic Bight region of the northeast U.S. continental shelf. These are the coupled Boundary Layers and Air-Sea Transfer (CBLAST) program centered on the Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory, and the Lagrangian Transport and Transformation Experiment (LATTE) centered oil the Hudson River plume. The studies utilize the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) as a forecast tool to assist in the deployment of moveable instrumentation, and as a synthesis tool to aid the interpretation of observations. It is shown that regional models have the resolution and accuracy to capture the dominant features of the coastal ocean heat and salinity budget on diurnal to weekly time scales in regions with strong tides, vertical stratification, and highly variable bathymetry. C1 [Wilkin, John L.; Lanerolle, Lyon] Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. [Lanerolle, Lyon] NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Coast Survey Dev Lab, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP Wilkin, JL (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. FU U.S. Office of Naval Research [N00014-04-1-0383]; National Science Foundation CoOP [OCE-02-38957]; ONR [N00014-1-0227] FX We thank M. Adani, F. Castruccio, M. Goes, R. Helber and D. Prosperi for helpful comments on the manuscript. This research is funded by U.S. Office of Naval Research grant N00014-04-1-0383 and National Science Foundation CoOP grant OCE-02-38957. The ROMS model development is funded by ONR grant N00014-1-0227. Computational resources were provided by the DOD High Performance Computing Modernization Program. NR 66 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 1-4020-3981-6 PY 2006 BP 549 EP + DI 10.1007/1-4020-4028-8_25 PG 5 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA BEE87 UT WOS:000237012000025 ER PT S AU Lessing, PA Tetreault, CBJ Bernard, LJ Chaffin, JN AF Lessing, P. A. Tetreault, Cdr. B. J. Bernard, L. J. Chaffin, J. N. GP IEEE TI Use of the automatic identification system (AIS) on autonomous weather buoys for maritime domain awareness applications SO OCEANS 2006, VOLS 1-4 SE OCEANS-IEEE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Oceans 2006 Conference CY SEP 18-22, 2006 CL Boston, MA AB The United States Coast Guard (USCG), as part of the Department of Homeland Security, is responsible for a wide variety of missions in the maritime domain. In order to support the accomplishment of these missions, the USCG needs to collect as much information as possible on activities occurring in the maritime domain. A large part of maritime activity relates to the movement of vessels. Therefore, detection, classification, identification and monitoring of vessels are a key component of what is known as Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA). The Automatic Identification, System (AIS) is a technology that is used primarily as a tool for maritime safety, including vessel collision avoidance and as a :means for coastal nations' Vessel Traffic Services (VTSs) to get information on vessels operating near their coasts. AIS equipment aboard vessels continuously and autonomously transmits information about the vessel including its identity, position, course, and speed to enhance safety. These transmissions can be received by other vessels or by land-based stations equipped with AIS receivers. The USCG sees the capability AIS provides, particularly for vessel tracking, as a major contributor to MDA and VTS. To extend the capability of USCG land-based AIS monitoring stations further offshore, the USCG Maritime Domain Awareness Program Integration Office sponsored the development of a near real-time, autonomous automatic identification and telemetry system based on AIS technology for installation on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) weather buoys through the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC),and its technical support contractor, Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC). This paper discusses system design of a prototype, autonomous, buoy-based, embedded system for AIS-equipped vessel detection using an AIS receiver and satellite transmitter for near real-time relay of vessel identification data. This paper also describes follow-on enhancements to the system to further extend AIS coverage and field testing of the system. The prototype system development began in August 2004. The prototype system receives AIS data from AIS-equipped vessels on a timed, periodic schedule, processes and verifies received data onboard the buoy, and relays these data from the remote weather buoy via satellite in near real-time to the NDBC Data Assembly Center (NDAC), and then on to the USCG. The prototype system was successfully field tested March 2005 through June 2005 on four near-shore NDBC buoys located in the Strait of Juan de Fuca, near San Francisco Harbor, near Charleston, South Carolina and near Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Field testing successfully proved the concept of collecting vessel identification data from an autonomous AIS system on NDBC weather buoys. Enhancements to the system were developed from August 2005 to February 2006. These enhancements extend AIS monitoring coverage from periodic AIS monitoring to continuous monitoring and conserve system power by insertion of NDBC weather data into the AIS data stream returning it to NDBC using the low power satellite telemetry of the AIS system rather than the existing high power geosynchronous satellite transmission system in use on most NDBC weather buoys. Extended field testing of the enhanced AIS system on four deep ocean NDBC weather buoys began in March 2006 and will continue through February 2007. The installation of an AIS system on NDBC weather buoys provides additional platforms for the use of AIS by the USCG in support of all national maritime missions. The system also provides an opportunity for NDBC to increase the temporal sampling of environmental data from buoys with the system installed as a result of the increased bandwidth available using the satellite transmitter that is part of the buoy-based AIS system and and to broadcast weather data directly to nearby vessels using the AIS. Efforts presently underway through the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) to develop standards for real-time broadcast of environmental data over AIS marine bands to vessels using an environmental data message standard under development by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) presents NOAA/NDBC with the opportunity to provide real-time environmental data directly to passing vessels in the near future. C1 Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Lessing, PA (reprint author), Natl Data Buoy Ctr, 1100 Balch Blvd, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0197-7385 BN 978-1-4244-0114-7 J9 OCEANS-IEEE PY 2006 BP 197 EP 202 PG 6 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA BGC33 UT WOS:000246002100035 ER PT S AU Daniels, RM AF Daniels, R. M. GP IEEE TI Evaluation of the NOAA real time ocean forecast system - Atlantic for operational use at the NOAA ocean prediction center SO OCEANS 2006, VOLS 1-4 SE OCEANS-IEEE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Oceans 2006 Conference CY SEP 18-22, 2006 CL Boston, MA AB The Real Time Ocean Forecast System I Atlantic (RT_OFS_ATL) is a new forecast system at NOAA's National Center for Environment Prediction (NCEP). RT_OFS _ ATL, based on the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model, forecasts ocean variables in the Atlantic out to five days. RT_OFS _ATL is being evaluated by the Ocean Prediction Center (OPC for its use as a forecasting tool for marine weather and eventually the basis for a suite of oceanographic products. RT_OFS_ATL has shown realistic behavior in sea surface temperature and height. The initial state of the model has some persistent unrealistic features that are being improved upon. C1 NOAA, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, IMSG, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Daniels, RM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, IMSG, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0197-7385 BN 978-1-4244-0114-7 J9 OCEANS-IEEE PY 2006 BP 265 EP 268 PG 4 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA BGC33 UT WOS:000246002100048 ER PT S AU Von Ahn, JM Sienkiewicz, JM McFadden, GM AF Von Ahn, Joan M. Sienkiewicz, Joseph M. McFadden, Gregory M. GP IEEE TI The application of sea level pressure and vorticity fields derived from the university of Washington planetary boundary layer model in the NOAA ocean prediction center SO OCEANS 2006, VOLS 1-4 SE OCEANS-IEEE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Oceans 2006 Conference CY SEP 18-22, 2006 CL Boston, MA ID WINDS AB The Sea Winds scatterometer onboard the NASA QuikSCAT satellite has been providing forecasters in the Ocean Prediction Center (OPC) with Near-Real Time (NRT) ocean vector winds over large ocean areas since 1999. The OPC forecasters routinely use QuikSCAT winds in their analysis and forecast process to position frontal features, centers of high and low pressure and to determine the category and location of short term wind warning areas. QuilSCAT has also given forecasters the ability to detect hurricane force conditions within extratropical cyclones. Since QuikSCAT has been fully integrated in to OPC operations,,OPC forecasters' assessment of the surface wind field over the open oceans is more accurate than ever before. As part of the warning and forecast process, OPC forecasters prepare a manual sea level pressure (SLP) analysis four times daily for both the North Atlantic and North Pacific. These OPC SLP analyses are disseminated directly to ships at sea and are heavily relied upon by the marine community for safe and economic operations. These analyses are also a key element in the forecast process as accurate initial conditions are essential to the production of precise forecasts. Although QuikSCAT's impact on the analysis and forecast process has been significant to the short-term wind warning process, this positive impact has not carried over to the analysis of the sea level pressure field over the open oceans. In an effort to improve their SLP analyses, OF C began to run the University of Washington Planetary Boundary Layer (UWPBL) model to derive SLP, surface vorticity and surface wind speed fields using the NRT QuikSCAT winds from NOAA/NESDIS as input. The UWPBL model derived SLP, surface vorticity and surface wind speed fields were made available to OPC forecasters within their N-AWIPS workstations so that they could overlay these products with other observational fields and model guidance. The SLP fields from the UWPBL model were examined daily over a three-month period. The model was found to produce dynamically consistent SLP fields the majority of the time. A comparison of the SLP fields derived from the UWPBL model with the OPC manual surface analyses and the Global Forecast System Model (GFS) surface pressure fields revealed that in most cases the central pressure of the cyclones were not analyzed to be deep enough by either the OPC manual analyses or the GFS model output. There were occasional instances, however