FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Baynard, T Garland, RM Ravishankara, AR Tolbert, MA Lovejoy, ER AF Baynard, T Garland, RM Ravishankara, AR Tolbert, MA Lovejoy, ER TI Key factors influencing the relative humidity dependence of aerosol light scattering SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC PARTICLES; HYGROSCOPIC GROWTH; AMMONIUM-SULFATE; WATER-UPTAKE; SEA-SALT; MIXTURES; APPORTIONMENT; EXTINCTION; ORGANICS; MODELS AB We have measured the relative humidity dependence of aerosol light extinction (f(sigma(ep))(80% RH, Dry)) at 532 nm for non-absorbing surrogate atmospheric aerosols to determine the influence of particle size, composition ( inorganic vs. organic), and mixing state ( internal vs. external) on aerosol light scattering. We present results for mixtures of NaCl and (NH4)(2)SO4 with a few dicarboxylic acids. For atmospheric conditions the variability in the RH dependence of aerosol light scattering (f(sigma(sp))(RH, Dry)) is most sensitive to aerosol composition and size. The influence of the mixing state on fs( sp)( RH, Dry) is small. These laboratory results imply that fs( sp)( RH, Dry) can be reasonably estimated from the aerosol size distribution and composition (inorganic/ organic) using the mass-weighted average of f(sigma(sp))(RH, Dry) for the individual components. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Baynard, T (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, 325 S Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM tahllee.baynard@noaa.gov RI Ravishankara, Akkihebbal/A-2914-2011; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; OI Garland, Rebecca/0000-0002-1855-8622 NR 24 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 24 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 6 AR L06813 DI 10.1029/2005GL024898 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 026NG UT WOS:000236345100002 ER PT J AU Sorbo, M Soraas, F Aarsnes, K Oksavik, K Evans, DS AF Sorbo, M Soraas, F Aarsnes, K Oksavik, K Evans, DS TI Latitude distribution of vertically precipitating energetic neutral atoms observed at low altitudes SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID RING CURRENT; PROTONS; BELT; HYDROGEN; STORM; SHEET; ENA AB Earlier modeling work of the latitude distribution of earthward traveling energetic neutral atoms (ENA) originating in the ring current have suggested that an isotropic ring current with an empty loss cone will deposit most ENA away from the magnetic equator, while a ring current with an equatorial pitch angle distribution peaked at 90 degrees will deposit most ENA at the magnetic equator. We present the first direct low altitude measurements of energetic particles at low and equatorial latitudes supporting this model. The evolution from an isotropic ring current to a more anisotropic one is manifested in the latitude distribution of the low altitude energetic particles during a geomagnetic storm. In the growth and main phase of the storm the latitude distribution of the energetic particles is wide and often show secondary peaks away from the equator, while in the recovery phase the latitude distribution narrows and peaks at the magnetic equator. C1 Univ Bergen, Dept Phys & Technol, N-5007 Bergen, Norway. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Sorbo, M (reprint author), Univ Bergen, Dept Phys & Technol, Allegt 55, N-5007 Bergen, Norway. EM marita.sorbo@uib.no OI Oksavik, Kjellmar/0000-0003-4312-6992 NR 20 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 24 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 6 AR L06108 DI 10.1029/2005GL025240 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 026NG UT WOS:000236345100005 ER PT J AU Sugita, T Nakajima, H Yokota, T Kanzawa, H Gernandt, H Herber, A von der Gathen, P Konig-Langlo, G Sato, K Dorokhov, V Yushkov, VA Murayama, Y Yamamori, M Godin-Beekmann, S Goutail, F Roscoe, HK Deshler, T Yela, M Taalas, P Kyro, E Oltmans, SJ Johnson, BJ Allaart, M Litynska, Z Klekociuk, A Andersen, SB Braathen, GO De Backer, H Randall, CE Bevilacqua, RM Taha, G Thomason, LW Irie, H Ejiri, MK Saitoh, N Tanaka, T Terao, Y Kobayashi, H Sasano, Y AF Sugita, T Nakajima, H Yokota, T Kanzawa, H Gernandt, H Herber, A von der Gathen, P Konig-Langlo, G Sato, K Dorokhov, V Yushkov, VA Murayama, Y Yamamori, M Godin-Beekmann, S Goutail, F Roscoe, HK Deshler, T Yela, M Taalas, P Kyro, E Oltmans, SJ Johnson, BJ Allaart, M Litynska, Z Klekociuk, A Andersen, SB Braathen, GO De Backer, H Randall, CE Bevilacqua, RM Taha, G Thomason, LW Irie, H Ejiri, MK Saitoh, N Tanaka, T Terao, Y Kobayashi, H Sasano, Y TI Ozone profiles in the high-latitude stratosphere and lower mesosphere measured by the Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer (ILAS)-II: Comparison with other satellite sensors and ozonesondes SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID ARCTIC WINTER; ILAS; VALIDATION; ASSIMILATION; PERFORMANCE; INSTRUMENT; SYSTEM; TRENDS; HOLE AB [1] A solar occultation sensor, the Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer (ILAS)-II, measured 5890 vertical profiles of ozone concentrations in the stratosphere and lower mesosphere and of other species from January to October 2003. The measurement latitude coverage was 54 - 71 degrees N and 64 - 88 degrees S, which is similar to the coverage of ILAS ( November 1996 to June 1997). One purpose of the ILAS-II measurements was to continue such high-latitude measurements of ozone and its related chemical species in order to help accurately determine their trends. The present paper assesses the quality of ozone data in the version 1.4 retrieval algorithm, through comparisons with results obtained from comprehensive ozonesonde measurements and four satellite-borne solar occultation sensors. In the Northern Hemisphere (NH), the ILAS-II ozone data agree with the other data within +/- 10% ( in terms of the absolute difference divided by its mean value) at altitudes between 11 and 40 km, with the median coincident ILAS-II profiles being systematically up to 10% higher below 20 km and up to 10% lower between 21 and 40 km after screening possible suspicious retrievals. Above 41 km, the negative bias between the NH ILAS-II ozone data and the other data increases with increasing altitude and reaches 30% at 61 - 65 km. In the Southern Hemisphere, the ILAS-II ozone data agree with the other data within +/- 10% in the altitude range of 11 - 60 km, with the median coincident profiles being on average up to 10% higher below 20 km and up to 10% lower above 20 km. Considering the accuracy of the other data used for this comparative study, the version 1.4 ozone data are suitably used for quantitative analyses in the high-latitude stratosphere in both the Northern and Southern Hemisphere and in the lower mesosphere in the Southern Hemisphere. C1 Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050053, Japan. Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst, NL-3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands. Danish Metrol Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. USN, Res Lab, Remote Sensing Phys Branch, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Norwegian Inst Air Res, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway. Royal Meteorol Soc, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium. Univ Wyoming, Dept Atmospher Sci, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Cent Aerol Observ, Dolgoprudnyi 141700, Russia. Utah State Univ, Ctr Atmospher & Space Sci, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-27515 Bremerhaven, Germany. CNRS, F-75252 Paris, France. Japan Agcy Marine Earth Sci & Technol, Frontier Res Ctr Global Change, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2360001, Japan. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Nagoya Univ, Grad Sch Environm Studies, Nagoya, Aichi 4648601, Japan. Australian Antarctic Div, Kingston, Tas 7050, Australia. Cent Res Inst Elect Power Ind, Chiyoda Ku, Tokyo 1008126, Japan. Finnish Meteorol Inst, FI-99600 Sodankyla, Finland. Inst Meteorol & Water Management, PL-05119 Legionowo, Poland. Natl Inst Informat & Commun Technol, Tokyo 1848795, Japan. Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050053, Japan. Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. British Antarctic Survey, NERC, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. Univ Tokyo, Ctr Climate Syst Res, Kashiwa, Chiba 2778568, Japan. Natl Inst Polar Res, Tokyo 1738515, Japan. Finnish Meteorol Inst, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. Inst Nacl Tecn Aerospacial, E-28850 Madrid, Spain. RP Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050053, Japan. EM tsugita@nies.go.jp RI Sasano, Yasuhiro/C-2927-2009; Terao, Yukio/A-2099-2008; von der Gathen, Peter/B-8515-2009; andersen, signe/C-4809-2013; Satoh, Kaoru/P-2047-2015; Konig-Langlo, Gert/K-5048-2012; Yela, Margarita/J-7346-2016; Randall, Cora/L-8760-2014; Klekociuk, Andrew/A-4498-2015; OI Sasano, Yasuhiro/0000-0001-7470-5642; Terao, Yukio/0000-0003-2345-7073; von der Gathen, Peter/0000-0001-7409-1556; andersen, signe/0000-0002-8216-0141; Konig-Langlo, Gert/0000-0002-6100-4107; Yela, Margarita/0000-0003-3775-3156; Randall, Cora/0000-0002-4313-4397; Klekociuk, Andrew/0000-0003-3335-0034; Sato, Kaoru/0000-0002-6225-6066 NR 34 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 24 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D11 AR D11S02 DI 10.1029/2005JD006439 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 026NQ UT WOS:000236346200001 ER PT J AU Bruckner, AW Bruckner, RJ AF Bruckner, AW Bruckner, RJ TI Consequences of yellow band disease (YBD) on Montastraea annularis (species complex) populations on remote reefs off Mona Island, Puerto Rico SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE coral disease; yellow band disease; YBD; Montastraea annularis ID CORAL DISEASE; OUTBREAK AB The rate and extent of mortality from yellow band disease (YBD) to Montastraea annularis (species complex) on reefs off Mona Island, Puerto Rico, was evaluated over 8 yr. Isolated YBD infections were first observed in 1996. Prevalence of YBD increased dramatically in 1999, with a maximum of 52% of all M. annularis colonies infected in 1 shallow site. YBD continued to spread among adjacent, previously uninfected corals over the next 4 yr, and disease prevalence progressively increased in deeper sites. Linear rates of disease advance and tissue mortality have been slow (5 to 15 cm yr(-1)), although colonies with single YBD lesions have become infected in multiple locations. Most (85%) colonies identified with YBD in 1999 and 2000 were still affected in 2003, and these corals have lost a mean of 60% of their living tissue. Mortality from YBD is being compounded by black band disease, white plague and other syndromes; bioeroding sponges, macroalgae, cyanobacteria and other competitors have colonized tissue-denuded skeleton, minimizing the likelihood of resheeting. The deteriorating health of M. annularis is of particular concern, as these are the dominant corals on these reefs, the largest (2 to 3 m diameter and height) and presumably oldest colonies were infected with YBD more frequently than small colonies, and no recruitment has been observed. YBD is causing extensive mortality to key reef-building taxa in a remote location where anthropogenic stressors are minimal. Additional research on causes of YBD, mechanisms of infection, and strategies to mitigate YBD is needed; otherwise, M. annularis may suffer a fate similar to that of the Atlantic acroporids. C1 NOAA Fisheries, Off Habitat Conservat, Coral Reef Conservat Program, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Bruckner, AW (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Off Habitat Conservat, Coral Reef Conservat Program, 1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM andy.bruckner@noaa.gov NR 28 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 2 U2 14 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD MAR 23 PY 2006 VL 69 IS 1 BP 67 EP 73 DI 10.3354/dao069067 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 053CC UT WOS:000238280300007 PM 16703767 ER PT J AU Viehman, S Mills, DK Meichel, GW Richardson, LL AF Viehman, S Mills, DK Meichel, GW Richardson, LL TI Culture and identification of Desulfovibrio spp. from corals infected by black band disease on Dominican and Florida Keys reefs SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE coral disease; black band disease; sulfate-reducing bacteria; Desulfovibrio; Florida Keys; Dominica ID SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA; RIBOSOMAL-RNA SEQUENCES; PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSES; AMPLIFICATION; COMMUNITIES; DEFINITION; CONSORTIUM; DIVERSITY; SEDIMENT AB Black band disease (BBD) of corals is characterized as a pathogenic microbial consortium composed of a wide variety of microorganisms. Together, many of these microorganisms contribute to an active sulfur cycle that produces anoxia and high levels of sulfide adjacent to the coral surface, conditions that are lethal to coral tissue. Sulfate-reducing bacteria, as sulfide producers, are an important component of the sulfur cycle and the black band community. Previous molecular survey studies have shown multiple Desulfovibrio species present in BBD but with limited consistency between bacterial species and infections. In this study we compared 16S rRNA gene sequences of sulfate-reducing bacteria selectively cultured from 6 BBD bands on 4 coral species, Diploria clivosa, D. strigosa, D, labyrinthiformes, and Siderastrea siderea, in the Florida Keys and Dominica. The 16S rRNA gene sequences were obtained through direct sequencing of PCR products or by cloning. A BLAST search revealed that 8 out of 10 cultures sequenced were highly homologous to Desulfovibrio sp. strain TBP-1, a strain originally isolated from marine sediment. Although the remaining 2 sequences were less homologous to Desulfovibrio sp. strain TBP-1, they did not match any other sulfate-reducing (or other) species in GenBank. C1 Florida Int Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Miami, FL 33199 USA. Florida Int Univ, SE Environm Res Ctr, Miami, FL 33199 USA. RP Viehman, S (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, 101 Rivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM shay.viehman@noaa.gov RI Mills, DeEtta/G-8532-2015 OI Mills, DeEtta/0000-0002-9977-7834 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [NIGMSSO6GM8205] NR 43 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 14 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD MAR 23 PY 2006 VL 69 IS 1 BP 119 EP 127 DI 10.3354/dao069119 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 053CC UT WOS:000238280300014 PM 16703774 ER PT J AU Collins, AG Bentlage, B Matsumoto, GI Haddock, SHD Osborn, KJ Schierwater, B AF Collins, Allen G. Bentlage, Bastian Matsumoto, George I. Haddock, Steven H. D. Osborn, Karen J. Schierwater, Bernd TI Solution to the phylogenetic enigma of Tetraplatia, a worm-shaped cnidarian SO BIOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Scyphozoa; Coronatae; Hydrozoa; Narcomedusae; ribosomal DNA; bodyplan evolution ID TREE SELECTION; MEDUSOZOA; EVOLUTION AB Tetraplatia is a genus containing two species of pelagic cnidarians of curious morphology. Their vermiform shape and four swimming flaps are difficult to relate to the features of other cnidarians, thus obscuring their phylogenetic affinities. Since their discovery in the mid-1800s, a number of prominent cnidarian workers have weighed in on this conundrum, some arguing that they are aberrant hydrozoans and others concluding that they are unusual scyphozoans. Current taxonomic practice conforms to the latter view. However, data presented here from the large and small subunits of the nuclear ribosome leave little doubt that Tetraplatia is in fact a hydrozoan genus. Indeed, its precise phylogenetic position is within Narcomedusae, as some authors had previously deduced based on structural characters. The distinctive body plan of Tetraplatia is remarkable because it appears to have a recent origin, in contrast to the prevailing pattern of metazoan history. C1 Smithsonian Inst, NMFS, Natl Systemat Lab, Natl Museum Nat Hist,MRC 153, Washington, DC 20013 USA. Univ Gottingen, Ctr Biodivers & Ecol, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany. Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. TiHo Hannover, ITZ, D-30559 Hannover, Germany. RP Collins, AG (reprint author), Smithsonian Inst, NMFS, Natl Systemat Lab, Natl Museum Nat Hist,MRC 153, POB 37012, Washington, DC 20013 USA. EM collinsa@si.edu RI Collins, Allen/A-7944-2008; Osborn, Karen/E-9222-2011; OI Collins, Allen/0000-0002-3664-9691; Osborn, Karen/0000-0002-4226-9257 NR 31 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU ROYAL SOCIETY PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 1744-9561 J9 BIOL LETT-UK JI Biol. Lett. PD MAR 22 PY 2006 VL 2 IS 1 BP 120 EP 124 DI 10.1098/rsbl.2005.0372 PG 5 WC Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 104KV UT WOS:000241958200034 PM 17148343 ER PT J AU Erlick, C Ramaswamy, V Russell, LM AF Erlick, C Ramaswamy, V Russell, LM TI Differing regional responses to a perturbation in solar cloud absorption in the SKYHI general circulation model SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID CARBONACEOUS AEROSOLS; MARINE STRATOCUMULUS; ABSORBING AEROSOLS; CLIMATE RESPONSE; SURFACE ALBEDO; PARAMETERIZATION; MICROPHYSICS; SENSITIVITY; EXCHANGE; IMPACT AB [1] In this study we perform an idealized experiment to investigate the effect of solar absorption in clouds on climate using a general circulation model with prescribed sea surface temperatures, focusing on the manner of regional changes during the northern summer season. The response arising from this type of perturbation is akin to "semidirect'' effects of absorbing aerosols, namely, dissipation of clouds owing to a high aerosol absorption in the cloud layers. In the experiment, we apply a similar perturbation to all low-cloud layers, reducing their single-scattering albedo to a value of 0.99, which enables us to isolate the effect of such solar absorption from other aerosol related influences. We find that in both midlatitude and equatorial regions, the reduction in low-cloud single-scattering albedo causes a reduction in low-cloud amount and a warming of the surface. However, the dynamical response of the system varies from one continental region to another. In the midlatitude regions of the United States and Europe/east Asia, the diabatic heating perturbation leads to the dissipation of low clouds, an increase in shortwave flux to the surface, an increase in horizontal heat advection, and an increase in atmospheric stability. In the tropical region of North Africa, the diabatic heating perturbation translates into an increase in convection, a decrease in stability, an increase in middle- and high-level clouds, and a reduction in shortwave flux to the surface. In agreement with previous studies, these results demonstrate the distinctive response of the tropical versus midlatitude regions to a similar solar perturbation. C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Atmospher Sci, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. Princeton Univ, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08452 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Erlick, C (reprint author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Atmospher Sci, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. EM caryn@vms.huji.ac.il NR 38 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 22 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D6 AR D06204 DI 10.1029/2005JD006491 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 026NN UT WOS:000236345900003 ER PT J AU Pechik, I Yakovlev, S Mosesson, MW Gilliland, GL Medved, L AF Pechik, I Yakovlev, S Mosesson, MW Gilliland, GL Medved, L TI Structural. basis for sequential cleavage of fibrinopeptides upon fibrin assembly SO BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID HUMAN ALPHA-THROMBIN; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; BOVINE THROMBIN; POLYMERIZATION SITE; SYNTHETIC PEPTIDES; (DD)E COMPLEX; RELEASE; BINDING; CONVERSION; RESOLUTION AB Nonsubstrate interaction of thrombin with fibrinogen promotes sequential cleavage of fibrinopeptides A and B (fpA and fpB, respectively) from the latter, resulting in its conversion into fibrin. The recently established crystal structure of human thrombin in complex with the central part of human fibrin clarified the mechanism of this interaction. Here, we reveal new details of the structure and present the results of molecular modeling of the fpA- and fpB-containing portions of the A alpha- and B beta chains, not identified in the complex, in both fibrinogen and protofibrils. The analysis of the results reveals that in fibrinogen the fpA-containing portions are in a more favorable position to bind in the active site cleft of bound thrombin. Surface plasmon resonance experiments establish that the fpB-containing portions interact with the fibrin-derived dimeric D-D fragment, suggesting that in protofibrils they bind to the newly formed DD re-ions bringing fpB into the vicinity of bound thrombin. These findings provide a coherent rationale for the preferential removal of fpA from fibrinogen at the first stage of fibrin assembly and the accelerated cleavage of fpB from protofibrils and/or fibrils at the second stage. C1 Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Univ Maryland, Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. NIST, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Ctr Vasc & Inflammatory Dis, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Blood Ctr SE Wisconsin Inc, Blood Res Inst, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA. RP Medved, L (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, 800 W Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. EM Lmedved@som.umaryland.edu FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-56051, R01 HL056051, R01 HL056051-07] NR 44 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0006-2960 J9 BIOCHEMISTRY-US JI Biochemistry PD MAR 21 PY 2006 VL 45 IS 11 BP 3588 EP 3597 DI 10.1021/bi0525369 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 026EN UT WOS:000236320400014 PM 16533041 ER PT J AU Downey, CD Fiore, JL Stoddard, CD Hodak, JH Nesbitt, DJ Pardi, A AF Downey, CD Fiore, JL Stoddard, CD Hodak, JH Nesbitt, DJ Pardi, A TI Metal ion dependence, thermodynamics, and kinetics for intramolecular docking of a GAAA tetraloop and receptor connected by a flexible linker SO BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID P4-P6 RNA DOMAIN; GROUP-I; TETRAHYMENA RIBOZYME; HAIRPIN RIBOZYME; HAMMERHEAD RIBOZYME; TERTIARY STRUCTURE; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; TRANSITION-STATE; SINGLE-MOLECULE; RIBONUCLEASE-P AB The GAAA tetraloop-receptor motif is a commonly occurring tertiary interaction in RNA. This motif usually occurs in combination with other tertiary interactions in complex RNA structures. Thus, it is difficult to measure directly the contribution that a single GAAA tetraloop-receptor interaction makes to the folding properties of a RNA. To investigate the kinetics and thermodynamics for the isolated interaction, a GAAA tetraloop domain and receptor domain were connected by a single-stranded A(7) linker. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments were used to probe intramolecular docking of the GAAA tetraloop and receptor. Docking was induced using a variety of metal ions, where the charge of the ion was the most important factor in determining the concentration of the ion required to promote docking {[Co(NH3)(6)(3+)(]) << [Ca2+], [Mg2+], [Mn2+] << [Na+], [K+]}. Analysis of metal ion cooperativity yielded Hill coefficients of approximate to 2 for Na+- or K+-dependent docking versus approximate to 1 for the divalent ions and Co(NH3)(6)(3+). Ensemble stopped-flow FRET kinetic measurements yielded an apparent activation energy of 12.7 kcal/mol for GAAA tetraloop -receptor docking. RNA constructs with U-7 and A(14) single-stranded linkers were investigated by single-molecule and ensemble FRET techniques to determine how linker length and composition affect docking. These studies showed that the single-stranded region functions primarily as a flexible tether. Inhibition of docking by oligonucleotides complementary to the linker was also investigated. The influence of flexible versus rigid linkers on GAAA tetraloop -receptor docking is discussed. C1 Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Pardi, A (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Dept Chem & Biochem, 215 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM arthur.pardi@colorado.edu RI Hodak, Jose/A-1976-2012 OI Hodak, Jose/0000-0001-5256-0622 FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI033098, R01 AI033098-15, R56 AI033098, AI 33098]; NIGMS NIH HHS [T32 GM065103, GM 65103] NR 63 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 3 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0006-2960 J9 BIOCHEMISTRY-US JI Biochemistry PD MAR 21 PY 2006 VL 45 IS 11 BP 3664 EP 3673 DI 10.1021/bi0520941 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 026EN UT WOS:000236320400022 PM 16533049 ER PT J AU Feierabend, KJ Havey, DK Brown, SS Vaida, V AF Feierabend, KJ Havey, DK Brown, SS Vaida, V TI Experimental absolute intensities of the 4v(9) and 5v(9) O-H stretching overtones of H2SO4 SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID RING-DOWN SPECTROSCOPY; SULFURIC-ACID VAPOR; CAVITY RING; AB-INITIO; INFRARED SPECTRA AB This work uses cavity ring-down spectroscopy to measure two high vibrational overtones (4v(9) and 5v(9)) of the O-H stretch in sulfuric acid. The frequencies, bandwidths, and intensities are obtained for these previously unobserved transitions. The atmospheric J-values for the overtone-induced photodissociation are calculated using the experimental cross-sections. Accurate J-values are essential for understanding the formation of the springtime polar sulfate layer by overtone-induced dehydration Of H2SO4. The results are compared to previous experimental and theoretical studies of sulfuric acid. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Vaida, V (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Campus Box 215, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM vaida@colorado.edu RI Havey, Daniel/C-1997-2009; Brown, Steven/I-1762-2013; Vaida, Veronica/N-6069-2014; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Vaida, Veronica/0000-0001-5863-8056; NR 33 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2614 J9 CHEM PHYS LETT JI Chem. Phys. Lett. PD MAR 21 PY 2006 VL 420 IS 4-6 BP 438 EP 442 DI 10.1016/j.cplett.01.013 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 026CC UT WOS:000236313300032 ER PT J AU Hare, JA Walsh, HJ Wuenschel, MJ AF Hare, JA Walsh, HJ Wuenschel, MJ TI Sinking rates of late-stage fish larvae: Implications for larval ingress into estuarine nursery habitats SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Atlantic croaker; Atlantic menhaden; buoyancy; gulf flounder; larval ingress; sinking rate; southern flounder; spot; summer flounder ID FLOUNDER PARALICHTHYS-OLIVACEUS; NORTH-CAROLINA ESTUARY; BREVOORTIA-TYRANNUS; BEAUFORT INLET; ATLANTIC MENHADEN; ONTOGENIC CHANGE; SEA BREAM; TRANSPORT; SWIMBLADDER; RECRUITMENT AB Many species spawn in oceanic waters yet their juvenile stages use nearshore and estuarine habits and the bio-physical mechanisms by which late-larvae enter these juvenile habitats may be an important bottleneck in the population dynamics of these species. To provide parameters for the development of larval ingress models, sinking rates were measured of the late-stage larvae of six fish species: Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus), spot (Leiostomus xanthurus), Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus), summer flounder (Paralichthlys dentatus), southern flounder (P lethostigma), and gulf flounder (P. albigutta). Species-specific differences were found in sinking rates; Atlantic croaker had the slowest sinking rates and Atlantic menhaden and the three flounder species had the fastest sinking rates. Additionally, sinking rates increased for all species as length increased. The total amount of variability explained in sinking rates was low (20-50%), indicating a large amount of variability at the level of the individual. The observed patterns in sinking rates were then combined with previous Studies on the mechanisms of larval ingress to present species-specific conceptual models of ingress. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NOAA, NOS, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Hare, JA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NEFSC, Narragansett Lab, 28 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM jon.hare@noaa.gov NR 40 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD MAR 21 PY 2006 VL 330 IS 2 BP 493 EP 504 DI 10.1016/j.jembe.2005.09.011 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 030IF UT WOS:000236627300006 ER PT J AU Pattison, LR Hexemer, A Kramer, EJ Krishnan, S Petroff, PM Fischer, DA AF Pattison, LR Hexemer, A Kramer, EJ Krishnan, S Petroff, PM Fischer, DA TI Probing the ordering of semiconducting fluorene-thiophene copolymer surfaces on rubbed polyimide substrates by near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID LIQUID-CRYSTAL ALIGNMENT; FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS; THIN-FILM TRANSISTORS; POLYFLUORENE FILMS; ORIENTATION; MOBILITY; SPECTROSCOPY; ORGANIZATION; NEXAFS AB The temperature-dependent alignment of semiconducting liquid crystalline fluorene-thiophene copolymer (F8T2) thin film surfaces was investigated using the near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) technique. Partial electron yield spectra were recorded over a range of temperatures in order to observe directly the surface orientation as the polymer is heated and cooled through glass, crystal, and liquid crystal phases. In addition, samples annealed under varying processing conditions and quenched to room temperature were analyzed. The NEXAFS data show that (a) in thin F8T2 films at all temperatures the polymer backbone lies in the plane of the substrate, (b) the fluorene and thiophene rings are rotated randomly about the molecular axis, (c) orientation of the polymer backbone can be controlled using a rubbed polyimide alignment layer as a template for liquid crystal orientation, and (d) under proper annealing conditions there is strong temperature-dependent alignment of the copolyrner main-chain axis to the rubbing direction which extends from the polyimide/F8T2 interface all the way to the F8T2 surface. The surface alignment does not disappear after annealing at temperatures similar to 30 K above the bulk nernatic to isotropic transition. C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mat, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem Engn, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Elect Engn, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Pattison, LR (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mat, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. EM lkinder@engineering.ucsb.edu; edkramer@mrl.ucsb.edu RI Krishnan, Sitaraman/C-5559-2011 OI Krishnan, Sitaraman/0000-0002-1228-8393 NR 22 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 3 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD MAR 21 PY 2006 VL 39 IS 6 BP 2225 EP 2231 DI 10.1021/ma0521912 PG 7 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 026CR UT WOS:000236314800033 ER PT J AU McMillin, LM Xiong, XZ Han, Y Kleespies, TJ Van Delst, P AF McMillin, LM Xiong, XZ Han, Y Kleespies, TJ Van Delst, P TI Atmospheric transmittance of an absorbing gas. 7. Further improvements to the OPTRAN 6 approach SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID RADIATIVE-TRANSFER MODEL; COMPUTATIONALLY FAST; MIXING RATIOS AB We present recent improvements in accuracy to the fast transmittance-calculation procedure, Optical Path Transmittance (OPTRAN), which is used for satellite data assimilation at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. These improvements are (1) to change the absorber space used for ozone, (2) to add new predictors for each gas, and (3) to treat the water vapor line absorption and water continuum absorption as separate terms. Significant improvements in the accuracy of the OPTRAN algorithm for High-Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounders (HIRS) and the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) are demonstrated. The results that we show here extend a recent paper of Xiong and McMillin (2004) that describes the use of a polychromatic correction term to replace the effective transmittance concept to include additional changes that improve accuracy. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America. C1 NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. QSS Grp Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP McMillin, LM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM yong.han@noaa.gov RI Kleespies, Thomas/F-5598-2010; Xiong, Xiaozhen/F-6591-2010; Han, Yong/F-5590-2010 OI Han, Yong/0000-0002-0183-7270 NR 14 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD MAR 20 PY 2006 VL 45 IS 9 BP 2028 EP 2034 DI 10.1364/AO.45.002028 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA 026XN UT WOS:000236376700017 PM 16579573 ER PT J AU Tang, X Ma, LJ Mink, A Nakassis, A Xu, H Hershman, B Bienfang, JC Su, D Boisvert, RF Clark, CW Williams, CJ AF Tang, X Ma, LJ Mink, A Nakassis, A Xu, H Hershman, B Bienfang, JC Su, D Boisvert, RF Clark, CW Williams, CJ TI Experimental study of high speed polarization-coding quantum key distribution with sifted-key rates over Mbit/s SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID DISTRIBUTION-SYSTEM; CRYPTOGRAPHY; LIMITS AB We present a quantitative study of various limitations on quantum cryptographic systems operating with sifted- key rates over Mbit/ s. The dead time of silicon APDs not only limits the sifted- key rate but also causes correlation between the neighboring key bits. In addition to the well-known count- rate dependent timing jitter in avalanche photo- diode ( APD), the faint laser sources, the vertical cavity surface emission lasers ( VCSELs) in our system, also induce a significant amount of data- dependent timing jitter. Both the dead time and the data- dependent timing jitter are major limiting factors in designing QKD systems with sifted- key rates beyond Mbit/s. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tang, X (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM xiao.tang@nist.gov; alan.mink@nist.gov RI Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009; Williams, Carl/B-5877-2009; Bienfang, Joshua/A-7285-2010 OI Boisvert, Ronald/0000-0002-4445-1044; Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885; NR 15 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 3 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD MAR 20 PY 2006 VL 14 IS 6 BP 2062 EP 2070 DI 10.1364/OE.14.002062 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA 024NR UT WOS:000236202800002 PM 19503537 ER PT J AU Lehnert, H Stone, R Heimler, W AF Lehnert, H Stone, R Heimler, W TI New species of Poecilosclerida (Demospongiae, Porifera) from the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, USA SO ZOOTAXA LA English DT Article DE taxonomy; Porifera; Demospongiae; Poecilosclerida; new species; N-Pacific; Aleutian Islands; Alaska AB Five new species of poecilosclerid sponges, Artemisina amlia sp. nov., Coelosphaera oglalai sp. nov., Melonanchora globogilva sp. nov., Tedania kagalaskai sp. nov., and Mycale carlilei sp. nov, are described from the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, from depths ranging between 100-190m and are compared with congeners of the North Pacific Ocean. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Inst Zool 1, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany. RP Lehnert, H (reprint author), Eichenstr 14, D-86507 Oberottmarshausen, Germany. EM Helm.Lehnert@t-online.de NR 42 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU MAGNOLIA PRESS PI AUCKLAND PA PO BOX 41383, AUCKLAND, ST LUKES 1030, NEW ZEALAND SN 1175-5326 EI 1175-5334 J9 ZOOTAXA JI Zootaxa PD MAR 20 PY 2006 IS 1155 BP 1 EP 23 PG 23 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 022NZ UT WOS:000236063900001 ER PT J AU Smith, TM Yin, XG Gruber, A AF Smith, TM Yin, XG Gruber, A TI Variations in annual global precipitation (1979-2004), based on the Global Precipitation Climatology Project 2.5 degrees analysis SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; TRENDS; 20TH-CENTURY; PACIFIC; OCEAN AB The Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) has produced a combined satellite and in situ global precipitation estimate, beginning 1979. The annual average GPCP estimates are here analyzed over 1979-2004 to evaluate the large-scale variability over the period. Data inhomogeneities are evaluated and found to not be responsible for the major variations, including systematic changes over the period. Most variations are associated with El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) episodes. There are also tropical trend-like changes over the period, correlated with interdecadal warming of the tropical SSTs and uncorrelated with ENSO. Trends have spatial variations with both positive and negative values, with a global-average near zero. C1 Univ Maryland, NOAA, Natl Climate Data Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, ESSIC, Cooperat Inst Climate Studies, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Smith, TM (reprint author), Univ Maryland, ESSIC, Cooperat Inst Climate Studies, 4115 CSS Bldg, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM tom.smith@noaa.gov RI Smith, Thomas M./F-5626-2010; Yin, Xungang/G-1334-2012 OI Smith, Thomas M./0000-0001-7469-7849; NR 18 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 18 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 6 AR L06705 DI 10.1029/2005GL025393 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 026HY UT WOS:000236331200009 ER PT J AU Liebig, JR Vanderploeg, HA Ruberg, SA AF Liebig, JR Vanderploeg, HA Ruberg, SA TI Factors affecting the performance of the optical plankton counter in large lakes: Insights from Lake Michigan and laboratory studies SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID ZOOPLANKTON ABUNDANCE; FRESH-WATER; OPC; CALIBRATION; LHPR AB [1] There has been a question as to whether the optical plankton counter (OPC) accurately measures zooplankton density and biomass in large lakes, oceans, and estuaries. Results from our Lake Michigan surveys in 1998-2000 often revealed poor agreement between the OPC-2T and 153-mu m mesh plankton net samples. The most serious common problem was overestimation of zooplankton biomass by the OPC relative to net tows. Such overestimates have been attributed to the orientation of zooplankton assuming that their maximal silhouette area is detected by the OPC, coincidence, and the presence of nonzooplankton particles. Experiments using an OPC-1L with polymer microspheres, nylon rods, or live zooplankton confirmed that the OPC accurately counts and sizes zooplankton at low zooplankton concentrations typically found in Lake Michigan and that a shape factor correction often used need not be applied. Most overestimation of biomass was associated with the presence of nonzooplankton particles. Worst agreement was seen in shallow nearshore zones during periods of high total suspended matter (TSM), which consisted of fine sediments and large resuspended particles such as sediment-phytoplankton aggregates, and benthic plant and animal debris. Best agreement was found under low TSM conditions associated with offshore waters during the stratified period. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Liebig, JR (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM jim.liebig@noaa.gov OI Liebig, James/0000-0002-0433-9066; Ruberg, Steven/0000-0001-8809-5689 NR 21 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD MAR 18 PY 2006 VL 111 IS C5 AR C05S02 DI 10.1029/2005JC003087 PG 10 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 026IQ UT WOS:000236333000001 ER PT J AU Ridge, KD Abdulaev, NG Zhang, C Ngo, T Brabazon, DM Marino, JP AF Ridge, KD Abdulaev, NG Zhang, C Ngo, T Brabazon, DM Marino, JP TI Conformational changes associated with receptor-stimulated guanine nucleotide exchange in a heterotrimeric G-protein alpha-subunit - NMR analysis of GTP gamma S-bound states SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID LIGHT-ACTIVATED RHODOPSIN; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; BOVINE RHODOPSIN; STRUCTURAL-CHANGES; BINDING-SITE; RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; ANGSTROM RESOLUTION; TRANSDUCIN BINDING; SYNTHETIC PEPTIDES; CARBOXYL-TERMINUS AB Solution NMR studies of a N-15-labeled G-protein alpha-subunit (G(alpha)) chimera (N-15-ChiT)-reconstituted heterotrimer have shown previously that G-protein beta gamma-subunit (G(beta gamma)) association induces a "preactivated" conformation that likely facilitates interaction with the agonist-activated form of a G-protein-coupled receptor (R*) and guanine nucleotide exchange (Abdulaev, N. G., Ngo, T., Zhang, C., Dinh, A., Brabazon, D. M., Ridge, K. D., and Marino, J.P. (2005) J. Biol. Chem. 280, 38071-38080). Here we demonstrated that the N-15-ChiT-reconstituted heterotrimer can form functional complexes under NMR experimental conditions with light-activated, detergent-solubilized rhodopsin (R*), as well as a soluble mimic of R*. NMR methods were used to track R*-triggered guanine nucleotide exchange and release of guanosine 5'-O-3-thiotriphosphate (GTP gamma S)/Mg2+-bound ChiT. A heteronuclear single quantum correlation (HSQC) spectrum of R*-generated GTP gamma S/Mg2+-bound ChiT revealed (HN)-H-1, N-15 chemical shift changes relative to GDP/Mg2+-bound ChiT that were similar, but not identical, to those observed for the GDP center dot AlF4-/Mg2+-bound state. Line widths observed for R*-generated GTP gamma S/Mg2+-bound N-15-ChiT, however, indicated that it is more conformationally dynamic relative to the GDP/Mg2+- and GDP center dot AlF4-/Mg-2(+)-bound states. The increased dynamics appeared to be correlated with G(beta gamma) and R* interactions because they are not observed for GTP gamma S/Mg2+-bound ChiT generated independently of R*. In contrast to R*, a soluble mimic that does not catalytically interact with G-protein (Abdulaev, N. G., Ngo, T., Chen, R., Lu, Z., and Ridge, K. D. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 39354-39363) is found to form a stable complex with the GTP gamma S/Mg2+-exchanged heterotrimer. The HSQC spectrum of N-15-ChiT in this complex displays a unique chemical shift pattern that nonetheless shares similarities with the heterotrimer and GTP gamma S/Mg2+-bound ChiT. Overall, these results demonstrated that R*-induced changes in G(alpha) can be followed by NMR and that guanine nucleotide exchange can be uncoupled from heterotrimer dissociation. C1 Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Ctr Membrane Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Maryland, Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Loyola Coll, Dept Chem, Baltimore, MD 21210 USA. RP Ridge, KD (reprint author), Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Ctr Membrane Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. EM Kevin.D.Ridge@uth.tmc.edu; john.marino@nist.gov FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR 015744]; NEI NIH HHS [EY 013286] NR 77 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3996 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD MAR 17 PY 2006 VL 281 IS 11 BP 7635 EP 7648 DI 10.1074/jbc.M509851200 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 022BY UT WOS:000236030900085 PM 16407225 ER PT J AU Naaman, O Aumentado, J AF Naaman, O Aumentado, J TI Poisson transition rates from time-domain measurements with a finite bandwidth SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SINGLE-ELECTRON TRANSISTOR; AGGREGATED MARKOV-PROCESSES; INTERVAL OMISSION; TELEGRAPH NOISE; MUSCLE-CELLS; QUANTUM-DOT; DYNAMICS AB In time-domain measurements of a Poisson two-level system, the observed transition rates are always smaller than those of the actual system, a general consequence of a finite measurement bandwidth in an experiment. This underestimation of the rates is significant even when the measurement and detection apparatus are 10 times faster than the process under study. We derive here a quantitative form for this correction, using a straightforward state transition model that includes the detection apparatus, and provide a method for determining a system's actual transition rates from bandwidth-limited measurements. We support our results with computer simulations and experimental data from time-domain measurements of quasiparticle tunneling in a single-Cooper-pair transistor. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Naaman, O (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jose.aumentado@boulder.nist.gov RI Aumentado, Jose/C-2231-2009 OI Aumentado, Jose/0000-0001-5581-1466 NR 27 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD MAR 17 PY 2006 VL 96 IS 10 AR 100201 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.100201 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 022NP UT WOS:000236062800001 PM 16605710 ER PT J AU Thorpe, MJ Moll, KD Jones, RJ Safdi, B Ye, J AF Thorpe, MJ Moll, KD Jones, RJ Safdi, B Ye, J TI Broadband cavity ringdown spectroscopy for sensitive and rapid molecular detection SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FREQUENCY; LASERS; COMBS AB We demonstrate highly efficient cavity ringdown spectroscopy in which a broad-bandwidth optical frequency comb is coherently coupled to a high-finesse optical cavity that acts as the sample chamber. 125,000 optical comb components, each coupled into a specific longitudinal cavity mode, undergo ringdown decays when the cavity input is shut off. Sensitive intracavity absorption information is simultaneously available across 100 nanometers in the visible and near-infrared spectral regions. Real-time, quantitative measurements were made of the trace presence, the transition strengths and linewidths, and the population redistributions due to collisions and the temperature changes for molecules such as C2H2, O-2, H2O, and NH3. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Ye, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM ye@jila.colorado.edu RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011 NR 20 TC 266 Z9 268 U1 15 U2 109 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAR 17 PY 2006 VL 311 IS 5767 BP 1595 EP 1599 DI 10.1126/science.1123921 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 022BK UT WOS:000236029500042 PM 16543457 ER PT J AU Maes, C Ando, K Delcroix, T Kessler, WS McPhaden, MJ Roemmich, D AF Maes, C Ando, K Delcroix, T Kessler, WS McPhaden, MJ Roemmich, D TI Observed correlation of surface salinity, temperature and barrier layer at the eastern edge of the western Pacific warm pool SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID EL-NINO; VARIABILITY; OCEAN; SCALES AB Recent theory suggests that ocean-atmosphere interactions in the western Pacific warm pool are of fundamental importance to interannual variations associated with El Nino and the Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The warm pool encompasses the highest mean sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the world ocean, intense atmospheric deep convection and heavy rainfall, and the formation of thick salt-stratified barrier layers that help to sustain the high SSTs. This study shows that the eastern edge of the warm pool is characterized by a strong zonal salinity front throughout 2002-2004. The analysis also indicates a tighter empirical relationship than previously observed between the eastern edge of the warm pool, high SSTs, the presence of barrier layers, and the fetch of westerly wind bursts. These results suggest that such a frontal region is a critical in controlling ocean-atmosphere interactions in the western Pacific warm pool and highlight the importance of the upper ocean salinity in climate variability. C1 Ctr IRD Noumea, Lab Etud Geophys & Oceanog, Inst Rech Dev, Noumea 98848, New Caledonia. Japan Agcy Marine & Earth Sci Technol, Inst Observat Res Global Change, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 2370061, Japan. Inst Rech Dev, Lab Etud Geophys & Oceanog Spatiales, F-31400 Toulouse, France. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Maes, C (reprint author), Ctr IRD Noumea, Lab Etud Geophys & Oceanog, Inst Rech Dev, BP A5, Noumea 98848, New Caledonia. EM christophe.maes@ird.fr RI 安藤, 健太郎/F-6685-2014; maes, christophe/L-4049-2015; McPhaden, Michael/D-9799-2016; Delcroix, Thierry/I-6103-2016 OI maes, christophe/0000-0001-6532-7141; Delcroix, Thierry/0000-0002-8850-4865 NR 17 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 2 U2 16 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 16 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 6 AR L06601 DI 10.1029/2005GL024772 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 026HU UT WOS:000236330800002 ER PT J AU Sud, YC Mocko, DM Lin, SJ AF Sud, YC Mocko, DM Lin, SJ TI Performance of two cloud-radiation parameterization schemes in the finite volume general circulation model for anomalously wet May and June 2003 over the continental United States and Amazonia SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID COMMUNITY CLIMATE MODEL; RELAXED ARAKAWA-SCHUBERT; NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION; MOIST-CONVECTION; SKILL SCORES; PART II; MICROPHYSICS; VERIFICATION; SIMULATION; GCM AB [1] An objective assessment of the impact of a new cloud scheme, called Microphysics of Clouds with Relaxed Arakawa-Schubert Scheme (McRAS) ( together with its radiation modules), on the finite volume general circulation model (fvGCM) was made with a set of ensemble forecasts that invoke performance evaluation over both weather and climate timescales. The performance of McRAS ( and its radiation modules) was compared with that of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model (NCAR CCM3) cloud scheme ( with its NCAR physics radiation). We specifically chose the boreal summer months of May and June 2003, which were characterized by an anomalously wet eastern half of the continental United States as well as northern regions of Amazonia. The evaluation employed an ensemble of 70 daily 10-day forecasts covering the 61 days of the study period. Each forecast was started from the analyzed initial state of the atmosphere and spun-up soil moisture from the first-day forecasts with the model. Monthly statistics of these forecasts with up to 10-day lead time provided a robust estimate of the behavior of the simulated monthly rainfall anomalies. Patterns of simulated versus observed rainfall, 500-hPa heights, and top-of-the-atmosphere net radiation were recast into regional anomaly correlations. The correlations were compared among the simulations with each of the schemes. The results show that fvGCM with McRAS and its radiation package performed discernibly better than the original fvGCM with CCM3 cloud physics plus its radiation package. The McRAS cloud scheme also showed a reasonably positive response to the observed sea surface temperature on mean monthly rainfall fields at different time leads. This analysis represents a method for helpful systematic evaluation prior to selection of a new scheme in a global model. C1 NASA, Climate & Radiat Branch, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Beltsville, MD USA. Princeton Univ, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. RP Sud, YC (reprint author), NASA, Climate & Radiat Branch, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 613-2,Bldg 33, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM sud@climate.gsfc.nasa.gov NR 44 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 16 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D6 AR D06201 DI 10.1029/2005JD006246 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 026IG UT WOS:000236332000003 ER PT J AU Ciezak, JA Leao, JB AF Ciezak, JA Leao, JB TI Structural and vibrational characterization of tetracyanoethylene-hexamethylbenzene as a function of pressure SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID INELASTIC NEUTRON-SCATTERING; CHARGE-TRANSFER COMPLEXES; DONOR-ACCEPTOR COMPLEX; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE CALCULATIONS; RESONANCE RAMAN-SPECTRA; IONIC PHASE-TRANSITION; AB-INITIO; MOLECULAR-COMPLEXES; INFRARED-SPECTRA; TCNE COMPLEXES AB The neutron powder diffraction and inelastic neutron scattering (INS) spectra of the electron donor-acceptor complex, tetracyanoethylene-hexamethylbenzene have been studied as a function of pressure to 0.414 GPa. Using the PW91 and PBE density functional theories, the unit cell vectors were calculated as a function of pressure and are compared to those experimentally obtained from the diffraction data. The calculated lattice vectors display large errors at low pressures but were found to be in close agreement with the experimental vectors at 0.414 GPa. Comparison of the experimental INS spectra of the TCNE-HMB enabled assignment of specific vibrational modes while providing a direct measurement of the effect of pressure on the complex. The PW91 vibrational frequency calculations reproduced both the vibrational intensities and frequencies with relative accuracy. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. USA, Res Lab, Weapons & Mat Res Directorate, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 USA. RP Ciezak, JA (reprint author), 100 Bur Dr,MS 8562, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jciezak@arl.army.mil NR 58 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD MAR 16 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 10 BP 3759 EP 3769 DI 10.1021/jp056351n PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 022SV UT WOS:000236077000050 PM 16526660 ER PT J AU Kim, SH Zachariah, MR AF Kim, SH Zachariah, MR TI In-flight kinetic measurements of the aerosol growth of carbon nanotubes by electrical mobility classification SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID POLYCRYSTALLINE NICKEL; FILAMENTOUS CARBON; TEMPERATURE; DEPOSITION; DIFFUSION; ACETYLENE; NANOPARTICLES; OXIDATION; METALS; IRON AB We describe an on-the-fly kinetic study of gas-phase growth of multiwalled carbon nanotubes. The methodology employs electrical mobility classification of the CNT, which enables a direct measure of CNT length distribution in an aerosol reactor. The specific experiment employs two mobility classification steps. In the first step we mobility classify the catalyst particle, in this case Ni, created by pulsed laser ablation, to generate a stream of monodisperse particles. This then determined the diameter of the CNT, when a hydrocarbon/H-2 Mix is added in a heated aerosol reactor. A second electrical mobility classification step allows us to determine the length distribution of the CNTs. We found that CNT growth from ethylene required the addition of small amounts of water vapor, whereas growth from acetylene did not. We show that acetylene, which always has small amounts of acetone present when purchased, can provide the oxygen source to prevent catalyst coking. By varying the temperature of the growth, we were able to extract Arrhenius growth parameters. We found an activation energy for growth similar to 80 kJ mol(-1) from both acetylene and ethylene, which is considerably lower than previous works for substrate-grown CNTs (E-a = 110-150 kJ mol(-1)). Furthermore, we observed that our aerosol CNT growth rates were about 2 orders of magnitude higher than those for substrate-grown CNTs. The dominant growth mechanism of CNT previously proposed is based upon bulk diffusion of carbon through nickel particles. However, on the basis of the lower activation energy found in this work, we proposed that the possible mechanism of gas-phase growth of CNT is correlated with both surface (E,, = 29 kJ mol-1) and bulk diffusion (Ea = 145 kJ mol-1) of carbon on nickel aerosol particles. Finally, the experimental approach described in this work should be amenable to other nanowire systems grown in the aerosol phase. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, CoLab Nanoparticle Based Mfg & Metrol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zachariah, MR (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, CoLab Nanoparticle Based Mfg & Metrol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM mrz@umd.edu NR 34 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD MAR 16 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 10 BP 4555 EP 4562 DI 10.1021/jp0541718 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 022TB UT WOS:000236077600013 PM 16526684 ER PT J AU Ferguson, MC Barlow, J Fiedler, P Reilly, SB Gerrodette, T AF Ferguson, MC Barlow, J Fiedler, P Reilly, SB Gerrodette, T TI Spatial models of delphinid (family Delphinidae) encounter rate and group size in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE oceanography; Pacific Ocean; modeling; dolphins; Delphinidae; habitat; occurrence; density; encounter rate; group size; generalized additive models (GAM); line-transect ID DOLPHIN HABITATS; DISTRIBUTIONS AB We use temporally dynamic environmental variables and fixed geographic variables to construct generalized additive models to predict delphinid (family Delphinidae) encounter rates (number of groups per unit survey effort) and group sizes in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. The delphinid sighting data and environmental data were collected simultaneously during the Southwest Fisheries Science Center's cetacean line-transect surveys conducted during the summer and fall of 1986-1990 and 1993. Predictions from the encounter rate and group size models were combined with previously published estimates of line-transect sighting parameters to describe patterns in the density (number of individuals per unit area) of delphinids throughout the study area. Areas with the highest predicted densities were the Gulf of California, the equatorial cold tongue, and coastal waters, including the west coast of the Baja Peninsula and the Costa Rica Dome. Offshore waters in the northern and southern subtropical gyres had the lowest predicted densities. For both encounter rate and group size models, there was no geographic pattern evident in the residuals as measured by the ratio of pooled predicted to pooled observed values within geographic strata. (C) 2005 Elsevier B.V Al. rights reserved. C1 NOAA SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Ferguson, MC (reprint author), NOAA SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM Megan.Ferguson@noaa.gov NR 45 TC 40 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD MAR 15 PY 2006 VL 193 IS 3-4 BP 645 EP 662 DI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.10.034 PG 18 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 021WN UT WOS:000236016700029 ER PT J AU Tedesco, M Kim, EJ Cline, D Graf, T Koike, T Armstrong, R Brodzik, MJ Hardy, J AF Tedesco, M Kim, EJ Cline, D Graf, T Koike, T Armstrong, R Brodzik, MJ Hardy, J TI Comparison of local scale measured and modelled brightness temperatures and snow parameters from the CLPX 2003 by means of a dense medium radiative transfer theory model SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 62nd Eastern Snow Conference (ESC) CY JUN 07-10, 2005 CL Waterloo, CANADA DE snow; microwave remote sensing; DMRT; CLPX ID PAIR DISTRIBUTION-FUNCTIONS; ICE AB Some 27 years of passive microwave satellite observations have demonstrated the value of remote sensing for cryospheric applications, albeit at regional to hemispheric scales due to the relatively large sensor footprints (e.g. similar to 25 km x 25 km for the advanced microwave scanning radiometer). At the other extreme there is the primarily local-scale in situ experience of the snow community. Until higher-resolution sensors become available, understanding the effects of sub-pixel heterogeneity and the downscaling of observations remains an important topic. In order to provide a baseline for performing scaling studies and for future radiance-based hydrological assimilation schemes, an evaluation of snowpack forward radiance modelling at the plot scale (least heterogeneous scale) is carfied out. Snow microwave radiance models based on dense medium radiative transfer (DMRT) theory incorporate a high degree of physical fidelity, yet dense medium models are particularly sensitive to snowpack structural parameters such as grain size, density, and depth (parameters that may vary substantially within a snowpack). The DMRT performance is evaluated through the use of a fitting technique with respect to snow grain size, a hydrologically important parameter related to the total amount of melt water stored in a snowpack, snowpack metamorphism, vertical energy transport and melt dynamics, as well as various quantities useful in surface energy balance studies. All remaining snow input parameters to the model are derived from snow pit measurements. Model-predicted radiances are evaluated using microwave brightness measurements collected during the NASA Cold Land Process Experiment (CLPX) by the University of Tokyo's Ground-Based Microwave Radiometer-7 (GBMR-7) system at 18.7, 36.5, and 89 GHz, with incidence angles ranging from 30 to 70 degrees. The detailed CLPX microwave and snow data provide an excellent opportunity to gain insight into the strengths and weaknesses of this approach. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Dept Civil Engn, GEST, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Hydrospher & Biospher Sci Proc, Greenbelt, MD USA. NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Natl Operat Hydrol Remote Sensing Ctr, Chanhassen, MN USA. Univ Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. Univ Colorado, Natl Snow & Ice Data Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. USACE, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Hanover, NH USA. RP Tedesco, M (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Dept Civil Engn, GEST, Mailstop 614-6, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM mtedesco@umbc.edu RI Tedesco, Marco/F-7986-2015 NR 14 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 8 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD MAR 15 PY 2006 VL 20 IS 4 BP 657 EP 672 DI 10.1002/hyp.6129 PG 16 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 026IK UT WOS:000236332400004 ER PT J AU Duffy, PB Arritt, RW Coquard, J Gutowski, W Han, J Iorio, J Kim, J Leung, LR Roads, J Zeledon, E AF Duffy, PB Arritt, RW Coquard, J Gutowski, W Han, J Iorio, J Kim, J Leung, LR Roads, J Zeledon, E TI Simulations of present and future climates in the western United States with four nested regional climate models SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID INCREASED ATMOSPHERIC CO2; SPECTRAL MODEL; PART I; CHANGE SCENARIOS; SURFACE CLIMATE; PRECIPITATION; SENSITIVITY; HYDROCLIMATE; CALIFORNIA; RESOLUTION AB In this paper, the authors analyze simulations of present and future climates in the western United States performed with four regional climate models (RCMs) nested within two global ocean-atmosphere climate models. The primary goal here is to assess the range of regional climate responses to increased greenhouse gases in available RCM simulations. The four RCMs used different geographical domains, different increased greenhouse gas scenarios for future-climate Simulations, and (in some cases) different lateral boundary conditions. For simulations of the present climate, RCM results are compared to observations and to results of the GCM that provided lateral boundary conditions to the RCM. For future-climate (increased greenhouse gas) simulations, RCM results are compared to each other and to results of the driving GCMs. When results are spatially averaged over the western United States, it is found that the results of each RCM closely follow those of the driving GCM in the same region in both present and future climates. This is true even though the study area is in some cases a small fraction of the RCM domain. Precipitation responses predicted by the RCMs in many regions are not statistically significant compared to interannual variability. Where the predicted precipitation responses are statistically significant, they are positive. The models agree that near-surface temperatures will increase, but do not agree on the spatial pattern of this increase. The four RCMs produce very different estimates of water content of snow in the present climate, and of the change in this water content in response to increased greenhouse gases. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94566 USA. Iowa State Univ, Ames, IA USA. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Duffy, PB (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, L-103,POB 808, Livermore, CA 94566 USA. EM pduffy@llnl.gov NR 46 TC 69 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAR 15 PY 2006 VL 19 IS 6 BP 873 EP 895 DI 10.1175/JCLI3669.1 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 032HM UT WOS:000236765500001 ER PT J AU Sun, Y Solomon, S Dai, A Portmann, RW AF Sun, Y Solomon, S Dai, A Portmann, RW TI How often does it rain? SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID LARGE-SCALE MODELS; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; COUPLED CLIMATE MODEL; GLOBAL PRECIPITATION; CUMULUS CONVECTION; UNITED-STATES; WATER-CONTENT; SCHEME; PARAMETERIZATION; VARIABILITY AB Daily precipitation data from worldwide stations and gridded analyses and from 18 coupled global climate models are used to evaluate the models' performance in simulating the precipitation frequency, intensity, and the number of rainy days contributing to most (i.e., 67%) of the annual precipitation total. Although the models examined here are able to simulate the land precipitation amount well, most of them are unable to reproduce the spatial patterns of the precipitation frequency and intensity. For light precipitation (1-10 mm day(-1)), most models overestimate the frequency but produce patterns of the intensity that are in broad agreement with observations. In contrast, for heavy precipitation (> 10 turn day(-1)), most models considerably underestimate the intensity but Simulate the frequency relatively well. The average number of rainy days contributing to most of the annual precipitation is a simple index that captures the combined effects of precipitation frequency and intensity on the water supply. The different measures of precipitation characteristics examined in this paper reveal region-to-region differences in the observations and models of relevance for climate variability, water resources, and climate change. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Sun, Y (reprint author), China Meteorol Adm, Natl Climate Ctr, 46 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. EM yingsun75@yahoo.com RI Portmann, Robert/C-4903-2009; Dai, Aiguo/D-3487-2009; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Portmann, Robert/0000-0002-0279-6087; NR 57 TC 174 Z9 189 U1 3 U2 31 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAR 15 PY 2006 VL 19 IS 6 BP 916 EP 934 DI 10.1175/JCLI3672.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 032HM UT WOS:000236765500003 ER PT J AU Alexander, LV Zhang, X Peterson, TC Caesar, J Gleason, B Tank, AMGK Haylock, M Collins, D Trewin, B Rahimzadeh, F Tagipour, A Kumar, KR Revadekar, J Griffiths, G Vincent, L Stephenson, DB Burn, J Aguilar, E Brunet, M Taylor, M New, M Zhai, P Rusticucci, M Vazquez-Aguirre, JL AF Alexander, LV Zhang, X Peterson, TC Caesar, J Gleason, B Tank, AMGK Haylock, M Collins, D Trewin, B Rahimzadeh, F Tagipour, A Kumar, KR Revadekar, J Griffiths, G Vincent, L Stephenson, DB Burn, J Aguilar, E Brunet, M Taylor, M New, M Zhai, P Rusticucci, M Vazquez-Aguirre, JL TI Global observed changes in daily climate extremes of temperature and precipitation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID SURFACE AIR-TEMPERATURE; QUALITY DATA SET; OBSERVED TRENDS; UNDOCUMENTED CHANGEPOINTS; SOUTHEAST-ASIA; PACIFIC REGION; INDEXES; 20TH-CENTURY; SERIES; RAINFALL AB A suite of climate change indices derived from daily temperature and precipitation data, with a primary focus on extreme events, were computed and analyzed. By setting an exact formula for each index and using specially designed software, analyses done in different countries have been combined seamlessly. This has enabled the presentation of the most up-to-date and comprehensive global picture of trends in extreme temperature and precipitation indices using results from a number of workshops held in data-sparse regions and high-quality station data supplied by numerous scientists world wide. Seasonal and annual indices for the period 1951-2003 were gridded. Trends in the gridded fields were computed and tested for statistical significance. Results showed widespread significant changes in temperature extremes associated with warming, especially for those indices derived from daily minimum temperature. Over 70% of the global land area sampled showed a significant decrease in the annual occurrence of cold nights and a significant increase in the annual occurrence of warm nights. Some regions experienced a more than doubling of these indices. This implies a positive shift in the distribution of daily minimum temperature throughout the globe. Daily maximum temperature indices showed similar changes but with smaller magnitudes. Precipitation changes showed a widespread and significant increase, but the changes are much less spatially coherent compared with temperature change. Probability distributions of indices derived from approximately 200 temperature and 600 precipitation stations, with near-complete data for 1901-2003 and covering a very large region of the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes (and parts of Australia for precipitation) were analyzed for the periods 1901-1950, 1951-1978 and 1979-2003. Results indicate a significant warming throughout the 20th century. Differences in temperature indices distributions are particularly pronounced between the most recent two periods and for those indices related to minimum temperature. An analysis of those indices for which seasonal time series are available shows that these changes occur for all seasons although they are generally least pronounced for September to November. Precipitation indices show a tendency toward wetter conditions throughout the 20th century. C1 Met Off, Hadley Ctr, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England. Bur Meteorol Res Ctr, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. Meteorol Serv Canada, Climate Res Branch, Downsview, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst, NL-3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands. Univ E Anglia, Climat Res Unit, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. Bur Meteorol, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia. Iran Meteorol Org, Atmospher Sci & Meteorol Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran. Indian Inst Trop Meteorol, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India. Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Auckland, New Zealand. Univ Reading, Dept Meteorol, Reading RG6 6AH, Berks, England. Univ Rovira & Virgili, Climate Change Res Grp, E-43005 Tarragona, Spain. Univ W Indies, Dept Phys, Kingston 7, Jamaica. Univ Oxford, Ctr Environm, Climate Res Grp, Oxford OX1 3QY, England. China Meteorol Adm, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Ciencias Exactas & Nat, Dept Ciencias Atmosfera & Oceanos, RA-1428 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Ciencias Atmosfera, Dept Meteorol Gen, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. RP Alexander, LV (reprint author), Monash Univ, Sch Geog & Environm Sci, Dept Geog & Environm Sci, Reg Climate Grp, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia. EM lisa.alexander@arts.monash.edu.au RI Stephenson, David/A-9903-2011; Klein Tank, Albert/A-4182-2011; New, Mark/A-7684-2008; Manola, Brunet-India/E-8239-2010; Aguilar, Enric/L-4971-2014; Caesar, John/D-1403-2015; Alexander, Lisa/A-8477-2011; OI New, Mark/0000-0001-6082-8879; Manola, Brunet-India/0000-0002-9386-710X; Caesar, John/0000-0003-1094-9618; Alexander, Lisa/0000-0002-5635-2457; Revadekar, Jayashree/0000-0003-3766-2342 NR 56 TC 1038 Z9 1138 U1 64 U2 443 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 15 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D5 AR D05109 DI 10.1029/2005JD006290 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 026IE UT WOS:000236331800002 ER PT J AU Zhu, L Nenes, A Wine, PH Nicovich, JM AF Zhu, L Nenes, A Wine, PH Nicovich, JM TI Effects of aqueous organosulfur chemistry on particulate methanesulfonate to non-sea salt sulfate ratios in the marine atmosphere SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Review ID TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT KINETICS; DURVILLE COASTAL ANTARCTICA; CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEI; METHANE SULFONIC-ACID; GLOBAL-MODEL GOCART; EXPERIMENT ACE 1; DIMETHYL SULFIDE; SULFUR-DIOXIDE; BOUNDARY-LAYER; FIELD OBSERVATIONS AB The oxidation of dimethyl sulfide (DMS, CH3SCH3) in the atmosphere could influence climate by affecting cloud condensation nuclei concentrations and cloud properties. This work focuses on elucidating the importance of DMS-cloud interactions, especially the poorly understood aqueous phase chemical transformations of DMS oxidation products. For this purpose, we incorporate an oxidation mechanism of atmospheric DMS and its products within the modeling framework of a trajectory ensemble model (TEM). Both marine cumulus and stratocumulus clouds are considered. It is found that the aqueous phase reactions of sulfur compounds contribute >97% of methanesulfonate (MS, CH3(O) S(O)O-) and >80% of non-sea salt sulfate (NSS) production in particles and that about 30% of total MS and NSS production is from the aqueous phase oxidation of the organosulfur compounds. The aqueous phase methanesulfinate (MSI, CH3S(O)O-)+Cl-2(-) reaction is found to be more important than MSI+OH as an MS source. The MS+OH reaction could consume almost 20% of MS and produce about 8% of total NSS within 3 days under typical marine atmospheric conditions. C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Chem & Biomol Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Chem & Biochem, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Zhu, L (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. EM nenes@eas.gatech.edu RI Wine, Paul/J-4820-2015 OI Wine, Paul/0000-0002-5537-4304 NR 108 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 15 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D5 AR D05316 DI 10.1029/2005JD006326 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 026IE UT WOS:000236331800003 ER PT J AU Anderlini, M Arimondo, E AF Anderlini, M Arimondo, E TI Control scheme for two photon ionization of condensate atoms SO OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID POPULATION TRANSFER; MOLECULES; CONTINUUM; STATES AB The efficient photoionization of a Bose-Einstein condensate requires the creation of ions with the smallest possible transfer of atoms from the condensate into the thermal phase. The spontaneous decay from excited states into atomic states with momentum different from the initial one should be reduced. We investigate theoretically two-photon ionization of a rubidium condensate using near resonant excitation to the 6P state and second photon at 421 or 1002 nm into the continuum. Different ionization schemes with coherent control of the first excitation and reduction of the spontaneous decay are presented. (C) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Pisa, Dipartimento Fis E Fermi, INFM, I-56127 Pisa, Italy. RP Anderlini, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8424, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM anderlin@df.unipi.it NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0030-4018 J9 OPT COMMUN JI Opt. Commun. PD MAR 15 PY 2006 VL 259 IS 2 BP 676 EP 682 DI 10.1016/j.optcom.2005.09.065 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA 016TK UT WOS:000235643100045 ER PT J AU Swann, WC Newbury, NR AF Swann, WC Newbury, NR TI Frequency-resolved coherent lidar using a femtosecond fiber laser SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID COMB; DISTANCE; SYSTEMS; RADAR; SPEED AB We demonstrate a coherent lidar that uses a broadband femtosecond fiber laser as a source and resolves the returning heterodyne signal into N spectral channels by using an arrayed-waveguide grating. The data are processed incoherently to yield an N-times improvement in the Doppler measurement of a surface vibration. For N=6, we achieve a sensitivity of 153 Hz, corresponding to a 0.12 mm/s motion, in 10 ms despite a signal that is speckle broadened to 14 kHz. Alternatively, the data are processed coherently to form a range image. For a flat target, we achieve a 60 mu m range resolution, limited mainly by the source bandwidth, despite the dispersion of 1 km of optical fiber in the signal path. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Swann, WC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM nnewbury@boulder.nist.gov NR 16 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 13 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD MAR 15 PY 2006 VL 31 IS 6 BP 826 EP 828 DI 10.1364/OL.31.000826 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 019KG UT WOS:000235833400050 PM 16544637 ER PT J AU Martys, NS AF Martys, NS TI A BBGKY-based density gradient approximation of interparticle forces: Application for discrete Boltzmann methods SO PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Conference on Discrete Simulation of Fluid Dyanmics CY AUG 16-20, 2004 CL Cambridge, MA SP Tufts Univ DE lattice Boltzmann; BBGKY theory; multiphase fluids; mean-field-theory ID LATTICE-BOLTZMANN; IMMISCIBLE FLUIDS; PHASE-TRANSITIONS; NONIDEAL GASES; LIQUID-GAS; SIMULATION; EQUATION; MODEL; FLOW AB The force term accounting for interparticle interactions, with application to discrete Boltzmann simulation methods, is derived using a density gradient expansion of the BBGKY collision operator. It is shown that previous calculations, based on essentially the same mean-field-theory philosophy, do not apply the density gradient approximation in a self consistent fashion. Thus these previous models have errors in the second virial coefficient as well as coefficients associated with gradient terms in the pressure tensor. This new treatment, corrects these shortcomings. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Martys, NS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg 226,Room B350, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM martys@nist.gov NR 25 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4371 J9 PHYSICA A JI Physica A PD MAR 15 PY 2006 VL 362 IS 1 BP 57 EP 61 DI 10.1016/j.physa.2005.09.019 PG 5 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 016OZ UT WOS:000235630900011 ER PT J AU Patra, PK Gurney, KR Denning, AS Maksyutov, S Nakazawa, T Baker, D Bousquet, P Bruhwiler, L Chen, YH Ciais, P Fan, SM Fung, I Gloor, M Heimann, M Higuchi, K John, J Law, RM Maki, T Pak, BC Peylin, P Prather, M Rayner, PJ Sarmiento, J Taguchi, S Takahashi, T Yuen, CW AF Patra, PK Gurney, KR Denning, AS Maksyutov, S Nakazawa, T Baker, D Bousquet, P Bruhwiler, L Chen, YH Ciais, P Fan, SM Fung, I Gloor, M Heimann, M Higuchi, K John, J Law, RM Maki, T Pak, BC Peylin, P Prather, M Rayner, PJ Sarmiento, J Taguchi, S Takahashi, T Yuen, CW TI Sensitivity of inverse estimation of annual mean CO2 sources and sinks to ocean-only sites versus all-sites observational networks SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT; CARBON; FLUX AB Inverse estimation of carbon dioxide (CO2) sources and sinks uses atmospheric CO2 observations, mostly made near the Earth's surface. However, transport models used in such studies lack perfect representation of atmospheric dynamics and thus often fail to produce unbiased forward simulations. The error is generally larger for observations over the land than those over the remote/marine locations. The range of this error is estimated by using multiple transport models (16 are used here). We have estimated the remaining differences in CO2 fluxes due to the use of ocean-only versus all-sites (i.e., over ocean and land) observations of CO2 in a time-independent inverse modeling framework. The fluxes estimated using the ocean-only networks are more robust compared to those obtained using all-sites networks. This makes the global, hemispheric, and regional flux determination less dependent on the selection of transport model and observation network. C1 Frontier Res Ctr Global Change JAMSTEC, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2360001, Japan. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci GDPE, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058506, Japan. Tohoku Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. LSCE, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA. Princeton Univ, AOS Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07701 Jena, Germany. Environm Canada, Meteorol Serv Canada, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. CSIRO Atmospher Res, Aspendale, Vic 3195, Australia. Japan Meteorol Agcy, Div Atmospher Environm, Tokyo 1008122, Japan. Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058569, Japan. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. RP Patra, PK (reprint author), Frontier Res Ctr Global Change JAMSTEC, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2360001, Japan. EM prabir@jamstec.go.jp RI Law, Rachel/A-1969-2012; John, Jasmin/F-8194-2012; Denning, Scott/F-4974-2011; Pak, Bernard/F-4326-2015; Maksyutov, Shamil/G-6494-2011; Vuichard, Nicolas/A-6629-2011; Heimann, Martin/H-7807-2016; Patra, Prabir/B-5206-2009 OI Law, Rachel/0000-0002-7346-0927; John, Jasmin/0000-0003-2696-277X; Denning, Scott/0000-0003-3032-7875; Pak, Bernard/0000-0002-2137-8171; Maksyutov, Shamil/0000-0002-1200-9577; Heimann, Martin/0000-0001-6296-5113; Patra, Prabir/0000-0001-5700-9389 NR 17 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 14 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 5 AR L05814 DI 10.1029/2005GL025403 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 026HP UT WOS:000236330300006 ER PT J AU Mountain, RD AF Mountain, RD TI System size and control parameter effects in reverse perturbation nonequilibrium molecular dynamics SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID STATISTICAL-MECHANICAL THEORY; LENNARD-JONES LIQUIDS; THERMAL-CONDUCTIVITY; SHEAR VISCOSITY; VELOCITY CORRELATIONS; TRANSPORT-COEFFICIENTS; IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES; COMPUTER-SIMULATION; CANONICAL ENSEMBLE; FLUIDS AB The issue of system size effects in the reverse perturbation nonequilibrium molecular dynamics method for determining transport coefficients of fluids is examined for the case of the Lennard-Jones model. It is found that when adequate precautions are observed in obtaining linear temperature or momentum profiles, a 250 atom system is adequate for determining the thermal conductivity and the shear viscosity. Also, a means of determining the uncertainties in the transport coefficients is described. The conclusion is that this method is computationally competitive with other simulation methods for estimating transport coefficients. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mountain, RD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM raymond.mountain@nist.gov NR 40 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD MAR 14 PY 2006 VL 124 IS 10 AR 104109 DI 10.1063/1.2178340 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 021MX UT WOS:000235988400011 PM 16542070 ER PT J AU Wyart, JF Meftah, A Bachelier, A Sinzelle, J Tchang-Brillet, WUL Champion, N Spector, N Sugar, J AF Wyart, JF Meftah, A Bachelier, A Sinzelle, J Tchang-Brillet, WUL Champion, N Spector, N Sugar, J TI Energy levels of 4f(3) in the Nd3+ free ion from emission spectra SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID THIRD SPECTRUM; PRASEODYMIUM; CONFIGURATIONS; OPERATORS; ELECTRONS AB The emission spectrum of neodymium produced by vacuum spark sources was observed in the vacuum ultraviolet on two normal-incidence spectrographs. In an initial result, more than 550 lines have been identified as transitions from 85 4f(2) 5d levels to 37 levels of the 4f(3) ground configuration in the free ion Nd3+. The levels 4f(3 4)F(3/2) and I-4(11/2), responsible for the well-known 1064 nm laser line, have respective positions of 11698.57 +/- 0.1 cm(-1) and 1897.07 +/- 0.1 cm(-1) above the ground level I-4(9/2). The newly found levels of 4f(3) constitute the first isolated 4f(N) configuration (N > 2) and therefore enable checks of effective parameters that represent far configuration interaction. Slater parameters F-k(4f, 4f) derived from Nd3+:LaCl3 are 3% to 5% smaller than in the free ion. C1 CNRS, Lab Aime Cotton, F-91405 Orsay, France. CNRS, Observ Paris Meudon, LERMA, UMR 8112, F-92195 Meudon, France. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wyart, JF (reprint author), CNRS, Lab Aime Cotton, Batiment 505, F-91405 Orsay, France. NR 20 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-4075 J9 J PHYS B-AT MOL OPT JI J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys. PD MAR 14 PY 2006 VL 39 IS 5 BP L77 EP L82 DI 10.1088/0953-4075/39/5/LO1 PG 6 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 045PI UT WOS:000237753700001 ER PT J AU Petrovykh, DY Kimura-Suda, H Opdahl, A Richter, LJ Tarlov, MJ Whitman, LJ AF Petrovykh, DY Kimura-Suda, H Opdahl, A Richter, LJ Tarlov, MJ Whitman, LJ TI Alkanethiols on platinum: Multicomponent self-assembled monolayers SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID RAY PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; MEAN FREE PATHS; SCANNING-TUNNELING-MICROSCOPY; NORMAL-ALKYL CHAINS; HIGH-RESOLUTION XPS; H STRETCHING MODES; X-RAY; GOLD SURFACES; ELECTRON-IRRADIATION; BINDING-ENERGIES AB We have studied the formation of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of n-alkanethiols on platinum thin films using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS), spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), and contact angle (CA) measurements. Specifically, SAMs of 1-hexanethiol, 1-dodecanethiol, and 1-octadecanethiol were grown on polycrystalline Pt films, and the effects of Pt surface preparation, deposition conditions, and solvent treatments on the initial quality and stability of the monolayer in air were investigated. The SAMs prepared under ambient conditions on piranha-cleaned and UV/ozone-cleaned substrates were compared to monolayers formed on template-stripped Pt in an inert atmosphere. We found that alkanethiols deposited from 1 mM ethanolic solutions on piranha-cleaned Pt formed densely packed monolayers in which alkyl chains were oriented close to the surface normal. Stored in the laboratory ambient, these monolayers were unchanged over about 1 week but were largely oxidized in about 1 month. No evidence was found of molecules being weakly bound within the monolayer or having undergone C-S bond scission; however, three distinct sulfur states were observed for all samples in the XPS of the S 2p region. The lowest- and highest-binding-energy components are assigned to alkylthiolate and partially oxidized alkylthiolate species, respectively. The remaining S 2p component (approximately one-third of the sulfur layer), intermediate in binding energy between the other two components, is attributed to a chemisorbed species with a S binding configuration distinct from the majority alkylthiolate: for example, S bound to Pt bound to O, S with a different Pt coordination number, or S in an adsorbed disulfide. C1 USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Petrovykh, DY (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Code 6177, Washington, DC 20375 USA. EM dmitri.petrovykh@nrl.navy.mil RI Petrovykh, Dmitri/A-3432-2008; Whitman, Lloyd/G-9320-2011; Richter, Lee/N-7730-2016 OI Petrovykh, Dmitri/0000-0001-9089-4076; Whitman, Lloyd/0000-0002-3117-1174; Richter, Lee/0000-0002-9433-3724 NR 74 TC 74 Z9 75 U1 2 U2 29 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD MAR 14 PY 2006 VL 22 IS 6 BP 2578 EP 2587 DI 10.1021/la050928a PG 10 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 021TX UT WOS:000236009900031 PM 16519457 ER PT J AU Kim, TH Choi, SM Kline, SR AF Kim, TH Choi, SM Kline, SR TI Polymerized rodlike nanoparticles with controlled surface charge density SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID CATIONIC SURFACTANT; MICELLES; COUNTERION; MACROION; VESICLES; MODEL; SHAPE; SIZE AB Stable rodlike nanoparticles with highly controlled surface charge density have been developed by the free radical polymerization of the mixture of polymerizable cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium 4-vinylbenzoate (CTVB), and hydrotropic salt sodium 4-styrenesulfonate (NaSS) in aqueous solution. The surface charge of the polymerized CTVB/NaSS rodlike nanoparticles was controlled by varying the NaSS concentration during the polymerization process, and the charge variation was interpreted in terms of the overcharging effect in colloidal systems. The SANS measurements show that the diameter of the polymerized CTVB/NaSS rodlike nanoparticles is constant at 4 nm and the particle length ranges from 24 to 85 nm, depending on the NaSS concentration. The polymerized particles are longest when the NaSS concentration is 5 mol % which corresponds to the charge inversion or neutral point. The SANS and zeta potential measurements show that the Coulomb interactions between the particles are strongly dependent on the NaSS concentration and the zeta potential of the polymerized CTVB/NaSS nanoparticles changes from positive to negative (+ 12.8 similar to -44.2 mV) as the concentration of NaSS increases from 0 to 40 mol %. As the NaSS concentration is further increased, the zeta potential is saturated at approximately -50 mV. C1 Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Nucl & Quantum Engn, Taejon 305701, South Korea. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Choi, SM (reprint author), Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Nucl & Quantum Engn, 373-1 Guseongdong, Taejon 305701, South Korea. EM sungmin@kaist.ac.kr NR 45 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD MAR 14 PY 2006 VL 22 IS 6 BP 2844 EP 2850 DI 10.1021/la052949a PG 7 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 021TX UT WOS:000236009900067 PM 16519493 ER PT J AU West, JJ Fiore, AM Horowitz, LW Mauzerall, DL AF West, JJ Fiore, AM Horowitz, LW Mauzerall, DL TI Global health benefits of mitigating ozone pollution with methane emission controls SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE human health; mortality; tropospheric ozone; air quality ID TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; AIR-POLLUTION; CLIMATE-CHANGE; UNITED-STATES; DAILY MORTALITY; MEXICO-CITY; EXPOSURE; SERIES; METAANALYSIS; SCIENCE AB Methane (CH(4)) contributes to the growing global background concentration of tropospheric ozone (03), an air pollutant associated with premature mortality. Methane and ozone are also important greenhouse gases. Reducing methane emissions therefore decreases surface ozone everywhere while slowing climate warming, but although methane mitigation has been considered to address climate change, it has not for air quality. Here we show that global decreases in surface ozone concentrations, due to methane mitigation, result in substantial and widespread decreases in premature human mortality. Reducing global anthropogenic methane emissions by 20% beginning in 2010 would decrease the average daily maximum 8-h surface ozone by approximate to 1 part per billion by volume globally. By using epidemiologic ozone-mortality relationships, this ozone reduction is estimated to prevent approximate to 30,000 premature all-cause mortalities globally in 2030, and approximate to 370,000 between 2010 and 2030. If only cardiovascular and respiratory mortalities are considered, approximate to 17,000 global mortalities can be avoided in 2030. The marginal cost-effectiveness of this 20% methane reduction is estimated to be approximate to$420,000 per avoided mortality. If avoided mortalities are valued at $1 million each, the benefit is approximate to$240 per tonne of CH(4) (approximate to$12 per tonne of CO(2) equivalent), which exceeds the marginal cost of the methane reduction. These estimated air pollution ancillary benefits of climate-motivated methane emission reductions are comparable with those estimated previously for CO(2). Methane mitigation offers a unique opportunity to improve air quality globally and can be a cost-effective component of international ozone management, bringing multiple benefits for air quality, public health, agriculture, climate, and energy. C1 Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Princeton Univ, Woodrow Wilson Sch Publ & Int Affairs, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Mauzerall, DL (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, 409 Robertson Hall,Sayre Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM mauzeral@princeton.edu RI Mauzerall, Denise/I-5977-2013; Horowitz, Larry/D-8048-2014; West, Jason/J-2322-2015 OI Mauzerall, Denise/0000-0003-3479-1798; Horowitz, Larry/0000-0002-5886-3314; West, Jason/0000-0001-5652-4987 NR 52 TC 98 Z9 100 U1 3 U2 36 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD MAR 14 PY 2006 VL 103 IS 11 BP 3988 EP 3993 DI 10.1073/pnas.0600201103 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 027QE UT WOS:000236429300012 PM 16537473 ER PT J AU Chabinyc, ML Endicott, F Vogt, BD DeLongchamp, DM Lin, EK Wu, YL Liu, P Ong, BS AF Chabinyc, ML Endicott, F Vogt, BD DeLongchamp, DM Lin, EK Wu, YL Liu, P Ong, BS TI Effects of humidity on unencapsulated poly(thiophene) thin-film transistors SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS; MOISTURE AB The effects of humidity on unencapsulated polymeric thin-film transistors (TFTs) of poly[5,5'-bis(3-dodecyl-2-thienyl)-2,2'-bithiophene] (PQT-12) were investigated. The field effect mobility of PQT-12 TFTs decreases and the rate of trapping of charge carriers increases under increasing humidity. The amount of water absorbed by the PQT-12 films was measured using a quartz crystal microbalance. Thin films of PQT-12 absorb comparable amounts of water to the carrier concentration in TFTs under routine operating conditions (humidity of 30% relative humidity and gate voltage of -30 V); the changes in electrical characteristics under humid atmospheres are attributed to the interaction of absorbed water with the carriers in the film. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 PARC, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Xerox Res Ctr Canada Ltd, Mississauga, ON L5K 2L1, Canada. RP Chabinyc, ML (reprint author), PARC, 3333 Coyote Hill Rd, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. EM mchabinyc@parc.com RI Chabinyc, Michael/E-2387-2011 NR 16 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 EI 1077-3118 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD MAR 13 PY 2006 VL 88 IS 11 AR 113514 DI 10.1063/1.2181206 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 022NO UT WOS:000236062700103 ER PT J AU Lautenbacher, CC AF Lautenbacher, CC TI Tempest in a teapot SO NEW REPUBLIC LA English DT Letter C1 NOAA, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RP Lautenbacher, CC (reprint author), NOAA, Washington, DC 20233 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NEW REPUBLIC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1331 H STREET, NW STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0028-6583 J9 NEW REPUBLIC JI New Repub. PD MAR 13 PY 2006 VL 234 IS 9 BP 4 EP 4 PG 1 WC Political Science SC Government & Law GA 020GW UT WOS:000235897700001 ER PT J AU Meyer, CW Meier, DC Montgomery, CB Semancik, S AF Meyer, CW Meier, DC Montgomery, CB Semancik, S TI Temperature measurements of microhotplates using fluorescence thermometry SO SENSORS AND ACTUATORS A-PHYSICAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 18th IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) CY JAN 30-FEB 03, 2005 CL Miami Beach, FL SP IEEE, Robot & Automat Soc DE microhotplates; temperature measurement; fluoresence thermometry; MEMS; fluorescence microscope ID SPATIAL-RESOLUTION; THERMOGRAPHIC PHOSPHORS; INSTRUMENTATION; MICROSCOPY AB A fluorescence microscope has been constructed for measuring surface temperatures of microhotplate platforms. The microscope measures temperature-dependent fluorescence lifetimes of a film of the phosphor Mg4(F)GeO6:Mn which is deposited on the microhotplate. Tei-nperature/fluorescence-lifetime relations for this phosphor are determined by measuring the fluorescence lifetime of the phosphor-coated hot junction of a type S thermocouple while controlling and monitoring its temperature. These fluorescence-lifetime measurements have been used to determine the average temperature of microhotplates. Studies have been performed on the temperature stability of the microhotplates under steady heating and on the reproducibility of the temperatures achieved under thermal cycling. Fluorescence-intensity thermometry has been used to measure the thermal response time of microhotplates. This work demonstrates the potential of fluorescence thermometry for characterizing microhotplate performance. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurements Div, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20854 USA. RP Meyer, CW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurements Div, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Mailstop 8363, Gaithersburg, MD 20854 USA. EM cmeyer@nist.gov NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0924-4247 J9 SENSOR ACTUAT A-PHYS JI Sens. Actuator A-Phys. PD MAR 13 PY 2006 VL 127 IS 2 BP 235 EP 240 DI 10.1016/j.sna.2005.08.018 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 027XD UT WOS:000236448500006 ER PT J AU Ferrare, R Feingold, G Ghan, S Ogren, J Schmid, B Schwartz, SE Sheridan, P AF Ferrare, R Feingold, G Ghan, S Ogren, J Schmid, B Schwartz, SE Sheridan, P TI Preface to special section: Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program May 2003 Intensive Operations Period examining aerosol properties and radiative influences SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Editorial Material ID MEASURING LIGHT-ABSORPTION; WATER-VAPOR; SOLAR IRRADIANCE; CLOUD; INSTRUMENT; SURFACE; CALIBRATION; SATELLITE; TRANSPORT; CLOSURE AB [1] Atmospheric aerosols influence climate by scattering and absorbing radiation in clear air ( direct effects) and by serving as cloud condensation nuclei, modifying the microphysical properties of clouds, influencing radiation and precipitation development ( indirect effects). Much of present uncertainty in forcing of climate change is due to uncertainty in the relations between aerosol microphysical and optical properties and their radiative influences ( direct effects) and between microphysical properties and their ability to serve as cloud condensation nuclei at given supersaturations ( indirect effects). This paper introduces a special section that reports on a field campaign conducted at the Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement site in north central Oklahoma in May 2003, examining these relations using in situ airborne measurements and surface-, airborne-, and space-based remote sensing. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Bay Area Environm Res Inst, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 401A, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM richard.a.ferrare@nasa.gov RI Schwartz, Stephen/C-2729-2008; Feingold, Graham/B-6152-2009; Ogren, John/M-8255-2015; Ghan, Steven/H-4301-2011; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Schwartz, Stephen/0000-0001-6288-310X; Ogren, John/0000-0002-7895-9583; Ghan, Steven/0000-0001-8355-8699; NR 45 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 11 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D5 AR D05S01 DI 10.1029/2005JD006908 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 025MO UT WOS:000236270600007 ER PT J AU Rosenkranz, PW Barnet, CD AF Rosenkranz, PW Barnet, CD TI Microwave radiative transfer model validation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURES; ANTENNA PATTERN; AMSU-A; EMISSIVITY; SURFACE; GHZ; PROFILES; IMAGER AB [1] Within the geophysical retrieval algorithm for AIRS/AMSU/HSB, a forward radiative transfer model is used to calculate microwave brightness temperatures. Components of the microwave forward model include a surface emissivity model, the influence of surface scattering characteristics on reflected downwelling emission from the atmosphere, and an atmospheric transmittance model. Over the ocean, the surface model parameters are shown to be related to near-surface wind speed. Calculations using the atmospheric transmittance model with profiles from dedicated radiosondes launched underneath the Aqua satellite show good agreement with HSB measurements. C1 MIT, Elect Res Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Rosenkranz, PW (reprint author), MIT, Elect Res Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM pwr@mit.edu RI Barnet, Christopher/F-5573-2010 NR 25 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 11 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D9 AR D09S07 DI 10.1029/2005JD006008 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 025MR UT WOS:000236270900001 ER PT J AU Toenges-Schuller, N Stein, O Rohrer, F Wahner, A Richter, A Burrows, JP Beirle, S Wagner, T Platt, U Elvidge, CD AF Toenges-Schuller, N Stein, O Rohrer, F Wahner, A Richter, A Burrows, JP Beirle, S Wagner, T Platt, U Elvidge, CD TI Global distribution pattern of anthropogenic nitrogen oxide emissions: Correlation analysis of satellite measurements and model calculations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID TROPOSPHERIC NO2; GOME MEASUREMENTS; OZONE; COLUMNS; DIOXIDE; SPACE AB [1] Nitrogen oxides play a key role in tropospheric chemistry; to study the distribution patterns of the corresponding anthropogenic emissions ( fossil, industrial, waste), we use three independent data sources: GOME measurements of the tropospheric NO2 column density fields, the EDGAR 3 emission inventory as an estimation of the anthropogenic NOx emissions and nighttime images of worldwide human settlements seen by the DMSP OLS satellite instrument as a proxy for these emission patterns. The uncertainties are not known precisely for any of the fields. Using the MOZART-2 CTM, tropospheric column density fields are calculated from the emission estimates, and transformations are developed to turn the GOME columns into anthropogenic emission fields. Assuming the errors of the three data sources ( GOME, EDGAR, lights) to be independent, we are able to determine ranges for the pattern errors of the column density fields and values for the pattern errors of the source fields by a correlation analysis that connects relative error (co) variances and correlation coefficients. That method was developed for this investigation but can generally be used to calculate relative error variances of data sets, if the errors of at least three of them can be assumed to be independent. We estimate the pattern error of the EDGAR 3 anthropogenic NOx emission field as ( 27 +/- 5)%, which can be reduced by combining all fields to ( 15 +/- 3)%. By determining outliers, we identify locations with high uncertainty that need further examination. C1 Forschungszentrum Julich, ICG II, D-52425 Julich, Germany. Univ Bremen, IUP, D-28344 Bremen, Germany. Univ Heidelberg, IUP, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Toenges-Schuller, N (reprint author), Forschungszentrum Julich, ICG II, Postfach 1913, D-52425 Julich, Germany. EM n.toenges@fz-juelich.de; f.rohrer@fz-juelich.de RI Elvidge, Christopher/C-3012-2009; Richter, Andreas/C-4971-2008; Rohrer, Franz/I-2052-2012; Stein, Olaf/J-3483-2012; Wahner, Andreas/J-4129-2012; Burrows, John/B-6199-2014 OI Richter, Andreas/0000-0003-3339-212X; Rohrer, Franz/0000-0003-3436-3419; Stein, Olaf/0000-0002-6684-7103; Wahner, Andreas/0000-0001-8948-1928; Burrows, John/0000-0002-6821-5580 NR 24 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 11 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D5 AR D05312 DI 10.1029/2005JD006068 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 025MO UT WOS:000236270600001 ER PT J AU Kaplan, SG Burnett, JH AF Kaplan, SG Burnett, JH TI Optical properties of fluids for 248 and 193 nm immersion photolithography SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID REFRACTIVE-INDEX; LITHOGRAPHY AB We present measured values of the refractive index, thermo-optic coefficient, and absorption coefficient of a number of common organic solvents and aqueous inorganic solutions that may have application in immersion photolithography at 248 or 193 nm wavelengths. The measurements were performed with a laser-based Hilger-Chance refractometer system whose design and operation are described. The optical properties of the sample fluids are compared with those of water, the currently favored immersion medium, and we discuss the potential for finding higher-index fluids that will be suitable for this application. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kaplan, SG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM simon.kaplan@nist.gov NR 14 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 5 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD MAR 10 PY 2006 VL 45 IS 8 BP 1721 EP 1724 DI 10.1364/AO.45.001721 PG 4 WC Optics SC Optics GA 025EW UT WOS:000236249100007 PM 16572686 ER PT J AU Shearer, K Parkins, P Gadberry, B Beckman, B Swanson, P AF Shearer, K Parkins, P Gadberry, B Beckman, B Swanson, P TI Effects of growth rate/body size and a low lipid diet on the incidence of early sexual maturation in juvenile male spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE Chinook salmon; Oncorhynchus tshawytscha; precocious male sexual maturation; growth; reproduction; puberty ID SALAR MALE PARR; ATLANTIC SALMON; RAINBOW-TROUT; MATURITY; TEMPERATURE; HATCHERY; ENERGY; RIVER AB Two experiments were conducted sequentially to examine the roles of growth rate (size) and body fat on the incidence of early sexual maturation in male spring Chinook salmon (Onchorynchus tshawytcha). In both experiments two replicate groups of fish for each treatment were reared on experimental diets for 17 months after first feeding (February). Fish were sampled approximately monthly to monitor growth and determine whole body lipid level, gender and the state of sexual maturation. In the first experiment fish were pair-fed either a low (7%) lipid diet at one of six ration levels (satiation, or 88%, 76%, 64%, 52%, 40% of satiation) or a commercial feed (22% lipid) at the 64% level. The incidence of 1+ age male maturation in July ranged from 66.2% to 92.8% in fish with mean body weights ranging from 51 to 110 g during the previous December, which is within the period of initiation of maturation. Maturation rates in fish fed the low lipid experimental feed and the higher lipid commercial feed at the same ration level (64%) were similar suggesting that dietary (body) lipid level had no effect on maturation in relatively fast growing juvenile Chinook salmon. In the second experiment, fish were fed a commercial feed (22% lipid) using a regimen designed to produce fish of 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 110 g in December. The incidence of 1+ age male maturation the following July ranged from 12% to 51.0% for fish that had mean body weights ranging from 10 to 108 g in December. The relationship between December fish weight and maturation in both experiments was modeled with a quadratic equation. A mean threshold body size for initiation of maturation of 7.9 g was obtained for this stock of Chinook salmon by meta-analysis using data from both experiments and from a previous experiment conducted at the same facility under similar rearing conditions. The results of this study support previous conclusions that growth rate or size is the major factor influencing onset of puberty in males. Development of rearing strategies that produce healthy small nonmaturing 1+ age male Chinook salmon will require a better understanding of the relative contributions and interactions of multiple factors on the bioenergetics of this species. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Integrat Fish Biol Program, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Washington State Univ, Ctr Reprod Biol, Pullman, WA 98164 USA. RP Shearer, K (reprint author), NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Integrat Fish Biol Program, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. EM karl.d.shearer@noaa.gov NR 37 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 23 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD MAR 10 PY 2006 VL 252 IS 2-4 BP 545 EP 556 DI 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.06.027 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 018SD UT WOS:000235784200044 ER PT J AU Koehler, KA Kreidenweis, SM DeMott, PJ Prenni, AJ Carrico, CM Ervens, B Feingold, G AF Koehler, KA Kreidenweis, SM DeMott, PJ Prenni, AJ Carrico, CM Ervens, B Feingold, G TI Water activity and activation diameters from hygroscopicity data - Part II: Application to organic species SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEI; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; DICARBOXYLIC-ACIDS; ATMOSPHERIC PARTICLES; UNIFAC PREDICTIONS/; SODIUM-CHLORIDE; SURFACE-TENSION; SUGAR SOLUTIONS; CCN ACTIVATION; AEROSOLS AB A method has been developed for using particle hygroscopicity measurements made with a humidified tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA) to determine water activity as a function of solute weight percent. In Part I, the method was tested for particles composed of sodium chloride and ammonium sulfate. Here, we report results for several atmospherically-relevant organic species: glutaric acid, malonic acid, oxalic acid and levoglucosan. Predicted water activities for aqueous dicarboxylic acid solutions are quite similar in some cases to published estimates and the simplified predictions of Kohler theory, while in other cases substantial differences are found, which we attribute primarily to the semivolatile nature of these compounds that makes them difficult to study with the HTDMA. In contrast, estimates of water activity for levoglucosan solutions compare very well with recently-reported measurements and with published data for aqueous glucose and fructose solutions. For all studied species, the critical dry diameters active at supersaturations between 0.2 and 1% that are computed with the HTDMA-derived water activities are generally within the experimental error (similar to 20%) estimated in previously-published direct measurements using cloud condensation nuclei counters. For individual compounds, the variations in reported solution water activity lead to uncertainties in critical dry diameters of 5-25%, not significantly larger than the uncertainty in the direct measurements. To explore the impact of these uncertainties on modeled aerosol-cloud interactions, we incorporate the variations in estimates of solution water activities into the description of hygroscopic growth of aerosol particles in an adiabatic parcel model and examine the impact on the predicted drop number concentrations. For the limited set of initial conditions examined here, we find that the uncertainties in critical dry diameters for individual species lead to 0-21% changes in drop number concentration, with the largest effects at high aerosol number concentrations and slow updraft velocities. Ammonium sulfate, malonic acid and glutaric acid have similar activation behavior, while glutaric acid and levoglucosan are somewhat less hygroscopic and lead to lower drop number concentrations; sodium chloride is the most easily activated compound. We explain these behaviors in terms of a parameter that represents compound hygroscopicity, and conclude that this parameter must vary by more than a factor of 2 to induce more than a 15% change in activated drop number concentrations. In agreement with earlier studies, our results suggest that the number concentration of activated drops is more sensitive to changes in the input aerosol size and number concentrations and the applied updraft velocity than to modest changes in the aerosol composition and hygroscopic properties. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM kkoehler@lamar.colostate.edu RI Prenni, Anthony/A-6820-2011; DeMott, Paul/C-4389-2011; Ervens, Barbara/D-5495-2013; Feingold, Graham/B-6152-2009; Kreidenweis, Sonia/E-5993-2011 OI DeMott, Paul/0000-0002-3719-1889; Ervens, Barbara/0000-0002-6223-1635; Kreidenweis, Sonia/0000-0002-2561-2914 NR 46 TC 57 Z9 59 U1 4 U2 46 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PD MAR 10 PY 2006 VL 6 BP 795 EP 809 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 020IN UT WOS:000235902300002 ER PT J AU Gusmao, L Butler, JM Carracedo, A Gill, P Kayser, M Mayr, WR Morling, N Prinz, M Roewer, L Tyler-Smith, C Schneider, PM AF Gusmao, L Butler, JM Carracedo, A Gill, P Kayser, M Mayr, WR Morling, N Prinz, M Roewer, L Tyler-Smith, C Schneider, PM TI DNA Commission of the International Society of Forensic Genetics (ISFG): An update of the recommendations on the use of Y-STRs in forensic analysis SO FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE Y chromosome; short tandem reapeat; DNA commission; ISFG; mutation ID TANDEM REPEAT; HAPLOTYPE ANALYSIS; MICROSATELLITE MARKERS; REFERENCE DATABASE; MUTATION-RATE; CHROMOSOME; POPULATION; LOCI; AMPLIFICATION; NOMENCLATURE AB The DNA Commission of the International Society of Forensic Genetics (ISFG) regularly publishes guidelines and recommendations concerning the application of DNA polymorphisms to the problems of human identification. A previous recommendation published in 2001 has already addressed Y-chromosome polymorphisms, with particular emphasis on short tandem repeats (STRs). Since then, the use of Y-STRs has become very popular, and a numerous new loci have been introduced. The current recommendations address important aspects to clarify problems regarding the nomenclature, the definition of loci and alleles, population genetics and reporting methods. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Cologne, Inst Legal Med, D-50823 Cologne, Germany. IPATIMUP, Oporto, Portugal. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Santiago, Fac Med, Inst Legal Med, Santiago De Compostela, Spain. Forens Sci Serv Inc, Birmingham, W Midlands, England. Erasmus Univ, Dept Forens Mol Biol, Rotterdam, Netherlands. Univ Vienna, Dept Blood Grp Serol & Transfus Med, A-1010 Vienna, Austria. Univ Copenhagen, Inst Forens Med, Dept Forens Genet, DK-1168 Copenhagen, Denmark. Off Chief Med Examiner, Dept Forens Biol, New York, NY USA. Humboldt Univ, Inst Legal Med, Berlin, Germany. Univ Oxford, Dept Biochem, Oxford OX1 3QU, England. RP Schneider, PM (reprint author), Univ Cologne, Inst Legal Med, Melatenguertel 60-62, D-50823 Cologne, Germany. EM peter.schneider@uk-koeln.de RI Gill, Peter/C-3056-2009; Schneider, Peter/A-6661-2011; Butler, John/C-7812-2011; Gusmao, Leonor/B-3122-2013 OI Gusmao, Leonor/0000-0003-0432-6481 NR 51 TC 221 Z9 235 U1 1 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA ELSEVIER HOUSE, BROOKVALE PLAZA, EAST PARK SHANNON, CO, CLARE, 00000, IRELAND SN 0379-0738 J9 FORENSIC SCI INT JI Forensic Sci.Int. PD MAR 10 PY 2006 VL 157 IS 2-3 BP 187 EP 197 DI 10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.04.002 PG 11 WC Medicine, Legal SC Legal Medicine GA 021UZ UT WOS:000236012700016 PM 15913936 ER PT J AU Grebmeier, JM Overland, JE Moore, SE Farley, EV Carmack, EC Cooper, LW Frey, KE Helle, JH McLaughlin, FA McNutt, SL AF Grebmeier, JM Overland, JE Moore, SE Farley, EV Carmack, EC Cooper, LW Frey, KE Helle, JH McLaughlin, FA McNutt, SL TI A major ecosystem shift in the northern Bering Sea SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID LATE WINTER; ICE COVER; PACK ICE; SHELF; WATER; POLYNYA; BENTHOS; SUMMER; ALASKA C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Marine Biogeochem & Ecol Grp, Knoxville, TN 37932 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NOAA, Auke Bay Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Inst Ocean Sci, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Geog, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Grebmeier, JM (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Marine Biogeochem & Ecol Grp, 10515 Res Dr,Bldg A,Suite 100, Knoxville, TN 37932 USA. EM jgrebmei@utk.edu RI Cooper, Lee/E-5251-2012; Grebmeier, Jacqueline/L-9805-2013 OI Cooper, Lee/0000-0001-7734-8388; Grebmeier, Jacqueline/0000-0001-7624-3568 NR 29 TC 428 Z9 444 U1 22 U2 161 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAR 10 PY 2006 VL 311 IS 5766 BP 1461 EP 1464 DI 10.1126/science.1121365 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 022BJ UT WOS:000236029400049 PM 16527980 ER PT J AU Gasparini, R Collins, DR Andrews, E Sheridan, PJ Ogren, JA Hudson, JG AF Gasparini, R Collins, DR Andrews, E Sheridan, PJ Ogren, JA Hudson, JG TI Coupling aerosol size distributions and size-resolved hygroscopicity to predict humidity-dependent optical properties and cloud condensation nuclei spectra SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID PARTICLE SIZE; CCN; DELIQUESCENCE; CRYSTALLIZATION; NEPHELOMETER; SPECTROMETER; VERIFICATION; SENSITIVITY; DROPLETS; CLOSURE AB [1] Aerosol size distributions and size-resolved hygroscopicity were measured with a Differential Mobility Analyzer/Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer (DMA/TDMA) system during the May 2003 Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program ( ARM) Aerosol Intensive Operational Period (IOP) at a rural site in northern Oklahoma. Size and hygroscopicity information were combined in order to model the aerosol as a population of multicomponent particles, each consisting of organic carbon, elemental carbon, mineral dust, ammonium sulfate, and water, or some subset of these components. Comparisons of both derived optical properties and derived cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) spectra with direct measurements are used to provide independent validation of this multicomponent aerosol model. The aerosol hygroscopic growth factor, f(RH), relating total submicron scattering at high relative humidity to that at low relative humidity, is predicted with this aerosol model. The f( RH) values computed using measurements made with the Aerosol Observing System are closer to those predicted when the hygroscopic fraction of the aerosol is assumed to be in the metastable state than to those values predicted assuming the aerosol is crystalline. Overpredictions of f( RH) are generally limited to the measured f( RH) plus 0.15 over the RH range from 40 to 80% RH. Underpredictions are enhanced at RH greater than similar to 65%, suggesting underestimation of the increase in scattering enhancement with increasing RH. The multicomponent aerosol model is also used to predict the cumulative and differential critical supersaturation distributions of the aerosol population. The resulting derived CCN spectra are compared to spectra measured directly with two Desert Research Institute (DRI) CCN spectrometers. Among the 1490 pairs of DMA/TDMA-predicted and DRI-measured CCN concentrations at various critical supersaturations from 0.02 - 1.05%, the sample number-weighted mean R-2 value for the linear regressions is 0.74. CCN concentrations are slightly overpredicted at both the lowest ( 0.02 - 0.04%) and highest ( 0.80 - 1.05%) supersaturations measured. Overall, the multicomponent aerosol model based on the measurements of size distributions and size-resolved hygroscopicity yields reasonable predictions of the humidity-dependent optical properties and of the CCN spectra of the aerosol. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Aerosols Grp, Global Monitoring Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Div Atmospher Sci, Reno, NV 89512 USA. RP Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM dcollins@tamu.edu RI Collins, Don/F-9617-2012 NR 41 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 18 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 9 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D5 AR D05S13 DI 10.1029/2005JD006092 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 025MM UT WOS:000236270400002 ER PT J AU Hallar, AG Strawa, AW Schmid, B Andrews, E Ogren, J Sheridan, P Ferrare, R Covert, D Elleman, R Jonsson, H Bokarius, K Luu, A AF Hallar, AG Strawa, AW Schmid, B Andrews, E Ogren, J Sheridan, P Ferrare, R Covert, D Elleman, R Jonsson, H Bokarius, K Luu, A TI Atmospheric Radiation Measurements Aerosol Intensive Operating Period: Comparison of aerosol scattering during coordinated flights SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; CAVITY RING; ACE-ASIA; IN-SITU; INTEGRATING NEPHELOMETER; SAMPLING CHARACTERISTICS; PARTICLE-SIZE; AIRCRAFT; INLET; CLOUD AB [1] In May 2003, a Twin Otter airplane, equipped with instruments for making in situ measurements of aerosol optical properties, was deployed during the Atmospheric Radiation Measurements ( ARM) Program's Aerosol Intensive Operational Period in Oklahoma. Several of the Twin Otter flights were flown in formation with an instrumented light aircraft (Cessna 172XP) that makes routine in situ aerosol profile flights over the site. This paper presents comparisons of measured scattering coefficients at 467 nm, 530 nm, and 675 nm between identical commercial nephelometers aboard each aircraft. Overall, the agreement between the two nephelometers decreases with longer wavelength. During the majority of the flights, the Twin Otter flew with a diffuser inlet while the Cessna had a 1 mm impactor, allowing for an estimation of the fine mode fraction aloft. The fine mode fraction aloft was then compared to the results of a ground-based nephelometer. Comparisons are also provided in which both nephelometers operated with identical 1 mm impactors. These scattering coefficient comparisons are favorable at the longer wavelengths (i.e., 530 nm and 675 nm), yet differed by approximately 30% at 467 nm. Mie scattering calculations were performed using size distribution measurements, made during the level flight legs. Results are also presented from Cadenza, a new continuous wave cavity ring-down (CW-CRD) instrument, which compared favorably (i.e., agreed within 2%) with data from other instruments aboard the Twin Otter. With this paper, we highlight the significant implications of coarse mode ( larger than 1 mm) aerosol aloft with respect to aerosol optical properties. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. CNR, Associateship Program, Washington, DC 20418 USA. Bay Area Environm Res Inst, Sonoma, CA 95476 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Ctr Interdisciplinary Remotely Piloted Aircraft S, Marina Del Rey, CA 93933 USA. RP Hallar, AG (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM ahallar@mail.arc.nasa.gov RI Hallar, Anna Gannet/I-9104-2012; Ogren, John/M-8255-2015 OI Hallar, Anna Gannet/0000-0001-9972-0056; Ogren, John/0000-0002-7895-9583 NR 50 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 9 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D5 AR D05S09 DI 10.1029/2005JD006250 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 025MM UT WOS:000236270400003 ER PT J AU Dong, F Davis, S Nesbitt, DJ AF Dong, F Davis, S Nesbitt, DJ TI Slit discharge IR spectroscopy of a jet-cooled cyclopropyl radical: Structure and intramolecular tunneling dynamics SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID RESOLUTION INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY; ELECTRON-SPIN RESONANCE; ABSOLUTE RATE CONSTANTS; CYCLIC ALKYL RADICALS; ABSORPTION-SPECTROSCOPY; ABSTRACTION REACTIONS; HYPERFINE PARAMETERS; LASER SPECTROSCOPY; CH STRETCH; SPECTRUM AB High-resolution infrared spectra of a jet-cooled cyclopropyl radical are reported for the first time, specifically sampling the in-phase antisymmetric CH2 stretch (nu(7)) vibration. In addition to yielding the first precise gas-phase structural information, the spectra reveal quantum level doubling into lower (+) and upper (-) states due to tunneling of the lone alpha-CH with respect to the CCC plane. The bands clearly reveal intensity alternation due to H atom nuclear spin statistics (6: 10 and 10:6 for even:odd K-a+K-c in lower (+) and upper (-) tunneling levels, respectively) consistent with C-2 nu symmetry of the cyclopropyl-tunneling transition state. The two ground-state-tunneling levels fit extremely well to a rigid asymmetric rotor Hamiltonian, but there is clear evidence for both local and global state mixing in the vibrationally excited nu(7) tunneling levels. In particular, the upper (-) tunneling component of the nu(7) state is split by anharmonic coupling with a nearly isoenergetic dark state, which thereby acquires oscillator strength via intensity sharing with this bright state. From thermal Boltzmann analysis of fractional populations, tunneling splittings for a cyclopropyl radical are estimated to be 3.2 +/- 0.3 cm(-1) and 4.9 +/- 0.3 cm(-1) in the ground and nu(7)-excited states, respectively. This analysis indicates ground-state stereoracemization of the alpha-CH radical center to be a very fast process [k approximate to 2.0(4) x 10(11) s(-1)], with the increase in the tunneling rate upon CH2 in-phase asymmetric stretch excitation consistent with ab initio predictions of equilibrium vs transition-state zero-point energies. Modeling of the ground-state-tunneling splittings with high level ab initio 1D potentials indicates an improved V-0 = 1115 +/- 35 cm(-1) barrier height for alpha-CH inversion through the cyclopropyl CCC plane. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Nesbitt, DJ (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM djn@jila.colorado.edu NR 73 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD MAR 9 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 9 BP 3059 EP 3070 DI 10.1021/jp053994u PG 12 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 020WN UT WOS:000235944000025 PM 16509627 ER PT J AU Stone, MB Zaliznyak, IA Hong, T Broholm, CL Reich, DH AF Stone, MB Zaliznyak, IA Hong, T Broholm, CL Reich, DH TI Quasiparticle breakdown in a quantum spin liquid SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID SUPERFLUID-HELIUM; EXCITATIONS; ROTON; SPECTRUM; CHAIN AB Much of modern condensed matter physics is understood in terms of elementary excitations, or quasiparticles-fundamental quanta of energy and momentum(1,2). Various strongly interacting atomic systems are successfully treated as a collection of quasiparticles with weak or no interactions. However, there are interesting limitations to this description: in some systems the very existence of quasiparticles cannot be taken for granted. Like unstable elementary particles, quasiparticles cannot survive beyond a threshold where certain decay channels become allowed by conservation laws; their spectrum terminates at this threshold. Such quasiparticle breakdown was first predicted for an exotic state of matter-super-fluid He-4 at temperatures close to absolute zero, a quantum Bose liquid where zero-point atomic motion precludes crystallization(1-4). Here we show, using neutron scattering, that quasiparticle breakdown can also occur in a quantum magnet and, by implication, in other systems with Bose quasiparticles. We have measured spin excitations in a two-dimensional quantum magnet, piperazinium hexachlorodicuprate (PHCC)(5), in which spin-1/2 copper ions form a non-magnetic quantum spin liquid, and find remarkable similarities with excitations in superfluid He-4. We observe a threshold momentum beyond which the quasiparticle peak merges with the two-quasiparticle continuum. It then acquires a finite energy width and becomes indistinguishable from a leading-edge singularity, so that excited states are no longer quasiparticles but occupy a wide band of energy. Our findings have important ramifications for understanding excitations with gapped spectra in many condensed matter systems, ranging from band insulators to high-transition-temperature superconductors(6). C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Mat Sci, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zaliznyak, IA (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Mat Sci, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM zaliznyak@bnl.gov RI Hong, Tao/F-8166-2010; Broholm, Collin/E-8228-2011; Stone, Matthew/G-3275-2011; Zaliznyak, Igor/E-8532-2014 OI Hong, Tao/0000-0002-0161-8588; Broholm, Collin/0000-0002-1569-9892; Stone, Matthew/0000-0001-7884-9715; Zaliznyak, Igor/0000-0002-9886-3255 NR 27 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 20 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD MAR 9 PY 2006 VL 440 IS 7081 BP 187 EP 190 DI 10.1038/nature04593 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 019MC UT WOS:000235839500040 PM 16525467 ER PT J AU Atha, DH Niaura, G Reipa, V AF Atha, DH Niaura, G Reipa, V TI Structural analysis of the telomerase RNA pseudoknot domain by Raman spectroscopy SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Experimental Biology 2006 Meeting CY APR 01-05, 2006 CL San Francisco, CA SP Amer Assoc Anatomists, Amer Physiol Soc, Amer Soc Biochem & Mol Biol, Amer Soc Investigat Pathol, Amer Soc Nutr, Amer Soc Pharmacol & Expt Therapeut C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Inst Chem, Dept Organ Chem, LT-2021 Vilnius, Lithuania. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 7 PY 2006 VL 20 IS 5 BP A932 EP A932 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 026GA UT WOS:000236326201025 ER PT J AU Deckman, KH Kishore, R Albanetti, T Peery, S Knipe, A Sheets, A Boire, N Reiner, JE Helmerson, K Levin, BC AF Deckman, KH Kishore, R Albanetti, T Peery, S Knipe, A Sheets, A Boire, N Reiner, JE Helmerson, K Levin, BC TI Development of an optical tweezers methodology to separate single cells and single mitochondria to determine the location of heteroplasmy in mitochondrial DNA SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Experimental Biology 2006 Meeting CY APR 01-05, 2006 CL San Francisco, CA SP Amer Assoc Anatomists, Amer Physiol Soc, Amer Soc Biochem & Mol Biol, Amer Soc Investigat Pathol, Amer Soc Nutr, Amer Soc Pharmacol & Expt Therapeut C1 Gettysburg Coll, Dept Chem, Gettysburg, PA 17325 USA. NIST, Dept Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Helmerson, Kristian/E-3683-2013 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 7 PY 2006 VL 20 IS 5 BP A921 EP A921 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 026GA UT WOS:000236326200485 ER PT J AU Voigt, C Schlager, H Ziereis, H Karcher, B Luo, BP Schiller, C Kramer, M Popp, PJ Irie, H Kondo, Y AF Voigt, C Schlager, H Ziereis, H Karcher, B Luo, BP Schiller, C Kramer, M Popp, PJ Irie, H Kondo, Y TI Nitric acid in cirrus clouds SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID REACTIVE NITROGEN; ICE PARTICLES; HNO3; WATER; SUPERSATURATION; TEMPERATURES; TROPOSPHERE; CHEMISTRY; SURFACES; MODEL AB [1] Uptake of nitric acid (HNO3) in Arctic cirrus ice crystals was observed on 11 February 2003 by in-situ instruments onboard the M55 Geophysica aircraft. The cirrus cloud with a mean ice water content of 5.4 mg m(-3) covered northern Scandinavia for several hours and extended up to the thermal tropopause at 12.3 km. Within the cirrus region, on average 9% of the total HNO3 measured as reactive nitrogen (NOy) is present in ice particles, increasing to 19% at temperatures below 205 K. In contrast to previous studies, we discuss the HNO3 uptake in ice in terms of HNO3/H2O molar ratios in ice crystals. The HNO3 content of the ice increases with increasing gas phase HNO3 concentrations and decreasing temperatures. Enhanced uptake of HNO3 in ice and heterogeneous chemistry on cold cirrus clouds may disturb the upper tropospheric ozone budget. C1 Deutsch Zentrum Luft & Raumfahrt, Inst Phys Atmosphare, D-82234 Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. ETH, Inst Atmosphere & Climate, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Stratospher Res, D-52425 Julich, Germany. NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Japan Agcy Marine Earth Sci & Technol, Frontier Res Syst Global Change, Kanazawa Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2360001, Japan. Univ Tokyo, Adv Sci & Technol Res Ctr, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1538904, Japan. RP Voigt, C (reprint author), Deutsch Zentrum Luft & Raumfahrt, Inst Phys Atmosphare, D-82234 Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. EM christiane.voigt@dlr.de RI Voigt, Christiane/G-3279-2010; Kondo, Yutaka/D-1459-2012; Kramer, Martina/A-7482-2013; Karcher, Bernd/D-5325-2014; Schiller, Cornelius/B-1004-2013; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Karcher, Bernd/0000-0003-0278-4980; NR 20 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 7 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 5 AR L05803 DI 10.1029/2005GL025159 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 025LZ UT WOS:000236269100004 ER PT J AU Sims, JS Hagstrom, SA AF Sims, JS Hagstrom, SA TI High precision variational calculations for the Born-Oppenheimer energies of the ground state of the hydrogen molecule SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CONFIGURATION-INTERACTION CALCULATIONS; GAUSSIAN FUNCTIONS; WAVE-FUNCTIONS; DISSOCIATION-ENERGY; CHEMICAL-SYSTEMS; H-2; CHEMISTRY; HELIUM; ATOMS AB Born-Oppenheimer approximation Hylleraas variational calculations with up to 7034 expansion terms are reported for the (1)Sigma(+)(g) ground state of neutral hydrogen at various internuclear distances. The nonrelativistic energy is calculated to be -1.174475714220(1) hartree at R = 1.4 bohr, which is four orders of magnitude better than the best previous Hylleraas calculation, that of Wolniewicz [J. Chem. Phys. 103, 1792 (1995)]. This result agrees well with the best previous variational energy, -1.174475714216 hartree, of Cencek (personal communication), obtained using explicitly correlated Gaussians (ECGs) [Cencek and Rychlewski, J. Chem. Phys. 98, 1252 (1993); Cencek et al., ibid. 95, 2572 (1995); Rychlewski, Adv. Quantum Chem. 31, 173 (1998)]. The uncertainty in our result is also discussed. The nonrelativistic energy is calculated to be -1.174475931399(1) hartree at the equilibrium R = 1.4011 bohr distance. This result also agrees well with the best previous variational energy, -1.174475931389 hartree, of Cencek and Rychlewski [Rychlewski, Handbook of Molecular Physics and Quantum Chemistry, edited by S. Wilson (Wiley, New York, 2003), Vol. 2, pp. 199-218; Rychlewski, Explicitly Correlated Wave Functions in Chemistry and Physics Theory and Applications, edited by J. Rychlewski (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 2003), pp. 91-147.], obtained using ECGs. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Indiana Univ, Dept Chem, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. RP Sims, JS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jim.sims@nist.gov NR 43 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD MAR 7 PY 2006 VL 124 IS 9 AR 094101 DI 10.1063/1.2173250 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 019IH UT WOS:000235828300003 PM 16526839 ER PT J AU Hyland, J Cooksey, C Balthis, WL Fulton, M Bearden, D McFall, G Kendall, M AF Hyland, J Cooksey, C Balthis, WL Fulton, M Bearden, D McFall, G Kendall, M TI The soft-bottom macrobenthos of Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary and nearby shelf waters off the coast of Georgia, USA SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Benthic Ecology Meeting held in Honor of Richard M Warwick CY APR 06-10, 2005 CL Williamsburg, VA DE benthic communities; environmental quality; Georgia continental shelf; Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary; infaunal-benthoscape relationships; South Atlantic Bight ID SEDIMENT QUALITY GUIDELINES; SOUTH-ATLANTIC BIGHT; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; UNITED-STATES; ESTUARINE SEDIMENTS; BENTHIC COMMUNITIES; HABITAT; CAROLINA; SLOPE; ASSEMBLAGES AB As part of an ongoing ecological assessment of the Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary (GRNMS), a 58-km(2) marine protected area 32 km off the coast of Georgia, USA, surveys of benthic macroinfaunal communities, contaminant levels in sediments and biota, and general habitat conditions were conducted during 2000-2002 at 20 stations within the sanctuary and along three cross-shelf transects in nearby shelf waters. Macroinfaunal community structure and composition exhibited distinct cross-shelf patterns associated with sediment granulometry, depth and possibly other factors related to shoreline proximity (e.g., erosional effects, recruitment of estuarine species). Finer-scale spatial patterns of benthic fauna among stations within the sanctuary appear to be related to proximity to live-bottom habitat and other features of seafloor structure (e.g., rippled vs. flat sand). Population densities of dominant fauna within the sanctuary also varied considerably among years, resulting in shifts in the ranking of dominants at most stations. Chemical contaminants generally were at low background concentrations below probable bioeffect levels and thus are not a likely cause of the observed spatial patterns of benthic fauna. However, trace concentrations of pesticides, PCBs, and PAHs were detectable in sediments and biota throughout the Study area, demonstrating that chemicals originating from human activities are capable of reaching the offshore sanctuary environment, possibly from atmospheric deposition or cross-shelf transport of materials outwelled through coastal sounds. Highly diverse infaunal assemblages also were observed within the sanctuary and nearby sites of similar depth, suggesting that the sanctuary is an important reservoir of marine biodiversity. Results of this study should be useful in addressing long-term science and management needs of the GRNMS and in furthering our understanding of broader ecological patterns and dynamics of the surrounding South Atlantic Bight (SAB) ecosystem. C1 NOAA, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. NOAA, Grays Reef Natl Marine Sanctuary Off, Savannah, GA 31411 USA. NOAA, Ctr Coastal Monitoring & Assessment, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Hyland, J (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, 219 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM jeff.hyland@noaa.gov NR 63 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD MAR 7 PY 2006 VL 330 IS 1 BP 307 EP 326 DI 10.1016/j.jembe.2005.12.036 PG 20 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 022MC UT WOS:000236058900026 ER PT J AU Tenore, KR Zajac, RN Terwin, J Andrade, F Blanton, J Boynton, W Carey, D Diaz, R Holland, AF Lopez-Jamar, E Montagna, P Nichols, F Rosenberg, R Queiroga, H Sprung, M Whitlatch, RB AF Tenore, KR Zajac, RN Terwin, J Andrade, F Blanton, J Boynton, W Carey, D Diaz, R Holland, AF Lopez-Jamar, E Montagna, P Nichols, F Rosenberg, R Queiroga, H Sprung, M Whitlatch, RB TI Characterizing the role benthos plays in large coastal seas and estuaries: A modular approach SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Benthic Ecology Meeting held in Honor of Richard M Warwick CY APR 06-10, 2005 CL Williamsburg, VA DE benthic; coastal; estuary; functional groups; geomorphology; macrofauna; modules ID CLASSIFICATION SCHEME; PATTERNS; BIODIVERSITY; HABITATS; GEOMORPHOLOGY; CONSERVATION; MANAGEMENT; ATLANTIC; OCEAN; FISH AB Ecologists studying coastal and estuarine benthic communities have long taken a macroecological view, by relating benthic community patterns to environmental factors across several spatial scales. Although many general ecological patterns have been established, often a significant amount of the spatial and temporal variation in soft-sediment communities within and among systems remains unexplained. Here we propose a framework that may aid in unraveling the complex influence of environmental factors associated with the different components of coastal systems (i.e. the terrestrial and benthic landscapes, and the hydrological seascape) on benthic communities, and use this information to assess the role played by benthos in coastal ecosystems. A primary component of the approach is the recognition of system modules (e.g. marshes, dendritic systems, tidal rivers, enclosed basins, open bays, lagoons). The modules may differentially interact with key forcing functions (e.g. temperature, salinity, currents) that influence system processes and in turn benthic responses and functions. Modules may also constrain benthic characteristics and related processes within certain ecological boundaries and help explain their overall spatio-temporal variation. We present an example of how benthic community characteristics are related to the modular structure of 14 coastal seas and estuaries, and show that benthic functional group composition is significantly related to the modular structure of these systems. We also propose a framework for exploring the role of benthic communities in coastal systems using this modular approach and offer predictions of how benthic communities may vary depending on the modular composition and characteristics of a coastal system. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ New Haven, Dept Biol & Environm Sci, West Haven, CT 06516 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. N Shore Country Day Sch, Winnetka, IL 60093 USA. Univ Lisbon, Fac Sci, FCUL, Marine Lab Guia, P-2750 Cascais, Portugal. Skidaway Inst Oceanog, Savannah, GA 31411 USA. Coastal Vis, Newport, RI 02840 USA. Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Inst Espanol Oceanog, Madrid 28020, Spain. Univ Texas, Inst Marine Sci, Port Aransas, TX 78373 USA. US Geol Survey, Palo Alto, CA 94301 USA. Univ Gothenburg, Kristineberg Marine Res Stn, Dept Marine Ecol, S-45034 Fiskebackskil, Sweden. Univ Aveiro, Dept Biol, Ctr Environm & Marine Studies, P-3810193 Aveiro, Portugal. Univ Connecticut, Dept Marine Sci, Groton, CT 06340 USA. RP Zajac, RN (reprint author), Univ New Haven, Dept Biol & Environm Sci, 300 Boston Post Rd, West Haven, CT 06516 USA. EM rzajac@newhaven.edu RI Queiroga, Henrique/C-5134-2008; Boynton, Walter/C-3035-2012; OI Queiroga, Henrique/0000-0002-2338-0013; Andrade, Francisco/0000-0001-6257-1712 NR 41 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD MAR 7 PY 2006 VL 330 IS 1 BP 392 EP 402 DI 10.1016/j.jembe.2005.12.042 PG 11 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 022MC UT WOS:000236058900032 ER PT J AU Wong-Ng, W Levin, I Cook, LP Feenstra, R AF Wong-Ng, W Levin, I Cook, LP Feenstra, R TI Nature of the transient BaF2-related phases in the "BaF2" processing of Ba2YCu3O7-x superconductors SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID POSTDEPOSITION REACTION PROCESS; THIN-FILMS; NUCLEATION; CONVERSION AB Transient BaF2-based oxyfluoride phases are thought to play a critical role in the formation of the c-textured Ba2YCu3O7-x layers of coated conductors. In situ high-temperature x-ray diffraction from the precursor films containing pure BaF2 as well as pseudobinary BaF2-Y, BaF2-Cu, and Y-Cu mixtures and heat treated in water vapor under reduced conditions revealed that the transient BaF2-based superstructures, similar to those observed during formation of Ba2Cu3O7-x, develop even from the pure BaF2 precursor. These superstructures results from the dissolution of oxygen in BaF2 leading to formation of the oxyfluoride phase, Ba(F2-2x square(x))O-x, with an ordered arrangement of O, F, and F vacancies. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Wong-Ng, W (reprint author), NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM winnie.wong-ng@nist.gov RI Levin, Igor/F-8588-2010 NR 14 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD MAR 6 PY 2006 VL 88 IS 10 AR 102507 DI 10.1063/1.2184757 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 020JV UT WOS:000235905800050 ER PT J AU Langenbach, KJ T Elliott, J Tona, A McDaniel, D Plant, AL AF Langenbach, Kurt J. T Elliott, John Tona, Alex McDaniel, Dennis Plant, Anne L. TI Thin films of Type I collagen for cell by cell analysis of morphology and tenascin-C promoter activity SO BMC BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; HUMAN DERMAL FIBROBLASTS; EXTRACELLULAR-MATRIX; FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY; GENE-EXPRESSION; FOCAL ADHESIONS; CYTOSKELETON; INTEGRINS; FIBRILLAR; GROWTH AB Background: The use of highly reproducible and spatiallyhomogeneous thin film matrices permits automated microscopy and quantitative determination of the response of hundreds of cells in a population. Using thin films of extracellular matrix proteins, we have quantified, on a cell-by-cell basis, phenotypic parameters of cells on different extracellular matrices. We have quantitatively examined the relationship between fibroblast morphology and activation of the promoter for the extracellular matrix protein tenascin-C using a tenascin-C promoter-based GFP reporter construct. Results: We find that when considering the average response from the population of cells, cell area correlates with tenascin-C promoter activity as has been previously suggested; however cell-by-cell analysis suggests that cell area and promoter activity are not tightly correlated within individual cells. Conclusion: This study demonstrates how quantitative cell-by-cell analysis, facilitated by the use of thin films of extracellular matrix proteins, can provide insight into the relationship between phenotypic parameters. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Geocenters Inc, Newton, MA 02459 USA. RP Plant, AL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM klangenbach@stmarkdc.org; john.elliott@nist.gov; alex.tona@nist.gov; dennis.mcdaniel@nist.gov; anne.plant@nist.gov NR 47 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD PI LONDON PA MIDDLESEX HOUSE, 34-42 CLEVELAND ST, LONDON W1T 4LB, ENGLAND SN 1472-6750 J9 BMC BIOTECHNOL JI BMC Biotechnol. PD MAR 6 PY 2006 VL 6 AR 14 DI 10.1186/1472-6750-6-14 PG 14 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 067KO UT WOS:000239301300001 PM 16519810 ER PT J AU Holden, J Roseland, J Andrews, K Zhao, C Schweitzer, A Perry, C Harnly, J Wolf, W Dwyer, J Picciano, MF Betz, J Saidanha, L Yetley, E Fisher, K Sharpless, K Radimer, K Wilgert, J AF Holden, J Roseland, J Andrews, K Zhao, C Schweitzer, A Perry, C Harnly, J Wolf, W Dwyer, J Picciano, MF Betz, J Saidanha, L Yetley, E Fisher, K Sharpless, K Radimer, K Wilgert, J TI Dietary supplement ingredient database (DSID) project: Pilot study update SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Experimental Biology 2006 Meeting CY APR 01-05, 2006 CL San Francisco, CA SP Amer Assoc Anatomists, Amer Physiol Soc, Amer Soc Biochem & Mol Biol, Amer Soc Investigat Pathol, Amer Soc Nutr, Amer Soc Pharmacol & Expt Therapeut C1 USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NIH, Off Dietary Supplements, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 6 PY 2006 VL 20 IS 4 BP A564 EP A564 PN 1 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 024OW UT WOS:000236206504464 ER PT J AU Osborn, JW Fink, G Sved, A Toney, G Raizada, M King, A Guzman, P Sved, J AF Osborn, JW Fink, G Sved, A Toney, G Raizada, M King, A Guzman, P Sved, J TI Characterization of the angiotensin II (AngII) model of hypertension for inter-laboratory investigation SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Experimental Biology 2006 Meeting CY APR 01-05, 2006 CL San Francisco, CA SP Amer Assoc Anatomists, Amer Physiol Soc, Amer Soc Biochem & Mol Biol, Amer Soc Investigat Pathol, Amer Soc Nutr, Amer Soc Pharmacol & Expt Therapeut C1 Univ Minnesota, Neurogen Cardiovasc Dis Consortium, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Michigan State Univ, NCDC, Dept Pharmacol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, NCDC, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. Univ Texas, NCDC, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA. Univ Florida, NCDC, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 6 PY 2006 VL 20 IS 4 BP A755 EP A755 PN 1 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 024OW UT WOS:000236206506227 ER PT J AU Zhang, JZ Fischer, CJ AF Zhang, JZ Fischer, CJ TI A simplified resorcinol method for direct spectrophotometric determination of nitrate in seawater SO MARINE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Mediterranean Conference on Chemistry of Aquatic Systems CY SEP, 2004 CL Reggio Calabria, ITALY DE nitrate; nitrite; spectrophotometry; resorcinol; nitration; seawater; nutrient determination ID CONTINUOUS-FLOW ANALYSIS; NITRITE; WATERS; 2,6-XYLENOL; CADMIUM; SAMPLES AB A direct, spectrophotometric method has been adapted for quantitative determination of nitrate concentrations in seawater. The method is based on nitration of resorcinol in acidified seawater, resulting in a color product. The absorption spectrum obtained for the reaction product shows a maximum absorption at 505 nm, with a molar absorptivity of 1.7 x 10(4) L mol(-1) cm(-1). This method has a detection limit of 0.5 mu M and is linear up to 400 mu M for nitrate. The advantage of this method is that all reagents are in aqueous solutions without involving cadmium granules as a heterogeneous reactant, as in conventional methods, and therefore is simple to implement. Application of the resorcinol to seawater analysis demonstrated that the results obtained are in good agreement with the conventional approach involving the reduction of nitrate by cadmium followed by diazotization. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Ocean Chem Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Zhang, JZ (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Ocean Chem Div, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM jia-zhong.zhang@noaa.gov RI Zhang, Jia-Zhong/B-7708-2008; Fischer, Charles/A-3843-2017 OI Zhang, Jia-Zhong/0000-0002-1138-2556; NR 19 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 23 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4203 J9 MAR CHEM JI Mar. Chem. PD MAR 6 PY 2006 VL 99 IS 1-4 BP 220 EP 226 DI 10.1016/j.marchem.2005.09.008 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Chemistry; Oceanography GA 022IK UT WOS:000236048700021 ER PT J AU Ricchiazzi, P Gautier, C Ogren, JA Schmid, B AF Ricchiazzi, P Gautier, C Ogren, JA Schmid, B TI A comparison of aerosol optical properties obtained from in situ measurements and retrieved from Sun and sky radiance observations during the May 2003 ARM Aerosol Intensive Observation Period SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; IRRADIANCE MEASUREMENTS; SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE; INVERSION; SCATTERING; ALGORITHM; DEPTH; INSTRUMENT; ABSORPTION; MODELS AB [1] Aerosol single scattering albedo and phase function were retrieved from Cimel Sun photometer observations of sky radiance during the May 2003 Atmospheric Radiation Measurement ( ARM) Aerosol Intensive Observation Period. Single scattering albedo and backscattered fraction were compared to data obtained from the ARM program In situ Aerosol Profile (IAP) flights and a similar airborne experiment conducted by the University of Washington. The retrieved single scattering albedo was within about 0.05 of the in situ measurements for many of the considered cases, though much larger deviations were also seen. The retrieved aerosol properties were also used to compute the ratio of diffuse and direct irradiance at the surface, which was compared to the same ratio measured by a Multi Filter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer. The radiation model included correction factors to account for the effect of the instrument cosine response on both the direct and diffuse irradiance components. These comparisons showed very good agreement for most of the cases considered. C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Computat Earth Syst Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Bay Area Environm Res Inst, Sonoma, CA USA. RP Ricchiazzi, P (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Computat Earth Syst Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. EM paul@icess.ucsb.edu RI Ogren, John/M-8255-2015 OI Ogren, John/0000-0002-7895-9583 NR 39 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 3 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D5 AR D05S06 DI 10.1029/2005JD005863 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 021PG UT WOS:000235994500002 ER PT J AU Babcock, E Chann, B Walker, TG Chen, WC Gentile, TR AF Babcock, E Chann, B Walker, TG Chen, WC Gentile, TR TI Limits to the polarization for spin-exchange optical pumping of He-3 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FILTERS; GAS; RELAXATION; RB; CELLS AB Based on measurements of the temperature dependence of He-3 relaxation in a wide range of spin-exchange optical pumping cells, we report evidence for a previously unrecognized surface relaxation process. The relaxation rate was found to be linearly proportional to the alkali-metal density with a slope that exceeds the spin-exchange rate, which limits the polarization for current applications, including neutron spin filters, polarized targets, and polarized gas magnetic resonance imaging. We find that the magnitude of this excess relaxation can vary widely between cells, and that the variation is larger for cells of higher surface to volume ratio. We have observed He-3 polarization as high as 81%, but further improvements require understanding the origin of this relaxation. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Phys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Indiana Univ, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA. RP Babcock, E (reprint author), Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, BP 156, F-38042 Grenoble, France. RI Babcock, Earl/E-6700-2011; Walker, Thad/N-5590-2014 OI Babcock, Earl/0000-0002-4215-2075; Walker, Thad/0000-0002-0996-3351 NR 30 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD MAR 3 PY 2006 VL 96 IS 8 AR 083003 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.083003 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 018AX UT WOS:000235736200023 PM 16606177 ER PT J AU Barber, ZW Hoyt, CW Oates, CW Hollberg, L Taichenachev, AV Yudin, VI AF Barber, ZW Hoyt, CW Oates, CW Hollberg, L Taichenachev, AV Yudin, VI TI Direct excitation of the forbidden clock transition in neutral Yb-174 atoms confined to an optical lattice SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FREQUENCY STANDARDS; LASER; TIME AB We report direct single-laser excitation of the strictly forbidden (6s(2))S-1(0)<->(6s6p)P-3(0) clock transition in Yb-174 atoms confined to a 1D optical lattice. A small (similar to 1.2 mT) static magnetic field was used to induce a nonzero electric dipole transition probability between the clock states at 578.42 nm. Narrow resonance linewidths of 20 Hz (FWHM) with high contrast were observed, demonstrating a resonance quality factor of 2.6x10(13). The previously unknown ac Stark shift-canceling (magic) wavelength was determined to be 759.35 +/- 0.02 nm. This method for using the metrologically superior even isotope can be easily implemented in current Yb and Sr lattice clocks and can create new clock possibilities in other alkaline-earth-like atoms such as Mg and Ca. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RAS, SB, Inst Laser Phys, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. Novosibirsk State Univ, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Barber, ZW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM zbarber@boulder.nist.gov RI Taichenachev, Aleksei/K-7065-2015 OI Taichenachev, Aleksei/0000-0003-2273-0066 NR 19 TC 176 Z9 178 U1 1 U2 20 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD MAR 3 PY 2006 VL 96 IS 8 AR 083002 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.083002 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 018AX UT WOS:000235736200022 PM 16606176 ER PT J AU Taichenachev, AV Yudin, VI Oates, CW Hoyt, CW Barber, ZW Hollberg, L AF Taichenachev, AV Yudin, VI Oates, CW Hoyt, CW Barber, ZW Hollberg, L TI Magnetic field-induced spectroscopy of forbidden optical transitions with application to lattice-based optical atomic clocks SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FREQUENCY; STANDARDS; TIME AB We develop a method of spectroscopy that uses a weak static magnetic field to enable direct optical excitation of forbidden electric-dipole transitions that are otherwise prohibitively weak. The power of this scheme is demonstrated using the important application of optical atomic clocks based on neutral atoms confined to an optical lattice. The simple experimental implementation of this method-a single clock laser combined with a dc magnetic field-relaxes stringent requirements in current lattice-based clocks (e.g., magnetic field shielding and light polarization), and could therefore expedite the realization of the extraordinary performance level predicted for these clocks. We estimate that a clock using alkaline-earth-like atoms such as Yb could achieve a fractional frequency uncertainty of well below 10(-17) for the metrologically preferred even isotopes. C1 RAS, SB, Inst Laser Phys, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. Novosibirsk State Univ, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Taichenachev, AV (reprint author), RAS, SB, Inst Laser Phys, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. RI Taichenachev, Aleksei/K-7065-2015 OI Taichenachev, Aleksei/0000-0003-2273-0066 NR 22 TC 112 Z9 114 U1 4 U2 12 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD MAR 3 PY 2006 VL 96 IS 8 AR 083001 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.083001 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 018AX UT WOS:000235736200021 PM 16606175 ER PT J AU Fairgrieve, WT Masada, CL Peterson, ME McAuley, WC McDowell, GC Strom, MS AF Fairgrieve, WT Masada, CL Peterson, ME McAuley, WC McDowell, GC Strom, MS TI Concentrations of erythromycin and azithromycin in mature Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha after intraperitoneal injection, and in their progeny SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE Renibacterium salmoninarum; macrolide antibiotics; adult Chinook salmon ID BACTERIAL KIDNEY-DISEASE; ORALLY-ADMINISTERED ERYTHROMYCIN; RENIBACTERIUM-SALMONINARUM; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION; CAUSATIVE AGENT; COHO SALMON; EGGS; ACCUMULATION; EFFICACY; PATHOGEN AB A single dose (40 mg kg(-1)) of erythromycin or azithromycin dihydrate was injected intraperitoneally into maturing female fall Chinook salmon 12 to 32 d before spawning to observe the distribution, retention and clearance of the drugs in plasma, kidney, coelomic fluid and egg vitellin, and their persistence in alevins derived from these fish. Salmon administered prophylactic dosages of erythromycin as subadults were also included to investigate potential interactive effects of oral and injected treatments on reproductive performance and antibiotic clearance. Erythromycin was rapidly cleared from plasma and coelomic fluid, but was detected in the kidney (3.52 to 12.40 mu g g(-1)) and egg vitellin (5.32 to 8.87 mu g ml(-1)) of all fish at spawning. High, stable concentrations of azithromycin were detected in plasma (14.66 to 20.33 mu g ml(-1)), kidney (43.16 to 59.96 mu g g(-1)), coelomic fluid (2.52 to 5.50 mu g ml(-1)) and egg vitellin (12.65 to 23.51 mu g ml(-1)). Oral administration of erythromycin to subadult salmon did not significantly affect tissue concentrations of either erythromycin or azithromycin administered by prespawning injection. Reductions in the percentage of eggs that yielded live embryos at the eyed stage of development occurred among eggs derived from females that had received orally administered erythromycin as subadults. Erythromycin was not detected in unfed fry derived from adults injected with the drug prespawning, but azithromycin was present for more than 2 mo after the onset of exogenous feeding. C1 Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commiss, Portland, OR 97202 USA. NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Fairgrieve, WT (reprint author), Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commiss, 205 SE Spokane St,Suite 100, Portland, OR 97202 USA. EM william.fairgrieve@noaa.gov NR 27 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD MAR 2 PY 2006 VL 68 IS 3 BP 227 EP 234 DI 10.3354/dao068227 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 039KD UT WOS:000237303500006 PM 16610588 ER PT J AU Shen, BW Atlas, R Chern, JD Reale, O Lin, SJ Lee, T Chang, J AF Shen, BW Atlas, R Chern, JD Reale, O Lin, SJ Lee, T Chang, J TI The 0.125 degree finite-volume general circulation model on the NASA Columbia supercomputer: Preliminary simulations of mesoscale vortices SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PAST 3-DIMENSIONAL OBSTACLES; CATALINA EDDY; LEE VORTICES; FLOW AB The NASA Columbia supercomputer was ranked second on the TOP500 List in November, 2004. Such a quantum jump in computing power provides unprecedented opportunities to conduct ultra-high resolution simulations with the finite-volume General Circulation Model (fvGCM). During 2004, the model was run in realtime experimentally at 0.25 degree resolution producing remarkable hurricane forecasts (Atlas et al., 2005). In 2005, the horizontal resolution was further doubled, which makes the fvGCM comparable to the first mesoscale resolving General Circulation Model at the Earth Simulator Center (Ohfuchi et al., 2004). Nine 5-day 0.125 degree simulations of three hurricanes in 2004 are presented first for model validation. Then it is shown how the model can simulate the formation of the Catalina eddies and Hawaiian lee vortices, which are generated by the interaction of the synoptic-scale flow with surface forcing, and have never been reproduced in a GCM before. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Beltsville, MD USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Maryland, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. NASA, Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Comp Sci Corp, Moffett Field, CA USA. RP Shen, BW (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM bo-wen.shen.1@gsfc.nasa.gov RI Atlas, Robert/A-5963-2011 OI Atlas, Robert/0000-0002-0706-3560 NR 12 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 2 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 5 AR L05801 DI 10.1029/2005GL024594 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 021OV UT WOS:000235993400001 ER PT J AU Quackenbush, J AF Quackenbush, J TI Top-down standards will not serve systems biology SO NATURE LA English DT Letter C1 Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat & Computat Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Univ Penn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EMBL, European Bioinformat Inst, Cambridge, England. Johns Hopkins Sch Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. US Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD USA. Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA USA. Univ Hlth Network, Toronto, ON, Canada. RP Quackenbush, J (reprint author), Dana Farber Canc Inst, 44 Binney St, Boston, MA 02115 USA. EM johnq@jimmy.harvard.edu OI Huber, Wolfgang/0000-0002-0474-2218; Sherlock, Gavin/0000-0002-1692-4983; Brazma, Alvis/0000-0001-5988-7409 NR 1 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD MAR 2 PY 2006 VL 440 IS 7080 BP 24 EP 24 DI 10.1038/440024a PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 017HW UT WOS:000235685700017 PM 16511469 ER PT J AU Kawashima, Y Usami, T Ohashi, N Suenram, RD Hougen, JT Hirota, E AF Kawashima, Y Usami, T Ohashi, N Suenram, RD Hougen, JT Hirota, E TI Dynamical structure of peptide molecules SO ACCOUNTS OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Review ID TRANSFORM MICROWAVE SPECTROMETER; AB-INITIO CALCULATIONS; ROTATIONAL SPECTRUM; N-METHYLFORMAMIDE; FORMAMIDE; ACETAMIDE; CONFORMATION; METHYL; SPECTROSCOPY; BARRIER AB In view of the importance of the peptide linkage in structural biology, we have carried out intensive investigations on peptide molecules consisting of a peptide linkage with one or two substituents in the gas phase by Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy, paying special attention to the internal rotation of the substituents relative to the central linkage framework. We have found that, in sharp contrast with the stiff structure around the central C-N bond of the linkage, the internal rotations of the substituents are of low frequency and thus of large amplitude and are extremely susceptible to their local environment such as the presence of other substituents. C1 Kanagawa Inst Technol, Dept Appl Chem, Atsugi, Kanagawa 2430292, Japan. Kanazawa Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Phys, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9201192, Japan. NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Grad Univ Adv Studies, Hayama, Kanagawa 2400193, Japan. RP Hirota, E (reprint author), Kanagawa Inst Technol, Dept Appl Chem, Atsugi, Kanagawa 2430292, Japan. EM ehirota@triton.ocn.ne.jp NR 38 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0001-4842 J9 ACCOUNTS CHEM RES JI Accounts Chem. Res. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 39 IS 3 BP 216 EP 220 DI 10.1021/ar040310c PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 029ZR UT WOS:000236603400006 PM 16548510 ER PT J AU Charnotskii, MI Fuks, IM Naugol'nykh, KA Smirnov, AV Di Iorio, D Esipov, IB AF Charnotskii, M. I. Fuks, I. M. Naugol'nykh, K. A. Smirnov, A. V. Di Iorio, D. Esipov, I. B. TI An experimental test of the dual-frequency method for monitoring transverse currents SO ACOUSTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID OF-SIGHT SIGNALS; ACOUSTIC SCINTILLATION; OCEAN; FLUCTUATIONS AB The dual-frequency method for monitoring the transverse component of the velocity of current is tested using the data obtained earlier in a tidally forced flow through a channel. The turbulent properties of the flow cause fluctuations in the acoustic signals propagating through it. The fluctuations of such signals emitted at two different frequencies are coherent in the low-frequency band and noncoherent in the high-frequency region of the spectrum. The frequency separating these spectral regions is determined as the cutoff frequency of the coherence function and is directly related to the component of the current in the direction perpendicular to that of signal propagation. The results of measuring this component of the current are consistent with the data obtained with other independent methods and measurements. C1 Zel Technol LLC, Boulder, CO USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Radio Hydro Phys LLC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Marine Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Russian Acad Sci, NN Andreev Acoust Inst, Moscow 117036, Russia. RP Charnotskii, MI (reprint author), Zel Technol LLC, Boulder, CO USA. EM konstantin.naugolnykh@noaa.gov RI Charnotskii, Mikhail/A-7193-2013 OI Charnotskii, Mikhail/0000-0002-8315-8254 NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA/SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1578 USA SN 1063-7710 J9 ACOUST PHYS+ JI Acoust. Phys. PD MAR-APR PY 2006 VL 52 IS 2 BP 222 EP 226 DI 10.1134/S1063771006020175 PG 5 WC Acoustics SC Acoustics GA 044ET UT WOS:000237655900017 ER PT J AU Smith, N Kim, SK Reddy, PT Gallagher, DT AF Smith, N Kim, SK Reddy, PT Gallagher, DT TI Crystallization of the class IV adenylyl cyclase from Yersinia pestis SO ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION F-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY AND CRYSTALLIZATION COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS; CATALYTIC DOMAINS; STRUCTURAL BASIS; SEQUENCE; TOXIN; BICARBONATE; CALMODULIN; ACTIVATION AB The class IV adenylyl cyclase from Yersinia pestis has been cloned and crystallized in both a triclinic and an orthorhombic form. An amino-terminal His-tagged construct, from which the tag was removed by thrombin, crystallized in a triclinic form diffracting to 1.9 angstrom, with one dimer per asymmetric unit and unit-cell parameters a = 33.5, b = 35.5, c = 71.8 angstrom, alpha = 88.7, beta = 82.5, gamma = 65.5 degrees. Several mutants of this construct crystallized but diffracted poorly. A non-His-tagged native construct (179 amino acids, MW = 20.5 kDa) was purified by conventional chromatography and crystallized in space group P2(1)2(1)2(1). These crystals have unit-cell parameters a = 56.8, b = 118.6, c = 144.5 angstrom, diffract to 3 angstrom and probably have two dimers per asymmetric unit and V-M = 3.0 angstrom(3) Da(-1). Both crystal forms appear to require pH below 5, complicating attempts to incorporate nucleotide ligands into the structure. The native construct has been produced as a selenomethionine derivative and crystallized for phasing and structure determination. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gallagher, DT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM travis.gallagher@nist.gov NR 29 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1744-3091 J9 ACTA CRYSTALLOGR F JI Acta Crystallogr. F-Struct. Biol. Cryst. Commun. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 62 BP 200 EP 204 DI 10.1107/S1744309106002855 PN 3 PG 5 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Crystallography SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Crystallography GA 017GG UT WOS:000235681500007 PM 16511301 ER PT J AU Parsons, JF Shi, K Calabrese, K Ladner, JE AF Parsons, JF Shi, K Calabrese, K Ladner, JE TI Crystallization and X-ray diffraction analysis of salicylate synthase, a chorismate-utilizing enyme involved in siderophore biosynthesis SO ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION F-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY AND CRYSTALLIZATION COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID HIGH-PATHOGENICITY ISLAND; YERSINIA-ENTEROCOLITICA; PURIFICATION; IRP9 AB Bacteria have evolved elaborate schemes that help them thrive in environments where free iron is severely limited. Siderophores such as yersiniabactin are small iron- scavenging molecules that are deployed by bacteria during iron starvation. Several studies have linked siderophore production and virulence. Yersiniabactin, produced by several Enterobacteriaceae, is derived from the key metabolic intermediate chorismic acid via its conversion to salicylate by salicylate synthase. Crystals of salicylate synthase from the uropathogen Escherichia coli CFT073 have been grown by vapour diffusion using polyethylene glycol as the precipitant. The monoclinic (P2(1)) crystals diffract to 2.5 A angstrom. The unit-cell parameters are a = 57.27, b = 164.07, c = 59.04 angstrom, beta = 108.8 degrees . The solvent content of the crystals is 54% and there are two molecules of the 434-amino-acid protein in the asymmetric unit. It is anticipated that the structure will reveal key details about the reaction mechanism and the evolution of salicylate synthase. C1 Univ Maryland, Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Parsons, JF (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. EM parsonsj@umbi.umd.edu NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1744-3091 J9 ACTA CRYSTALLOGR F JI Acta Crystallogr. F-Struct. Biol. Cryst. Commun. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 62 BP 271 EP 274 DI 10.1107/S174403910600677 PN 3 PG 4 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Crystallography SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Crystallography GA 017GG UT WOS:000235681500026 PM 16511320 ER PT J AU Yu, LL Butler, TA Turk, GC AF Yu, LL Butler, TA Turk, GC TI Effect of valence state on ICP-OES value assignment of SRM 3103a arsenic spectrometric solution SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ULTRASONIC NEBULIZATION; SEPARATION AB The certification of Standard Reference Material (SRM is a registered trademark of NIST) 3103a As Spectrometric Solution is based on the gravimetric preparation value that is verified by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) measurements. A disagreement between the gravimetric and the spectrometric values for a batch of As calibration solutions led to the discovery that the solutions contained a mixture of trivalent and pentavalent As species and that the pentavalent species was similar to 8% more sensitive than the trivalent species with ICP-OES determination. The kinetics of the reaction between As metal and nitric acid were studied, and the results were applied to develop a procedure that would consistently produce single-species pentavalent As standards, which eliminates As speciation as a source of measurement bias in the SRM certification process. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Yu, LL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM lee.yu@nist.gov RI Yu, Lee/N-7263-2015 OI Yu, Lee/0000-0002-8043-6853 NR 14 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD MAR 1 PY 2006 VL 78 IS 5 BP 1651 EP 1656 DI 10.1021/ac051732i PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 020PJ UT WOS:000235921700043 PM 16503619 ER PT J AU Dobrowolski, JA Browning, S Jacobson, MR Nadal, M AF Dobrowolski, JA Browning, S Jacobson, MR Nadal, M TI 2004 Optical Society of America's topical meeting on optical interference coatings: Manufacturing problem SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Editorial Material AB Results are presented for the second Optical Society of America's Optical Interference Coatings Manufacturing Problem. The participants were asked to produce multilayer coatings which, in the 450-650 nm spectral region and for light incident at 60 degrees, would have transmittances of 0.7 and 0.3 for p- and s-polarized light, respectively. Three different teams each submitted four solutions. Three different deposition processes were used to produce these coatings. The smallest average departure from the target transmission values was 0.79%. A number of interesting conclusions can be drawn from this exercise. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Res Council Canada, Inst Microstruct Sci, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada. Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, Boulder, CO 80306 USA. Opt Data Associates LLC, Tucson, AZ 85711 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Res Council Canada, Inst Microstruct Sci, 1200 Montreal Rd, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada. EM dobrowolski@magma.ca NR 2 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD MAR 1 PY 2006 VL 45 IS 7 BP 1303 EP 1311 DI 10.1364/AO.45.001303 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA 018NB UT WOS:000235770000001 PM 16539225 ER PT J AU Shao, LM Griffiths, PR Chu, PM Vetter, TW AF Shao, LM Griffiths, PR Chu, PM Vetter, TW TI Quantitative vapor-phase infrared spectrometry of ammonia SO APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE reference spectra; vapor phase; ammonia; methane; Beer's law; resolution ID LEAST-SQUARES REGRESSION; FT-IR SPECTROMETRY; LOW DETECTOR NOISE; RESOLUTION; QUANTIFICATION AB Reference spectra of ammonia from four sources are compared. Low-resolution spectra (i.e., spectra for which the spectrometer resolution is numerically greater than the full-width at half-height of the rotational lines) were obtained from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) web site and from Infrared Analysis, Inc. High-resolution (0.12 cm(-1)) spectra were obtained from the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). Two protocols were used to validate the EPA and Infrared Analysis spectra, with one requiring that Beer's law be obeyed by the low-resolution spectrum and the other that Beer's law be obeyed by the high-resolution spectrum. In all cases, the second protocol gave a significantly better spectral match. It is shown that the path-integrated concentrations for the low-resolution reference spectra were in error by as little as 4% to as much as an order of magnitude, presumably because of the effect of adsorption on the cell walls. Measured absorptivities of the NIST and PNNL spectra were different by approximate to 2.6% and it is believed that the effect of adsorption on these spectra is small. When the same protocols were used to test the reference spectrum of methane, the calculated path-integrated concentration was only similar to 2% different from the one that was calculated from the NIST reference spectrum, suggesting that the data processing protocols provide accurate data. C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Chem, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Griffiths, PR (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Chem, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. EM pgriff@uidaho.edu RI Shao, Limin/F-6096-2010 NR 18 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 7 PU SOC APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY PI FREDERICK PA 201B BROADWAY ST, FREDERICK, MD 21701 USA SN 0003-7028 J9 APPL SPECTROSC JI Appl. Spectrosc. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 60 IS 3 BP 254 EP 260 DI 10.1366/000370206776342571 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy GA 028RK UT WOS:000236505800005 PM 16608567 ER PT J AU Bracht, AJ Brudek, RL Ewing, RY Manire, CA Burek, KA Rosa, C Beckmen, KB Maruniak, JE Romero, CH AF Bracht, AJ Brudek, RL Ewing, RY Manire, CA Burek, KA Rosa, C Beckmen, KB Maruniak, JE Romero, CH TI Genetic identification of novel poxviruses of cetaceans and pinnipeds SO ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEALS HALICHOERUS-GRYPUS; GENOME DNA-SEQUENCES; TATTOO LESIONS; CAMELPOX VIRUS; SKIN-DISEASE; SMALLPOX; PCR; PARAPOXVIRUS; POX; INFECTIONS AB Novel poxviruses were identified in skin lesions of several species of cetaceans and pinnipeds using polymerase chain reaction targeting DNA polymerase and DNA topoisomerase I genes of members of the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae. With the exception of parapoxviruses, no molecular data of marine mammal poxviruses were available to infer genetic and evolutionary relatedness to terrestrial vertebrate poxviruses. Viruses were assigned to a cetacean poxvirus 1 (CPV-1) group based on nucleotide and amino acid identities of gene fragments amplified from skin lesions of Asian bottlenose (Tursiops aduncus), Atlantic bottlenose (Tursiops truncatus), rough-toothed (Steno bredanensis), and striped (Stenella coeruleoalba) dolphins. A different poxvirus was detected in skin lesions of a bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) and provisionally assigned to a CPV-2 group. These viruses showed highest identity to terrestrial poxviruses of the genera Orthopoxvirus and Suipoxvirus. A novel species-specific poxvirus was also identified in skin lesions of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus). None of these poxviruses were found to have amplifiable hemagglutinin gene sequences. Novel parapoxviruses were also identified in skin lesions of Steller sea lions and spotted seals (Phoca largha). A significant degree of divergence was observed in sequences of Steller sea lion parapoxviruses, while those of spotted seals and harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) were highly conserved. C1 Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, US Dept Commerce, Miami, FL USA. Dolphin & Whale Hosp, Mote Marine Lab, Sarasota, FL USA. Aquarium, Sarasota, FL USA. Alaska Vet Pathol Serv, Eagle River, AK USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Fairbanks, AK USA. Univ Florida, Dept Entomol & Nematol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Romero, CH (reprint author), Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, 2015 SW 16th Ave,Bldg 1017, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. EM romeroc@ufl.edu NR 36 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 16 PU SPRINGER WIEN PI WIEN PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 WIEN, AUSTRIA SN 0304-8608 J9 ARCH VIROL JI Arch. Virol. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 151 IS 3 BP 423 EP 438 DI 10.1007/s00705-005-0679-6 PG 16 WC Virology SC Virology GA 017CW UT WOS:000235672700001 PM 16328132 ER PT J AU Yuan, J Venkatram, A Isakov, V AF Yuan, J Venkatram, A Isakov, V TI Dispersion from ground-level sources in a shoreline urban area SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE shoreline dispersion; shear generated boundary layer; field experiment; tracer study; plume spread; dispersion model; data analysis; Wilmington; urban dispersion; thermal internal boundary layer ID FUMIGATION; MODEL AB We present results from a field study conducted in Wilmington, a suburb of Los Angeles, during 8 days of the period 26 August-10 September 2004. The tracer, sulfur hexafluoride, was released at a height of 3 in from a power plant site on the shoreline, and the concentrations of the tracer were sampled on five arcs at 100, 400, 1000, 3000, and 5000m from the source during 6 It of the day starting at 7 a.m. This resulted in 40-h-long experiments, out of which, 21 had concentration measurements that could be interpreted with models. The meteorological conditions that governed dispersion were measured using sonic anemometers and sodars. The data analysis indicates that even during summer, the stability of the onshore flow is strong enough to keep the height of the convective internal boundary layer below 150m at distances of 5000 m from the shoreline. However, the turbulence levels in the stable boundary layer are not smaller than those in the surface convective layer suggesting the presence of a shear generated boundary layer, which is advected with the onshore flow. A simple Gaussian dispersion model was used to interpret the ground-level concentrations measured in the experiment. The model uses expressions for plume spreads that depend on meteorological information at a height of 50 in from the surface. The vertical spread of the plume is limited to the height of the shear generated boundary layer. The height of this boundary layer is proportional to sigma(w)/N, where sigma(w) is the standard deviation of the vertical velocity fluctuations, and N is the Brunt-Vaisala frequency of the stable layer capping the surface-based convective layer. This result is based on indirect evidence: model performance improves significantly when vertical plume spread is limited to this height. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Mech Engn, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Washington, DC 20230 USA. RP Venkatram, A (reprint author), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Mech Engn, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. EM venky@engr.ucr.edu NR 9 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 40 IS 7 BP 1361 EP 1372 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.024 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 024QE UT WOS:000236210300016 ER PT J AU Kim, J Yoon, SC Jefferson, A Kim, SW AF Kim, J Yoon, SC Jefferson, A Kim, SW TI Aerosol hygroscopic properties during Asian dust, pollution, and biomass burning episodes at Gosan, Korea in April 2001 SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE hygroscopic growth; dust; pollution; organic carbon; smoke; ACE-Asia ID ACE-ASIA; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; RADIATIVE PROPERTIES; LIGHT-SCATTERING; FINE PARTICLES; ANTHROPOGENIC AEROSOLS; HUMIDIFICATION FACTORS; ELEMENTAL CARBON; SOUTHERN AFRICA; CHEJU ISLAND AB Measurements of the aerosol hygroscopic growth factor, f(RH), and the physical and optical properties of aerosols were made at Gosan, Korea during the aerosol characterization experiment (ACE)-Asia 2001 field campaign (April 2001). The optical and hygroscopic properties of aerosols were characterized in terms of the air mass transport pathways. During the Asian dust period, sigma(sp) and sigma(ap) were remarkably elevated with mean and standard deviation of 238.6 +/- 55.3 Mm(-1) and 24.2 +/- 10.9 Mm(-1) respectively. The mean f(RH) for the pollution aerosols from Chinese sectors (2.75 +/- 0.38) in this study was much higher than that for the anthropogenic aerosols in Europe during ACE-2 (1.46 +/- 0.10) as well as that of the urban/industrial aerosols of the US east coast during TARFOX (1.81 +/- 0.37-2.30 +/- 0.24). The mean f(RH) during the smoke period (1.60 +/- 0.20) was comparable to that during INDOEX (1.58 +/- 0.21), and higher than that for SCAR-B in Brazil (1.16). We found a negative correlation (r = 0.81) between f(RH) and OC concentration. This negative correlation suggests that organic aerosols have a strong influence on the smoke aerosol hygroscopicity. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Seoul 151747, South Korea. Korea Meteorol Adm, Meteorol Res Inst, Seoul 156720, South Korea. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Seoul 151747, South Korea. EM yoon@snu.ac.kr RI Jefferson, Anne/K-4793-2012 NR 45 TC 54 Z9 59 U1 3 U2 23 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 EI 1873-2844 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 40 IS 8 BP 1550 EP 1560 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.044 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 025ZP UT WOS:000236306800014 ER PT J AU Gao, RS Fahey, DW Popp, PJ Marcy, TP Herman, RL Weinstock, EM Smith, JB Sayres, DS Pittman, JV Rosenlof, KH Thompson, TL Bui, PT Baumgardner, DG Anderson, BE Kok, G Weinheimer, AJ AF Gao, RS Fahey, DW Popp, PJ Marcy, TP Herman, RL Weinstock, EM Smith, JB Sayres, DS Pittman, JV Rosenlof, KH Thompson, TL Bui, PT Baumgardner, DG Anderson, BE Kok, G Weinheimer, AJ TI Measurements of relative humidity in a persistent contrail SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE contrail; relative humidity; water vapor; microphysics; ice particles; aircraft emissions; nitric oxide ID IN-SITU OBSERVATIONS; LOWER STRATOSPHERE; EMISSION INDEXES; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; AIRCRAFT EXHAUST; JET AIRCRAFT; NASA ER-2; ICE; CRUISE; TROPOPAUSE AB Persistent contrails are a common feature of the upper troposphere. We describe two methods for intercomparing and evaluating RHi measurements in a persistent contrail with calculated or expected values. The methods were applied to measurements made in the upper troposphere on board an NASA WB-57F aircraft while sampling its own contrail. Included in the analysis are measurements of water vapor pressure, temperature, ice particle number and size, and nitric oxide (NO). The systematic use of these contrail-sampling methods in future studies will improve our understanding of contrail microphysics and the performance of fast-response water and temperature measurements. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NASA, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Atmospher Res Project, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Ciencias Atmosfera, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Droplet Measurement Technol, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Fahey, DW (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, 325 Broadway,R CSD6, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM david.w.fahey@noaa.gov RI Rosenlof, Karen/B-5652-2008; Herman, Robert/H-9389-2012; Gao, Ru-Shan/H-7455-2013; Fahey, David/G-4499-2013; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Rosenlof, Karen/0000-0002-0903-8270; Herman, Robert/0000-0001-7063-6424; Fahey, David/0000-0003-1720-0634; NR 32 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 40 IS 9 BP 1590 EP 1600 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.11.021 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 028ZP UT WOS:000236527600003 ER PT J AU Ruiz-Carus, R Matheson, RE Roberts, DE Whitfield, PE AF Ruiz-Carus, R Matheson, RE Roberts, DE Whitfield, PE TI The western Pacific red lionfish, Pterois volitans (Scorpaenidae), in Florida: Evidence for reproduction and parasitism in the first exotic marine fish established in state waters SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE Pterois volitans; nonindigenous species; marine fish introductions; Florida ID LEECH MYZOBDELLA-LUGUBRIS; UNITED-STATES; GERMINAL EPITHELIUM; NORTH-AMERICA; POISON CENTER; COMMON SNOOK; EAST-COAST; ENVENOMATION; ATLANTIC; INVASION AB Many exotic fresh-water and brackish-water fish species have become established in Florida waters, but the red lionfish is the first entirely marine species that appears to have become established here. We give a detailed account of the initial collections of adult specimens from off St. Augustine and Jacksonville, including data on morphometrics, meristics, and gonad histology. Our review of historical sightings on Florida reefs and of the specimens reported herein suggests that the most plausible vector for the introduction of this fish was aquarium releases. We discuss our reasons for concluding that this species has probably become established in Florida, summarize the potential danger that these venomous fishes pose to the public, and examine the effect of a parasite hosted by the male lionfish. We also consider the potential effect of the red lionfish on marine communities in Florida, but limited information on its biology precludes a detailed assessment. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, Fish & Wildlife Res Inst, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. NOAA, Beaufort Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Ruiz-Carus, R (reprint author), Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, Fish & Wildlife Res Inst, 100 8th Ave SE, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. EM ramon.ruiz-carus@myfwc.com NR 63 TC 36 Z9 42 U1 10 U2 69 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 128 IS 3 BP 384 EP 390 DI 10.1016/j.biocon.2005.10.012 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 023AD UT WOS:000236096500010 ER PT J AU Lin-Gibson, S Landis, FA Drzal, PL AF Lin-Gibson, S Landis, FA Drzal, PL TI Combinatorial investigation of the structure-properties characterization of photopolymerized dimethacrylate networks SO BIOMATERIALS LA English DT Article DE cross-linking; dental restorative materials; dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA); infrared spectrum; mechanical properties; nanoindentation ID INSTRUMENTED INDENTATION; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; VISCOELASTIC CHARACTERIZATION; TOOTH ENAMEL; NANOINDENTATION; COMPOSITES; CONVERSION; HARDNESS; MODULUS AB The effects of co-monomer composition and irradiation time in a model two-component dimethacrylate dental resin blend were evaluated using combinatorial methods to determine the degree of methacrylate conversion and resulting mechanical properties. 2-Dimensional gradient samples varying in monomer composition and light exposure time were fabricated. The conversion was measured using near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and the mechanical properties (i.e., hardness and elastic modulus) were determined using nanoindentation via the continuous stiffness method. An excellent correlation was observed between the reaction conversion and mechanical properties for the cross-linked networks. The methacrylate conversion ranged from 40% to 85% and the mechanical properties increased over two orders of magnitude over this conversion range. The ultimate reaction conversion and mechanical properties depended on both the co-monomer composition and cure time. (C) 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lin-Gibson, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM slgibson@nist.gov FU NIDCR NIH HHS [Y1-DE-1021-04] NR 23 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0142-9612 J9 BIOMATERIALS JI Biomaterials PD MAR PY 2006 VL 27 IS 9 BP 1711 EP 1717 DI 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.10.040 PG 7 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 007IO UT WOS:000234962500005 PM 16310845 ER PT J AU Shen, VK Cheung, JK Errington, JR Truskett, TM AF Shen, VK Cheung, JK Errington, JR Truskett, TM TI Coarse-grained strategy for modeling protein stability in concentrated solutions. II: Phase behavior SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Review ID MATRIX MONTE-CARLO; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS; LENNARD-JONES SYSTEM; GLOBULAR-PROTEINS; PHYSIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES; CRYSTAL NUCLEATION; DENATURED STATES; FIBRIL FORMATION; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; IN-VITRO AB We use highly efficient transition-matrix Monte Carlo simulations to determine equilibrium unfolding curves and fluid phase boundaries for solutions of coarse-grained globular proteins. The model we analyze derives the intrinsic stability of the native state and protein-protein interactions from basic information about protein sequence using heteropolymer collapse theory. It predicts that solutions of low hydrophobicity proteins generally exhibit a single liquid phase near their midpoint temperatures for unfolding, while solutions of proteins with high sequence hydrophobicity display the type of temperature-inverted, liquid-liquid transition associated with aggregation processes of proteins and other amphiphilic molecules. The phase transition occurring in solutions of the most hydrophobic protein we study extends below the unfolding curve, creating an immiscibility gap between a dilute, mostly native phase and a concentrated, mostly denatured phase. The results are qualitatively consistent with the solution behavior of hemoglobin (HbA) and its sickle variant (HbS), and they suggest that a liquid-liquid transition resulting in significant protein denaturation should generally be expected on the phase diagram of high-hydrophobicity protein solutions. The concentration fluctuations associated with this transition could be a driving force for the nonnative aggregation that can occur below the midpoint temperature. C1 NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Chem Engn, Austin, TX USA. Univ Texas, Dept Chem Engn, Austin, TX USA. Univ Texas, Inst Theoret Chem, Austin, TX USA. SUNY Buffalo, Dept Chem & Biol Engn, Buffalo, NY USA. RP Truskett, TM (reprint author), NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM truskett@che.utexas.edu RI Truskett, Thomas/D-4624-2009; Errington, Jeffrey/E-8644-2011; Truskett, Thomas/C-4996-2014 OI Truskett, Thomas/0000-0002-6607-6468; Errington, Jeffrey/0000-0003-0365-0271; NR 107 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 16 PU CELL PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 600 TECHNOLOGY SQUARE, 5TH FLOOR, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA SN 0006-3495 EI 1542-0086 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 90 IS 6 BP 1949 EP 1960 DI 10.1529/biophysj.105.076497 PG 12 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 017RA UT WOS:000235709500010 PM 16387768 ER PT J AU Shrake, A Frazier, D Schwarz, FP AF Shrake, A Frazier, D Schwarz, FP TI Thermal stabilization of human albumin by medium- and short-chain n-alkyl fatty acid anions SO BIOPOLYMERS LA English DT Article DE albumin; human albumin; differential scanning calorimetry; albumin thermal stability; albumin unfolding; albumin denaturation ID HUMAN-SERUM-ALBUMIN; HUMAN PLASMA ALBUMIN; PROTEIN DENATURATION; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; BINDING; LIGAND; RELAXATION; STABILITY; CONSTANTS; LENGTH AB A comprehensive study of the thermal stabilization of defatted human albumin monomer by n-alkyl fatty acid anions (FAAs), formate through n-decanoate, was carried out by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The concentration of each ligand affording maximum thermal stabilization was determined; n-nonanoate provides the greatest stabilization but is only marginally better than n-octanoate and n-decanoate. The use of reversible thermodynamics and a two-state denaturation model for albumin has been validated. Standard free energies of binding, calculated from increases in free energy of denaturation, for n-butanoate and longer FAAs, are linear with n-alkyl chain length whereas those for formate, acetate, and n-propionate deviate from linearity; those for acetate and n-propionate are even greater than that of n-butanoate, thereby suggesting, in addition to the common class of sites available to all such ligands, the presence of an additional class of lower affinity binding sites available only to these shortest ligands. Competition experiments involving acetate and n-octanoate and involving n-pentanoate and n-octanoate confirmed the binding of acetate to lower affinity sites unavailable to n-octanoate and n-pentanoate. Furthermore, an equation is provided, allowing computation of the transition temperature as a function of the free energy for any reversible process causing a change in thermal stability of a protein undergoing reversible, two-state denaturation. With this equation, modeling the competition experiments by using the binding parameters determined by DSC provides additional support for the class of lower affinity sites, which play a significant role in thermal stabilization of albumin at higher concentrations of these shortest FAAs. (c) 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 US FDA, Div Hematol, Off Blood Res & Review, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIST, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Shrake, A (reprint author), US FDA, Div Hematol, Off Blood Res & Review, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, 29 Lincoln Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. EM strake@cber.fda.gov NR 37 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 3 U2 10 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0006-3525 J9 BIOPOLYMERS JI Biopolymers PD MAR PY 2006 VL 81 IS 4 BP 235 EP 248 DI 10.1002/bip.20406 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 046IH UT WOS:000237804400001 PM 16273515 ER PT J AU Bethea, DM Carlson, JK Buckel, JA Satterwhite, M AF Bethea, DM Carlson, JK Buckel, JA Satterwhite, M TI Ontogenetic and site-related trends in the diet of the Atlantic sharpnose shark Rhizoprionodon terraenovae from the Northeast Gulf of Mexico SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FISHES; HABITS AB Atlantic sharpnose shark Rhizoprionodon terraenovae (Richardson, 1836) diet is described from Crooked Island Sound, an embayment of the northeast Gulf of Mexico. Diet was assessed by life-stage and quantified using six indices: percent by number, percent by weight, frequency of occurrence, the index of relative importance (IRI), IRI expressed on a percent basis (% IRI), and % IRI based on prey category (% IRIPC). Young-of-the-year (YOY) sharks (n = 56 examined, 37 non-empty stomachs) fed on a mix of teleosts (mostly clupeids, 44.6% IRIPC) and invertebrates (combined, 25.1% IRIPC), juveniles (n = 185 examined, 118 non-empty stomachs) on sciaenids (40.7% IRIPC) and clupeids (37.8% IRIPC), and mature sharks (n = 105 examined, 67 non-empty stomachs) on sciaenids (71.4% IRIPC). Differences in diet by site and ontogeny were tested by comparing the diet from Crooked Island Sound with previous published data from areas off St. Vincent Island in Apalachicola Bay, an adjacent estuary. Stomach contents were also used to expand on published prey size-predator size information. Spearman correlation analysis, Pianka's overlap values, null-model simulations, and simple correspondence analysis showed that life stage diet differed within and between sites. Three of four size-selectivity tests showed negative size selection. Absolute prey size and the range in absolute prey size increased with increasing shark size. Atlantic sharpnose shark diet was dominated by prey that were < 40% of shark length; however, 69% of prey items were 21%-40% of shark length while 26% were <= 20% of shark length. Variations in diet composition within and between the two sites are likely due to differences in shark size, overall habitat structure, and availability of potential prey species. C1 NOAA Fisheries, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Panama City Lab, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Zool, Ctr Marine Sci & Technol, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Coastal & Oceanog Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Bethea, DM (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Panama City Lab, 3500 Delwood Beach Rd, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. EM dana.bethea@noaa.gov NR 28 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 13 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 EI 1553-6955 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 78 IS 2 BP 287 EP 307 PG 21 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 031FJ UT WOS:000236689500005 ER PT J AU Tan, CK Perez, N Mendez, AJ Snodgrass, D Prince, ED Serafy, JE Arocha, F Schultz, DR AF Tan, CK Perez, N Mendez, AJ Snodgrass, D Prince, ED Serafy, JE Arocha, F Schultz, DR TI Identification of vitellogenic Atlantic blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) from muscle samples using an ELISA for vitello genin-derived yolk proteins SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID NITROCELLULOSE SHEETS; CHESAPEAKE BAY; SEX STEROIDS; PLASMA; PURIFICATION; IMMUNOASSAY; TELEOST; 11-KETOTESTOSTERONE; PROFILES; MATURITY AB The purpose of this study was to develop a direct sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for vitellogenin-derived yolk proteins (VDYP) in muscle tissue of pelagic Atlantic blue marlin. Gravid ovaries were extracted with physiologic buffer, and purification steps by chromatography were monitored with a cross-reactive mouse monoclonal antibody produced to swordfish (Xiphias gladius Linnaeus, 1758) VDYP. A polyclonal goat antiserum was produced to the enriched VDYP from which specific IgG was purified by affinity chromatography, using immobilized VDYP as the immunoadsorbent. A direct sandwich ELISA was developed using the purified IgG for both capture and detection of the VDYP in standard samples up to a concentration of 1000 ng/ml, and in physiologic buffer-extracted muscle tissue of test samples, using biotin-streptavidin-peroxidase technology. The assay distinguished vitellogenic from non-vitellogenic females and males in extracts of muscle tissue from 27 specimens collected from different areas of the western North Atlantic Ocean during May-September, 2002-2003. The assay for VDYP, and a second for the fish androgen 11-ketotestosterone are in use to indicate gender of electronically-tagged blue marlin from biopsy samples taken just before fish release. C1 Univ Miami, Sch Med, Dept Med, Miami, FL 33101 USA. Univ Miami, Sch Med, Diabet Res Inst, Clin Chem Lab, Miami, FL 33101 USA. NOAA, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Oriente, Inst Oceanog Venezuela, Cumana, Venezuela. RP Schultz, DR (reprint author), Univ Miami, Sch Med, Dept Med, R-102,POB 016960, Miami, FL 33101 USA. EM dschultz@med.miami.edu NR 36 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 8 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 78 IS 2 BP 319 EP 329 PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 031FJ UT WOS:000236689500007 ER PT J AU Reed, JK Weaver, DC Pomponi, SA AF Reed, JK Weaver, DC Pomponi, SA TI Habitat and fauna of deep-water lophelia pertusa coral reefs off the southeastern US: Blake Plateau, Straits of Florida, and Gulf of Mexico SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CENTRAL EASTERN FLORIDA; OCULINA-VARICOSA; CHARLESTON BUMP; CONTINENTAL-SLOPE; SEA EXPEDITIONS; ATLANTIC; LITHOHERMS; IMPACTS; BANK; ECHINODERMATA AB Expeditions from 1999 to 2004 for biomedical research explored various deep-sea coral ecosystems (DSCE) off the southeastern U.S. (Blake Plateau, Straits of Florida, and eastern Gulf of Mexico). Habitat and benthos were documented from 57 dives with human occupied submersibles and three with a remotely operated vehicle (ROV), and resulted in similar to 100 hrs of videotapes, 259 in situ digital images, 621 museum specimens, and > 400 microbial isolates. These were the first dives to document the habitat, benthic fauna, and fish diversity of some of these poorly known deep-water reefs. Fifty-eight fish species and 142 benthic invertebrate taxa were identified. High-definition topographic SEABEAM maps and echosounder profiles were also produced. Sites included in this report range from South Carolina on the Blake Plateau to the southwestern Florida slope: 1) Stetson Lophelia reefs along the eastern Blake Plateau off South Carolina; 2) Savannah Lophelia lithoherms along the western Blake Plateau off Georgia; 3) east Florida Lophelia reefs, 4) Miami Terrace escarpment in the Straits of Florida; 5) Pourtales Terrace off the Florida Keys; and 6) west Florida Lophelia lithoherms off the southwestern Florida shelf in the Gulf of Mexico. These are contrasted with the azooxanthellate deep-water Oculina reefs at the shelf-edge off central eastern Florida. The fisheries and biopharmaceutical resource potential of these deep-water habitats remain relatively unknown. Although these habitats are not currently designated as marine protected areas (MPAs) or coral habitat areas of particular concern (HAPCs), they are ecologically diverse, vulnerable to physical destruction, and irreplaceable resources. Activities involving bottom trawling, pipelines, or oil/gas production could negatively impact these reefs. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Fisheries and the South Atlantic Fishery Management Council are currently developing priority mapping sites of the DSCEs within this region, and these data may provide potential targets for new MPAs and HAPCs. C1 Harbor Branch Oceanog Inst Inc, Ft Pierce, FL 34946 USA. NOAA, NOS, Flower Garden Banks Natl Marine Sanctuary, Bryan, TX 77802 USA. RP Reed, JK (reprint author), Harbor Branch Oceanog Inst Inc, 5600 US 1 North, Ft Pierce, FL 34946 USA. EM jreed@hboi.edu NR 63 TC 63 Z9 69 U1 1 U2 26 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 78 IS 2 BP 343 EP 375 PG 33 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 031FJ UT WOS:000236689500009 ER PT J AU Rutledge, GK Alpert, J Ebisuzaki, W AF Rutledge, GK Alpert, J Ebisuzaki, W TI Nomads - A climate and weather model archive at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID REANALYSIS; DATABASE; TEMPERATURE; NMC AB An online archive of real-time and historical weather and cli- mate model output and observational data is now available from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). This archive, known as the NOAA National Operational Model Archive and Distribution System (NOMADS), was jointly initiated in 2001 by the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), and the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL). At present, NOMADS provides access to real-time and historical 1) numerical weather prediction (NWP) model input and output, 2) GFDL's Coupled Global Climate Models (CGCM) output, 3) global and regional reanalysis from NCEP and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), and 4) limited surface, upper-air, and satellite observational datasets from NCDC and NOAA's National Ocean Data Center (NODC) and Earth System Research Laboratory [formerly the Forecast System Laboratory (FSL)]. NOMADS is but one of many similar data services across the United States and abroad that are embracing and leveraging various pilot efforts toward distributed data access using agreed-to data transport and data format conventions. This allows for the interoperable access-of various subsets of data across the Internet. These underlying community-driven agreements and the Open Source Project for a Network Data Access Protocol (OPeNDAP) data transport protocol form the core of NOMADS services as well as have the capability for "format neutral" access to data in many different formats and locations.). C1 Natl Climat Ctr, Fed Bldg,151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. NOAA Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Natl Climat Ctr, Fed Bldg,151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. EM Glenn.Rutledge@noaa.gov NR 50 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 EI 1520-0477 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 87 IS 3 BP 327 EP 341 DI 10.1175/BAMS-87-3-327 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 029BX UT WOS:000236534000015 ER PT J AU Mesinger, F DiMego, G Kalnay, E Mitchell, K Shafran, PC Ebisuzaki, W Jovic, D Woollen, J Rogers, E Berbery, EH Ek, MB Fan, Y Grumbine, R Higgins, W Li, H Lin, Y Manikin, G Parrish, D Shi, W AF Mesinger, F DiMego, G Kalnay, E Mitchell, K Shafran, PC Ebisuzaki, W Jovic, D Woollen, J Rogers, E Berbery, EH Ek, MB Fan, Y Grumbine, R Higgins, W Li, H Lin, Y Manikin, G Parrish, D Shi, W TI North American regional reanalysis SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SSI ANALYSIS SYSTEM; ETA-MODEL; GLOBAL PRECIPITATION; HYDROLOGIC-CYCLE; NCEP; IMPLEMENTATION; COORDINATE; RADIANCES AB In 1997, during the late stages of production of NCEP-NCAR Global Reanalysis (GR), exploration of a regional reanalysis project was suggested by the GR project's Advisory Committee, "particularly if the RDAS [Regional Data Assimilation System] is significantly better than the global reanalysis at capturing the regional hydrological cycle, the diurnal cycle and other important features of weather and climate variability." Following a 6-yr development and production effort, NCEP's North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) project was completed in 2004, and data are now available to the scientific community. Along with the use of the NCEP Eta model and its Data Assimilation System (at 32-km-45-layer resolution with 3-hourly output), the hallmarks of the NARR are the incorporation of hourly assimilation of precipitation, which lever-ages a comprehensive precipitation analysis effort, the use of a recent version of the Noah land surface model, and the use of numerous other datasets that are additional or improved compared to the GR. Following the practice applied to NCEP's GR, the 25-yr NARR retrospective production period (1979-2003) is augmented by the construction and daily execution of a system for near-real-time continuation of the NARR, known as the Regional Climate Data Assimilation System (R-CDAS). Highlights of the NARR results are presented: precipitation over the continental United States (CONUS), which is seen to be very near the ingested analyzed precipitation; fits of tropospheric temperatures and winds to rawin-sonde observations; and fits of 2-m temperatures and 10-m winds to surface station observations. The aforementioned fits are compared to those of the NCEP-Department of Energy (DOE) Global Reanalysis (GR2). Not only have the expectations cited above been fully met, but very substantial improvements in the accuracy of temperatures and winds compared to that of GR2 are achieved throughout the troposphere. Finally, the numerous datasets produced are outlined and information is provided on the data archiving and present data availability. C1 NCEP Environm Modeling Ctr, 5200 Auth Rd,Room 207, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Univ Corp Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO USA. NCEP Environm Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, College Pk, MD USA. RS Informat Syst, Mclean, VA USA. RP NCEP Environm Modeling Ctr, 5200 Auth Rd,Room 207, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM fedor.mesinger@noaa.gov RI Grumbine, Robert/B-9865-2008; Kalnay, Eugenia/F-4393-2010; Berbery, Ernesto/F-4560-2010; OI Berbery, Ernesto/0000-0003-2587-3345; Kalnay, Eugenia/0000-0002-9984-9906 NR 31 TC 1394 Z9 1402 U1 14 U2 139 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 EI 1520-0477 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 87 IS 3 BP 343 EP 360 DI 10.1175/BAMS-87-3-343 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 029BX UT WOS:000236534000016 ER PT J AU Spina, A McGoogan, MR Gaffney, TS AF Spina, A McGoogan, MR Gaffney, TS TI Influence of surface-water withdrawal on juvenile steelhead and their habitat in a South-Central California nursery stream SO CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME LA English DT Article ID BRITISH-COLUMBIA; DRAINAGE-BASIN; WEST-COAST; MAIN-STEM; SALMON; TROUT; ASSOCIATIONS; ABUNDANCE; OREGON; RIVER C1 SW Fisheries Serv, NOAA, Long Beach, CA 90802 USA. RP Spina, A (reprint author), SW Fisheries Serv, NOAA, 501 W Ocean Blvd,Suite 4200, Long Beach, CA 90802 USA. EM anthony.spina@noaa.gov NR 25 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 5 PU CALIF FISH AND GAME EDITOR PI SACRAMENTO PA 1416 NINTH ST, SACRAMENTO, CA 95814 USA SN 0008-1078 J9 CALIF FISH GAME JI Calif. Fish Game PD SPR PY 2006 VL 92 IS 2 BP 81 EP 90 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Zoology SC Fisheries; Zoology GA 048GY UT WOS:000237936800003 ER PT J AU Pella, J Masuda, M AF Pella, J Masuda, M TI The Gibbs and split-merge sampler for population mixture analysis from genetic data with incomplete baselines SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID DIRICHLET PROCESS MIXTURE; MULTILOCUS GENOTYPE DATA; STOCK COMPOSITION; DISTRIBUTIONS; INFERENCE; MODEL; LOCI AB Although population mixtures often include contributions from novel populations as well as from baseline populations previously sampled, unlabeled mixture individuals can be separated to their sources from genetic data. A Gibbs and split-merge Markov chain Monte Carlo sampler is described for successively partitioning a genetic mixture sample into plausible subsets of individuals from each of the baseline and extra-baseline populations present. The subsets are selected to satisfy the Hardy-Weinberg and linkage equilibrium conditions expected for large, panmictic populations. The number of populations present can be inferred from the distribution for counts of subsets per partition drawn by the sampler. To further summarize the sampler's output, co-assignment probabilities of mixture individuals to the same subsets are computed from the partitions and are used to construct a binary tree of their relatedness. The tree graphically displays the clusters of mixture individuals together with a quantitative measure of the evidence supporting their various separate and common sources. The methodology is applied to several simulated and real data sets to illustrate its use and demonstrate the sampler's superior performance. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bat Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Masuda, M (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bat Lab, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM Michele.Masuda@noaa.gov NR 38 TC 62 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 8 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 63 IS 3 BP 576 EP 596 DI 10.1139/f05-224 PG 21 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 038EI UT WOS:000237201200010 ER PT J AU Campana, SE Marks, L Joyce, W Kohler, NE AF Campana, SE Marks, L Joyce, W Kohler, NE TI Effects of recreational and commercial fishing on blue sharks (Prionace glauca) in Atlantic Canada, with inferences on the North Atlantic population SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID MANAGEMENT; DYNAMICS; FISHERY; OCEAN AB The nominal catch of blue sharks (Prionace glauca) reported for the Canadian Atlantic grossly underestimates the annual catch mortality of about 1000 tonnes (t), making blue sharks the most frequently caught large shark in Canadian waters. Although blue sharks accounted for 99% of all sharks landed at recreational shark fishing tournaments, tournament catches accounted for only 3% of total fishing mortality. Standardized catch rate indices suggested a decline in blue shark abundance of about 5%-6%.year(-1) since 1995. An increased mortality rate in recent years was suggested by a decline in the median size of blue sharks in the commercial catch. Two independent calculations suggest that North Atlantic catches exceeded 100 000 t, with catch mortalities ranging between 26 000 and 37 000 t. Because tagging studies indicated that blue sharks are highly migratory with a single population in the North Atlantic, the Canadian contribution to overall population mortality accounts for only 2% of the total. The fact that blue shark populations are relatively productive and resilient may help explain their persistence in the face of high international catch mortality and a decline in relative abundance. C1 Bedford Inst Oceanog, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Campana, SE (reprint author), Bedford Inst Oceanog, POB 1006, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. EM campanas@mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca RI Campana, Steven/C-3420-2013 OI Campana, Steven/0000-0001-8802-3976 NR 23 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 3 U2 25 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 63 IS 3 BP 670 EP 682 DI 10.1139/f05-251 PG 13 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 038EI UT WOS:000237201200018 ER PT J AU Grafton, RQ Arnason, R Bjorndal, T Campbell, D Campbell, HF Clark, CW Connor, R Dupont, DP Hannesson, R Hilborn, R Kirkley, JE Kompas, T Lane, DE Munro, GR Pascoe, S Squires, D Steinshamn, SI Turris, BR Weninger, Q AF Grafton, RQ Arnason, R Bjorndal, T Campbell, D Campbell, HF Clark, CW Connor, R Dupont, DP Hannesson, R Hilborn, R Kirkley, JE Kompas, T Lane, DE Munro, GR Pascoe, S Squires, D Steinshamn, SI Turris, BR Weninger, Q TI Incentive-based approaches to sustainable fisheries SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Review ID INDIVIDUAL TRANSFERABLE QUOTAS; SOUTHERN BLUEFIN TUNA; MARINE RESERVES; PROPERTY-RIGHTS; PRIVATE PROPERTY; BUYBACK PROGRAMS; MANAGEMENT; CONSERVATION; PACIFIC; EFFICIENCY AB The failures of traditional target-species management have led many to propose an ecosystem approach to fisheries to promote sustainability. The ecosystem approach is necessary, especially to account for fishery-ecosystem interactions, but by itself is not sufficient to address two important factors contributing to unsustainable fisheries: inappropriate incentives bearing on fishers and the ineffective governance that frequently exists in commercial, developed fisheries managed primarily by total-harvest limits and input controls. We contend that much greater emphasis must be placed on fisher motivation when managing fisheries. Using evidence from more than a dozen natural experiments in commercial fisheries, we argue that incentive-based approaches that better specify community and individual harvest or territorial rights and price ecosystem services and that are coupled with public research, monitoring, and effective oversight promote sustainable fisheries. C1 Australian Natl Univ, Asia Pacific Sch Econ & Govt, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. Univ Iceland, Dept Econ, IS-11 Reykjavik, Iceland. Univ Portsmouth, Ctr Fisheries Econ, SNF, London SW7 4RW, England. Univ Portsmouth, CEMARE, London SW7 4RW, England. DCafe, Kippax, ACT 2615, Australia. Univ Queensland, Sch Econ, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. Univ British Columbia, Dept Math, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada. Minist Fisheries, Wellington, New Zealand. Brock Univ, Dept Econ, St Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada. Norwegian Sch Econ & Business Adm, N-5045 Bergen, Norway. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Coll William & Mary, Sch Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. Australian Natl Univ, Asia Pacific Sch Econ & Govt, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. Australian Bur Agr & Resource Econ, Barton, ACT 2601, Australia. Univ Ottawa, Sch Management, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada. Univ British Columbia, Dept Econ, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada. Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Ctr, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada. Univ Portsmouth, CEMARE, HM Naval Base, Portsmouth PO1 3LJ, Hants, England. US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. Inst Res Econ & Business Adm, N-5045 Bergen, Norway. Pacific Fisheries Management Inc, New Westminster, BC V3L 2R8, Canada. Iowa State Univ, Dept Econ, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Grafton, RQ (reprint author), Australian Natl Univ, Asia Pacific Sch Econ & Govt, JG Crawford Bldg 13, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. EM quentin.grafton@anu.edu.au RI Grafton, R. Quentin/A-5277-2008; Kompas, Tom/F-5930-2010; Pascoe, Sean/D-9710-2011; Hilborn, Ray/D-6332-2013; OI Grafton, R. Quentin/0000-0002-0048-9083; Kompas, Tom/0000-0002-6698-225X; Pascoe, Sean/0000-0001-6581-2649; Weninger, Quinn/0000-0003-4656-105X NR 126 TC 165 Z9 166 U1 12 U2 83 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 63 IS 3 BP 699 EP 710 DI 10.1139/f05-247 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 038EI UT WOS:000237201200020 ER PT J AU Barreiro, M Philander, G Pacanowski, R Fedorov, A AF Barreiro, M Philander, G Pacanowski, R Fedorov, A TI Simulations of warm tropical conditions with application to middle Pliocene atmospheres SO CLIMATE DYNAMICS LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; CLIMATE; WATER; FEEDBACK; PACIFIC; RECONSTRUCTION; THERMOSTATS; GREENHOUSE; PERIOD; COVER AB During the early and mid-Pliocene, the period from 5 to 3 million years ago, approximately, the Earth is believed to have been significantly warmer than it is today, but the reasons for the higher temperatures are unclear. This paper explores the impact of recent findings that suggest that, at that time, cold surface waters were absent from the tropical and subtropical oceanic upwelling zones. El Nino was in effect a perennial rather than intermittent phenomenon, and sea surface temperatures in low latitudes were essentially independent of longitude. When these conditions are specified as the lower boundary condition for an atmospheric GCM, we find that the trade winds along the equator, and hence the Walker Circulation, collapse. The low-level stratus clouds in low latitudes diminish greatly, thus reducing the albedo of the Earth. The atmospheric concentration of water vapor increases, and enhanced latent heat release due to stronger evaporation warms up the tropical atmosphere, particularly between 40 degrees S and 20 degrees N. Moreover, teleconnection patterns from the Pacific induce a warming over North America that is enhanced by surface albedo feedback, a process that may have helped to maintain this region ice-free before 3 Ma. The results presented here indicate that the suggested absence of cold surface waters from the tropical and subtropical oceanic upwelling zones could have contributed significantly to the Pliocene warmth. C1 Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. Yale Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, New Haven, CT USA. RP Barreiro, M (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM barreiro@princeton.edu RI fedorov, alexey/F-1879-2010 NR 40 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 12 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0930-7575 J9 CLIM DYNAM JI Clim. Dyn. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 26 IS 4 BP 349 EP 365 DI 10.1007/s00382-005-0086-4 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 011ZG UT WOS:000235307400002 ER PT J AU Murphy, KE Schantz, MM Butler, TA Benner, BA Wood, LJ Turk, GC AF Murphy, KE Schantz, MM Butler, TA Benner, BA Wood, LJ Turk, GC TI Determination of cyanide in blood by isotope-dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID WHOLE-BLOOD; THIOCYANATE; PLASMA AB Background: Cyanide (CN) is a lethal toxin. Quantification in blood is, necessary to indicate exposure from many sources, including food, combustion byproducts, and terrorist activity. We describe an automated procedure based on isotope-dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (ID GC/MS) for the. accurate and rapid determination of CN in whole blood., Methods: A known amount of isotopically labeled potassium cyanide ((KCN)-C-13-N-15) was added to 0.5 g of whole blood in a headspace vial. Hydrogen cyanide was generated through the addition of phosphoric. acid, and after a 5-min incubation, 0.5 mL of the headspace was injected into the GC/MS at an oven temperature of -15 degrees C. The peak areas from the sample, (HCN+)-H-1-C-12-N-14, at m/z 27, and the internal standard, (HCN+)-H-1-C-13-N-15, at m/z 29, were measured, and the CN concentration was quantified by ID. The analysis time was 15 min for a single injection. Results: We demonstrated method accuracy by measuring the CN content of unfrozen whole blood samples fortified with a known amount of CN. Intermediate precision was demonstrated by periodic analyses over a 14-month span. Relative expanded uncertainties based on a 95% level of confidence with a coverage factor of 2 at CN concentrations of 0.06, 0.6, and 1.5 mu g/g were 8.3%, 5.4%, and 5.3%. respectively. The mean deviation from the known value for all concentrations was <4%. Conclusion: The automated ID GC/MS method can accurately and rapidly quantify nanogram per gram to microgram per gram concentrations of CN in blood. (C) 2006 American Association for Clinical Chemistry. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Murphy, KE (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8391, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM karen.murphy@nist.gov NR 24 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 52 IS 3 BP 458 EP 467 DI 10.1373/clinchem.2005.061002 PG 10 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 017DS UT WOS:000235674900016 PM 16439606 ER PT J AU Katta, VR Takahashi, F Linteris, GT AF Katta, VR Takahashi, F Linteris, GT TI Fire-suppression characteristics of CF3H in a cup burner SO COMBUSTION AND FLAME LA English DT Article DE fire suppression; extinction; cup burner; diffusion flames; Halon replacement; flame inhibition ID JET DIFFUSION FLAME; METHANE-AIR FLAMES; PHOSPHORUS-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS; NONPREMIXED FLAMES; PREFERENTIAL DIFFUSION; INHIBITION; FLUOROMETHANES; PREDICTION; SIZES AB A numerical investigation is performed to understand the inhibition characteristics of CF3H in a periodically oscillating methane-air jet diffusion flame formed over a cup burner. A detailed chemical kinetic mechanism having 82 species and 15 10 elementary-reaction steps is used. Calculations made without adding agent yielded an oscillating flame with a flicker frequency of 11 Hz, which compared well with that obtained in the experiment. The minimum concentration of agent required for extinguishing the cup-burner flame is determined by adding CF3H to the air stream and by increasing its volume fraction gradually until the flame is completely extinguished. Addition of CF3H at volume fractions up to 10.05% did not affect the cup-burner flame temperature significantly. Extinction of a cup-burner flame took place as the base of the flame became destabilized, and the unstable flame base moved downstream in search of a new stabilization location. The predicted minimum concentrations of CF3H for extinguishing the flame obtained by (1) replacing the air with CF3H and (2) replacing the N-2 in the air with CF3H are 10.1 and 19.2%, respectively. These concentrations compare favorably with the corresponding measured values of 11.7 and 20.3%, respectively. For validation, calculations are also made for the steady counterflow diffusion flames with different concentrations of CF3H in the air stream and the predicted volume fractions of agent at extinction are in good agreement with the experimental values published in the literature. Examination of the reaction rates for the cup-burner flames indicates that the reactions with fluorinated species reduce the concentration of chain-carrying radicals in the flame. The effect is stronger at the flame base than further up in the trailing part of the flame, leading to destabilization at the flame base prior to extinction in the trailing region, and yielding the observed blowoff-type extinction. (c) 2005 The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Innovat Sci Solut Inc, Dayton, OH 45440 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Natl Ctr Space Explorat Res Fluids & Combust, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Katta, VR (reprint author), Innovat Sci Solut Inc, 2766 Indian Ripple Rd, Dayton, OH 45440 USA. EM vrkatta@innssi.com NR 53 TC 23 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0010-2180 J9 COMBUST FLAME JI Combust. Flame PD MAR PY 2006 VL 144 IS 4 BP 645 EP 661 DI 10.1016/j.combustflame.2005.09.006 PG 17 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 024JU UT WOS:000236192100001 ER PT J AU Dobbins, RA Fletcher, RA Benner, BA Hoeft, S AF Dobbins, RA Fletcher, RA Benner, BA Hoeft, S TI Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in flames, in diesel fuels, an in diesel emissions SO COMBUSTION AND FLAME LA English DT Article DE PAHs; flames; diesel fuels; emissions ID MASS-SPECTROMETRY; EXHAUST EMISSIONS; DIFFUSION FLAME; SOOT PARTICLES; COMBUSTION AB Numerous chemical analyses of gaseous and particulate samples from laboratory flames provide a library of data on the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) species found in diverse flame types burning fuels consisting of pure gaseous hydrocarbons. The diesel fuels utilized by the more complex combustion in compression ignition engines are composed of thousands of hydrocarbon species. Mass spectrometry by the laser microprobe and gas chromatography were used in a complementary manner to distinguish the PAHs originating in the fuel from those produced by engine combustion. The CxHy PAH products of premixed and diffusion flame processes, which also occur in the unsteady diesel combustion, range in mass from 128 u (two rings, x = 10, y = 8) to beyond 350 u (eight rings, x = 28, y = 14). Graphs of the number of hydrogen atoms y vs the number of carbon atoms x for the species found by many investigators of laboratory flames show these pyrogenic PAHs to lie on or near the staircase curve that describes the most stable, pericondensed, benzenoid PAHs. In contrast, samples of diesel fuels from the United Kingdom and the United States contain petrogenic alkyl-PAHs with high hydrogen contents. Samples of diesel particulate emissions typical of the 1990s from two different sources display the full mass range of PAHs from 128 to 350 u, including both the benzenoid PAHs and the alkyl-PAHs. Thus diesel emissions, in general, may contain petrogenic fuel components ranging up to 206 u and also the combustion-generated four- to seven-ring species in the 228 to 302 u mass range that have greater carcinogenic potency. The absence of petrogenic components larger than 206 u facilitates their detection and delineation from pyrogenic PAHs by methods of chemical analysis. (c) 2005 The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Brown Univ, Div Engn, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Washington Univ, St Louis, MO 63110 USA. RP Dobbins, RA (reprint author), Brown Univ, Div Engn, Providence, RI 02912 USA. EM richard_dobbins@brown.edu NR 31 TC 52 Z9 59 U1 2 U2 23 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0010-2180 J9 COMBUST FLAME JI Combust. Flame PD MAR PY 2006 VL 144 IS 4 BP 773 EP 781 DI 10.1016/j.combustflame.2005.09.008 PG 9 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 024JU UT WOS:000236192100010 ER PT J AU Beichl, I Sullivan, F AF Beichl, I Sullivan, F TI Monte Carlo methods - Guest editors' introduction SO COMPUTING IN SCIENCE & ENGINEERING LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. IDA Ctr Comp Sci, Bowie, MD USA. RP Beichl, I (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM beichl@nist.gov; fran@super.org NR 1 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 1521-9615 J9 COMPUT SCI ENG JI Comput. Sci. Eng. PD MAR-APR PY 2006 VL 8 IS 2 BP 7 EP 8 DI 10.1109/MCSE.2006.27 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Computer Science GA 014JL UT WOS:000235475900002 ER PT J AU Beichl, I Sullivan, F AF Beichl, I Sullivan, F TI The other Monte Carlo method SO COMPUTING IN SCIENCE & ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID DOUBLY STOCHASTIC MATRICES AB Although the Metropolis algorithm dates back to at least 1953, the fact that it could be used for approximate counting has become clear only in recent years. An algorithm specifically designed for counting was created around the some time as the Metropolis algorithm by some of the some researchers. This other Monte Carlo method, now known as sequential importance sampling (SIS), has proved to be very effective against a wide variety of problems. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. IDA Ctr Comp Sci, Bowie, MD USA. RP Beichl, I (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM isabel.beichl@nist.gov; fran@super.org NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 1521-9615 J9 COMPUT SCI ENG JI Comput. Sci. Eng. PD MAR-APR PY 2006 VL 8 IS 2 BP 42 EP 47 DI 10.1109/MCSE.2006.35 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Computer Science GA 014JL UT WOS:000235475900006 ER PT J AU Stevenson, DE Orr, JW AF Stevenson, DE Orr, JW TI A new species of Lycodes (Perciformes : Zoarcidae) from the Aleutian islands SO COPEIA LA English DT Article ID PISCES AB A new species of eelpout, Lycodes akuugun, is described from the Aleutian Islands on the basis of 11 specimens collected during bottom-trawl surveys from 1994 through 2004. This species has a distinctive color pattern, characterized by a dark brown dorsum separated from a light gray ventrum by a distinct border running along the lateral surface of the head and most of the body, as well as several distinct narrow bars on the dorsal fin and a light blotch on the posterodorsal portion of the caudal fin. It is also characterized by having an elongate body, a ventrally placed lateral line, rounded pectoral fins, and relatively high meristics, as well as the presence of an interorbital cephalic sensory pore and the absence of scales on the nape. Among sympatric congeners, L. akuugun is most similar to L. diapterus, L. brevipes, and L. concolor. It differs from all three species in color pattern and in the presence of an interorbital cephalic sensory pore. It can be distinguished from other congeners on the basis of coloration, lateral-line morphology, and meristics. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Stevenson, DE (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM duane.stevenson@noaa.gov NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ICHTHYOLOGISTS HERPETOLOGISTS PI CHARLESTON PA UNIV CHARLESTON, GRICE MARINE LABORATORY, 205 FORT JOHNSON RD, CHARLESTON, SC 29412 USA SN 0045-8511 J9 COPEIA JI Copeia PD MAR 1 PY 2006 IS 1 BP 77 EP 82 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 021WU UT WOS:000236017400008 ER PT J AU Bonito, V Grober-Dunsmore, R AF Bonito, V Grober-Dunsmore, R TI Resheeting of relict Acropora palmata framework may promote fast growth, but does it compromise the structural integrity of the colony? SO CORAL REEFS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Natl Marine Protected Areas Ctr, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Bonito, V (reprint author), Votua Village,POB 136, Korolevu, Fiji. EM staghorncoral@hotmail.com NR 4 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0722-4028 J9 CORAL REEFS JI Coral Reefs PD MAR PY 2006 VL 25 IS 1 BP 46 EP 46 DI 10.1007/s00338-005-0062-9 PG 1 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 017TM UT WOS:000235716200008 ER PT J AU Vargas-Angel, B Colley, SB Hoke, SM Thomas, JD AF Vargas-Angel, B Colley, SB Hoke, SM Thomas, JD TI The reproductive seasonality and gametogenic cycle of Acropora cervicornis off Broward County, Florida, USA SO CORAL REEFS LA English DT Article DE Acropora cervicornis; gametogenesis; sexual reproduction; Florida ID GALAPAGOS-ISLANDS ECUADOR; REEF CORAL REPRODUCTION; WHITE-BAND DISEASE; SEXUAL REPRODUCTION; EASTERN PACIFIC; COSTA-RICA; FORT-LAUDERDALE; HOLOCENE REEF; PUERTO-RICO; RED-SEA AB Reproductive characters of the Caribbean reef-building coral Acropora cervicornis were investigated based on histological samples collected from April 2001 through October 2002. Oogenesis commenced in early to mid-October through November and spermatogenesis was initiated from January to March. The onset of gametogenesis was staggered, exhibiting up to approximately a 1-month delay within colonies. In the hermaphroditic polyps, the observed male-to-female gonad ratio was nearly 1:1 and ripe oocytes represented over 70% of the total gonadal volume. Fecundity estimates based on Stage IV ova ranged between 10.4 and 21.8 mm(3) per square centimeter per year, comparable to A. cervicornis in Puerto Rico and other broadcasting Indo-Pacific Acropora. Fecundity estimates based on Stage III vitellogenic oocytes indicated statistically significant differences among study sites. Spawning in field conditions was observed in 2001, 2003, and 2004 from 2300 to 2330 h. Gamete release generally occurred synchronously between nights two and seven after the full moon of July or August. However in 2003, multiple, small-scale gamete release episodes occurred over more than one lunar cycle. This coincided with the full moon occurring early in the month of July. While prolific gamete production is reported in this study, low levels of recruitment have been reported for this species. Thus, the highly fragmenting A. cervicornis may rely heavily on asexual reproduction for population maintenance and expansion, and recovery after disturbance may be greatly protracted. C1 Nova SE Univ, Oceanog Ctr, Natl Coral Reef Inst, Dania, FL 33004 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Marine Biol & Fisheries, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Vargas-Angel, B (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, 1125 Ala Moana Blvd, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. EM Bernardo.VargasAngel@noaa.gov NR 52 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 4 U2 23 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0722-4028 J9 CORAL REEFS JI Coral Reefs PD MAR PY 2006 VL 25 IS 1 BP 110 EP 122 DI 10.1007/s00338-005-0070-9 PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 017TM UT WOS:000235716200019 ER PT J AU Alikakos, ND Bates, PW Cahn, JW Fife, PC Fusco, G Tanoglu, GB AF Alikakos, ND Bates, PW Cahn, JW Fife, PC Fusco, G Tanoglu, GB TI Analysis of a corner layer problem in anisotropic interfaces SO DISCRETE AND CONTINUOUS DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS-SERIES B LA English DT Article DE anisotropy; interfaces; crystalline structure; nonlinear boundary value problems; corner layers; stability; singular perturbation ID BOUNDARIES; ALLOYS AB We investigate a model of anisotropic diffuse interfaces in ordered FCC crystals introduced recently by Braun et al and Tanoglu et al [3, 18, 19], focusing on parametric conditions which give extreme anisotropy. For a reduced model, we prove existence and stability of plane wave solutions connecting the disordered FCC state with the ordered Cu3Au state described by solutions to a system of three equations. These plane wave solutions correspond to planar interfaces. Different orientations of the planes in relation to the crystal axes give rise to different surface energies. Guided by previous work based on numerics and formal asymptotics, we reduce this problem in the six dimensional phase space of the system to a two dimensional phase space by taking advantage of the symmetries of the crystal and restricting attention to solutions with corresponding symmetries. For this reduced problem a standing wave solution is constructed that corresponds to a transition that, in the extreme anisotropy limit, is continuous but not differentiable. We also investigate the stability of the constructed solution by studying the eigenvalue problem for the linearized equation. We find that although the transition is stable, there is a growing number 0(1/epsilon), of critical eigenvalues, where 1/epsilon >> 1 is a measure of the anisotropy. Specifically we obtain a discrete spectrum with eigenvalues lambda(n) = epsilon(2/3) mu(n) with mu(n) similar to Cn(2/3), as n --> +infinity. The scaling characteristics of the critical spectrum suggest a previously unknown microstructural instability. C1 Univ N Texas, Dept Math, Denton, TX 76203 USA. Univ Athens, Athens, Greece. Michigan State Univ, Dept Math, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NIST, Div Mat Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Math, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. Univ Aquila, I-67100 Laquila, Italy. Izmir Inst Technol, Dept Math, Izmir, Turkey. RP Alikakos, ND (reprint author), Univ N Texas, Dept Math, Denton, TX 76203 USA. EM alikakos@unt.edu NR 20 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES PI SPRINGFIELD PA PO BOX 2604, SPRINGFIELD, MO 65801-2604 USA SN 1531-3492 J9 DISCRETE CONT DYN-B JI Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst.-Ser. B PD MAR PY 2006 VL 6 IS 2 BP 237 EP 255 PG 19 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA 981YL UT WOS:000233123800002 ER PT J AU Fullerton, AH Lamberti, GA AF Fullerton, AH Lamberti, GA TI A comparison of habitat use and habitat-specific feeding efficiency by Eurasian ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) and yellow perch (Perca flavescens) SO ECOLOGY OF FRESHWATER FISH LA English DT Article DE nonindigenous species; habitat preference; feeding rates; competition; Eurasian ruffe; yellow perch; Great Lakes ID PREDATION PRESSURE; GREAT-LAKES; FLUVIATILIS; COMPETITION; PREY; ABUNDANCE; EUTROPHICATION; FISHES; GROWTH; DIET AB Eurasian ruffe are invading habitats in the North American Great Lakes watershed occupied by commercially important native yellow perch. We conducted laboratory experiments to evaluate potential overlap in habitat (macrophytes, mud, cobble) and food (benthic invertebrates) use. Ruffe and yellow perch both preferred macrophytes > cobble > mud in the light, but only ruffe increased their use of mud in the dark. Neither fish density nor food availability affected habitat preferences, and competition for habitat was not evident. For both species, feeding rates were marginally lower in macrophytes but did not differ between species. Our experiments suggest that if ruffe and yellow perch share a habitat (e.g., during invasion or because of predation risk), competition for space will be weak or absent. However, within a shared habitat, competition for food may occur when food is limiting because neither species has a clear advantage in its ability to consume invertebrates in any habitat. C1 NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. RP Fullerton, AH (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM aimee.fullerton@noaa.gov NR 40 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 19 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0906-6691 J9 ECOL FRESHW FISH JI Ecol. Freshw. Fish PD MAR PY 2006 VL 15 IS 1 BP 1 EP 9 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0633.2005.00114.x PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 010QV UT WOS:000235210100001 ER PT J AU Key, PB Fulton, MH AF Key, PB Fulton, MH TI Correlation between 96-h mortality and 24-h acetylcholinesterase inhibition in three grass shrimp larval life stages SO ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY LA English DT Article DE grass shrimp; Palaemonetes pugio; acetylcholinesterase; mortality; organophosphate insecticides ID PALAEMONETES-PUGIO; PENAEUS-DUORARUM; LETHAL; TOXICITY; EXPOSURE; CHLORPYRIFOS; PESTICIDES; CHEMICALS; FISH AB Three life stages of larval grass shrimp were tested to determine whether acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity expressed as 24-h sublethal effect endpoints (EC20 and EC50) could be used to predict 96-h mortality (lowest observable effect concentration (LOEC) and LC50) for shrimp exposed to three organophosphate insecticides. With regard to mortality, newly hatched larvae and 18-day-old larvae were the most sensitive in the malathion and azinphosmethyl exposures. In the chlorpyrifos exposures, newly hatched larvae and postlarvae were the most sensitive life stages. Results of the 24-h AChE inhibition tests showed that newly hatched larvae were generally more sensitive in the three organophosphate exposures. A regression analysis of the EC50's and LC50's yielded the strongest correlation with R-2 = 0.987 (correlation coefficient = 0.994 and 95% confidence intervals 0.969-0.999). The LOEC/EC20 relationship yielded R-2 = 0.962. For these grass shrimp life stages and pesticides, sublethal effect endpoints could be used as a predictor of 96-h mortality. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Key, PB (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM pete.key@noaa.gov NR 21 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0147-6513 J9 ECOTOX ENVIRON SAFE JI Ecotox. Environ. Safe. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 63 IS 3 BP 389 EP 392 DI 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.10.015 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 026ZQ UT WOS:000236382600006 PM 16343621 ER PT J AU Fleeman, G AF Fleeman, G TI Addressing the flash memory challenge SO EE-EVALUATION ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 Natl Bur Stand, Advantest Amer, Santa Clara, CA 95054 USA. RP Fleeman, G (reprint author), Natl Bur Stand, Advantest Amer, 3201 Scott Blvd, Santa Clara, CA 95054 USA. EM G.Fleeman@Advantest.com NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NELSON PUBLISHING PI NOKOMIS PA 2500 NORTH TAMIAMI TRAIL, NOKOMIS, FL 34275-3482 USA SN 0149-0370 J9 EE-EVAL ENG JI EE-Eval. Eng. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 45 IS 3 BP 20 EP + PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 021LB UT WOS:000235983600003 ER PT J AU Wu, YP Piegorsch, WW West, RW Tang, DF Petkewich, MO Pan, W AF Wu, YP Piegorsch, WW West, RW Tang, DF Petkewich, MO Pan, W TI Multiplicity-adjusted inferences in risk assessment: Benchmark analysis with continuous response data SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article DE benchmark dose; environmental risk analysis; nonquantal dose response; quantitative risk assessment; simultaneous inferences ID UPPER CONFIDENCE-LIMITS; QUANTITATIVE RESPONSES; CLINICAL-TRIALS; DISTRIBUTIONS; MODEL AB We develop and study multiplicity adjustments for low-dose inferences in environmental risk assessment. Application is intended for risk analysis studies where human, animal, or ecological data are used to set safe levels of a hazardous environmental agent. A modern method for making inferences in this setting is known as benchmark analysis, where attention centers on the dose at which a fixed benchmark level of risk is achieved. Both upper confidence limits on the risk and lower confidence limits on the "benchmark dose" are of interest. In practice, a number of possible benchmark risks may be under study; if so, corrections must be applied to adjust the limits for multiplicity. In this note, we discuss approaches for doing so with continuous, nonquantal response data. C1 Univ S Carolina, Dept Stat, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Baltimore Res & Educ Fdn, Perry Point, MD 21902 USA. US Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Piegorsch, WW (reprint author), Univ S Carolina, Dept Stat, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. EM piegorsc@stat.sc.edu OI Piegorsch, Walter/0000-0003-2725-5604 NR 44 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1352-8505 J9 ENVIRON ECOL STAT JI Environ. Ecol. Stat. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 13 IS 1 BP 125 EP 141 DI 10.1007/s10651-005-5695-x PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA 014EM UT WOS:000235461900008 ER PT J AU Downs, CA Fauth, JE Wetzel, D Hallock, P Halas, JF Halas, JC Curry, R Woodley, CM AF Downs, CA Fauth, JE Wetzel, D Hallock, P Halas, JF Halas, JC Curry, R Woodley, CM TI Investigating coral reef degradation at Alina's reef in the Florida Keys: Cellular physiology of white grunt (Haemulon plumieri) as a biological indicator SO ENVIRONMENTAL FORENSICS LA English DT Article DE biomarker; cellular diagnostics; coral reefs; Florida Keys; white grunt ID MITOCHONDRIAL OXYGEN-CONSUMPTION; IN-VITRO; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; ANTHROPOGENIC STRESSORS; MOLECULAR CHAPERONES; OXIDATIVE STRESS; GENE-EXPRESSION; METALLOTHIONEIN; PROTEIN; HEALTH AB Coral reefs in the Florida Keys are severely degraded with a reported 38% loss between 1996 and 2000, yet the causes of these devastating declines remain largely unknown. Our long-term studies in the Upper Keys and Biscayne National Park indicate acute stress events affecting physiological condition in species representing different trophic levels in the reef community, one of which was white grunt (Haemulon plumieri; Lacepede, 1801). We initiated a preliminary investigation describing cellular physiological stress effects and the possible causes of these stress events using cellular diagnostic profiling coupled with a cursory body-load contaminant chemistry analysis. The cellular biomarker profiles from fish taken from Alina's Reef indicated a toxic response profile that was suggestive of a suicide reaction of the cytochrome P450 2-class as a result of an interaction with a xenobiotic that adversely affects heme metabolism. Elevated levels of damaged porphyrin products were also found in fish from Alina's Reef. Liver loads of anthropogenic contaminants ( e. g., pesticides, PCBs) were measured and provided further evidence for possible causative agents. Evaluation and synthesis of each type of data were used to establish a biological effect, develop a mechanism of pathogenicity, and build a profile for possible causative agent(s). C1 EnVirtue Biotechnol Inc, Winchester, VA USA. Univ Cent Florida, Dept Biol, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. Mote Marine Lab, Sarasota, FL 34236 USA. Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Environm Moorings Int Inc, Key Largo, FL USA. Florida Keys Natl Marine Sanctuary, Key Largo, FL USA. Biscayne Natl Pk, Homestead, FL USA. NOAA, NOS Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC USA. Med Univ S Carolina, Marine Biomed & Environm Sci Ctr, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. RP Downs, CA (reprint author), Haereticus Environm Lab, POB 92, Clifford, VA 24533 USA. EM haereticus1@direcway.com NR 94 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 9 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1527-5922 J9 ENVIRON FORENSICS JI Environ. Forensics PD MAR PY 2006 VL 7 IS 1 BP 15 EP 32 DI 10.1080/15275920500351775 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 032LD UT WOS:000236775000003 ER PT J AU Fonseca, MS Koehl, MAR AF Fonseca, MS Koehl, MAR TI Flow in seagrass canopies: The influence of patch width SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE seagrass; currents; patch size; flume; flow ID ZOSTERA-MARINA L; NORTH-CAROLINA; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; HYDRODYNAMICS; RECRUITMENT; DIFFUSION; DYNAMICS; MEADOWS; BEDS AB Seagrass beds and the communities they form are well known for their ability to alter their local hydrodynamic environment, reducing current velocities and altering turbulent structure in and around the canopy. Much of the quantitative information that has been published on the interaction of seagrass canopies with flowing water has been derived from laboratory flume studies. The few studies that have been conducted all point to similar patterns of flow alteration around the seagrass canopy. Differences among the results of the study are likely primarily due to different experimental configurations. Some studies have used seagrass beds much narrower than the width of the flume while others have used seagrass beds extending the full width of the flume. The validity of the latter design has often been called into question because of scaling issues. In this study, artificial seagrass was used to examine the effects of bed width in a laboratory flume on the spatial pattern of water velocity and turbulence intensity within the bed. As seagrass bed width was increased, blocking more of the cross-sectional area of the flume, the seagrass became less effective at reducing within-canopy current velocities while over-canopy flow was increased. Narrow patches (0.3 m in a flume, 1.0 m wide) were significantly more effective at reducing current velocity within the canopy than were wider patches, but experienced higher turbulence intensity. Using laboratory findings from experiments to predict field flow conditions when patch geometry differs substantially from that of a flume may either over- or under-estimate flow reduction and turbulence intensity. This is particularly the case within the first meter of horizontal distance as flow enters the canopy. Therefore, flume conditions where the bed width equals the flume width may be more appropriate for mimicking flow interaction with broad and shallow seagrass beds. Use of bed widths narrower than the flume width are likely more accurate for modeling small, developmentally arrested patches, or recently established patches such as those arising from restoration projects. (c) 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Fonseca, MS (reprint author), NOAA, NOS, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM mark.fonseca@noaa.gov NR 28 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 18 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0272-7714 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF S JI Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 67 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 9 DI 10.1016/j.ecss.2005.09.018 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 019RK UT WOS:000235854200001 ER PT J AU Vollmer, M Gedzelman, SD AF Vollmer, M Gedzelman, SD TI Colours of the Sun and Moon: the role of the optical air mass SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID REFRACTION AB A geometric model for the optical air mass of the atmosphere is developed. Using the model, simple formulae are derived for the optical thickness of light passing through (1) a molecular atmosphere, (2) an atmosphere with uniformily distributed tropospheric aerosols and (3) atmospheres with elevated aerosol layers. The formulae are used to model the spectra and perceived colours of the Sun and Moon. C1 Univ Appl Sci Brandenburg, D-14770 Brandenburg, Germany. CUNY City Coll, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, New York, NY 10031 USA. CUNY City Coll, NOAA CREST Ctr, New York, NY 10031 USA. RP Vollmer, M (reprint author), Univ Appl Sci Brandenburg, D-14770 Brandenburg, Germany. NR 15 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 5 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0143-0807 J9 EUR J PHYS JI Eur. J. Phys. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 27 IS 2 BP 299 EP 309 DI 10.1088/0143-0807/27/2/013 PG 11 WC Education, Scientific Disciplines; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Education & Educational Research; Physics GA 027AG UT WOS:000236384400013 ER PT J AU Neer, JA Carlson, JK Thompson, BA AF Neer, J. A. Carlson, J. K. Thompson, B. A. TI Standard oxygen consumption of seasonally acclimatized cownose rays, Rhinoptera bonasus (Mitchill 1815), in the northern Gulf of Mexico SO FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE batoid; elasmobranch; environmental effects; physiology; standard metabolic rate ID MYLIOBATIS-CALIFORNICA; TEMPERATURE; SHARK; BAY AB Standard oxygen consumption rate (MO2) was determined for 19 cownose rays (Rhinoptera bonasus) using flow-through respirometry. Rays ranged in size from 0.4 to 8.25 kg (350-790 mm DW). Respirometry experiments were conducted on seasonally acclimatized rays at temperatures from 19.0 to 28.8 degrees C. Estimates of mass-dependent MO2 ranged from 55.88 mg O-2 kg(-1) h(-1) for an 8.25 kg ray to 332.75 mg O-2 kg(-1) h(-1) for a 2.2 kg animal at 22-25 degrees C. Multiple regression analysis examining the effect of temperature, salinity, and mass on standard mass-independent MO2 found temperature (P < 0.01), and mass (P < 0.0001) to have a significant effect on oxygen consumption, whereas salinity did not (P > 0.05). Q(10) was calculated as 2.33 (19-28 degrees C), falling between the estimates determined for two other batoid species, the bull ray (Myliobatos aquila; Q(10) = 1.87) and the bat ray (Myliobatis californica; Q(10) = 3.00). The difference in the Q(10) estimates may be attributed to the use of seasonally acclimatized as opposed to laboratory-acclimated animals. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Coastal Fisheries Inst, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. RP Neer, JA (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Coastal Fisheries Inst, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. EM Julie.neer@noaa.gov NR 20 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 8 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-1742 J9 FISH PHYSIOL BIOCHEM JI Fish Physiol. Biochem. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 32 IS 1 BP 67 EP 71 DI 10.1007/s10695-006-7312-9 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Fisheries; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Fisheries; Physiology GA 077UX UT WOS:000240057700009 PM 20035481 ER PT J AU Wallace, JR West, CW AF Wallace, JR West, CW TI Measurements of distance fished during the trawl retrieval period SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE trawl surveys; trawl performance; distance fished; tow duration; resource assessment ID SPEED AB Observations of sampling trawl performance made during a multi-vessel groundfish survey raised concerns that the trawls continue to fish during the retrieval period, after the end of the pre-specified sampling period but before coming off bottom. A trigonometric analysis was undertaken to estimate the distance traversed along the bottom, and the trawl speed along the seabed during the retrieval period. The distances traversed were substantial and systematically increased with the depth of the tow. The effective trawl speed approached or even exceeded the towing speed specified by the sampling protocols, and varied systematically among the participating vessels. Subsequently, this analysis was compared to trawl positions and times recorded during the same period by an ultra-short baseline (split-beam) acoustic positioning system and a bottom contact sensor. No marked difference was found between the two methodological approaches. Neglect of the observed effects increases the impact of depth-related bias and inter-vessel variability on survey results while knowledge of these effects may help explain the "vessel effect" commonly observed when comparing the fishing performance of two or more vessels. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fishery Resource Anal & Monitoring Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Wallace, JR (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fishery Resource Anal & Monitoring Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM John.Wallace@noaa.gov NR 14 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 77 IS 3 BP 285 EP 292 DI 10.1016/j.fishres.2005.10.014 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 022YO UT WOS:000236092300004 ER PT J AU Dziak, RP AF Dziak, RP TI Explorer deformation zone: Evidence of a large shear zone and reorganization of the Pacific-Juan de Fuca-North American triple junction SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bathymetry; earthquakes; hydroacoustics; ridge; transform; Juan de Fuca ID PLATE; REGION; SYSTEM AB Recently collected multibeam bathymetry and hydroacoustic earthquake data are used to investigate the recent tectonics of the Explorer-Juan de Fuca Ridge systems, the boundaries between the Pacific and northern Juan de Fuca plates. The bathymetric and seismic evidence presented is consistent with a zone of shear extending well south of the Sovanco Fracture Zone to include the Heck and Heckle seamounts, and potentially as far south as the Springfield Seamounts and Cobb offset along the Juan de Fuca Ridge. This indicates that the triple junction between the Pacific-Juan de Fuca-North American plates may be reorganizing southward to establish at the Cobb offset. C1 Oregon State Univ, Natl Oceanog & Atmospher Adm, HMSC, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Dziak, RP (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Natl Oceanog & Atmospher Adm, HMSC, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 12 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD MAR PY 2006 VL 34 IS 3 BP 213 EP 216 DI 10.1130/G22164.1 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 021CB UT WOS:000235959300023 ER PT J AU Brown, AFM Dortch, Q Van Dolah, FM Leighfield, TA Morrison, W Thessen, AE Steidinger, K Richardson, B Moncreiff, CA Pennock, JR AF Brown, AFM Dortch, Q Van Dolah, FM Leighfield, TA Morrison, W Thessen, AE Steidinger, K Richardson, B Moncreiff, CA Pennock, JR TI Effect of salinity on the distribution, growth, and toxicity of Karenia spp. SO HARMFUL ALGAE LA English DT Article DE brevetoxin; growth rate; harmful algae; HAB; Karenia brevis; Northern Gulf of Mexico; NSP; salinity; toxicity ID SP-NOV GYMNODINIALES; GULF-OF-MEXICO; NEW-ZEALAND; MARINE-PHYTOPLANKTON; PSEUDO-NITZSCHIA; TOXIN CONTENT; DINOPHYCEAE; BREVE; BLOOM; DAVIS AB The first recorded bloom of Karenia spp., resulting in brevetoxin in oysters, in the low salinity waters of the Northern Gulf of Mexico (NGOMEX) occurred in November 1996. It raised questions about the salinity tolerance of Karellia spp., previously considered unlikely to occur at salinities < 24 psu, and the likelihood that the bloom Would reoccur in the NGOMEX. Salinity was investigated as a factor controlling Karenia spp. abundance in the field, using data from the NGOMEX 1996 bloom and Florida coastal waters from 1954 to 2004, and growth and toxin production in cultures of Karenia brevis (Davis) G. Hansen and Moestrup. During the NGOMEX bloom, Karenia Spp. Occurred much more frequently at low salinities than in Florida coastal waters over the last 50 years. The data suggest that the NGOMEX bloom started on the NW Florida Shelf, ail area with a higher frequency of Kartnia spp. at low salinities than the rest of Florida, and was transported by an unusual westward surface current caused by Tropical Storm Josephine. The minimum salinity at which growth occurred in culture ranged between 17.5 and 20 psu, but the optimal salinity ranged between low values of 20 or 25 and high values of 37.5-45 psu, depending on the clone. The effect of salinity on toxin production in one clone of K. brevis was complex, but at all salinities brevetoxin levels were highest during the stationary growth phase, Suggesting that aging, high density blooms may pose the greatest public health threat. The results demonstrate that Karenia spp. can be a public health threat in low salinity areas, but the risk in the NGOMEX is relatively low. No bloom has occurred since the 1996 event, which was probably associated with a special set of conditions: a bloom along the Florida Panhandle and a tropical storm with a track that set up a westward current. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, NCCOS, CSCOR, NOS, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Sch Coast & Environm, Dept Oceanog & Coastal Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Louisiana Univ Marine Consortium, Chauvin, LA 70344 USA. Univ Maryland, Horn Point Environm Lab, Ctr Environm Sci, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA. Florida Inst Oceanog, Fish & Wildlife Res Inst, Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, Fish & Wildlife Res Inst, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Bot Consulting & Analyses, Ocean Springs, MS 39564 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Marine Program, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Dortch, Q (reprint author), NOAA, NCCOS, CSCOR, NOS, NSC12,1305 EW Highway, Providence, RI 02912 USA. EM Quay.Dortch@noaa.gov OI Thessen, Anne/0000-0002-2908-3327 NR 42 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1568-9883 J9 HARMFUL ALGAE JI Harmful Algae PD MAR PY 2006 VL 5 IS 2 BP 199 EP 212 DI 10.1016/j.hal.2005.07.004 PG 14 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 014TH UT WOS:000235502500009 ER PT J AU Watanabe, M Dresselhaus, PD Benz, SP AF Watanabe, M Dresselhaus, PD Benz, SP TI Resonance-free low-pass filters for the AC Josephson voltage standard SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE digital-analog conversion; Josephson arrays; microwave circuits; quantization; signal synthesis; standards; superconductor-normal-superconductor devices; voltage ID JUNCTIONS AB We have designed and characterized superconducting integrated circuits for the ac Josephson voltage standard that demonstrate significantly improved performance. The typical circuit consists of an array of superconductor-normal metal-superconductor Josephson junctions, which are placed in a transmission line and biased with a broad-band (dc-to-15 GHz) pulse-drive waveform. Additional low-speed (dc and audio frequency) bias and output leads contain on-chip inductors that act as low-pass filters. The operating margins of the array were improved by adding resistive shunts across these inductors to damp their intrinsic resonances. These resonances had previously degraded the integrity of the broad-band signal driving the array. We present simulations and measurements of these improved circuits that demonstrate no resonances in the range of 0.1-20 GHz. Moreover, the operating margins of the ac Josephson voltage standard were improved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RIKEN, Frontier Res Syst, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan. RP Watanabe, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM michio@riken.jp; haus@boulder.nist.gov NR 12 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 16 IS 1 BP 49 EP 53 DI 10.1109/TASC.2005.863533 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 024QQ UT WOS:000236211500009 ER PT J AU Jones, WL Park, JD Soisuvarn, S Hong, L Gaiser, PW Germain, KMS AF Jones, WL Park, JD Soisuvarn, S Hong, L Gaiser, PW Germain, KMS TI Deep-space calibration of the WindSat radiometer SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE calibration; radiometer; WindSat AB The WindSat microwave polarimetric radiometer consists of 22 channels of polarized brightness temperatures operating at five frequencies: 6.8, 10.7, 18.7, 23.8, and 37.0 GHz. The 10.7-, 18.7-, and 37.0-GHz channels are fully polarimetric (vertical/horizontal, +/- 45 degrees and left-hand and right-hand circularly polarized) to measure the four Stokes radiometric parameters. The principal objective of this Naval Research Laboratory experiment, which flys on the USAF Coriolis satellite, is to provide the proof of concept of the first passive measurement of ocean surface wind vector from space. This paper presents details of the on-orbit absolute radiometric calibration procedure, which was performed during of a series of satellite pitch maneuvers. During these special tests, the satellite pitch was slowly ramped to +45 degrees (and -45 degrees), which caused the WindSat conical spinning antenna to view deep space during the forward (or aft portion) of the azimuth scan. When viewing the homogeneous and isotropic brightness of space (2.73 K) through both the main reflector and the cold-load calibration reflector, it is possible to determine the absolute calibration of the individual channels and the relative calibration bias between polarimetric channels. Results demonstrate consistent and stable channel calibrations (with very small brightness biases) that exceed the mission radiometric calibration requirements. C1 Univ Cent Florida, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. Univ Cent Florida, Orlando, FL 32825 USA. Northrop Grumman Corp, Winter Pk, FL 32789 USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. NOAA, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Sys, Integrated Program Off, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Jones, WL (reprint author), Univ Cent Florida, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. EM ljones5@cfl.rr.com; jpark@mail.ucf.edu; se867731@pegasus.cc.ucf.edu; li413535@ucf.edu; peter.gaiset@nrl.navy.mil; Karen.StGermain@noaa.gov RI Soisuvarn, Seubson/R-8130-2016; Hong, Liang/D-3156-2017 OI Soisuvarn, Seubson/0000-0002-1373-8974; Hong, Liang/0000-0002-8870-0399 NR 8 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 9 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD MAR PY 2006 VL 44 IS 3 BP 476 EP 495 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2005.862499 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 018ST UT WOS:000235785800003 ER PT J AU Bettenhausen, MH Smith, CK Bevilacqua, RM Wang, NY Gaiser, PW Cox, S AF Bettenhausen, MH Smith, CK Bevilacqua, RM Wang, NY Gaiser, PW Cox, S TI A nonlinear optimization algorithm for WindSat wind-vector retrievals SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE microwave radiometer; ocean surface winds; polarimetric; retrieval; WindSat ID SPECIAL SENSOR MICROWAVE/IMAGER; OCEAN SURFACE; WATER-VAPOR; SEA; SSM/I; EMISSIVITY; RADIOMETER; WHITECAPS; CLIMATE; MODELS AB WindSat is a space-based polarimetric microwave radiometer designed to demonstrate the capability to measure the ocean surface wind vector using a radiometer. We describe a non-linear iterative algorithm for simultaneous retrieval of sea surface temperature, columnar water vapor, columnar cloud liquid water, and the ocean surface wind vector from WindSat measurements. The algorithm uses a physically based forward model function for the WindSat brightness temperatures. Empirical corrections to the physically based model are discussed. We present evaluations of initial retrieval performance using a six-month dataset of WindSat measurements and collocated data from other satellites and a numerical weather model. We focus primarily on the application to wind vector retrievals. C1 USN, Res Lab, Remote Sensing Div, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Computat Phys Inc, Springfield, VA 22151 USA. NOAA, Off Res & Applicat, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Bettenhausen, MH (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Remote Sensing Div, Washington, DC 20375 USA. EM michael.bettenhausen@nrl.navy.mil RI Smith, Craig/D-7927-2015; Wang, Nai-Yu/E-5303-2016 OI Smith, Craig/0000-0001-5829-8303; NR 39 TC 58 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 7 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD MAR PY 2006 VL 44 IS 3 BP 597 EP 610 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2005.862504 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 018ST UT WOS:000235785800013 ER PT J AU Seron, D Collado, C Mateu, J O'Callaghan, JM AF Seron, D Collado, C Mateu, J O'Callaghan, JM TI Analysis and simulation of distributed nonlinearities in ferroelectrics and superconductors for microwave applications SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article DE ferroelectric; high-temperature superconductor (HTS); intermodulation distortion (IMD); nonlinear transmission line (NLTL); nonlinearities; superconductor ID THIN-FILMS; SURFACE IMPEDANCE; DEVICES; LOSSES; INTERMODULATION; BA(X)SR1-XTIO3; RESONATORS; GENERATION; CAPACITORS; FILTERS AB This paper gives closed-form equations for the intermodulation and third harmonic signals generated in a nonlinear transmission line with distributed quadratic nonlinearities in the conductor and dielectric. Although the formulation developed is general, it is intended to be used in planar devices combining high- temperature superconductor (HTS) and oxide ferroelectrics. The analysis in this paper shows that the intermodulation and third harmonic signals produced by an HTS tend to cancel those of a ferroelectric, and that full cancellation is theoretically possible. This opens the way for using HTS/ferroelectric multilayers, not (only) for their tunable or phase-shifting properties, but for highly linear spurious-free planar HTS devices. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Politecn Cataluna, Dept Teor Senal & Comun, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain. Ctr Tecnol Telecommun Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain. RP Seron, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM collado@tsc.upc.edu; joano@tsc.upc.edu RI collado, carlos/B-1651-2010; O'Callaghan, Juan /F-6595-2013; mateu, jordi/H-7285-2015 OI collado, carlos/0000-0002-8869-2739; O'Callaghan, Juan /0000-0002-2740-0202; mateu, jordi/0000-0001-9833-9966 NR 31 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 7 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9480 J9 IEEE T MICROW THEORY JI IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 54 IS 3 BP 1154 EP 1160 DI 10.1109/TMTT.2005.864110 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 022UL UT WOS:000236081500021 ER PT J AU Randa, J Gerecht, E Gu, DZ Billinger, RL AF Randa, J Gerecht, E Gu, DZ Billinger, RL TI Precision measurement method for cryogenic amplifier noise temperatures below 5 K SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article DE amplifier noise; cryogenic monolithic-microwave; integrated-circuit (MMIC) amplifier; noise measurement; noise temperature; thermal noise ID LOW-DC-POWER; IF AMPLIFIERS; MIXERS AB We report precision measurements of the effective input noise temperature of a cryogenic (liquid-helium temperature) monolithic-microwave integrated-circuit amplifier at the amplifier reference planes within the cryostat. A method is given for characterizing and removing the effect of the transmission lines between the amplifier reference planes and the input and output connectors of the cryostat. In conjunction with careful noise measurements, this method enables us to measure amplifier noise temperatures below 5 K with an uncertainty of 0.3 K. The particular amplifier that was measured exhibits a noise temperature below 5.5 K from 1 to 11 GHz, attaining a minimum value of 2.3 K +/- 0.3 K at 7 GHz. This corresponds to a noise figure of 0.034 dB +/- 0.004 dB. The measured amplifier gain is between 33.4 dB +/- 0.3 dB and 35.8 dB +/- 0.3 dB over the 1-12-GHz range. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Randa, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM randa@boulder.nist.gov; gerecht@boulder.nist.gov; dau@boulder.nist.gov; bilinger@boulder.nist.gov RI Gu, Dazhen/B-4854-2012 NR 15 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9480 J9 IEEE T MICROW THEORY JI IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 54 IS 3 BP 1180 EP 1189 DI 10.1109/TMTT.2005.864107 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 022UL UT WOS:000236081500024 ER PT J AU Williams, DF Khenissi, H Ndagijimana, F Remley, KA Dunsmore, JP Hale, PD Wang, JCA Clement, TS AF Williams, DF Khenissi, H Ndagijimana, F Remley, KA Dunsmore, JP Hale, PD Wang, JCA Clement, TS TI Sampling-oscilloscope measurement of a microwave mixer with single-digrit phase accuracy SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article DE down-conversion; frequency translation; jitter correction; magnitude measurement; mismatch correction; mixer measurement; mixer reciprocity; oscilloscope; phase measurement; time-base correction; up-conversion AB We describe a straightforward method of separately characterizing up- and down-conversion in microwave mixers using a sampling oscilloscope. The method mismatch-corrects the results, determines both magnitude and phase, and uses a novel time-base correction scheme to improve the accuracy of the measurements. We estimate our measurement accuracy to be on the order of a tenth of a decibel in magnitude and a few degrees in phase. We use the method to characterize the magnitude and phase reciprocity of a microwave mixer. C1 Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Grenoble 1, F-38041 Grenoble, France. Inst Univ Technol Grenoble, F-38031 Grenoble, France. Agilent Technol, Santa Rosa, CA 95404 USA. RP Williams, DF (reprint author), Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM dylan@boulder.nist.gov RI Clement, Tracy/A-8885-2008; Hale, Paul/B-1737-2013 NR 23 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9480 J9 IEEE T MICROW THEORY JI IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 54 IS 3 BP 1210 EP 1217 DI 10.1109/TMTT.2005.864102 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 022UL UT WOS:000236081500028 ER PT J AU Scherrer, SS Quinn, JB Quinn, GD Kelly, JR AF Scherrer, SS Quinn, JB Quinn, GD Kelly, JR TI Failure analysis of ceramic clinical cases using qualitative fractography SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PROSTHODONTICS LA English DT Article AB Purpose: To educate dental academic staff and clinicians on the application of descriptive (qualitative) fractography for analyses of clinical and laboratory failures of brittle materials such as glass and ceramic. Materials and Methods: The fracture surface topography of failed glass, glass fiber-reinforced composite, and ceramic restorations (Procera, Cerestore, In-Ceram, porcelain-fused-to-metal) was examined utilizing a scanning electron microscope. Replicas and original failed parts were scrutinized for classic fractographic features such as hackle, wake hackle, twist hackle, arrest lines, and mirrors. Results: Failed surfaces of the veneering porcelain of ceramic and porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns exhibited hackle, wake hackle, twist hackle, arrest lines, and compression curl, which were produced by the interaction of the advancing crack with the microstructure of the material. Fracture surfaces of glass and glass fiber-reinforced composite showed additional features, such as velocity hackle and mirrors. The observed features were good indicators of the local direction of crack propagation and were used to trace the crack back to an initial starting area (the origin). Conclusion: Examples of failure analysis in this study are intended to guide the researcher in using qualitative (descriptive) fractography as a tool for understanding the failure process in brittle restorative materials and also for assessing possible design inadequacies. C1 Univ Geneva, Sch Dent Med, Dept Prosthodont, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland. Univ Connecticut, Ctr Hlth, Dept Prosthodont & Operat Dent, Farmington, CT USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Scherrer, SS (reprint author), Univ Geneva, Sch Dent Med, Dept Prosthodont, 19 Barthelemy Menn, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland. EM susanne.scherrer@medecine.unige.ch FU NIDCR NIH HHS [DE 14534] NR 21 TC 67 Z9 70 U1 2 U2 11 PU QUINTESSENCE PUBLISHING CO INC PI HANOVER PARK PA 4350 CHANDLER DRIVE, HANOVER PARK, IL 60133 USA SN 0893-2174 J9 INT J PROSTHODONT JI Int. J. Prosthodont. PD MAR-APR PY 2006 VL 19 IS 2 BP 185 EP 192 PG 8 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 027FJ UT WOS:000236399300015 PM 16602369 ER PT J AU Bessho, K DeMaria, M Knaff, JA AF Bessho, K DeMaria, M Knaff, JA TI Tropical cyclone wind retrievals from the advanced microwave sounding unit: application to surface wind analysis SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HURRICANE ANDREW LANDFALL; BOUNDARY-LAYER JETS; INTENSITY ESTIMATION; BALANCE EQUATION; SOUTH FLORIDA; AMSU; PREDICTION; DYNAMICS; FIELDS; CORE AB Horizontal winds at 850 hPa from tropical cyclones retrieved using the nonlinear balance equation, where the mass field was determined from Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) temperature soundings, are compared with the surface wind fields derived from NASA's Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) and Hurricane Research Division H*Wind analyses. It was found that the AMSU-dcrived wind speeds at 850 hPa have linear relations with the surface wind speeds from QuikSCAT or H*Wind. There are also characteristic biases of wind direction between AMSU and QuikSCAT or H*Wind. Using this information to adjust the speed and correct for the directional bias, a new algorithm was developed for estimation of the tropical cyclone surface wind field from the AMSU-derived 850-hPa winds. The algorithm was evaluated in two independent cases from Hurricanes Floyd (1999) and Michelle (2001), which were observed simultaneously by AMSU, QuikSCAT, and H*Wind. In this evaluation the AMSU adjustment algorithm for wind speed worked well. Results also showed that the bias correction algorithm for wind direction has room for improvement. C1 Japan Meteorol Agcy, Meteorol Res Inst, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050052, Japan. NOAA, Off Res & Applicat, NESDIS, Ft Collins, CO USA. Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Bessho, K (reprint author), Japan Meteorol Agcy, Meteorol Res Inst, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050052, Japan. EM kbessho@mri-jma.go.jp RI Knaff, John /F-5599-2010; DeMaria, Mark/F-5583-2010 OI Knaff, John /0000-0003-0427-1409; NR 35 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1558-8424 J9 J APPL METEOROL CLIM JI J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 45 IS 3 BP 399 EP 415 DI 10.1175/JAM2352.1 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 039EY UT WOS:000237290000003 ER PT J AU DeMaria, M Knaff, JA Kaplan, J AF DeMaria, M Knaff, JA Kaplan, J TI On the decay of tropical cyclone winds crossing narrow landmasses SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INTENSITY PREDICTION SCHEME; HURRICANES; LANDFALL AB A method is developed to adjust the Kaplan and DeMaria tropical cyclone inland wind decay model for storms that move over narrow landmasses. The basic assumption that the wind speed decay rate after landfall is proportional to the wind speed is modified to include a factor equal to the fraction of the storm circulation that is over land. The storm circulation is defined as a circular area with a fixed radius. Application of the modified model to Atlantic Ocean cases from 1967 to 2003 showed that a circulation radius of 110 km minimizes the bias in the total sample of landfalling cases and reduces the mean absolute error of the predicted maximum winds by about 12%. This radius is about 2 times the radius of maximum wind of a typical Atlantic tropical cyclone. The modified decay model was applied to the Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction Scheme (SHIPS), which uses the Kaplan and DeMaria decay model to adjust the intensity for the portion of the predicted track that is over land. The modified decay model reduced the intensity forecast errors by up to 8% relative to the original decay model for cases from 2001 to 2004 in which the storm was within 500 km from land. C1 Colorado State Univ, CIRA, NOAA, NESDIS,Off Res & Applicat, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, Hurricane Res Div, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP DeMaria, M (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, CIRA, NOAA, NESDIS,Off Res & Applicat, W Laporte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM mark.demaria@noaa.gov RI Knaff, John /F-5599-2010; DeMaria, Mark/F-5583-2010; Kaplan, John/A-8709-2014 OI Knaff, John /0000-0003-0427-1409; Kaplan, John/0000-0002-7253-3039 NR 15 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1558-8424 J9 J APPL METEOROL CLIM JI J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 45 IS 3 BP 491 EP 499 DI 10.1175/JAM2351.1 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 039EY UT WOS:000237290000009 ER PT J AU Zrnic, DS Melnikov, VM Ryzhkov, AV AF Zrnic, DS Melnikov, VM Ryzhkov, AV TI Correlation coefficients between horizontally and vertically polarized returns from ground clutter SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLARIMETRIC RADAR; HYDROMETEOR CLASSIFICATION; COVARIANCE-MATRIX; PRECIPITATION; SIGNATURES AB Characteristics of the magnitude and phase of correlation coefficients between horizontally and vertically polarized returns from ground clutter echoes are quantified by analyzing histograms obtained with an 11-cm wavelength weather surveillance radar in Norman, Oklahoma. The radar receives simultaneously horizontal and vertical (SHV) electric fields and can transmit either horizontal fields or both vertical and horizontal fields. The differences between correlations obtained in this SHV mode and correlations measured in alternate H, V mode are reviewed: a histogram of differential phase obtained in Florida using alternate H, V mode is also presented. Data indicate that the backscatter differential phase of clutter has a broad histogram that completely overlaps the narrow histogram of precipitation echoes. This is important as it implies that a potent discriminator for separating clutter from meteorological echoes is the texture of (lie differential phase. Values of the copolar cross-correlation coefficient from clutter overlap completely those from precipitation, and effective discrimination is possible only if averages in range are taken. It is demonstrated that the total differential phase (system and backscatter) depends on the polarimetric measurement technique and the type of scatterers. In special circumstances. such as calibrating or monitoring the radar, clutter signal can be beneficial. Specifically. system differential phase can be estimated front histograms of ground clutter, receiver differential phase can be estimated front precipitation returns. and from these two, the differential phase of transmitted waves is easily computed. C1 NOAA, OAR, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Zrnic, DS (reprint author), NOAA, OAR, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM dusan.zrnic@noaa.gov NR 26 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 23 IS 3 BP 381 EP 394 DI 10.1175/JTECH1856.1 PG 14 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 034DW UT WOS:000236908500004 ER PT J AU Bailey, LO Becker, ML Stephens, JS Gallant, ND Mahoney, CM Washburn, NR Rege, A Kohn, J Amis, EJ AF Bailey, LO Becker, ML Stephens, JS Gallant, ND Mahoney, CM Washburn, NR Rege, A Kohn, J Amis, EJ TI Cellular response to phase-separated blends of tyrosine-derived polycarbonates SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART A LA English DT Article DE biomaterials; fibronectin; tyrosine-derived polycarbonate; phase separation; real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR); interleukin-1 beta ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; FACTOR-ALPHA; HYDROLYTIC DEGRADATION; SURFACE-CHEMISTRY; GENE-EXPRESSION; BIOMATERIALS; TRANSCRIPTION; CELLS; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE AB Two-dimensional thin films consisting of homopolymer and discrete compositional blends of tyrosine-derived polycarbonates were prepared and characterized in an effort to elucidate the nature of different cell responses that were measured in vitro. The structurally similar blends were found to phase separate after annealing with domain sizes dependent on the overall composition. The thin polymer films were characterized with the use of atomic force microscopy (AFM), water contact angles, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) and significant changes in roughness were measured following the annealing process. Genetic expression profiles of interleukin-1 beta and fibronectin in MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts and RAW 264.7 murine macrophages were measured at several time points, demonstrating the time and composition-dependent nature of the cell responses. Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) depicted upregulation of the fibronectin gene copy numbers in each of the blends relative to the homopolymers. Moreover, the interleukin-1 beta expression profile was found to be compositionally dependent. The data suggest strongly that optimal composition and processing conditions can significantly affect the acute inflammatory and extracellular matrix production responses. (C) 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Biomat Grp, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Analyt Microscopy Grp, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Chem, New Jersey Ctr Biomat, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. RP Becker, ML (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Biomat Grp, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mlbecker@niist.gov OI Gallant, Nathan/0000-0001-6454-7660 FU NIBIB NIH HHS [R01 EB003057, P41 EB001046, EB 003057, EB001046, P41 EB001046-04]; NIDCR NIH HHS [YI-DE-7006-01] NR 49 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 1549-3296 J9 J BIOMED MATER RES A JI J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A PD MAR 1 PY 2006 VL 76A IS 3 BP 491 EP 502 DI 10.1002/jbm.a.30527 PG 12 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 013AY UT WOS:000235383200007 PM 16278865 ER PT J AU Whited, BM Skrtic, D Love, BJ Goldstein, AS AF Whited, BM Skrtic, D Love, BJ Goldstein, AS TI Osteoblast response to zirconia-hybridized pyrophosphate-stabilized amorphous calcium phosphate SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART A LA English DT Article DE amorphous phosphate; hydroxyapatite; MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts; alkaline phosphatase; osteopontin ID MARROW STROMAL CELLS; IN-VITRO; HYDROXYAPATITE FORMATION; BONE SIALOPROTEIN; MC3T3-E1 CELLS; DIFFERENTIATION; TITANIUM; CULTURE; INVITRO; GROWTH AB Calcium phosphate bioceramics, such as hydroxyapatite, have long been used as bone substitutes because of their proven biocompatibility and bone binding properties in vivo. Recently, a zirconia-hybridized pyrophosphate-stabilized amorphous calcium phosphate (Zr-ACP) has been synthesized, which is more soluble than hydroxyapatite and allows for controlled release of calcium and phosphate ions. These ions have been postulated to increase osteoblast differentiation and mineralization in vitro. The focus of this work is to elucidate the physicochemical properties of Zr-ACP and to measure cell response to Zr-ACP in vitro using a MC3T3-E1 mouse calvarial-derived osteoprogenitor cell line. Cells were cultured in osteogenic medium and mineral was added to culture at different stages in cell maturation. Culture in the presence of Zr-ACP showed significant increases in cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), and osteopontin (OPN) synthesis, whereas collagen synthesis was unaffected. In addition, calcium and phosphate ion concentrations and medium pH were found to transiently increase with the addition of Zr-ACP, and are hypothesized to be responsible for the osteogenic effect of Zr-ACP. (C) 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Sch Biomed Engn & Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Goldstein, AS (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Sch Biomed Engn & Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM goldst@vt.edu RI Love, Brian/A-8702-2008 OI Love, Brian/0000-0002-7319-5481 FU NIDCR NIH HHS [R03 DE015229, R03 DE015229-01A1, R03 DE015229-02, R03-DE015229] NR 46 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 9 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 1549-3296 J9 J BIOMED MATER RES A JI J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A PD MAR 1 PY 2006 VL 76A IS 3 BP 596 EP 604 DI 10.1002/jbm.a.30573 PG 9 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 013AY UT WOS:000235383200018 PM 16278876 ER PT J AU Sakai, VG Higgins, JS Trusler, JPM AF Sakai, VG Higgins, JS Trusler, JPM TI Cloud curves of polystyrene or poly(methyl methacrylate) or poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate) in cyclohexanol determined with a thermo-optical apparatus SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA LA English DT Article ID CRITICAL SOLUTION TEMPERATURES; DYNAMIC LIGHT-SCATTERING; POLYMER-SOLUTIONS; POINT CURVES; EQUILIBRIA AB A turbidimeter has been developed for rapid, automatic, and precise cloud-curve measurements in polymer solutions. The apparatus combines five sample cells in a single unit and so permits five different compositions to be studied in a single heating or cooling ramp, leading to rapid characterization of the cloud curve. The apparatus can be used in the temperature range 293 to 523 K at pressures up to approximately 3 MPa. The instrument was tested in measurements on the system PS + cyclohexane, where PS is polystyrene, and subsequently used to measure the cloud curves of PMMA + cyclohexanol and PS-b-MMA + cyclohexanol, where PMMA is poly(methyl methacrylate) and PS-b-MMA is a 50:50 block copolymer formed from styrene and methyl methacrylate. The effect of polymer molar mass was studied. All systems showed upper critical solution temperatures. C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci & Technol, Dept Chem Engn, London SW7 2AZ, England. RP Trusler, JPM (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM m.trusler@imperial.ac.uk RI Trusler, J. P. Martin/C-8200-2015; OI Trusler, J. P. Martin/0000-0002-6403-2488; Higgins, Julia/0000-0002-9021-1527 NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-9568 J9 J CHEM ENG DATA JI J. Chem. Eng. Data PD MAR-APR PY 2006 VL 51 IS 2 BP 743 EP 748 DI 10.1021/je0504865 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 021SH UT WOS:000236005000079 ER PT J AU Delworth, TL Broccoli, AJ Rosati, A Stouffer, RJ Balaji, V Beesley, JA Cooke, WF Dixon, KW Dunne, J Dunne, KA Durachta, JW Findell, KL Ginoux, P Gnanadesikan, A Gordon, CT Griffies, SM Gudgel, R Harrison, MJ Held, IM Hemler, RS Horowitz, LW Klein, SA Knutson, TR Kushner, PJ Langenhorst, AR Lee, HC Lin, SJ Lu, J Malyshev, SL Milly, PCD Ramaswamy, V Russell, J Schwarzkopf, MD Shevliakova, E Sirutis, JJ Spelman, MJ Stern, WF Winton, M Wittenberg, AT Wyman, B Zeng, F Zhang, R AF Delworth, TL Broccoli, AJ Rosati, A Stouffer, RJ Balaji, V Beesley, JA Cooke, WF Dixon, KW Dunne, J Dunne, KA Durachta, JW Findell, KL Ginoux, P Gnanadesikan, A Gordon, CT Griffies, SM Gudgel, R Harrison, MJ Held, IM Hemler, RS Horowitz, LW Klein, SA Knutson, TR Kushner, PJ Langenhorst, AR Lee, HC Lin, SJ Lu, J Malyshev, SL Milly, PCD Ramaswamy, V Russell, J Schwarzkopf, MD Shevliakova, E Sirutis, JJ Spelman, MJ Stern, WF Winton, M Wittenberg, AT Wyman, B Zeng, F Zhang, R TI GFDL's CM2 global coupled climate models. Part I: Formulation and simulation characteristics SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SURFACE AIR-TEMPERATURE; SEA-ICE MODEL; EXTRATROPICAL CIRCULATION; INITIAL CONDITIONS; ANNULAR MODES; OCEAN; VARIABILITY; ATMOSPHERE; LAND; DYNAMICS AB The formulation and simulation characteristics of two new global coupled climate models developed at NOAA's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) are described. The models were designed to simulate atmospheric and oceanic climate and variability from the diurnal time scale through multicentury climate change, given our computational constraints. In particular, an important goal was to use the same model for both experimental seasonal to interannual forecasting and the study of multicentury global climate change, and this goal has been achieved. Two versions of the coupled model are described, called CM2.0 and CM2.1. The versions differ primarily in the dynamical core used in the atmospheric component, along with the cloud tuning and some details of the land and ocean components. For both coupled models, the resolution of the land and atmospheric components is 2 degrees latitude x 2.5 degrees longitude, the atmospheric model has 24 vertical levels. The ocean resolution is 1 degrees in latitude and longitude, with meridional resolution equatorward of 30 degrees becoming progressively finer, such that the meridional resolution is 1/3 degrees at the equator. There are 50 vertical levels in the ocean, with 22 evenly spaced levels within the top 220 m. The ocean component has poles over North America and Eurasia to avoid polar filtering. Neither coupled model employs flux adjustments. The control simulations have stable, realistic climates when integrated over multiple centuries. Both models have simulations of ENSO that are substantially improved relative to previous GFDL coupled models. The CM2.0 model has been further evaluated as an ENSO forecast model and has good skill (CM2.1 has not been evaluated as an ENSO forecast model). Generally reduced temperature and salinity biases exist in CM2.1 relative to CM2.0. These reductions are associated with 1) improved simulations of surface wind stress in CM2.1 and associated changes in oceanic gyre circulations; 2) changes in cloud tuning and the land model, both of which act to increase the net surface shortwave radiation in CM2.1, thereby reducing an overall cold bias present in CM2.0; and 3) a reduction of ocean lateral viscosity in the extratropics in CM2.1, which reduces sea ice biases in the North Atlantic. Both models have been used to conduct a suite of climate change simulations for the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessment report and are able to simulate the main features of the observed warming of the twentieth century. The climate sensitivities of the CM2.0 and CM2.1. models are 2.9 and 3.4 K, respectively. These sensitivities are defined by coupling the atmospheric components of CM2.0 and CM2.1 to a slab ocean model and allowing the model to come into equilibrium with a doubling of atmospheric CO2. The output from a suite of integrations conducted with these models is freely available online (see http://nomads.gfdl.noaa.gov/). C1 Princeton Univ, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. RS Informat Serv, Mclean, VA USA. US Geol Survey, Princeton, NJ USA. Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON, Canada. Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Princeton Univ, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM Tom.Delworth@noaa.gov RI Dixon, Keith/L-7120-2015; Klein, Stephen/H-4337-2016; Kushner, Paul/H-6716-2016; Gnanadesikan, Anand/A-2397-2008; Ginoux, Paul/C-2326-2008; Dunne, John/F-8086-2012; Wittenberg, Andrew/G-9619-2013; Delworth, Thomas/C-5191-2014; Findell, Kirsten/D-4430-2014; Horowitz, Larry/D-8048-2014; Broccoli, Anthony/D-9186-2014; Zhang, Rong/D-9767-2014; Shevliakova, Elena/J-5770-2014; OI Dixon, Keith/0000-0003-3044-326X; Klein, Stephen/0000-0002-5476-858X; Kushner, Paul/0000-0002-6404-4518; Gnanadesikan, Anand/0000-0001-5784-1116; Ginoux, Paul/0000-0003-3642-2988; Dunne, John/0000-0002-8794-0489; Wittenberg, Andrew/0000-0003-1680-8963; Horowitz, Larry/0000-0002-5886-3314; Broccoli, Anthony/0000-0003-2619-1434; Zhang, Rong/0000-0002-8493-6556; Russell, Joellen/0000-0001-9937-6056 NR 49 TC 882 Z9 898 U1 10 U2 102 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAR 1 PY 2006 VL 19 IS 5 BP 643 EP 674 DI 10.1175/JCLI3629.1 PG 32 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 030XF UT WOS:000236668000002 ER PT J AU Gnanadesikan, A Dixon, KW Griffies, SM Balaji, V Barreiro, M Beesley, JA Cooke, WF Delworth, TL Gerdes, R Harrison, MJ Held, IM Hurlin, WJ Lee, HC Liang, Z Nong, G Pacanowski, RC Rosati, A Russell, J Samuels, BL Song, Q Spelman, MJ Stouffer, RJ Sweeney, CO Vecchi, G Winton, M Wittenberg, AT Zeng, F Zhang, R Dunne, JP AF Gnanadesikan, A Dixon, KW Griffies, SM Balaji, V Barreiro, M Beesley, JA Cooke, WF Delworth, TL Gerdes, R Harrison, MJ Held, IM Hurlin, WJ Lee, HC Liang, Z Nong, G Pacanowski, RC Rosati, A Russell, J Samuels, BL Song, Q Spelman, MJ Stouffer, RJ Sweeney, CO Vecchi, G Winton, M Wittenberg, AT Zeng, F Zhang, R Dunne, JP TI GFDL's CM2 global coupled climate models. Part II: The baseline ocean simulation SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID ANTARCTIC CIRCUMPOLAR CURRENT; AUSTRALIAN CURRENT SYSTEM; VENTILATED THERMOCLINE; ATMOSPHERE MODEL; HEAT-TRANSPORT; CARBON-CYCLE; WATER; VARIABILITY; CIRCULATION; TOPOGRAPHY AB The current generation of coupled climate models run at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) as part of the Climate Change Science Program contains ocean components that differ in almost every respect from those contained in previous generations of GFDL climate models. This paper summarizes the new physical features of the models and examines the simulations that they produce. Of the two new coupled climate model versions 2.1 (CM2.1) and 2.0 (CM2.0), the CM2.1 model represents a major improvement over CM2.0 in most of the major oceanic features examined, with strikingly lower drifts in hydrographic fields such as temperature and salinity, more realistic ventilation of the deep ocean, and currents that are closer to their observed values. Regional analysis of the differences between the models highlights the importance of wind stress in determining the circulation, particularly in the Southern Ocean. At present, major errors in both models are associated with Northern Hemisphere Mode Waters and outflows from overflows, particularly the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea. C1 NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RS Informat Serv, Mclean, VA USA. Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-2850 Bremerhaven, Germany. RP NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308,Forrestal Campus, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM Anand.Gnanadesikan@noaa.gov RI Gnanadesikan, Anand/A-2397-2008; Vecchi, Gabriel/A-2413-2008; Dunne, John/F-8086-2012; Wittenberg, Andrew/G-9619-2013; Delworth, Thomas/C-5191-2014; Zhang, Rong/D-9767-2014; Dixon, Keith/L-7120-2015 OI Gnanadesikan, Anand/0000-0001-5784-1116; Vecchi, Gabriel/0000-0002-5085-224X; Russell, Joellen/0000-0001-9937-6056; Dunne, John/0000-0002-8794-0489; Wittenberg, Andrew/0000-0003-1680-8963; Zhang, Rong/0000-0002-8493-6556; Dixon, Keith/0000-0003-3044-326X NR 76 TC 196 Z9 197 U1 2 U2 26 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAR 1 PY 2006 VL 19 IS 5 BP 675 EP 697 DI 10.1175/JCLI3630.1 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 030XF UT WOS:000236668000003 ER PT J AU Wittenberg, AT Rosati, A Lau, NC Ploshay, JJ AF Wittenberg, AT Rosati, A Lau, NC Ploshay, JJ TI GFDL's CM2 global coupled climate models. Part III: Tropical pacific climate and ENSO SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID NINO SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; DATA ASSIMILATION SYSTEM; OCEAN RECHARGE PARADIGM; EL-NINO; INTERCOMPARISON PROJECT; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; SURFACE OBSERVATIONS; CIRCULATION MODELS; GAUGE OBSERVATIONS; CONCEPTUAL-MODEL AB Multicentury integrations from two global coupled ocean-atmosphere-land-ice models [Climate Model versions 2.0 (CM2.0) and 2.1 (CM2.1), developed at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory] are described in terms of their tropical Pacific climate and El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The integrations are run without flux adjustments and provide generally realistic simulations of tropical Pacific climate. The observed annual-mean trade winds and precipitation, sea surface temperature, surface heat fluxes, surface currents, Equatorial Undercurrent, and subsurface thermal structure are well captured by the models. Some biases are evident, including a cold SST bias along the equator, a warm bias along the coast of South America, and a westward extension of the trade winds relative to observations. Along the equator, the models exhibit a robust, westward-propagating annual cycle of SST and zonal winds. During boreal spring, excessive rainfall south of the equator is linked to an unrealistic reversal of the simulated meridional winds in the east, and a stronger-than-observed semiannual signal is evident in the zonal winds and Equatorial Undercurrent. Both CM2.0 and CM2.1 have a robust ENSO with multidecadal fluctuations in amplitude, an irregular period between 2 and 5 yr, and a distribution of SST anomalies that is skewed toward warm events as observed. The evolution of subsurface temperature and current anomalies is also quite realistic. However, the simulated SST anomalies are too strong, too weakly damped by surface heat fluxes, and not as clearly phase locked to the end of the calendar year as in observations. The simulated patterns of tropical Pacific SST, wind stress, and precipitation variability are displaced 20 degrees-30 degrees west of the observed patterns, as are the simulated ENSO teleconnections to wintertime 200-hPa heights over Canada and the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Despite this, the impacts of ENSO on summertime and wintertime precipitation outside the tropical Pacific appear to be well Simulated. Impacts of the annual-mean biases on the simulated variability are discussed. C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Wittenberg, AT (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308,Forrestal Campus,US Route 1, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM Andrew.Wittenberg@noaa.gov RI Wittenberg, Andrew/G-9619-2013 OI Wittenberg, Andrew/0000-0003-1680-8963 NR 93 TC 202 Z9 207 U1 1 U2 19 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAR 1 PY 2006 VL 19 IS 5 BP 698 EP 722 DI 10.1175/JCLI3631.1 PG 25 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 030XF UT WOS:000236668000004 ER PT J AU Stouffer, RJ Broccoli, AJ Delworth, TL Dixon, KW Gudgel, R Held, I Hemler, R Knutson, T Lee, HC Schwarzkopf, MD Soden, B Spelman, MJ Winton, M Zeng, F AF Stouffer, RJ Broccoli, AJ Delworth, TL Dixon, KW Gudgel, R Held, I Hemler, R Knutson, T Lee, HC Schwarzkopf, MD Soden, B Spelman, MJ Winton, M Zeng, F TI GFDL's CM2 global coupled climate models. Part IV: Idealized climate response SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE MODEL; INITIAL CONDITIONS; CARBON-DIOXIDE; SIMULATIONS; SENSITIVITY; CO2; CIRCULATION; FORMULATION; INCREASE; ENSO AB The climate response to idealized changes in the atmospheric CO2 concentration by the new GFDL climate model (CM2) is documented. This new model is very different from earlier GFDL models in its parameterizations of subgrid-scale physical processes, numerical algorithms, and resolution. The model was constructed to be useful for both seasonal-to-interannual predictions and climate change research. Unlike previous versions of the global coupled GFDL climate models, CM2 does not use flux adjustments to maintain a stable control climate. Results from two model versions, Climate Model versions 2.0 (CM2.0) and 2.1 (CM2.1), are presented. Two atmosphere-mixed layer ocean or slab models, Slab Model versions 2.0 (SM2.0) and 2.1 (SM2.1), are constructed corresponding to CM2.0 and CM2.1. Using the SM2 models to estimate the climate sensitivity, it is found that the equilibrium globally averaged surface air temperature increases 2.9 (SM2.0) and 3.4 K (SM2.1) for a doubling of the atmospheric CO2 Concentration. When forced by a 1% per year CO2 increase, the surface air temperature difference around the time of CO2 doubling [transient climate response (TCR)] is about 1.6 K for both coupled model versions (CM2.0 and CM2.1). The simulated warming is near the median of the responses documented for the climate models used in the 2001 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Working Group I Third Assessment Report (TAR). The thermohaline circulation (THC) weakened in response to increasing atmospheric CO2. By the time of CO2 doubling, the weakening in CM2.1 is larger than that found in CM2.0: 7 and 4 Sv (1 Sv equivalent to 10(6) m(3) s(-1)), respectively. However, the THC in the control integration of CM2.1 is stronger than in CM2.0, so that the percentage change in the THC between the two versions is more similar. The average THC change for the models presented in the TAR is about 3 or 4 Sv; however, the range across the model results is very large, varying from a slight increase (+2 Sv) to a large decrease (-10 Sv). C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. RS Informat Serv, Mclean, VA USA. Univ Miami, Miami, FL 33152 USA. RP Stouffer, RJ (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Forrestal Campus,US Route 1,POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM Ronald.Stouffer@noaa.gov RI Delworth, Thomas/C-5191-2014; Broccoli, Anthony/D-9186-2014; Dixon, Keith/L-7120-2015 OI Broccoli, Anthony/0000-0003-2619-1434; Dixon, Keith/0000-0003-3044-326X NR 34 TC 86 Z9 87 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAR 1 PY 2006 VL 19 IS 5 BP 723 EP 740 DI 10.1175/JCLI3632.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 030XF UT WOS:000236668000005 ER PT J AU Xue, Y de Sales, F Li, WP Mechoso, CR Nobre, CA Juang, HM AF Xue, Y de Sales, F Li, WP Mechoso, CR Nobre, CA Juang, HM TI Role of land surface processes in South American monsoon development SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; SIMPLE BIOSPHERE MODEL; EL-NINO; NORTHEAST BRAZIL; ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION; AMAZONIAN DEFORESTATION; WEATHER PREDICTION; TROPICAL ATLANTIC; REGIONAL CLIMATE; SUMMER MONSOONS AB This study explores the role of vegetation biophysical processes (VBPs) in the structure and evolution of the South American monsoon system (SAMS) with an emphasis on the precipitation field. T e approach is based on comparing ensemble simulations by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction general circulation model (GCM) in which the land surface parameterization in one ensemble includes an explicit representation of vegetation processes in the calculation of surface fluxes while the other does not [GCM/Simplified Simple Biosphere Model (SSiB) and GCM/Soil, respectively], but with similar monthly mean surface albedo and initial soil moisture. The ensembles consist of five pairs of 1-yr integrations differing in the initial conditions for the atmosphere. The results show that, during the austral summer, consideration of explicit vegetation processes does not alter the monthly mean precipitation at the planetary scale. However, at continental scales, GCM/SSiB produces a more successful simulation of SAMS than GCM/Soil. The improvement is particularly clear in reference to the seasonal southward displacement of precipitation during the onset of the SAMS and its northward merging with the intertropical convergence zone during the monsoon mature stage, as well as better monthly mean austral summer precipitation over the South American continent. The changes in surface water and energy balances and circulation in October (monsoon onset) and December (the start of the monsoon mature stage) were analyzed for a better understanding of the results and mechanisms involved. It was found that the major difference between the simulations is in the partitioning of latent heat and sensible heat fluxes (i.e., different Bowen ratio), which produced different latitudinal and longitudinal thermal gradients at the surface. A stronger sensible heat flux gradient between continent and ocean in the GCM/SSiB simulation helped generate an enhanced ventilation effect, which lowered moist static energy (MSE) over the northeast coast of South America leading to stronger counterclockwise turning of the low-level wind from the Atlantic Ocean toward the continent during the premonsoon and early monsoon stages, modifying moisture flux convergence (MFC). It was further identified that the seasonality of savanna and shrublands to the south and east of the Amazon rain forest contributed to the variability of heating gradients and influenced the SAMS onset and, its northward merge with the ITCZ at the early monsoon mature stage. The comparison of the differences between precipitation, evaporation, advection of MSE, and MFC based on simulations using two different land parameterizations suggested that the VBP modulated the surface water budget, but its impact on precipitation was determined by the changes in circulation via changes in heat gradient and MSE. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Geog, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. MCT, INPE, Ctr Previsao Tempo Estudos Climat, Cachoeira Paulista, Brazil. NOAA, NCEP, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Xue, Y (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Geog, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM yxue@geog.ucla.edu RI De Sales, Fernando/G-6551-2013 NR 59 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 19 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAR 1 PY 2006 VL 19 IS 5 BP 741 EP 762 DI 10.1175/JCLI3667.1 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 030XF UT WOS:000236668000006 ER PT J AU Seidel, DJ Free, M AF Seidel, DJ Free, M TI Measurement requirements for climate monitoring of upper-air temperature derived from reanalysis data SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article AB Using a reanalysis of the climate of the past half century as a model of temperature variations over the next half century, tests of various data collection protocols are made to develop recommendations for observing system requirements for monitoring upper-air temperature. The analysis focuses on accurately estimating monthly climatic data (specifically, monthly average temperature and its standard deviation) and multidecadal trends in monthly temperatures at specified locations, from the surface to 30 hPa. It does not address upper-air network size or station location issues. The effects of reducing the precision of temperature data, incomplete sampling of the diurnal cycle, incomplete sampling of the days of the month, imperfect long-term stability of the observations, and changes in observation schedule are assessed. To ensure accurate monthly climate statistics, observations with at least 0.5-K precision, made at least twice daily, at least once every two or three days are sufficient. Using these same criteria, and maintaining long-term measurement stability to within 0.25 (0.1) K, for periods of 20 to 50 yr, errors in trend estimates can be avoided in at least 90% (95%) of cases. In practical terms, this requires no more than one intervention (e.g., instrument change) over the period of record, and its effect must be to change the measurement bias by no more than 0.25 (0.1) K. The effect of the first intervention dominates the effects of subsequent, uncorrelated interventions. Changes in observation schedule also affect trend estimates. Reducing the number of observations per day, or changing the timing of a single observation per day, has a greater potential to produce errors in trends than reducing the number of days per month on which observations are made. These findings depend on the validity of using reanalysis data to approximate the statistical nature of future climate variations, and on the statistical tests employed. However, the results are based on conservative assumptions, so that adopting observing system requirements based on this analysis should result in a data archive that will meet climate monitoring needs over the next 50 yr. C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Seidel, DJ (reprint author), NOAA, Air Resources Lab, 1315 EW Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM Dian.Seidel@noaa.gov NR 11 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAR 1 PY 2006 VL 19 IS 5 BP 854 EP 871 DI 10.1175/JCLI3666.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 030XF UT WOS:000236668000011 ER PT J AU Rachuri, S Han, YH Foufou, S Feng, SC Roy, U Wang, FJ Sriram, RD Lyons, KW AF Rachuri, S Han, YH Foufou, S Feng, SC Roy, U Wang, FJ Sriram, RD Lyons, KW TI A model for capturing product assembly information SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SCIENCE IN ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE assembly modeling; UML; kinematics representation; assembly features; standards; STEP ID FEATURES; DESIGN AB The important issue of mechanical assemblies has been a subject of intense research over the past several years. Most electromechanical products are assemblies of several components, for various technical as well as economic reasons. This paper provides all object-oriented definition of all assembly model called the Open Assembly Model (OAM) and defines all extension to the NIST Core Product Model (NIST-CPM). The assembly model represents the function, form, and behavior of the assembly and defines both a system level conceptual model and associated hierarchical relationships. The model provides a way for tolerance representation and propagation, kinematics representation, and engineering analysis at the system level. The assembly model is open so as to enable plug-and-play with various applications, such as analysis (FEM, tolerance, assembly), process planning, and virtual assembly (using VR techniques). With the advent of the Internet more and more products are designed and manufactured globally in a distributed and collaborative environment. The class structure defined in OAM call be used by designers to collaborate in such all environment. The proposed model includes both assembly as a concept and assembly as a data structure. For the latter it uses STEP. The OAM together with CPM call be used to capture the assembly evolution from the conceptual to the detailed design stages. It is expected that the proposed OAM will enhance the assembly information content in the STEP standard. A case study example is discussed to explain the Usecase analysis of the assembly model. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, Design Proc Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Bourgogne, Lab Le2i, F-21078 Dijon, France. Syracuse Univ, Dept Mech Aerosp & Mfg Engn, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. RP Rachuri, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, Design Proc Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM sudarsan@cme.nist.gov; stoufou@u-bourgogne.fr; sfeng@cme.nist.gov; uroy@ecs.syr.edu; sriram@cme.nist.gov; klyons@cme.nist.gov RI Foufou, Sebti/E-2081-2015 OI Foufou, Sebti/0000-0002-3555-9125 NR 29 TC 28 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 14 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 1530-9827 J9 J COMPUT INF SCI ENG JI J. Comput. Inf. Sci. Eng. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 6 IS 1 BP 11 EP 21 DI 10.1115/1.2164451 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Manufacturing SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 023BT UT WOS:000236100900003 ER PT J AU Hurst, TP Abookire, AA AF Hurst, TP Abookire, AA TI Temporal and spatial variation in potential and realized growth rates of age-0 year northern rock sole SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE growth potential; growth rate; northern rock sole; site differences; temperature ID FLOUNDER PSEUDOPLEURONECTES-AMERICANUS; PLAICE PLEURONECTES-PLATESSA; JUVENILE WINTER FLOUNDER; DUTCH WADDEN SEA; KODIAK ISLAND; NURSERY AREA; BERING-SEA; RECRUITMENT; FLATFISH; HABITAT AB The possibility of prey limitations on the growth performance of age-0 year northern rock sole Lepidopsetta polyxystra was evaluated at three sites along the north-east coast of Kodiak Island, Alaska, U.S.A., by comparison of observed to potential growth rates. Growth potential was measured in the laboratory across the range of temperatures encountered by this species during the first summer of life. Growth potential (g(L), mm day(-1)) increased with water temperature (T) between 2 and 13 degrees C, according to: g(L) = 0.0151 + 0.3673.log(10)(T). There were significant differences in growth rate between the three field sites such that Holiday Beach fish were 7.1 mm longer than Shakmanof Beach fish by mid-September, with Pillar Creek Cove fish of intermediate size. Temperature differences between sites accounted for less than half of this variation. The remainder may have been related to differences in prey availability among the sites in association with observed differences in sediment characteristics. In addition to the spatial variability, there was significant monthly variation in growth performance. Realized growth rates between July and August were in excess of 85% of potential. Between August and September, however, realized growth fell to 43-71% of potential indicating a decline in conditions for growth. The spatial variation in growth rates was not density-dependent as the site with the highest fish densities (Holiday Beach) also supported the highest growth rates. The available data indicates that for this subtidal species, interannual variation in growth may be more important than site variation. (c) 2006 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. C1 NOAA, NMFS, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NOAA, NMFS, Kodiak Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. RP Hurst, TP (reprint author), NOAA, NMFS, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM thomas.hurst@noaa.gov RI Hurst, Thomas/N-1401-2013 NR 42 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 11 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 68 IS 3 BP 905 EP 919 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2006.00985.x PG 15 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 017LS UT WOS:000235695700018 ER PT J AU Tirelli, V Borme, D Tulli, F Cigar, M Umani, SF Brandt, SB AF Tirelli, V Borme, D Tulli, F Cigar, M Umani, SF Brandt, SB TI Energy density of anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus L. in the Adriatic Sea SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE energy density; Engraulis encrasicolus; European anchovy ID PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; SEASONAL-CHANGES; LAKE-MICHIGAN; WALLEYE POLLOCK; CONSUMPTION; BAY; DYNAMICS; ECOLOGY; GROWTH; FISH AB European anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus, with total lengths ranging from 40.0 to 132.5 mm, were sampled during October 2002 and May 2003 in the northern Adriatic Sea in order to estimate their energy densities (E-D). A highly significant (P < 0.001) relationship between E-D (y) (J g(-1)wet mass) and per cent dry mass (x) was found: y = 321x - 3316.9 (n = 161, r(2) = 0.82). (c) 2006 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. C1 Univ Trieste, Dept Biol, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. Marine Biol Lab, I-34010 Trieste, Italy. Univ Udine, Dipartimento Sci Anim, I-33010 Pagnaco, UD, Italy. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Tirelli, V (reprint author), Univ Trieste, Dept Biol, Via Giorgieri 10, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. EM tirelli@univ.trieste.it RI Fonda, Serena/H-6753-2012; Tulli, Francesca/B-7140-2013; OI Tulli, Francesca/0000-0002-1179-9853; Borme, Diego/0000-0002-9659-7395; Tirelli, Valentina/0000-0002-5152-2891 NR 33 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 68 IS 3 BP 982 EP 989 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8694.2005.00987.x PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 017LS UT WOS:000235695700029 ER PT J AU Butler, JM AF Butler, JM TI Genetics and genomics of core short tandem repeat loci used in human identity testing SO JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES LA English DT Review DE forensic science; DNA typing; short tandem repeat; mutation rate; CSF1PO; FGA; TH01; TPOX; VWA; D3S1358; D5S818; D7S820; D8S1179; D13S317; D16S539; D18S51; D21S11; D2S1338; D19S433; Penta D; Penta E; SE33; CODIS; national DNA databases; Y-STR; Y-chromosome; DYS19; DYS385; DYS389I/II; DYS390; DYS391; DYS392; DYS393; DYS437; DYS438; DYS439; DYS448; DYS456; DYS458; DYS635; Y-GATA-H4 ID HYDROXYLASE MICROSATELLITE MARKER; EMPLOYING MULTIPLEX AMPLIFICATION; PSEUDOGENE H-BETA-AC-PSI-2 ACTBP2; INFERRING ETHNIC-ORIGIN; CODIS STR LOCI; TETRANUCLEOTIDE REPEAT; LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM; FORENSIC CASEWORK; Y-CHROMOSOME; HISPANIC POPULATIONS AB Over the past decade, the human identity testing community has settled on a set of core short tandem repeat (STR) loci that are widely used for DNA typing applications. A variety of commercial kits enable robust amplification of these core STR loci. A brief history is presented regarding the selection of core autosomal and Y-chromosomal STR markers. The physical location of each STR locus in the human genome is delineated and allele ranges and variants observed in human populations are summarized as are mutation rates observed from parentage testing. Internet resources for additional information on core STR loci are reviewed. Additional topics are also discussed, including potential linkage of STR loci to genetic disease-causing genes, probabilistic predictions of sample ethnicity, and desirable characteristics for additional STR loci that may be added in the future to the current core loci. These core STR loci, which form the basis for DNA databases worldwide, will continue to play an important role in forensic science for many years to come. C1 NIST, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Butler, JM (reprint author), NIST, Div Biotechnol, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8311, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM john.butler@nist.gov RI Butler, John/C-7812-2011 NR 137 TC 240 Z9 256 U1 11 U2 101 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-1198 J9 J FORENSIC SCI JI J. Forensic Sci. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 51 IS 2 BP 253 EP 265 DI 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2006.00046.x PG 13 WC Medicine, Legal SC Legal Medicine GA 019MV UT WOS:000235841900006 PM 16566758 ER PT J AU Tehranian, S Zhao, YS Harvey, T Swaroop, A Mckenzie, K AF Tehranian, S Zhao, YS Harvey, T Swaroop, A Mckenzie, K TI A robust framework for real-time distributed processing of satellite data SO JOURNAL OF PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING LA English DT Article DE real-time systems; parallel and distributed computing; task scheduling; reliability AB It is estimated that future satellite instruments such as the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) and the Hyperspectral Environmental Suite (HES) on the GOES-R series of satellites will provide raw data volume of about 1.5 Terabyte per day. Due to the high data rate, satellite ground data processing will require considerable computing power to process data in real-time. Cluster technologies employing a multi-processor system present the only current economically viable option. To sustain high levels of system reliability and operability in a cluster-oriented operational environment, a fault-tolerant data processing framework is proposed to provide a platform for encapsulating science algorithms for satellite data processing. The science algorithms together with the framework are hosted on a Linux cluster. In this paper we present an architectural model and a system prototype for providing performance, reliability, and scalability of candidate hardware and software for a satellite data processing system. Furthermore, benchmarking results are presented for a selected number of science algorithms for the Geosynchronous Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (GIFTS) instrument showing that considerable performance can be gained without sacrificing the reliability and high availability constraints imposed on the operational cluster system. (C) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 AC Technol Inc, Adv Computat & Informat Serv, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, NOAA, US Dept Commerce, Suitland, MD 20746 USA. RP Zhao, YS (reprint author), AC Technol Inc, Adv Computat & Informat Serv, 4640 Forbes Blvd,Suite 320, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. EM yszhao@ac-tech.com NR 23 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0743-7315 J9 J PARALLEL DISTR COM JI J. Parallel Distrib. Comput. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 66 IS 3 BP 403 EP 418 DI 10.1016/j.jpdc.2005.12.001 PG 16 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA 018MC UT WOS:000235767400008 ER PT J AU Sansonetti, JE AF Sansonetti, JE TI Wavelengths, transition probabilities, and energy levels for the spectra of rubidium (RbI through RbXXXVII) SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL REFERENCE DATA LA English DT Review ID WAVE COLLISION STRENGTHS; I ISOELECTRONIC SEQUENCE; GROUND-STATE CONFIGURATION; 105 DELTA-N=0 TRANSITIONS; DOUBLY IONIZED RUBIDIUM; ALKALI-METAL ATOMS; GALLIUM-LIKE IONS; SODIUM-LIKE IONS; NEON-LIKE IONS; ZN-LIKE IONS AB Energy levels, with designations and uncertainties, have been compiled for the spectra of the neutral atom and all positive ions of rubidium (Z=37). Wavelengths with classifications, intensities, and transition probabilities are also tabulated. In addition, ground states and ionization energies are listed. For most ionization stages experimental data are available; however for ionization stages where only theoretical calculations or fitted values exist, these are reported. There are a few ionization stages for which only a calculated ionization potential is available. (c) 2006 by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sansonetti, JE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jean.sansonetti@nist.gov NR 117 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0047-2689 J9 J PHYS CHEM REF DATA JI J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data PD MAR PY 2006 VL 35 IS 1 BP 301 EP 421 DI 10.1063/1.2035727 PG 121 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Physics GA 015LS UT WOS:000235553500012 ER PT J AU Kramida, AE Shirai, T AF Kramida, AE Shirai, T TI Compilation of wavelengths, energy levels, and transition probabilities for WI and WII SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL REFERENCE DATA LA English DT Article ID SINGLY IONIZED TUNGSTEN; OSCILLATOR-STRENGTHS; FIRST SPECTRUM; BRANCHING RATIOS; PLATINUM GROUP; EVEN LEVELS; CONFIGURATIONS; IONIZATION AB Energy levels, wavelengths, and transition probabilities of the first and second spectra of tungsten, W I and W II, have been compiled. Wavelengths of observed transitions and energy levels derived from those wavelengths have been obtained from a critical evaluation of the available literature. Measured transition probabilities for some of the observed transitions have been compiled from the published literature. (c) 2006 by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Japan Atom Energy Res Inst, Kashiwa, Chiba 2770842, Japan. RP Kramida, AE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM alexander.kramida@nist.gov OI Kramida, Alexander/0000-0002-0788-8087 NR 33 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0047-2689 J9 J PHYS CHEM REF DATA JI J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data PD MAR PY 2006 VL 35 IS 1 BP 423 EP 683 DI 10.1063/1.1836763 PG 261 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Physics GA 015LS UT WOS:000235553500013 ER PT J AU Gilsinn, DE Boisvert, RF AF Gilsinn, David E. Boisvert, Ronald F. TI Special issue: Topics in operations research, geometric design, and optimization - Foreword SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NIST, Informat Technol Lab, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAR-APR PY 2006 VL 111 IS 2 SI SI BP VII EP IX PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 062SJ UT WOS:000238964500003 ER PT J AU Witzgall, C Gilsinn, DE McClain, MA AF Witzgall, Christoph Gilsinn, David E. McClain, Marjorie A. TI An examination of new paradigms for spline approximations SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Topics in Operation Research CY MAY 13, 2004 CL Gaithersburg, MD SP NIST DE bivariate splines; curve fitting; Delaunay triangulation; Gauss-Seidel iteration; Hsieh-Clough-Tocher elements; irregular data; Lavery splines; non-oscillatory splines; point clouds; surface fitting; thin beam; thin plate; triangulated irregular networks ID TENSION; INTERPOLATION AB Lavery splines are examined in the univariate and bivariate cases. In both instances relaxation based algorithms for approximate calculation of Lavery splines are proposed. Following previous work Gilsinn, et al. [ 7] addressing the bivariate case, a rotationally invariant functional is assumed. The version of bivariate splines proposed in this paper also aims at irregularly spaced data and uses Hseih-Clough-Tocher elements based on the triangulated irregular network ( TIN) concept. In this paper, the univariate case, however, is investigated in greater detail so as to further the understanding of the bivariate case. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Witzgall, C (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM christoph.witzgall@nist.gov; david.gilsinn@nist.gov; marjorie.mcclain@nist.gov NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAR-APR PY 2006 VL 111 IS 2 SI SI BP 57 EP 77 DI 10.6028/jres.111.005 PG 21 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 062SJ UT WOS:000238964500004 PM 27274917 ER PT J AU Bernal, J Witzgall, C AF Bernal, Javier Witzgall, Christoph TI Integer representation of decimal numbers for exact computations SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Topics in Operation Research CY MAY 13, 2004 CL Gaithersburg, MD SP NIST DE computational geometry; Delaunay triangulation; exact integer arithmetic; power diagram; regular triangulation; robustness; Voronoi diagram AB A scheme is presented and software is documented for representing as integers input decimal numbers that have been stored in a computer as double precision floating point numbers and for carrying out multiplications, additions and subtractions based on these numbers in an exact manner. The input decimal numbers must not have more than nine digits to the left of the decimal point. The decimal fractions of their floating point representations are all first rounded off at a prespecified location, a location no more than nine digits away from the decimal point. The number of digits to the left of the decimal point for each input number besides not being allowed to exceed nine must then be such that the total number of digits from the leftmost digit of the number to the location where round-off is to occur does not exceed fourteen. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bernal, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jbernal@nist.gov; witzgall@nist.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAR-APR PY 2006 VL 111 IS 2 SI SI BP 79 EP 88 DI 10.6028/jres.111.006 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 062SJ UT WOS:000238964500005 PM 27274918 ER PT J AU Goldman, AJ AF Goldman, A. J. TI Optimal facility-location SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Topics in Operation Research CY MAY 13, 2004 CL Gaithersburg, MD SP NIST DE mail sorting; mesometric facility; metric space; obnoxious facility; optimization AB Dr. Christoph Witzgall, the honoree of this Symposium, can count among his many contributions to applied mathematics and mathematical operations research a body of widely-recognized work on the optimal location of facilities. The present paper offers to non-specialists a sketch of that field and its evolution, with emphasis on areas most closely related to Witzgall's research at NBS/NIST. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Appl Math & Stat, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Goldman, AJ (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Appl Math & Stat, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAR-APR PY 2006 VL 111 IS 2 SI SI BP 97 EP 101 DI 10.6028/jres.111.008 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 062SJ UT WOS:000238964500007 PM 27274920 ER PT J AU Kalsi, A O'Leary, DP AF Kalsi, Anoop O'Leary, Dianne P. TI Fast algorithms for structured least squares and total least squares problems SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Topics in Operation Research CY MAY 13, 2004 CL Gaithersburg, MD SP NIST DE block Toeplitz matrix; displacement rank; errors in variables method; image deblurring; structured total least squares; Tikhonov regularization; total least squares ID IMAGE-RESTORATION AB We consider the problem of solving least squares problems involving a matrix M of small displacement rank with respect to two matrices Z(1) and Z(2). We develop formulas for the generators of the matrix (MM)-M-H in terms of the generators of M and show that the Cholesky factorization of the matrix (MM)-M-H can be computed quickly if Z(1) is close to unitary and Z(2) is triangular and nilpotent. These conditions are satisfied for several classes of matrices, including Toeplitz, block Toeplitz, Hankel, and block Hankel, and for matrices whose blocks have such structure. Fast Cholesky factorization enables fast solution of least squares problems, total least squares problems, and regularized total least squares problems involving these classes of matrices. C1 Univ Maryland, Program Appl Math, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Comp Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Inst Adv Comp Studies, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kalsi, A (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Program Appl Math, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM oleary@cs.umd.edu NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 5 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAR-APR PY 2006 VL 111 IS 2 SI SI BP 113 EP 119 DI 10.6028/jres.111.010 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 062SJ UT WOS:000238964500009 PM 27274922 ER PT J AU Kearsley, AJ AF Kearsley, Anthony J. TI Projections onto order simplexes and isotonic regression SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Topics in Operation Research CY MAY 13, 2004 CL Gaithersburg, MD SP NIST DE isotonic regression; optimization; projection; simplex ID MASS-SPECTROMETRY; INTEGRATION AB Isotonic regression is the problem of fitting data to order constraints. This problem can be solved numerically in an efficient way by successive projections onto order simplex constraints. An algorithm for solving the isotonic regression using successive projections onto order simplex constraints was originally suggested and analyzed by Grotzinger and Witzgall. This algorithm has been employed repeatedly in a wide variety of applications. In this paper we briefly discuss the isotonic regression problem and its solution by the Grotzinger-Witzgall method. We demonstrate that this algorithm can be appropriately modified to run on a parallel computer with substantial speed-up. Finally we illustrate how it can be used to pre-process mass spectral data for automatic high throughput analysis. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kearsley, AJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM anthony.kearsley@nist.gov NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAR-APR PY 2006 VL 111 IS 2 SI SI BP 121 EP 125 DI 10.6028/jres.111.011 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 062SJ UT WOS:000238964500010 PM 27274923 ER PT J AU Lawrence, J AF Lawrence, Jim TI Three rings of polyhedral simple functions SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Topics in Operation Research CY MAY 13, 2004 CL Gaithersburg, MD SP NIST DE convex polyhedra; Ehrhart polynomials; Gram's relation; mixed volumes; transversal characteristic; valuation ID POLYTOPES AB We survey three ways to multiply elements of the additive subgroup of the group of real-valued functions on R-d which is generated by the indicator functions of polyhedra. In the resulting commutative rings, identities often correspond to useful techniques of decomposition of polyhedra. We are led immediately to various interesting topics, including Ehrhart polynomials, mixed volumes, Gram's relation, and transversal characteristics. C1 George Mason Univ, Dept Math Sci, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lawrence, J (reprint author), George Mason Univ, Dept Math Sci, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. EM james.lawrence@nist.gov NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAR-APR PY 2006 VL 111 IS 2 SI SI BP 127 EP 134 DI 10.6028/jres.111.012 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 062SJ UT WOS:000238964500011 PM 27274924 ER PT J AU Stone, WC Witzgall, C AF Stone, William C. Witzgall, Christoph TI Evaluation of aerodynamic drag and torque for external tanks in low earth orbit SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Topics in Operation Research CY MAY 13, 2004 CL Gaithersburg, MD SP NIST DE aerodynamic drag; aerodynamic eccentricity; aerodynamic torque; free molecular flow theory; low Earth orbit; shell of revolution; space shuttle external tank AB A numerical procedure is described in which the aerodynamic drag and torque in low Earth orbit are calculated for a prototype Space Shuttle external tank and its components, the "LO2" and "LH2" tanks, carrying liquid oxygen and hydrogen, respectively, for any given angle of attack. Calculations assume the hypersonic limit of free molecular flow theory. Each shell of revolution is assumed to be described by a series of parametric equations for their respective contours. It is discretized into circular cross sections perpendicular to the axis of revolution, which yield a series of ellipses when projected according to the given angle of attack. The drag profile, that is, the projection of the entire shell is approximated by the convex envelope of those ellipses. The area of the drag profile, that is, the drag area, and its center of area moment, that is, the drag center, are then calculated and permit determination of the drag vector and the eccentricity vector from the center of gravity of the shell to the drag center. The aerodynamic torque is obtained as the cross product of those vectors. The tanks are assumed to be either evacuated or pressurized with a uniform internal gas distribution: dynamic shifting of the tank center of mass due to residual propellant sloshing is not considered. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stone, WC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM wstone@nist.gov; christoph.witzgall@nist.gov NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAR-APR PY 2006 VL 111 IS 2 SI SI BP 143 EP 159 DI 10.6028/jres.111.014 PG 17 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 062SJ UT WOS:000238964500013 PM 27274926 ER PT J AU Foo, ML He, T Huang, Q Zandbergen, HW Siegrist, T Lawes, G Ramirez, AP Cava, RJ AF Foo, ML He, T Huang, Q Zandbergen, HW Siegrist, T Lawes, G Ramirez, AP Cava, RJ TI Synthesis and characterization of the pseudo-hexagonal hollandites ALi(2)Ru(6)O(12) (A = Na, K) SO JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE ruthenates; hollandites; pseudo-hexagonal; neutron diffraction; electron diffraction; specific heat; magnetic susceptibility; single-crystal X-ray diffraction ID LAYERED PEROVSKITE; SUPERCONDUCTIVITY; RUTHENATE; CRYSTAL; OXIDES AB The crystal structures, synthesis and physical properties of ruthenium hollandites ALi(2)Ru(6)O(12) (A = Na, K) with a new pseudo-hexagonal structure type are described. Analogous to tetragonal hollandites, the framework is made Of MO6 octahedra in double chains that share corner oxygens with each other to create interstitial tunnels. The tunnels are either hexagonal or triangular in cross-section. Magnetic susceptibilities, low temperature specific heat, and electrical resistivities are reported. The data indicate that these materials are normal, low density of states metals. This new structure type can be extended from A = Group I to A = Group II ions with the synthesis of CaLi2Ru6O12 and SrLi2Ru6O12. (C) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Dupont Cent Res & Dev, Wilmington, DE USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Delft Univ Technol, Natl Ctr High Resolut Electron Microscopy, Delft, Netherlands. Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA. Wayne State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. RP Foo, ML (reprint author), Univ Toronto, Fac Arts & Sci, Dept Chem, Lash Miller Labs,Mat Chem Grp, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada. EM mfoo@princeton.edu RI Foo, Maw Lin/H-9273-2012 NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-4596 J9 J SOLID STATE CHEM JI J. Solid State Chem. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 179 IS 3 BP 941 EP 948 DI 10.1016/j.jssc.2005.12.011 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 022WD UT WOS:000236085900041 ER PT J AU Voronovich, AG Ostashev, VE AF Voronovich, AG Ostashev, VE TI Low-frequency sound scattering by internal waves in the ocean SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID ANTENNA-ARRAY; PROPAGATION; COHERENCE; EQUATION; GAIN AB In this paper, long-range propagation of low-frequency sound through an ocean waveguide with random inhomogeneities in the sound speed is studied. Closed equations for the mean field and correlation function of the sound field are derived using the Chernov method. These equations can be considered as a generalization of equations derived by Dozier and Tappert [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 63, 353-365 (1978)], which accounts for 3D effects and cross-modal correlations. The equations derived in this paper in a general form are similar to the equations obtained by many other authors. However, without simplifications these equations are difficult to solve even numerically due to high dimension of the matrices appearing in the equations. Some simplifications of the equations for the mean field and correlation function are suggested that account for narrowness of the angular spectrum of the scattered acoustic field and which make these equations amenable for numerical implementation. To study solutions of the simplified equations, they are additionally averaged along the sound propagation path. This allows us to obtain some analytical results. Using the theory developed, the horizontal coherence length of the sound field is estimated for the GM spectrum of internal waves. (c) 2006 Acoustical Society of America. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Voronovich, AG (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM alexander.voronovich@noaa.gov NR 22 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 119 IS 3 BP 1406 EP 1419 DI 10.1121/1.2167058 PG 14 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 023VU UT WOS:000236155100012 ER PT J AU Bertness, KA Wang, CM Salit, ML Turk, GC Butler, TA Paul, AJ Robins, LH AF Bertness, KA Wang, CM Salit, ML Turk, GC Butler, TA Paul, AJ Robins, LH TI High-accuracy determination of epitaxial AlGaAs composition with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B LA English DT Article ID SEMIINSULATING GALLIUM-ARSENIDE; ALLOY COMPOSITION; STOICHIOMETRY; DEPENDENCE AB Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy is shown to confirm a recent correlation between photoluminescence (PL) peak energy for AlGaAs epitaxial films and the Al mole fraction x of those films. These two methods also agree within their expanded uncertainties with the Al composition as determined by growth rate measurements using reflection high energy electron diffraction intensity at the time of specimen growth. No systematic variations between the three methods as a function of Al mole fraction were observed. The lowest uncertainty was found in the PL measurements, allowing certification of Al mole fraction x in standard reference materials to an expanded uncertainty of 0.003 for x < 0.35. Details of the uncertainty analysis, as well as possible improvements in those uncertainties, are discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Bertness, KA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mail Stop 815-4,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM bertness@boulder.nist.gov NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 1071-1023 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL B JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B PD MAR-APR PY 2006 VL 24 IS 2 BP 762 EP 767 DI 10.1116/1.2181579 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 037UE UT WOS:000237172000047 ER PT J AU Cabral, JT Hudson, SD AF Cabral, JT Hudson, SD TI Microfluidic approach for rapid multicomponent interfacial tensiometry SO LAB ON A CHIP LA English DT Article ID FLOW; SYSTEMS; TUBE; MICROCHANNELS; DEFORMATION; EMULSIONS; DROPLET; DEVICE; FIELDS AB We report a microfluidic instrument to rapidly measure the interfacial tension of multicomponent immiscible liquids. The measurement principle rests upon the deformation and retraction dynamics of drops under extensional flow and was implemented for the first time in microfluidics ( S. D. Hudson et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., 2005, 87, 081905 ( ref. 1)). Here we describe in detail the instrument design and physics and extend this principle to investigate multicomponent mixtures, specifically two-component drops of adjustable composition. This approach provides fast real-time sigma measurements ( on the order of 1 s), the possibility of rapidly adjusting drop composition and utilizes small sample volumes ( approximately 10 mu L). The tensiometer operation is illustrated with water drops and binary drops (water/ ethylene glycol mixtures) in silicone oils. The technique should be particularly valuable for high-throughput characterization of complex fluids. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hudson, SD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Joao.Cabral@imperial.ac.uk; Steven.Hudson@nist.gov RI Cabral, Joao T./E-6534-2015 OI Cabral, Joao T./0000-0002-2590-225X NR 33 TC 66 Z9 68 U1 4 U2 59 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1473-0197 J9 LAB CHIP JI Lab Chip PD MAR PY 2006 VL 6 IS 3 BP 427 EP 436 DI 10.1039/b511976f PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 021OZ UT WOS:000235993800013 PM 16511627 ER PT J AU Wilson, SG Polovina, JJ Stewart, BS Meekan, MG AF Wilson, SG Polovina, JJ Stewart, BS Meekan, MG TI Movements of whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) tagged at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TUNA THUNNUS-THYNNUS; ATLANTIC BLUEFIN TUNA; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BIGHT; SEA-SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; ARCHIVAL TAGS; PSEUDEUPHAUSIA-LATIFRONS; ALOPIAS-SUPERCILIOSUS; HORIZONTAL MOVEMENTS; DEPTH PREFERENCES; HABITAT SELECTION AB Whale sharks (Rhincodon typus Smith) aggregate seasonally (March-June) to feed in coastal waters off Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. Pop-up archival tags were attached to 19 individuals (total lengths 4.5-11.0 m) at this location in early May of 2003 and 2004 to examine their horizontal and vertical movements. The long-term movement patterns of six whale sharks were documented, all of which travelled northeast into the Indian Ocean after departing Ningaloo Reef. They used both inshore and offshore habitats and made extensive vertical movements, occasionally to a depth of at least 980 m. Frequent up-and-down movements, diel vertical migration, and crepuscular descents were evident in the depth records. The sharks experienced ambient temperatures ranging between 4.2 and 28.7 degrees C and encountered gradients of up to 20.8 degrees C on dives. C1 Univ New Hampshire, Dept Zool, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Hubbs SeaWorld Res Inst, San Diego, CA 92109 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Australian Inst Marine Sci, Darwin, NT, Australia. RP Wilson, SG (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Dept Zool, Durham, NH 03824 USA. EM swilson@hswri.org NR 63 TC 72 Z9 78 U1 7 U2 41 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0025-3162 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 148 IS 5 BP 1157 EP 1166 DI 10.1007/s00227-005-0153-8 PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 015JJ UT WOS:000235547400025 ER PT J AU Makowski, C Seminoff, JA Salmon, M AF Makowski, C Seminoff, JA Salmon, M TI Home range and habitat use of juvenile Atlantic green turtles (Chelonia mydas L.) on shallow reef habitats in Palm Beach, Florida, USA SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COASTAL FORAGING AREA; LOGGERHEAD TURTLES; SEA-TURTLES; ERETMOCHELYS-IMBRICATA; SATELLITE TELEMETRY; CARETTA-CARETTA; MARINE RESERVE; MOVEMENTS; PATTERNS; ISLANDS AB Many animals, including sea turtles, alter their movements and home range in relation to the particular type and quality of the habitat occupied. When sufficient resources are available, individuals may develop affinities to specific areas for activities, such as foraging and (or) resting. In the case of green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas L.), after a number of years in the open ocean, juveniles recruit to shallow-water developmental habitats where they occupy distinct home ranges as they feed and grow to maturity. Our goal was to study the habitat use and home range movements of juvenile green turtles along a shallow, worm-rock reef tract in Palm Beach, Florida. Six turtles, measuring from 27.9 to 48.1 cm in straight carapace length and from 7.2 to 12.6 kg in mass, were tracked via ultrasonic telemetry from August to November 2003. Upon capture, each turtle's esophagus was flushed via lavage to determine recently ingested foods. In addition, four turtles were recaptured and fitted with a time-depth recorder to study dive patterns. Home range areas measured with 100% minimum convex polygon and 95% fixed kernel estimators varied from 0.69 to 5.05 km(2) (mean=2.38 +/- 1.78 km(2)) and 0.73 to 4.89 km(2) (mean=2.09 +/- 1.80 km(2)), respectively. Home ranges and core areas of turtles were largely restricted to the reef tract itself, and showed considerable overlap between food and shelter sites. The mean number of dives during daylight hours (0600-1800 hours) was 84 +/- 5.0 dives, while the mean during night hours (1800-0600 hours) was 39 +/- 3.0 dives. Dives during the day were shallower (mean=3.20 +/- 1.26 m) than dives at night (mean=5.59 +/- 0.09 m). All six turtles were found to have a mixed diet of similar macroalgae and sponge fragments. Our results reveal that juvenile green turtles occupy stable home ranges along the nearshore worm-rock reefs of Southeast Florida, during the summer and fall. Determining which habitats are used by green turtles will assist conservation managers in their global effort to protect this endangered species. C1 Florida Atlantic Univ, Dept Biol, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Makowski, C (reprint author), Coastal Planning & Engn Inc, 2481 Boca Raton Blvd, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA. EM Cmakowski@coastalplanning.net NR 72 TC 51 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 31 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0025-3162 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 148 IS 5 BP 1167 EP 1179 DI 10.1007/s00227-005-0150-y PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 015JJ UT WOS:000235547400026 ER PT J AU Marks, KM Smith, WHF AF Marks, KM Smith, WHF TI An evaluation of publicly available global bathymetry grids SO MARINE GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCHES LA English DT Article DE bathymetric grids; bathymetry; Coral Sea; DBDB2; ETOPO2; GEBCO; GINA; satellite bathymetry; Woodlark Basin ID SATELLITE ALTIMETRY AB We evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of six publicly available global bathymetry grids: DBDB2 (Digital Bathymetric Data Base; an ongoing project of the Naval Research Laboratory), ETOPO2 (Earth Topography; National Geophysical Data Center, 2001, ETOPO2 Global 2' Elevations [CD-ROM]. Boulder, Colorado, USA: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), GEBCO (General Bathymetric Charts of the Oceans; British Oceanographic Data Centre, 2003, Centenary Edition of the GEBCO Digital Atlas [CD-ROM] Published on behalf of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission and the International Hydrographic Organization Liverpool, UK), GINA (Geographic Information Network of Alaska; Lindquist et al., 2004), Smith and Sandwell (1997), and S2004 (Smith, unpublished). The Smith and Sandwell grid, derived from satellite altimetry and ship data combined, provides high resolution mapping of the seafloor, even in remote regions. DBDB2, ETOPO2, GINA, and S2004 merge additional datasets with the Smith and Sandwell grid; but moving from a pixel to grid registration attenuates short wavelengths (< 20 km) in the ETOPO2 and DBDB2 solutions. Short wavelengths in the GINA grid are also attenuated, but the cause is not known. ETOPO2 anomalies are offset to the northeast, due to a misregistration in both latitude and longitude. The GEBCO grid is interpolated from 500 m contours that were digitized from paper charts at 1:10 million scale, so it is artificially smooth; yet new efforts have captured additional information from shallow water contours on navigational charts. The S2004 grid merges the Smith and Sandwell grid with GEBCO over shallow depths and polar regions, and so is intended to capture the best of both products. Our evaluation makes the choice of which bathymetry grid to use a more informed one. C1 NOAA, Lab Satellite Altimetry, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Marks, KM (reprint author), NOAA, Lab Satellite Altimetry, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM Karen.Marks@noaa.gov RI Marks, Karen/F-5610-2010; Wright, Dawn/A-4518-2011; Smith, Walter/F-5627-2010 OI Marks, Karen/0000-0001-6524-1495; Wright, Dawn/0000-0002-2997-7611; Smith, Walter/0000-0002-8814-015X NR 16 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 9 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3235 J9 MAR GEOPHYS RES JI Mar. Geophys. Res. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 27 IS 1 BP 19 EP 34 DI 10.1007/s11001-005-2095-4 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography GA 041EZ UT WOS:000237437700003 ER PT J AU Pomeroy, RS Parks, JE Balboa, CM AF Pomeroy, RS Parks, JE Balboa, CM TI Farming the reef: is aquaculture a solution for reducing fishing pressure on coral reefs? SO MARINE POLICY LA English DT Article DE aquacculture; Indo-Pacific; Live Reef Fish Trade; coral reef conservation AB This paper presents the results of an analysis to determine the financial and social feasibility of aquaculture technologies for live reef organisms, including food fish and marine ornamentals, as an alternative to wild capture of live reef organisms in nearshore waters in the Indo-Pacific region. The paper provides information and policy guidance for appropriate aquaculture technology application for Indo-Pacific nations, which are the source of most live reef organisms supplied for international trade. Cautionary evidence indicates that, under certain conditions, some forms of small-scale aquaculture of live coral reef organisms can be a useful Solution for reducing fishing pressure on coral reefs. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd, All rights reserved. C1 Univ Connecticut, Dept Agr & Resource Econ & Sea Grant, Community Conservat Network, Groton, CT 06340 USA. NOAA, Int Program Off, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Yale Univ, New Haven, CT USA. RP Pomeroy, RS (reprint author), Univ Connecticut, Dept Agr & Resource Econ & Sea Grant, Community Conservat Network, 380 Marine Sci Bldg,1080 Shennecossett Rd, Groton, CT 06340 USA. EM robert.pomeroy@uconn.edu; john.parks@noad.gov; cristina.balboa@yale.edu NR 47 TC 31 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 30 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-597X J9 MAR POLICY JI Mar. Pol. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 30 IS 2 BP 111 EP 130 DI 10.1016/j.marpol.2004.09.001 PG 20 WC Environmental Studies; International Relations SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; International Relations GA 016UG UT WOS:000235645400001 ER PT J AU Song, J Vorburger, T Renegar, T Rhee, H Zheng, A Ma, L Libert, J Ballou, S Bachrach, B Bogart, K AF Song, J Vorburger, T Renegar, T Rhee, H Zheng, A Ma, L Libert, J Ballou, S Bachrach, B Bogart, K TI Correlation of topography measurements of NIST SRM 2460 standard bullets by four techniques SO MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th Symposium on Measurement Technology and Intelligent Instruments CY SEP 06-08, 2005 CL Univ Huddersfield, Huddersfield, ENGLAND HO Univ Huddersfield DE cross-correlation function; standard bullet; surface metrology; standard reference material; topography measurement AB Three optical instruments including an interferometric microscope, a Nipkow disc confocal microscope and a laser scanning confocal microscope and a stylus instrument are used for the measurements of bullet profile signatures of a National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Standard Reference Material (SRM) 2460 standard bullet. The two-dimensional profile signatures are compared with the virtual bullet standard signature established by the same stylus instrument. The bullet signature differences are quantified by the maximum cross-correlation function CCFmax. If the compared signatures were exactly the same, CCFmax would be 100%. Comparison results show close agreement among the four techniques for bullet profile signature measurements. The average CCFmax values are higher than 90%. This supports the possibility of using surface topography techniques for ballistic identifications as an alternative to the current technology based on image comparisons. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Taejon 305701, South Korea. Kent State Univ, Kent, OH 44242 USA. IAI, Rockville, MD 20855 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM junfeng.song@nist.gov RI Shaffer, Stephen/C-6170-2011 NR 6 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-0233 EI 1361-6501 J9 MEAS SCI TECHNOL JI Meas. Sci. Technol. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 17 IS 3 SI SI BP 500 EP 503 DI 10.1088/0957-0233/17/3/S07 PG 4 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 024WN UT WOS:000236227200008 ER PT J AU Wilson, AB AF Wilson, AB TI Interspecies mating in sympatric species of Syngnathus pipefish SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE homoplasy; hybridization; population genetics; premating isolation; sympatric speciation; Syngnathidae ID ROLE-REVERSED PIPEFISH; BROOD POUCH EPITHELIUM; INTROGRESSIVE HYBRIDIZATION; ECOLOGICAL DIVERSIFICATION; MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS; FAMILY SYNGNATHIDAE; NATURAL-POPULATIONS; ADAPTIVE EVOLUTION; HYBRID INVIABILITY; COMPUTER-PROGRAM AB Hybridization is thought to be an important source of novel genetic variation, and interspecific hybridization may increase the adaptive potential of wild populations. While hybridization has not been previously reported in syngnathid fishes (seahorses and pipefish), the sympatric occurrence of closely related species at high densities increases the probability of interspecies mating in this group. Southern California is home to five species of Syngnathus pipefish, and these species frequently co-occur in near-shore eelgrass beds along the California coast. Recent work has identified exceptionally high levels of genetic diversity in southern populations of Syngnathus leptorhynchus, a widespread species which ranges from Mexico to Alaska. Microsatellite genotyping and mitochondrial sequence data are used here to study the population genetics of S. leptorhynchus and S. auliscus at a site in San Diego Bay where they are found to co-occur at high densities. While no adult hybrids were detected in the study population, analysis of male broods indicates that interspecies mating is occurring between the two species. The lack of premating isolating mechanisms between these two relatives suggests that hybridization may be common in sympatric species of Syngnathus. C1 NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Conservat Biol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Wilson, AB (reprint author), Univ Zurich, Zool Museum, Winterthurerstr 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland. EM tony.wilson@zoolmus.unizh.ch RI Wilson, Anthony/D-2907-2011 NR 73 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 4 U2 13 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 15 IS 3 BP 809 EP 824 DI 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02831.x PG 16 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 024ON UT WOS:000236205600019 PM 16499704 ER PT J AU Kong, FY Droegemeier, KK Hickmon, NL AF Kong, FY Droegemeier, KK Hickmon, NL TI Multiresolution ensemble forecasts of an observed tornadic thunderstorm system. Part I: Comparsion of coarse- and fine-grid experiments SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID NONHYDROSTATIC ATMOSPHERIC SIMULATION; NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION; LATERAL BOUNDARY-CONDITIONS; CLOUD-SCALE MODELS; HORIZONTAL RESOLUTION; DEMONSTRATION PROJECT; CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS; INITIAL CONDITION; MOIST CONVECTION; PARAMETERIZATION AB Using a nonhydrostatic numerical model with horizontal grid spacing of 24 km and nested grids of 6- and 3-km spacing, the authors employ the scaled lagged average forecasting (SLAF) technique, developed originally for global and synoptic-scale prediction, to generate ensemble forecasts of a tornadic thunderstorm complex that occurred in north-central Texas on 28-29 March 2000. This is the first attempt, to their knowledge, in applying ensemble techniques to a cloud-resolving model using radar and other observations assimilated within nonhorizontally uniform initial conditions and full model physics. The principal goal of this study is to investigate the viability of ensemble forecasting in the context of explicitly resolved deep convective storms, with particular emphasis on the potential value added by fine grid spacing and probabilistic versus deterministic forecasts. Further, the authors focus on the structure and growth of errors as well as the application of suitable quantitative metrics to assess forecast skill for highly intermittent phenomena at fine scales. Because numerous strategies exist for linking multiple nested grids in an ensemble framework with none obviously superior, several are examined, particularly in light of how they impact the structure and growth of perturbations. Not surprisingly, forecast results are sensitive to the strategy chosen, and owing to the rapid growth of errors on the convective scale, the traditional SLAF methodology of age-based scaling is replaced by scaling predicated solely upon error magnitude. This modification improves forecast spread and skill, though the authors believe errors grow more slowly than is desirable. For all three horizontal grid spacings utilized, ensembles show both qualitative and quantitative improvement relative to their respective deterministic control forecasts. Nonetheless, the evolution of convection at 24- and 6-km spacings is vastly different from, and arguably inferior to, that at 3 km because at 24-km spacing, the model cannot explicitly resolve deep convection while at 6 km, the deep convection closure problem is ill posed and clouds are neither implicitly nor explicitly represented (even at 3-km spacing, updrafts and downdrafts only are marginally resolved). Despite their greater spatial fidelity, the 3-km grid spacing experiments are limited in that the ensemble mean reflectivity tends to be much weaker in intensity, and much broader in aerial extent, than that of any single 3-km spacing forecast owing to amplitude reduction and spatial smearing that occur when averaging is applied to spatially intermittent phenomena. The ensemble means of accumulated precipitation, on the other hand, preserve peak intensity quite well. Although a single case study obviously does not provide sufficient information with which to draw general conclusions, the results presented here, as well as those in Part II (which focuses solely on 3-km grid spacing experiments), suggest that even a small ensemble of cloud-resolving forecasts may provide greater skill, and greater practical value, than a single deterministic forecast using either the same or coarser grid spacing. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Ctr Anal & Predict Storms, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. NOAA, Warning Decis Training Branch, Norman, OK USA. RP Kong, FY (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Ctr Anal & Predict Storms, Rm 1110 SEC,100 E Boyd St, Norman, OK 73019 USA. EM fkong@ou.edu NR 57 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 134 IS 3 BP 807 EP 833 DI 10.1175/MWR3097.1 PG 27 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 033LB UT WOS:000236848200005 ER PT J AU Franklin, JL Pasch, RJ Avila, LA Beven, JL Lawrence, MB Stewart, SR Blake, ES AF Franklin, JL Pasch, RJ Avila, LA Beven, JL Lawrence, MB Stewart, SR Blake, ES TI Atlantic hurricane season of 2004 SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL CYCLONE INTENSITY; GPS DROPWINDSONDE; FORECASTS; TRACK AB The 2004 Atlantic hurricane season is summarized, and the year's tropical and subtropical cyclones are described. Fifteen named storms, including six "major" hurricanes, developed in 2004. Overall activity was nearly two and a half times the Ion-term mean. The season was one of the most devastating on record, resulting in over 3100 deaths basinwide and record property damage in the United States. C1 NOAA, NSW, Natl Hurricane Ctr, Trop Predict Ctr, Miami, FL 33165 USA. RP Franklin, JL (reprint author), NOAA, NSW, Natl Hurricane Ctr, Trop Predict Ctr, 11691 SW 17th St, Miami, FL 33165 USA. EM James.Franklin@noaa.gov NR 17 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 134 IS 3 BP 981 EP 1025 DI 10.1175/MWR3096.1 PG 45 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 033LB UT WOS:000236848200014 ER PT J AU Avila, LA Pasch, RJ Beven, JL Franklin, JL Lawrence, MB Stewart, SR AF Avila, LA Pasch, RJ Beven, JL Franklin, JL Lawrence, MB Stewart, SR TI Eastern North Pacific hurricane season of 2004 SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article AB The 2004 eastern North Pacific hurricane season is reviewed. It was a below-average season in terms of number of systems and landfalls. There were 12 named tropical cyclones, of which 8 became hurricanes. None of the tropical storms or hurricanes made landfall, and there were no reports of deaths or damage. A description of each cyclone is provided, and track and intensity forecasts for the season are evaluated. C1 NOAA, NWS, Natl Hurricane Ctr, Trop Predict Ctr, Miami, FL 33165 USA. RP Avila, LA (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, Natl Hurricane Ctr, Trop Predict Ctr, 11691 SW 17th St, Miami, FL 33165 USA. EM Lixion.A.Avila@noaa.gov NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 134 IS 3 BP 1026 EP 1035 DI 10.1175/MWR3095.1 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 033LB UT WOS:000236848200015 ER PT J AU Aberson, SD Halverson, JB AF Aberson, SD Halverson, JB TI Kelvin-Helmholtz billows in the eyewall of Hurricane Erin SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID INSTABILITY AB A photograph of vertically aligned Kelvin-Helmholtz billows in the eastern eyewall of Hurricane Erin on 10 September 2001 is presented. The vertical shear instability in the horizontal winds necessary to produce the billows is confirmed with a high-altitude dropwindsonde observation. This shear instability is not known to be common in tropical cyclone eyewalls and is likely only in cases with a very large eyewall tilt. However, research and reconnaissance aircraft pilots need to be aware of: the possibility of their existence, along with other types of hazardous conditions, in such rare circumstances. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM sim.aberson@noaa.gov RI Aberson, Sim/C-4891-2013 OI Aberson, Sim/0000-0002-3670-0100 NR 5 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 EI 1520-0493 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 134 IS 3 BP 1036 EP 1038 DI 10.1175/MWR3094.1 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 033LB UT WOS:000236848200016 ER PT J AU Jarvis, EAA Carter, EA AF Jarvis, EAA Carter, EA TI A nanoscale mechanism of fatigue in ionic solids SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CYCLIC FATIGUE; CRACK-GROWTH; 0001 SURFACE; POLYCRYSTALLINE ALUMINA; CORRELATION-ENERGY; SILICON-NITRIDE; ELECTRON-GAS; FRACTURE; PROPAGATION; ALPHA-AL2O3 AB We employ periodic density functional theory to explore the effect of cyclic tensile loading on the behavior of alumina in the threshold region of crack formation. We find evidence for nanoscale fatigue when the alumina lattice is subjected to uniaxial tensile loading and unloading and tensile stresses normal to the applied load. It is possible that such atomic-scale fatigue impacts the durability of ceramics, since the highly ionic bonding requires near-ideal lattice structures in order to maintain cohesive strength. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Princeton Univ, Program Appl & Computat Math, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Princeton Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM eac@princeton.edu RI Carter, Emily/P-4075-2014 NR 61 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 EI 1530-6992 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 6 IS 3 BP 505 EP 509 DI 10.1021/nl0525655 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 022IV UT WOS:000236049800034 PM 16522052 ER PT J AU Cherkassky, V Krasnopolsky, V Solomatine, DP Valdes, J AF Cherkassky, V. Krasnopolsky, V. Solomatine, D. P. Valdes, J. TI Computational intelligence in earth sciences and environmental applications: Issues and challenges SO NEURAL NETWORKS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN 2005) CY JUL 31-AUG 04, 2005 CL Montreal, CANADA SP Int Neural Network Soc, IEEE Computat Intelligence Soc DE neural networks; predictive learning; earth sciences; environment; climate; hydrology ID NEURAL-NETWORK APPLICATIONS; MODEL; ACCURATE; PARADIGM AB This paper introduces a generic theoretical framework for predictive learning, and relates it to data-driven and learning applications in earth and environmental sciences. The issues of data quality. selection of the error function. incorporation of the predictive learning methods into the existing modeling frameworks. expert knowledge model uncertainty. and other application-domain specific problems are discussed. A brief overview of the papers in the Special issue is provided follow by discussion of open issues and directions for future research. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. NOAA, SAIC, EMC, NCEP, Camp Springs, MD USA. Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. UNESCO, IHE, Delft, Netherlands. Natl Res Council Canada, Inst Informat Technol, Montreal, PQ, Canada. RP Cherkassky, V (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. EM cherkass@ece.umn.edu; vladimir.krasnopolsky@noaa.gov; d.solomatine@unesco-ihe.org; julio.valdes@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca NR 36 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0893-6080 EI 1879-2782 J9 NEURAL NETWORKS JI Neural Netw. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 19 IS 2 BP 113 EP 121 DI 10.1016/j.neunet.2006.01.001 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Neurosciences SC Computer Science; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 042KU UT WOS:000237527600002 PM 16527457 ER PT J AU Krasnopolsky, VM Fox-Rabinovitz, MS AF Krasnopolsky, Vladimir M. Fox-Rabinovitz, Michael S. TI Complex hybrid models combining deterministic and machine learning components for numerical climate modeling and weather prediction SO NEURAL NETWORKS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN 2005) CY JUL 31-AUG 04, 2005 CL Montreal, CANADA SP Int Neural Network Soc, IEEE Computat Intelligence Soc DE neural networks; machine learning; numerical modeling; climate; weather; hybrid model ID NEURAL-NETWORK; ATMOSPHERIC MODEL; ACCURATE; RADIATION AB A new practical application of neural network (NN) techniques to environmental numerical modeling has been developed. Namely, a new type of numerical model, a complex hybrid environmental model based on a synergetic combination of deterministic and machine learning model components, has been introduced. Conceptual and practical possibilities of developing hybrid models are discussed in this paper for applications to climate modeling and weather prediction. The approach presented here uses NN as a statistical or machine learning technique to develop highly accurate and fast emulations for time consuming model physics components (model physics parameterizations). The NN emulations of the most time consuming model physics components, short and long wave radiation parameterizations or full model radiation, presented in this paper are combined with the remaming deterministic components (like model dynamics) of the original complex environmental model-a general circulation model or global climate model (GCM)-to constitute a hybrid GCM (HGCM). The parallel GCM and HGCM simulations produce very similar results but HGCM is significantly faster. The speed-up of model calculations opens the opportunity for model improvement. Examples of developed HGCMs illustrate the feasibility and efficiency of the new approach for modeling complex multidimensional interdisciplinary systems. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, SAIC, EMC, NCEP, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD USA. RP Krasnopolsky, VM (reprint author), NOAA, SAIC, EMC, NCEP, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM vladimir.krasnopolsky@noaa.gov NR 26 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0893-6080 J9 NEURAL NETWORKS JI Neural Netw. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 19 IS 2 BP 122 EP 134 DI 10.1016/j.neunet.2006.01.002 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Neurosciences SC Computer Science; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 042KU UT WOS:000237527600003 PM 16527454 ER PT J AU Logan, J Haas, H Deegan, L Gaines, E AF Logan, J Haas, H Deegan, L Gaines, E TI Turnover rates of nitrogen stable isotopes in the salt marsh mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus, following a laboratory diet switch SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE discrimination; liver; metabolism; N-15; trophic level ID PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; TROPHIC POSITION; CARBON; DELTA-N-15; DELTA-C-13; TISSUES; RATIOS; MUSCLE; FRACTIONATION; INDICATORS AB Nitrogen stable isotopes are frequently used in ecological studies to estimate trophic position and determine movement patterns. Knowledge of tissue-specific turnover and nitrogen discrimination for the study organisms is important for accurate interpretation of isotopic data. We measured delta N-15 turnover in liver and muscle tissue in juvenile mummichogs, Fundulus heteroclitus, following a laboratory diet switch. Liver tissue turned over significantly faster than muscle tissue suggesting the potential for a multiple tissue stable isotope approach to study movement and trophic position over different time scales; metabolism contributed significantly to isotopic turnover for both liver and muscle. Nitrogen diet-tissue discrimination was estimated at between 0.0 and 1.2(degrees)/(degrees degrees) for liver and -1.0 and 0.2(degrees)/(degrees degrees) for muscle. This is the first experiment to demonstrate a significant variation in delta N-15 turnover between liver and muscle tissues in a fish species. C1 Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Logan, J (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Dept Zool, Durham, NH 03824 USA. EM jmlogan@cisunix.unh.edu NR 35 TC 72 Z9 75 U1 2 U2 37 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD MAR PY 2006 VL 147 IS 3 BP 391 EP 395 DI 10.1007/s00442-005-0277-z PG 5 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 017PT UT WOS:000235706200001 PM 16249895 ER PT J AU Neufeld, HS Chappelka, AH Somers, GL Burkey, KO Davison, AW Finkelstein, PL AF Neufeld, HS Chappelka, AH Somers, GL Burkey, KO Davison, AW Finkelstein, PL TI Visible foliar injury caused by ozone alters the relationship between SPAD meter readings and chlorophyll concentrations in cutleaf coneflower SO PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE chlorophyll; correlation; foliar stipple; ozone; Rudbeckia laciniata; SPAD meter ID INCREASED ATMOSPHERIC OZONE; MOUNTAINS-NATIONAL-PARK; NONDESTRUCTIVE METHOD; RUDBECKIA-LACINIATA; CARBON-DIOXIDE; LEAF GREENNESS; ELEVATED CO2; LEAVES; REFLECTANCE; GENOTYPES AB The ability of the SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter to quantify chlorophyll amounts in ozone-affected leaves of cutleaf coneflower (Rudbeckia laciniata var. digitata) was assessed in this study. When relatively uninjured leaves were measured (percent leaf area affected by stipple less than 6%), SPAD meter readings were linearly related to total chlorophyll with an adjusted R-2 of 0.84. However, when leaves with foliar injury (characterized as a purple to brownish stipple on the upper leaf surface affecting more than 6% of the leaf area) were added, likelihood ratio tests showed that it was no longer possible to use the same equation to obtain chlorophyll estimations for both classes of leaves. Either an equation with a common slope or a common intercept was necessary. We suspect several factors are involved in altering the calibration of the SPAD meter for measuring chlorophyll amounts in visibly ozone-injured leaves, with the most likely being changes in either light absorption or scattering resulting from tissue necrosis. C1 Appalachian State Univ, Dept Biol, Boone, NC 28608 USA. Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry & Wildlife Sci, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. Univ Newcastle Upon Tyne, Dept Biol Sci, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England. NOAA, Atmospher Modeling Div, Washington, DC 20230 USA. RP Neufeld, HS (reprint author), Appalachian State Univ, Dept Biol, 572 Rivers St, Boone, NC 28608 USA. EM neufeldhs@appstate.edu NR 35 TC 35 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 8 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-8595 J9 PHOTOSYNTH RES JI Photosynth. Res. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 87 IS 3 BP 281 EP 286 DI 10.1007/s11120-005-9008-x PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 042EM UT WOS:000237510700005 PM 16699918 ER PT J AU Aguilar, A Gillaspy, JD Gribakin, GF Phaneuf, RA Gharaibeh, MF Kozlov, MG Bozek, JD Kilcoyne, ALD AF Aguilar, A Gillaspy, JD Gribakin, GF Phaneuf, RA Gharaibeh, MF Kozlov, MG Bozek, JD Kilcoyne, ALD TI Absolute photoionization cross sections for Xe4+, Xe5+, and Xe6+ near 13.5 nm: Experiment and theory SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID EXTREME-ULTRAVIOLET; RADIATION TRANSPORT; CHARGED IONS; 4D THRESHOLD; BA+ IONS; XE+ IONS; XENON; LITHOGRAPHY; PLASMA; EUV AB Absolute photoionization cross-section measurements for a mixture of ground and metastable states of Xe4+, Xe5+, and Xe6+ are reported in the photon energy range of 4d -> nf transitions, which occur within or adjacent to the 13.5 nm window for extreme ultraviolet lithography light source development. The reported values allow the quantification of opacity effects in xenon plasmas due to these 4d -> nf autoionizing states. The oscillator strengths for the 4d -> 4f and 4d -> 5f transitions in Xeq+ (q=1-6) ions are calculated using nonrelativistic Hartree-Fock and random phase approximations. These are compared with published experimental values for Xe+ to Xe3+ and with the values obtained from the present experimental cross-section measurements for Xe4+ to Xe6+. The calculations assisted in the determination of the metastable content in the ion beams for Xe5+ and Xe6+. The experiments were performed by merging a synchrotron photon beam generated by an undulator beamline of the Advanced Light Source with an ion beam produced by an electron cyclotron resonance ion source. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Queens Univ Belfast, Dept Appl Math & Theoret Phys, Belfast BT7 1NN, Antrim, North Ireland. Univ Nevada, Dept Phys, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Petersburg Nucl Phys Inst, Gatchina 188300, Russia. Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Aguilar, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM alex.aguilar@jpl.nasa.gov; john.gillaspy@nist.gov; g.gribakin@am.qub.ac.uk; phaneuf@physics.unr.edu RI Bozek, John/E-4689-2010; Kozlov, Mikhail/D-8963-2011; Bozek, John/E-9260-2010; Kilcoyne, David/I-1465-2013 OI Kozlov, Mikhail/0000-0002-7751-6553; Bozek, John/0000-0001-7486-7238; NR 40 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD MAR PY 2006 VL 73 IS 3 AR 032717 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.73.032717 PG 10 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 028DQ UT WOS:000236467500103 ER PT J AU Anderlini, M Guery-Odelin, D AF Anderlini, M Guery-Odelin, D TI Thermalization in mixtures of ultracold gases SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID COLLECTIVE OSCILLATIONS; ATOMS; SCATTERING; RESONANCE AB Starting from a set of coupled Boltzmann equations, we investigate the thermalization of a two-species cold atomic gas confined either in a box or in an isotropic harmonic trap. We show that the thermalization times, by contrast to the collision rate, depend on the interferences between scattering partial waves. The dynamics of thermalization in a harmonic trap is also strongly dependent upon the ratio between the collision rate and the trap frequencies. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Lab Kastler Brossel, F-75231 Paris 05, France. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Guery-Odelin, David/G-6311-2012 NR 34 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD MAR PY 2006 VL 73 IS 3 AR 032706 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.73.032706 PG 6 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 028DQ UT WOS:000236467500092 ER PT J AU Dunn, JW Greene, CH AF Dunn, JW Greene, CH TI Predictions of laser-cooling temperatures for multilevel atoms in three-dimensional polarization-gradient fields SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID WAVE-FUNCTION APPROACH; DISSIPATIVE PROCESSES; OPTICAL MOLASSES; QUANTUM OPTICS; DOPPLER LIMIT AB We analyze the dynamics of atom-laser interactions for atoms having multiple, closely spaced, excited-state hyperfine manifolds. The system is treated fully quantum mechanically, including the atom's center-of-mass degree of freedom, and motion is described in a polarization gradient field created by a three-dimensional laser configuration. We develop the master equation describing this system, and then specialize it to the low-intensity limit by adiabatically eliminating the excited states. We show how this master equation can be simulated using the Monte Carlo wave function technique, and we provide details on the implementation of this procedure. Monte Carlo calculations of steady state atomic momentum distributions for two fermionic alkaline earth isotopes, Mg-25 and Sr-87, interacting with a three-dimensional lin-perpendicular to-lin laser configuration are presented, providing estimates of experimentally achievable laser-cooling temperatures. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Greene, Chris/C-3821-2011 OI Greene, Chris/0000-0002-2096-6385 NR 33 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD MAR PY 2006 VL 73 IS 3 AR 033421 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.73.033421 PG 9 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 028DQ UT WOS:000236467500138 ER PT J AU Gerginov, V Calkins, K Tanner, CE McFerran, JJ Diddams, S Bartels, A Hollberg, L AF Gerginov, V Calkins, K Tanner, CE McFerran, JJ Diddams, S Bartels, A Hollberg, L TI Optical frequency measurements of 6s S-2(1/2)-6p P-2(1/2) (D-1) transitions in Cs-133 and their impact on the fine-structure constant SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID SAPPHIRE FEMTOSECOND OSCILLATOR; BROAD-BAND CONTINUUM; ATOM INTERFEROMETRY; HYPERFINE-STRUCTURE; ABSOLUTE FREQUENCY; CESIUM; LASERS; SPECTROSCOPY; SHIFT; STATE AB High resolution laser spectroscopy of the 6s S-2(1/2)-> 6p P-2(1/2) transition (D-1 line) in neutral Cs-133 is performed in a highly collimated thermal atomic beam by use of a femtosecond laser frequency comb and narrow-linewidth diode laser. The diode laser is offset locked to a single frequency component of the femtosecond laser frequency comb and probes the optical transitions between selected pairs of ground-state and excited-state hyperfine components. A photodiode detects the excited-state decay fluorescence, and a computerized data acquisition system records the signal. The Doppler shift is eliminated by orienting the laser beam in a direction perpendicular to the atomic beam to within a precision of 5x10(-6) rad. Optical frequencies for all four pairs of hyperfine components are measured independently, from which the D-1 line centroid and excited-state hyperfine splitting are obtained by least-squares minimization with the ground-state splitting as a fixed constraint. We find the D-1 line centroid to be f(D1)=335 116 048 748.1(2.4) kHz, and the 6p P-2(1/2) state hyperfine splitting to be 1 167 723.6(4.8) kHz. These results, in combination with the results of an atom interferometry experiment by Wicht [Phys. Scripta T 102, 82 (2002)], are used to calculate a new value for the fine-structure constant. C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. Univ Western Australia, Sch Phys, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia. NIST, Tune & Frequency Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Gerginov, V (reprint author), Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. EM Carol.E.Tanner.1@nd.edu RI Bartels, Albrecht/B-3456-2009; McFerran, John/B-7445-2011; Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013 OI McFerran, John/0000-0002-8662-0467; NR 32 TC 73 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD MAR PY 2006 VL 73 IS 3 AR 032504 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.73.032504 PG 10 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 028DQ UT WOS:000236467500079 ER PT J AU Notcutt, M Ma, LS Ludlow, AD Foreman, SM Ye, J Hall, JL AF Notcutt, M Ma, LS Ludlow, AD Foreman, SM Ye, J Hall, JL TI Contribution of thermal noise to frequency stability of rigid optical cavity via Hertz-linewidth lasers SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID MECHANICAL LOSS AB We perform detailed studies of state-of-the-art laser stabilization to high finesse optical cavities, revealing fundamental mechanical thermal noise-related length fluctuations. We compare the frequency noise of lasers tightly locked to the resonances of a variety of rigid Fabry-Perot cavities of differing lengths and mirror substrate materials. The results are in agreement with the theoretical model proposed in K. Numata, A. Kemery, and J. Camp [Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 250602 (2004)]. The results presented here on the fundamental limits of FP references will impact planning and construction of next generation ultrastable optical cavities. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. E China Normal Univ, Shanghai 200062, Peoples R China. BIPM, Sevres, France. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Notcutt, M (reprint author), Lockheed Martin Coherent Technol, Louisville, CO 80027 USA. EM notcutt@jilau1.colorado.edu RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011 NR 15 TC 69 Z9 69 U1 4 U2 29 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD MAR PY 2006 VL 73 IS 3 AR 031804 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.73.031804 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 028DQ UT WOS:000236467500018 ER PT J AU Sebby-Strabley, J Anderlini, M Jessen, PS Porto, JV AF Sebby-Strabley, J Anderlini, M Jessen, PS Porto, JV TI Lattice of double wells for manipulating pairs of cold atoms SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE; OPTICAL LATTICES; CONTROLLED COLLISIONS; ULTRACOLD ATOMS; ENTANGLEMENT; CESIUM; MATTER; WAVE AB We describe the design and implementation of a two-dimensional optical lattice of double wells suitable for isolating and manipulating an array of individual pairs of atoms in an optical lattice. Atoms in the square lattice can be placed in a double well with any of their four nearest neighbors. The properties of the double well (the barrier height and relative energy offset of the paired sites) can be dynamically controlled. The topology of the lattice is phase stable against phase noise imparted by vibrational noise on mirrors. We demonstrate the dynamic control of the lattice by showing the coherent splitting of atoms from single wells into double wells and observing the resulting double-slit atom diffraction pattern. This lattice can be used to test controlled neutral atom motion among lattice sites and should allow for testing controlled two-qubit gates. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Arizona, Ctr Opt Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Jessen, Poul/A-5433-2009 NR 27 TC 209 Z9 209 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD MAR PY 2006 VL 73 IS 3 AR 033605 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.73.033605 PG 9 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 028DQ UT WOS:000236467500143 ER PT J AU D'Costa, VR Cook, CS Birdwell, AG Littler, CL Canonico, M Zollner, S Kouvetakis, J Menendez, J AF D'Costa, VR Cook, CS Birdwell, AG Littler, CL Canonico, M Zollner, S Kouvetakis, J Menendez, J TI Optical critical points of thin-film Ge1-ySny alloys: A comparative Ge1-ySny/Ge1-xSix study SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR-BEAM EPITAXY; COMPOSITIONALLY DISORDERED SEMICONDUCTORS; SPECIAL QUASIRANDOM STRUCTURES; BAND-EDGE PHOTOLUMINESCENCE; METASTABLE GEXSN1-X ALLOYS; QUANTUM-WELL STRUCTURES; GE1-XSNX ALLOYS; ALPHA-SN; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; ELECTRONIC-PROPERTIES AB The E-0, E-0+Delta(0), E-1, E-1+Delta(1), E-0('), and E-2 optical transitions have been measured in Ge1-ySny alloys (y < 0.2) using spectroscopic ellipsometry and photoreflectance. The results indicate a strong nonlinearity (bowing) in the compositional dependence of these quantities. Such behavior is not predicted by electronic structure calculations within the virtual crystal approximation. The bowing parameters for Ge1-ySny alloys show an intriguing correlation with the corresponding bowing parameters in the Ge1-xSix system, suggesting a scaling behavior for the electronic properties that is the analog of the scaling behavior found earlier for the vibrational properties. A direct consequence of this scaling behavior is a significant reduction (relative to prior theoretical estimates within the virtual crystal approximation) of the concentration y(c) for a crossover from an indirect- to a direct-gap system. C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ N Texas, Dept Phys, Denton, TX 76203 USA. Freescale Semicond Phys Anal Lab Arizona, PALAZ, Tempe, AZ 85284 USA. APRDL, Austin, TX 78721 USA. RP D'Costa, VR (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RI Menendez, Jose/C-1034-2009; Zollner, Stefan/B-4858-2012 OI Menendez, Jose/0000-0001-8739-9197; Zollner, Stefan/0000-0001-7752-7941 NR 96 TC 206 Z9 208 U1 4 U2 40 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 EI 1550-235X J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAR PY 2006 VL 73 IS 12 AR 125207 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.73.125207 PG 16 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 028DP UT WOS:000236467400047 ER PT J AU dela Cruz, CR Yen, F Lorenz, B Gospodinov, MM Chu, CW Ratcliff, W Lynn, JW Park, S Cheong, SW AF dela Cruz, CR Yen, F Lorenz, B Gospodinov, MM Chu, CW Ratcliff, W Lynn, JW Park, S Cheong, SW TI Structural anomalies at the magnetic and ferroelectric transitions in RMn2O5 (R=Tb,Dy,Ho) SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID NEUTRON-DIFFRACTION; PHASE-TRANSITIONS; POLARIZATION; YMN2O5 AB Strong anomalies of the thermal expansion coefficients at the magnetic and ferroelectric transitions have been detected in multiferroic RMn2O5. Their correlation with anomalies of the specific heat and the dielectric constant is discussed. The results provide evidence for the magnetic origin of the ferroelectricity mediated by strong spin-lattice coupling in the compounds. Neutron scattering data for HoMn2O5 indicate a spin reorientation at the two low-temperature phase transitions. C1 Univ Houston, Dept Phys, Houston, TX 77204 USA. Univ Houston, TCSUH, Houston, TX 77204 USA. Univ Houston, Dept Phys, Houston, TX 77204 USA. Univ Houston, TCSUH, Houston, TX 77204 USA. Bulgarian Acad Sci, Inst Solid State Phys, BU-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria. Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Hong Kong Univ Sci & Technol, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Ctr Emergent Mat, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. RP dela Cruz, CR (reprint author), Univ Houston, Dept Phys, Houston, TX 77204 USA. RI dela Cruz, Clarina/C-2747-2013; Yen, Fei/C-8713-2015 OI dela Cruz, Clarina/0000-0003-4233-2145; Yen, Fei/0000-0003-2295-3040 NR 20 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 19 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAR PY 2006 VL 73 IS 10 AR 100406 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.73.100406 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 028DN UT WOS:000236467200007 ER PT J AU Gerrits, T Schneider, ML Kos, AB Silva, TJ AF Gerrits, T Schneider, ML Kos, AB Silva, TJ TI Large-angle magnetization dynamics measured by time-resolved ferromagnetic resonance SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID THIN-FILM PERMALLOY; FIELD; INSTABILITY; GENERATION; FREQUENCY; DRIVEN AB A time-resolved ferromagnetic resonance technique was used to investigate the nonlinear magnetization dynamics of a 10 nm thin Permalloy (TM) film in response to a sequence of large-amplitude field pulses. The magnetic field pulse sequence was set at a repetition rate equal to the magnetic system's resonance frequency. Both inductive and optical techniques were used to observe the resultant magnetization dynamics. We compared data obtained by this technique with conventional pulsed inductive microwave magnetometry. The results for damping and frequency response obtained by these two different methods coincide in the limit of a small-angle excitation. However, when applying large-amplitude field pulses, there was a substantial increase in the apparent damping. Analysis of vector-resolved magnetic second-harmonic generation data indicate that the increase in damping is correlated with a decrease in the spatial homogeneity of the magnetization dynamics. This suggests that unstable spin wave generation occurs in the limit of large-amplitude dynamics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Silva, Thomas/C-7605-2013 OI Silva, Thomas/0000-0001-8164-9642 NR 26 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAR PY 2006 VL 73 IS 9 AR 094454 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.73.094454 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 028DM UT WOS:000236467100142 ER PT J AU Park, MH Hong, YK Choi, BC Donahue, MJ Han, H Gee, SH AF Park, MH Hong, YK Choi, BC Donahue, MJ Han, H Gee, SH TI Vortex head-to-head domain walls and their formation in onion-state ring elements SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID MAGNETS AB Magnetization configuration of vortex head-to-head (HTH) domain walls and the wall-formation process in Ni80Fe20 ring elements were investigated using magnetic force microscopy (MFM) and micromagnetic simulation. At remanence, two types of vortex HTH domain walls were observed to be stable in the onion configuration, depending on the film thickness: single- and double-vortex HTH domain walls for 40 and 65 nm thick ring elements, respectively. As the vortex core nucleated during formation of the HTH domain wall, exchange energy began to decrease, accompanied by an increase in the width of the wall. Vortex nucleation in the 65 nm thick ring was found to be much faster than in the 40 nm thick ring element. This effect can be attributed to the higher initial magnetostatic energy density in the thicker ring. C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. Univ Victoria, Dept Phys & Astron, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada. NIST, Div Math & Comp Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Park, MH (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. NR 14 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAR PY 2006 VL 73 IS 9 AR 094424 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.73.094424 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 028DM UT WOS:000236467100112 ER PT J AU Shaw, JM Lee, S Falco, CM AF Shaw, JM Lee, S Falco, CM TI Overlayer-induced magnetic uniaxial anisotropy in nanoscale epitaxial Fe SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID BRILLOUIN LIGHT-SCATTERING; IRON FILMS AB We used Brillouin light scattering to probe and quantify the effect Al overlayers have on the magnetic properties of epitaxial Fe layers grown on GaAs(001). In addition, we correlate the magnetic properties with structural properties obtained using reflection high-energy electron diffraction. We unexpectedly find that an epitaxial Al overlayer induces a significant volume component to the uniaxial magnetic anisotropy energy in 1.1-3.0 nm Fe layers of magnitude (2.5 +/- 0.2)x10(5) erg/cm(3). Our data indicate that the origin of this volume component resides in the presence of an anisotropic strain and relaxation induced in the Fe layer. However, for thinner Fe layers, the overlayer suppresses the uniaxial magnetic anisotropy of Fe layers. We also find that the Al overlayer has no effect on the cubic magnetic anisotropy energy and effective magnetization as our measured values of these constants are consistent and in good agreement with previous reports of Fe layers with Au and Cu overlayers and those without an overlayer. C1 Univ Arizona, Coll Opt Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Inha Univ, Dept Phys, Inchon 405751, South Korea. RP Shaw, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Shaw, Justin/C-1845-2008 OI Shaw, Justin/0000-0003-2027-1521 NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAR PY 2006 VL 73 IS 9 AR 094417 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.73.094417 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 028DM UT WOS:000236467100105 ER PT J AU Stock, C Buyers, WJL Yamani, Z Broholm, CL Chung, JH Tun, Z Liang, R Bonn, D Hardy, WN Birgeneau, RJ AF Stock, C Buyers, WJL Yamani, Z Broholm, CL Chung, JH Tun, Z Liang, R Bonn, D Hardy, WN Birgeneau, RJ TI Central mode and spin confinement near the boundary of the superconducting phase in YBa2Cu3O6.353 (T-c=18 K) SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID NEUTRON-SCATTERING; ANTIFERROMAGNETISM; STATE AB We have mapped the neutron scattering spin spectrum at low energies in YBa2Cu3O6.353 (T-c=18 K), where the doping similar to 0.06 is near the critical value (p(c)=0.055) for superconductivity. No coexistence with long-range-ordered antiferromagnetism is found. The spins fluctuate on two energy scales: one a damped spin response with a similar or equal to 2 meV relaxation rate and the other a central mode with a relaxation rate that slows to less than 0.08 meV below T-c. The spectrum mirrors that of a soft mode driving a central mode. Extremely short correlation lengths, 42 +/- 5 A in-plane and 8 +/- 2 A along the c direction, and isotropic spin orientations for the central mode indicate that the correlations are subcritical with respect to any second-order transition to Neel order. The dynamics follows a model where damped spin fluctuations are coupled to the slow fluctuations of regions with correlations shortened by the hole doping. C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. CNR, Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada. Canadian Inst Adv Res, Toronto, ON M5G 1Z8, Canada. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ British Columbia, Dept Phys, Vancouver, BC V6T 2E7, Canada. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Stock, C (reprint author), Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, 100 Coll St, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada. RI Broholm, Collin/E-8228-2011; yamani, zahra/B-7892-2012 OI Broholm, Collin/0000-0002-1569-9892; NR 26 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAR PY 2006 VL 73 IS 10 AR 100504 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.73.100504 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 028DN UT WOS:000236467200014 ER PT J AU Hang, C Huang, GX Deng, L AF Hang, C Huang, GX Deng, L TI Generalized nonlinear Schrodinger equation and ultraslow optical solitons in a cold four-state atomic system SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E LA English DT Article ID ELECTROMAGNETICALLY INDUCED TRANSPARENCY; SELF-FREQUENCY SHIFT; SOLITARY WAVES; 3RD-ORDER DISPERSION; COHERENTLY DRIVEN; 3-LEVEL MEDIUM; PULSES; LIGHT; MEDIA; PROPAGATION AB We investigate the influence of high-order dispersion and nonlinearity on the propagation of ultraslow optical solitons in a lifetime broadened four-state atomic system under a Raman excitation. Using a standard method of multiple-scales we derive a generalized nonlinear Schrodinger equation and show that for realistic physical parameters and at the pulse duration of 10(-6) s, the effects of third-order linear dispersion, nonlinear dispersion, and delay in nonlinear refractive index can be significant and may not be considered as perturbations. We provide exact soliton solutions for the generalized nonlinear Schrodinger equation and demonstrate that optical solitons obtained may still have ultraslow propagating velocity. Numerical simulations on the stability and interaction of these ultraslow optical solitons in the presence of linear and differential absorptions are also presented. C1 E China Normal Univ, Dept Phys, Shanghai 200062, Peoples R China. NIST, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP E China Normal Univ, Dept Phys, Shanghai 200062, Peoples R China. EM gxhuang@phy.ecnu.edu.cn RI Deng, Lu/B-3997-2012 NR 62 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2470-0045 EI 2470-0053 J9 PHYS REV E JI Phys. Rev. E PD MAR PY 2006 VL 73 IS 3 AR 036607 DI 10.1103/PhysRevE.73.036607 PN 2 PG 9 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 028DS UT WOS:000236467700095 PM 16605677 ER PT J AU Schneider, BI Collins, LA Hu, SX AF Schneider, BI Collins, LA Hu, SX TI Parallel solver for the time-dependent linear and nonlinear Schrodinger equation SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E LA English DT Article ID EINSTEIN CONDENSATION DYNAMICS; GROSS-PITAEVSKII EQUATION; EXPONENTIAL OPERATORS; STATISTICAL PHYSICS; NUMERICAL-SOLUTION; QUANTUM-MECHANICS; GROUND-STATE; IONIZATION; ALGORITHM; MOLECULES AB A solution of the time-dependent Schrodinger equation is required in a variety of problems in physics and chemistry. These include atoms and molecules in time-dependent electromagnetic fields, time-dependent approaches to atomic collision problems, and describing the behavior of materials subjected to internal and external forces. We describe an approach in which the finite-element discrete variable representation (FEDVR) is combined with the real-space product (RSP) algorithm to generate an efficient and highly accurate method for the solution of the time-dependent linear and nonlinear Schrodinger equation. The FEDVR provides a highly accurate spatial representation using a minimum number of grid points (N) while the RSP algorithm propagates the wave function in O(N) operations per time step. Parallelization of the method is transparent and is implemented here by distributing one or two spatial dimensions across the available processors, within the message-passing-interface scheme. The complete formalism and a number of three-dimensional examples are given; its high accuracy and efficacy are illustrated by a comparison with the usual finite-difference method. C1 Natl Sci Fdn, Div Phys, Arlington, VA 22230 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electron & Opt Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Schneider, BI (reprint author), Natl Sci Fdn, Div Phys, 4201 Wilson Blvd, Arlington, VA 22230 USA. EM bschneid@nsf.gov; lac@lanl.gov; suxing@lanl.gov RI Hu, Suxing/A-1265-2007 OI Hu, Suxing/0000-0003-2465-3818 NR 44 TC 73 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1539-3755 EI 1550-2376 J9 PHYS REV E JI Phys. Rev. E PD MAR PY 2006 VL 73 IS 3 AR 036708 DI 10.1103/PhysRevE.73.036708 PN 2 PG 11 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 028DS UT WOS:000236467700117 PM 16605699 ER PT J AU Van Workum, K Douglas, JF AF Van Workum, K Douglas, JF TI Symmetry, equivalence, and molecular self-assembly SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E LA English DT Review ID AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN; SICKLE HEMOGLOBIN POLYMERIZATION; COWPEA CHLOROTIC MOTTLE; TOBACCO MOSAIC-VIRUS; LATTICE MODEL; SUPRAMOLECULAR POLYMERS; LIVING POLYMERIZATION; ORIENTATIONAL ORDER; QUADRUPOLAR FLUIDS; PHASE-TRANSITIONS AB Molecular self-assembly at equilibrium is fundamental to the fields of biological self-organization, the development of novel environmentally responsive polymeric materials, and nanofabrication. Our approach to understanding the principles governing this process is inspired by existing models and measurements for the self-assembly of actin, tubulin, and the ubiquitous icosahedral shell structures of viral capsids. We introduce a family of simple potentials that give rise to the self-assembly of linear polymeric, random surface ("membrane"), tubular ("nanotube"), and hollow icosahedral structures that are similar in many respects to their biological counterparts. The potentials involve equivalent particles and an interplay between directional (dipolar, multipolar) and short-range (van der Waals) interactions. Specifically, we find that the dipolar potential, having a continuous rotational symmetry about the dipolar axis, gives rise to chain formation, while particles with multipolar potentials, having discrete rotational symmetries (square quadrupole or triangular ring of dipoles or "hexapole"), lead to the self-assembly of open sheet, nanotube, and hollow icosahedral geometries. These changes in the geometry of self-assembly are accompanied by significant changes in the kinetics of the organization. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM vanw@usna.edu; jack.douglas@nist.gov NR 156 TC 81 Z9 81 U1 7 U2 46 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2470-0045 EI 2470-0053 J9 PHYS REV E JI Phys. Rev. E PD MAR PY 2006 VL 73 IS 3 AR 031502 DI 10.1103/PhysRevE.73.031502 PN 1 PG 17 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 028DR UT WOS:000236467600039 PM 16605527 ER PT J AU Cui, J Huang, Q Toby, BH AF Cui, J Huang, Q Toby, BH TI Magnetic structure refinement with neutron powder diffraction data using GSAS: A tutorial SO POWDER DIFFRACTION LA English DT Article DE magnetic structure; Rietveld analysis; power diffraction; crystallographic education; neutron scattering ID SYMMETRY; NUCLEAR AB Neutron diffraction provides a direct probe for the ordering of spins from unpaired electrons in materials with magnetic properties. The ordering of the spins can be modeled ill many cases by adding spin directions to standard crystallographic models. This requires, however, that crystallographic space groups be extended by addition of a "color" attribute to symmetry operations, which determines if the operation maintains or flips the direction of a magnetic spin. Rietveld analysis provides a mechanism for fitting magnetic structure models to powder diffraction data. The general structure and analysis system (GSAS) software suite is commonly used for Rietveld analysis and includes the ability to compute magnetic scattering. Different approaches are commonly used within GSAS to create models that include magnetism. Three equivalent but different approaches are presented to provide a tutorial on how magnetic scattering data may be modeled using differing treatment of symmetry. Also discussed is how magnetic models may be visualized. The cornmands used to run the GSAS programs are Summarized within, but are shown in great detail in Supplementary web pages. (c) 2006 International Centre for Diffraction Data. C1 GE Co, Global Res Ctr, Mat Anal & Chem Sci, Niskayuna, NY 12309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Cui, J (reprint author), GE Co, Global Res Ctr, Mat Anal & Chem Sci, Niskayuna, NY 12309 USA. RI Toby, Brian/F-3176-2013 OI Toby, Brian/0000-0001-8793-8285 NR 24 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 13 PU J C P D S-INT CENTRE DIFFRACTION DATA PI NEWTOWN SQ PA 12 CAMPUS BLVD, NEWTOWN SQ, PA 19073-3273 USA SN 0885-7156 J9 POWDER DIFFR JI Powder Diffr. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 21 IS 1 BP 71 EP 79 DI 10.1154/1.2179805 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA 025DT UT WOS:000236246200016 ER PT J AU Lee, YT McLean, CR AF Lee, YT McLean, CR TI A neutral data interface specification for simulating machine shop operations SO PRODUCTION PLANNING & CONTROL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Working Conference on Integration in Production Management CY OCT, 2003 CL Karlsruhe, GERMANY SP IFIP WG 5 7 DE simulation; standards; machine shop operations; extensible markup language (XML) AB In most cases, the effort required to develop a meaningful simulation for a small machine shop exceeds the resources available. Machine shops typically do not have staff with appropriate technical qualifications required to develop custom simulations of their operations. Furthermore, simulators are not designed to use traditional shop data in its native format, so models and data import routines usually must be developed from scratch. If simulation software vendors were to try to develop generic job simulation models, they would still be faced with the problem that there are no standard formats for much of the data required to run the models. Thus, if someone wanted to input a specific shop's data into one of these hypothetical simulators, custom data translators would still need to be developed at possibly considerable expense. This paper provides an overview of work currently underway at the National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST) to develop neutral, standard, data interfaces for machine shop simulation that are being developed to support the simulation industry and manufacturing users. C1 NIST, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lee, YT (reprint author), NIST, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM leet@cme.nist.gov NR 24 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0953-7287 J9 PROD PLAN CONTROL JI Prod. Plan. Control PD MAR PY 2006 VL 17 IS 2 BP 143 EP 154 DI 10.1080/09537280500223996 PG 12 WC Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Manufacturing; Operations Research & Management Science SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA 013SV UT WOS:000235430700006 ER PT J AU Frenkel, M Chirico, RD Diky, V Dong, Q Marsh, KN Dymond, JH Wakeham, WA Stein, SE Konigsberger, E Goodwin, ARH AF Frenkel, M Chirico, RD Diky, V Dong, Q Marsh, KN Dymond, JH Wakeham, WA Stein, SE Konigsberger, E Goodwin, ARH TI XML-based IUPAC standard for experimental, predicted, and critically evaluated thermodynamic property data storage and capture (thermoML) (IUPAC recommendations 2006) SO PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE recommendations, schema; data; storage; exchange; communications; ThermoML; XML; thermodynamics; IUPAC Committee on Printed and Electronic Publications ID EXCHANGE; UNCERTAINTIES; SOFTWARE; MODELS AB ThermoML is an Extensible Markup Language (XML)-based new IUPAC standard for storage and exchange of experimental, predicted, and critically evaluated thermophysical and thermochemical property data. The basic principles, scope, and description of all structural elements of ThermoML are discussed. ThermoML covers essentially all thermodynamic and transport property data (more than 120 properties) for pure compounds, multicomponent mixtures, and chemical reactions (including change-of-state and equilibrium reactions). Representations of all quantities related to the expression of uncertainty in ThermoML conform to the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM). The ThermoMLEquation schema for representation of fitted equations with ThermoML is also described and provided as supporting information together with specific formulations for several equations commonly used in the representation of thermodynamic and thermophysical properties. The role of ThermoML in global data communication processes is discussed. The text of a variety of data files (use cases) illustrating the ThermoML format for pure compounds, mixtures, and chemical reactions, as well as the complete ThermoML schema text, are provided as Supporting information. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Canterbury, Dept Chem & Proc Engn, Christchurch 1, New Zealand. Univ Glasgow, Dept Chem, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland. Univ Southampton, Sch Engn Sci, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England. NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Murdoch Univ, Sch Engn Sci, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia. Schlumberger Technol Corp, Sugar Land, TX 77478 USA. RP Frenkel, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 32 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 4 PU INT UNION PURE APPLIED CHEMISTRY PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA 104 TW ALEXANDER DR, PO BOX 13757, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-3757 USA SN 0033-4545 J9 PURE APPL CHEM JI Pure Appl. Chem. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 78 IS 3 BP 541 EP 612 DI 10.1351/pac200678030541 PG 72 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 025FH UT WOS:000236250200002 ER PT J AU Kuzmanovic, DA Elashvili, I Wick, C O'Connell, C Krueger, S AF Kuzmanovic, DA Elashvili, I Wick, C O'Connell, C Krueger, S TI Quantification of RNA in bacteriophage MS2-like viruses in solution by small-angle X-ray scattering SO RADIATION PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE bacteriophage MS2; RNA quantification; MS2 capsid; small-angle X-ray scattering ID STRUCTURAL-CHANGES; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; RIBONUCLEIC ACID; NUCLEIC-ACID; ARMORED RNA; PROTEIN; MS2; PARTICLES; PHAGE AB Recombinant forms of bacteriophage MS2 virus particles, wild-type MS2 and MS2 capsids have been examined in solution using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). SAXS was used to determine the overall size of the virus particles and to quantify the amount of encapsulated viral RNA. These studies show that analysis of natural and recombinant forms of MS2 virus by SAXS can be used as both a quantitative measure of nucleic acid content in situ and diagnostic indicator of sample integrity. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Edgewood Chem Biol Ctr, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010 USA. RP Krueger, S (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8562, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM susan.krueger@nist.gov RI ID, BioCAT/D-2459-2012 NR 46 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0969-806X J9 RADIAT PHYS CHEM JI Radiat. Phys. Chem. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 75 IS 3 BP 359 EP 368 DI 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2005.11.005 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 019VC UT WOS:000235863800001 ER PT J AU Dube, WP Brown, SS Osthoff, HD Nunley, MR Ciciora, SJ Paris, MW McLaughlin, RJ Ravishankara, AR AF Dube, WP Brown, SS Osthoff, HD Nunley, MR Ciciora, SJ Paris, MW McLaughlin, RJ Ravishankara, AR TI Aircraft instrument for simultaneous, in situ measurement of NO3 and N2O5 via pulsed cavity ring-down spectroscopy SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID LONG-TERM OBSERVATION; NITRATE RADICAL NO3; ATMOSPHERIC NO3; ABSORPTION-SPECTROSCOPY; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; TROPOSPHERE; CHEMISTRY; COEFFICIENTS; SPECTRUM AB This article describes a cavity ring-down spectrometer (CaRDS) specifically designed and constructed for installation on the NOAA WP-3D Orion (P-3) aircraft for sensitive, rapid in situ measurement of NO3 and N2O5. While similar to our previously described CaRDS instrument, this instrument has significant improvements in the signal-to-noise ratio, the time resolution, and in overall size and weight. Additionally, the instrument utilizes a custom-built, automated filter changer that was designed and constructed to meet the requirement for removal of particulate matter in the airflow while allowing fully autonomous instrument operation. The CaRDS instrument has a laboratory detection sensitivity of 4x10(-11) cm(-1) in absorbance or 0.1 pptv (pptv denotes parts per trillion volume) of NO3 in a 1 s average, although the typical detection sensitivities encountered in the field were 0.5 pptv for NO3 and 1 pptv for N2O5. The instrument accuracy is 25% for NO3 and 20%-40% for N2O5, limited mainly by the uncertainty in the inlet transmission. The instrument has been deployed on the P-3 aircraft as part of a major field campaign in the summer of 2004 and during several ground and tower deployments near Boulder, CO. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Nunley, MR (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Dube, William/I-1658-2013; Brown, Steven/I-1762-2013; Ravishankara, Akkihebbal/A-2914-2011; McLaughlin, Richard/I-4386-2013; Ciciora, Steven/I-4916-2013; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; OI Dube, William/0000-0003-1286-4087; Osthoff, Hans/0000-0001-7155-6493 NR 54 TC 67 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 17 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 77 IS 3 AR 034101 DI 10.1063/1.2176058 PN 1 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 031XS UT WOS:000236739100029 ER PT J AU Gerrits, T Silva, TJ Rasing, T AF Gerrits, T Silva, TJ Rasing, T TI Component-resolved determination of the magnetization by magnetization-induced optical second-harmonic generation SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID DYNAMICS; SURFACES; REVERSAL; VECTOR AB We present a method for simultaneously measuring the two normalized in-plane magnetization components in magnetic thin films that allows for the reconstruction of the magnetization angle and the normalized value of the magnetization with subnanosecond temporal resolution. The calibrated method relies on the large contrast associated with magnetization-induced optical second-harmonic generation, permitting measurements with a dynamic range in excess of 25 dB. Calibration is achieved by the determination of the relative magnitude and phase of the essential nonlinear optical tensor components, including those of a magneto-optic origin. Ellipsometric determination of the polarization of the second-harmonic signal, when the magnetization is saturated along four in-plane Cartesian directions, is sufficient to determine the second-order nonlinear tensor components. These four directions represent the two saturated states along the longitudinal and transverse directions of the magnetization, respectively. The tensor components are subsequently used to uniquely determine the in-plane magnetization amplitude and direction. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Inst Mol & Mat, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands. RP NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Rasing, Theo/D-5207-2012; Silva, Thomas/C-7605-2013 OI Silva, Thomas/0000-0001-8164-9642 NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 EI 1089-7623 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 77 IS 3 AR 034704 DI 10.1063/1.2179414 PN 1 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 031XS UT WOS:000236739100035 ER PT J AU Hourdakis, E Simonds, BJ Zimmerman, NM AF Hourdakis, E Simonds, BJ Zimmerman, NM TI Submicron gap capacitor for measurement of breakdown voltage in air SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID CONTACTS AB We have developed a new method for measuring the value of breakdown voltage in air for electrode separations from 400 nm to 45 mu m. The electrodes used were thin film Au lines evaporated on sapphire. The resulting capacitors had an area of 80x80 mu m(2). We demonstrate the ability to deduce the value of the separation of the plates by the value of the capacitance. The data acquired with this method do not agree with Paschen's law for electrode separations below 10 mu m, as expected from previous experiments. Amongst the improvements of our method are the measurement of plate separation and the very small surface roughness (average of 6 nm). (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hourdakis, E (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM emmanouel.hourdakis@nist.gov NR 7 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 77 IS 3 AR 034702 DI 10.1063/1.2185149 PN 1 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 031XS UT WOS:000236739100033 ER PT J AU Ritchie, NWM Scott, JH AF Ritchie, NWM Scott, JH TI Visualizing electron and x-ray transport in complex three-dimensional samples using NISTMonte SO SCANNING LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Microanal Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FAMS INC PI MAHWAH PA BOX 832, MAHWAH, NJ 07430-0832 USA SN 0161-0457 J9 SCANNING JI Scanning PD MAR-APR PY 2006 VL 28 IS 2 BP 109 EP 109 PG 1 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy GA 035OZ UT WOS:000237012500069 ER PT J AU Tanuma, S Powell, CJ Penn, DR AF Tanuma, S Powell, CJ Penn, DR TI Calculations of electron stopping powers for elemental solids and compounds SO SCANNING LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Mat Sci, Mat Anal Stn, Ibaraki, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Tanuma, Shigeo/H-2681-2011 NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 3 U2 6 PU FAMS INC PI MAHWAH PA BOX 832, MAHWAH, NJ 07430-0832 USA SN 0161-0457 J9 SCANNING JI Scanning PD MAR-APR PY 2006 VL 28 IS 2 BP 112 EP 113 PG 2 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy GA 035OZ UT WOS:000237012500074 ER PT J AU Jablonski, A Tanuma, S Powell, CJ AF Jablonski, A Tanuma, S Powell, CJ TI A predictive formula for the electron stopping power SO SCANNING LA English DT Meeting Abstract ID BACKSCATTERING; SURFACES; SOLIDS C1 Polish Acad Sci, Inst Phys Chem, Warsaw, Poland. Natl Inst Mat Sci, Mat Anal Sect, Ibaraki, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Tanuma, Shigeo/H-2681-2011 NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU FAMS INC PI MAHWAH PA BOX 832, MAHWAH, NJ 07430-0832 USA SN 0161-0457 J9 SCANNING JI Scanning PD MAR-APR PY 2006 VL 28 IS 2 BP 113 EP 114 PG 2 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy GA 035OZ UT WOS:000237012500075 ER PT J AU Ritchie, NWM Newbury, D AF Ritchie, NWM Newbury, D TI High-speed particle analysis using a silicon drift detector SO SCANNING LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU FAMS INC PI MAHWAH PA BOX 832, MAHWAH, NJ 07430-0832 USA SN 0161-0457 J9 SCANNING JI Scanning PD MAR-APR PY 2006 VL 28 IS 2 BP 117 EP 117 PG 1 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy GA 035OZ UT WOS:000237012500081 ER PT J AU Newbury, D Ritchie, N AF Newbury, D Ritchie, N TI X-ray spectrum image mapping of particles with a silicon drift detector on a scanning electron microscope SO SCANNING LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU FAMS INC PI MAHWAH PA BOX 832, MAHWAH, NJ 07430-0832 USA SN 0161-0457 J9 SCANNING JI Scanning PD MAR-APR PY 2006 VL 28 IS 2 BP 121 EP 121 PG 1 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy GA 035OZ UT WOS:000237012500086 ER PT J AU McNutt, TR Hefner, AR Mantooth, HA Duliere, JL Berning, DW Singh, R AF McNutt, TR Hefner, AR Mantooth, HA Duliere, JL Berning, DW Singh, R TI Physics-based modeling and characterization for silicon carbide power diodes SO SOLID-STATE ELECTRONICS LA English DT Article DE SiC; power diode; PiN; merged-PiN-Schottky; junction-barrier-Schottky; compact modeling AB Silicon carbide Schottky, merged PiN Schottky (MPS), and PiN diode technologies are modeled for on-state and reverse recovery conditions. The on-state operation of the PiN diode is modeled through four unique regimes of operation, including current densities resulting in emitter recombination, which results in a stored charge plateau during reverse recovery of SiC PiN diodes. An expression for the moving boundary redistribution capacitance is developed to accurately describe the reverse recovery process in PiN diodes. Furthermore, the extraction of stored charge and junction capacitance from transient reverse recovery measurements is also demonstrated for all diode technologies. The on-state operation of Schottky and merged PiN Schottky diodes is described and a method to model the surge current in MPS diodes is discussed. The performance of the model is demonstrated for a commercially available 600 V, 4 A Schottky diode and a 10 kV, 7.5 A PiN diode. Measurements demonstrating the extraction of model parameters and model validation results are included. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NIST, Semicond Elect Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Synopsys Inc, Hillsboro, OR 97124 USA. RP McNutt, TR (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, BEC 3217, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. EM ty.mcnutt@ngc.com NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-1101 J9 SOLID STATE ELECTRON JI Solid-State Electron. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 50 IS 3 BP 388 EP 398 DI 10.1016/j.sse.2006.01.013 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA 043QN UT WOS:000237616500015 ER PT J AU Forsyth, RJ Bothmer, V Cid, C Crooker, NU Horbury, TS Kecskemety, K Klecker, B Linker, JA Odstrcil, D Reiner, MJ Richardson, IG Rodriguez-Pacheco, J Schmidt, JM Wimmer-Schweingruber, RF AF Forsyth, R. J. Bothmer, V. Cid, C. Crooker, N. U. Horbury, T. S. Kecskemety, K. Klecker, B. Linker, J. A. Odstrcil, D. Reiner, M. J. Richardson, I. G. Rodriguez-Pacheco, J. Schmidt, J. M. Wimmer-Schweingruber, R. F. TI ICMEs in the inner heliosphere: Origin, evolution and propagation effects SO SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Article DE coronal mass ejections; magnetic clouds; solar wind; interplanetary shocks ID CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS; REMOTE RADIO TRACKING; COSMIC-RAY MODULATION; WIND MAGNETIC-FIELD; SOLAR-WIND; INTERPLANETARY SHOCKS; JANUARY 1997; GEOMAGNETIC STORMS; 3-DIMENSIONAL PROPAGATION; DOPPLER SCINTILLATION AB This report assesses the current status of research relating the origin at the Sun, the evolution through the inner heliosphere and the effects on the inner heliosphere of the interplanetary counterparts of coronal mass ejections (ICMEs). The signatures of ICMEs measured by in-situ spacecraft are determined both by the physical processes associated with their origin in the low corona, as observed by space-borne coronagraphs, and by the physical processes occurring as the ICMEs propagate out through the inner heliosphere, interacting with the ambient solar wind. The solar and in-situ observations are discussed as are efforts to model the evolution of ICMEs from the Sun out to 1 AU. C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci & Technol, Blackett Lab, London, England. Univ Gottingen, Inst Astrophys, Gottingen, Germany. Univ Alcala de Henares, Dpto Fis, Alcala Space Res Grp, Madrid, Spain. Boston Univ, Ctr Space Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA. KFKI Res Inst Particle & Nucl Phys, Budapest, Hungary. MPI Extraterr Phys, Garching, Germany. SAIC, San Diego, CA USA. NOAA Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. Catholic Univ Amer, Greenbelt, MD USA. NASA GSFC, Greenbelt, MD USA. NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. Int Univ Bremen, Bremen, Germany. Univ Kiel, Kiel, Germany. RP Forsyth, RJ (reprint author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci & Technol, Blackett Lab, London, England. EM r.forsyth@imperial.ac.uk OI Richardson, Ian/0000-0002-3855-3634; CID, CONSUELO/0000-0002-2863-3745 NR 127 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0038-6308 EI 1572-9672 J9 SPACE SCI REV JI Space Sci. Rev. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 123 IS 1-3 BP 383 EP 416 DI 10.1007/s11214-006-9022-0 PG 34 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 109SH UT WOS:000242328400016 ER PT J AU Simons, DS AF Simons, DS TI Summary of ISO/TC 201 standard: XIII, ISO 18114 : 2003 - surface chemical analysis - secondary ion mass spectrometry - determination of relative sensitivity factors from ion-implanted reference materials SO SURFACE AND INTERFACE ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE ion implantation; reference material; relative sensitivity factor; RSF; SIMS AB This International Standard specifies a method of determining relative sensitivity factors (RSFs) for secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) from ion-implanted reference materials. The method is applicable to specimens in which the matrix is of uniform chemical composition, and in which the peak concentration of the implanted species does not exceed one atomic percent. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Simons, DS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8371, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM david.simons@nist.gov NR 1 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 5 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0142-2421 J9 SURF INTERFACE ANAL JI Surf. Interface Anal. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 38 IS 3 BP 171 EP 172 DI 10.1002/sia.2316 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 020NA UT WOS:000235915000008 ER PT J AU Ryan, P Rosenberg, RA Keavney, DJ Freeland, JW Woicik, JC AF Ryan, P Rosenberg, RA Keavney, DJ Freeland, JW Woicik, JC TI Surface order dependent magnetic thin film growth: Fe on GaN(0001) SO SURFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE metal-semiconductor interfaces; magnetic thin films; wide band gap semiconductors ID CIRCULAR-DICHROISM AB X-ray photoemission spectroscopy and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism have been used to study the growth process, chemical composition and magnetic character of iron deposited on ordered and disordered GaN(0001) surfaces. On the (1 x 1) ordered surface the Fe grows uniformly but with disruption to the substrate surface, subsequently nitrogen desorbs from the surface, some of which diffuses into the Fe overlayer. The film is magnetically fractured, with high magnetic coercivity and broad switching fields. Conversely, the gallium rich disordered surface protects the underlying substrate from any disruption and initially induces non-uniform growth, the Fe clusters coalesce at similar to 12 angstrom, to produce a uniform film with desirable magnetic characteristics. Films beyond this point (> 12 angstrom) indicate sharp hysteresis loops with low coercivities. For the resultant film (36 angstrom) we measure a magnetic moment of 2.02 mu(B), in agreement with bulk bcc iron (2.068 mu(B)). (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ryan, P (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, MU CAT Sector 6, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM pryan@mu.aps.anl.gov RI Rosenberg, Richard/K-3442-2012 NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0039-6028 J9 SURF SCI JI Surf. Sci. PD MAR 1 PY 2006 VL 600 IS 5 BP L48 EP L53 DI 10.1016/j.susc.2005.12.024 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Physics GA 027YR UT WOS:000236452700003 ER PT J AU Tolimieri, N Levin, PS AF Tolimieri, Nick Levin, Phillip S. TI Assemblage structure of eastern pacific groundfishes on the US continental slope in relation to physical and environmental variables SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID COASTAL UPWELLING JET; CORAL-REEF FISH; DEMERSAL ASSEMBLAGES; SEBASTOLOBUS-ALTIVELIS; BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS; MICROSTOMUS-PACIFICUS; DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS; FISHERIES MANAGEMENT; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; DOVER SOLE AB We analyzed data from the National Marine Fisheries Service continental slope trawl surveys (1999-2002) to examine patterns in eastern Pacific groundfish assemblage structure in relation to longitude, latitude, depth, temperature, and interannual variation. The slope surveys spanned approximately 32-48 degrees N and 200-1,200-m depths. We focused on the 26 most abundant species, which made up more than 95% of the catch in terms of biomass. Assemblage structure was strongly correlated with depth and latitude. For the most part, changes in assemblage structure appeared to be fairly continuous, although there were more-abrupt changes at approximately 500-600 m and in the vicinity of Point Conception and Cape Mendocino. California, and Cape Blanco, Oregon. There was also an interaction between depth and latitudes more northerly sites had deeper scores on the canonical axes than did more southerly sites of comparable depth. Shallower sites also showed more variation in assemblage structure with latitude than did deeper sites. We were able to identify five assemblages on the continental slope. Pacific grenadiers Coryphaenoides acrolepis, giant grenadiers Albatrossia pectoralis, deepsea soles Embassichthys bathybius. Ion-spine thomyheads Sebastolobus altivelis, California slickheads Alepocephalus tenebrosus. and roughtail skate Bathyraja trachura formed a deepwater assemblage with a broad latitudinal range. Southern species that inhabited very shallow waters included splitnose rockfish Sebastes diploproa, spotted ratfish Hydrolagus colliei, English soles Parophrys vetulus, stripetail rockfish Sebastes saxicola, chilipeppers Sebastes goodei, and shortbelly rockfish Sebastes jordani. Shallow-water, midlatitude species included spiny do-fish Squalus acanthias, longnose skate Raja rhina, Pacific bakes Merluccius productus, rex soles Glyptocephalus zachirus, bigfin eelpout Lycodes cortezianus, and sandpaper skate Bathyraja interrupta. Darkblotched rockfish Sebastes crameri, arrowtooth flounder Atheresthes stomias. and Pacific Ocean perch Sebastes alutus were identified as a shallow, northerly assemblage. The final group-sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria. brown cat sharks Apristurus brunneus, aurora rockfish Sebastes aurora, Dover soles Microstomus pacificus. and shortspine thornyheads Sebastolobus alascanus-occurred at different depths over a rang of latitudes and might be best described as a shallow-middepth and midlatitude-southern-grouping. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Tolimieri, N (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM nick.tolimieri@noaa.gov RI Bizzarro, Joseph/A-2988-2012 NR 67 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 4 U2 24 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 EI 1548-8659 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 135 IS 2 BP 317 EP 332 DI 10.1577/T05-092.1 PG 16 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 046NO UT WOS:000237818500006 ER PT J AU Wessel, ML Smoker, WW Joyce, J AF Wessel, Maria Lang Smoker, William W. Joyce, John TI Variation of morphology among juvenile Chinook salmon of hatchery, hybrid, and wild origin SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID BRITISH-COLUMBIA POPULATIONS; TO-ADULT SURVIVAL; COHO SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; BODY MORPHOLOGY; LIFE-HISTORY; SMOLT SIZE; TSHAWYTSCHA; NERKA; LAKE AB Body morphology differed significantly between juvenile hatchery Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha that have experienced five generations of hatchery culture and juveniles derived from the wild founding stock and cultured in the same environment. All lines tested were raised in a similar hatchery environment. Thin-plate spline analysis was used to characterize the morphometric variation among these lines of fish. Hatchery fish had a more compressed body. a narrower head, shorter maxillae. and a longer and narrower caudal peduncle than wild fish. Canonical discriminant analysis was able to correctly classify 88% of hatchery fish and 90% of wild fish. Second-generation hybrids of the two lines were morphologically intermediate to but significantly different from both the hatchery and wild lines, and they appeared to be more similar to the wild line. These results suggest that the differences observed between lines are largely genetic in origin and may be a result of the divergence of the hatchery stock from the founding wild stock. In addition, family of origin had a significant effect on body morphology. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. NOAA, Fisheries, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Wessel, ML (reprint author), Nutshell Biol Res Serv, POB 8, Fredonia, AZ 86022 USA. EM ftmel@uaf.edu NR 27 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 135 IS 2 BP 333 EP 340 DI 10.1577/T04-078.1 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 046NO UT WOS:000237818500007 ER PT J AU Wuenschel, MJ Jugovich, AR Hare, JA AF Wuenschel, MJ Jugovich, AR Hare, JA TI Estimating the energy density of fish: The importance of ontogeny SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID LUTJANUS-GRISEUS; BODY-COMPOSITION; LAKE-MICHIGAN; GRAY SNAPPER; SIZE; ENERGETICS; MORTALITY; TEMPERATURE; DYNAMICS; METAMORPHOSIS AB Ontogenetic patterns in the percent dry weight (%DW) and energy density (joules per gram of wet weight) were studied in the early life stages of the subtropical estuarine and marine gray snapper Lutjanus griseus and the warm-temperate estuarine and marine spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus. The %DW was variable for individuals of both species but increased significantly through larval to juvenile stages (< 20% for fish < 50 mm standard length to 20-30% for fish > 50 mm). The lipid percentage, which was determined only for gray snapper, was also variable between individuals but showed significant increase with body size. Strong relationships between percent dry weight and energy density were evident for both species; however, the slopes of regressions were significantly lower than in general multispecies models, demonstrating the need for species- and stage-specific energy density data in bioenergetics models. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Wuenschel, MJ (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Marine Field Stn 800, C-O 132 Great Bay Blvd, Tuckerton, NJ 08087 USA. EM wuensche@marine.rutgers.edu NR 32 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 135 IS 2 BP 379 EP 385 DI 10.1577/T04-233.1 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 046NO UT WOS:000237818500012 ER PT J AU Goniea, TM Keefer, ML Bjornn, TC Peery, CA Bennett, DH Stuehrenberg, LC AF Goniea, TM Keefer, ML Bjornn, TC Peery, CA Bennett, DH Stuehrenberg, LC TI Behavioral thermoregulation and slowed migration by adult fall Chinook salmon in response to high Columbia River water temperatures SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SOCKEYE-SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-NERKA; ENVIRONMENTAL-CHANGE; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; STEELHEAD TROUT; ATLANTIC SALMON; CLIMATE-CHANGE; CHUM SALMON; SUMMER; STREAM AB The relationships between lower Columbia River water temperatures and migration rates, temporary tributary use, and run timing of adult fall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha were studied using historical counts at dams and recently collected radiotelemetry data. The results from more than 2,100 upriver bright fall Chinook salmon radio-tagged over 6 years (1998, 2000-2004) showed that mean and median migration rates through the lower Columbia River slowed significantly when water temperatures were above about 20 degrees C. Slowed migration was strongly associated with temporary use of tributaries, which averaged 2-7 degrees C cooler than the main stem. The proportion of radio-tagged salmon using tributaries increased exponentially as Columbia River temperatures rose within the year, and use was highest in the warmest years. The historical passage data showed significant shifts in fall Chinook salmon run timing distributions concomitant with Columbia River warming and consistent with increasing use of thermal refugia. Collectively, these observations suggest that Columbia River fall Chinook salmon predictably alter their migration behaviors in response to elevated temperatures. Coolwater tributaries appear to represent critical habitat areas in warm years, and we recommend that both main-stem thermal characteristics and areas of refuge be considered when establishing regulations to protect summer and fall migrants. C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. RP Peery, CA (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. EM cpecry@uidaho.edu RI Ebersole, Joseph/A-8371-2009 NR 50 TC 83 Z9 85 U1 4 U2 39 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 135 IS 2 BP 408 EP 419 DI 10.1577/T04-113.1 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 046NO UT WOS:000237818500016 ER PT J AU McKelvey, DR Wilson, CD AF McKelvey, DR Wilson, CD TI Discriminant classification of fish and zooplankton backscattering at 38 and 120 kHz SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID TARGET-STRENGTH MEASUREMENTS; HAKE MERLUCCIUS-PRODUCTUS; PACIFIC HAKE; SPECIES IDENTIFICATION; ACOUSTIC IDENTIFICATION; HIGH-FREQUENCIES; WALLEYE POLLOCK; ANTARCTIC KRILL; EUPHAUSIIDS; ABUNDANCE AB Acoustic scattering layers were evaluated for species classification by means of 38- and 120-kHz mean volume backscattering strength ((S) over bar (v)) collected during a 1995 acoustic-trawl survey of Pacific hake Merluccius productus off the west coasts of the United States and Canada. Scattering layers selected for analyses were shallower than 150 m and were analyzed with a -79-decibel (dB) S-v integration threshold. Pacific hake, euphausiids, and Pacific hake-euphausiid mixes dominated the layers. Other scatterers (unidentified, noneuphausiid, or non-Pacific hake sources) were included in the analyses. The overall mean volume backscatter difference (Delta(S) over bar (v) = (S) over bar (v) (120 kHz) - (S) over bar (v) (38) (kHz)) was computed for each species category, and results varied depending on the species composition of the scattering layer (i.e., Pacific hake = -7.1 dB, euphausiids = 11.9 dB, Pacific hake-euphausiids = 3.5 dB, and other species = 0.1 dB). Discriminant function analysis of (S) over bar (v 120) (kHz) and (S) over bar (v) (38) (kHz) separated echoes originating from each of the dominant scattering layers. Backscatter was then classified into species groups with a quadratic discriminant classification model, which obtained an overall correct classification rate of 84%. The use of multiple frequencies and these analytical methods (e.g., frequency differencing and discriminant classification functions) can provide an efficient and objective means of classifying sound-scattering layers composed of different taxonomic groups. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP McKelvey, DR (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM denise.mckelvey@noaa.gov NR 62 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 135 IS 2 BP 488 EP 499 DI 10.1577/T04-140.1 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 046NO UT WOS:000237818500023 ER PT J AU Guddati, S Zhang, J Sinha, SK Hsu, SM AF Guddati, Subhash Zhang, Jun Sinha, Sujeet Kumar Hsu, Stephen M. TI Nanolubrication: Characterization of patterned lubricant films on magnetic hard disks SO TRIBOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE pattern-bonded lubricant; head-disk interface tribology; PFPE AB Patterned lubricant films on magnetic hard disks offer potential advantages in controlled bonding sites, higher average shear strength, and longer durability. However, since the lubricant film thickness is at 1 or 2 nm, characterization of the pattern is difficult. Normal atomic force microscopic techniques can only image very small area in the nanometer range and the sharp tip can potentially modify the pattern. A wide area optical technique is needed to characterize the patterns. This paper examines patterned lubricant film using an optical surface analyzer (OSA) to image the bonded phase and mobile phase of an alcohol functionalized perfluoropolyether (PFPE) on magnetic hard disks. The phase shift signal and reflectivity intensity of the polarized light spectra provide clear optical images of the lubricant film at nanometer thickness. Optical images were successfully obtained before and after the buffing process and the ramp load and unload (L/UL) testing. Results of 100% bonded, 100% mobile, and 20% zigzag patterned lubricant films confirm that the patterned lubricant films can control the bonded/mobile ratio of such films better. C1 Data Storage Inst, Singapore 117608, Singapore. Natl Univ Singapore, Singapore 117548, Singapore. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zhang, J (reprint author), Data Storage Inst, Singapore 117608, Singapore. EM zhang_jun@dsi.a-star.edu.sg RI Sinha, Sujeet/C-7320-2008; Sinha, Sujeet/N-8208-2016 NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1023-8883 J9 TRIBOL LETT JI Tribol. Lett. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 21 IS 3 BP 253 EP 261 DI 10.1007/s11249-006-9031-x PG 9 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 051DK UT WOS:000238140800009 ER PT J AU Conti, SG Roux, P Fauvel, C Maurer, BD Demer, DA AF Conti, SG Roux, P Fauvel, C Maurer, BD Demer, DA TI Acoustical monitoring of fish density, behavior, and growth rate in a tank SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE fish behavior; remote monitoring; growth rate; fish counting; total scattering cross section ID TOTAL TARGET STRENGTH; BROAD-BANDWIDTH; SCATTERING; REVERBERATION; ABSORPTION; CAVITY; KRILL AB A challenge for the aquaculture community has long been the development of harmless techniques for monitoring fish in a tank. Acoustic telemetry has been used to monitor fish swimming behavior, and passive acoustics have been used to monitor fish feeding, but new techniques are needed to monitor non-invasively their numbers and growth rates. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the acoustical total scattering cross section of fish swimming in a tank can be measured from multiple reverberation time series. These measurements have been used successfully to estimate the number of fish in a tank in laboratory conditions, and to characterize their acoustical signatures. Here, we introduce a novel method for acoustically monitoring fish numerical density and behavior, and measuring their growth rates over long periods of time. These measurements can be performed remotely, without human interaction with the fish, and are harmless. To demonstrate the efficiency of these techniques, the number of sea bass, as well as the behaviors of sardines, rockfish and sea bass, in different tanks were monitored. Also, the growth rates of a group of starved sardines and a group of fed sardines were measured acoustically, over I month. For comparison, their average weight was measured once per week. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, SIO, Marine Phys Lab, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. IFREMER, Stn Expt Aquaculture, F-34250 Palavas Les Flots, France. RP Conti, SG (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM sconti@ucsd.edu RI roux, philippe/B-8538-2014 NR 15 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD FEB 28 PY 2006 VL 251 IS 2-4 BP 314 EP 323 DI 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.06.018 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 011JB UT WOS:000235263300019 ER PT J AU Grobelny, J Pradeep, N Kim, DI Ying, ZC AF Grobelny, J Pradeep, N Kim, DI Ying, ZC TI Quantification of the meniscus effect in adhesion force measurements SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID NANOASPERITY CONTACTS; MICROSCOPY; WATER; CANTILEVER; TRIBOLOGY; SURFACES AB Adhesion forces between a gold sphere and flat gold substrate are studied using atomic force microscopy in different environments. The pull-off force measured in a vacuum is found to be a small fraction of that in ambient air or nitrogen atmosphere. Calculations of capillary condensation forces, including the effects of elastic deformation of the contacting bodies and of adsorption layers, reveal that the meniscus force is the dominant source of the observed difference in pull-off forces. The experimental data show that nitrogen purge does not eliminate the meniscus contribution to the pull-off force. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Grobelny, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM zcharlesying@msn.com OI Grobelny, Jaroslaw/0000-0003-2648-2186 NR 21 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD FEB 27 PY 2006 VL 88 IS 9 AR 091906 DI 10.1063/1.2181200 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 018AY UT WOS:000235736300030 ER PT J AU Popp, PJ Marcy, TP Jensen, EJ Karcher, B Fahey, DW Gao, RS Thompson, TL Rosenlof, KH Richard, EC Herman, RL Weinstock, EM Smith, JB May, RD Vomel, H Wilson, JC Heymsfield, AJ Mahoney, MJ Thompson, AM AF Popp, PJ Marcy, TP Jensen, EJ Karcher, B Fahey, DW Gao, RS Thompson, TL Rosenlof, KH Richard, EC Herman, RL Weinstock, EM Smith, JB May, RD Vomel, H Wilson, JC Heymsfield, AJ Mahoney, MJ Thompson, AM TI The observation of nitric acid-containing particles in the tropical lower stratosphere SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID LARGE HNO3-CONTAINING PARTICLES; TROPOPAUSE CLOUDS UTTCS; IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; POLAR STRATOSPHERE; ARCTIC DENITRIFICATION; MICROPHYSICAL MODEL; RELATIVE-HUMIDITY; REACTIVE NITROGEN; TRIHYDRATE NAT AB Airborne in situ measurements over the eastern Pacific Ocean in January 2004 have revealed a new category of nitric acid (HNO3)-containing particles in the tropical lower stratosphere. These particles are most likely composed of nitric acid trihydrate (NAT). They were intermittently observed in a narrow layer above the tropopause ( 18 +/- 0.1 km) and over a broad geographic extent (> 1100 km). In contrast to the background liquid sulfate aerosol, these particles are solid, much larger ( 1.7 - 4.7 mu m vs. 0.1 mu m in diameter), and significantly less abundant (< 10(-4) cm(-3) vs. 10 cm(-3)). Microphysical trajectory models suggest that the NAT particles grow over a 6 - 14 day period in supersaturated air that remains close to the tropical tropopause and might be a common feature in the tropics. The small number density of these particles implies a highly selective or slow nucleation process. Understanding the formation of solid NAT particles in the tropics could improve our understanding of stratospheric nucleation processes and, therefore, dehydration and denitrification. C1 NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Deutsch Zentrum Luft & Raumfahrt, Inst Phys Atmosphare, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Harvard Univ, Atmospher Res Project, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. MayComm Instruments, San Dimas, CA 91773 USA. NOAA, Global Monitoring Div, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Denver, Dept Engn, Denver, CO 80208 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Mesoscale & Microscale Meteorol Div, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM peter.j.popp@noaa.gov RI Herman, Robert/H-9389-2012; Heymsfield, Andrew/E-7340-2011; Rosenlof, Karen/B-5652-2008; Gao, Ru-Shan/H-7455-2013; Karcher, Bernd/D-5325-2014; Fahey, David/G-4499-2013; Thompson, Anne /C-3649-2014 OI Herman, Robert/0000-0001-7063-6424; Rosenlof, Karen/0000-0002-0903-8270; Karcher, Bernd/0000-0003-0278-4980; Fahey, David/0000-0003-1720-0634; Thompson, Anne /0000-0002-7829-0920 NR 46 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PD FEB 27 PY 2006 VL 6 BP 601 EP 611 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 015KS UT WOS:000235550900001 ER PT J AU Yu, H Kaufman, YJ Chin, M Feingold, G Remer, LA Anderson, TL Balkanski, Y Bellouin, N Boucher, O Christopher, S DeCola, P Kahn, R Koch, D Loeb, N Reddy, MS Schulz, M Takemura, T Zhou, M AF Yu, H Kaufman, YJ Chin, M Feingold, G Remer, LA Anderson, TL Balkanski, Y Bellouin, N Boucher, O Christopher, S DeCola, P Kahn, R Koch, D Loeb, N Reddy, MS Schulz, M Takemura, T Zhou, M TI A review of measurement-based assessments of the aerosol direct radiative effect and forcing SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID DUST EXPERIMENT SHADE; ROTATING SHADOWBAND RADIOMETER; SKY RADIANCE MEASUREMENTS; EXPLORATORY MISSION-WEST; SINGLE-SCATTERING ALBEDO; BIOMASS BURNING AEROSOLS; INDIAN-OCEAN EXPERIMENT; SOUTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS; GLOBAL-MODEL GOCART AB Aerosols affect the Earth's energy budget directly by scattering and absorbing radiation and indirectly by acting as cloud condensation nuclei and, thereby, affecting cloud properties. However, large uncertainties exist in current estimates of aerosol forcing because of incomplete knowledge concerning the distribution and the physical and chemical properties of aerosols as well as aerosol-cloud interactions. In recent years, a great deal of effort has gone into improving measurements and datasets. It is thus feasible to shift the estimates of aerosol forcing from largely model-based to increasingly measurement-based. Our goal is to assess current observational capabilities and identify uncertainties in the aerosol direct forcing through comparisons of different methods with independent sources of uncertainties. Here we assess the aerosol optical depth (tau), direct radiative effect (DRE) by natural and anthropogenic aerosols, and direct climate forcing (DCF) by anthropogenic aerosols, focusing on satellite and ground-based measurements supplemented by global chemical transport model CTM) simulations. The multi-spectral MODIS measures global distributions of aerosol optical depth (tau) on a daily scale, with a high accuracy of +/- 0.03 +/- 0.05 tau over ocean. The annual average tau is about 0.14 over global ocean, of which about 21% +/- 7% is contributed by human activities, as estimated by MODIS fine-mode fraction. The multi-angle MISR derives an annual average AOD of 0.23 over global land with an uncertainty of similar to 20% or +/- 0.05. These high-accuracy aerosol products and broadband flux measurements from CERES make it feasible to obtain observational constraints for the aerosol direct effect, especially over global the ocean. A number of measurement-based approaches estimate the clear-sky DRE ( on solar radiation) at the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) to be about - 5.5 +/- 0.2 W m(-2) ( median +/- standard error from various methods) over the global ocean. Accounting for thin cirrus contamination of the satellite derived aerosol field will reduce the TOA DRE to -5.0 W m(-2). Because of a lack of measurements of aerosol absorption and difficulty in characterizing land surface reflection, estimates of DRE over land and at the ocean surface are currently realized through a combination of satellite retrievals, surface measurements, and model simulations, and are less constrained. Over the oceans the surface DRE is estimated to be - 8.8 +/- 0.7W m(-2). Over land, an integration of satellite retrievals and model simulations derives a DRE of - 4.9 +/- 0.7W m(-2) and - 11.8 +/- 1.9W m(-2) at the TOA and surface, respectively. CTM simulations derive a wide range of DRE estimates that on average are smaller than the measurement-based DRE by about 30 - 40%, even after accounting for thin cirrus and cloud contamination. A number of issues remain. Current estimates of the aerosol direct effect over land are poorly constrained. Uncertainties of DRE estimates are also larger on regional scales than on a global scale and large discrepancies exist between different approaches. The characterization of aerosol absorption and vertical distribution remains challenging. The aerosol direct effect in the thermal infrared range and in cloudy conditions remains relatively unexplored and quite uncertain, because of a lack of global systematic aerosol vertical profile measurements. A coordinated research strategy needs to be developed for integration and assimilation of satellite measurements into models to constrain model simulations. Enhanced measurement capabilities in the next few years and high-level scientific cooperation will further advance our knowledge. C1 Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. CEA, CNRS, LSCE, Lorme Des Merisiers, France. Met Off, Exeter, Devon, England. Univ Lille 1, Opt Atmospher Lab, F-59655 Villeneuve Dascq, France. Univ Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC USA. NASA, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. NASA, Langley Atmospher Res Ctr, Hampton, VA USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. Kyushu Univ, Fukuoka 812, Japan. Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. EM hyu@climate.