where the UPWBL model produced central pressures that were unrealistically low and/or high. This problem was determined to be related to stratification issues and to the method of assimilation of available ship and buoy observations into the model to seed the pressure gradient field. This paper will present several case studies illustrating the application of UWPBL derived sea level pressure and vorticity by OPC forecasters. Comparisons of OPC manual analyses, numerical model analyses and the UWPBL fields will be shown. The UWPBL model using QuikSCAT winds as input provides very high quality sea level pressure fields associated with intense ocean storms. In particular, the retrieved sea level pressures contain strong pressure gradients in areas of very high winds. This strength of the pressure retrieval system has made it very useful to OPC forecasters in daily operations and as a training tool. C1 NOAA, Ocean Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Von Ahn, JM (reprint author), NOAA, Ocean Predict Ctr, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0197-7385 BN 978-1-4244-0114-7 J9 OCEANS-IEEE PY 2006 BP 327 EP 332 PG 6 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA BGC33 UT WOS:000246002100060 ER PT S AU Vohn Ahn, JM Jelenak, Z Sienkiewicz, JM Brennan, MJ AF Vohn Ahn, Joan M. Jelenak, Zorana Sienkiewicz, Joseph M. Brennan, Michael J. GP IEEE TI Ocean surface winds from space - A collaborative education effort SO OCEANS 2006, VOLS 1-4 SE OCEANS-IEEE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Oceans 2006 Conference CY SEP 18-22, 2006 CL Boston, MA ID SCATTEROMETER DATA; IMPACT; RAIN AB Ocean surface winds play a significant role in the global ocean-atmosphere system. Surface winds drive the worlds ocean currents, transport atmospheric heat and moisture, force nutrient rich upwelling areas, create surface waves and swell, and can reach destructive force in both extratropical and tropical cyclones. Although the oceans cover 70% of the Earth's surface, the network of ocean wind observations obtained from conventional buoys and ships is very sparse. The measurement of ocean surface winds using remote sensing technologies is the only means of obtaining wind information over large portions of the global ocean in a timely manner. The Ocean Surface Vector Winds Team (OSVWT) of the Satellite Oceanography and Climatology Division (SOCD) within the NOAA/NESDIS/Center for Satellite Applications and Research (StAR) has been producing satellite-derived ocean surface wind data since the mid 1990s. Wind products from several remotely sensed sources such as QuikSCAT and WindSat are available in near real time (NRT) on the Internet and are also distributed within NOAA. These wind products are used by operational forecasters, scientific researchers and the marine community. The researchers and forecasters from NOAA Ocean Prediction Center (OFC), the NESDIS StAR Ocean Winds Team and the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) have partnered to increase awareness of the various ocean surface wind vector products available and to develop the educational materials needed to expose these products and to educate teachers at various levels about the latest technology for measuring and interpreting remotely sensed ocean vector winds. To accomplish this it has been proposed to host an educator workshop OPC. This workshop would target educators that train professional and future mariners in meteorology, oceanography and storm avoidance. Teachers from state maritime colleges, federal academies, and professional training institutions would be among those invited to participate. This workshop would be hosted by both researchers and forecasters and held within an operational forecast environment to promote hands-on experience. This paper will provide background information on current and new ocean surface wind remote sensing technologies, give examples of how products are used within the operational environment, and discuss the development of training material. C1 UCAR, NOAA, NESDIS, StAR, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Vohn Ahn, JM (reprint author), UCAR, NOAA, NESDIS, StAR, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Jelenak, Zorana/F-5596-2010 OI Jelenak, Zorana/0000-0003-0510-2973 NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0197-7385 BN 978-1-4244-0114-7 J9 OCEANS-IEEE PY 2006 BP 333 EP 338 PG 6 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA BGC33 UT WOS:000246002100061 ER PT S AU Teng, CC Bernard, LJ Lessing, PA AF Teng, Chung-Chu Bernard, Landry J. Lessing, Pete A. GP IEEE TI Technology refresh of NOAA's tropical atmosphere ocean (TAO) buoy system SO OCEANS 2006, VOLS 1-4 SE OCEANS-IEEE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Oceans 2006 Conference CY SEP 18-22, 2006 CL Boston, MA AB National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) buoy array has a long history of providing valuable climate data to both the climate and forecast communities. A major concern for a sustained and long-term TAO operation is the impending obsolescence of the technology used in the current version of the TAO array. An increasing number of components are being discontinued or are no longer supported by the manufacturers due to the technology presently used being more than 10 years old. During the transition of the TAO array from NOAA's Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) to NOAA's National Data Buoy Center (NDBC), it was decided to take this opportunity to "refresh" the TAO buoy system by replacing the obsolescent components in the current TAO system to ensure continuity of the TAO array. This paper first discusses the obsolescent components in the existing TAO array system. Then, the refreshed components of the refreshed TAO buoy system are discussed, including a newly-designed data logger, modified battery system, commercial off-the-shelf underwater sensors, a new compass, Iridium communication, modified and enhanced shore-side data system, and other minor design modifications. The field testing of the TAO refreshed buoys is also presented. C1 NOAA, Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Teng, CC (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Data Buoy Ctr, 1100 Balch Blvd, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0197-7385 BN 978-1-4244-0114-7 J9 OCEANS-IEEE PY 2006 BP 559 EP 564 PG 6 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA BGC33 UT WOS:000246002100100 ER PT S AU Bouchard, RH Teng, CC Hervey, RV AF Bouchard, R. H. Teng, C. C. Hervey, R. V. GP IEEE TI Significant events reported by the NDBC stations during Hurricane Katrina SO OCEANS 2006, VOLS 1-4 SE OCEANS-IEEE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Oceans 2006 Conference CY SEP 18-22, 2006 CL Boston, MA AB The National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) Ocean Observing System consists of buoys and Coastal Marine Automated Network (C-MAN) stations making routine, continuous reports of meteorological and oceanographic conditions. The routine reporting of the system assumed a significant role in providing real-time, continuous, on-scene observation to the forecasters of the National Weather Service and the public, as Hurricane Katrina powered its way across southern Florida and through the Gulf of Mexico. This paper describes significant events, associated with Hurricane Katrina, reported by NDBC stations. Significant events include record-breaking winds and seas across the broad expanse of the Gulf of Mexico, the employment of new platforms and capabilities, and casualties to the system. C1 Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Bouchard, RH (reprint author), Natl Data Buoy Ctr, 1100 Balch Blvd, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RI Bouchard, Richard/A-5921-2009 OI Bouchard, Richard/0000-0002-4414-7499 NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0197-7385 BN 978-1-4244-0114-7 J9 OCEANS-IEEE PY 2006 BP 812 EP 816 PG 5 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA BGC33 UT WOS:000246002100147 ER PT S AU Terrill, E Otero, M Hazard, L Conlee, D Harlan, J Kohut, J Reuter, P Cook, T Harris, T Lindquist, K AF Terrill, E. Otero, M. Hazard, L. Conlee, D. Harlan, J. Kohut, J. Reuter, P. Cook, T. Harris, T. Lindquist, K. GP IEEE TI Data mana,gement and real-time distribution in the HF-radar national network SO OCEANS 2006, VOLS 1-4 SE OCEANS-IEEE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Oceans 2006 Conference CY SEP 18-22, 2006 CL Boston, MA AB The architecture, status and applications of a real-time data access, distribution, processing and storage system designed for networking radial data from surface current mapping HF-Radar instruments across the United States is presented. By leveraging the system design of HF-Radar sites, data access is generalized to nearly all sites while still providing alternate access options where needed. Data format convergence, while not required, is achieved for data from all systems through careful metadata mapping and code development Object ring buffers (ORBs) and ORB communication protocol provide robust and flexible data transport while a relational database facilitates data storage. The HF-Radar Network has evolved from a prototype project to an operational status over the last 2.5 years with 4 data access sites (portals) and 1 data aggregation site (node) deployed. fly early 2007, an additional portal and 2 additional nodes will be added to create a distributed network. To date, the repository contains over 356,000 radial files produced by 45 sites from 10 participating institutions. Recent development has focused on real-time total vector processing on a national scale. Base grids for the U.S. West and East/Gulf Coast of 1 km nondnal resolution extending 300km offshore are created using an equidistant cylindrical projection. A community standard MATLAB toolbox for total vector processing is optimized for production on large grids and integrated into the real-time system to produce hourly surface current maps on a national wale at 1 km, 2 km and 6 km resolutions. Current applications of the HF-Radar network include an interactive radial diagnostic site for use by site operators and a prototype interactive web site providing the first images of realtime surface currents integrated across a national scale. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Coastal Observing R&D Ctr, Marine Phys Lab, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Natl Weather Serv, NOAA, DOC, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39539 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, HF Radar Ocean Remote Sensing, NOS, Ctr Operat Oceanog Prod & Serv, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Coastal Ocean Observat Lab, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Lindquist Consulting Inc, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. RP Terrill, E (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Coastal Observing R&D Ctr, Marine Phys Lab, 9500 Gilman Dr 0213, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RI Conlee, Don/G-9170-2012 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0197-7385 BN 978-1-4244-0114-7 J9 OCEANS-IEEE PY 2006 BP 1167 EP 1172 PG 6 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA BGC33 UT WOS:000246002100213 ER PT S AU Ferrini, VL Singh, H Clarke, ME Wakefield, W York, K AF Ferrini, V. L. Singh, H. Clarke, M. E. Wakefield, W. York, K. GP IEEE TI Computer-assisted analysis of near-bottom photos for benthic habitat studies SO OCEANS 2006, VOLS 1-4 SE OCEANS-IEEE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Oceans 2006 Conference CY SEP 18-22, 2006 CL Boston, MA AB This paper reports on a methodology developed for the analysis of near-bottom photographs collected for fisheries habitat studies. These tools provide a framework for conducting minimally invasive in-situ investigations of benthic organism abundance, diversity, and distribution using high-resolution optical datasets integrated with high precision navigational data. Utilizing these techniques with near-bottom photos collected with a precision navigated survey platform greatly increases the efficiency of image analysis and provides new insight about the relationships between benthic organisms and the habitats in which they are found. Basic requirements for the analysis of near-bottom seafloor images include camera calibration and quantification of the height of the lens above the seafloor throughout the survey. Corrections are required to compensate for image distortion due to lighting limitations and the variable micro-topography of the seafloor. These parameters can be constrained by utilizing precisely navigated survey platforms such as Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) or Remote Operated Vehicles (ROVs). The methodology we present was developed with data collected by the SeaBED AUV off the coast of Washington, Oregon and California [1]. A digital database containing benthic organism identifications, measurements, and locations was generated for each image using a Graphical User Interface (GUI) created in Matlab(TM) [1,2]. This methodology has demonstrated a significant increase in the efficiency of image analysis for benthic habitat studies, and provides the opportunity to assess small scale spatial distribution of organisms in their natural habitats. Collecting overlapping images permits the creation of photomosaics [3] and the quantification of organism abundance per unit area of the seafloor. C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Ferrini, VL (reprint author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RI Ferrini, Vicki/F-7398-2012 OI Ferrini, Vicki/0000-0002-6054-5040 NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0197-7385 BN 978-1-4244-0114-7 J9 OCEANS-IEEE PY 2006 BP 1257 EP 1260 PG 4 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA BGC33 UT WOS:000246002100229 ER PT S AU Wang, SR Parrish, P Dills, P AF Wang, Sherwood R. Parrish, Patrick Dills, Patrick GP IEEE TI Multimedia learning materials for marine applications SO OCEANS 2006, VOLS 1-4 SE OCEANS-IEEE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Oceans 2006 Conference CY SEP 18-22, 2006 CL Boston, MA AB This presentation provides an overview of multimedia learning materials produced by the COMET (R) Program for civilian and military operational meteorologists, university students, and others interested in marine science. There are several project teams developing learning materials on different aspects of marine science. The NPOESS Integrated Program Office sponsors a team dedicated to highlighting current and future polar-orbiting satellite capabilities. Currently, the team is developing a series on microwave remote sensing that emphasizes applications over oceans, including near-surface ocean wind speed and direction, sea-surface temperature, total precipitable water, and precipitation estimation. Other COMET teams, sponsored by the National Weather Service, are developing modules several topics in marine meteorology. All of the modules integrate carefully designed, scientifically accurate animations and models addressing crucial scientific concepts related to module objectives. The presentation will include an overview of the COMET Program and the NPOESS/IPO efforts, along with examples from several modules from the NPOESS and marine meteorology series. C1 [Wang, Sherwood R.; Parrish, Patrick; Dills, Patrick] UCAR COMET, Boulder, CO USA. RP Wang, SR (reprint author), UCAR COMET, Boulder, CO USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0197-7385 BN 978-1-4244-0114-7 J9 OCEANS-IEEE PY 2006 BP 1410 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA BGC33 UT WOS:000246002100257 ER PT S AU Fiolek, A Collins, DW Anderson, D Beattie, J AF Fiolek, A. Collins, D. W. Anderson, D. Beattie, J. GP IEEE TI NOAA ocean exploration digital video and image data: Archiving, preserving, and accessing online oceanographic information SO OCEANS 2006, VOLS 1-4 SE OCEANS-IEEE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Oceans 2006 Conference CY SEP 18-22, 2006 CL Boston, MA AB To address the increasing requirements for archiving, preserving and managing digital video, still images, and audio resources, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Office of Ocean Exploration (OE) embarked on the Video Data Management System (VDMS) Pilot Project, in collaboration with the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC), National Coastal Data Development Center (NCDDC), and the NOAA Central Library (NCL). Since 2002, the OE Integrated Product Team (IPT) has been developing a standardized capability for archiving these disparate types of data and information. NCL staff led the development of the Video Data Management System (VDMS)Project Plan, which is a part of a larger comprehensive OE Data Management Project. The VDMS team was asked to define and establish 'best practices' to support OE video data management requirements. They developed metadata guidelines for digital video (DV12) and digital still images (DI12) to help scientists and data managers in the field create complete metadata about their data. These guidelines also facilitate creation of MARC21, FGDC, or Dublin Core standard metadata records. They proposed a work-flow for managing digital video by defining the process for moving video data from ship to library to archive, including steps for creating archival backup copies and web-accessible video clips and highlights. The VDMS Pilot Project presently manages offline access to more than 1500 MiniDV and 500 DVCAM tapes, over 1500 DVDs, and online access to more than 100 digital video clips and highlights collected during NOAA ocean exploration cruises. Currently, access to the NOAA cruise video highlights and related documents is provided through NOAALINC, the NCL online catalog at http://www.lib.noaa.gov. A growing collection of digital data obtained during OE cruises, including video, still images, and in situ ocean observations, are archived at NODC. These data are accessible through the search and retrieval functions of the NODC Ocean Archive System (OAS) at http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/Archive/Search/. The OE VDMS Pilot Project has demonstrated its initial capability to acquire, document, manage, preserve and provide access to digital video and still image data. Five-year VDMS Project plans (2006-2010) include: - Increasing access to multi-platform video images through the NOAA Libraries Online Catalog (NOAALINC) and the Online Computerized Library Center (OCLC) WorldCat catalog. - Developing a web-based portal from which diverse OE ocean data, including video, still image, and audio files will be accessible via text-driven searches or from map-driven searches using a digital atlas. - Using the NODC Archive Management System as the central digital file management repository for video, still images, ocean observations, and related documentation. - Expanding the scope of relevant video and image data to include similar data and information from other NOAA Line Offices and Program Offices. C1 NOAA Cent Library, SSMC3, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NOAA, Natl Oceanog Data Ctr, SSMC3, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Fiolek, A (reprint author), NOAA Cent Library, SSMC3, 2nd Floor 1315 E W Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RI Fiolek, Anna/H-3658-2016 OI Fiolek, Anna/0000-0001-8481-3639 NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0197-7385 BN 978-1-4244-0114-7 J9 OCEANS-IEEE PY 2006 BP 1587 EP 1591 PG 5 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA BGC33 UT WOS:000246002100291 ER PT S AU Heron, ML Willis, B Prytz, A Cetina-Heredia, P Mao, Y Hoegh-Guldberg, O Skirving, WJ Heron, SF Eakin, CM Steinberg, CR AF Heron, M. L. Willis, B. Prytz, A. Cetina-Heredia, P. Mao, Y. Hoegh-Guldberg, O. Skirving, W. J. Heron, S. F. Eakin, C. M. Steinberg, C. R. GP IEEE TI HF ocean surface radar monitoring for coral bleaching in the great barrier reef SO OCEANS 2006, VOLS 1-4 SE OCEANS-IEEE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Oceans 2006 Conference CY SEP 18-22, 2006 CL Boston, MA ID WAVE SPECTRA; SEA-ECHO; BACKSCATTER; DIRECTION; HEIGHT AB HF ocean surface radar provides a valuable multiparameter monitoring technique for the investigation and management of coral bleaching. The physical parameters normally associated with bleaching are temperature and light, which are primarily controlled by insolation, wind, waves and currents. The radar provides a useful monitoring of wind and waves, and is the leading technology for monitoring surface currents. The deployment of an HF radar in the Great Barrier Reef at the Heron Island study area provides ideal infrastructure for the study of the physical processes which affect coral bleaching and the spread of coral disease. C1 James Cook Univ N Queensland, AIMS JCU, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. James Cook Univ N Queensland, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. Univ Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia. NOAA, NESDIS, Coral Reef Watch, Maryland, MO USA. Australian Inst Marine Sci, AIMS JCU, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia. RP Heron, ML (reprint author), James Cook Univ N Queensland, AIMS JCU, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. RI Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove/H-6169-2011; Heron, Scott/E-7928-2011; Skirving, William/E-7927-2011; Eakin, C. Mark/F-5585-2010 OI Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove/0000-0001-7510-6713; Skirving, William/0000-0003-0167-6427; NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0197-7385 BN 978-1-4244-0114-7 J9 OCEANS-IEEE PY 2006 BP 1614 EP 1618 DI 10.1109/OCEANS.2006.306966 PG 5 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA BGC33 UT WOS:000246002100296 ER PT S AU Rom, L Muller-Parker, G Ibanez, A Kaplan, M Clark, V AF Rom, Lisa Muller-Parker, Gisele Ibanez, Atziri Kaplan, Marlene Clark, Vicki GP IEEE TI Ocean observatories and the role of federal ocean education networks SO OCEANS 2006, VOLS 1-4 SE OCEANS-IEEE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Oceans 2006 Conference CY SEP 18-22, 2006 CL Boston, MA ID OBSERVING SYSTEMS AB Recommendations of the Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) and Ocean Research Interactive Observatory Networks (ORION) education communities for coordination of ocean observing education efforts include collaborations with existing ocean and coastal educational networks. The ocean observing systems provide a focus around which the efforts of various Federally-funded ocean education networks can be coordinated. This paper explores the connections that exist and highlights opportunities for collaboration. The education networks addressed include the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERRS), the National Marine Sanctuaries Program (NMSP), Sea Grant Educators Network (SGEN), and the National Science Foundation's (NSF) Centers for Ocean Sciences Education Excellence (COSEE). Some initial collaborations among these networks exist. For example, NERRS and NMSP are working together with the IOOS and ORION to bring the NERRS data to the education community. The COSEE network is also beginning to coordinate with NASA and NOAA networks on a national level. This cross-network collaboration will strengthen overall national efforts to promote ocean and coastal education and win lead to a far greater educational impact on the general public and on our nation's formal educational system. Successful use of the ocean observing systems for educational and public outreach purposes will also amplify the value of these systems to our nation. C1 Coll William & Mary, Natl Sci Fdn, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA. Coll William & Mary, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Estuarine Res Reserve Syst, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA. Coll William & Mary, Natl Marine Sanctuary Fdn, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA. Coll William & Mary, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA. RP Rom, L (reprint author), Coll William & Mary, Natl Sci Fdn, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0197-7385 BN 978-1-4244-0114-7 J9 OCEANS-IEEE PY 2006 BP 1666 EP 1671 PG 6 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA BGC33 UT WOS:000246002100305 ER PT S AU Martinez, C Keener-Chavis, P AF Martinez, Catalina Keener-Chavis, Paula GP IEEE TI NOAA ship okeanos explorer: Telepresence in a the service of science, education and outreach SO OCEANS 2006, VOLS 1-4 SE OCEANS-IEEE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Oceans 2006 Conference CY SEP 18-22, 2006 CL Boston, MA AB The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA's) Ocean Exploration (OE) Program dedicates 10% of its annual budget to education and public outreach. As exciting expeditions are the core of the OE program, education and outreach efforts are typically focused around these missions. Since the program's inception five years ago, education and outreach activities have been implemented mainly through NOAA's award-winning Web site (oceanexplorer noaa.gov) and through a variety of direct and indirect efforts. Through these various initiatives, as well as others more specifically tailored to individual needs, OE works with traditional and non-traditional educational institutions to provide exciting programs and products to enhance ocean literacy across the U.S. The OE program is now poised to initiate a major ongoing satellite-based education and public outreach program from its new dedicated research vessel, the Okeanos Explorer that will become operational in 2008. Through telepresence technology designed by the Institute for Exploration (IFE) in Mystic, CT, expeditions can be managed 'virtually' by scientists working from Science Command Centers on land, and live education broadcasts can be produced in real-time through collaborations with groups such as IFE, the JASON Foundation for Education, and Immersion Presents. Three pilot programs were successfully completed in the past three years demonstrating the potential for this new technology to allow for unlimited access to data, including video, from expeditions in real-time, sharing the excitement of discovery through multiple virtual pathways at once. C1 NOAA Off Ocean Explorat, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NOAA Off Ocean Explorat, Charleston, SC USA. RP Martinez, C (reprint author), NOAA Off Ocean Explorat, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0197-7385 BN 978-1-4244-0114-7 J9 OCEANS-IEEE PY 2006 BP 1672 EP 1676 PG 5 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA BGC33 UT WOS:000246002100306 ER PT S AU Bosley, KT McGrath, C Graff, T Stepnowski, J AF Bosley, Kathryn Thompson McGrath, Chris Graff, Tammy Stepnowski, John GP IEEE TI Enhancements to the NOAA current measurement systchm on US coast guard navigation buoys SO OCEANS 2006, VOLS 1-4 SE OCEANS-IEEE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Oceans 2006 Conference CY SEP 18-22, 2006 CL Boston, MA AB The progress of efforts to improve both the quality of data and the offshore operating range of a current measurement system mounted on US Coast Guard navigation buoys is reported. C1 [Bosley, Kathryn Thompson; McGrath, Chris; Graff, Tammy; Stepnowski, John] NOAA, Ocean Serv, 808 Principal Court, Chesapeake, VA 23320 USA. RP Bosley, KT (reprint author), NOAA, Ocean Serv, 808 Principal Court, Chesapeake, VA 23320 USA. FU NortekAS; NortekUSA FX The authors wish to acknowledge the continuing support of NortekAS and NortekUSA, particularly Malcolm Williams. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0197-7385 BN 978-1-4244-0114-7 J9 OCEANS-IEEE PY 2006 BP 1687 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA BGC33 UT WOS:000246002100309 ER PT S AU Stamey, B Carey, K Smith, W Smith, B Stern, A Mineart, G Lynn, S Wang, H Forrest, D Cho, KH Billet, J AF Stamey, Barty Carey, Kenneth Smith, Wade Smith, Brant Stern, Andrew Mineart, Gary Lynn, Scot Wang, Harry Forrest, David Cho, Kyoung-Ho Billet, John GP IEEE TI An integrated coastal observation and flood warning system: Rapid prototype development SO OCEANS 2006, VOLS 1-4 SE OCEANS-IEEE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Oceans 2006 Conference CY SEP 18-22, 2006 CL Boston, MA ID MODEL AB This paper describes the rapid prototype development of an inaugural capability for an Integrated Coastal Observation and Flood Warning System (ICOFWS), initially focused in the tidal Potomac River. A collaboration of the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS), NOAA National Weather Service (NWS) Forecast Offices in Wakefield and Sterling, Virginia, and Mitretek Systems developed the capability for a high-resolution hydrodynamic storm-surge model, coupled with the newest generation Weather Research and Forecast model and high resolution digital elevation LIDAR data, to predict land inundation from storm events in the Washington Metropolitan Area and the tidal Potomac River. This prototype capability then uses emerging Geographic Information Systems (GIS) visualization technologies to present forecast information in a manner that can be inte grated into operations systems of local jurisdiction emergency managers and other planners. Initial steps have been taken to document a proposed process to bring this capability into operational status within the standard NWS forecast cycle as a tool to support storm surge products. It is being explored for use by partners of the Chesapeake Bay Observing System (CBOS) within the Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) Mid-Atlantic Coastal Ocean Observing Regional Association (MACOORA) to demonstrate the interaction of organizations operating in, and providing support within, the Chesapeake Bay region, as well as potential use of this collaborative procedure within other IOOS regional associations throughout the United States. This focused systems engineering approach allows for the more-rapid-than-typical development of prototype systems that can be evaluated for use within the broader IOOS and Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) to provide more timely support to those with the responsibility to prepare for, and react to, environmental effects on critical infrastructure and our society. C1 [Stamey, Barty; Carey, Kenneth; Smith, Wade; Smith, Brant; Stern, Andrew; Mineart, Gary; Lynn, Scot] Mitretek Syst Inc, Falls Church, VA 22042 USA. [Wang, Harry; Forrest, David; Cho, Kyoung-Ho] Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. [Billet, John] NOAA Natl Weather Serv, Gloucester Point, VA USA. RP Stamey, B (reprint author), Mitretek Syst Inc, Falls Church, VA 22042 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0197-7385 BN 978-1-4244-0114-7 J9 OCEANS-IEEE PY 2006 BP 1787 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA BGC33 UT WOS:000246002100327 ER PT S AU Green, DS AF Green, D. S. GP IEEE TI Transitioning NOAA moored buoy systems from research to operations SO OCEANS 2006, VOLS 1-4 SE OCEANS-IEEE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Oceans 2006 Conference CY SEP 18-22, 2006 CL Boston, MA AB After the devastating Indian Ocean tsunami of December 2004 the eyes of the world searched for the tools to reduce the risk of such hazards in the future. Initiated under the National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program (NTHMP), the symbol of this effort has been the NOAA Deep-ocean and Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami (DART) station. With support from the President, over the next 18 months NOAA will expand deployment of the DART station network across the Pacific, Atlantic, Caribbean and Indian Oceans. But what more does this buoy represent? It represents operationalized science that will deliver data, change international policies, and forge new partnerships that serve multiple purposes. It has the promise of infusing research results into a 24-7 operational real-time warning system with fewer false alarms and set the stage for a tsunami forecast system that will help communities become more resilient to tsunami and related coastal hazards. This is of course a challenge with the high expectation that buoys must be part of a durable and sustainable network of observations, communications, and understanding. To deploy and maintain such a network is a test of technical, capacity, and fiscal commitment. To create and leverage partnerships and to harmonize the expertise of experts is required to achieve the desired benefits. But what else does it represent beyond budget constraints and personal challenges. It represents an opportunity for Government agencies to work with Academia and Industry to recognize a new focus on buoys to deliver the benefits of saving lives, property, economy and livelihoods across the globe. NOAA has protected and made available DART technology by working with all stakeholders, offering functional specifications and designing network capabilities. In recent weeks, commercial and industrial vendors have captured these lessons and begun delivering equipment and knowhow into the hands of individuals, organizations, and countries. NOAA considers this a success story but also only the beginning of what is the promise of the Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) and the Global Earth Observing System of Systems. This somewhat simple buoy project within the Tsunami Program is a catalyst for real time information and knowledge, government-industry partnerships, and research to applications. In coming years we anticipate buoy stations becoming more multipurpose and multiuse, serving ecosystem, climate, weather, ocean, and commerce goals. At the same time, buoy-related IOOS and GEOSS projects will be vehicles for breaking down political and policy barriers by promoting data sharing and technology transfer. NOAA welcomes all buoy stakeholders to work with us and with new partners on research, operational, and commercial opportunities as we strive to deliver on the benefits of a truly global earth observing system of systems. C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Green, DS (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, 1325 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0197-7385 BN 978-1-4244-0114-7 J9 OCEANS-IEEE PY 2006 BP 1870 EP 1872 PG 3 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA BGC33 UT WOS:000246002100342 ER PT S AU Crout, RL Conlee, DT AF Crout, Richard L. Conlee, Don T. GP IEEE TI Quality control of minerals management service-oil company ADCP data at NDBC: A successful partnership implementation SO OCEANS 2006, VOLS 1-4 SE OCEANS-IEEE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Oceans 2006 Conference CY SEP 18-22, 2006 CL Boston, MA AB The Minerals Management Service (MMS) requires that deep water oil drilling and production platforms in the northern Gulf of Mexico collect and provide current profile data to the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC). NDBC processes and displays the resulting currents on the NDBC website. NDBC has recently implemented quality control algorithms agreed upon by industry and the government. The resulting imagery and data, including quality control flags, are available on the publicly available NDBC website. The quality control algorithms and flags are presented and comparisons of the resulting files are described. Oil companies must collect current profile data when drilling wells or operating production platforms in water greater than 400 meters deep. They are required to collect the data at 20 minute intervals and transmit the data via FTP to NDBC. The data are received, decoded, and quality controlled at NDBC. The current profiles are then formatted in TEmperature Salinity and Current (TESAC) messages and transmitted over the Global Telecommunications System (GTS). The data are also viewed over the NDBC website as columnar listings and current vector stick plots. In order to determine the quality control algorithms for the current profiles, a committee of oil company, industry, and government representatives determined an approach that includes both individual bin (depth level) and profile algorithms. The algorithms take advantage of the fact that the Teledyne RDI Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) collects error velocity, percent good statistics for 3 and 4 beams, and correlation matrices and echo amplitudes for each beam. The algorithms described in this presentation were then implemented and flags generated for each quality control test. A total of nine flags are assigned within the NDBC database. The flags indicate good data (3), suspect data (2), or bad (1) data. Only bad data are not reproduced or plotted on the NDBC real-time webpage. Results from the implementation are being reviewed, but a quick look indicates that the algorithms are returning accurate descriptions of the ADCP data. The stick plots of ocean current with depth are much "cleaner" following the quality control implementation. The implementation of the quality control algorithms was delayed by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, which impacted both the NDBC and the oil industry in the Gulf of Mexico. NDBC is now resubmitting past data files through the quality control algorithms to insure that all data at NDCB have been quality controlled. The results of this effort (including the quality control algorithms) are being shared with Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) partners in an effort to standardize quality control of oceanographic data. C1 [Crout, Richard L.; Conlee, Don T.] NOAA, Natl Data Buoy Ctr, 1100 Balch Blvd, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Crout, RL (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Data Buoy Ctr, 1100 Balch Blvd, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RI Conlee, Don/G-9170-2012 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0197-7385 BN 978-1-4244-0114-7 J9 OCEANS-IEEE PY 2006 BP 1894 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA BGC33 UT WOS:000246002100346 ER PT S AU Crout, RL Conlee, DT Bernard, LJ AF Crout, Richard L. Conlee, Don T. Bernard, Landry J. GP IEEE TI National data buoy center (NDBC) national backbone contributions to the integrated ocean observation system (IOOS) SO OCEANS 2006, VOLS 1-4 SE OCEANS-IEEE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Oceans 2006 Conference CY SEP 18-22, 2006 CL Boston, MA AB As an integral part of the Integrated Ocean Observation System (IOOS) "National Backbone", the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) is increasing the oceanographic capabilities of the NDBC Ocean Observing System (NOOS). The goal of the effort, known as Conversion of Weather Buoys (ConWxB), is to increase the number of ocean instruments on existing backbone buoys. The nascent IOOS regional associations were asked to provide suggestions of existing NDBC buoy locations to add directional wave, current profile, and salinity sensors within their regions. Most regional associations responded and in one case an update was forwarded to NDBC. Using these inputs and the upcoming buoy schedule for the next two years, an initial list of probable buoys was established for each type of sensor. An effort was made to respond to priority areas as provided by the regional associations. The criteria used to. establish the ocean sensor suite on buoys and the distribution of sensors vertically within the water column will be discussed. Under ConWxB, NDBC is deploying ocean sensors on all buoys. Directional waves are derived primarily from the angular rate system (ARS) installed inside the buoys. However, the design of the six meter NOMAD buoy does not respond to ocean movement in a way conducive to provide directional ocean waves from this system. Directional wave sensors will be therefore be deployed on three meter buoys. In addition, NDBC has a long history of supporting the Army Corps of Engineers with high resolution heave, pitch, and roll (HIPPY) sensors, which will continue. Doppler current profilers will be employed on approximately three dozen three meter and ten meter buoys. The remainder of the NDBC buoys, including six meter NOMAD buoys, will be equipped with near surface current meters. NDBC has gained experience deploying acoustic Doppler current profilers under the Coastal Storms Program and a project associated with the Minerals Management Service. Twelve three meter discus buoys have been selected for conductivity/temperature strings and another thirty buoys will have conductivity/temperature sensors attached to the bridle. These later buoys include the six meter NOMAD and ten and twelve meter discus buoys. NDBC is deploying a new 1.8 meter discuss buoy with directional waves and ADCP sensors, and a new compact meteorology package. These buoys will primarily be associated with NDBC Coastal Marine Automated Network (C-MAN) sites. After a successful testing stage, NDBC will deploy eleven of the 1.8 meter buoys. The addition of these ocean assets to the National Backbone for IOOS supports the individual regional associations and the goals of NOAA. The implementation of ConWxB has already begun and should be completed by the end of Fiscal Year 2007. The increased complexity of transmission, processing, and display of real-time oceanographic data at NDBC is also begin addressed through a number of current programs and initiatives. C1 [Crout, Richard L.; Conlee, Don T.; Bernard, Landry J.] NOAA, Natl Data Buoy Ctr, 1100 Balch Blvd, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Crout, RL (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Data Buoy Ctr, 1100 Balch Blvd, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RI Conlee, Don/G-9170-2012 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0197-7385 BN 978-1-4244-0114-7 J9 OCEANS-IEEE PY 2006 BP 1899 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA BGC33 UT WOS:000246002100347 ER PT S AU Freitag, HP McPhaden, MJ Cronin, MF Sabine, CL McClurg, DC McLain, PD AF Freitag, H. Paul McPhaden, Michael J. Cronin, Meghan F. Sabine, Christopher L. McClurg, Dai C. McLain, Patrick D. GP IEEE TI PMEL contributions to the OceanSITES program SO OCEANS 2006, VOLS 1-4 SE OCEANS-IEEE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Oceans 2006 Conference CY SEP 18-22, 2006 CL Boston, MA AB The OCEAN Sustained Interdisciplinary Timeseries Environment observation System (OceanSITES) is built around a worldwide network of long-term, deepwater reference stations measuring many oceanographic and meteorological variables of relevance to climate and biogeochemical cycles. OceanSITES is a contribution to the Global Ocean Observing System and international research programs. PMEL is a major contributor to OceanSITES in the context of the Tropical Ocean Atmosphere/Triangle Trans-Ocean Buoy Network (TAO/TRITON) mooring array in the tropical Pacific, the Pilot Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic (PIRATA), preliminary moorings of a planned array in the Indian Ocean, the new Kuroshio Extension Observatory (KEO) in the Kuroshio Extension's recirculation gyre, and proposed high latitude moorings in the sub-Arctic Pacific at Ocean Weather Station PAPA and in the sub-Antarctic Zone south of Australia. The KEO mooring and a small subsample of moorings within the larger tropical arrays have been enhanced to measure heat, fresh water, and momentum fluxes. Sample time series of bulk variables and computed fluxes are presented and are compared to NCEP and ECMWF reanalysis products. Many OceanSITES locations have been selected to address multi-disciplinary problems in biogeochemical cycles as well. At present a total of eight OceanSITES moorings carry a stand-alone system to monitor air-sea carbon flux, including five TAO sites and the KEO site. An expansion of the carbon systems to other OceanSITES locations including the proposed PMEL high-latitude sites and additional TAO flux sites is planned. C1 [Freitag, H. Paul; McPhaden, Michael J.; Cronin, Meghan F.; Sabine, Christopher L.; McLain, Patrick D.] NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [McClurg, Dai C.] Univ Washington, JISAO, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Freitag, HP (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RI McPhaden, Michael/D-9799-2016 NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0197-7385 BN 978-1-4244-0114-7 J9 OCEANS-IEEE PY 2006 BP 1918 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA BGC33 UT WOS:000246002100351 ER PT J AU Redfern, JV Ryan, SJ Getz, WM AF Redfern, JV Ryan, SJ Getz, WM TI Defining herbivore assemblages in the Kruger National Park: a correlative coherence approach SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE correlative coherence analysis; herbivore communities; interspecific competition; guild aggregation; South Africa ID SPECIES COOCCURRENCE; SOUTH-AFRICA; COMPETITION; PATTERNS; EXAMPLE; MODELS; RULES; SIZE AB Spatial associations of seven herbivore species in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, are analyzed using a new technique, Correlative Coherence Analysis (CoCA). CoCA is a generalization of the concept of correlation to more than two sequences of numbers. Prior information on the feeding ecology and metabolic requirements of these species is used to contrast spatial scales at which hypothesized guild aggregation or competition occurs. These hypotheses are tested using 13 years of aerial census data collected during the dry season. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that distributions of large and small species of the same feeding type (i.e., grazers and browsers) overlap in potentially resource-rich areas, but have lower similarity values across all areas because the higher tolerance of large species for low quality foods results in a more even spatial distribution of large species compared to small species. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Museum Vertebrate Zool, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Pretoria, Mammal Res Inst, Dept Zool & Entomol, ZA-0002 Pretoria, South Africa. RP Redfern, JV (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM Jessica.Redfern@noaa.gov; sjryan@nature.berkeley.edu; getz@nature.berkeley.edu RI Ryan, Sadie/H-1595-2012; OI Ryan, Sadie/0000-0002-4308-6321; Getz, Wayne/0000-0001-8784-9354 NR 28 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 12 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD JAN PY 2006 VL 146 IS 4 BP 632 EP 640 DI 10.1007/s00442-005-0235-9 PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 995ZX UT WOS:000234145300015 PM 16217679 ER PT S AU Burnett, JH Kaplan, SG Shirley, EL Horowitz, D Clauss, W Grenville, A Van Peski, C AF Burnett, John H. Kaplan, Simon G. Shirley, Eric L. Horowitz, Deane Clauss, Wilfried Grenville, Andrew Van Peski, Chris BE Flagello, DG TI High-index optical materials for 193-nm immersion lithography SO OPTICAL MICROLITHOGRAPHY XIX, PTS 1-3 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Microlithography XIX CY FEB 21-24, 2006 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE high index materials; immersion lithography; 193 nm lithography; hyper NA; ceramic spinel oxides; garnets ID ABSOLUTE REFRACTIVE-INDEXES; THERMAL COEFFICIENTS; CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY; NM; GARNETS; FLUIDS AB We report on our comprehensive survey of high-index UV optical materials that may enable extension of immersion lithography beyond a numerical aperture of 1.45. Band edge, refractive index, and intrinsic birefringence (IBR) at 193 nm determine basic viability. Our measurements of these properties have reduced the list of potential candidates to: ceramic spinel, lutetium aluminum garnet, and a class of germanium garnets. We discuss our measurements of the intrinsic properties of these materials and assess the present status of their material quality relative to requirements. Ceramic spinel has no significant IBR, but transmission and scatter for the best samples remain at least two orders of magnitude from specifications. Improving these would require a major development effort. Presently available lutetium aluminum garnet has material quality much closer to the specifications. However, the IBR is about three times the required value. The germanium garnets offer the possibility of a lower IBR, but a suitable candidate material has yet to be established. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Burnett, JH (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM john.burnett@nist.gov NR 25 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6197-0 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2006 VL 6154 BP U545 EP U556 AR 615418 DI 10.1117/12.656901 PN 1-3 PG 12 WC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BEP55 UT WOS:000238634000044 ER PT S AU Helmerson, K Reiner, JE Kishore, RB Jofre, A Allegrini, M Pfefferkorn, C Wells, JM AF Helmerson, Kristian Reiner, Joseph E. Kishore, Rani B. Jofre, Ana Allegrini, Maria Pfefferkorn, Candace Wells, Jeffrey M. BE Dholakia, K Spalding, GC TI Stable and robust nanotubes formed from self-assembled polymer membranes SO Optical Trapping and Optical Micromanipulation III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Trapping and Optical Micromanipulation III CY AUG 13-17, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE optical tweezers; optical scalpel; microfluidics; nanotubes; liposomes; polymersomes; crosslink ID CARBON NANOTUBES; DNA-MOLECULES; SURFACTANT NANOTUBES; OPTICAL MANIPULATION; VESICLES; TRANSPORT; STABILITY; LIPOSOMES; NETWORKS; CHANNELS AB We create long polymer nanotubes by directly pulling on the membrane of polyrnersomes using either optical tweezers or a micropipette. The polymersomes are composed of amphiphilic diblock copolymers and the nanotubes formed have an aqueous core connected to the aqueous interior of the polymersome. We stabilize the pulled nanotubes by subsequent chemical cross-linking. The cross-linked nanotubes are extremely robust and can be moved to another medium for use elsewhere. We demonstrate the ability to form networks of polymer nanotubes and polymersomes by optical manipulation. The aqueous core of the polymer nanotubes together with their robust character makes them interesting candidates for nanofluidics and other applications in biotechnology. C1 NIST, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Helmerson, K (reprint author), NIST, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Helmerson, Kristian/E-3683-2013 NR 40 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6405-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6326 BP U478 EP U488 DI 10.1117/12.681391 PG 11 WC Optics SC Optics GA BFM17 UT WOS:000243027100056 ER PT S AU Helmerson, K Andersen, MF Ryu, C Clade, P Natarajan, V Vaziri, A Hansen, A Phillips, WD AF Helmerson, Kristian Andersen, Mikkel F. Ryu, Changhyun Clade, Pierre Natarajan, Vasant Vaziri, Alipasha Hansen, Azure Phillips, William D. BE Dholakia, K Spalding, GC TI Rotating a Bose-Einstein condensate using photons with orbital angular momentum SO OPTICAL TRAPPING AND OPTICAL MICROMANIPULATION III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Trapping and Optical Micromanipulation III CY AUG 13-17, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE orbital angular momentum; photon; Bose-Einstein condensate; rotational state; superfluid; supercurrent ID DARK SOLITONS; LIGHT; VORTICES; STATES; ATOMS; PARTICLES; CREATION AB We demonstrate the coherent transfer of the orbital angular momentum of a photon to an atom in quantized units of h, using a 2-photon stimulated Raman process with Laguerre-Gaussian beams to generate an atomic vortex state in a Bose-Einstein condensate of sodium atoms. We show that the process is coherent by creating superpositions of different vortex states, where the relative phase between the states is determined by the relative phases of the optical fields. Furthermore, we create vortices of charge 2 by transferring to each atom the orbital angular momentum of two photons. We subsequently use our technique to induce rotation of the condensate confined in an asymmetric, ring-shaped hybrid optical and magnetic trap. We observe the cloud rotating for up to 13 seconds, due to the superfluid character of the condensate. C1 NIST, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Helmerson, K (reprint author), NIST, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Andersen, Mikkel/B-3806-2012; Helmerson, Kristian/E-3683-2013 NR 37 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6405-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6326 DI 10.1117/12.681608 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA BFM17 UT WOS:000243027100002 ER PT S AU Hogarth, WT AF Hogarth, William T. BE Read, AN Hartley, TW TI Principles of cooperative research SO Partnerships for a Common Purpose: Cooperative Fisheries Research and Management SE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Partnerships for a Common Purpose - Cooperative Fisheries Research and Management CY SEP, 2005 CL Anchorage, AK SP Amer Fisheries Soc C1 NOAA, Fisheries Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Hogarth, WT (reprint author), NOAA, Fisheries Serv, 1315 East West Highway,SSMC3, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 1-888569-85-9 J9 AM FISH S S PY 2006 VL 52 BP 41 EP 50 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA BFB87 UT WOS:000240912300005 ER PT S AU Watson, JW AF Watson, John W. BE Read, AN Hartley, TW TI Lessons learned: Making cooperative research work SO Partnerships for a Common Purpose: Cooperative Fisheries Research and Management SE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Partnerships for a Common Purpose - Cooperative Fisheries Research and Management CY SEP, 2005 CL Anchorage, AK SP Amer Fisheries Soc C1 NOAA, Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Ctr, Pascagoula, MS 39568 USA. RP Watson, JW (reprint author), NOAA, Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Ctr, POB 1207, Pascagoula, MS 39568 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 1-888569-85-9 J9 AM FISH S S PY 2006 VL 52 BP 145 EP 147 PG 3 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA BFB87 UT WOS:000240912300024 ER PT S AU Murray, JD AF Murray, Jim D. BE Read, AN Hartley, TW TI Linking cooperative research and management: Integration, panel summary SO Partnerships for a Common Purpose: Cooperative Fisheries Research and Management SE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Partnerships for a Common Purpose - Cooperative Fisheries Research and Management CY SEP, 2005 CL Anchorage, AK SP Amer Fisheries Soc C1 NOAA, Sea Grant Extens, OAR, R SG, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Murray, JD (reprint author), NOAA, Sea Grant Extens, OAR, R SG, Room 11752,SSMC3,1315 EW Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 1-888569-85-9 J9 AM FISH S S PY 2006 VL 52 BP 205 EP 209 PG 5 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA BFB87 UT WOS:000240912300036 ER PT S AU Ponwith, BJ AF Ponwith, Bonnie J. BE Read, AN Hartley, TW TI Ensuring the scientific integrity of cooperative research SO Partnerships for a Common Purpose: Cooperative Fisheries Research and Management SE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Partnerships for a Common Purpose - Cooperative Fisheries Research and Management CY SEP, 2005 CL Anchorage, AK SP Amer Fisheries Soc C1 NOAA, Fisheries Serv, Off Sci & Technol, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Ponwith, BJ (reprint author), NOAA, Fisheries Serv, Off Sci & Technol, 1315 EW Highway,SSMC3,12th Floor,Room 12451, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 1-888569-85-9 J9 AM FISH S S PY 2006 VL 52 BP 213 EP 214 PG 2 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA BFB87 UT WOS:000240912300038 ER PT S AU McCowan, C Roebben, G Yamaguchi, Y Lefrancois, S Splett, J Takagi, S Lamberty, A AF McCowan, C. Roebben, G. Yamaguchi, Y. Lefrancois, S. Splett, J. Takagi, S. Lamberty, A. BE Siewert, T Manahan, M McCowan, C TI International comparison of impact reference materials (2004) SO Pendulum Impact Machines: Procedures and Specimens SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Symposium on Pendulum Impact Machines - Procedures and Specimens CY NOV 10, 2004 CL Washington, DC SP ASTM Comm E28 Mech Testing & Subcomm E28 07 Impact Testing DE ASTM E-23; Charpy V-notch; EN 10045 impact testing; ISO 148 machine verification AB A three-year horizontal comparison has been completed between national laboratories that certify specimens for the indirect verification of Charpy impact test machines. The participants in this study were the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements of the European Commission, the National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ)(8), the National Institute of Standards and Technology in the United States, and the Laboratoire National d'Essais in France. The comparison was conducted to evaluate the impact of reference specimens over a three. year period. Sets of certified reference specimens, at low (15 J), medium (30 J), and high energy (100 J) levels were produced and distributed at the start of the study. Specimens were tested approximately every six months on each of the machines in the study. The results of the testing are presented and the stability of the various impact machines and specimens are discussed. C1 NIST, Mat Reliabil Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP McCowan, C (reprint author), NIST, Mat Reliabil Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-3402-9 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2006 VL 1476 BP 31 EP 39 DI 10.1520/STP37600S PG 9 WC Mechanics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Mechanics; Materials Science GA BFD34 UT WOS:000241150500004 ER PT S AU Splett, JD McCowan, CN AF Splett, J. D. McCowan, C. N. BE Siewert, T Manahan, M McCowan, C TI Analysis of Charpy impact verification data: 1993-2003 SO Pendulum Impact Machines: Procedures and Specimens SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Symposium on Pendulum Impact Machines - Procedures and Specimens CY NOV 10, 2004 CL Washington, DC SP ASTM Comm E28 Mech Testing & Subcomm E28 07 Impact Testing DE Charpy V-notch; impact certification program; impact testing; notched-bar testing; pendulum impact machines; reference specimens AB Indirect verification tests used to verify the performance of Charpy impact machines according to ASTM Standard E23 were evaluated by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and the data from these tests are collected in a database. The data include the capacity and the pendulum design of the impact machine, the energy obtained for each specimen tested, the reference energy for the specimen lot tested, and the test date. The principal use of this data is to track the performance of individual impact machines. However, the data also provide an opportunity to evaluate existing and proposed requirements for the indirect verification of Charpy impact machines. The results of more than 16 000 verification tests are used to compare the current verification requirements of ASTM Standard E23 with those of ISO Standard 148-2. Discussions focus on the identification of reasonable, practical, and meaningful verification requirements that might be proposed for use in both documents. C1 NIST, Stat Engn Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Splett, JD (reprint author), NIST, Stat Engn Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-3402-9 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2006 VL 1476 BP 62 EP 77 DI 10.1520/STP37603S PG 16 WC Mechanics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Mechanics; Materials Science GA BFD34 UT WOS:000241150500007 ER PT J AU Burton, BP Cockayne, E Tinte, S Waghmare, UV AF Burton, BP Cockayne, E Tinte, S Waghmare, UV TI First-principles-based simulations of relaxor ferroelectrics SO PHASE TRANSITIONS LA English DT Review DE first-principles; relaxor ferroelectries; PSN; PMN; perovskite ID LEAD SCANDIUM TANTALATE; FINITE-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES; NEUTRON DIFFUSE-SCATTERING; SHORT-RANGE ORDER; X-RAY-SCATTERING; PHASE-TRANSITIONS; DIELECTRIC-PROPERTIES; MAGNESIUM NIOBATE; PBMG1/3NB2/3O3 CERAMICS; SOLID-SOLUTIONS AB The phenomenology of Pb(B,B')O-3 perovskite-based relaxor ferroelectrics (RFE) is reviewed, with emphasis on the relationship between chemical short-range order and the formation of polar nanoregions in the temperature range between the "freezing" temperature, T-f, and the Burns temperature, T-B. Results are presented for first-principles-based effective Hamiltonian simulations of Pb(Sc1/2Nb1/2)O-3 (PSN), and simulations that were done with empirically modified variants of the PSN Hamiltonian. Arbitrarily increasing the magnitudes of local electric fields, caused by an increase in chemical disorder, broadens the dielectric peak, and reduces the ferroelectric (FE) transition temperature; and sufficiently strong local fields suppress the transition. Similar, but more dramatically glassy results are obtained by using the PSN dielectric model with a distribution of local fields that is appropriate for Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O-3 (PMN). The results of these simulations, and reviewed experimental data, strongly support the view that within the range T-f < T < T-B, polar nanoregions are essentially the same as chemically ordered regions. In PSN a ferroelectric phase transition occurs, but in PMN, a combination of experimental and computational results indicate that pinning from local fields is strong enough to suppress the transition and glassy freezing is observed. C1 Tohoku Univ, Inst Mat Res, Sendai, Miyagi 9808577, Japan. NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Ceram Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Jawaharlal Nehru Ctr Adv Sci Res, Theoret Sci Unit, Bangalore 560064, Karnataka, India. Tohoku Univ, Inst Mat, Int Frontier Ctr Adv Mat, Sendai, Miyagi 9808577, Japan. RP Tohoku Univ, Inst Mat Res, Sendai, Miyagi 9808577, Japan. EM benjamin.burton@nist.gov NR 126 TC 63 Z9 63 U1 5 U2 39 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-1594 EI 1029-0338 J9 PHASE TRANSIT JI Phase Transit. PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 79 IS 1-2 BP 91 EP 121 DI 10.1080/01411590500435962 PG 31 WC Crystallography; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Crystallography; Physics GA 016WO UT WOS:000235652300007 ER PT J AU Xu, G Gehring, PM Stock, C Conlon, K AF Xu, G Gehring, PM Stock, C Conlon, K TI The anomalous skin effect in single crystal relaxor ferroelectric PZN-xPT and PMN-xPT SO PHASE TRANSITIONS LA English DT Article DE relaxor; ferroelectrics; skin; PZN; PMN ID X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; 2ND LENGTH SCALE; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; PHASE-TRANSITION; PB(MG1/3NB2/3)O3; PB(ZN1/3NB2/3)O3; PBMG1/3NB2/3O3; CERAMICS; BEHAVIOR; TERBIUM AB X-ray and neutron scattering studies of the lead-based family of perovskite relaxors Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O-3-xPbTiO(3) (PZN-xPT) and Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O-3-xPbTiO(3) (PMN-xPT) have documented a highly unusual situation in which the near-surface region of a single crystal can exhibit a structure that is different from that of the bulk when cooled to low temperatures. The near-surface region, or "skin" can also display critical behavior that is absent in the crystal interior, as well as a significantly different lattice spacing. By varying the incident photon energy, and thus the effective penetration depth, X-ray measurements indicate a skin thickness of order 10-50 mu m for PZN-xPT samples with 0 <= x <= 8%. Neutron residual stress measurements on a large PMN single crystal reveal a uniform lattice spacing within the bulk, but an increased strain near the surface. The presence of this skin effect has led to incorrect phase diagrams for both the PZN-xPT and PMN-xPT systems and erroneous characterizations of the nature of the relaxor state. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Phys & Mat Sci Dept, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Atom Energy Canada Ltd, Chalk River Labs, Chalk River, ON K01 1J0, Canada. RP Xu, G (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Phys & Mat Sci Dept, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM gxu@bnl.gov RI Xu, Guangyong/A-8707-2010; OI Xu, Guangyong/0000-0003-1441-8275; Gehring, Peter/0000-0002-9236-2046 NR 37 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 9 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-1594 J9 PHASE TRANSIT JI Phase Transit. PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 79 IS 1-2 BP 135 EP 152 DI 10.1080/02652030600558682 PG 18 WC Crystallography; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Crystallography; Physics GA 016WO UT WOS:000235652300009 ER PT S AU Potzick, J Marx, E Davidson, M AF Potzick, James Marx, Egon Davidson, Mark BE Martin, PM Naber, RJ TI Parametric uncertainty in optical image modeling SO Photomask Technology 2006, Pts 1 and 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th Annual BACUS Symposium on Photomask Technology CY SEP 19-22, 2006 CL Monterey, CA SP BACUS, SPIE DE optical image modeling; measurement uncertainty; photomask; feature size ID SCATTERING AB Optical photomask feature metrology and wafer exposure process simulation both rely on optical image modeling for accurate results. While it is fair to question the accuracies of the available models, model results also depend on several input parameters describing the object and imaging system. Errors in these parameter values can lead to significant errors in the modeled image. These parameters include wavelength, illumination and objective NA's, magnification, focus, etc. for the optical system, and topography, complex index of refraction n and k, etc. for the object. In this paper each input parameter is varied over a range about its nominal value and the corresponding images simulated. Second order parameter interactions are not explored. Using the scenario of the optical measurement of photomask features, these parametric sensitivities are quantified by calculating the apparent change of the measured linewidth for a small change in the relevant parameter. Then, using reasonable values for the estimated uncertainties of these parameters, the parametric linewidth uncertainties can be calculated and combined to give a lower limit to the linewidth measurement uncertainty for those parameter uncertainties. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Potzick, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Metr A117, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6444-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6349 BP U1502 EP U1511 DI 10.1117/12.684670 PN 1-2 PG 10 WC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFP46 UT WOS:000243620500156 ER PT S AU Boulbry, B Germer, TA Ramella-Roman, JC AF Boulbry, Bruno Germer, Thomas A. Ramella-Roman, Jessica C. BE Kollias, N Zeng, H Choi, B Malek, RS Wong, BJF Ilgner, JFR Trowers, EA DeRiese, WTW Gregory, KW Tearney, GJ Marcu, L Hirschberg, H Madsen, SJ Lucroy, MD Tate, LP TI A novel hemispherical spectro-polarimetric scattering instrument for skin lesion imaging - art. no. 60780R SO Photonic Therapeutics and Diagnostics II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Photonic Therapeutics and Diagnostics II CY JAN 21-24, 2006 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE imaging; polarization; skin cancer; spectroscopy ID SUPERFICIAL TISSUE; POLARIZATION; SURFACE AB We present a novel spectro-polarimetric instrument based on hemispherical backscattering for the assessment of superficial skin lesions. The system is capable of capturing polarized light images non-invasively. The effect of the rough skin backscattering is eliminated with the use of out-of-plane illumination. A glass slide with an index matching fluid, commonly used in polarized light imaging, is no longer necessary. The system is composed of sixteen polarized light sources that provide red, green, or blue illumination. The light sources are distributed on a hemispherical shell, and each source produces a collimated beam incident on the center of the hemisphere. A Stokes vector imaging system is mounted on the shell at an oblique angle to the sample normal and consists of a 12-bit scientific camera, two liquid crystal variable retarders, and a fixed polarizer. Stokes vector images of light scattered towards the camera direction are generated for each source. A useful decomposition of the Stokes vector is presented. Examples of images generated by the system are presented. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Boulbry, B (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6120-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6078 BP R780 EP R780 AR 60780R DI 10.1117/12.648164 PG 7 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BEF69 UT WOS:000237107600017 ER PT J AU Chang, MMT Hall, JL AF Chang, MMT Hall, JL TI Wise words from a Nobel laureate - An interview with Dr. John L. Hall SO PHOTONICS SPECTRA LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU LAURIN PUBL CO INC PI PITTSFIELD PA BERKSHIRE COMMON PO BOX 1146, PITTSFIELD, MA 01202 USA SN 0731-1230 J9 PHOTON SPECTRA JI Photon. Spect. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 40 IS 1 BP 54 EP 55 PG 2 WC Optics SC Optics GA 005LL UT WOS:000234823800016 ER PT S AU Diaz, JG Bryant, GW Jaskolski, W AF Diaz, J. G. Bryant, G. W. Jaskolski, W. BE Stutzmann, M TI Optical fine structure of II-VI and III-V nanocrystals: the role of d orbitals in a tight-binding approach SO PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI C - CURRENT TOPICS IN SOLID STATE PHYSICS, VOL 3, NO 11 SE Physica Status Solidi C-Current Topics in Solid State Physics LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Semiconductor Quantum Dots (QD 2006) CY MAY 01-05, 2006 CL Chamonix Mont Blanc, FRANCE ID CDSE QUANTUM DOTS; SEMICONDUCTORS; EXCITON AB The electronic structure of GaAs and CdSe nanocrystals is studied by using a nearest neighbor tight-binding model extended to include d orbitals. Our results show that the inclusion of d orbitals in a minimal basis set is necessary for a proper description of the lowest electron states, especially in the strong confinement regime. We have checked that simpler sp(3)s* models yield an incorrect description of electron states made from bulk band-states away from the Brillouin zone center. For GaAs nanocrystals with sizes below 2.5 nm, the d model predicts that the ground electron state is primarily built of L-point band-states, giving the nanocrystal an indirect-gap character. The sp(3)d(5) model also explains successfully the evolution of the absorption peaks in CdSe nanocrystals with confinement. We provide an interpretation of the fine band-edge structure based on an orbital-forbidden dark exciton mechanism, which is in agreement, for the first time, with both the resonant and non-resonant experimental Stokes shifts. (c) 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. C1 [Diaz, J. G.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Diaz, J. G.; Jaskolski, W.] Inst Fizyki UMK, PL-87100 Torun, Poland. RP Diaz, JG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jdlaz@nist.gov RI Jaskolski, Wlodzimierz/D-1318-2014 OI Jaskolski, Wlodzimierz/0000-0003-4814-1876 FU U.S. Department of Commerce, NIST; Polish Projects [1P03B15129, 3T1104326, PZB-MIN-008/P03/2003] FX This work was performed under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Commerce, NIST. The research was also financially supported by Polish Projects: 1P03B15129, 3T1104326 and PZB-MIN-008/P03/2003. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PAPPELALLEE 3, W-69469 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1862-6351 J9 PHYS STATUS SOLIDI C PY 2006 VL 3 IS 11 BP 3823 EP + DI 10.1002/pssc.200671546 PG 2 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA BFW11 UT WOS:000245037200043 ER PT J AU Riffault, V Gierczak, T Burkholder, JB Ravishankara, AR AF Riffault, V Gierczak, T Burkholder, JB Ravishankara, AR TI Quantum yields for OH production in the photodissociation of HNO3 at 248 and 308 nm and H2O2 at 308 and 320 nm SO PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID NITRIC-ACID; HYDROXYL RADICALS; RATE CONSTANTS; PHOTOLYSIS; O(P-3); PHOTOCHEMISTRY; O(D-1); VAPOR; ATOM AB The quantum yields for OH formation from the photolysis of HNO3 were measured to be (0.88 +/- 0.09) at 248 and (1.05 +/- 0.29) at 308 nm and of H2O2 to be (1.93 +/- 0.39) at 308 and (1.96 +/- 0.50) at 320 nm. The quoted uncertainties are at the 95% confidence level and include estimated systematic uncertainties. OH radicals were produced using pulsed laser photolysis and monitored using pulsed laser-induced fluorescence. Quantum yields were measured relative to the OH quantum yields from a reference system. The measured quantum yields at 248 nm are in agreement with previous direct determinations. The quantum yield values at 308 and 320 nm are the first direct quantum yield measurements at these wavelengths and confirm the values currently recommended for atmospheric model calculations. Rate coefficients (at 298 K) for the OH + H2O2 and OH + HNO3 + M (in 100 Torr of N-2) reactions were measured during this study to be (1.99 +/- 0.16) x 10(-12) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) and (1.44 +/- 0.12) x 10(-13) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), respectively. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Warsaw, Dept Chem, PL-02089 Warsaw, Poland. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Ravishankara, AR (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM A.R.Ravishankara@noaa.gov RI RIFFAULT, Veronique/A-2921-2012; Burkholder, James/H-4914-2013; Ravishankara, Akkihebbal/A-2914-2011; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI RIFFAULT, Veronique/0000-0001-5572-0871; NR 25 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 15 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1463-9076 J9 PHYS CHEM CHEM PHYS JI Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. PY 2006 VL 8 IS 9 BP 1079 EP 1085 DI 10.1039/b513760h PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 021NF UT WOS:000235989200006 PM 16633589 ER PT J AU Stefanescu, EA Dundigalla, A Ferreiro, V Loizou, E Porcar, L Negulescu, I Garno, J Schmidt, G AF Stefanescu, EA Dundigalla, A Ferreiro, V Loizou, E Porcar, L Negulescu, I Garno, J Schmidt, G TI Supramolecular structures in nanocomposite multilayered films SO PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; POLYMER-CLAY SOLUTIONS; ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE); FLOW-BIREFRINGENCE; SHEAR ORIENTATION; ELECTRICAL CHARACTERIZATION; AQUEOUS DISPERSIONS; HYDROGELS; LAPONITE AB We investigate the multilayered structures of poly(ethylene) oxide/montmorillonite nanocomposite films made from solution. The shear orientation of a polymer-clay network in solution combined with simultaneous solvent evaporation leads to supramolecular multilayer formation in the film. The resulting films have highly ordered structures with sheet-like multilayers on the micrometer length scale. The polymer covered clay platelets were found to orient in interconnected blob-like chains and layers on the nanometer length scale. Inside the blobs, scattering experiments indicate the polymer covered and stacked clay platelets oriented in the plane of the film. The polymer is found to be partially crystalline although this is not visible by optical microscopy. Atomic force microscopy suggests that the excess polymer, which is not directly adsorbed to the clay, is wrapped around the stacked platelets building blobs and the polymer also interconnects the polymer-clay layers. Overall our results suggest the re-intercalation of clay platelets in films made from exfoliated polymer-clay solutions as well as the supramolecular order and hierarchical structuring on the nanometer, via micrometer to the centimeter length scale. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Dept Chem, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Univ Sci & Technol Lille, UMR CNRS 8008, Lab Struct & Proprietes Etat Solide, Villeneuve Dascq, France. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Schmidt, G (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Dept Chem, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. EM gudrun@LSU.edu NR 52 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1463-9076 J9 PHYS CHEM CHEM PHYS JI Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. PY 2006 VL 8 IS 14 BP 1739 EP 1746 DI 10.1039/b517880k PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 027CL UT WOS:000236391200012 PM 16633659 ER PT J AU Schnell, M Grabow, JU AF Schnell, M Grabow, JU TI Internal dynamics in organometallic molecules: Rotational spectrum of (CH3)(3)GeCl SO PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TRANSFORM MICROWAVE SPECTROMETER; TRIMETHYLCHLOROGERMANE; METHYL; BEAM AB The microwave spectra of (CH3)(3)(74) (GeCl)-Cl-35 and its isotopologues (CH3)(3)(GeCl)-Ge-72-Cl-35 and (CH3)(3)(GeCl)-Ge-74-Cl-37 have been studied in the frequency range from 3-24 GHz revealing the complex internal dynamics of this organometallic molecule with three internal rotors. The assignment of the complex spectrum has been facilitated by permutation-inversion theory and ab initio calculations. The V-3 barrier to internal rotation is determined to be 372.359(47) cm(-1). Furthermore, an analysis of the chlorine quadrupole coupling yields the description of the Ge-Cl bonding character which is estimated to be dominated by covalent contributions (46.5%) together with 37.6% ionic and 15.9% pi-bonding character. From isotopic substitution the Ge-Cl bond distance could be determined as 2.15198(97) angstrom. C1 Univ Hannover, Inst Phys Chem & Elektrochem, D-30167 Hannover, Germany. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Schnell, M (reprint author), Max Planck Gesell, Abt Mol Phys, Fritz Haber Inst, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany. EM schnell@fhi-berlin.mpg.de RI Schnell, Melanie/D-5329-2014 NR 25 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1463-9076 J9 PHYS CHEM CHEM PHYS JI Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. PY 2006 VL 8 IS 19 BP 2225 EP 2231 DI 10.1039/b600682e PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 041NB UT WOS:000237461800002 PM 16688304 ER EF