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Yu, Hongbin/C-6485-2008; Kahn, Ralph/D-5371-2012; Christopher, Sundar/E-6781-2011; Schulz, Michael/A-6930-2011; U-ID, Kyushu/C-5291-2016; Kyushu, RIAM/F-4018-2015; Takemura, Toshihiko/C-2822-2009; Boucher, Olivier/J-5810-2012; Boucher, Olivier/K-7483-2012; Chin, Mian/J-8354-2012; Feingold, Graham/B-6152-2009; Balkanski, Yves/A-6616-2011 OI Yu, Hongbin/0000-0003-4706-1575; Kahn, Ralph/0000-0002-5234-6359; Schulz, Michael/0000-0003-4493-4158; Takemura, Toshihiko/0000-0002-2859-6067; Boucher, Olivier/0000-0003-2328-5769; Boucher, Olivier/0000-0003-2328-5769; Balkanski, Yves/0000-0001-8241-2858 NR 281 TC 359 Z9 369 U1 22 U2 129 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PD FEB 27 PY 2006 VL 6 BP 613 EP 666 PG 54 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 016KI UT WOS:000235618700001 ER PT J AU Eisele, FL Lovejoy, ER Kosciuch, E Moore, KF Mauldin, RL Smith, JN McMurry, PH Iida, K AF Eisele, FL Lovejoy, ER Kosciuch, E Moore, KF Mauldin, RL Smith, JN McMurry, PH Iida, K TI Negative atmospheric ions and their potential role in ion-induced nucleation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID PARTICLE FORMATION; AIR IONS; MOLECULAR CLUSTERS; TROPOSPHERIC IONS; FORMATION EVENTS; CONTINENTAL AIR; H2SO4; H2O; HSO4-(H2SO4)(X)(HNO3)(Y); STRATOSPHERE AB Mass identified ion cluster distributions were measured under ambient atmospheric conditions and compared with model predictions based on laboratory ion cluster thermodynamics data. The results are shown from several days where atmospheric sulfur concentrations were high and thus ion-induced cluster growth was anticipated. Atmospheric gas phase sulfuric acid, temperature, relative humidity, SO2, mobility distributions of ions and small charged particles, and aerosol size distributions were also measured in support of the model calculations. The relative agreement of measurement and model for the first and second sulfuric acid clusters (HSO4- (H2SO4)(m)) for m = 1 and 2 is quite good but suggests that sulfuric acid clustering may not occur at the collision rate. Clusters for higher m values were not observed, which is also consistent with model predictions for the conditions under which measurements were performed. The lack of both observed and predicted large ion clusters is also consistent with the independent measurements of ion mobility distributions and particle size distributions, which showed similar numbers of positively and negatively charged ultrafine particles, suggesting that neither positive nor negative ion-induced nucleation processes were likely to have contributed significantly to observed new particle formation rates during this study. The relatively low observed concentrations of the bisulfate ion also suggest that the processes leading to the first sulfuric acid/bisulfate cluster (HSO4- H2SO4) may be more complicated than simple sulfuric acid clustering or exchange reactions. While nucleation was observed on some days, measurements suggest that ion-induced nucleation did not contribute significantly to new particle production or growth during these events. This does not rule out the possibility that ion-induced nucleation could contribute significantly to atmospheric new particle formation under very different atmosphere conditions such as in areas with much lower temperatures and higher ion concentrations. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Mech Engn, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RP Eisele, FL (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM eisele@ucar.edu RI Smith, James/C-5614-2008; McMurry, Peter/A-8245-2008; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Smith, James/0000-0003-4677-8224; McMurry, Peter/0000-0003-1609-5131; NR 40 TC 68 Z9 68 U1 3 U2 24 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 25 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D4 AR D04305 DI 10.1029/2005JD006568 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 021EP UT WOS:000235966800007 ER PT J AU Abdulagatov, IM Azizov, ND AF Abdulagatov, IM Azizov, ND TI Viscosity of aqueous calcium chloride solutions at high temperatures and high pressures SO FLUID PHASE EQUILIBRIA LA English DT Review DE aqueous solutions; B-coefficient; calcium chloride; capillary viscometer; viscosity; water ID CONCENTRATED ELECTROLYTE-SOLUTIONS; ION-SOLVENT INTERACTION; ALKALI-METAL CHLORIDES; B-COEFFICIENTS; CONCENTRATION-DEPENDENCE; MODELING VISCOSITY; STRUCTURAL ASPECTS; MOLAR VOLUMES; 30 MPA; 573 K AB Viscosity of six (0.10, 0.33, 0.65, 0.97, 1.40, and 2.00) mol kg(-1) binary aqueous CaCl2 solutions has been measured with a capillary-flow technique. Measurements were made at pressures up to 60 MPa. The range of temperature was from 293 to 575 K. The total uncertainty of viscosity, pressure, temperature, and composition measurements was estimated to be less than 1.6%, 0.05%, 15 mK, and 0.014%, respectively. The effect of temperature, pressure, and concentration on viscosity of binary aqueous CaCl2 Solutions was studied. The measured values of viscosity of CaCl2(aq) were compared with data, predictions, and correlations reported in the literature. The temperature and pressure coefficients of viscosity of CaCl2(aq) were studied as a function of concentration and temperature. The viscosity data have been interpreted in terms of the extended Jones-Dole equation for the relative viscosity (eta/eta(0)) to accurate calculate the values of viscosity A- and B-coefficients as a function of temperature. The derived values of the viscosity B-coefficients were compared with the values calculated from the ionic B-coefficient data. The physical meaning parameters V and E in the absolute rate theory of viscosity and hydrodynamic molar volume (effective rigid molar volume of salt) V-k were calculated using present experimental viscosity data. TTG model has been used to compare predicted values of the viscosity of CaCl2(aq) solutions with experimental values at high pressures. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Inst Geothermal Problems, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Makhachkala 367003, Dagestan, Russia. Azerbaijan State Oil Acad, Baku 370601, Azerbaijan. RP Abdulagatov, IM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway Blvd, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM ilmutdin@boulder.nist.gov; Nazim_Azizov@yahoo.com NR 103 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3812 J9 FLUID PHASE EQUILIBR JI Fluid Phase Equilib. PD FEB 24 PY 2006 VL 240 IS 2 BP 204 EP 219 DI 10.1016/j.fluid.2005.12.036 PG 16 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 016CE UT WOS:000235597400011 ER PT J AU Ramaswamy, V Schwarzkopf, MD Randel, WJ Santer, BD Soden, BJ Stenchikov, GL AF Ramaswamy, V Schwarzkopf, MD Randel, WJ Santer, BD Soden, BJ Stenchikov, GL TI Anthropogenic and natural influences in the evolution of lower stratospheric cooling SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURE TRENDS; WATER-VAPOR; VARIABILITY AB Observations reveal that the substantial cooling of the global lower stratosphere over 1979-2003 occurred in two pronounced steplike transitions. These arose in the aftermath of two major volcanic eruptions, with each cooling transition being followed by a period of relatively steady temperatures. Climate model simulations indicate that the space-time structure of the observed cooling is largely attributable to the combined effect of changes in both anthropogenic factors (ozone depletion and increases in welt-mixed greenhouse gases) and natural factors (solar irradiance variation and volcanic aerosols). The anthropogenic factors drove the overall cooling during the period, and the natural ones modulated the evolution of the cooling. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Program Climate Model Diag & Intercomparison, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. RP Ramaswamy, V (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RI Santer, Benjamin/F-9781-2011; Georgiy, Stenchikov/J-8569-2013; Randel, William/K-3267-2016 OI Randel, William/0000-0002-5999-7162 NR 32 TC 81 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 25 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD FEB 24 PY 2006 VL 311 IS 5764 BP 1138 EP 1141 DI 10.1126/science.1122587 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 017IU UT WOS:000235688100045 PM 16497930 ER PT J AU Luo, LF Wood, EF AF Luo, LF Wood, EF TI Assessing the idealized predictability of precipitation and temperature in the NCEP Climate Forecast System SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article AB The 24-year retrospective forecast data set from the NCEP Climate Forecast System (CFS) is analyzed to study its idealized predictability of precipitation and temperature under its current configuration. The analysis approach assumes the forecasting model and system to be predicted share exactly the same physics so that the idealized predictability is calculated and serves as the upper limit of the predictive skill in practical forecasts. The analysis shows that CFS is not capable of predicting itself over much of the mid-latitudes land areas for precipitation and temperature anomalies having small temporal ( monthly) and spatial (2.5 degrees x 2.5 degrees grid) scales at lead-times longer than a month. Anomalies become more predictable with the increase in temporal and spatial scales and with the decrease in lead-times, as illustrated with results from the central US region. The results imply that additional care should be taken when using climate model seasonal forecast products. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Luo, LF (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM lluo@princeton.edu NR 6 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD FEB 23 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 4 AR L04708 DI 10.1029/2005GL025292 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 021DZ UT WOS:000235965200003 ER PT J AU Oates, KMN Krause, WE Jones, RL Colby, RH AF Oates, KMN Krause, WE Jones, RL Colby, RH TI Rheopexy of synovial fluid and protein aggregation SO JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY INTERFACE LA English DT Review DE hyaluronic acid; depletion flocculation; dipolar attraction; plasma proteins ID BOVINE SERUM-ALBUMIN; ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; HYALURONIC-ACID; SODIUM HYALURONATE; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; GLOBULAR PROTEIN; LIGHT-SCATTERING; MECHANICAL BEHAVIORS; COLLOIDAL STRUCTURE AB Bovine synovial fluid and albumin solutions of similar concentration are rheopectic (stress increases with time in steady shear). This unusual flow characteristic is caused by protein aggregation, and the total stress is enhanced by entanglement of this tenuous protein network with the long-chain polysaccharide sodium hyaluronate under physiological conditions. Neutron scattering measurements on albumin solutions demonstrate protein aggregation and all measurements are consistent with a weak dipolar attraction energy (of order 3kT) that is most likely augmented by hydrophobic interactions and/or disulfide bond formation between proteins. Protein aggregation appears to play an important role in the mechanical properties of blood and synovial fluid. We also suggest a connection between the observed rheopexy and the remarkable lubrication properties of synovial fluid. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Mat Res Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Text Engn Chem & Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Colby, RH (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM rhcL@plmsc-psu.edu NR 108 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 3 U2 24 PU ROYAL SOCIETY PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 1742-5689 J9 J ROY SOC INTERFACE JI J. R. Soc. Interface PD FEB 22 PY 2006 VL 3 IS 6 BP 167 EP 174 DI 10.1098/rsif.2005.0086 PG 8 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 017SC UT WOS:000235712600016 PM 16849228 ER PT J AU Thompson, LC Walters, J Burke, J Parsons, JF Armstrong, RN Dirr, HW AF Thompson, LC Walters, J Burke, J Parsons, JF Armstrong, RN Dirr, HW TI Double mutation at the subunit interface of glutathione transferase rGSTM1-1 results in a stable, folded monomer SO BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERACTIONS; S-TRANSFERASES; INTERMEDIATE; EQUILIBRIUM; STABILITY; RESIDUES; DYNAMICS; MOTIF AB Canonical glutathione (GSH) transferases are dimeric proteins with subunits composed of an N-terminal GSH binding region (domain 1) and a C-terminal helical region (domain 2). The stabilities of several GSH transferase dimers are dependent upon two groups of interactions between domains 1 and 2 of opposing subunits: a hydrophobic ball-and-socket motif and a buried charge cluster motif. In rGSTM1-1, these motifs involve residues F56 and R81, respectively. The structural basis for the effects of mutating F56 to different residues on dimer stability and function has been reported (Codreanu et al. (2005) Biochemistry, 44, 10605-10612). Here, we show that the simultaneous disruption of both motifs in the F56S/R81A Mutant causes complete dissociation of the dimer to a monomeric protein on the basis of gel filtration chromatography and multiple-angle laser light scattering. The fluorescence and far-UV CD properties of the double Mutant as well as the kinetics of amide H/D exchange along the polypeptide backbone suggest that the monomer has a globular structure that is similar to a single subunit in the native protein. However, the mutant monomer has severely impaired catalytic activity, suggesting that the dimer interface is vital for efficient catalysis. Backbone amide H/D exchange kinetics in the F56S and F56S/R81A Mutants indicate that a reorganization of the loop structure between helix alpha 2 and strand beta 3 near the active site is responsible for the decreased catalytic activity of the monomer. In addition, the junction between the alpha 4 and alpha 5 helices in F56S/R81R shows decreased H/D exchange, indicating another structural change that may affect catalysis. Although the native subunit interface is important for dimer stability, urea-induced unfolding of the F56S/R81A Mutant Suggests that the interface is not essential for the thermodynamic stability of individual subunits. The H/D exchange data reveal a possible molecular basis for the folding cooperativity observed between domains 1 and 2. C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Mol Toxicol, Dept Biochem, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Mol Toxicol, Dept Chem, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. Univ Witwatersrand, Sch Mol & Cell Biol, Prot Struct Funct Res Unit, ZA-2050 Johannesburg, South Africa. Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Dirr, HW (reprint author), Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Mol Toxicol, Dept Biochem, 221 Kirkland Hall, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. EM heinid@gecko.biol.wits.ac.za RI Dirr, Heini/F-7228-2010 FU FIC NIH HHS [R03 TW00779]; NIEHS NIH HHS [P30 ES00267, T32 ES07028]; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM30910]; Wellcome Trust [060799] NR 23 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0006-2960 J9 BIOCHEMISTRY-US JI Biochemistry PD FEB 21 PY 2006 VL 45 IS 7 BP 2267 EP 2273 DI 10.1021/bi0519506 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 014AR UT WOS:000235451600029 PM 16475815 ER PT J AU Chou, YC Hougen, JT AF Chou, YC Hougen, JT TI Two-dimensional tunneling Hamiltonian treatment of the microwave spectrum of 2-methylmalonaldehyde SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID METHYL-GROUP; INTERNAL-ROTATION; PROTON-TRANSFER; GROUND-STATE; AMINE; ROTOR AB The molecule 2-methylmalonaldehyde (2-MMA) exists in the gas phase as a six-membered hydrogen-bonded ring [HO-CH=C(CH3)-CH=O] and exhibits two large-amplitude motions, an intramolecular hydrogen transfer and a methyl torsion. The former motion is interesting because the transfer of the hydrogen atom from the hydroxyl to the carbonyl group induces a tautomerization in the ring, i.e., HO-CH=C(CH3)-CH=O -> O=CH-C(CH3)=CH-OH, which then triggers a 60 degrees internal rotation of the methyl group attached to the ring. The microwave spectra of 2-MMA-d0, 2-MMA-d1, and 2-MMA-d3 were studied previously by Sanders [J. Mol. Spectrosc. 86, 27 (1981)], who used a rotating-axis-system program for two-level inversion problems to fit rotational transitions involving the nondegenerate A(+) and A(-) sublevels to several times their measurement uncertainty. A global fit could not be carried out at that time because no appropriate theory was available. In particular, observed-minus-calculated residuals for the E(+) and E(-) sublevels were sometimes as large as several megahertz. In the present work, we use a tunneling-rotational Hamiltonian based on a G(12)(m) group-theoretical formalism to carry out global fits of Sanders' 2-MMA-d0 and 2-MMA-d1 [DO-CH=C(CH3)-CH=O] spectra nearly to measurement uncertainty, obtaining root-mean-square deviations of 0.12 and 0.10 MHz, respectively. The formalism used here was originally derived to treat the methylamine spectrum, but the interaction between hydrogen transfer and CH3 torsion in 2-MMA is similar, from the viewpoint of molecular symmetry, to the interaction between CNH2 inversion and CH3 torsion in methylamine. These similarities are discussed in some detail. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Acad Sinica, Inst Atom & Mol Sci, Taipei 106, Taiwan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chou, YC (reprint author), Acad Sinica, Inst Atom & Mol Sci, POB 23-166, Taipei 106, Taiwan. EM wavechou@yahoo.com.tw NR 19 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD FEB 21 PY 2006 VL 124 IS 7 AR 074319 DI 10.1063/1.2162545 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 014IP UT WOS:000235473500027 PM 16497048 ER PT J AU Keske, JC Lin, W Pringle, WC Novick, SE Blake, TA Plusquellic, DF AF Keske, JC Lin, W Pringle, WC Novick, SE Blake, TA Plusquellic, DF TI High-resolution studies of tropolone in the S-0 and S-1 electronic states: Isotope driven dynamics in the zero-point energy levels SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID VIBRATION-ROTATION INTERACTION; JET-COOLED TROPOLONE; PROTON-TRANSFER; POLYATOMIC-MOLECULES; INTERNAL-ROTATION; METHYL-GROUP; SPECTRUM; SPECTROSCOPY; MALONALDEHYDE; TRANSITIONS AB Rotationally resolved microwave (MW) and ultraviolet (UV) spectra of jet-cooled tropolone have been obtained in S-0 and S-1 electronic states using Fourier-transform microwave and UV-laser/molecular-beam spectrometers. In the ground electronic state, the MW spectra of all heavy-atom isotopomers including one O-18 and four C-13 isotopomers were observed in natural abundance. The OD isotopomer was obtained from isotopically enriched samples. The two lowest tunneling states of each isotopomer except O-18 have been assigned. The observed inversion splitting for the OD isotopomer is 1523.227(5) MHz. For the asymmetric C-13 structures, the magnitudes of tunneling-rotation interactions are found to diminish with decreasing distance between the heavy atom and the tunneling proton. In the limit of closest approach, the 0(+) state of O-18 was well fitted to an asymmetric rotor Hamiltonian, reflecting significant changes in the tautomerization dynamics. Comparisons of the substituted atom coordinates with theoretical predictions at the MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory suggest the localized 0(+) and 0(-) wave functions of the heavier isotopes favor the C-OH and C=O forms of tropolone, respectively. The only exception occurs for the C-13-OH and C-13=O structures which correlate to the 0(-) and 0(+) states, respectively. These preferences reflect kinetic isotope effects as quantitatively verified by the calculated zero-point energy differences between members of the asymmetric atom pairs. From rotationally resolved data of the 0(+)<- 0(+) and 0(-)<- 0(-) bands in S-1, line-shape fits have yielded Lorentzian linewidths that differ by 12.2(16) MHz over the 19.88(4) cm(-1) interval in S-1. The fluorescence decay rates together with previously reported quantum yield data give nonradiative decay rates of 7.7(5)x10(8) and 8.5(5)x10(8) s(-1) for the 0(+) and 0(-) levels of the S-1 state of tropolone. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Wesleyan Univ, Middletown, CT 06459 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Keske, JC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM david.plusquellic@nist.gov RI lin, wei/D-3591-2009 NR 51 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD FEB 21 PY 2006 VL 124 IS 7 AR 074309 DI 10.1063/1.2165652 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 014IP UT WOS:000235473500017 PM 16497038 ER PT J AU Mercaldo-Allen, R Kuropat, C Caldarone, EM AF Mercaldo-Allen, R Kuropat, C Caldarone, EM TI A model to estimate growth in young-of-the-year tautog, Tautoga onitis, based on RNA/DNA ratio and seawater temperature SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE growth; juvenile; nucleic acids; nutritional condition; RNA/DNA ratio; tautog ID RNA-DNA RATIO; COD GADUS-MORHUA; FLOUNDER PSEUDOPLEURONECTES-AMERICANUS; DRUM SCIAENOPS-OCELLATUS; JUVENILE SUMMER FLOUNDER; REARED JAPANESE FLOUNDER; NUCLEIC-ACID; MELANOGRAMMUS-AEGLEFINUS; PARALICHTHYS-OLIVACEUS; NUTRITIONAL CONDITION AB This study presents an indirect method for estimating growth rates of young-of-the-year (YOY) tautog, Tautoga onitis, based on laboratory calibration experiments and nucleic acid-based indices. Field-collected tautog were held in the laboratory at 3 temperatures over a 17-day period. Four feeding levels were used to produce a range of growth rates. An ultraviolet absorption assay was used to measure nucleic acid concentrations in white muscle tissue. The strength of the relationship between growth rate and three nucleic acid-based parameters (RNA concentration, DNA concentration, RNA/DNA ratio (R/D)) was tested. Correlation results indicated a significant positive relationship between R/D and weight-based instantaneous growth rate (G) (r=0.68; p < 0.001). Both R/D (r=-0.55; p < 0.006) and RNA (r=-0.56; p < 0.005) were highly negatively correlated with temperature (T). Multiple linear regression showed that R/D and temperature explained 61% of the variability in growth, resulting in the model G=0.01285(R/D)+0.00057(T) -0.03205 (p < 0.0001). This R/D-temperature model can be used to evaluate recent growth rates in YOY tautog under field conditions and has applications for aquaculture when comparing growth rates of fish held under different culture conditions. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NOAA, NMFS, NEFSC, Milford Lab, Milford, CT 06460 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NEFSC, Narragansett Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Mercaldo-Allen, R (reprint author), NOAA, NMFS, NEFSC, Milford Lab, 212 Rogers Ave, Milford, CT 06460 USA. EM Renee.Mercaldo-Allen@noaa.gov NR 45 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD FEB 21 PY 2006 VL 329 IS 2 BP 187 EP 195 DI 10.1016/j.jembe.2005.08.015 PG 9 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 018MI UT WOS:000235768000003 ER PT J AU Loizou, E Butler, P Porcar, L Schmidt, G AF Loizou, E Butler, P Porcar, L Schmidt, G TI Dynamic responses in nanocomposite hydrogels SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; POLYMER-CLAY SOLUTIONS; AQUEOUS LAPONITE DISPERSIONS; X-RAY-SCATTERING; FLOW-BIREFRINGENCE; PEO MIXTURES; ORIENTATION; RHEOLOGY; GELATION; FILMS AB The shear response of a series of polymer-clay gels has been investigated by means of rheology and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). The gels have the same composition by mass but different polymer molecular weights (M-w,). While long polymer chains can interconnect several platelets, which act Lis multifunctional cross-links, very short polymer chains should not be able to do so, allowing us to explore the effects of bridging on structure and dynamical responses. Increasing the polymer M, in the gels leads to increasingly strong anisotropy in the SANS data, indicating a larger and larger degree of shear orientation. This relative increase in orientation, however, is accompanied by a relatively lower amount of shear thinning. Simple solutions of anisotropic particles usually shear thin by alignment of the particles with the flow, allowing them for example to slide past each other more easily. In a connected gel, breaking of the connectivity should also lead to shear thinning. Thus, the inverse relationship between shear orientation and shear thinning, combined with the fact that the lowest M, which exhibits the highest shear thinning, does not orient at all, Supports Our earlier hypothesis that the alignment mechanism in these systems stems from the coupling between the clay and the polymer mediated by the shear flow and nicely demonstrates the effect of bridging on the strength and dynamics of these gels. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Dept Chem, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Schmidt, G (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Dept Chem, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. EM gudrun@lsu.edu RI Butler, Paul/D-7368-2011 NR 27 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 2 U2 33 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD FEB 21 PY 2006 VL 39 IS 4 BP 1614 EP 1619 DI 10.1021/ma0517547 PG 6 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 014IY UT WOS:000235474400045 ER PT J AU Muller, J Nowoczin, J Schmitt, H AF Muller, J Nowoczin, J Schmitt, H TI Composition, structure and optical properties of sputtered thin films of CuInSe2 SO THIN SOLID FILMS LA English DT Article DE CuInSe2; sputtering; solar cells ID GROWTH; SEMICONDUCTORS; CULNSE2 AB Thin films of copper indium selenide (CuInSe2) were produced by radio frequency (RF) sputtering due to the ability of this technique to achieve stoichiometric layers and its scalability to large-area devices. Results of energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX) revealed that the sputtered films were near to stoichiometry for substrate temperatures T-sub not exceeding 200 degrees C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns indicate that the films exhibited some pattern similar to that of bulk crystals of tetragonal chalcopyrite, predominantly [ 112] oriented. Based on the XRD patterns, the lattice parameters and grain sizes were examined. The band gap E,, estimated from optical absorption data, was between 0.6-1.08 eV, depending on sputtering conditions such as substrate temperature and bias voltage. High optical absorption coefficients (> 10(4) cm(-1)) were found. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Saarland, D-66123 Saarbrucken, Germany. RP Muller, J (reprint author), NIST Boulder, Mailcode 853-00, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jmuller@boulder.nist.gov NR 30 TC 92 Z9 100 U1 2 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0040-6090 J9 THIN SOLID FILMS JI Thin Solid Films PD FEB 21 PY 2006 VL 496 IS 2 BP 364 EP 370 DI 10.1016/j.tsf.2005.09.077 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 995SR UT WOS:000234124700029 ER PT J AU Oh, S Hite, DA Cicak, K Osborn, KD Simmonds, RW McDermott, R Cooper, KB Steffen, M Martinis, JM Pappas, DP AF Oh, S Hite, DA Cicak, K Osborn, KD Simmonds, RW McDermott, R Cooper, KB Steffen, M Martinis, JM Pappas, DP TI Epitaxial growth of rhenium with sputtering SO THIN SOLID FILMS LA English DT Article DE epitaxy; rhenium; sputtering ID FILMS; DEPOSITION AB We have grown epitaxial Rhenium (Re) (0001) films on alpha-Al2O3 (0001) substrates using sputter deposition in an ultra high vacuum system. We find that better epitaxy is achieved with DC rather than with RF sputtering. With DC sputtering, epitaxy is obtained with the substrate temperatures above 700 degrees C and deposition rates below 0.1 nm/s. The epitaxial Re films are typically composed of terraced hexagonal islands with screw dislocations, and island size gets larger with high temperature post-deposition annealing. The growth starts in a three dimensional mode but transforms into two dimensional mode as the film gets thicker. With a thin (similar to 2 nm) seed layer deposited at room temperature and annealed at a high temperature, the initial three dimensional growth can be suppressed. This results in larger islands when a thick film is grown at 850 degrees C on the seed layer. We also find that when a room temperature deposited Re film is annealed to higher temperatures, epitaxial features start to show up above similar to 600 degrees C, but the film tends to be disordered. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Oh, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM soh@boulder.nist.gov NR 14 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0040-6090 J9 THIN SOLID FILMS JI Thin Solid Films PD FEB 21 PY 2006 VL 496 IS 2 BP 389 EP 394 DI 10.1016/j.tsf.2005.09.091 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 995SR UT WOS:000234124700033 ER PT J AU Kidner, NJ Homrighaus, ZJ Mason, TO Garboczi, EJ AF Kidner, NJ Homrighaus, ZJ Mason, TO Garboczi, EJ TI Modeling interdigital electrode structures for the dielectric characterization of electroceramic thin films SO THIN SOLID FILMS LA English DT Article DE dielectric; interdigitial electrodes; Farnell; conformal mapping ID IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY; EXPERIMENTAL LIMITATIONS; CAPACITANCE; COMPOSITES; DEPOSITION; DEVICES AB A combination of physical and numerical modeling has been used to investigate the use of co-planar interdigital electrode (IDE) structures to characterize the dielectric properties of isotropic electroceramic thin films. A periodic two-dimensional IDE structure was simulated by finite-difference numerical modeling to investigate different electrode geometries and film thicknesses. A semi-empirical equation that enables the dielectric properties of the thin film to be calculated from the measured capacitance has been developed and is shown to be consistent with conformal mapping approaches. This equation is shown to agree better with various calculations over a wider range of parameters than the existing equation of Farnell (IEEE Trans. Son. Ultrson., SU-17(3) (1970) 188). Physical simulations of IDE structures with a limited number of electrode fingers have enabled the approach to be generalized to any IDE structure including the important special case of a two-electrode strip-line. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. Northwestern Univ, Mat Res Ctr, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mason, TO (reprint author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. EM t-mason@northestern.edu RI Mason, Thomas/B-7528-2009 NR 26 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0040-6090 J9 THIN SOLID FILMS JI Thin Solid Films PD FEB 21 PY 2006 VL 496 IS 2 BP 539 EP 545 DI 10.1016/j.tsf.2005.08.350 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 995SR UT WOS:000234124700057 ER PT J AU Theocharous, E Deshpande, R Dillon, AC Lehman, J AF Theocharous, E Deshpande, R Dillon, AC Lehman, J TI Evaluation of a pyroelectric detector with a carbon multiwalled nanotube black coating in the infrared SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL-PROPERTIES AB The performance of a pyroelectric detector with a carbon multiwalled nanotube coating was evaluated in the 0.9-14 mu m wavelength range. The relative spectral responsivity of this detector was shown to be flat over most of the wavelength range examined, and the spectral flatness was shown to be comparable to the best infrared black coatings currently available. This finding is promising because black coatings with spectrally flat absorbance profiles are usually associated with the highest absorbance values. The performance of the detector (in terms of noise equivalent power and specific detectivity) was limited by the very thick (250 mu m thick) LiNbO3 pyroelectric crystal onto which the coating was deposited. The responsivity of this detector was shown to be linear in the 0.06-2.8 mW radiant power range, and its spatial uniformity was comparable to that of other pyroelectric detectors that use different types of black coating. The carbon nanotube coatings were reported to be much more durable than other infrared black coatings, such as metal blacks, that are commonly used to coat thermal detectors in the infrared. This, in combination with their excellent spectral flatness, suggests that carbon nanotube coatings appear extremely promising for thermal detection applications in the infrared. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Phys Lab, Qual Life Div, Opt Radiat Team, Teddington TW11 0LW, Middx, England. Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Hydrogen Storage Grp, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Optoelect Div, Sources Detectors & Displays Grp, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Theocharous, E (reprint author), Natl Phys Lab, Qual Life Div, Opt Radiat Team, Teddington TW11 0LW, Middx, England. EM e.theo@npl.co.uk NR 19 TC 39 Z9 45 U1 3 U2 17 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD FEB 20 PY 2006 VL 45 IS 6 BP 1093 EP 1097 DI 10.1364/AO.45.001093 PG 5 WC Optics SC Optics GA 016NX UT WOS:000235628000001 PM 16523768 ER PT J AU Vayshenker, I Yang, S Swafford, R AF Vayshenker, I Yang, S Swafford, R TI Nonlinearity of high-power optical fiber power meters at 1480 nm SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article AB We describe a calibration system that measures the nonlinearity of optical fiber power meters (OFPMs) at a maximum power of 0.6 W and a minimum power of 0.2 mW at 1480 nm. The system is based on the triplet superposition method. This system measures the nonlinearity of OFPMs by using correction factors at different powers; the system is an important tool for characterizing OFPMs at high powers in the S band. The measurement uncertainties, typically better than 0.2%, k = 2, associated with the high-power nonlinearity system are also described. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. OZ Opt Ltd, Carp, ON K0A 1L0, Canada. RP Vayshenker, I (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM igor@boulder.nist.gov RI Vayshenker, Igor/H-9793-2013 OI Vayshenker, Igor/0000-0002-7098-3781 NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD FEB 20 PY 2006 VL 45 IS 6 BP 1098 EP 1101 DI 10.1364/AO.45.001098 PG 4 WC Optics SC Optics GA 016NX UT WOS:000235628000002 PM 16523769 ER PT J AU Zong, YQ Brown, SW Johnson, BC Lykke, KR Ohno, Y AF Zong, YQ Brown, SW Johnson, BC Lykke, KR Ohno, Y TI Simple spectral stray light correction method for array spectroradiometers SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article AB A simple, practical method has been developed to correct a spectroradiometer's response for measurement errors arising from the instrument's spectral stray light. By characterizing the instrument's response to a set of monochromatic laser sources that cover the instrument's spectral range, one obtains a spectral stray light signal distribution matrix that quantifies the magnitude of the spectral stray light signal within the instrument. By use of these data, a spectral stray light correction matrix is derived and the instrument's response can be corrected with a simple matrix multiplication. The method has been implemented and validated with a commercial CCD-array spectrograph. Spectral stray light errors after the correction was applied were reduced by 1-2 orders of magnitude to a level of approximately 10(-5) for a broadband source measurement, equivalent to less than one count of the 15-bit-resolution instrument. This method is fast enough to be integrated into an instrument's software to perform real-time corrections with minimal effect on acquisition speed. Using instruments that have been corrected for spectral stray light, we expect significant reductions in overall measurement uncertainties in many applications in which spectrometers are commonly used, including radiometry, colorimetry, photometry, and biotechnology. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zong, YQ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM yuqin.zong@nist.gov NR 9 TC 118 Z9 123 U1 5 U2 26 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD FEB 20 PY 2006 VL 45 IS 6 BP 1111 EP 1119 DI 10.1364/AO.45.001111 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA 016NX UT WOS:000235628000004 PM 16523771 ER PT J AU Pechtl, S Lovejoy, ER Burkholder, JB von Glasow, R AF Pechtl, S Lovejoy, ER Burkholder, JB von Glasow, R TI Modeling the possible role of iodine oxides in atmospheric new particle formation SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; HOMOGENEOUS NUCLEATION; COASTAL ENVIRONMENT; HALOGEN CHEMISTRY; EMISSIONS; OZONE; OIO; AEROSOLS; EVENTS; NUCLEI AB We studied the possible role of iodine oxides in atmospheric new particle formation with the one-dimensional marine boundary layer model MISTRA, which includes chemistry in the gas and aerosol phase as well as aerosol microphysics. The chemical reaction set focuses on halogen ( Cl-Br-I) chemistry. We included a two-step nucleation parameterization, where in the first step, the "real" nucleation process is parameterized, i.e., the formation of cluster-sized nuclei via homogeneous condensation of gases. We considered both ternary sulfuric acid-ammonia-water nucleation and homomolecular homogeneous OIO nucleation. For the latter, we derived a parameterization based on combined laboratory-model studies. The second step of the nucleation parameterization treats the "apparent" nucleation rate, i.e., the growth of clusters into the model's lowest size bin by condensable vapors such as OIO. We compared different scenarios for a clean marine versus a polluted continental background atmosphere. In every scenario, we assumed the air to move, independent of its origin, first over a coastal region ( where it is exposed to surface fluxes of different reactive iodine precursors) and later over the open ocean. According to these sensitivity studies, in the clean marine background atmosphere OIO can be responsible for both homogeneous nuclei formation and the subsequent growth of the clusters to detectable sizes. In contrast to this, in the continental case with its higher levels of pollutants, gas phase OIO mixing ratios, and hence related nucleation rates, are significantly lower. Compared to ternary H2SO4-NH3-H2O nucleation, homogeneous OIO nucleation can be neglected for new particle formation in this case, but OIO can contribute to early particle growth, i.e., to apparent nucleation rates. In general, we found OIO to be more important for the growth of newly formed particles than for the formation of new nuclei. According to our studies, observations of particle "bursts" can only be explained by hot spot-like, not by homogeneously distributed emissions. C1 Heidelberg Univ, Inst Environm Phys, Heidelberg, Germany. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Heidelberg Univ, Inst Environm Phys, Bergheimer Str 58, Heidelberg, Germany. EM susanne.pechtl@iup.uni-heidelberg.de RI von Glasow, Roland/E-2125-2011 OI von Glasow, Roland/0000-0002-3944-2784 NR 43 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 19 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PD FEB 20 PY 2006 VL 6 BP 505 EP 523 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 013IL UT WOS:000235402900001 ER PT J AU Smith, MB AF Smith, MB TI Comment on 'Analysis and modeling of flooding in urban drainage systems' SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID SIMULATION C1 NOAA, Off Hydrol Dev, Hydrol Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Smith, MB (reprint author), NOAA, Off Hydrol Dev, Hydrol Lab, 1325 EW Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM michael.smith@noaa.gov NR 52 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD FEB 20 PY 2006 VL 317 IS 3-4 BP 355 EP 363 DI 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.05.027 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 022MB UT WOS:000236058800013 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Zarnke, R Thomas, NJ Wong, SK Van Bonn, W Briggs, M Davis, JW Ewing, R Mense, M Kwok, OCH Romand, S Thulliez, P AF Dubey, JP Zarnke, R Thomas, NJ Wong, SK Van Bonn, W Briggs, M Davis, JW Ewing, R Mense, M Kwok, OCH Romand, S Thulliez, P TI Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Sarcocystis neurona, and Sarcocystis canis-like infections in marine mammals (vol 116, pg 275, 2003) SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Correction C1 USDA, ARS, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Anim Parasit Dis Lab,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Dept Interior, Madison, WI 53711 USA. USN, Marine Mammal Program, Biosci Div, San Diego, CA 92101 USA. Brookfield Zoo, Brookfield, IL 60513 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Western Washington Fish & Wildlife Off, SE Lacey, WA 98503 USA. NOAA Fisheries, Dept Commerce, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Armed Forces Inst Pathol, Dept Vet Pathol, Washington, DC 20306 USA. Inst Puericulture, Lab Toxoplasmose, F-75014 Paris, France. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Anim Parasit Dis Lab,BARC E, Bldg 1001,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM jdubey@anri.barc.usda.gov NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD FEB 18 PY 2006 VL 135 IS 3-4 BP 385 EP 385 DI 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.10.019 PG 1 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 011MZ UT WOS:000235273700024 ER PT J AU Battle, M Fletcher, SEM Bender, ML Keeling, RF Manning, AC Gruber, N Tans, PP Hendricks, MB Ho, DT Simonds, C Mika, R Paplawsky, B AF Battle, M Fletcher, SEM Bender, ML Keeling, RF Manning, AC Gruber, N Tans, PP Hendricks, MB Ho, DT Simonds, C Mika, R Paplawsky, B TI Atmospheric potential oxygen: New observations and their implications for some atmospheric and oceanic models SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN-HEMISPHERE AIR; CARBON-CYCLE; O-2 CONCENTRATION; O-2/N-2 RATIO; AR/N-2 RATIO; BULK DATA; SEA FLUX; CO2; VARIABILITY; TRANSPORT AB [ 1] Measurements of atmospheric O(2)/N(2) ratios and CO(2) concentrations can be combined into a tracer known as atmospheric potential oxygen (APO approximate to O(2)/N(2) + CO(2)) that is conservative with respect to terrestrial biological activity. Consequently, APO reflects primarily ocean biogeochemistry and atmospheric circulation. Building on the work of Stephens et al. ( 1998), we present a set of APO observations for the years 1996 - 2003 with unprecedented spatial coverage. Combining data from the Princeton and Scripps air sampling programs, the data set includes new observations collected from ships in the low-latitude Pacific. The data show a smaller interhemispheric APO gradient than was observed in past studies, and different structure within the hemispheres. These differences appear to be due primarily to real changes in the APO field over time. The data also show a significant maximum in APO near the equator. Following the approach of Gruber et al. ( 2001), we compare these observations with predictions of APO generated from ocean O(2) and CO(2) flux fields and forward models of atmospheric transport. Our model predictions differ from those of earlier modeling studies, reflecting primarily the choice of atmospheric transport model (TM3 in this study). The model predictions show generally good agreement with the observations, matching the size of the interhemispheric gradient, the approximate amplitude and extent of the equatorial maximum, and the amplitude and phasing of the seasonal APO cycle at most stations. Room for improvement remains. The agreement in the interhemispheric gradient appears to be coincidental; over the last decade, the true APO gradient has evolved to a value that is consistent with our time-independent model. In addition, the equatorial maximum is somewhat more pronounced in the data than the model. This may be due to overly vigorous model transport, or insufficient spatial resolution in the air-sea fluxes used in our modeling effort. Finally, the seasonal cycles predicted by the model of atmospheric transport show evidence of an excessive seasonal rectifier in the Aleutian Islands and smaller problems elsewhere. C1 Bowdoin Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, Brunswick, ME 04011 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Battle, M (reprint author), Bowdoin Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, 8800 Coll Stn, Brunswick, ME 04011 USA. EM mbattle@bowdoin.edu RI Ho, David/A-3154-2011; Gruber, Nicolas/B-7013-2009; Manning, Andrew/D-4416-2011; OI Ho, David/0000-0002-0944-6952; Gruber, Nicolas/0000-0002-2085-2310; Manning, Andrew/0000-0001-6952-7773; Mikaloff Fletcher, Sara/0000-0003-0741-0320 NR 37 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD FEB 17 PY 2006 VL 20 IS 1 AR GB1010 DI 10.1029/2005GB002534 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 017EG UT WOS:000235676300001 ER PT J AU Bhat, R Holland, MJ Carr, LD AF Bhat, R Holland, MJ Carr, LD TI Bose-Einstein condensates in rotating lattices SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL LATTICE; ATOMS; TRANSITION; SUPERFLUID; INSULATOR; BOSONS AB Strongly interacting bosons in a two-dimensional rotating square lattice are investigated via a modified Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian. Such a system corresponds to a rotating lattice potential imprinted on a trapped Bose-Einstein condensate. Second-order quantum phase transitions between states of different symmetries are observed at discrete rotation rates. For the square lattice we study, there are four possible ground-state symmetries. C1 Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Phys, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Bhat, R (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Carr, Lincoln/E-3819-2016 OI Carr, Lincoln/0000-0002-4848-7941 NR 17 TC 61 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD FEB 17 PY 2006 VL 96 IS 6 AR 060405 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.060405 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 013FB UT WOS:000235394100005 PM 16605970 ER PT J AU Hauet, T Borchers, JA Mangin, P Henry, Y Mangin, S AF Hauet, T Borchers, JA Mangin, P Henry, Y Mangin, S TI Training effect in an exchange bias system: The role of interfacial domain walls SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIC-ANISOTROPY; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; THIN-FILMS; BILAYERS AB Polarized neutron reflectivity (PNR) is used to obtain the magnetic depth profile of an antiferromagnetically coupled ferrimagnetic/ferrimagnetic bilayer, Gd40Fe60/Tb12Fe88. This system shows a transition from positive to negative exchange bias field H-E as the cooling field H-cf is increased from small to large positive value. It also exhibits training behavior upon field cycling which affects H-E and the coercive field H-C. From the PNR measurements at room temperature and at 15 K, we confirm that the magnetic configuration inside the TbFe layer is frozen when the sample is cooled in various H-cf. The thickness and pitch of the magnetic twist inside the TbFe layer depend on H-cf and give rise to the observed differences in the bias field. Irreversible reorganization of the TbFe magnetization at the interface occurs upon GdFe magnetization reversal and is found to explain the training effect as well as the overall reduction in coercivity. C1 Univ Nancy 1, LPM, F-54506 Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res Bldg 235, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. CEA Saclay, Lab Leon Brillouin, UMR 12, CNRS, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. IPCMS, GEMM, F-67034 Strasbourg 2, France. Hitachi Gst, San Jose, CA 95120 USA. RP Hauet, T (reprint author), Univ Nancy 1, LPM, Boite Postale 239, F-54506 Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France. RI Henry, Yves/M-3200-2015; OI Henry, Yves/0000-0002-6282-3809; Mangin, stephane/0000-0001-6046-0437 NR 18 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD FEB 17 PY 2006 VL 96 IS 6 AR 067207 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.067207 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 013FB UT WOS:000235394100079 PM 16606043 ER PT J AU Earle, MJ Esperanca, JMSS Gilea, MA Lopes, JNC Rebelo, LPN Magee, JW Seddon, KR Widegren, JA AF Earle, MJ Esperanca, JMSS Gilea, MA Lopes, JNC Rebelo, LPN Magee, JW Seddon, KR Widegren, JA TI The distillation and volatility of ionic liquids SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID VAPOR-PRESSURE; TEMPERATURE AB It is widely believed that a defining characteristic of ionic liquids ( or low-temperature molten salts) is that they exert no measurable vapour pressure, and hence cannot be distilled(1,2.) Here we demonstrate that this is unfounded, and that many ionic liquids can be distilled at low pressure without decomposition. Ionic liquids represent matter solely composed of ions, and so are perceived as non-volatile substances. During the last decade, interest in the field of ionic liquids has burgeoned(3), producing a wealth of intellectual and technological challenges and opportunities for the production of new chemical and extractive processes(4-6), fuel cells and batteries(7), and new composite materials(8,9). Much of this potential is underpinned by their presumed involatility. This characteristic, however, can severely restrict the attainability of high purity levels for ionic liquids ( when they contain poorly volatile components) in recycling schemes, as well as excluding their use in gas-phase processes. We anticipate that our demonstration that some selected families of commonly used aprotic ionic liquids can be distilled at 200 - 300 degrees C and low pressure, with concomitant recovery of significant amounts of pure substance, will permit these currently excluded applications to be realized. C1 Univ Nova Lisboa, Inst Tecnol Quim & Biol, P-2780901 Oeiras, Portugal. Queens Univ Belfast, QUILL Ctr, Belfast BT9 5AG, Antrim, North Ireland. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Rebelo, LPN (reprint author), Univ Nova Lisboa, Inst Tecnol Quim & Biol, Av Republ,Apartado 127, P-2780901 Oeiras, Portugal. EM luis.rebelo@itqb.unl.pt RI Rebelo, Luis Paulo/B-5285-2008; Magee, Joseph/A-8496-2009; Canongia Lopes, Jose Nuno/H-7166-2012; Canongia Lopes, Jose Nuno/B-8109-2008; Esperanca, Jose/B-5116-2008; OI Rebelo, Luis Paulo/0000-0002-5247-2443; Magee, Joseph/0000-0002-9312-8593; Canongia Lopes, Jose Nuno/0000-0002-4483-6294; Esperanca, Jose/0000-0001-9615-8678; Canon Lop, Jos Nun/0000-0003-1527-105X NR 21 TC 1140 Z9 1163 U1 47 U2 379 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 EI 1476-4687 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD FEB 16 PY 2006 VL 439 IS 7078 BP 831 EP 834 DI 10.1038/nature04451 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 012JA UT WOS:000235333600046 PM 16482154 ER PT J AU Taylor, MA Garboczi, EJ Erdogan, ST Fowler, DW AF Taylor, MA Garboczi, EJ Erdogan, ST Fowler, DW TI Some properties of irregular 3-D particles SO POWDER TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE x-ray computed tomography; volume; spherical harmonics; random shape; rocks; moments ID SHAPE; AREA AB This paper discusses some of the properties of irregular particles that are of interest to engineers, including volume, density and surface area. Numerical and statistical information on these properties is essential (a) for a better understanding of particulates, (b) to suggest more efficient ways to utilize particulate materials and (c) to permit the creation of mathematical models that can reduce the need for lengthy real-world testing. While the motivation, examples and applications are from the construction materials industry, the results should be of interest to others. Measurement techniques used included X-ray computed tomography (CT) and multiple projected images, augmented by traditional laboratory techniques. To compare the results of these techniques, a set of 12 rocks were studied of which six were between 19 mm and 12.7 mm (0.75 in. to 0.5 in.) in size, and six were between 12.7 mm and 6.3 mm (0.5 in. to 0.25 in.) in size. Microfine versions of these rocks (< 80 mu m equivalent spherical diameter) were also studied and compared. The shapes of the rocks were studied by relating three dimensions to their volume and surface area. These three physical dimensions were defined in two different ways: direct measurement of three unique orthogonal dimensions on the rock surface, and dimensions obtained from the use of absolute first moments of volume and principal second moments of volume. These measurements and calculated moments allowed the development of three-parameter equivalent shape models based on rectangular parallelepipeds and tri-axial ellipsoids. All types of three-parameter equivalent shape models considered provided acceptable accuracy in predicting both volume and surface area, with the box models being generally more physical and realistic than the ellipsoid-based equivalent shape models for the type of rocks considered. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Granite Rock Co, Watsonville, CA 95077 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Civil Engn, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Garboczi, EJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM edward.garboczi@nist.gov RI Erdogan, Sinan/I-4880-2012 NR 31 TC 58 Z9 61 U1 2 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0032-5910 J9 POWDER TECHNOL JI Powder Technol. PD FEB 16 PY 2006 VL 162 IS 1 BP 1 EP 15 DI 10.1016/j.powtec.2005.10.013 PG 15 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 017DW UT WOS:000235675300001 ER PT J AU Silin, VI Karlik, EA Ridge, KD Vanderah, DJ AF Silin, VI Karlik, EA Ridge, KD Vanderah, DJ TI Development of surface-based assays for transmembrane proteins: Selective immobilization of functional CCR5, a G protein-coupled receptor SO ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE surface plasmon resonance; CCR5; integrin; chemokine; transmembrane protein; avidin; biotin ID SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; GOLD AB A general method to develop surface-based assays for transmembrane (TM) receptor function(s) without the need to isolate, purify, and reconstitute the proteins is presented. Based on the formation of an active surface that selectively immobilizes membrane vesicles, the method is illustrated using the chemokine receptor CCR5, a member of the largest family of cell surface eukaryotic TM proteins, the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The method begins with a protein-resistant surface containing a low percentage (1-5%) of surface-bound biotin on gold as the initial template. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) data show specific immobilization of functional CCR5 after the initial template is activated by immobilization of rho 1D4 antibody, an anti-rhodopsin monoclonal antibody specific for the carboxyl terminal nine amino acids on bovine rhodopsin that had been engineered into the carboxyl terminus of CCR5, and exposure to vesicles obtained from mammalian cells transfected with a synthetic human CCR5 gene. Activation of the initial template is effected by sequential immobilization of avidin, which binds to the biotin in the initial template, a biotinylated goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin G (Bt-IgG), which binds to the avidin binding sites distal to the surface and the F-c portion of the rho 1D4 antibody through its F-ab region(s) and finally rho 1D4. This approach establishes a broad outline for the development and application of various assays for CCR5 functions. SPR data also showed that vesicle immobilization could be achieved through an integrin-integrin antibody interaction after activation of the initial template with a goat anti-human integrin PI antibody. These results suggest that the generic nature of the initial platform and flexibility of the subsequent surface activation for specific immobilization of membrane vesicles can be applied to the development of assays for other GPCRs or TM receptors for which antibodies are available or can be engineered to contain a particular antibody epitope. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Vanderah, DJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM david.vanderah@nist.gov FU NEI NIH HHS [EY 13286] NR 10 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0003-2697 J9 ANAL BIOCHEM JI Anal. Biochem. PD FEB 15 PY 2006 VL 349 IS 2 BP 247 EP 253 DI 10.1016/j.ab.2005.10.025 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 015NR UT WOS:000235558600010 PM 16298323 ER PT J AU Peterson, VK Neumann, DA Livingston, RA AF Peterson, VK Neumann, DA Livingston, RA TI Effect of NaOH on the kinetics of tricalcium silicate hydration: A quasielastic neutron scattering study SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID WATER AB The effects of NaOH on tricalcium silicate hydration kinetics were investigated using in situ time-resolved quasielastic neutron scattering. NaOH was confirmed to reduce the induction period. After the induction period the rate of products formation is nearly independent of NaOH concentration. However, NaOH suppresses the quantity of hydration products formed, mainly by decreasing the length of the nucleation and growth period, but also because it may cause morphological changes in the hydration products. These effects are commensurate with NaOH concentration, and explain the previously observed reduction in the early strength of tricalcium silicate pastes hydrated in the presence of NaOH. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Fed Highway Adm, Mclean, VA 22101 USA. RP Peterson, VK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, 100 Bur Dr MS 8562, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM vanessa.peterson@nist.gov NR 17 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2614 J9 CHEM PHYS LETT JI Chem. Phys. Lett. PD FEB 15 PY 2006 VL 419 IS 1-3 BP 16 EP 20 DI 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.11.032 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 013VU UT WOS:000235438900004 ER PT J AU Lee, JH Landrum, PF AF Lee, JH Landrum, PF TI Development of a multi-component damage assessment model (MDAM) for time-dependent mixture toxicity with toxicokinetic interactions SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONCENTRATION ADDITION; INDEPENDENT ACTION; BIOTRANSFORMATION AB A new mixture toxicity model was developed to predict the time-dependent toxicity of a mixture with toxicokinetic interactions directed specifically toward addressing biotransformation. The Damage Assessment Model (DAM), a toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic model that describes and predicts the time-dependent toxicity of a single compound, was extended to a multicomponent model for mixture toxicity. The model assumes that cumulative damage from the parent compound, metabolites, and/or a biotransformation inhibitor are additive, and the sum of the cumulative damage determines mixture toxicity. Since incorporation of the damage addition hypothesis into the DAM was equivalent to an independent action model for mixture toxicity, it was applied to describe the combined effect of mixture components with potentially dissimilar modes of action. From the multicomponent DAM, a time-dependent toxic unit model was derived and applied to determine the toxic units of mixture components. This model suggests a series of experimental designs required to assess the role of biotransformation in the toxicity of metabolized organic compounds and a data analysis method to separately estimate toxicodynamic parameters for the parent compound and metabolites. C1 Univ Michigan, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Landrum, PF (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM peter.landrum@noaa.gov NR 20 TC 16 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 20 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD FEB 15 PY 2006 VL 40 IS 4 BP 1341 EP 1349 DI 10.1021/es051120f PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 014KK UT WOS:000235478700040 PM 16572795 ER PT J AU Lee, JH Landrum, PF AF Lee, JH Landrum, PF TI Application of multi-component damage assessment model (MDAM) for the toxicity of metabolized PAH in Hyalella azteca SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TIME-DEPENDENT TOXICITY; LETHAL BODY RESIDUES; CHIRONOMUS-RIPARIUS; PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE; BIOTRANSFORMATION; TOXICOKINETICS; BIOCONCENTRATION; FLUORANTHENE; 2,8-DICHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; PENTACHLOROBENZENE AB Biotransformation and time-dependent toxicity of pyrene and fluorene, in the presence and absence of the biotransformation inhibitor 6-propylpiperonyl butyl diethylene glycol ether known as piperonyl butoxide (PBO), were investigated in Hyalella azteca. Toxicokinetics and biotransformation were determined in both short- and longterm experiments. For pyrene, the uptake rate coefficient (k(u) = 99 +/- 9 L kg(-1) h(-1)), elimination rate constant for parent compound (k(ep) = 0.050 +/- 0.008 h(-1)), biotransformation rate constant (k(ep) = 0.016 +/- 0.003 h(-1)), and elimination rate constant for metabolites (k(m) = 0.021 +/- 0.007 h(-1)) were determined from a short-term study, For fluorene, k(u) (130 30 L kg(-1) h(-1)) and k(ep) (1.7 +/- 0.2 h(-1)) were estimated based on km (0.015 +/- 0.002 h(-1)) and k(an) (0.011 +/- 0.002 h(-1)) determined from a long-term study. At steady state, the percent metabolites for pyrene and fluorene were 43% and 58%, respectively, determined from k(m)/(k(m) + k(em)) Time-dependent toxicity was determined as both lethal water concentration and lethal body residue in the presence and absence of PBO. Co-exposure to PBO decreased the median lethal residue (LBR50) for parent pyrene and shortened the median lethal time (LT50). Pyrene toxicity was explained by the body residues of parent pyrene and PBO, where the metabolites' contribution was negligible. For fluorene, co-exposure to PBO increased the LBR50 for parent fluorene and shortened the LT50. Thus,fluorene metabolites contributed significantly to the toxicity. Using a multicomponent damage assessment model, the toxicodynamic parameters, damage accrual rate coefficient, and damage recovery rate constant for parent pyrene and parent fluorene were very similar and estimated to be from 0.009 to 0.020 mu mol(-1) g h(-1) and from 0.003 to 0.013 h(-1), respectively, and the incipient LBR50 at the infinite time (LBR50 (t = 4 was from 0.24 to 0.46 mu mol g(-1), respectively, These values are similar to the reported LBR50(t = infinity) for other nonpolar narcotics such as pentachloro benzene (PCBz, 0.38 +/- 0.13 mu mol g(-1)) and dichlorophenylchloroethylene (DDE, 0.41 +/- 0.19 mu mol g(-1)). For fluorene metabolites, these values were 0.10 +/- 0.03 mu mol(-1) g h(-1), 0.034 +/- 0,021 h(-1), and 0.33 +/- 0.23 mu mol g(-1), respectively. However, for pyrene metabolites, since toxicity of pyrene metabolites was negligible, the parameters could not be estimated. C1 Univ Michigan, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Landrum, PF (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, 1500 E Med Ctr Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM peter.landrum@noaa.gov NR 24 TC 11 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD FEB 15 PY 2006 VL 40 IS 4 BP 1350 EP 1357 DI 10.1021/es051119g PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 014KK UT WOS:000235478700041 PM 16572796 ER PT J AU Lance, EW Howell, SM Lance, BK Howlin, S Suring, LH Goldstein, MI AF Lance, EW Howell, SM Lance, BK Howlin, S Suring, LH Goldstein, MI TI Spruce beetles and timber harvest in Alaska: Implications for northern red-backed voles SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Alaska; Clethrionomys rutilus; Dendroctonus rufipennis; Kenai Peninsula; northern red-backed vole; Picea glauca; timber harvest; spruce beetle ID SMALL MAMMALS; HABITAT SELECTION; FOREST; DYNAMICS; OREGON; POPULATIONS; WASHINGTON; DEMOGRAPHY; CLEARCUTS; ABUNDANCE AB Changes in structure and function of spruce forests occurred following a recent spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis) epidemic in the temperate forests of south-central Alaska. To assess the effects of this infestation and the subsequent land management practices used to reduce the risk of catastrophic fire, we measured northern red-backed vole (Clethrionomys rutilus) abundance over a 10-year period. We established eight live trapping grids across white spruce (Picea glauca) forests. Dead trees were harvested from four treatment grids; four grids remained as reference (not harvested). Northern red-backed vole populations synchronously declined across all sampling areas following the spruce beetle infestation, and began recovery by the end of the study. Population decline and subsequent recovery did not appear to be influenced by timber harvest. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Juneau, AK 99802 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage Fish & Wildlife Field Off, Anchorage, AK 99501 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Tongass Natl Forest, Thorne Bay, AK 99919 USA. NOAA, Anchorage, AK 99513 USA. Western Ecosyst Inc, Cheyenne, WY 82001 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Terr Wildlife Ecol Unit, Forestry Sci Lab, Boise, ID 83702 USA. RP Goldstein, MI (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, POB 21628, Juneau, AK 99802 USA. EM Goldstein.MI@gmail.com NR 39 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD FEB 15 PY 2006 VL 222 IS 1-3 BP 476 EP 479 DI 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.11.023 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 016DA UT WOS:000235599700047 ER PT J AU Moon, CK Holmes, GA McDonough, WG AF Moon, CK Holmes, GA McDonough, WG TI Study on the interfacial properties of two-dimensionally arranged glass fiber/epoxy resin model composites SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE interfiber distance; interfacial properties; two-dimensional fragmentation test; matrix crack; damage ID MICRO-RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY; SHEAR-STRENGTH; MULTIFIBER MICROCOMPOSITES; STRESS-CONCENTRATIONS; FAILURE PHENOMENA; PULL-OUT; GRAPHITE/EPOXY COMPOSITES; MATRIX ADHESION; EPOXY-RESIN; FIBER AB The effect of interfiber distance on the interfacial properties in two dimensional multi-E-glass fiber/epoxy resin composites has been investigated using fragmentation test. In addition, the effect of the fiber surface treatment on the interfacial properties has been studied. We found that the interfacial shear strength decreased with the decreasing interfiber distance at the range of < 50 mu m and the extent of the decreasing was more serious as the increasing of the number of adjacent fiber. This is probably that the interface between the fiber and the resin was damaged by the breaking of adjacent fibers and the damage increased with minimizing the interfiber spacing and the number of adjacent fibers. We can guess that interfacial shear strength in real composites is much smaller than that of multifiber fragmentation sample with touched fiber. When the interfiber distance was > 50 mu m, the interfacial shear Strengths were saturated regardless of fiber surface treatment and were in close agreement with those of the single fiber fragmentation test. Finally, the interfacial shear strength evaluated using two dimensional fragmentation tests are shown as real values in-site regardless of fiber surface treatment, interfiber distance, and existing matrix cracks. (c) 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Pukyong Natl Univ, Div Mat Sci & Engn, Pusan 608737, South Korea. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Moon, CK (reprint author), Pukyong Natl Univ, Div Mat Sci & Engn, Pusan 608737, South Korea. EM moonck@pknu.ac.kr NR 40 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 7 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0021-8995 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD FEB 15 PY 2006 VL 99 IS 4 BP 1541 EP 1551 DI 10.1002/app.22349 PG 11 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 000DN UT WOS:000234441200028 ER PT J AU Farahani, M Wallace, WE Antonucci, JM Guttman, CM AF Farahani, M Wallace, WE Antonucci, JM Guttman, CM TI Analysis by mass spectrometry of the hydrolysis/condensation reaction of a trialkoxysilane in various dental monomer solutions SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE additives; MALDI; mass spectrometry; resins ID SILSESQUIOXANES; CONDENSATION AB 3-Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) was converted to silsesquioxane oligomers by hydrolysis/condensation in three dental monomer solutions. The molecular mass distribution and molecular structures of these oligomers was studied by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Each dental monomer imparted distinct characteristics on the oligomeric silsesquioxane produced. Ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate (EBPADMA) produced low-mass oligomer silsesquioxanes that showed complete hydrolysis and a very high degree of intramolecular condensation (i.e., there were no methoxy and few silanol groups remaining on the oligomers). 1,6-Bis(methacryloxy-2-ethoxycarbon-ylamino) 2,4,4-trimethylhexane also produced fully hydrolyzed oligomeric silsesquioxanes but with twice the average molecular mass as the EBPADMA. Finally, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate produced higher mass oligomeric silsesquioxanes than EBPADMA even though it showed incomplete hydrolysis. The degree of hydrolysis increased with increasing mass, as did the degree of intramolecular condensation. Oligomers with degrees of polymerization below 8 were poorly hydrolyzed and showed little if any intramolecular condensation. Those with degrees of polymerization of 9 or greater were almost completely hydrolyzed with a high level of intramolecular condensation. (c) 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 US FDA, Rockville, MD 20855 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Farahani, M (reprint author), US FDA, Rockville, MD 20855 USA. EM farahanim@cder.fda.gov NR 9 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0021-8995 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD FEB 15 PY 2006 VL 99 IS 4 BP 1842 EP 1847 DI 10.1002/app.22190 PG 6 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 000DN UT WOS:000234441200064 ER PT J AU Christy, JR Norris, WB Redmond, K Gallo, KP AF Christy, JR Norris, WB Redmond, K Gallo, KP TI Methodology and results of calculating central california surface temperature trends: Evidence of human-induced climate change? SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; DAILY MAXIMUM; LAND; IMPACTS AB A procedure is described to construct time series of regional surface temperatures and is then applied to interior central California stations to test the hypothesis that century-scale trend differences between irrigated and nonirrigated regions may be identified. The procedure requires documentation of every point in time at which a discontinuity in a station record may have occurred through (a) the examination of metadata forms (e.g., station moves) and (b) simple statistical tests. From this '' homogeneous segments '' of temperature records for each station are defined. Biases are determined for each segment relative to all others through a method employing mathematical graph theory. The debiased segments are then merged, forming a complete regional time series. Time series of daily maximum and minimum temperatures for stations in the irrigated San Joaquin Valley (Valley) and nearby nonirrigated Sierra Nevada (Sierra) were generated for 1910-2003. Results show that twentieth-century Valley minimum temperatures are warming at a highly significant rate in all seasons, being greatest in summer and fall (> +0.25 degrees C decade(-1)). The Valley trend of annual mean temperatures is +0.07 degrees +/- 0.07 degrees C decade(-1). Sierra summer and fall minimum temperatures appear to be cooling, but at a less significant rate, while the trend of annual mean Sierra temperatures is an unremarkable -0.02 degrees +/- 0.10 degrees C decade(-1). A working hypothesis is that the relative positive trends in Valley minus Sierra minima (> 0.4 degrees C decade(-1) for summer and fall) are related to the altered surface environment brought about by the growth of irrigated agriculture, essentially changing a high-albedo desert into a darker, moister, vegetated plain. C1 Univ Alabama, ESSC, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. Western Reg Climate Ctr, Reno, NV USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Christy, JR (reprint author), Univ Alabama, ESSC, Cramer Hall, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. EM christy@nsstc.uah.edu RI Gallo, Kevin P./F-5588-2010 NR 24 TC 78 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD FEB 15 PY 2006 VL 19 IS 4 BP 548 EP 563 DI 10.1175/JCLI3627.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 021HF UT WOS:000235973600004 ER PT J AU Bell, GD Chelliah, M AF Bell, GD Chelliah, M TI Leading tropical modes associated with interannual and multidecadal fluctuations in North Atlantic hurricane activity SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; SAHELIAN MONSOON RAINFALL; WEST-AFRICAN RAINFALL; EL-NINO; CLIMATE ASSESSMENT; LANDFALLING HURRICANES; SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; VARIABILITY; INTENSE; CIRCULATION AB Interannual and multidecadal extremes in Atlantic hurricane activity are shown to result from a coherent and interrelated set of atmospheric and oceanic conditions associated with three leading modes of climate variability in the Tropics. All three modes are related to fluctuations in tropical convection, with two representing the leading multidecadal modes of convective rainfall variability, and one representing the leading interannual mode (ENSO). The tropical multidecadal modes are shown to link known fluctuations in Atlantic hurricane activity, West African monsoon rainfall, and Atlantic sea surface temperatures, to the Tropics-wide climate variability. These modes also capture an east-west seesaw in anomalous convection between the West African monsoon region and the Amazon basin, which helps to account for the interhemispheric symmetry of the 200-hPa streamfunction anomalies across the Atlantic Ocean and Africa, the 200-hPa divergent wind anomalies, and both the structure and spatial scale of the low-level tropical wind anomalies, associated with multidecadal extremes in Atlantic hurricane activity. While there are many similarities between the 1950-69 and 1995-2004 periods of above-normal Atlantic hurricane activity, important differences in the tropical climate are also identified, which indicates that the above-normal activity since 1995 does not reflect an exact return to conditions seen during the 1950s-60s. In particular, the period 1950-69 shows a strong link to the leading tropical multidecadal mode (TMM), whereas the 1995-2002 period is associated with a sharp increase in amplitude of the second leading tropical multidecadal mode (TMM2). These differences include a very strong West African monsoon circulation and near-average sea surface temperatures across the central tropical Atlantic during 1950-69, compared with a modestly enhanced West African monsoon and exceptionally warm Atlantic sea surface temperatures during 1995-2004. It is shown that the ENSO teleconnections and impacts on Atlantic hurricane activity can be substantially masked or accentuated by the leading multidecadal modes. This leads to the important result that these modes provide a substantially more complete view of the climate control over Atlantic hurricane activity during individual seasons than is afforded by ENSO alone. This result applies to understanding differences in the '' apparent '' ENSO teleconnections not only between the above- and below-normal hurricane decades, but also between the two sets of above-normal hurricane decades. C1 NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RP Bell, GD (reprint author), Climate Predict Ctr, Anal Branch, Room 605,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM gerry.bell@noaa.gov NR 55 TC 102 Z9 103 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD FEB 15 PY 2006 VL 19 IS 4 BP 590 EP 612 DI 10.1175/JCLI3659.1 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 021HF UT WOS:000235973600007 ER PT J AU Yoo, SH Yang, S Ho, CH AF Yoo, Soo-Hyun Yang, Song Ho, Chang-i Ho TI Variability of the Indian Ocean sea surface temperature and its impacts on Asian-Australian monsoon climate SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID TROPOSPHERIC BIENNIAL OSCILLATION; EXTRATROPICAL SST ANOMALIES; ANTARCTIC CIRCUMPOLAR WAVE; NINO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; SUMMER MONSOON; TROPICAL PACIFIC; ARABIAN SEA; EL-NINO; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; ATMOSPHERIC BRIDGE AB [1] In this study, the authors investigate the relationships between the Indian Ocean (IO) sea surface temperature (SST) and the Asian-Australian monsoon (AAM) on seasonal to interannual timescales. They focus on the dominant features of IO SST, the impacts of IO SST on different monsoon components, and the relative importance of the northern and southern IO for the AAM. The dominant mode of IO SST is often characterized by uniform warming or cooling, with maximum variance in the Southern Hemisphere. This mode exerts a larger impact on monsoon variability than does the tropical IO dipole. The IO SST is strongly persistent from the boreal fall to the next spring even summer and less persistent from boreal summer to fall, a feature related to seasonal alternation of the dominance of the impacts of Pacific and IO SSTs on the Asian-Australian monsoons. While the tropical central Pacific SST exerts an apparently larger impact on the monsoon climate in the boreal winter and the transitional seasons, the IO SST affects the summer regional climate more strongly. The springtime IO SST leads to opposite changes in the south Asian monsoon (SAM) and the Southeast Asian monsoon ( SEAM), reinforcing the out-of-phase relationship that appears often between the two monsoon components. While a warmer IO strengthens the SAM, it weakens the SEAM. Furthermore, the southern IO SST is related to the Asian summer monsoon more closely than the northern IO SST. The boreal fall IO SST, especially that in the north IO, is strongly associated with the subsequent Australian summer monsoon. C1 Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Seoul 151742, South Korea. NOAA, RS Informat Syst Inc, Climate Predict Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict,Natl Weather Serv, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Yoo, SH (reprint author), Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Seoul 151742, South Korea. EM soo-hyun.yoo@noaa.gov RI Yang, Song/B-4952-2009; Ho, Chang-Hoi/H-8354-2015 NR 79 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 3 U2 14 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 15 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D13 AR D03108 DI 10.1029/2005JD006001 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 065ZW UT WOS:000239200000002 ER PT J AU Benko, K Pellegrino, J Mason, LW Price, K AF Benko, K Pellegrino, J Mason, LW Price, K TI Measurement of water permeation kinetics across reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes: Apparatus development SO JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE diffusion; forward osmosis; integrity test; kinetics; nanofiltration; osmotic pressure; reverse osmosis; water AB An apparatus has been developed to accurately measure the unsteady permeation of pure water through permselective reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration membranes under an osmotic pressure gradient (aka forward osmosis). The key component of the apparatus is a capacitance-based level sensor with a flowrate resolution of 15-50 nL/s. The measurement protocol is an application of the familiar time-lead analysis that assumes the membrane is presaturated with water. Thus, two membrane parameters could ultimately be extracted: one which relates to water mobility and another related to water solubility. This paper presents a description of the apparatus design and operation including control measurements which were used in establishing the experimental uncertainties. To illustrate the technique. data are presented for a thin film composite seawater desalination membrane. These initial measurements of the water back-diffusion through a seawater RO membrane, which was exposed to varying levels of free chlorine, illustrate the utility Of the technique for monitoring subtle changes in a membrane's material properties. A limited number of pressure-driven filtration measurements using 10,000 ppm NaCl solution are presented to confirm the apparent trends of membrane-damage indicated by the diffusion measurements. In the cases presented, only a simple, steady diffusion model was used to quantify the diffusion results in terms of the permeance. Of course, "gross" damage to the membrane removes its capability of supporting the osmotic pressure gradient, and this case is easily detected with this measurement technique. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. US Bur Reclamat, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Lockheed Martin Astronaut, Littleton, CO 80125 USA. RP Pellegrino, J (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CEAE Dept, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM john.pellegrino@colorado.edu OI PELLEGRINO, JOHN/0000-0001-7749-5003 NR 17 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0376-7388 J9 J MEMBRANE SCI JI J. Membr. Sci. PD FEB 15 PY 2006 VL 270 IS 1-2 BP 187 EP 195 DI 10.1016/j.memsci.2005.07.001 PG 9 WC Engineering, Chemical; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA 009GJ UT WOS:000235099500020 ER PT J AU Sarafanov, AG Makogonenko, EM Pechik, IV Radtke, KP Khrenov, AV Ananyeva, NM Strickland, DK Saenko, EL AF Sarafanov, AG Makogonenko, EM Pechik, IV Radtke, KP Khrenov, AV Ananyeva, NM Strickland, DK Saenko, EL TI Identification of coagulation factor VIII A2 domain residues forming the binding epitope for low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein SO BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID VON-WILLEBRAND-FACTOR; ALANINE-SCANNING MUTAGENESIS; FACTOR PATHWAY INHIBITOR; COMPLEMENT-TYPE REPEATS; CYSTEINE-RICH REPEATS; INTRINSIC-FACTOR XASE; HIGH-AFFINITY BINDING; PLASMA FACTOR-VIII; LIGAND-BINDING; LDL-RECEPTOR AB Regulation of the coagulation factor VIII (fVIII) level in circulation involves a hepatic receptor low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP). One of two major LRP binding sites in fVIII is located within the A2 domain (A2), likely exposed within the fVIII complex with von Willebrand factor and contributing to regulation of fVIII via LRP. This work aimed to identify A2 residues forming its LRP-binding site, previously shown to involve residues 484-509. Isolated A2 was subjected to alanine-scanning mutagenesis followed by expression of a set of mutants in a baculovirus system. In competition and surface plasmon resonance assays, affinities of A2 mutants K466A, R471A, R484A, S488A, R489A, R490A, H497A. and K499A for LRP were found to be decreased by 2-4-fold. This correlated with 1.3-1.5-fold decreases in the degree of LRP-mediated internalization of the mutants in cell culture. Combining these mutations into pairs led to cumulative effects, i.e., 7-13-fold decrease in affinity for LRP and 1.6-2.2-fold decrease in the degree of LRP-mediated internalization in cell culture. We conclude that the residues mentioned above play a key role in formation of the A2 binding epitope for LRP. Experiments in mice revealed an similar to 4.5 times shorter half-life for A2 in the circulation in comparison with that of MR. The half-lives of A2 mutant R471A/R484A or A2 co-injected with receptor-associated protein, a classical ligand of LRP, were prolonged by similar to 1.9 and similar to 3.5 times, respectively, compared to that of A2. This further confirms the importance of the mutated residues for interaction of A2 with LRP and suggests the existence of an LRP-dependent mechanism for removing A2 as a product of dissociation of activated fVIII from the circulation. C1 Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Univ Maryland, Inst Biotechnol, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Biolex Inc, Pittsboro, NC 27312 USA. Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Surg & Physiol, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. RP Sarafanov, AG (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. EM asarafanov@som.umaryland.edu FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL 72929, HL 66101] NR 78 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0006-2960 J9 BIOCHEMISTRY-US JI Biochemistry PD FEB 14 PY 2006 VL 45 IS 6 BP 1829 EP 1840 DI 10.1021/bi0520380 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 016PE UT WOS:000235631400030 PM 16460029 ER PT J AU Dudowicz, J Freed, KF Douglas, JF AF Dudowicz, J Freed, KF Douglas, JF TI Entropy theory of polymer glass formation revisited. I. General formulation SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID LATTICE CLUSTER THEORY; MONOMER MOLECULAR-STRUCTURE; ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; RANDOM COPOLYMER SYSTEMS; CONFIGURATIONAL ENTROPY; SUPERCOOLED LIQUIDS; FORMING LIQUIDS; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; PRESSURE-DEPENDENCE; POLYOLEFIN BLENDS AB A generalized entropy theory of glass formation is developed by merging the lattice cluster theory for the thermodynamics of semiflexible polymer melts at constant pressure with the Adam-Gibbs relation between the structural relaxation time and the configurational entropy. Since experimental studies have suggested that the relative rigidity of the chain backbone and the side groups is an essential parameter governing the nature of glass formation in polymers, we incorporate this rigidity disparity parameter, along with monomer structure, into our new theoretical description of the polymer fluid thermodynamics. Our entropy theory is compared with alternative theories that describe the rate of structural relaxation in glass-forming liquids in terms of an activated rate process. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Chem, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dudowicz, J (reprint author), Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. EM dudowicz@kff1.uchicago.edu; k-freed@uchicago.edu; jack.douglas@nist.gov NR 129 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 17 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD FEB 14 PY 2006 VL 124 IS 6 AR 064901 DI 10.1063/1.2166391 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 012AA UT WOS:000235309400050 PM 16483238 ER PT J AU Kunches, JM AF Kunches, JM TI Annual International Space Environment Service meeting held at Space Weather Week SO SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article C1 NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Forecast & Anal Branch, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Kunches, JM (reprint author), NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Forecast & Anal Branch, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1542-7390 J9 SPACE WEATHER JI Space Weather PD FEB 14 PY 2006 VL 4 IS 2 AR S02005 DI 10.1029/2005SW000175 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 022BD UT WOS:000236028700002 ER PT J AU Han, WQ Liu, WT Lin, JL AF Han, WQ Liu, WT Lin, JL TI Impact of atmospheric submonthly oscillations on sea surface temperature of the tropical Indian Ocean SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID INTRASEASONAL VARIABILITY; SUMMER MONSOON; MODE; CIRCULATION; CONVECTION; FLUXES AB Impacts of atmospheric intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs) at submonthly periods ( 10 - 30 days) on Indian Ocean sea surface temperature (SST) are studied using satellite observed outgoing long wave radiation, QuikSCAT winds, SST and an ocean general circulation model for the period of 1999 - 2004. The results suggest that submonthly ISOs can cause significant 10 - 30 day SST changes throughout the equatorial basin and northern Bay of Bengal, with an amplitude of as large as 0.5 degrees C and standard deviation of exceeding 0.2 degrees C for a 4-year record. Impact of the submonthly ISO associated with the Indian summer monsoon is separately examined. It is associated with basin-scale SST evolution with distinct spatial structures. The SST variation results mainly from submonthly wind forcing, which causes changes in oceanic processes and surface turbulent heat fluxes. Radiative fluxes can also have large influences in some regions for some ISO events. C1 Univ Colorado, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NOAA, Climate Diagnost Ctr, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Han, WQ (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM whan@enso.colorado.edu NR 25 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD FEB 11 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 3 AR L03609 DI 10.1029/2005GL025082 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 012TH UT WOS:000235362100006 ER PT J AU Hirsch, AI Michalak, AM Bruhwiler, LM Peters, W Dlugokencky, EJ Tans, PP AF Hirsch, AI Michalak, AM Bruhwiler, LM Peters, W Dlugokencky, EJ Tans, PP TI Inverse modeling estimates of the global nitrous oxide surface flux from 1998-2001 SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT MODELS; TRACE-GAS EMISSIONS; EUROPEAN EMISSIONS; SEASONAL-VARIATION; N2O EMISSIONS; CO2 SOURCES; COSTA-RICA; SINKS; EXCHANGE; SOILS AB [1] Measurements of nitrous oxide in air samples from 48 sites in the Cooperative Global Air Sampling Network made by NOAA/ESRL GMD CCGG ( the Carbon Cycle Greenhouse Gases group in the Global Monitoring Division at the NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory in Boulder, Colorado) and the three-dimensional chemical transport model TM3 were used to infer global nitrous oxide fluxes and their uncertainties from 1998 - 2001. Results are presented for four semihemispherical regions (90 degrees S - 30 degrees S, 30 degrees S to equator, equator to 30 degrees N, 30 degrees N - 90 degrees N) and six broad "super regions'' ( Southern Land, Southern Oceans, Tropical Land, Tropical Oceans, Northern Land, and Northern Oceans). We found that compared to our a priori estimate ( from the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme's Global Emissions Inventory Activity), the a posteriori flux was much lower from 90 degrees S - 30 degrees S and substantially higher from equator to 30 degrees N. Consistent with these results, the a posteriori flux from the Southern Oceans region was lower than the a priori estimate, while Tropical Land and Tropical Ocean estimates were higher. The ratio of Northern Hemisphere to Southern Hemisphere fluxes was found to range from 1.9 to 5.2 ( depending on the model setup), which is higher than the a priori ratio (1.5) and at the high end of previous estimates. Globally, ocean emissions contributed 26 - 36% of the total flux ( again depending on the model setup), consistent with the a priori estimate (29%), though somewhat higher than some other previous estimates. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Global Monitoring Div, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Global Monitoring Div, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway R-GMDI, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM adam.hirsch@noaa.gov RI Peters, Wouter/B-8305-2008 OI Peters, Wouter/0000-0001-8166-2070 NR 89 TC 86 Z9 89 U1 2 U2 25 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 EI 1944-9224 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD FEB 11 PY 2006 VL 20 IS 1 AR GB1008 DI 10.1029/2004GB002443 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 012TJ UT WOS:000235362400001 ER PT J AU Vinnikov, KY Grody, NC Robock, A Stouffer, RJ Jones, PD Goldberg, MD AF Vinnikov, KY Grody, NC Robock, A Stouffer, RJ Jones, PD Goldberg, MD TI Temperature trends at the surface and in the troposphere SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID MICROWAVE SOUNDING UNIT; TEMPORAL HOMOGENIZATION; AIR-TEMPERATURE; SEA-ICE; CLIMATE; MODEL; VARIABILITY; SATELLITES; ATMOSPHERE; TIMES AB This paper incorporates the latest improvements in intersatellite calibration, along with a new statistical technique, to determine the diurnal and seasonal cycles and climatic trends of 1978 - 2004 tropospheric temperature using Microwave Sounding Unit measurements. We also compare the latitudinal distribution of temperature trends from the surface and troposphere with each other and with model simulations for the past 26 years. The observations at the surface and in the troposphere are consistent with climate model simulations. At middle and high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, the zonally averaged temperature at the surface increased faster than in the troposphere while at low latitudes of both hemispheres the temperature increased more slowly at the surface than in the troposphere. The resulting global averaged tropospheric trend is + 0.20 K/ 10 yr, with a standard error of 0.05 K/ 10 yr, which compares very well with the trend obtained from surface reports. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. Univ E Anglia, Climat Res Unit, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. RP Univ Maryland, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM kostya@atmos.umd.edu; ngantique@hotmail.com; robock@envsci.rutgers.edu; ronald.stouffer@noaa.gov; p.jones@uea.ac.uk; mitch.goldberg@noaa.gov RI Vinnikov, Konstantin/F-9348-2010; Goldberg, Mitch/F-5589-2010; Jones, Philip/C-8718-2009; Robock, Alan/B-6385-2016; OI Jones, Philip/0000-0001-5032-5493; Robock, Alan/0000-0002-6319-5656 NR 35 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 11 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D3 AR D03106 DI 10.1029/2005JD006392 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 012TN UT WOS:000235362900002 ER PT J AU Kessler, WS Gourdeau, L AF Kessler, WS Gourdeau, L TI Wind-driven zonal jets in the South Pacific Ocean SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID VENTILATED THERMOCLINE; CIRCULATION; COUNTERCURRENT; TOPOGRAPHY; ISLANDS; SYSTEM; FLOW AB Zonal jets west of the large islands of the South Pacific Ocean are predicted by theory, commonly seen in ocean models with sufficiently high resolution, and are beginning to be observed. These jets are often taken to reflect the blocking effect of the islands in the South Equatorial Current through "Island Rule'' dynamics. Here it is shown that quasi-permanent structures of the basin-wide wind field imply the existence of jets formed independently of the islands. Evidence for the existence of the wind-driven jets is found in climatological geostrophic currents. The hydrographic structures that produce the jets occur well below the thermocline. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Inst Rech Dev, Noumea, New Caledonia. RP Kessler, WS (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM william.s.kessler@noaa.gov; lionel.gourdeau@noumea.ird.nc NR 22 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD FEB 10 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 3 AR L03608 DI 10.1029/2005GL025084 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 012TG UT WOS:000235362000004 ER PT J AU Ezer, T AF Ezer, T TI Topographic influence on overflow dynamics: Idealized numerical simulations and the Faroe Bank Channel overflow SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID BOTTOM BOUNDARY-LAYER; DENMARK STRAIT OVERFLOW; COORDINATE OCEAN MODELS; DEEP-WATER OVERFLOW; SATELLITE ALTIMETRY; HYDRAULIC CONTROL; SLOPING BOTTOM; NORDIC SEAS; COLD EDDIES; OUTFLOW AB [1] Properties of the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) depend on mixing that occurs in the Denmark Strait (DS) and the Faroe Bank Channel (FBC) overflow regions. How the sill's topography in those regions may affect mixing processes and downstream variability is thus investigated using a high-resolution terrain-following ocean model. Model results agree with observations that show enhanced mixing and entrainment downstream from the sill; however, mixing seems to occur over a longer distance downstream from the FBC sill and more abruptly downstream from the DS sill. Sensitivity experiments with various FBC sill widths demonstrate that the narrow sill is responsible for the enhanced mixing. The downstream flow variability, eddy propagation, and deep water properties are affected by sill width and background stratification. Similar to the laboratory overflow experiments of Cenedese et al. ( 2004), three distinct mixing regimes ( characterized by the Froude number) are identified in the FBC simulations: a steady subcritical flow regime upstream from the sill, a supercritical wave-like flow regime downstream from the sill, and an irregular eddy-dominated regime farther away from the sill. Satellite altimeter data near the FBC show cyclonic anomalies propagating along the northern slope of the channel, resembling the surface eddies associated with the overflow variability in the model. A cross-channel circulation over the FBC sill, driven by frictional bottom boundary layers, resulted in convergence/divergence zones near the southern/northern slopes and pinching/spreading of isotherms across the channel, similar to the observation-based mechanism proposed by Johnson and Sanford ( 1992). C1 Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Ezer, T (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, POB CN710,Sayre Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM ezer@splash.princeton.edu OI Ezer, Tal/0000-0002-2018-6071 NR 52 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD FEB 10 PY 2006 VL 111 IS C2 AR C02002 DI 10.1029/2005JC003195 PG 18 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 012TS UT WOS:000235363500001 ER PT J AU Li, XQ Zhang, TH Borca, CN Cundiff, ST AF Li, XQ Zhang, TH Borca, CN Cundiff, ST TI Many-body interactions in semiconductors probed by optical two-dimensional Fourier transform spectroscopy SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID GAAS QUANTUM-WELLS; FEMTOSECOND SPECTROSCOPY; SPECTRAL INTERFEROMETRY; DYNAMICS; BEATS; PHASE AB We study many-body interactions between excitons in semiconductors by applying the powerful technique of optical two-dimensional Fourier transform spectroscopy. A two-dimensional spectrum correlates the phase (frequency) evolution of the nonlinear polarization field during the initial evolution and the final detection period. A single two-dimensional spectrum can identify couplings between resonances, separate quantum mechanical pathways, and distinguish among microscopic many-body interactions. C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Li, XQ (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197 NR 27 TC 160 Z9 161 U1 1 U2 24 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 EI 1079-7114 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD FEB 10 PY 2006 VL 96 IS 5 AR 057406 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.057406 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 011FA UT WOS:000235252200082 PM 16486986 ER PT J AU Zink, BL Pietri, R Hellman, F AF Zink, BL Pietri, R Hellman, F TI Thermal conductivity and specific heat of thin-film amorphous silicon SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LOW-ENERGY EXCITATIONS; LOW-TEMPERATURES; A-SI; GLASSES; GE; PLATEAU; MODES AB We report the thermal conductivity and specific heat of amorphous silicon thin films measured from 5-300 K using silicon-nitride membrane-based microcalorimeters. Above 50 K the thermal conductivity of thin-film amorphous silicon agrees with values previously reported by other authors. However, our data show no plateau, with a low T suppression of the thermal conductivity that suggests that the scattering of long wavelength, low Q vibrations goes as Q(2). The specific heat shows Debye-like behavior below 15 K, with theta(D) = 487 +/- 5 K, and is consistent with a very small contribution of tunneling states in amorphous silicon. Above 15 K, the specific heat deviates less from Debye behavior than does its crystalline allotrope, indicating no significant excess modes (boson peak) in amorphous silicon. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Zink, BL (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM bzink@boulder.nist.gov RI MSD, Nanomag/F-6438-2012; OI Zink, Barry/0000-0001-7732-532X NR 31 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 2 U2 27 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD FEB 10 PY 2006 VL 96 IS 5 AR 055902 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.055902 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 011FA UT WOS:000235252200051 PM 16486955 ER PT J AU Cascales, JJL Otero, TF Smith, BD Gonzalez, C Marquez, M AF Cascales, JJL Otero, TF Smith, BD Gonzalez, C Marquez, M TI Model of an asymmetric DPPC/DPPS membrane: Effect of asymmetry on the lipid properties. A molecular dynamics simulation study SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID PHOSPHATIDYLSERINE BILAYER-MEMBRANES; PARTICLE MESH EWALD; MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; ION-BINDING; WATER; DIPALMITOYLPHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE; ELECTROSTATICS; DEUTERIUM; SYSTEMS; NACL AB The study of asymmetric lipid bilayers is of a crucial importance due to the great number of biological process in which they are involved such as exocytosis, intracellular fusion processes, phospholipid-protein interactions, and signal transduction pathway. In addition, the loss of this asymmetry is a hallmark of the early stages of apoptosis. In this regard, a model of an asymmetric lipid bilayer composed of DPPC and DPPS was simulated by molecular dynamics simulation. Thus, the asymmetric membrane was modeled by 264 lipids, of which 48 corresponded to DPPS- randomly distributed in the same leaflet with 96 DPPC. In the other leaflet, 120 DPPC were placed without DPPS-. Due to the presence of a net charge of -1 for the DPPS- in physiological conditions, 48 Na+ were introduced into the system to balance the charge. To ascertain whether the presence of the DPPS- in only one of the two leaflets perturbs the properties of the DPPC in the other leaflet composed only of DPPC, different properties were studied, such as the atomic density of the different components across the membrane, the electrostatic potential across the membrane, the translational diffusion of DPPC and DPPS, the deuterium order parameters, lipid hydration, and lipid-lipid charge bridges. Thus, we obtained that certain properties such as the surface area lipid molecule, lipid head orientation, order parameter, translational diffusion coefficient, or lipid hydration of DPPC in the leaflet without DPPS remain unperturbed by the presence of DPPS in the other leaflet, compared with a DPPC bilayer. On the other hand, in the leaflet containing DPPS, some of the DPPC properties were strongly affected by the presence of DPPS such as the order parameter or electrostatic potential. C1 Univ Politecn Cartagena, CEMI, Murcia 30203, Spain. Univ Notre Dame, Dept Chem & Biochem, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Chem, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. PMUSA, I NEST Grp, New Technol Res, Richmond, VA 23234 USA. RP Cascales, JJL (reprint author), Univ Politecn Cartagena, CEMI, Aulario II,Campus Alfonso XIII, Murcia 30203, Spain. EM javier.lopez@upct.es RI OTERO, TORIBIO/C-8348-2009; OI OTERO, TORIBIO/0000-0002-8517-1428; Lopez Cascales, Jose Javier/0000-0003-1071-7024 NR 32 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD FEB 9 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 5 BP 2358 EP 2363 DI 10.1021/jp0562680 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 011QX UT WOS:000235284300059 ER PT J AU Lewis, LH Yoder, D Moodenbaugh, AR Fischer, DA Yu, MH AF Lewis, LH Yoder, D Moodenbaugh, AR Fischer, DA Yu, MH TI Magnetism and the defect state in the magnetocaloric antiperovskite Mn3GaC1-delta SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article ID TRANSITION-TEMPERATURE; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; COMPOUND MN3GAC; PRESSURE; PEROVSKITE; FIELD; MN3GA1-XALXC; MANGANESE; LATTICE; SPIN AB Magnetic and spectroscopic techniques were used to study the intermetallic antiperovskite Mn3GaC. An anti ferromagnetic-ferromagnetic magnetostructural transition at 160 K underlies a remarkable magnetocaloric effect; these phenomena are suppressed in the substoichiometric composition Mn3GaC1-delta. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) data reported for three compositions Mn3GaC1-delta, delta = 0, 0.10, 0.22, are the basis for drawing inferences concerning the mechanism controlling magnetic order as a function of carbon stoichiometry. While the temperature dependence of the Mn3GaC carbon K edge reveals no observable change across the first-order magnetic transition, a clear splitting of the carbon absorption bands is observed that increases with increasing carbon deficiency. The room temperature Mn and Ga K edges indicate no significant variation with C content. FEFF 8.2 code calculations are in good qualitative agreement with data for the stoichiometric sample, but do not predict the changes in XAS observed in C-deficient samples. These results and the Goodenough-Anderson-Kanamori rules are the basis for a phenomenological model that attributes the carbon content dependence of the low temperature transition to the promotion of weak near-neighbour 90 degrees Mn-Mn pairs in the carbon-deficient compound over the stronger 180 degrees Mn-C-Mn interaction, locking in dominant ferromagnetism at low temperatures. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Mat Sci, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lewis, LH (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Mat Sci, Bldg 480, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM LHLewis@bnl.gov OI Moodenbaugh, Arnold/0000-0002-3415-6762 NR 33 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 3 U2 20 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-8984 J9 J PHYS-CONDENS MAT JI J. Phys.-Condes. Matter PD FEB 8 PY 2006 VL 18 IS 5 BP 1677 EP 1686 DI 10.1088/0953-8984/18/5/020 PG 10 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 020PG UT WOS:000235921400023 ER PT J AU Levin, I Cockayne, E Lufaso, MW Woicik, JC Maslar, JE AF Levin, I Cockayne, E Lufaso, MW Woicik, JC Maslar, JE TI Local structures and Raman spectra in the Ca(Zr,Ti)O-3 perovskite solid solutions SO CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID ABSORPTION FINE-STRUCTURE; BOND LENGTHS; SCATTERING; SPECTROSCOPY; ALLOYS; CATIO3 AB Local structures and cation distributions in perovskite Ca(Zr,Ti)O-3 solid solutions were analyzed using X-ray absorption fine structure and pair-distribution functions obtained from total neutron scattering. The analyses revealed that the Zr-O and Ti-O bond distances in the solid solutions remain distinct and close to their respective values in the end-compounds, CaZrO3 and CaTiO3. The structural strain in the solid solutions, which results from the ionic size mismatch between Zr and Ti, is accommodated by adjustment of the tilting angles for the different [BO6] octahedra. Additionally, the octahedra are distorted by bending, which affects the O-O distances while preserving a uniform distribution of the B-O distances. Combined experimental and theoretical analyses of Raman spectra demonstrated that high-frequency modes associated with the breathing of oxygen octahedra arise even in the nearly disordered solid solutions. Our results suggest a coexistence of both localized and extended Raman-active breathing vibrations, associated with the octahedra hosting the minority and majority B-cations, respectively. For the dilute solid solutions (< 25 at. %), these modes yield two well-resolved Raman peaks. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Levin, I (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM igor.levin@nist.gov RI Levin, Igor/F-8588-2010; Lufaso, Michael/A-8400-2009 OI Lufaso, Michael/0000-0001-7842-6982 NR 31 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 24 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0897-4756 J9 CHEM MATER JI Chem. Mat. PD FEB 7 PY 2006 VL 18 IS 3 BP 854 EP 860 DI 10.1021/cm0523438 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 010HB UT WOS:000235177100040 ER PT J AU Fry, D Langhorst, B Wang, H Becker, ML Bauer, BJ Grulke, EA Hobbie, EK AF Fry, D Langhorst, B Wang, H Becker, ML Bauer, BJ Grulke, EA Hobbie, EK TI Rheo-optical studies of carbon nanotube suspensions SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SIMPLE SHEAR-FLOW; FIBER SUSPENSIONS; ORIENTATION; BIREFRINGENCE; FLOCCULATION; RHEOMETRY AB We use a polarization-modulation technique to investigate the optical anisotropy of multi- and single-wall carbon nanotubes suspended in a variety of solvents under simple shear flow. Measurements of birefringence and dichroism are performed as a function of shear rate, tube concentration, and solvent viscosity. At fixed volume fraction, the anisotropy increases with increasing shear stress due to enhanced flow alignment. At fixed shear stress, the anisotropy increases with volume fraction due to rotational excluded-volume interactions. By considering the rotational diffusivity as a function of nanotube length, diameter, concentration, and solvent viscosity, we demonstrate a leading-order scaling relation for the optical anisotropy in terms of rotary Peclet number Pe. At low Pe, our results are in qualitative agreement with the theoretical predictions of Doi and Edwards. At high Pe, our data suggest that the degree of nanotube alignment scales as Pe(1/6). (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Univ Kentucky, Dept Chem Engn, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. RP Fry, D (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM erik.hobbie@nist.gov RI Hobbie, Erik/C-8269-2013 NR 34 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 17 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD FEB 7 PY 2006 VL 124 IS 5 AR 054703 DI 10.1063/1.2159488 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 010FA UT WOS:000235171100053 PM 16468897 ER PT J AU Haber, T Blair, AC Nesbitt, DJ Schuder, MD AF Haber, T Blair, AC Nesbitt, DJ Schuder, MD TI CH stretch/internal rotor dynamics in ethyl radical: High-resolution spectroscopy in the CH3-stretch manifold SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID PLASMA-ETCHING SILICON; INFRARED-SPECTRUM; INTERNAL-ROTATION; ALKYL RADICALS; LASER SPECTROSCOPY; AB-INITIO; METHYL; DISCHARGE; JET; FREQUENCIES AB High-resolution IR absorption spectra of supersonically cooled ethyl radicals (T-rot approximate to 20 K) have been obtained in a slit supersonic jet discharge expansion, revealing first rotationally resolved data for CH-stretch excitation of the methyl group. Three different vibrational bands are observed, one parallel (k=0 <- 0) and two perpendicular (parallel to k parallel to=1 <- 0), which for a nearly decoupled methyl rotor framework would correspond to symmetric and (nearly degenerate) asymmetric CH-stretch excitations. However, the splitting between the two asymmetric CH-stretch excitations is anomalously large (approximate to 125 cm(-1)), signaling the presence of interactions between the CH2 radical moiety and the opposing CH bond on the methyl group. This suggests an improved zeroth-order vibrational description as an isolated CH stretch, strongly redshifted by hyperconjugation, with localized vibrations in the remaining CH bonds split into symmetric and asymmetric stretches. Such a dynamical picture highlights a remarkably strong coupling between methyl CH-stretch vibrations and C-C torsional geometry and begins to elucidate discrepancies with previous matrix observations. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Carroll Coll, Dept Chem, Waukesha, WI 53186 USA. RP Nesbitt, DJ (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM djn@jila.colorado.edu NR 66 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD FEB 7 PY 2006 VL 124 IS 5 AR 054316 DI 10.1063/1.2140740 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 010FA UT WOS:000235171100034 PM 16468878 ER PT J AU Laurel, BJ Brown, JA AF Laurel, BJ Brown, JA TI Influence of cruising and ambush predators on 3-dimensional habitat use in age 0 juvenile Atlantic cod Gadus morhua SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aggregation; eelgrass; habitat use; predator-prey interactions; predator risk ID COASTAL WATERS; FISH PREDATORS; MINNOW SHOALS; PREY; BEHAVIOR; RISK; ANTIPREDATOR; DENSITY; SIZE; SETTLEMENT AB Predators and prey often co-exist at high densities within the same habitat, yet the behavioural and spatial dynamics underlying this co-existence are not well known. To better understand small-scale, predator-prey co-occurrence, the spatial patterns and behaviour of age 0 juvenile cod Gadus morhua 75-88 mm SL and two of their known predators, age 2+ cod and short-horn sculpin Myoxocephalus scorpinus, were examined in two habitats (i.e., sand and eelgrass) using three-dimensional video analysis. Both habitat and predator type interacted to result in unique spatial patterns of prey. Spatial overlap between predators and prey was highest in open habitat in the presence of the cruising predator but lowest in the presence of sculpin in the same habitat. In eelgrass, age 0 cod avoided predators primarily along the vertical axis (i.e., distance off bottom). Age 0 cod stayed above eelgrass in the presence of sculpin but lowered themselves into the eelgrass while in the presence of predator cod. Anti-predator behaviour (i.e., predator-prey distance, prey cohesion and freezing) was significantly reduced over eelgrass compared to sand, suggesting eelgrass has lower 'inherent risk' than open habitats. However, predator consumption was similar across all treatments, suggesting that, 1) complex habitat also impairs the visual cues needed for anti-predator behaviour (e.g., schooling) and assessing the location of predators, and 2) predators change their behaviour with habitat to enhance their opportunities for finding and capturing prey. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Mem Univ Newfoundland, Ctr Ocean Sci, St John, NF A1C 5S7, Canada. RP Laurel, BJ (reprint author), Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NOAA, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr,NMFS, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM blaurel@mun.ca NR 53 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD FEB 7 PY 2006 VL 329 IS 1 BP 34 EP 46 DI 10.1016/j.jembe.2005.08.003 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 013GJ UT WOS:000235397500004 ER PT J AU Green, BS Anthony, KRN McCormick, MI AF Green, BS Anthony, KRN McCormick, MI TI Position of egg within a clutch is linked to size at hatching in a demersal tropical fish SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE coral-reef fish; development; maternal effect; micro-optode; respiration ID CORAL-REEF FISH; EMBRYONIC-DEVELOPMENT; PARENTAL INVESTMENT; WATER TEMPERATURE; OXYGEN; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; MICROSENSORS; RESPIRATION; CONSTRAINTS; PATTERNS AB Size variation among propagules is ubiquitous and small initial differences in size can be critical to survival, particularly in taxa where initial survival is variable and strongly size-dependent. Despite this, the sources of size variation among fish at hatching are, rarely investigated. This study examined spatial position within egg clutches as a source of size variation at hatching of the benthic spawning fish Amphiprion melanopus. We quantified within-clutch size variation at hatching and found that newly hatched larvae from the periphery (5 mm from edge) of 2-dimensional clutches were smaller in standard length, cranial depth, eye diameter and body area (7%, 8%, 4% and 11%, respectively) than larvae from the interior positions within clutches. To investigate the source of this variation, sizes of embryos at different locations with clutches were measured within 2 h of fertilisation (8 d before hatching). Newly laid embryos from the clutch periphery were smaller in length and volume than embryos from the clutch interior (> 2% and 4-6%, respectively). These eggs from the periphery also had a 33% lower rate of oxygen consumption than did embryos from the clutch interior, throughout development. The relationships between position within a clutch and egg size, oxygen consumption and larval size imply that size variation in larval fish at hatching is partly generated during early embryogenesis, either from maternal endowment or maternal nest design, and was amplified throughout development. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 James Cook Univ N Queensland, Sch Marine Biol & Aquaculture, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. RP Green, BS (reprint author), NOAA, NMFS, Howard Marine Sci Lab, 74 Magruder Rd, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. EM bridget.green@noaa.gov RI Anthony, Kenneth/G-4299-2011; Green, Bridget/G-3368-2014; McCormick, Mark/J-8301-2014 OI Green, Bridget/0000-0001-8214-6430; McCormick, Mark/0000-0001-9289-1645 NR 39 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD FEB 7 PY 2006 VL 329 IS 1 BP 144 EP 152 DI 10.1016/j.jembe.2005.08.012 PG 9 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 013GJ UT WOS:000235397500014 ER PT J AU Berry, JJ Stevens, MJ Mirin, RP Silverman, KL AF Berry, JJ Stevens, MJ Mirin, RP Silverman, KL TI High-resolution spectral hole burning in InGaAs-GaAs quantum dots SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article AB We report the use of continuous wave spectral hole burning to perform high-resolution spectroscopy of the homogeneous linewidth of self-assembled InGaAs-GaAs quantum dots at low temperature. We use this technique to examine the power broadening behavior of the homogeneous InGaAs-GaAs quantum dot line. We find that at a temperature of 9.8 K and over the majority of the pump powers considered, the spectral hole signal is well fit by a single Lorentizian line shape. Analysis of the power broadening yields a full width at half maximum of 0.74 mu eV for the homogeneous linewidth and a corresponding coherence time T-2 of 1.76 ns. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Berry, JJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. OI Mirin, Richard/0000-0002-4472-4655 NR 11 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD FEB 6 PY 2006 VL 88 IS 6 AR 061114 DI 10.1063/1.2172291 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 011FF UT WOS:000235252800014 ER PT J AU Dash, C Marino, JP Le Grice, SFJ AF Dash, C Marino, JP Le Grice, SFJ TI Examining Ty3 polypurine tract structure and function by nucleoside analog interference SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID HIV-1 REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTASE; HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; COLI RIBONUCLEASE HI; STRAND DNA-SYNTHESIS; RNASE-H; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; TEMPLATE-PRIMER; RETROTRANSPOSON TY3; ANGSTROM RESOLUTION AB We have combined nucleoside analog interference with chemical footprinting, thermal denaturation, NMR spectroscopy, and biochemical studies to understand recognition of the polypurine tract (PPT) primer of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae long terminal repeatcontaining retrotransposon Ty3 by its cognate reverse transcriptase. Locked nucleic acid analogs, which constrain sugar ring geometry, were introduced pairwise throughout the PPT (-)-DNA template, whereas abasic tetrahydrofuran linkages, which lack the nucleobase but preserve the sugar phosphate backbone, were introduced throughout the (-)-strand DNA template and (+)-strand RNA primer. Collectively, our data suggest that both the 5'- and 3'-portions of the PPT-containing RNA/DNA hybrid are sensitive to nucleoside analog substitution, whereas the intervening region can be modified without altering cleavage specificity. These two regions most likely correspond to portions of the PPT that make close contact with the Ty3 reverse transcriptase thumb subdomain and RNase H catalytic center, respectively. Achieving a similar phenotype with nucleoside analogs that have different effects on duplex geometry reveals structural features that are important mediators of Ty3 PPT recognition. Finally, the results from introducing tetrahydrofuran lesions around the scissile PPT/unique 3'-sequence junction indicate that template nucleobase -1 is dispensable for catalysis. C1 NCI, Resistance Mech Lab, HIV Drug Resistance Program, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Inst Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Le Grice, SFJ (reprint author), NCI, Resistance Mech Lab, HIV Drug Resistance Program, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. EM slegrice@ncifcrf.gov FU Intramural NIH HHS; NIGMS NIH HHS [GM59107] NR 49 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3996 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD FEB 3 PY 2006 VL 281 IS 5 BP 2773 EP 2783 DI 10.1074/jbc.M510369200 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 006XT UT WOS:000234931800044 PM 16306041 ER PT J AU Kuzmanovic, DA Elashvili, I Wick, C O'Connell, C Krueger, S AF Kuzmanovic, DA Elashvili, I Wick, C O'Connell, C Krueger, S TI The MS2 coat protein shell is likely assembled under tension: A novel role for the MS2 bacteriophage A protein as revealed by small-angle neutron scattering SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bacteriophage MS2; contrast variation; MS2 A protein; RNA ejection; small-angle neutron scattering ID CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; A-PROTEIN; RIBONUCLEIC-ACID; RNA PHAGE; X-RAY; BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES; 3.5-ANGSTROM RESOLUTION; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; COLIPHAGE MS2 AB Recombinant forms of the bacteriophage MS2 and its RNA-free (empty) MS2 capsid were analyzed in solution to determine if RNA content and/or the A (or maturation) protein play a role in the global arrangement of the virus protein shell. Analysis of the (coat) protein shell of recombinant versions of MS2 that lack the A protein revealed dramatic differences compared to wild-type MS2 in solution. Specifically, A protein-deficient virus particles form a protein shell of between 31 (+/- 1) and 37(+/- 1) angstrom. This is considerably thicker than the protein shell formed by either the wild-type MS2 or the RNA-free MS2 capsid, whose protein shells have a thickness of 21(+/- 1) angstrom and 25(+/- 1) angstrom, respectively. Since the A protein is known to separate from the intact MS2 protein shell after infection, the thin shell form of MS2 represents the pre-infection state, while the post-infection state is thick. Interestingly, these A protein-dependent differences in the virus protein shell are not seen using crystallography, as the crystallization process seems to artificially compact the wild-type MS2 virion. Furthermore, when the A protein is absent from the virus shell (post-infection), the process of crystallization exerts sufficient force to convert the protein shell from the post-infection (thick) state to the pre-infection (thin) conformation. In summary, the data are consistent with the idea that RNA content or amount does not affect the structure of the MS2 virus shell. Rather, the A protein influences the global arrangement of the virus coat dramatically, possibly by mediating the storage of energy or tension within the protein shell during virus assembly. This tension may later be used to eject the MS2 genomic RNA and A protein fragments into the host during infection. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Edgewood Chem Biol Ctr, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010 USA. RP Krueger, S (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8562, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM susan.krueger@nist.gov NR 84 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 16 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0022-2836 J9 J MOL BIOL JI J. Mol. Biol. PD FEB 3 PY 2006 VL 355 IS 5 BP 1095 EP 1111 DI 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.11.040 PG 17 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 006QU UT WOS:000234912800021 PM 16359706 ER PT J AU Gasparovic, G Ott, RA Cho, JH Chou, FC Chu, Y Lynn, JW Lee, YS AF Gasparovic, G Ott, RA Cho, JH Chou, FC Chu, Y Lynn, JW Lee, YS TI Neutron scattering study of novel magnetic order in Na0.5CoO2 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PHASE-TRANSITIONS; DIFFRACTION; NAXCOO2 AB We report polarized and unpolarized neutron scattering measurements of the magnetic order in single crystals of Na0.5CoO2. Our data indicate that below T-N = 88 K the spins form a novel antiferromagnetic pattern within the CoO2 planes, consisting of alternating rows of ordered and nonordered Co ions. The domains of magnetic order appear to be closely coupled to the domains of Na ion order, consistent with such a twofold symmetric spin arrangement. Magnetoresistance and anisotropic susceptibility measurements further support this model for the electronic ground state. C1 MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. MIT, Ctr Mat Sci & Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Pusan Natl Univ, RCDAMP, Pusan 609735, South Korea. Pusan Natl Univ, Dept Phys, Pusan 609735, South Korea. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gasparovic, G (reprint author), MIT, Dept Phys, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. NR 17 TC 62 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD FEB 3 PY 2006 VL 96 IS 4 AR 046403 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.046403 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 009AN UT WOS:000235083600065 PM 16486856 ER PT J AU Masuda, T Zheludev, A Manaka, H Regnault, LP Chung, JH Qiu, Y AF Masuda, T Zheludev, A Manaka, H Regnault, LP Chung, JH Qiu, Y TI Dynamics of composite haldane spin chains in IPA-CuCl3 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID NEUTRON SPECTROMETERS; MAGNETIC EXCITATIONS; LADDER; GAP; (CH3)(2)CHNH3CUCL3; SCATTERING; STATE AB Magnetic excitations in the quasi-one-dimensional antiferromagnet IPA-CuCl3 are studied by cold neutron inelastic scattering. Strongly dispersive gap excitations are observed. Contrary to previously proposed models, the system is best described as an asymmetric quantum spin ladder. The observed spectrum is interpreted in terms of composite Haldane spin chains. The key difference from actual S=1 chains is a sharp cutoff of the single-magnon spectrum at a certain critical wave vector. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Kagoshima Univ, Grad Sch Sci & Engn, Kagoshima 8900065, Japan. CEA Grenoble, DRFMC, SPSMS, MDN, F-38054 Grenoble 9, France. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NCNR, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Masuda, T (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM tmasuda@yokohama-cu.ac.jp; zheludevai@ornl.gov NR 23 TC 86 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 EI 1079-7114 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD FEB 3 PY 2006 VL 96 IS 4 AR 047210 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.047210 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 009AN UT WOS:000235083600099 PM 16486890 ER PT J AU Ye, F Dai, PC Fernandez-Baca, JA Sha, H Lynn, JW Kawano-Furukawa, H Tomioka, Y Tokura, Y Zhang, JD AF Ye, F Dai, PC Fernandez-Baca, JA Sha, H Lynn, JW Kawano-Furukawa, H Tomioka, Y Tokura, Y Zhang, JD TI Evolution of spin-wave excitations in ferromagnetic metallic manganites SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MAGNETORESISTANCE; ZONE; DYNAMICS AB Neutron scattering results are presented for spin-wave excitations of three ferromagnetic metallic A(1-x)A(x)(')MnO(3) manganites (where A and A(') are rare- and alkaline-earth-metal ions), which when combined with previous work elucidate the systematics of the interactions as a function of carrier concentration x, on-site disorder, and strength of the lattice distortion. The long-wavelength spin dynamics show only a very weak dependence across the series. The ratio of fourth to first neighbor exchange (J(4)/J(1)) that controls the zone boundary magnon softening changes systematically with x, but does not depend on the other parameters. None of the prevailing models can account for these behaviors. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Ctr Neutron Scattering, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Florida Int Univ, Dept Phys, Miami, FL 33199 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Ochanomizu Univ, Dept Phys, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1128610, Japan. CERC, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050046, Japan. Univ Tokyo, Dept Appl Phys, Tokyo 1138656, Japan. RP Ye, F (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Ctr Neutron Scattering, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM daip@ornl.gov RI Sha, Hao/D-8107-2011; Ye, Feng/B-3210-2010; Dai, Pengcheng /C-9171-2012; Tokura, Yoshinori/C-7352-2009; Fernandez-Baca, Jaime/C-3984-2014; Kawano-Furukawa, Hazuki/M-7695-2016; Kawano-Furukawa, Hazuki/M-7646-2016 OI Ye, Feng/0000-0001-7477-4648; Dai, Pengcheng /0000-0002-6088-3170; Fernandez-Baca, Jaime/0000-0001-9080-5096; Kawano-Furukawa, Hazuki/0000-0003-4713-3727; Kawano-Furukawa, Hazuki/0000-0003-4713-3727 NR 27 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD FEB 3 PY 2006 VL 96 IS 4 AR 047204 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.047204 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 009AN UT WOS:000235083600093 PM 16486884 ER PT J AU Feingold, G Furrer, R Pilewskie, P Remer, LA Min, QL Jonsson, H AF Feingold, G Furrer, R Pilewskie, P Remer, LA Min, QL Jonsson, H TI Aerosol indirect effect studies at Southern Great Plains during the May 2003 Intensive Operations Period SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID CLOUD OPTICAL DEPTH; SATELLITE; ALBEDO; INSTRUMENT; RADIOMETER; STRATUS; MICROPHYSICS; PARAMETERS; TRANSPORT; POLLUTION AB During May 2003 the Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program conducted an Intensive Operations Period (IOP) to measure the radiative effects of aerosol and clouds. A suite of both in situ and remote sensing measurements were available to measure aerosol and cloud parameters. This paper has three main goals: First, it focuses on comparison between in situ retrievals of the radiatively important drop effective radius r(e) and various satellite, airborne, and surface remote sensing retrievals of the same parameter. On 17 May 2003, there was a fortuitous, near-simultaneous sampling of a stratus cloud by five different methods. The retrievals of r(e) agree with one another to within similar to 20%, which is approximately the error estimate for most methods. Second, a methodology for deriving a best estimate of r(e) from these different instruments, with their different physical properties and sampling volumes, is proposed and applied to the 17 May event. Third, the paper examines the response of r(e) to changes in aerosol on 3 days during the experiment and examines the consistency of remote sensing and in situ measurements of the effect of aerosol on r(e). It is shown that in spite of the generally good agreement in derived r(e), the magnitude of the response of r(e) to changes in aerosol is quite sensitive to the method of retrieving r(e) and to the aerosol proxy for cloud condensation nuclei. Nonphysical responses are sometimes noted, and it is suggested that further work needs to be done to refine these techniques. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Programm Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. SUNY Albany, Atmospher Sci Res Ctr, Albany, NY 12203 USA. USN, Postgrad Sch, Ctr Disciplinary Remotely Piloted Aircraft Studie, Monterey, CA 93933 USA. RP Feingold, G (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM graham.feingold@noaa.gov; furrer@ucar.edu; peter.pilewskie@lasp.colorado.edu; lorraine.a.remer@nasa.gov; min@asrc.cestm.albany.edu; hjonsson@nps.edu RI Furrer, Reinhard/A-4580-2011; Feingold, Graham/B-6152-2009; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Furrer, Reinhard/0000-0002-6319-2332; NR 43 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 2 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D5 AR D05S14 DI 10.1029/2004JD005648 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 010BH UT WOS:000235157900001 ER PT J AU Price, WJ Leigh, SA Hsu, SM Patten, TE Liu, GY AF Price, WJ Leigh, SA Hsu, SM Patten, TE Liu, GY TI Measuring the size dependence of Young's modulus using force modulation atomic force microscopy SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; CARBON NANOTUBES; QUANTUM DOTS; THIN-FILMS; NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS; ELASTICITY MEASUREMENTS; SEMICONDUCTOR CLUSTERS; CONTINUUM MODELS; LINE TENSION; IN-SITU AB The dependence of the local Young's modulus of organic thin films on the size of the domains at the nanometer scale is systematically investigated. Using atomic force microscopy (AFM) based imaging and lithography, nanostructures with designed size, shape, and functionality are preengineered, e.g., nanostructures of octadecanethiols inlaid in decanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). These nanostructures are characterized using AFM, followed by force modulation spectroscopy and microscopy measurements. Young's modulus is then extracted from these measurements using a continuum mechanics model. The apparent Young's modulus is found to decrease nonlinearly with the decreasing size of these nanostructures. This systematic study presents conclusive evidence of the size dependence of elasticity in the nanoregime. The approach utilized may be applied to study the size-dependent behavior of various materials and other mechanical properties. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Chem, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Liu, GY (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Chem, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 68 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 18 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD FEB 2 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 4 BP 1382 EP 1388 DI 10.1021/jp0544540 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 010MF UT WOS:000235198100019 PM 16435798 ER PT J AU Hu, M Petrova, H Chen, JY McLellan, JM Siekkinen, AR Marquez, M Li, XD Xia, YN Hartland, GV AF Hu, M Petrova, H Chen, JY McLellan, JM Siekkinen, AR Marquez, M Li, XD Xia, YN Hartland, GV TI Ultrafast laser studies of the photothermal properties of gold nanocages SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Letter ID METAL NANOPARTICLES; SHELL NANOPARTICLES; THERMAL TRANSPORT; SILVER NANOCUBES; HEAT DISSIPATION; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; AU PARTICLES; NANORODS; TIME; SPECTROSCOPY AB An nanocages were synthesized via a galvanic replacement reaction. The extinction peak of these hollow structured particles is shifted into the near-IR compared with the Ag nanocube templates. Energy transfer from the An nanocages into the surrounding environment (water) as well as the coherently excited vibrational modes of the nanocages were studied by femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy. The time scale for energy relaxation was found to increase with the size of the particles, with the relaxation time being independent of the laser intensity. The time scales for relaxation are comparable to those for solid spherical gold particles and are consistent with energy relaxation being controlled by heat dissipation in the solvent. The period of the coherently excited vibrational mode is proportional to the dimensions of the nanocages. Intensity-dependent measurements show that in solution the nanocages maintain their integrity up to lattice temperatures of I 1100 +/- 100 K. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Chem, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Philip Morris Inc, Res Ctr, INEST Grp, Richmond, VA 23234 USA. Univ Notre Dame, Dept Chem & Biochem, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. NIST, NCTCN Ctr, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Bioengn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Xia, YN (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Chem, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM xia@chem.washington.edu; hartland.1@nd.edu RI Li, Xingde/F-7663-2012; Xia, Younan/E-8499-2011; Chen, Jingyi/E-7168-2010 OI Chen, Jingyi/0000-0003-0012-9640 NR 31 TC 63 Z9 65 U1 9 U2 41 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD FEB 2 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 4 BP 1520 EP 1524 DI 10.1021/jp0571628 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 010MH UT WOS:000235198300007 PM 16471708 ER PT J AU Pratt, KW Duewer, DL AF Pratt, KW Duewer, DL TI Visualization technique for uncertainty budgets: Onion charts SO ACCREDITATION AND QUALITY ASSURANCE LA English DT Article DE graphical tool; onion chart; pH metrology; pie chart; uncertainty analysis AB A concise graphical depiction, the "onion" chart, is described for presenting uncertainty budgets for any measurand, y, having a set of component variances, u(i)(2)(y). The onion chart consists of a concentric series of rings. Each ring is constructed from the set of fractional contributions, u(i)(2)(y)/Sigma u(i)(2)(y). The outer ring includes all u(i)(2)(y) and depicts the combined standard uncertainty, u(c)(y), where u(c)(2)(y) equivalent to Sigma u(i)(2)(y). Moving inward, each successive ring deletes the largest remaining u(i)(2)(y). A "reduced" Sigma u(i)(2)(y) is calculated for that ring from the remaining set of u(i)(2)(y), with the fractional contributions calculated using the "reduced" Sigma u(i)(2)(y). This format facilitates rapid visual comparison of the importance of each component, with minor components becoming visible as the larger components are successively deleted. An example is presented using data from pH metrology, including the physical interpretation of the resulting diagram. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pratt, KW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8391, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM kenneth.pratt@nist.gov RI Duewer, David/B-7410-2008 NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0949-1775 J9 ACCREDIT QUAL ASSUR JI Accredit. Qual. Assur. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 10 IS 10 BP 527 EP 530 DI 10.1007/s00769-005-0035-2 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 013XZ UT WOS:000235444600003 ER PT J AU Emons, H Fajgelj, A van der Veen, AMH Watters, R AF Emons, H Fajgelj, A van der Veen, AMH Watters, R TI New definitions on reference materials SO ACCREDITATION AND QUALITY ASSURANCE LA English DT Article DE reference material; certified reference material; terminology; harmonization C1 Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr, Inst Reference Mat & Measurements, B-2440 Geel, Belgium. IAEA, Seibersdorf, Austria. IAEA Headquarters, A-1400 Vienna, Austria. NMi, NL-2629 JA Delft, Netherlands. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MA USA. RP Emons, H (reprint author), Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr, Inst Reference Mat & Measurements, Retieseweg 111, B-2440 Geel, Belgium. EM hendrik.emons@cec.eu.int NR 3 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0949-1775 J9 ACCREDIT QUAL ASSUR JI Accredit. Qual. Assur. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 10 IS 10 BP 576 EP 578 DI 10.1007/s00769-006-0089-9 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 013XZ UT WOS:000235444600012 ER PT J AU O'Brien, EP White, CC Vogt, BD AF O'Brien, EP White, CC Vogt, BD TI Correlating interfacial moisture content and adhesive fracture energy of polymer coatings on different surfaces SO ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID LOADED BLISTER TEST; SILANE COUPLING AGENT; WATER-ADSORPTION; DELAMINATION BEHAVIOR; SUBSTRATE INTERFACE; NEUTRON REFLECTION; SILICON-WAFERS; FILM; MEMBRANE; LAYERS C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20898 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20898 USA. Eastman Chem Co, Kingsport, TN 37662 USA. RP O'Brien, EP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20898 USA. EM cwhite@nist.gov; bryan.vogt@nist.gov RI Vogt, Bryan/H-1986-2012 OI Vogt, Bryan/0000-0003-1916-7145 NR 30 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 16 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1438-1656 J9 ADV ENG MATER JI Adv. Eng. Mater. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 8 IS 1-2 BP 114 EP 118 DI 10.1002/adem.200500164 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 018SQ UT WOS:000235785500020 ER PT J AU Cooper, DI Leclerc, MY Archuleta, J Coulter, R Eichinger, WE Kao, CYJ Nappo, CJ AF Cooper, D. I. Leclerc, M. Y. Archuleta, J. Coulter, R. Eichinger, W. E. Kao, C. Y. J. Nappo, C. J. TI Mass exchange in the stable boundary layer by coherent structures SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE lidar; stable boundary layer; turbulence; intermittency; waves; wave-turbulence interactions; nocturnal surface-atmosphere exchange; wave and atmospheric gaseous exchange ID INTERNAL GRAVITY-WAVES; LOW-LEVEL JET; WATER-VAPOR; SOLITARY WAVES; SURFACE-LAYER; TURBULENCE; LIDAR; INSTABILITIES; CONVECTION; ATMOSPHERE AB Observations of multi-dimensional water vapor structures in the first 75 m of the stable boundary layer (SBL) were made using a high resolution scanning Raman lidar in October 2000 during the Vertical Transport and Mixing Experiment (VTMX). Lidar images reveal the intermittent presence of plumes and low-frequency structures contributing to much of the nocturnal surface- atmosphere mass exchange. Furthermore, periodic wave-turbulence interactions between solitary waves aloft and coherent structures at the surface were observed. Results show that when low-level waveguides are present in the SBL, downward transport by pressure fluctuations arising from Kelvin-Helmholz instabilities hundreds of meters above the surface appears to pump energy near the surface thereby supporting the development of coherent structures. These structures have a vertical extent determined by the depth of the low-level waveguide inversion. The present results suggest that, in certain nocturnal conditions, coherent structures can transport more than a third of the mass exchanged between the surface and the lowest region of the stable atmospheric boundary layer. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Univ Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. Univ Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NOAA, ATDD, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. RP Cooper, DI (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, MS J577, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM Dcooper@lanl.gov NR 52 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 EI 1873-2240 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD FEB 1 PY 2006 VL 136 IS 3-4 BP 114 EP 131 DI 10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.12.012 PG 18 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 045MA UT WOS:000237745000005 ER PT J AU Meyers, TP Luke, WT Meisinger, JJ AF Meyers, TP Luke, WT Meisinger, JJ TI Fluxes of ammonia and sulfate over maize using relaxed eddy accumulation SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE eddy accumulation method; LAI; teflon filters ID DRY DEPOSITION; GRADIENT MEASUREMENTS; PARTICLE DEPOSITION; PARTICULATE SULFUR; TOBACCO TRICHOMES; ROUGH SURFACES; NITRIC-ACID; EXCHANGE; ATMOSPHERE; NITROGEN AB The dry deposition of fine aerosol sulfate and ammonia was measured over maize using the relaxed eddy accumulation method (REA). This micrometeorological method determines the flux by sampling the concentrations in the "updraft" and "downdraft" eddy motions, with the flux being proportional to the difference in concentration between the "up" and "down" concentrations. The fine aerosol fraction and gas phase components were separated using annular denuders followed by filterpacks using Teflon filters. Measurements were made when the leaf area index was low (similar to 1) and later when the canopy was fully developed(LAI similar to 4) to evaluate the role of LAI on the aerosol deposition velocity. The deposition measurements of sulfate aerosol yielded daytime deposition velocities larger than expected (similar to 2 cm s(-1)) from short crops but consistent with other field measurements over forests. Over a young fertilized stand of maize with a leaf area index of similar to 1, large emissions of ammonia were observed for several days following the surface application of urea containing fertilizer. Measurements over a fully developed canopy with a leaf area index of about 4, showed both deposition and emission events. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. USDA ARS, Anim & Nat Resource Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Meyers, TP (reprint author), NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, 456 S Illinois Ave, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. EM Tilden.Meyers@noaa.gov; Winston.Luke@noaa.gov; meisingj@anri.barc.usda.gov RI Meyers, Tilden/C-6633-2016; Luke, Winston/D-1594-2016 OI Luke, Winston/0000-0002-1993-2241 NR 58 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD FEB 1 PY 2006 VL 136 IS 3-4 BP 203 EP 213 DI 10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.10.005 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 045MA UT WOS:000237745000011 ER PT J AU Hicks, BB AF Hicks, BB TI Dry deposition to forests - On the use of data from clearings SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE dry deposition; forests; clearings; inferential methodology; resistances; gas transfer ID INFERENTIAL MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES; VELOCITIES; SO2 AB To quantify dry deposition rates to forest canopies normally requires the use of a tower erected so that measurements can be made above the treetops, as well as often within the canopy. However, wet deposition protocols call for deployment of instruments in forest clearings. The question arises as to whether forest clearing measurements can be used to estimate dry deposition rates to the surrounding forest canopy. A trial program was implemented in the 1980s, to explore this possibility. Two nearby sites were set up at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, as part of the Dry Deposition Inferential Method network, now a component of the Atmospheric Integrated Research Monitoring Network (AIRMoN). One site was a tower extending to about 35 m above the floor of a mixed deciduous forest, with trees about 27 m tall. The second site was in the forest clearing used for measurements under the protocols of the National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP). The data indicate that clearing concentrations of SO2, SO42-, and HNO3 are consistently and significantly different from those above the forest, as measured at the nearby tower. In addition, turbulence data obtained in the clearing do not lead to estimates of deposition velocities like those derived from the tower instrumentation. The data indicate that the ratio F-1/F-c (where F-1 is the dry deposition rate to the forest canopy and F-c is that of the same chemical to the clearing) varies with the chemical species of interest, and with the time of year in a manner that suggests a direct linkage with the leaf area index of the canopy. On the average, F-f/F-c, appears to be slightly above 2.0 for SO2 and HNO3, and slightly below 2.0 for SO42-. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Hicks, BB (reprint author), NOAA, Air Resources Lab, 1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM bruce.hicks@noaa.gov NR 11 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD FEB 1 PY 2006 VL 136 IS 3-4 BP 214 EP 221 DI 10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.06.013 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 045MA UT WOS:000237745000012 ER PT J AU Van Geem, KM Reyniers, MF Marin, GB Song, J Green, WH Matheu, DM AF Van Geem, KM Reyniers, MF Marin, GB Song, J Green, WH Matheu, DM TI Automatic reaction network generation using RMG for steam cracking of n-hexane SO AICHE JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE steam cracking; reaction network generation; pressure dependence; sensitivity analysis ID COMPLEX-REACTION SYSTEMS; REACTION-RATE PREDICTION; GAS-PHASE OXIDATION; THERMAL-CRACKING; MECHANISM GENERATION; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; HYDROCARBON PYROLYSIS; COMPUTER-GENERATION; PRESSURE-DEPENDENCE AB A new reaction mechanism generator RMG is used to automatically construct a pressure dependent kinetic model for the steam cracking of n-hexane. Comparison between simulated and pilot plant data shows that RMG is able to generate detailed reaction networks that accurately predict the conversion and the yields of the major products although none of the kinetic parameters are fit to the experiments. RMG generates reaction networks based on minimal assumptions, making it possible to test commonly used assumptions such as the A-hypothesis and the quasi steady-state approximation (QSSA) for mu-radicals, traditionally used in steam cracking,(1,2) as well as in pyrolysis.(3) The RMG-reaction network for n-hexane confirms that no bimolecular reactions of heavy radical species are important at the examined conditions (COT: 953 K 1090 K; COP: 0.20 MPa -0.24 MPa; < 80% conversion), and that the QSSA for the group of A-radicals leads to negligible errors. RMG also offers the possibility to estimate the error introduced by neglecting the pressure dependence of most of the reactions. In the case studied, this frequently made (but seldom tested) approximation appears to be justified. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Ghent, Petrochem Tech Lab, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. MIT, Dept Chem Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Van Geem, KM (reprint author), Cabot Corp, 157 Concord Rd, Billerica, MA 01821 USA. EM kevin.vangeem@ugent.be RI Green, William/C-9684-2012; Van Geem, Kevin/J-3294-2014 OI Green, William/0000-0003-2603-9694; Van Geem, Kevin/0000-0003-4191-4960 NR 79 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 8 U2 56 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0001-1541 J9 AICHE J JI AICHE J. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 52 IS 2 BP 718 EP 730 DI 10.1002/aic.10655 PG 13 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 007KL UT WOS:000234967600027 ER PT J AU Stapleton, HM Harner, T Shoeib, M Keller, JM Schantz, MM Leigh, SD Wise, SA AF Stapleton, HM Harner, T Shoeib, M Keller, JM Schantz, MM Leigh, SD Wise, SA TI Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor dust standard reference materials SO ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE PBDEs; standard reference materials; house dust; brominated flame retardants; NIST ID BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS; IN-HOUSE DUST; ISOTOPIC DILUTION; OUTDOOR AIR; PBDES; CERTIFICATION; EXPOSURE; VITRO; ORGANOCHLORINE; SPECTROMETRY AB Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been measured for the first time in three different indoor dust Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) prepared by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Two of these, SRM 2583 (Trace Elements in Indoor Dust) and SRM 2584 (Trace Elements in Indoor Dust), have been certified previously for lead and other inorganic constituents. A third, SRM 2585 (Organics in Indoor Dust), is a new indoor dust reference material prepared by NIST which will be certified for various organic compounds (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls) in 2005 including certified concentrations for 16 individual PBDE congeners and reference values for an additional three PBDE congeners. Dust SRMs were analyzed for 30 PBDE congeners using high-resolution gas chromatography combined with low-resolution mass spectrometry operated in both negative chemical ionization (GC/ECNI-MS) and electron impact ionization (GC/EI-MS) modes. Sensitivity was an order of magnitude higher using GC/ECNI-MS relative to GC/EI-MS. These SRMs have been characterized and compared to the three PBDE commercial products (pentaBDE, octaBDE and decaBDE). PentaBDE and DecaBDE were present in all three SRMs and were the dominant commercial products, making up approximately 33% and 58%, respectively. Recent studies suggest that house dust may be a leading source of human exposure to PBDEs. These SRMs are the first reference materials with certified concentrations for PBDEs, which will aid in validating future measurements of PBDEs in house dust and other similar matrices. C1 Environm Canada, Meteorol Serv Canada, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stapleton, HM (reprint author), Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA. EM heather.stapleton@duke.edu RI Keller, Jennifer/C-5006-2008 NR 39 TC 58 Z9 60 U1 2 U2 26 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1618-2642 J9 ANAL BIOANAL CHEM JI Anal. Bioanal. Chem. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 384 IS 3 BP 791 EP 800 DI 10.1007/s00216-005-0227-y PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 012LB UT WOS:000235339600028 PM 16385413 ER PT J AU Stewart, JR Vinje, J Oudejans, SJG Scott, GI Sobsey, MD AF Stewart, JR Vinje, J Oudejans, SJG Scott, GI Sobsey, MD TI Sequence variation among group IIIF-specific RNA coliphages from water samples and swine lagoons SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RIBONUCLEIC-ACID COLIPHAGES; MICROBIAL SOURCE TRACKING; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; ENTERIC VIRUSES; WASTE-WATER; HUMAN FECES; BACTERIOPHAGES; HYBRIDIZATION; IDENTIFICATION; INDICATORS AB Typing of F-specific RNA (FRNA) coliphages has been proposed as a useful method for distinguishing human from animal fecal contamination in environmental samples. Group II and III FRNA coliphages are generally associated with human wastes, but several exceptions have been noted. In the present study, we have genotyped and partially sequenced group III FRNA coliphage field isolates from swine lagoons in North Carolina (NC) and South Carolina (SC), along with isolates from surface waters and municipal wastewaters. Phylogenetic analysis of a region of the 5' end of the maturation protein gene revealed two genetically different group III FRNA subclusters with 36.6% sequence variation. The SC swine lagoon isolates were more closely related to group III prototype virus M11, whereas the isolates from a swine lagoon in NC, surface waters, and wastewaters grouped with prototype virus Q-beta. These results suggest that refining phage genotyping systems to discriminate M11-like phages from Q-beta-like phages would not necessarily provide greater discriminatory power in distinguishing human from animal sources of pollution. Within the group III subclusters, nucleotide sequence diversity ranged from 0% to 6.9% for M11-like strains and from 0% to 8.7% for Q-beta-like strains. It is demonstrated here that nucleotide sequencing of closely related FRNA strains can be used to help track sources of contamination in surface waters. A similar use of phage genomic sequence information to track fecal pollution promises more reliable results than phage typing by nucleic acid hybridization and may hold more potential for field applications. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Stewart, JR (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM Jill.Stewart@noaa.gov OI Vinje, Jan/0000-0002-1530-3675 NR 43 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 72 IS 2 BP 1226 EP 1230 DI 10.1128/AEM.72.2.1226-1230.2006 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 012QC UT WOS:000235353100033 PM 16461670 ER PT J AU Vandersea, MW Litaker, RW Yonnish, B Sosa, E Landsberg, JH Pullinger, C Moon-Butzin, P Green, J Morris, JA Kator, H Noga, EJ Tester, PA AF Vandersea, MW Litaker, RW Yonnish, B Sosa, E Landsberg, JH Pullinger, C Moon-Butzin, P Green, J Morris, JA Kator, H Noga, EJ Tester, PA TI Molecular assays for detecting Aphanomyces invadans in ulcerative mycotic fish lesions SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MENHADEN BREVOORTIA-TYRANNUS; PEPTIDE NUCLEIC-ACID; RED SPOT DISEASE; ATLANTIC MENHADEN; PFIESTERIA-PISCICIDA; SYNDROME EUS; SKIN ULCERS; ESTUARINE FISH; CHESAPEAKE BAY; UNITED-STATES AB The pathogenic oomycete Aphanomyces invadans is the primary etiological agent in ulcerative mycosis, an ulcerative skin disease caused by a fungus-like agent of wild and cultured fish. We developed sensitive PCR and fluorescent peptide nucleic acid in situ hybridization (FISH) assays to detect A. invadans. Laboratory-challenged killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) were first tested to optimize and validate the assays. Skin ulcers of Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) from populations found in the Pamlico and Neuse River estuaries in North Carolina were then surveyed. Results from both assays indicated that all of the lesioned menhaden (n = 50) collected in September 2004 were positive for A. invadans. Neither the FISH assay nor the PCR assay cross-reacted with other closely related oomycetes. These results provided strong evidence that A. invadans is the primary oomycete pathogen in ulcerative mycosis and demonstrated the utility of the assays. The FISH assay is the first molecular assay to provide unambiguous visual confirmation that hyphae in the ulcerated lesions were exclusively A. invadans. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Durham, NC USA. Fish & Wildlife Res Inst, Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, St Petersburg, FL USA. N Carolina Div Water Qual, Raleigh, NC USA. Coll William & Mary, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Raleigh, NC USA. RP Vandersea, MW (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM Mark.W.Vandersea@noaa.gov NR 47 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 72 IS 2 BP 1551 EP 1557 DI 10.1128/AEM.72.2.1551-1557.2006 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 012QC UT WOS:000235353100073 PM 16461710 ER PT J AU Hammerstrom, KK Kenworthy, WJ Fonseca, MS Whitfield, PE AF Hammerstrom, KK Kenworthy, WJ Fonseca, MS Whitfield, PE TI Seed bank, biomass, and productivity of Halophila decipiens, a deep water seagrass on the west Florida continental shelf SO AQUATIC BOTANY LA English DT Article DE Halophila decipiens; biomass; productivity; reproductive ecology; seed bank; seedling ID TESTUDINUM TURTLE GRASS; ZOSTERA-NOLTII HORNEM; THALASSIA-TESTUDINUM; OSTENFELD HYDROCHARITACEAE; CYMODOCEA-NODOSA; SOUTHWESTERN AUSTRALIA; REPRODUCTIVE PHENOLOGY; SEXUAL REPRODUCTION; POSIDONIA-OCEANICA; COASTAL LAGOON AB One of the largest contiguous seagrass ecosystems in the world is located on the shallow continental shelf adjacent to the west coast of Florida, USA and is comprised of seasonally ephemeral Halophila decipiens meadows. Little is known about the demography of the west Florida shelf H. decipiens, which may produce 4.56 x 10(8) g C day(-1) or more during the peak growing season. We documented seagrass distribution, biomass, and productivity, and density of sediment seed reserves, seedlings, flowers and fruits on the southeastern portion of the west Florida shelf by sampling along a transect at three stations in 10, 15, and 20 m water depth. Biomass, flower, fruit, seedling, and seed bank densities tended to be highest at stations in 10-15 m water depth and lowest at 20 m. Flowers and fruit were most prevalent during summer cruises (June and August 1999, July 2000). Seedling germination occurred during summer, fall (October 1999), and winter (January 2000) sampling events, with the highest seedling densities present during the winter. Seed bank density remained consistent through time. A Category I hurricane with sustained winds of 120 km h(-1) passed over the stations, but only limited impact on H. decipiens biomass was observed. The presence of a persistent seed bank provides for recovery after storm disturbance, annual reestablishment of populations, and continual maintenance of the 20,000 km(2) of deep water seagrass habitat present on the west Florida shelf. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NOAA, NOS, NCCOS, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Kenworthy, WJ (reprint author), NOAA, NOS, NCCOS, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM Jud.Kenworthy@noaa.gov NR 68 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 3 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3770 J9 AQUAT BOT JI Aquat. Bot. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 84 IS 2 BP 110 EP 120 DI 10.1016/j.aquabot.2005.08.002 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 009MM UT WOS:000235116100004 ER PT J AU Zhulicov, AV Nalepa, TF Kozhara, AV Zhulidov, DA Gurtovaya, TY AF Zhulicov, AV Nalepa, TF Kozhara, AV Zhulidov, DA Gurtovaya, TY TI Recent trends in relative abundance of two dreissenid species, Dreissena polymorpha and Dreissena bugensis in the lower Don River system, Russia SO ARCHIV FUR HYDROBIOLOGIE LA English DT Article DE distribution; displacement; predation; competition ID LAURENTIAN GREAT-LAKES; COMPARATIVE GROWTH; MUSSELS; BIVALVIA; ERIE; FEDERATION; CANADA; ZEBRA AB We sampled sites in the lower Don River system, Russia between 1977 and 2004 (5 sites) or between 1999 and 2004 (10 sites) to determine relative trends in two dreissenid species, Dreissena bugensis and Dreissena polymorpha. The sites were located in the main river, in connecting reservoirs, and in a major tributary, the Manych River. For sites sampled beginning in 1977, D. bugensis was first found in the lower river in 1980 and then more upstream in 1991. The relative proportion of D. bugensis increased to reach a maximum of 30-50% of the dreissenid population by 1999. After 1999, this species decreased at 14 of the 15 sites. At sites in the Don River, the proportion that D. bugensis comprised of the total dreissenid population after 1999 declined from 25-50% to 10-18%, whereas at sites in the Manych River the proportion declined from 65-75% to 33-43%. The decline of D. bugensis relative to D. polymorpha is unique; in most other water bodies D. bugensis displaces D. polymorpha over time because of its superior physiological attributes. Reasons for the relative decline of D. bugensis are unclear, but we speculate that selective predation by fish may be a potential factor. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. S Russian Reg Ctr Preparat & Implementat & Int Pr, Rostov Na Donu 344090, Russia. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Biol Inland Waters, Borok 152742, Yaroslavl Oblas, Russia. RP Nalepa, TF (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM thomas.nalepa@noaa.gov NR 31 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 4 PU E SCHWEIZERBARTSCHE VERLAGS PI STUTTGART PA NAEGELE U OBERMILLER, SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, JOHANNESSTRASSE 3A, D 70176 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0003-9136 J9 ARCH HYDROBIOL JI Arch. Hydrobiol. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 165 IS 2 BP 209 EP 220 DI 10.1127/0003-9136/2006/0165-0209 PG 12 WC Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 024FR UT WOS:000236181400004 ER PT J AU Cuxart, J Holtslag, AAM Beare, RJ Bazile, E Beljaars, A Cheng, A Conangla, L Ek, M Freedman, F Hamdi, R Kerstein, A Kitagawa, H Lenderink, G Lewellen, D Mailhot, J Mauritsen, T Perov, V Schayes, G Steeneveld, GJ Svensson, G Taylor, P Weng, W Wunsch, S Xu, KM AF Cuxart, J Holtslag, AAM Beare, RJ Bazile, E Beljaars, A Cheng, A Conangla, L Ek, M Freedman, F Hamdi, R Kerstein, A Kitagawa, H Lenderink, G Lewellen, D Mailhot, J Mauritsen, T Perov, V Schayes, G Steeneveld, GJ Svensson, G Taylor, P Weng, W Wunsch, S Xu, KM TI Single-column model intercomparison for a stably stratified atmospheric boundary layer SO BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE GABLS; intercomparison; mixing coefficients; single-column models; stably stratified flows; turbulence parameterizations ID TURBULENCE CLOSURE-MODEL; LARGE-EDDY SIMULATION; PART I; SCHEME; PARAMETERIZATION; FORMULATION; DIFFUSION; DYNAMICS; SURFACES; SYSTEM AB The parameterization of the stably stratified atmospheric boundary layer is a difficult issue, having a significant impact on medium-range weather forecasts and climate integrations. To pursue this further, a moderately stratified Arctic case is simulated by nineteen single-column turbulence schemes. Statistics from a large-eddy simulation intercomparison made for the same case by eleven different models are used as a guiding reference. The single-column parameterizations include research and operational schemes from major forecast and climate research centres. Results from first-order schemes, a large number of turbulence kinetic energy closures, and other models were used. There is a large spread in the results; in general, the operational schemes mix over a deeper layer than the research schemes, and the turbulence kinetic energy and other higher-order closures give results closer to the statistics obtained from the large-eddy simulations. The sensitivities of the schemes to the parameters of their turbulence closures are partially explored. C1 Univ Illes Balears, Dept Fis, E-07071 Palma de Mallorca, Spain. Wageningen Univ, Meteorol & Air Qual Sect, Wageningen, Netherlands. Meteo France, Toulouse, France. European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecast, Reading, Berks, England. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis Aplicada, Manresa, Spain. NOAA, NCEP, Camp Springs, MD USA. Univ Catholique Louvain, IAG G Lemaitre, B-1348 Louvain, Belgium. Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Japan Meteorol Agcy, Tokyo, Japan. Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst, KNMI, NL-3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands. W Virginia Univ, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. Meteorol Serv Canada, Dorval, PQ, Canada. Stockholm Univ, Dept Meteorol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Swedish Meteorol & Hydrol Inst, Norrkoping, Sweden. York Univ, N York, ON M3J 1P3, Canada. RP Cuxart, J (reprint author), Univ Illes Balears, Dept Fis, E-07071 Palma de Mallorca, Spain. EM joan.cuxart@uib.es RI Steeneveld, Gert-Jan/B-2816-2010; Xu, Kuan-Man/B-7557-2013; Lewellen, David/B-1453-2008; Mauritsen, Thorsten/G-5880-2013; Holtslag, Albert/B-7842-2010; OI Steeneveld, Gert-Jan/0000-0002-5922-8179; Xu, Kuan-Man/0000-0001-7851-2629; Mauritsen, Thorsten/0000-0003-1418-4077; Holtslag, Albert/0000-0003-0995-2481; lenderink, geert/0000-0002-1572-4867 NR 49 TC 145 Z9 147 U1 3 U2 30 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-8314 J9 BOUND-LAY METEOROL JI Bound.-Layer Meteor. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 118 IS 2 BP 273 EP 303 DI 10.1007/s10546-005-3780-1 PG 31 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 057YT UT WOS:000238631800003 ER PT J AU Novak, DR Colle, BA AF Novak, DR Colle, BA TI Observations of multiple sea breeze boundaries during an unseasonably warm day in metropolitan New York City SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID EASTERN UNITED-STATES; MODEL C1 NOAA, NWS, Eastern Reg Headquarters, Sci Serv Div, Bohemia, NY 11716 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Inst Terr & Planetary Atmospheres, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. RP Novak, DR (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, Eastern Reg Headquarters, Sci Serv Div, Suite 202,630 Johnson Ave, Bohemia, NY 11716 USA. EM David.Novak@noaa.gov NR 11 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 87 IS 2 BP 169 EP 174 DI 10.1175/BAMS-87-2-169 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 021CW UT WOS:000235962000011 ER PT J AU Compo, GP Whitaker, JS Sardeshmukh, PD AF Compo, GP Whitaker, JS Sardeshmukh, PD TI Feasibility of a 100-year reanalysis using only surface pressure data SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE; ENSEMBLE KALMAN FILTER; NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION; DATA ASSIMILATION; METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS; VARIATIONAL ANALYSIS; KOBE COLLECTION; AIR-TEMPERATURE; GLOBAL ANALYSES; ANALYSIS SCHEME AB Climate variability and global change studies are increasingly focused on understanding and predicting regional changes of daily weather statistics. Assessing the evidence for such variations over the last 100 yr requires a daily tropospheric circulation dataset. The only dataset available for the early twentieth century consists of error-ridden hand-drawn analyses of the mean sea level pressure field over the Northern Hemisphere. Modern data assimilation systems have the potential to improve upon these maps, but prior to 1948, few digitized upper-air sounding observations are available for such a "reanalysis." We investigate the possibility that the additional number of newly recovered surface pressure observations is sufficient to generate useful weather maps of the lower-tropospheric extratropical circulation back to 1890 over the Northern Hemisphere, and back to 1930 over the Southern Hemisphere. Surprisingly, we find that by using an advanced data assimilation system based on an ensemble Kalman filter, it would be feasible to produce high-quality maps of even the upper troposphere using only surface pressure observations. For the beginning of the twentieth century, the errors of such upper-air circulation maps over the Northern Hemisphere in winter would be comparable to the 2-3-day errors of modern weather forecasts. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM compo@colorado.edu OI COMPO, GILBERT/0000-0001-5199-9633 NR 70 TC 204 Z9 212 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 EI 1520-0477 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 87 IS 2 BP 175 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-87-2-175 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 021CW UT WOS:000235962000012 ER PT J AU Lee, TE Miller, SD Turk, FJ Schueler, C Julian, R Deyo, S Dills, P Wang, S AF Lee, TE Miller, SD Turk, FJ Schueler, C Julian, R Deyo, S Dills, P Wang, S TI The NPOESS VIIRS day/night visible sensor SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION; IMAGERY; SNOW; SEPTEMBER; SYSTEM; MODIS; EARTH AB The National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) will feature the Visible-Infrared Imager-Radiometer Suite (VIIRS), a 22-channel imager that will contribute to nearly half of the NPOESS environmental data records. Included on VIIRS will be the Day/Night band (DNB), a visible channel designed to image the Earth and its atmosphere in all conditions ranging from bright solar illumination, to nocturnal lunar illumination, and negligible external illumination. Drawing heritage from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Operational Linescan System (OLS) instruments orbiting since the late 1960s, the DNB will be used to detect clouds at night, understand patterns of urban development based on the emissions of cities, monitor fires, and image scenes of snow and ice at the surface of the Earth. Thanks to significant engineering improvements, the DNB will produce superior capabilities to the OLS for a number of new applications. C1 Raytheon Corp, Santa Barbara, CA USA. UCAR, COMET, Boulder, CO USA. RP Naval Res Lab, 7 Grace Hopper Ave, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. NR 16 TC 57 Z9 59 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 EI 1520-0477 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 87 IS 2 BP 191 EP 199 DI 10.1175/BAMS-87-2-191 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 021CW UT WOS:000235962000013 ER PT J AU Dabberdt, WF Carroll, MA Appleby, W Baumgardner, D Carmichael, G Davidson, P Doran, JC Dye, TS Grimmond, S Middleton, P Neff, W Zhang, Y AF Dabberdt, WF Carroll, MA Appleby, W Baumgardner, D Carmichael, G Davidson, P Doran, JC Dye, TS Grimmond, S Middleton, P Neff, W Zhang, Y TI USWRP workshop on air quality forecasting SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Vaisala Inc, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Meteorol Serv Canada, Dartmouth, NS, Canada. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. Univ Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA. Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Weather Serv, Silver Spring, MD USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Sonoma Technol Inc, Petaluma, CA USA. Indiana Univ, Bloomington, IN USA. Panorama Pathways, Boulder, CO USA. NOAA, Ocean & Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO USA. Atmospher & Environm Res Inc, San Ramon, CA USA. RP Dabberdt, WF (reprint author), Vaisala Inc, POB 3659, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM walter.dabberdt@vaisala.com RI Grimmond, Sue/A-2179-2009; Neff, William/E-2725-2010 OI Grimmond, Sue/0000-0002-3166-9415; Neff, William/0000-0003-4047-7076 NR 1 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 87 IS 2 BP 215 EP 221 DI 10.1175/BAMS-87-2-215 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 021CW UT WOS:000235962000016 ER PT J AU Wessel, M Smoker, WW Fagen, RM Joyce, J AF Wessel, M Smoker, WW Fagen, RM Joyce, J TI Variation of agonistic behavior among juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) of hatchery, hybrid, and wild origin SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID TO-ADULT SURVIVAL; COHO SALMON; ATLANTIC SALMON; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; FOOD DISTRIBUTION; SMOLT SIZE; BODY-SIZE; POPULATIONS; STREAM; GROWTH AB Agonistic behavior and ability to dominate were compared among juveniles from a hatchery stock of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) that has experienced five generations of hatchery culture, juveniles derived from the wild founding stock but produced from parents cultured in the same hatchery environment as the hatchery stock, and second-generation hybrids between the two lines. Equal numbers of parr (18) from equal numbers of families (5) from each fish line (3) were tested, and all lines were raised in a similar hatchery environment. During 20 min of observation in replicate artificial stream tanks, hatchery-derived fish made significantly greater numbers of charges, displays, and nips than wild-derived fish. Hybrids also made significantly greater numbers of charges, displays, and nips than wild-derived fish but significantly fewer displays than hatchery-derived fish. No difference was detected in the ability of fish lines to win dyadic dominance contests. These results suggest that the differences detected are genetic in origin and are consistent with divergence of the hatchery stock from the founding wild stock. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Juneau Ctr, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Wessel, M (reprint author), POB 8, Fredonia, AZ 86022 USA. EM ftmel@uaf.edu NR 41 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 63 IS 2 BP 438 EP 447 DI 10.1139/F05-227 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 010XT UT WOS:000235232000018 ER PT J AU Bentz, DP AF Bentz, DP TI Influence of water-to-cement ratio on hydration kinetics: Simple models based on spatial considerations SO CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE filler; hydration; kinetics; modeling ID PORTLAND-CEMENT; TRICALCIUM SILICATE; CONCRETE; PASTES AB Based on simple spatial considerations, models to describe the hydration kinetics of Portland cement are developed and compared to existing experimental data, particularly in terms of the influence of the starting water-to-cement ratio (w/c) on hydration rates. The conceptual basis for the models is to relate the instantaneous hydration rate to local probabilities for the dissolution and precipitation of the cement phases. In the simplest model, hydration kinetics are strictly a function of the volume fraction of local (global) water-filled porosity, as computed based on Power's model for cement hydration. While this simplest model is inadequate to quantitatively describe the observed hydration behavior in real cement pastes with various w/c, a more complicated version of the model that considers both the water-filled porosity and the unhydrated cement volume fractions appears to provide an adequate description. Finally, the models are extended to consider the influence of the replacement of a portion of the cement by an inert filler on the resulting hydration kinetics. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NIST, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bentz, DP (reprint author), NIST, Mat & Construct Res Div, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8615, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dale.bentz@nist.gov RI Chen, Wei/A-5694-2010 NR 21 TC 47 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0008-8846 J9 CEMENT CONCRETE RES JI Cem. Concr. Res. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 36 IS 2 BP 238 EP 244 DI 10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.04.014 PG 7 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science GA 012DZ UT WOS:000235319700003 ER PT J AU Bentz, DP AF Bentz, DP TI Quantitative comparison of real and CEMHYD3D model microstructures using correlation functions SO CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE image analysis; microstructure; modeling; X-ray tomography ID CEMENT PASTE AB A quantitative comparison of real and computer-generated (model) cement paste microstructures based oil the analysis of three-dimensional image sets is presented. In addition to a visual presentation of extracted two-dimensional images, the comparison is based on the calculation of the normalized two-point correlation function for a variety of phases including unhydrated cement.. hydration products, and capillary porosity. A favorable comparison is observed between model and real microstructures for both the two-dimensional images and the computed correlation functions. Several interesting observations from the correlation analysis are introduced and discussed. This analysis provides one further validation of the use of microstructure models to predict the microstructure and properties of cement-based materials. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All lights reserved. C1 NIST, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bentz, DP (reprint author), NIST, Mat & Construct Res Div, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8615, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dale.bentz@nist.gov RI Chen, Wei/A-5694-2010 NR 13 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0008-8846 J9 CEMENT CONCRETE RES JI Cem. Concr. Res. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 36 IS 2 BP 259 EP 263 DI 10.1016/j.cemeonres.2005.07.003 PG 5 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science GA 012DZ UT WOS:000235319700005 ER PT J AU Hartman, MR Berliner, R AF Hartman, MR Berliner, R TI Investigation of the structure of ettringite by time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction techniques SO CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE crystal structure; neutron powder diffraction; physical properties; calcium aluminate cement; ettringite AB The crystalline structure of ettringite, Ca-6[Al(OH)(6)](2)(SO4)(3)(.)similar to 26H(2)O, was investigated using high-resolution time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction techniques. The powder diffraction data were subjected to Rietveld crystal structure refinement. The resultant ettringite crystal structure confirmed the positions of Ca, Al, and S atoms while permitting a more precise determination of the locations of O and H atomic positions than in previous X-ray and neutron diffraction studies. A discussion of the ettringite hydrogen bonding network is presented, illustrating the role of hydrogen bonding in the stabilization of the etuingite structure. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Hartman, MR (reprint author), NIST, 11 Bur Dr,MS 8562, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM michael.hartman@nist.gov RI Chen, Wei/A-5694-2010 NR 15 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0008-8846 J9 CEMENT CONCRETE RES JI Cem. Concr. Res. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 36 IS 2 BP 364 EP 370 DI 10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.08.004 PG 7 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science GA 012DZ UT WOS:000235319700017 ER PT J AU Bentz, DP AF Bentz, DP TI Modeling the influence of limestone filler on cement hydration using CEMHYD3D SO CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES LA English DT Article DE blended cements; filler; hydration; limestone; modeling ID PORTLAND-CEMENT; THAUMASITE FORMATION; INERT FILLERS; PARTICLES; REPLACEMENT; CONCRETE; CACO3 AB The ASTM C150 standard specification for Portland cement now permits the cement to contain up to 5% of ground limestone. While these and much higher levels of limestone filler substitution have been employed in Europe and elsewhere for many years, changing the ASTM standard has been a slow process. Having computational tools to assist in better understanding the influence of limestone additions on cement hydration and microstructure development should facilitate the acceptance of these more economical and ecological materials. With this in mind, the CEMHYD3D computer model for cement hydration has been extended and preliminarily validated for the incorporation of limestone at substitution levels up to 20% by mass fraction. The hydration model has been modified to incorporate both the influence of limestone as a fine filler, providing additional surfaces for the nucleation and growth of hydration products, and its relatively slow reaction with the hydrating cement to form a monocarboaluminate (AFmc) phase, similar to the AFm phase formed in ordinary Portland cement. Because a 20% limestone substitution substantially modifies the effective water-to-cement ratio of the blended mixtures, the influence of limestone substitutions on hydration rates is observed to be a strong function of water-to-solids ratio (w/s), with significant acceleration observed for lower (e.g., 0.35) w/s, while no discernible acceleration is observed for pastes with w/s=0.435. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bentz, DP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat & Construct Res Div, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8615, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dale.bentz@nist.gov NR 21 TC 62 Z9 64 U1 2 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0958-9465 J9 CEMENT CONCRETE COMP JI Cem. Concr. Compos. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 28 IS 2 BP 124 EP 129 DI 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2005.10.006 PG 6 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Composites SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science GA 007KN UT WOS:000234967800002 ER PT J AU Williams, KD Ringer, MA Senior, CA Webb, MJ McAvaney, BJ Andronova, N Bony, S Dufresne, JL Emori, S Gudgel, R Knutson, T Li, B Lo, K Musat, I Wegner, J Slingo, A Mitchell, JFB AF Williams, KD Ringer, MA Senior, CA Webb, MJ McAvaney, BJ Andronova, N Bony, S Dufresne, JL Emori, S Gudgel, R Knutson, T Li, B Lo, K Musat, I Wegner, J Slingo, A Mitchell, JFB TI Evaluation of a component of the cloud response to climate change in an intercomparison of climate models SO CLIMATE DYNAMICS LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; HADLEY-CENTER; CARBON-DIOXIDE; SIMULATIONS; UNCERTAINTIES; VARIABILITY; ATMOSPHERE; FEEDBACK; IMPACT AB Most of the uncertainty in the climate sensitivity of contemporary general circulation models (GCMs) is believed to be connected with differences in the simulated radiative feedback from clouds. Traditional methods of evaluating clouds in GCMs compare time-mean geographical cloud fields or aspects of present-day cloud variability, with observational data. In both cases a hypothetical assumption is made that the quantity evaluated is relevant for the mean climate change response. Nine GCMs (atmosphere models coupled to mixed-layer ocean models) from the CFMIP and CMIP model comparison projects are used in this study to demonstrate a common relationship between the mean cloud response to climate change and present-day variability. Although atmosphere-mixed-layer ocean models are used here, the results are found to be equally applicable to transient coupled model simulations. When changes in cloud radiative forcing (CRF) are composited by changes in vertical velocity and saturated lower tropospheric stability, a component of the local mean climate change response can be related to present-day variability in all of the GCMs. This suggests that the relationship is not model specific and might be relevant in the real world. In this case, evaluation within the proposed compositing framework is a direct evaluation of a component of the cloud response to climate change. None of the models studied are found to be clearly superior or deficient when evaluated, but a couple appear to perform well on several relevant metrics. Whilst some broad similarities can be identified between the 60 degrees N-60 degrees S mean change in CRF to increased CO2 and that predicted from present-day variability, the two cannot be quantitatively constrained based on changes in vertical velocity and stability alone. Hence other processes also contribute to the global mean cloud response to climate change. C1 Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res, Met Off, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England. Univ Reading, Environm Syst Sci Ctr, Reading, Berks, England. Bur Meteorol Res Ctr, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Inst Pierre Simon Laplace, Paris, France. Natl Inst Environm Studies, Ibaraki, Japan. Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY USA. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Hamburg, Germany. RP Williams, KD (reprint author), Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res, Met Off, FitzRoy Rd, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England. EM keith.williams@metoffice.gov.uk RI Emori, Seita/D-1950-2012; Andronova, Natalia/I-8983-2012; Ringer, Mark/E-7294-2013; Dufresne, Jean-Louis/I-5616-2015; OI Ringer, Mark/0000-0003-4014-2583; Dufresne, Jean-Louis/0000-0003-4764-9600; Bony, Sandrine/0000-0002-4791-4438 NR 47 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 10 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0930-7575 EI 1432-0894 J9 CLIM DYNAM JI Clim. Dyn. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 26 IS 2-3 BP 145 EP 165 DI 10.1007/s00382-005-0067-7 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 009RP UT WOS:000235130400003 ER PT J AU Bunk, DM Welch, MJ AF Bunk, DM Welch, MJ TI Characterization of a new certified reference material for human Cardiac Troponin I SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ACUTE MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCE; PROTEIN IDENTIFICATION; IMMUNOASSAY; DEGRADATION; COMPLEX; SERUM AB Background: To address the continuing need for the standardization of clinical human cardiac troponin I (cTnI) assays, NIST, with the assistance of the AACC/IFCC Cardiac Troponin I Standardization Committee, has developed a new certified reference material, Standard Reference Material (SRM) 2921: Human Cardiac Troponin Complex. Methods: The concentration of cTnI in SRM 2921 was determined through a combination of reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) with ultraviolet detection and amino acid analysis. Characterization of the intact troponin subunits was accomplished through reversed-phase LC coupled with mass spectrometry. Posttranslational modifications to the cTnI in SRM 2921 were investigated by combining proteolytic digestion with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Additionally, reference concentration values for cTnT and cTnC were also determined. Results: The concentration of human cTnI in SRM 2921 is 31.2 (1.4) mg/L (where 1.4 mg/L is the uncertainty at a 95% level of confidence), as certified through a method that provides traceability to the International System of Units (SI). Reference concentration values of the cTnT and cTnC subunits were determined to be 36.9 (3.8) mg/L and 24.2 (1.3) mg/L, respectively. Conclusions: This first cTnI reference material should provide SI traceability to clinical cTnI assays once commutability has been validated, and could assist in the international harmonization of cTnI assays as a tool for understanding the underlying causes of interassay variability. (c) 2006 American Association for Clinical Chemistry. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Analyt Chem Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bunk, DM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Analyt Chem Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM david.bunk@nist.gov NR 30 TC 38 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 52 IS 2 BP 212 EP 219 DI 10.1373/clinchem.2005.051359 PG 8 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 008VU UT WOS:000235069600006 PM 16306090 ER PT J AU Battin, J Lawler, JJ AF Battin, J Lawler, JJ TI Cross-scale correlations and the design and analysis of avian habitat selection studies SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE classification tree analysis; collinearity; correlation; habitat selection; hierarchy; nest-site selection; variance decomposition ID CAVITY-NESTING BIRDS; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; SITE SELECTION; ECOLOGY; REGRESSION; WOODLANDS; USA AB It has long been suggested that birds select habitat hierarchically, progressing from coarser to finer spatial scales. This hypothesis, in conjunction with the realization that many organisms likely respond to environmental patterns at multiple spatial scales, has led to a large number of avian habitat studies that have attempted to quantify habitat associations at multiple scales. Typically, multiscale habitat selection studies involve the assessment of habitat selection separately at two or more scales. Until recently, these studies have ignored the potential for cross-scale correlations: correlations among habitat variables across scales. If environmental patterns are correlated across the scales being analyzed, researchers using traditional analytical methods may reach erroneous conclusions about the presence or strength of habitat associations at a given scale. We discuss the ways in which cross-scale correlations manifest themselves in two types of habitat selection studies: (1) "constrained" designs that assume a hierarchical ordering of habitat selection decisions, and (2) "unconstrained" designs, which do not assume such a selection process. We demonstrate approaches for quantifying and modeling cross-scale correlations, including a simulation model, a variance decomposition technique, and a hierarchical modeling approach based on classification tree analysis. We conclude that cross-scale correlations have the potential to affect data interpretation in all types of habitat selection studies and that, even with careful attention to experimental design and the application of newly developed statistical techniques, it is likely their effects cannot be eliminated. C1 NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. Oregon State Univ, Dept Zool, US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Battin, J (reprint author), NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. EM james.battin@noaa.gov NR 37 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 18 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD FEB PY 2006 VL 108 IS 1 BP 59 EP 70 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2006)108[0059:CCATDA]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 011DL UT WOS:000235248000006 ER PT J AU Ellis, JC Good, TP AF Ellis, JC Good, TP TI Nest attributes, aggression, and breeding success of gulls in single and mixed species subcolonies SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE aggression; interspecific competition; Larus argentatus; Larus marinus; mixed species colonies; nest characteristics; population trends ID BLACK-BACKED GULLS; PUFFINS FRATERCULA-ARCTICA; YELLOW-LEGGED GULL; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; HABITAT SELECTION; SITE SELECTION; HERRING-GULLS; LARUS-MARINUS; NEW-ENGLAND; NEW-YORK AB We investigated attributes of nests, aggressive interactions, and reproductive success in mixed and single species subcolonies of Great Black-backed Gulls (Larus marinus) and Herring Gulls (L. argentatus) on Appledore Island, Maine. Distances to the nearest neighboring nest were smaller for L. argentatus than L. marinus, with greatest distances between nests at edges of subcolonies in both species. More L. argentatus nests had natural screens (vegetation or rock > 30 cm tall) adjacent to them than did L. marinus nests, but screen presence did not differ among nest positions within the colony. Clutch size did not differ between species; however, hatching success (number of chicks hatched per nest) was higher in L. argentatus than L. marinus. Fledging success (number of chicks fledged per nest) of L. marinus was greater at nests with heterospecific neighbors, whereas the opposite was true for L. argentatus. For both species, the frequency of aggressive interactions was lower at nests with L. argentatus neighbors. Overall, L. marinus nesting near L. argentatus experienced less aggression and greater reproductive success than those nesting among conspecifics, where intraspecific aggression was relatively high. L. argentatus nesting near L. marinus experienced more aggression and lower reproductive success than those nesting among conspecifics, where intraspecific aggression was relatively low. The costs and benefits of nesting in mixed species colonies may depend on the relative size and aggressiveness of the heterospecifics. Interactions with L. marinus in mixed species colonies may be contributing to the current declines of L. argentatus throughout New England. C1 Brown Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Ellis, JC (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Shoals Marine Lab, G-14 Stimson Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM jce4@cornell.edu NR 56 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 3 U2 21 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD FEB PY 2006 VL 108 IS 1 BP 211 EP 219 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2006)108[0211:NAAABS]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 011DL UT WOS:000235248000019 ER PT J AU Zabel, RW Scheuerell, MD McClure, MM Williams, JG AF Zabel, RW Scheuerell, MD McClure, MM Williams, JG TI The interplay between climate variability and density dependence in the population viability of Chinook salmon SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE endangered species; Oncorhynchus tshawytscha; population viability analysis ID COLUMBIA RIVER-BASIN; PACIFIC SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; NORTHEAST PACIFIC; MANAGEMENT; RECOVERY; TRENDS; WATER; IMPROVEMENTS; UNCERTAINTY AB The viability of populations is influenced by driving forces such as density dependence and climate variability, but most population viability analyses (PVAs) ignore these factors because of data limitations. Additionally, simplified PVAs produce limited measures of population viability such as annual population growth rate (a) or extinction risk. Here we developed a "mechanistic" PVA of threatened Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in which, based on 40 years of detailed data, we related freshwater recruitment of juveniles to density of spawners, and third year survival in the ocean to monthly indices of broad-scale ocean and climate conditions. Including climate variability in the model produced important effects: estimated population viability was very sensitive to assumptions of future climate conditions and the autocorrelation contained in the climate signal increased mean population abundance while increasing probability of quasi extinction. Because of the presence of density dependence in the model, however, we could not distinguish among alternative climate scenarios through mean values, emphasizing the importance of considering multiple measures to elucidate population viability. Our sensitivity analyses demonstrated that the importance of particular parameters varied across models and depended on which viability measure was the response variable. The density-dependent parameter associated with freshwater recruitment was consistently the most important, regardless of viability measure, suggesting that increasing juvenile carrying capacity is important for recovery. C1 NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Zabel, RW (reprint author), NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM rich.zabel@noaa.gov RI McClure, Michelle/O-7853-2015; Zabel, Richard/F-7277-2015; Scheuerell, Mark/N-6683-2016 OI McClure, Michelle/0000-0003-4791-8719; Zabel, Richard/0000-0003-2315-0629; Scheuerell, Mark/0000-0002-8284-1254 NR 48 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 2 U2 29 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 20 IS 1 BP 190 EP 200 DI 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00300.x PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 012UT UT WOS:000235367100020 PM 16909672 ER PT J AU Paquin, MM Wylie, GD Routman, EJ AF Paquin, MM Wylie, GD Routman, EJ TI Population structure of the giant garter snake, Thamnophis gigas SO CONSERVATION GENETICS LA English DT Article DE gene flow; management unit; microsatellite; mtDNA; Thamnophis gigas ID GENETIC-STRUCTURE; CONSERVATION; NUCLEAR; LOCI; PERSPECTIVE; DIVERGENCE; CALIFORNIA; SEQUENCE; COMPLEX; MARKERS AB The giant garter snake, Thamnophis gigas, is a threatened species endemic to California's Central Valley. We tested the hypothesis that current watershed boundaries have caused genetic differentiation among populations of T. gigas. We sampled 14 populations throughout the current geographic range of T. gigas and amplified 859 bp from the mitochondrial gene ND4 and one nuclear microsatellite locus. DNA sequence variation from the mitochondrial gene indicates there is some genetic structuring of the populations, with high F-ST values and unique haplotypes occurring at high frequency in several populations. We found that clustering populations by watershed boundary results in significant between-region genetic variance for mtDNA. However, analysis of allele frequencies at the microsatellite locus NSU3 reveals very low F-ST values and little between-region variation in allele frequencies. The discordance found between mitochondrial and microsatellite data may be explained by aspects of molecular evolution and/or T. gigas life history characteristics. Differences in effective population size between mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, or male-biased gene flow, result in a lower migration rate of mitochondrial haplotypes relative to nuclear alleles. However, we cannot exclude homoplasy as one explanation for homogeneity found for the single microsatellite locus. The mitochondrial nucleotide sequence data supports conservation practices that identify separate management units for T. gigas. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. San Francisco State Univ, Dept Biol, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv Ctr, NW Fisheries Sci, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Routman, EJ (reprint author), San Francisco State Univ, Dept Biol, 1600 Holloway Ave, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA. EM routman@sfsu.edu NR 43 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 9 U2 26 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1566-0621 J9 CONSERV GENET JI Conserv. Genet. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 7 IS 1 BP 25 EP 36 DI 10.1007/s10592-005-7439-8 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Genetics & Heredity SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Genetics & Heredity GA 015SR UT WOS:000235571700003 ER PT J AU Newman, KB Buckland, ST Lindley, ST Thomas, L Fernandez, C AF Newman, KB Buckland, ST Lindley, ST Thomas, L Fernandez, C TI Hidden process models for animal population dynamics SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE endangered species; kernel smoothing; sequential importance sampling; state-space models ID PARAMETER; SIMULATION AB Hidden process models are a conceptually useful and practical way to simultaneously account for process variation in animal population dynamics and measurement errors in observations and estimates made on the population. Process variation, which can be both demographic and environmental, is modeled by linking a series of stochastic and deterministic subprocesses that characterize processes such as birth, survival, maturation, and movement. Observations of the population can be modeled as functions of true abundance with realistic probability distributions to describe observation or estimation error. Computer-intensive procedures, such as sequential Monte Carlo methods or Markov chain Monte Carlo, condition on the observed data to yield estimates of both the underlying true population abundances and the unknown population dynamics parameters. Formulation and fitting of a hidden process model are demonstrated for Sacramento River winter-run chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytsha). C1 Univ St Andrews, Sch Math & Stat, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Santa Cruz Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Univ Lancaster, Flyde Coll, Dept Math & Stat, Lancaster, England. RP Newman, KB (reprint author), Univ St Andrews, Sch Math & Stat, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland. EM ken@mcs.st-and.ac.uk RI Buckland, Stephen/A-1998-2012; Lindley, Steven/G-3997-2014 OI Lindley, Steven/0000-0001-9556-0411 NR 31 TC 77 Z9 79 U1 2 U2 22 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 16 IS 1 BP 74 EP 86 DI 10.1890/04-0592 PG 13 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 028SW UT WOS:000236510100008 PM 16705962 ER PT J AU Werner, EE Peacor, SD AF Werner, EE Peacor, SD TI Lethal and nonlethal predator effects on an herbivore guild mediated by system productivity SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE anuran larvae; food web; indirect effects; nonlethal effect; periphyton; predator; snails; trait-mediated effects; trophic cascades ID PREY GROWTH-RATE; FRESH-WATER; ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES; LARVAL ANURANS; TRADE-OFFS; BEHAVIOR; CONSEQUENCES; PERFORMANCE; PLASTICITY; AVOIDANCE AB Indirect effects propagated through intervening species in a food web have important effects oil Community properties. Traditionally, these indirect effects have been conceptualized as mediated through density changes of the intervening species, but it is becoming increasingly apparent that those mediated through trait (phenotypic) responses also can be very important. Because density- and trait-mediated indirect effects have different properties, it is critical that we understand the mechanisms of transmission in order to predict how they will interact, and when or where they will be important. In this study, we examined the mechanisms and Consequences of the lethal (density-mediated) and,nonlethal (trait-mediated) effects of a larval odonate predator on a guild of four herbivore species (a larval anuran and three species of snails) and their resources. We also manipulated system productivity in order to explore the effects of environmental context oil the transmission of these two types of indirect effects. We show that trait-mediated effects arising from the predator can be very strong relative to density-mediated effects oil both the competing herbivores and the species composition and production of their resources. A number of these indirect effects are shown to be contingent on productivity of the system. We further present evidence that trait- and density-mediated indirect effects originating from a predator may be transmitted independently through different routes in a food web, particularly when spatial responses of the transmitting prey are involved. Finally, effects on prey growth due to trait responses to the predator varied from negative to positive in predictable ways as a function of time and indirect effects oil the larger food web. These results indicate the important role that trait-mediated indirect effects can play in trophic cascades and keystone predator interactions, and we discuss how the mechanisms involved can be incorporated in theory. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Werner, EE (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM eewerner@umich.edu NR 43 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 2 U2 36 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD FEB PY 2006 VL 87 IS 2 BP 347 EP 361 DI 10.1890/05-0091 PG 15 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 024SC UT WOS:000236215400012 PM 16637361 ER PT J AU Emblidge, JP DeLorenzo, ME AF Emblidge, JP DeLorenzo, ME TI Preliminary risk assessment of the lipid-regulating pharmaceutical clofibric acid, for three estuarine species SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE pharmaceuticals; clofibric acid; toxicity; estuarine organisms; cytochrome P450 ID PRIMARY CULTURES; MESSENGER-RNA; SEWAGE WATER; DRUGS; HEPATOCYTES; ENVIRONMENT; EXPRESSION; PROTEINS; CATFISH; LIVER AB Clofibric acid is the active metabolite of several fibrate drugs prescribed to reduce blood cholesterol levels. It is persistent and widely detected in the environment. Clofibric acid toxicity was assessed using three estuarine organisms: an alga (Dunaliella tertiolecta), a crustacean (Palaemonetes pugio), and a fish (Fundulus heteroclitus). Mortality and sublethal physiological responses (protein, lipid, cholesterol, and cytochrome P450 levels) were examined. Clofibric acid did not significantly affect cell density or growth rate of D. tertiolecta (concentrations <= 1000 mu g/L). Survival of P. pugio and E heteroclitus were also unaffected at clofibric acid concentrations <= 1000 mu g/L. In addition, no significant changes in the sublethal test endpoints were found. An additional chronic (17-day) exposure of F heteroclitus to clofibric acid (10 mu g/L) was conducted and found no effects on survival or sublethal endpoints. The rabbit polyclonal CYP450 4A antibody did cross react with E heteroclitus, demonstrating that a CYP4A-like isoform is present in this teleost species and may be used in future induction studies. Clofibric acid, however, did not alter CYP4A levels in F heteroclitus. Measured concentrations in the environment have not exceeded 10 mu g/L. Therefore, the results of this study indicate a low risk of adverse effects from environmental exposure to clofibric acid for the species tested. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP DeLorenzo, ME (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM marie.delorenzo@noaa.gov NR 37 TC 38 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 17 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0013-9351 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 100 IS 2 BP 216 EP 226 DI 10.1016/j.envres.2005.03.014 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 012CS UT WOS:000235316400009 PM 16442995 ER PT J AU Raikow, DF Reid, DF Maynard, EE Landrum, PE AF Raikow, DF Reid, DF Maynard, EE Landrum, PE TI Sensitivity of aquatic invertebrate resting eggs to SeaKleen (R) (menadione): A test of potential ballast tank treatment options SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE resting egg; biological invasion; ballast; SeaKleen (R); menadione ID DIAPAUSING EGGS; SEDIMENT; VESSELS; VIABILITY; ROTIFERS; EFFICACY AB The introduction of aquatic species in resting life stages by the release of ballast water is a less well-known but potentially important invasive species vector. Best-management practices designed to minimize transport of ballast water cannot eliminate this threat, because residual water and sediment are retained in ballast tanks after draining. To evaluate the potential efficacy of chemical treatment of residual material in ship ballast tanks, the present study examined the acute toxicity of the proposed biocide SeaKleen (R) (menadione; Garnett, Watkinsville, GA, USA) on resting eggs of Brachionus plicatilis (a marine rotifer), a freshwater copepod, Daphnia mendotae (a freshwater cladoceran), and Artemia sp. (a marine brine shrimp). SeaKleen was toxic to resting eggs of all taxa. Daphnia mendotae resting eggs encased in protective ephippia were the least sensitive, as indicated by a 24-h lethal concentration of toxicant to 90% of organisms of 8.7 mg/L (95% confidence interval, +/- 0.1 mg/L). SeaKleen induced teratogenic effects in D. mendotae and Artemia sp. Exposure to sunlight quickly degraded SeaKleen, which lost all toxicity after 72 h outdoors. SeaKleen increased in toxicity slightly after 72 h in darkness. Burial of D. mendotae ephippia in natural lake sediment reduced SeaKleen toxicity by a factor of 20. Reduced toxicity in the presence of sediment raises serious doubts as to the potential for this, or any, chemical biocide to kill aquatic invertebrate resting stages buried in sediment retained in ship ballast tanks. C1 NOAA, Natl Ctr Res Aquat Invas Species, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. SUNY Buffalo, Dept Biol Sci, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. RP Raikow, DF (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ctr Res Aquat Invas Species, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM david.raikow@noaa.gov NR 31 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 10 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 25 IS 2 BP 552 EP 559 DI 10.1897/05-142R1.1 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 004ZS UT WOS:000234792000031 PM 16519319 ER PT J AU Roy, NK Courtenay, SC Chambers, RC Wirgin, II AF Roy, NK Courtenay, SC Chambers, RC Wirgin, II TI Characterization of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor and a comparison of its expression in atlantic tomcod from resistant and sensitive populations SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE resistance; aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway; gene expression; polychlorinated biphenyls; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ID HUDSON RIVER ESTUARY; MICROGADUS-TOMCOD; HUMAN TISSUES; NEW-YORK; GENE; INDUCTION; EXPOSURE; CYP1A1; INDUCIBILITY; CONTAMINANTS AB Atlantic tomcod from the Hudson River, USA, are resistant to cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) mRNA induction and early life stage toxicities induced by coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) or tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins but not polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. We sought to determine if basal expression or inducibility of aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor (AHRR) mRNA is higher in tomcod from the resistant Hudson River population than in those from sensitive populations. Tomcod AHRR cDNA was characterized and its expression quantified in different tissues and life stages of tomcod from the Hudson River, Miramichi River, Canada (sensitive), and among environmentally exposed tomcod from these two sources and the St. Lawrence River, Canada. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that tomcod AHRR falls within the clade of other vertebrate aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AHRs) but is most closely related to the four previously identified AHRR genes. Induction of AHRR mRNA was observed in all tissues of PCB77-treated juvenile tomcod of Miramichi River descent, and expression differed among tissues and was significantly related to levels of CYP1A1 mRNA expression. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor mRNA was similarly inducible in F2 embryos of Miramichi and Hudson River descent by benzo[a]pyrene but less by PCB77 in Hudson River offspring. A significant, positive correlation was observed between CYP1A1 mRNA and AHRR mRNA concentrations in environmentally exposed tomcod from the three rivers. We conclude that differences in basal expression or inducibility of AHRR mRNA are not the mechanistic basis of resistance but that levels of AHRR often mirror those of CYP1A1, suggesting that a common AHR pathway-related mechanism may modulate expression of both genes. C1 NYU, Sch Med, Dept Environm Med, Tuxedo Pk, NY 10987 USA. Univ New Brunswick, Dept Biol, Canadian Rivers Inst, Dept Fisheries & Oceans, Fredericton, NB E3B 6E1, Canada. NOAA, Serv Fisheries, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Howard Marine Sci Lab, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. RP Wirgin, II (reprint author), NYU, Sch Med, Dept Environm Med, 57 Old Forge Rd, Tuxedo Pk, NY 10987 USA. EM wirgin@env.med.nyu.edu FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES10344, ES00260] NR 40 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 6 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 25 IS 2 BP 560 EP 571 DI 10.1897/05-347R.1 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 004ZS UT WOS:000234792000032 PM 16519320 ER PT J AU Linbo, TL Stehr, CM Incardona, JP Scholz, NL AF Linbo, TL Stehr, CM Incardona, JP Scholz, NL TI Dissolved copper triggers cell death in the peripheral mechanosensory system of larval fish SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE lateral line; behavior; storm water; neurotoxicity; non-point source ID BIOTIC LIGAND MODEL; SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; LATERAL-LINE SYSTEM; RAINBOW-TROUT; RECEPTOR-CELLS; ACUTE TOXICITY; URBAN RUNOFF; COHO SALMON; 1ST FLUSH; ZEBRAFISH AB Dissolved copper is an increasingly common non-point source contaminant in urban and urbanizing watersheds. In the present study, we investigated the sublethal effects of dissolved copper on the peripheral mechanosensory system, or lateral line, of larval zebrafish (Danio rerio). Zebrafish larvae were exposed to copper (0-65 mu g/L), and the cytotoxic responses of individual lateral line receptor neurons were examined using a combination of in vivo fluorescence imaging, confocal microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and conventional histology. Dissolved copper triggered a dose-dependent loss of neurons in identified lateral line neuromasts at concentrations >= 20 mu g/L. The onset of cell death in the larval mechanosensory system was rapid (< 1 h). When copper-exposed zebrafish were transferred to clean water, the lateral line regenerated over the course of 2 d. In contrast, the lateral line of larvae exposed continuously to dissolved copper (50 mu g/L) for 3 d did not recover. Collectively, these results show that peripheral mechanosensory neurons are vulnerable to the neurotoxic effects of copper. Consequently, dissolved copper in nonpoint source storm-water runoff has the potential to interfere with rheotaxis, schooling, predator avoidance, and other mechanosensory-mediated behaviors that are important for the migration and survival of fish. C1 NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Scholz, NL (reprint author), NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM nathaniel.scholz@noaa.gov RI Scholz, Nathaniel/L-1642-2013 OI Scholz, Nathaniel/0000-0001-6207-0272 NR 34 TC 61 Z9 61 U1 2 U2 15 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 25 IS 2 BP 597 EP 603 DI 10.1897/05-241R.1 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 004ZS UT WOS:000234792000036 PM 16519324 ER PT J AU Rice, CA AF Rice, CA TI Effects of shoreline modification on a northern Puget Sound beach: Microclimate and embryo mortality in surf smelt (Hypomesus pretiosus) SO ESTUARIES AND COASTS LA English DT Article ID CAPELIN MALLOTUS-VILLOSUS; LEURESTHES-TENUIS; BIOLOGICAL INTEGRITY; ALLOCHTHONOUS INPUT; CALIFORNIA GRUNION; COMMUNITIES; SURVIVAL; HABITAT; PRODUCTIVITY; TEMPERATURE AB Human alteration of Puget Sound shorelines is extensive yet its ecological consequences are largely undocumented. This study evaluates differences between natural and heavily modified beaches in terms of microclimate and one aspect of biological condition. Electronic data loggers were placed at a tidal height of approximately 3.7 in (12 ft) above mean lower low water during July 16-20, 2001, to monitor light intensity, substrate and air temperatures, and humidity. Substrate samples were collected at the end of the monitoring period to evaluate condition and density of eggs from surf smelt (Hypomesus pretiosus), a forage fish species that spawns on gravel-sand beaches in the upper intertidal zone. The modified beach had significantly higher daily mean light intensity, air temperature, and substrate temperature, and significantly lower daily mean relative humidity. Particularly striking were the differences in substrate temperature, which, on the natural beach, ranged from 12.1 degrees C to 18.2 degrees C (mean = 14.1 degrees C) and on the modified beach ranged from 14.4 degrees C to 29.4 degrees C (mean = 18.8 degrees C). In addition to these different means and more extreme values, microclimate conditions on the modified beach were more variable, indicative of a less buffered environment. The proportion of smelt eggs containing live embryos on the altered beach was approximately half that of the natural beach. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Mukilteo Field Facil, Mukilteo, WA 98275 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. RP Rice, CA (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Mukilteo Field Facil, 10 Pk Ave,Bldg B, Mukilteo, WA 98275 USA. EM casimir.rice@noaa.gov NR 58 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 12 PU ESTUARINE RESEARCH FEDERATION PI PORT REPUBLIC PA 2018 DAFFODIL, PO BOX 510, PORT REPUBLIC, MD 20676 USA SN 1559-2723 J9 ESTUARIES COASTS JI Estuaries Coasts PD FEB PY 2006 VL 29 IS 1 BP 63 EP 71 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 044NU UT WOS:000237680200006 ER PT J AU Ferreira, JG Nobre, AM Sirnas, TC Silva, MC Newton, A Bricker, SB Wolff, WJ Stacey, PE Sequeira, A AF Ferreira, JG Nobre, AM Sirnas, TC Silva, MC Newton, A Bricker, SB Wolff, WJ Stacey, PE Sequeira, A TI A methodology for defining homogeneous water bodies in estuaries - Application to the transitional systems of the EU Water Framework Directive SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE estuary; transitional waters; classification; water body; EU Water Framework Directive; management ID PHYTOPLANKTON BLOOMS; TEMPORAL VARIABILITY; UNITED-STATES; LAND-USE; NITROGEN; MODEL; MANAGEMENT; EUTROPHICATION; CATCHMENTS; HYDROLOGY AB A methodology is developed and tested for division of estuarine and coastal systems into water bodies for monitoring and management purposes. This division is often implicit in the choice of sampling stations and in pollution abatement measures applied to different locations - it is now an explicit requirement of European Union Directive 2000/60/EC (Water Framework Directive) and recommended by United States Agencies such as EPA and NOAA. The approach considers both natural characteristics and the human dimension, by means of a stepwise methodology, which considers, on the one hand, morphology and salinity distribution, and, on the other, appropriate indicators of pressure and state. In the present application, nitrogen and phosphorus loading was used as the pressure component and chlorophyll a and dissolved oxygen as indicators of state. The criteria for system division were defined based on (1) an adimensional shape factor and salinity classes for the natural component; and (2) a normalised pressure index and (ASSETS) eutrophication symptom classes for the human dimension. Water quality databases and GIS were used to develop spatial distributions for the various components, and the results were aggregated into a final water body division, using tidal excursion as a "common sense" test. The methodology was applied to three well-studied systems in Portugal, a tubular estuary (Mondego), a wide lagunal estuary (Sado) and a coastal barrier island system (Ria Formosa). Although a final definition of water bodies will usually be a policy decision, this type of approach for the division of coastal systems into management units scientifically informs the decision-making process. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Fac Ciencias & Tecnol, Inst Marine Res, Dept Ciencias & Engn Ambiente, P-2829516 Monte De Caparica, Portugal. LNEC, Civil Engn Lab, P-1700066 Lisbon, Portugal. UALG, IMAR, Inst Marine Res, P-8000117 Fargo, Portugal. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Univ Groningen, Dept Marine Biol, Ctr Biol, NL-9750 AA Haren, Netherlands. Connecticut Dept Environm Protect, Bur Water Management, Hartford, CT USA. RP Ferreira, JG (reprint author), Fac Ciencias & Tecnol, Inst Marine Res, Dept Ciencias & Engn Ambiente, Qta Torre, P-2829516 Monte De Caparica, Portugal. EM joao@hoomi.com RI Sequeira, Ana/C-4360-2008; LNEC, DHA/F-9905-2010; Estuarios, NEC/D-5086-2009; OI Newton, Alice/0000-0001-9286-5914; Ferreira, Joao/0000-0001-9614-142X; Nobre, Ana/0000-0002-5371-2728 NR 61 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 14 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0272-7714 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF S JI Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 66 IS 3-4 BP 468 EP 482 DI 10.1016/j.ecss.2005.09.016 PG 15 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 007BJ UT WOS:000234942000011 ER PT J AU Hostikka, S McGrattan, K AF Hostikka, S McGrattan, K TI Numerical modeling of radiative heat transfer in water sprays SO FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE water sprays; radiation model; scattering calculation; Lagrangian droplets ID FINITE-VOLUME METHOD; ANISOTROPICALLY SCATTERING MEDIA; DISCRETE ORDINATES METHOD; THERMAL-RADIATION; FIRE PROTECTION; ATTENUATION; CURTAINS; MIST AB A numerical method is developed for the transport of polychromatic radiation in polydisperse sprays. The method is implemented within a wide-band radiation solver using the Finite Volume Method. Mie theory is used to compute the absorption and scattering characteristics of the water droplets. The solver is designed to be computationally effective because the simulations of fire scenarios are inherently time-dependent and the radiative transport equation must be solved many times. The model is compared with two sets of experimental data, and a discussion of the results is presented. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Tech Res Ctr Finland, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland. NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hostikka, S (reprint author), Tech Res Ctr Finland, VTT Bldg & Transport, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland. OI Hostikka, Simo/0000-0002-3581-1677 NR 25 TC 22 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0379-7112 EI 1873-7226 J9 FIRE SAFETY J JI Fire Saf. J. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 41 IS 1 BP 76 EP 86 DI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2005.09.003 PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 005KM UT WOS:000234821100008 ER PT J AU Bigelow, K Musyl, MK Poisson, F Kleiber, P AF Bigelow, K Musyl, MK Poisson, F Kleiber, P TI Pelagic longline gear depth and shoaling SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE temperature-depth recorders; fishing depth; bycatch; pelagic fishes; longline fisheries; catenary algorithms ID TUNA THUNNUS-OBESUS; BIGEYE TUNA; TROPICAL PACIFIC; CATCH; MODEL; CAPTURE; FRONTS; MEXICO; OCEAN; GULF AB Temperature-depth recorders (TDRs) were attached to pelagic longline gear in the Hawaii-based commercial fishery to obtain actual fishing depths and to test the accuracy of catenary algorithms for predicting fishing depths. Swordfish gear was set shallow by typically deploying four hooks between successive floats. The observed depth of the settled deepest hook had a median value of 60 m for 333 swordfish sets. Tuna longline gear deployed more hooks between floats (mean = 26.8), and the observed median depth of the deepest hook was 248 m (n = 266 sets). Maximum gear depth was predicted from estimates of the longline sag ratio and catenary algorithms; however, depth was not predicted for all TDR-monitored sets because estimating sag ratios proved problematic. Swordfish sets had less slack in the main line and correspondingly smaller catenary angles (median = 54.2 degrees) than tuna sets (median = 63.7 degrees). Median values of the predicted catenary depth were 123 m for swordfish sets (n = 203) and 307 m for tuna sets (n = 198). Shallow swordfish sets reached only similar to 50% of their predicted depth, while deeper tuna sets reached about 70%. These values indicated that capture depths using traditional catenary equations may be biased without the benefit of TDRs affixed to longlines. Generalized linear models (GLMs) and generalized additive models (GAMs) were developed to explain the percentage of longline shoaling as a function of predicted catenary depth and environmental effects of wind stress, surface current velocity, and current shear. The GAM explained 67.2% of the deviance in shoaling for tuna sets and 41.3% for swordfish sets. Predicted catenary depth was always the initial variable included in the stepwise process, and the inclusion of environmental information in the GAM approach explained an additional 10-17% of the deviance compared to the GLMs. The explanatory ability of the environmental data may have been limited by the scale of the observations (P in space; weekly or monthly in time) or the geometric (transverse versus in-line) forcing between the environment and longline set. Longline gear models with environmental forcing affecting shoaling may be improved in future studies by incorporating contemporaneous environmental information, although this may restrict analyses to fine-scale experimental longlines. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NOAA Fisheries, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Indian Ocean Tuna Commiss, Victoria, Mahe, Seychelles. RP Bigelow, K (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2570 Dole St, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM Keith.Bigelow@noaa.gov NR 39 TC 63 Z9 78 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 77 IS 2 BP 173 EP 183 DI 10.1016/j.fishres.2005.10.010 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 011QT UT WOS:000235283900005 ER PT J AU Piner, KR Wallace, JR Hamel, OS Mikus, R AF Piner, KR Wallace, JR Hamel, OS Mikus, R TI Evaluation of ageing accuracy of bocaccio (Sebastes paucispinis) rockfish using bomb radiocarbon SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE otolith; ageing; validation; radiocarbon; bocaccio; rockfish ID AGE VALIDATION; NORTHEAST PACIFIC; EL-NINO; OTOLITHS; OREGON; OCEAN; VARIABILITY; SHELF; COAST; ALASKA AB The accuracy of bocaccio rockfish age assignments was evaluated using radiocarbon levels measured in otoliths collected from fish taken off the coast of Washington state (USA). Otoliths from 24 randomly selected fish with estimated birth years from 1950 to 1977, based on paired otolith age estimates, were used in this study. The level of radiocarbon measured in the core of each otolith was compared to a reference radiocarbon chronology based on radiocarbon levels in otoliths from known-age Pacific halibut. The degree of graphical phase correspondence between the two series was sufficient to support the hypothesis that the annuli were formed yearly in bocaccio otoliths but were somewhat difficult to identify. Statistical analysis of the ageing errors could not document a bias in production ageing of bocaccio. Pre-bomb radiocarbon levels measured in otolith cores confirm that bocaccio can live at least 37 years. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Piner, KR (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM Kevin.Piner@noaa.gov OI Hamel, Owen/0000-0002-6024-7211 NR 40 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 77 IS 2 BP 200 EP 206 DI 10.1016/j.fishres.2005.10.003 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 011QT UT WOS:000235283900008 ER PT J AU Winton, M AF Winton, M TI Amplified Arctic climate change: What does surface albedo feedback have to do with it? SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MODELS AB A group of twelve IPCC fourth assessment report (AR4) climate models have Arctic (60N-90N) warmings that are, on average, 1.9 times greater than their global warmings at the time of CO2 doubling in 1%/year CO2 increase experiments. Forcings and feedbacks that impact the warming response are estimated for both Arctic and global regions based on standard model diagnostics. Fitting a zero-dimensional energy balance model to each region, an expression is derived that gives the Arctic amplification as a function of these forcings and feedbacks. Contributing to Arctic amplification are the Arctic-global differences in surface albedo feedback (SAF), longwave feedback and the net top-of-atmosphere flux forcing (the sum of the surface flux and the atmospheric heat transport convergence). The doubled CO2 forcing and non-SAF shortwave feedback oppose Arctic amplification. SAF is shown to be a contributing, but not a dominating, factor in the simulated Arctic amplification and its intermodel variation. C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Winton, M (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308,Forrestal Campus, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM michael.winton@noaa.gov NR 11 TC 156 Z9 160 U1 7 U2 53 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD FEB 1 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 3 AR L03701 DI 10.1029/2005GL025244 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 010AV UT WOS:000235156500006 ER PT J AU Soler, T Michalak, P Weston, ND Snay, RA Foote, RH AF Soler, T Michalak, P Weston, ND Snay, RA Foote, RH TI Accuracy of OPUS solutions for 1-to 4-h observing sessions SO GPS SOLUTIONS LA English DT Article DE GPS processing services; OPUS; position relative to observation time ID POSITIONS AB We processed 30 consecutive days of Global Positioning System (GPS) data using the On-line Positioning Users Service (OPUS) provided by the National Geodetic Survey (NGS) to determine how the accuracy of derived three-dimensional positional coordinates depends on the length of the observing session T, for T ranging from I h to 4 h. We selected five Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS), distributed widely across the USA, and processed the GPS data for each with corresponding data from three of its nearby CORS. Our results support the current OPUS policy that recommends using a minimum of 2 h of static GPS data. In particular, 2 h of data yielded a root mean square error of 0.8, 2. 1, and 3.4 cm in the north, east, and up components of the derived positional coordinates, respectively. Results drastically improve for solutions containing 3 h or more of GPS data. C1 NOAA, Natl Geodet Survey, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Warsaw Univ Technol, Inst Geodesy & Geodet Astron, PL-00661 Warsaw, Poland. RP Soler, T (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Geodet Survey, 1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM Tom.Soler@noaa.gov RI Soler, Tomas/F-6386-2010 NR 15 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 9 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1080-5370 J9 GPS SOLUT JI GPS Solut. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 10 IS 1 BP 45 EP 55 DI 10.1007/s10291-005-0007-3 PG 11 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA 018DC UT WOS:000235743000006 ER PT J AU Anjum, F Ghosh, AK Golmie, N Kolodzy, P Poovendran, R Shorey, R AF Anjum, F Ghosh, AK Golmie, N Kolodzy, P Poovendran, R Shorey, R TI Guest editorial - Security in wireless ad hoc networks SO IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Telcordia Technol Inc, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Adv Technol Off, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Adv Networking Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Kolodzy Consulting, Centreville, VA 20120 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Elect Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. GM India Pvt Ltd, GM Tech Ctr India, Bangalore 560066, Karnataka, India. RP Anjum, F (reprint author), Telcordia Technol Inc, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0733-8716 J9 IEEE J SEL AREA COMM JI IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 24 IS 2 BP 217 EP 220 DI 10.1109/JSAC.2005.861070 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 013IU UT WOS:000235403800001 ER PT J AU Theurer, CB Zhang, L Kazmer, DO Gao, RX Jackson, RW AF Theurer, CB Zhang, L Kazmer, DO Gao, RX Jackson, RW TI Passive charge modulation for a wireless pressure sensor SO IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE analog to digital converter; charge control; charge measurement; injection molding; passive charge modulation; piezoelectric energy harvesting; self powered; threshold modulator; wireless pressure sensor; wireless sensor AB A wireless pressure sensor is described for use in a high-pressure manufacturing process with three major subsystems: energy conversion by a stack of piezoelectric disks, energy measurement and control by a threshold modulator, and ultrasonic signal transmission by a piezoelectric transmitter. The second system, the threshold modulator, is the focus of this paper. The charge, proportional to pressure, on a capacitive element is measured and controlled through the use of a two-transistor modulator. Standard NPN and PNP transistors are used to passively control the flow of charge between a piezoelectric stack and an ultrasonic transmitter. The basis for the design is discussed, from which a simulation is developed and compared to a bench top prototype. The results of this comparison indicate the appropriateness of the assumptions used to produce an analytical model of the design and the limiting conditions under which the modulator will effectively measure charge. Finally, the prototype device is optimized with respect to sensitivity, gain, and operating range for use in real-time process monitoring and control. C1 GE Global Res Ctr, Niskayuna, NY 12309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Metrol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Massachusetts Lowell, Dept Plast Engn, Lowell, MA 01854 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Mech & Ind Engn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Theurer, CB (reprint author), GE Global Res Ctr, Niskayuna, NY 12309 USA. EM theurer@research.ge.com; lizhang@ecs.umass.edu; david_kazmer@umi.edu; gao@ecs.umass.edu; jackson@ecs.umass.edu RI Gao, Robert/O-9339-2014 NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 7 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1530-437X J9 IEEE SENS J JI IEEE Sens. J. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 6 IS 1 BP 47 EP 54 DI 10.1109/JSEN.2005.859785 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 004AB UT WOS:000234723300007 ER PT J AU Love, DC Rothwell, EJ AF Love, DC Rothwell, EJ TI A mode-matching approach to determine the shielding properties of a doubly periodic array of rectangular apertures in a thick conducting screen SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY LA English DT Article DE apertures; mode-matching methods; periodic structures; shielding ID TRANSMISSION; SCATTERING; PLATES AB The application of the mode-matching technique to determine the shielding properties of a thick doubly periodic conducting screen of rectangular apertures is presented. Floquet waves are used to represent the reflected and transmitted fields, while waveguide modes are used to determine the fields within the screen. Expressions for all fields are formed using Hertzian potentials. After enforcing boundary conditions and forming a system of linear equations, the mode coefficients are determined using standard techniques. Numerical results show the effect of increasing thickness and incidence angle variation on transmitted power. It is shown that by selectively choosing the number of waveguide modes, meaningful results for transmission can be obtained for screens whose thickness is several times the size of the apertures. The results also demonstrate the relationship between this approach and application of the waveguide below cutoff principle. It is also noted that at higher frequencies, higher order Floquet modes will propagate and contribute to the transmitted power. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Love, DC (reprint author), US Dept Commerce, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Bouder Labs, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM dcl@boulder.nist.gov; rothwell@egr.msu.edu NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9375 J9 IEEE T ELECTROMAGN C JI IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 48 IS 1 BP 121 EP 133 DI 10.1109/TEMC.2006.870811 PG 13 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 032YD UT WOS:000236811700011 ER PT J AU Holloway, CL Hill, DA Ladbury, JM Koepke, G AF Holloway, CL Hill, DA Ladbury, JM Koepke, G TI Requirements for an effective reverberation chamber: Unloaded or loaded SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY LA English DT Article DE chamber loading; quality factor; Rayleigh distribution; reverberation chamber; Rice distribution; stirred energy; unstirred energy AB In this paper, we present two versions of a threshold metric for the purpose of accessing the effectiveness of a reverberation chamber. One metric is based on the chamber quality factor (Q), and the other is based on the volume of the loaded reverberation chamber. These metrics are baseline quantities that must be exceeded in order to have an effective reverberation chamber. These threshold metrics are obtained from two different approaches. The first approach is based on a free-space transmission formulation and the scalar mean power density associated with the "stirred energy" in the chamber and requires that the stirred energy exceeds the unstirred energy throughout most of the chamber volume. The second approach is obtained by requiring that the amplitude of the electric (or magnetic) field satisfies the expected Rayleigh probability density function throughout most of the chamber volume. We present an application of these metrics for the case of a reverberation chamber loaded with spheres composed of lossy materials. C1 NIST, US Dept Commerce, Boulder Labs, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Holloway, CL (reprint author), NIST, US Dept Commerce, Boulder Labs, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM holloway@boulder.nist.gov; dhill@boulder.nist.gov; ladbury@boulder.nist.gov; koepke@boulder.nist.gov NR 17 TC 56 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9375 J9 IEEE T ELECTROMAGN C JI IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 48 IS 1 BP 187 EP 194 DI 10.1109/TEMC.2006.870709 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 032YD UT WOS:000236811700018 ER PT J AU Sun, W Cetin, M Thacker, WC Chin, TM Willsky, AS AF Sun, W Cetin, M Thacker, WC Chin, TM Willsky, AS TI Variational approaches on discontinuity localization and field estimation in sea surface temperature and soil moisture SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE curve evolution; image segmentation; image smoothing; interpolation; level sets; Mumford-Shah functional; sea surface temperature (SST); soil moisture ID REMOTE-SENSING FOOTPRINTS; ACTIVE CONTOURS; OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS; CROSS-VALIDATION; GULF-STREAM; SPLINE FUNCTIONS; OCEANIC FRONTS; KALMAN FILTER; MODEL; ASSIMILATION AB Some applications in remote sensing require estimating a field containing a discontinuity whose exact location is a priori unknown. Such fields of interest include sea surface temperature in oceanography and soil moisture in hydrology. For the former, oceanic fronts form a temperature discontinuity, while in the latter sharp changes exist across the interface between soil types. To complicate the estimation process, remotely sensed measurements often exhibit regions of missing observations due to occlusions such as cloud cover. Similarly, water surface and ground-based sensors usually provide only an incomplete set of measurements. Traditional methods of interpolation and smoothing for estimating the fields from such potentially sparse measurements often blur across the discontinuities in the field. C1 MIT, Informat & Decis Syst Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Microsoft Corp, Redmond, WA 98052 USA. EM waltsun@alum.mit.edu RI Thacker, Carlisle/I-3813-2013 OI Thacker, Carlisle/0000-0002-9285-8826 NR 90 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 6 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0196-2892 EI 1558-0644 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD FEB PY 2006 VL 44 IS 2 BP 336 EP 350 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2005.861012 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 006MX UT WOS:000234902700009 ER PT J AU Hwang, IS Huang, IF Chien, CD Su, DH AF Hwang, IS Huang, IF Chien, CD Su, DH TI Efficient path-segment protection utilizing logical-ring approach in WDM mesh network SO IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION AND SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE fault protection; DSSP; WDM; mesh topology; segment protection; shared protection; SRLG AB This work proposes a distributed fault protection mechanism called the Dynamic-Shared Segment Protection (DSSP) algorithm for WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) mesh networks. The objects are to assure high probability of path protection and efficient use of network resources. The proposed approach exploits the segment protection mode, which accommodates the characteristics of both path-based and link-based protections, for providing finer service granularities, to satisfy the versatile requirements of critical applications in the foreseeable future. To show that DSSP can improve performance efficiency, simulations are conducted using four networks (NSFNET, USANET, Mesh 6 x 6, Mesh 9x9) for a comparative study of the proposed DSSP versus ordinary shared protection schemes and SLSP (Short Leap Shared Protection). Simulation results reveal that the proposed DSSP method results in much lower blocking probability and has higher network utilization. Consequently, it is very useful for applications to a real-time WDM network, which changes status dynamically. C1 Yuan Ze Univ, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, Chungli, Taiwan. Kang Ning Jr Coll, Dept Informat Management, Taipei, Taiwan. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hwang, IS (reprint author), Yuan Ze Univ, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, Chungli, Taiwan. EM ishwang@saturn.yzu.edu.tw; ifeng@knjc.edu.tw; s917450@mail.yzu.edu.tw; dsu@nist.gov NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEICE-INST ELECTRONICS INFORMATION COMMUNICATIONS ENG PI TOKYO PA KIKAI-SHINKO-KAIKAN BLDG MINATO-KU SHIBAKOEN 3 CHOME, TOKYO, 105, JAPAN SN 0916-8532 J9 IEICE T INF SYST JI IEICE Trans. Inf. Syst. PD FEB PY 2006 VL E89D IS 2 BP 679 EP 686 DI 10.1093/ietisy/e89-d.2.679 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA 014VP UT WOS:000235508800035 ER PT J AU Chin, JW Nguyen, T Gu, XH Byrd, E Martin, J AF Chin, JW Nguyen, T Gu, XH Byrd, E Martin, J TI Accelerated UV weathering of polymeric systems: Recent innovations and new perspectives SO JCT COATINGSTECH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 27th Biennal Western-Coatings-Societies Symposium CY NOV 06-09, 2005 CL Las Vegas, NV SP Western Coatings Soc ID PHOTODEGRADATION; RECIPROCITY; RADIATION; LAW AB Polymeric materials used in an outdoor environment are subjected to a wide variety of environmental factors, including solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, temperature, and moisture, in a process known as weathering. Understanding the factors that govern the weathering performance of commercial polymeric materials has great practical importance, as does the ability to relate laboratory performance of a polymeric system to its performance in the field. At present, the full potential of these materials is inhibited by the absence of a methodology for accurately predicting their service life during exposure in their end-use environments. A reliability-based methodology utilizing total effective dosage as an exposure metric has been proposed as an alternative to the conventional methodology for carrying out laboratory and outdoor weathering studies. The use of this proposed methodology involves not only a shift in paradigm but also in the way that laboratory and outdoor weathering experiments are carried out. The concepts of reciprocity and additivity, which were first introduced by the photographic community and then studied by the medical and biological communities, are also proposed as models for synthetic polymeric systems. C1 Polymer Mat Grp, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chin, JW (reprint author), Polymer Mat Grp, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 31 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU FEDERATION SOC COATINGS TECHNOLOGY PI BLUE BELL PA 492 NORRISTOWN ROAD, BLUE BELL, PA 19422-2350 USA SN 1547-0083 J9 JCT COATINGSTECH JI JCT Coatingstech PD FEB PY 2006 VL 3 IS 2 BP 20 EP 26 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 016LH UT WOS:000235621200001 ER PT J AU Brewer, TM Davis, WC Marcus, RK AF Brewer, TM Davis, WC Marcus, RK TI Plasma parameter and film casting optimization for the determination of particulate matter in a sol-gel matrix by radiofrequency glow discharge optical emission spectrometry (rf-GD-OES) SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID INDUCTIVELY-COUPLED PLASMA; DIELECTRIC SAMPLE ATOMIZATION; RAY-FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS; WORKING GAS SYSTEMS; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; LASER-ABLATION; ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS; POWDER SAMPLES; LANGMUIR PROBE; SPARK ABLATION AB Solids analysis has typically suffered from the lack of true analytical blanks and the inability to study particulate solids in their native state. Reported here is an approach to the analysis of particulate matter entrapped in a sol-gel matrix by radiofrequency glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (rf-GD-OES). Sol-gel glasses are synthesized by acid-catalyzed condensation of methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMOS) and spun cast onto glass substrates. Slurries of powdered NIST standard reference materials (SRMs) 1884a Portland Cement and 1648 Urban Particulate Matter were incorporated into the films and analyzed for both main and trace element components. Cast films were analyzed to determine the discharge operating conditions and effects of particle size and deposited layer thickness while monitoring optical emission lines of a number of analytes. Using the sol-gel method, analytical blanks were obtained by use of an undoped sol-gel. Detection limits were determined for minor elements using background/blank subtraction and were found to be in the range of 1-12 mu g g(-1) in Portland Cement for elements Al, Ca, P, Mn and Fe, which corresponds to single-nanogram absolute detection limits. C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Chem, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Marcus, RK (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Chem, Biosyst Res Complex,51 New Cherry St, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 64 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0267-9477 J9 J ANAL ATOM SPECTROM JI J. Anal. At. Spectrom. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 21 IS 2 BP 126 EP 133 DI 10.1039/b511260e PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 014BH UT WOS:000235453200016 ER PT J AU Pleim, JE AF Pleim, JE TI A simple, efficient solution of flux-profile relationships in the atmospheric surface layer SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MODELS; PARAMETERIZATION; STABILITY AB This note describes a simple scheme for analytical estimation of the surface-layer similarity functions from state variables. What distinguishes this note from the many previous papers on this topic is that this method is specifically targeted for numerical models in which simplicity and economic execution are critical. In addition, it has been in use in a mesoscale meteorological model for several years. For stable conditions, a very simple scheme is presented that compares well to the iterative solution. The stable scheme includes a very stable regime in which the slope of the stability functions is reduced to permit significant fluxes to occur, Which is particularly important for numerical models in which decoupling from the surface can be ail important problem. For unstable conditions, simple schemes generalized for varying ratios of aerodynamic roughness to thermal roughness (z(o)/z(oh)) are less satisfactory. Therefore, a simple scheme has been empirically derived for a fixed z(o)/z(oh) ratio, which represents quasi-laminar sublayer resistance. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. US EPA, Atmospher Modeling Div, NERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP US EPA, Atmospher Modeling Div, NERL, Mail Drop E243-03, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM pleim.jon@epa.gov RI Pleim, Jonathan Pleim/C-1331-2017 OI Pleim, Jonathan Pleim/0000-0001-6190-6082 NR 18 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 3 U2 22 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1558-8424 EI 1558-8432 J9 J APPL METEOROL CLIM JI J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 45 IS 2 BP 341 EP 347 DI 10.1175/JAM2339.1 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 038SM UT WOS:000237244000008 ER PT J AU Kujundzic, D Gallagher, A AF Kujundzic, D Gallagher, A TI Particle growth in silane-hydrogen discharges SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID DEPOSITION AB The growth of silicon particles has been measured in silane-hydrogen radio-frequency (rf) discharges using a typical hydrogen/silane dilution ratio (20) and the pressure range (1.2-2.2 Torr) used for the production of amorphous and microcrystalline silicon films and devices. By operating brief discharges without gas flow, the particle size is obtained from the afterglow diffusion and the particle density from the scattered-light intensity. These small-reactor data thus provide the expected particle size and density versus location-in a commercial large-area-isothermal-flowing-gas reactor. Particle growth rate is a strong function of pressure, whereas film growth rate is almost independent of pressure. Both growth rates are sensitive to rf voltage, although particle growth is more sensitive. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Kujundzic, D (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM alang@jila.colorado.edu NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD FEB 1 PY 2006 VL 99 IS 3 AR 033301 DI 10.1063/1.2168230 PG 5 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 012LP UT WOS:000235341000006 ER PT J AU Yu, TY Zhang, GF Chalamalasetti, AB Doviak, RJ Zrnic, D AF Yu, TY Zhang, GF Chalamalasetti, AB Doviak, RJ Zrnic, D TI Resolution enhancement technique using range oversampling SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURES; VORTEX STRUCTURE; PART II; RADAR; SIMULATION; TORNADO; SIGNALS AB A novel resolution enhancement technique using range oversampling (RETRO) is presented. Oversampled signals are radar returns from shifted and overlapped resolution volumes in range. It has been recently shown that these signals can be whitened and averaged to optimally reduce the statistical error of weather spectral moment estimations for the case of uniform reflectivity and velocity. Using the same oversampled data, when the resolution is of interest, RETRO can reveal the variation of reflectivity and velocity, in range at finescale. The idea is to Utilize the redundant information contained in oversampled signals, which conic from common regions, to improve the resolution defined by the range weighting function. As a result, oversampled data are optimally combined to produce high-resolution signals for spectral moment estimations. RETRO is demonstrated and verified using numerical simulations for two cases. In the first case, range variation of a tornadic vortex with a diameter of 120 in can be reconstructed by RETRO at a scale of 25 m when a 250-m pulse and an oversampling factor of 10 are used. Application of RETRO to mitigate ground clutter contamination is demonstrated in the second case. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Sch Elect & Comp Engn, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Yu, TY (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Sch Elect & Comp Engn, Norman, OK 73019 USA. EM tyu@ou.edu RI Zhang, Guifu/M-3178-2014 OI Zhang, Guifu/0000-0002-0261-2815 NR 24 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 23 IS 2 BP 228 EP 240 DI 10.1175/JTECH1841.1 PG 13 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 023EQ UT WOS:000236108900006 ER PT J AU Tai, CK AF Tai, CK TI Aliasing of sea level sampled by a single exact-repeat altimetric satellite or a coordinated constellation of satellites: Analytic aliasing formulas SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OCEAN CIRCULATION; TOPEX/POSEIDON; ORBITS AB The aliasing problem for exact-repeat altimetric satellite sampling is solved analytically by the least squares method. To make the problem tractable, the latitudinal extent of the problem needs to be moderate for the satellite-round tracks to appear as two sets of parallel straight lines, and the along-track sampling is assumed to be dense enough to resolve an), along-track features of interest. The aliasing formulas thus derived confirm the previously discovered resolving power, which is characterized by the Nyquist frequency omega(c) =;pi/T (where T is the repeat period of the satellite) and by (in local Cartesian coordinates) the zonal and meridional Nyquist wavenumbers k(c) = 2 pi/X and I-c = 2 pi/Y, respectively (where X and Y are the east-west and north-south separations between adjacent parallel ground tracks). There are three major differences with the textbook aliasing. First, instead of the one-to-one correspondence, an outside spectral component is usually aliased into more than one inside spectral components (i.e., those inside the resolved spectral range with vertical bar omega vertical bar < omega(c) vertical bar k vertical bar < k, and vertical bar/vertical bar < I-c. Second, instead of power conservation, the aliased components have less power than their corresponding outside spectral components. Third, not all Outside components are aliased into the resolved range. Rather, o nly outside components inside certain well-defined regions in the spectral space are aliased inside. Numerical confirmation of these formulas has been achieved. Moreover, the soundness of these formulas is demonstrated through real examples of tidal aliasing. Furthermore, it is shown that these results can be generalized easily to the case with a coordinated constellation of satellites. The least squares methodology yields the optimal solution. that is, the best fitting, as well as yielding the least aliasing. However, the usual practice is to smooth (i.e., low-pass filter) the altimeter data onto a regular space-time grid. The framework for computing the aliasing of smoothed altimeter data is provided. The smoothing approach produces two major differences with the least squares results. First, the one-to-one correspondence of aliasing is mostly restored. Second, and more important, smoothing reduces the effective Nyquist wavenumbers to pi/X = k(c)/2 and pi/Y = I-c/2, respectively (i.e., the resolved spectral space is reduced to a quarter of the size that is obtained by the least squares methodology). Ironically, the more one tries to filter out the small-scale features, the more precise the above statement becomes. However. like the least squares results. only outside components inside certain well-defined regions in the spectral space are aliased inside, and this occurs with less power. How much less depends on the characteristics of the smoother. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Tai, CK (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, E-RA3,WWB,Rm 601,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM ck.tai@noaa.gov RI Tai, C.K./F-5628-2010 NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 23 IS 2 BP 252 EP 267 DI 10.1175/JTECH1849.1 PG 16 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 023EQ UT WOS:000236108900008 ER PT J AU Qasim, T Ford, C Bush, MB Hu, XZ Lawn, BR AF Qasim, T Ford, C Bush, MB Hu, XZ Lawn, BR TI Effect of off-axis concentrated loading on failure of curved brittle layer structures SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART B-APPLIED BIOMATERIALS LA English DT Article DE curved surfaces; radial cracks; contact damage; brittle layers; crown failure; tangential loading ID CERAMIC DENTAL RESTORATIONS; CONTACT DAMAGE; RADIAL CRACKING; FRACTURE MODES; COATINGS; SURVIVAL; DESIGN; TOOTH; STRENGTH AB A study is made of the effects of superposed tangential force by off-axis indentation loading on curved bilayers consisting of brittle shells filled with polymer support material. Such loadings are pertinent to all-ceramic crown structures on tooth dentin in occlusal function. Layer flexure places the ceramic undersurfaces in tension, leading to fracture by initiation and propagation of radial cracks. Following an earlier study, model specimens with curved surfaces are prepared by pressing glass plates 1 mm thick onto steel spherical dies with radius of curvature 20 mm to 8 mm at elevated temperatures, and bonding the resultant hemispherical shells onto an epoxy support base. The specimens are tested by indentation with spheres loaded vertically but off-center, with the contact center located at 30 degrees to the hemisphere axis. The applied loads to initiate radial cracks are little affected by the resultant tangential component, but the loads to propagate the same cracks to the specimen edges are substantially reduced. Finite element calculations are used to evaluate stress states in the specimens for correlation with the experimental data. (c) 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Western Australia, Sch Mech Engn, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia. RP Lawn, BR (reprint author), NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM brian.lawn@nist.gov RI Hu, Xiaozhi /H-4353-2011 FU NIDCR NIH HHS [P01 DE10976] NR 28 TC 29 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 1552-4973 J9 J BIOMED MATER RES B JI J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B PD FEB PY 2006 VL 76B IS 2 BP 334 EP 339 DI 10.1002/jbm.b.30373 PG 6 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 005OW UT WOS:000234834700012 PM 16130148 ER PT J AU Abdulagatov, IM Zeinalova, AB Azizov, ND AF Abdulagatov, IM Zeinalova, AB Azizov, ND TI Viscosity of aqueous Ni(NO3)(2) solutions at temperatures from (297 to 475) K and at pressures up to 30 MPa and concentration between (0.050 and 2.246) mol center dot kg(-1) SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE aqueous solution; B-coefficient; capillary viscometer; nickel nitrate; viscosity; water ID ION-SOLVENT INTERACTION; ELECTROLYTE-SOLUTIONS; B-COEFFICIENTS; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; MODELING VISCOSITY; CONDUCTANCE; WATER AB Viscosity of nine aqueous Ni(NO3)(2) solutions (0.050, 0.153, 0.218, 0.288, 0.608, 0.951, 1.368, 1.824, and 2.246) mol . kg(-1) was measured in the temperature range from (297 to 475) K and at pressures (0.1, 10, 20, and 30) MPa. The measurements were carried out with a capillary flow technique. The total experimental uncertainty of viscosity, pressure, temperature, and composition measurements were estimated to be less than 1.6%, 0.05%, 15 mK, and 0.02%, respectively. All experimental and derived results are compared with experimental and Calculated values reported in the literature. Extrapolation of the solution viscosity measurements to zero concentration (pure water values) for the given temperature and pressure are in excellent agreement (average absolute deviation, AAD = 0.13%) with the values of pure water viscosity from IAPWS formulation [J. Kestin, J.V. Sengers, B. Kamgar-Parsi, J.M.H. Levelt Sengers, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 13 (1984) 175-189]. The viscosity data for the solutions as a function of concentration have been interpreted in terms of the extended Jones-Dole equation for strong electrolytes. The values of viscosity A-, B-, and D-coefficients of the extended Jones-Dole equation for the relative viscosity (eta/eta(o)) of aqueous Ni(NO3)(2) solutions as a function of temperature are Studied. The derived values of the viscosity A- and B-coefficients were compared with the results predicted by Falkenhagen-Dole theory (limiting law) of electrolyte solutions and the values calculated with the ionic B-coefficient data. The measured values of viscosity for the solutions were also used to calculate the effective rigid molar Volumes in the extended Einstein relation for the relative viscosity (eta/eta(o)). (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Inst Geothermal Problems, Makhachkala 367003, Russia. Azerbaijan State Oil Acad, Baku 370601, Azerbaijan. RP Abdulagatov, IM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM ilmutdin@boulder.nist.gov; Nazim_Azizov@yahoo.com NR 45 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0021-9614 J9 J CHEM THERMODYN JI J. Chem. Thermodyn. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 38 IS 2 BP 179 EP 189 DI 10.1016/j.jct.2005.04.017 PG 11 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA 015CQ UT WOS:000235529900012 ER PT J AU Winton, M AF Winton, M TI Surface albedo feedback estimates for the AR4 climate models SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; SENSITIVITY AB A technique for estimating surface albedo feedback (SAF) from standard monthly mean climate model diagnostics is applied to the 1% yr(-1) carbon dioxide (CO2)-increase transient climate change integrations of 12 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) fourth assessment report (AR4) climate models. Over the 80-yr runs, the models produce a mean SAF at the surface of 0.3 W m(-2) K-1 with a standard deviation of 0.09 W m(-2) K-1. Relative to 2 X CO2 equilibrium run estimates from an earlier group of models, both the mean SAF and the standard deviation are reduced. Three-quarters of the model mean SAF comes from the Northern Hemisphere in roughly equal parts from the land and ocean areas. The remainder is due to Southern Hemisphere ocean areas. The SAF differences between the models are shown to stem mainly from the sensitivity of the surface albedo to surface temperature rather from the impact of a given surface albedo change on the shortwave budget. C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, GFDL, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Winton, M (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, GFDL, Forrestal Campus,POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM michael.winton@noaa.gov NR 11 TC 55 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD FEB 1 PY 2006 VL 19 IS 3 BP 359 EP 365 DI 10.1175/JCLI3624.1 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 020QQ UT WOS:000235925400005 ER PT J AU Cronin, MF Bond, NA Fairall, CW Weller, RA AF Cronin, MF Bond, NA Fairall, CW Weller, RA TI Surface cloud forcing in the East Pacific stratus deck/cold tongue/ITCZ complex SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; PRECISION INFRARED RADIOMETERS; ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY-LAYER; TROPICAL PACIFIC; CLIMATE FEEDBACK; SEASONAL CYCLE; NCEP-NCAR; OCEAN; ITCZ; TEMPERATURE AB Data from the Eastern Pacific Investigation of Climate Studies (EPIC) mooring array are used to evaluate the annual cycle of surface cloud forcing in the far eastern Pacific stratus cloud deck/cold tongue/intertropical convergence zone complex. Data include downwelling surface solar and longwave radiation from 10 EPIC-enhanced Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) moorings from 8 degrees S, 95 degrees W to 12 degrees N, 95 degrees W, and the Woods Hole Improved Meteorology (IMET) mooring in the stratus cloud deck region at 20 degrees S, 85 degrees W. Surface cloud forcing is defined as the observed downwelling radiation at the surface minus the clear-sky value. Solar cloud forcing and longwave cloud forcing are anticorrelated at all latitudes from 12 degrees N to 20 degrees S: clouds tended to reduce the downward solar radiation and to a lesser extent increase the downward longwave radiation at the surface. The relative amount of solar radiation reduction and longwave increase depends upon cloud type and varies with latitude. A statistical relationship between solar and longwave surface cloud forcing is developed for rainy and dry periods and for the full record length in six latitudinal regions: northeast tropical warm pool, ITCZ, frontal zone, cold tongue, southern, and stratus deck regions. The buoy cloud forcing observations and empirical relations are compared with the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) radiative flux data (FD) dataset and are used as benchmarks to evaluate surface cloud forcing in the NCEP Reanalysis 2 (NCEP2) and 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40). ERA-40 and NCEP2 cloud forcing (both solar and longwave) showed large discrepancies with observations, being too large in the ITCZ and equatorial regions and too weak under the stratus deck at 20 degrees S and north to the equator during the cool season from July to December. In particular the NCEP2 cloud forcing at the equator was nearly identical to the ITCZ region and thus had significantly larger solar cloud forcing and smaller longwave cloud forcing than observed. The net result of the solar and longwave cloud forcing deviations is that there is too little radiative warming in the ITCZ and southward to 8 degrees S during the warm season and too much radiative warming under the stratus deck at 20 degrees S and northward to the equator during the cold season. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, NOAA, JISAO, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Cronin, MF (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way,Bldg 3, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM Meghan.F.Cronin@noaa.gov NR 40 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD FEB 1 PY 2006 VL 19 IS 3 BP 392 EP 409 DI 10.1175/JCLI3620.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 020QQ UT WOS:000235925400007 ER PT J AU Nalli, NR Reynolds, RW AF Nalli, NR Reynolds, RW TI Sea surface temperature daytime climate analyses derived from aerosol bias-corrected satellite data SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETER; EXTENDED RECONSTRUCTION; VOLCANIC AEROSOLS; SST ANALYSIS; AVHRR; VALIDATION; RETRIEVAL; ALGORITHM; CLOUDS; IMPACT AB This paper describes daytime sea surface temperature (SST) climate analyses derived from 16 years (1985-2000) of reprocessed Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Pathfinder Atmospheres (PATMOS) multichannel radiometric data. Two satellite bias correction methods are employed: the first being an aerosol correction, the second being an in situ correction of satellite biases. The aerosol bias correction is derived from observed statistical relationships between the slant-path aerosol optical depth and AVHRR multichannel SST (MCSST) depressions for elevated levels of tropospheric and stratospheric aerosol. Weekly analyses of SST are produced on a 1 degrees equal-angle grid using optimum interpolation (OI) methodology. Four separate OI analyses are derived based on 1) MCSST without satellite bias correction, 2) MCSST with aerosol satellite bias correction, 3) MCSST with in situ correction of satellite biases, and 4) MCSST with both aerosol and in situ corrections of satellite biases. These analyses are compared against the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager OI SST, along with the extended reconstruction SST in situ analysis product. The OI analysis 1 exhibits significant negative and positive biases. Analysis 2, derived exclusively from satellite data, reduces globally the negative bias associated with elevated atmospheric aerosol, and subsequently reveals pronounced variations in diurnal warming consistent with recently published works. Analyses 3 and 4, derived from in situ correction of satellite biases, alleviate biases (positive and negative) associated with both aerosol and diurnal warming, and also reduce the dispersion. The PATMOS OISST 1985-2000 daytime climate analyses presented here provide a high-resolution (1 degrees weekly) empirical database for studying seasonal and interannual climate processes. C1 Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Washington, DC 20233 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC USA. RP Nalli, NR (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, E-RA1,5211 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Nick.Nalli@noaa.gov RI Nalli, Nicholas/F-6731-2010 OI Nalli, Nicholas/0000-0002-6914-5537 NR 38 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD FEB 1 PY 2006 VL 19 IS 3 BP 410 EP 428 DI 10.1175/JCLI3644.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 020QQ UT WOS:000235925400008 ER PT J AU Zhang, R Vallis, GK AF Zhang, R Vallis, GK TI Impact of great salinity anomalies on the low-frequency variability of the North Atlantic climate SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE MODEL; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; INTERDECADAL VARIATIONS; GENERAL-CIRCULATION; SST ANOMALIES; GULF-STREAM; OSCILLATION; ICE; HEMISPHERE AB In this paper, it is shown that coherent large-scale low-frequency variabilities in the North Atlantic Ocean-that is, the variations of thermohaline circulation, deep western boundary current, northern recirculation gyre, and Gulf Stream path-are associated with high-latitude oceanic Great Salinity Anomaly events. In particular, a dipolar sea surface temperature anomaly (warming off the U.S. cast coast and cooling south of Greenland) can be triggered by the Great Salinity Anomaly events several years in advance, thus providing a degree of long-term predictability to the system. Diagnosed phase relationships among an observed proxy for Great Salinity Anomaly events, the Labrador Sea sea surface temperature anomaly, and the North Atlantic Oscillation are also discussed. C1 Princeton Univ, GFDL, AOS Program, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Princeton Univ, GFDL, AOS Program, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM rong.zhang@noaa.gov RI Zhang, Rong/D-9767-2014 OI Zhang, Rong/0000-0002-8493-6556 NR 48 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD FEB 1 PY 2006 VL 19 IS 3 BP 470 EP 482 DI 10.1175/JCLI3623.1 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 020QQ UT WOS:000235925400011 ER PT J AU Shimizu, M Hara, A Dickhoff, WW AF Shimizu, M Hara, A Dickhoff, WW TI Measuring salmon insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-binding proteins by radioimmunoassay SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART A-COMPARATIVE EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 15th International Congress of Comparative Endocrinology CY MAY 22-27, 2005 CL Boston, MA SP Amer Head & Neck Soc C1 Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA Fisheries, Seattle, WA USA. Hokkaido Univ, Hakodate, Hokkaido, Japan. EM munetaka.shimizu@noaa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 1548-8969 J9 J EXP ZOOL PART A JI J. Exp. Zool. Part A PD FEB 1 PY 2006 VL 305A IS 2 BP 176 EP 176 PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 012MX UT WOS:000235344400279 ER PT J AU Schmid, B Ferrare, R Flynn, C Elleman, R Covert, D Strawa, A Welton, E Turner, D Jonsson, H Redemann, J Eilers, J Ricci, K Hallar, AG Clayton, M Michalsky, J Smirnov, A Holben, B Barnard, J AF Schmid, B Ferrare, R Flynn, C Elleman, R Covert, D Strawa, A Welton, E Turner, D Jonsson, H Redemann, J Eilers, J Ricci, K Hallar, AG Clayton, M Michalsky, J Smirnov, A Holben, B Barnard, J TI How well do state-of-the-art techniques measuring the vertical profile of tropospheric aerosol extinction compare? SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Review ID COLUMNAR WATER-VAPOR; MID-ATLANTIC COAST; RADIATION MEASUREMENT PROGRAM; AIRBORNE SUN PHOTOMETER; SOUTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; OPTICAL-DEPTH SPECTRA; REMOTE-SENSING MEASUREMENTS; GROUND-BASED MEASUREMENTS; PARTICULATE BLACK CARBON; SINGLE-SCATTERING ALBEDO AB [1] The recent Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Aerosol Intensive Operations Period (AIOP, May 2003) yielded one of the best measurement sets obtained to date to assess our ability to measure the vertical profile of ambient aerosol extinction sigma(ep)(lambda) in the lower troposphere. During one month, a heavily instrumented aircraft with well-characterized aerosol sampling ability carrying well-proven and new aerosol instrumentation devoted most of the 60 available flight hours to flying vertical profiles over the heavily instrumented ARM Southern Great Plains (SGP) Climate Research Facility (CRF). This allowed us to compare vertical extinction profiles obtained from six different instruments: airborne Sun photometer (AATS-14), airborne nephelometer/absorption photometer, airborne cavity ring-down system, ground-based Raman lidar, and two ground-based elastic backscatter lidars. We find the in situ measured sigma(ep)(lambda) to be lower than the AATS-14 derived values. Bias differences are 0.002-0.004 Km(-1) equivalent to 13-17% in the visible, or 45% in the near-infrared. On the other hand, we find that with respect to AATS-14, the lidar sigma(ep)(lambda) are higher: Bias differences are 0.004 Km(-1) (13%) and 0.007 Km(-1) (24%) for the two elastic backscatter lidars (MPLNET and MPLARM, lambda = 523 nm) and 0.029 Km(-1) (54%) for the Raman lidar (lambda = 355 nm). An unnoticed loss of sensitivity of the Raman lidar had occurred leading up to AIOP, and we expect better agreement from the recently restored system. Looking at the collective results from six field campaigns conducted since 1996, airborne in situ measurements of sigma(ep)(lambda) tend to be biased slightly low (17% at visible wavelengths) when compared to airborne Sun photometer sigma(ep)(lambda). On the other hand, sigma(ep)(lambda) values derived from lidars tend to have no or positive biases. From the bias differences we conclude that the typical systematic error associated with measuring the tropospheric vertical profile of the ambient aerosol extinction with current state-of-the-art instrumentation is 15-20% at visible wavelengths and potentially larger in the UV and near-infrared. C1 NASA, Bay Area Environm Res Inst, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Bay Area Environm Res Inst, Sonoma, CA USA. NASA, SAIC, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Ctr Interdisciplinary Remotely Piloted Aircraft S, Marina, CA 93633 USA. Los Gatos Res Inc, Mountain View, CA 94041 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP NASA, Bay Area Environm Res Inst, Ames Res Ctr, MS 245-5, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM bschmid@mail.arc.nasa.gov RI Smirnov, Alexander/C-2121-2009; Welton, Ellsworth/A-8362-2012; Hallar, Anna Gannet/I-9104-2012 OI Smirnov, Alexander/0000-0002-8208-1304; Hallar, Anna Gannet/0000-0001-9972-0056 NR 110 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 1 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D5 AR D05S07 DI 10.1029/2005JD005837 PG 25 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 010BG UT WOS:000235157800001 ER PT J AU Johnson, F Um, CY McHenry, ME Garmestani, H AF Johnson, F Um, CY McHenry, ME Garmestani, H TI The influence of composition and field annealing on magnetic properties of FeCo-based amorphous and nanocrystalline alloys SO JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE nanocrystalline alloys; amorphous alloys; field annealing; power loss; soft magnets ID CRYSTALLIZATION; ANISOTROPY; CO AB We report the influence of composition and very high transverse field annealing on the magnetic properties and structure of four FeCo-based amorphous and nanocrystalline alloys. The compositions (Fe50Co50)(89)Zr7B4 and (Fe65Co35)(89)Zr7B4 were investigated changing the Fe:Co ratio from 50:50 to 65:35. (Fe50Co50)(85)Zr2Nb4B8.5 was chosen to investigate Nb substitution for Zr in an FeCo-based alloy. This substitution is shown to increase the magnetostrictive constant, lambda(S), of the nanocrystalline alloy from 36 x 10(-6) to 54 x 10(-6). The composition (Fe65Co35)(84)Cr5Zr7B4 was studied to investigate the influence of Cr on intergranular coupling across the amorphous matrix. Samples of each composition were annealed in the amorphous state at 300 degrees C and in the nanocrystalline state at 600 degrees C. Field annealing was performed in 17 T transverse field in an inert atmosphere. Frequency-dependent magnetic properties were measured with an automatic recording hysteresisgraph. Static magnetic properties were measured with a vibrating sample magnetometer. The mass-specific power loss of the alloys decreased with field annealing in both the nanocrystalline and amorphous states for some frequency and induction combinations. Furthermore, the hysteresis loops are sheared after field annealing, indicating a transverse magnetic anisotropy. The nanocrystalline (Fe50Co50)(85)Zr2Nb4B8.5 composition has a lower relative permeability than the other compositions. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Johnson, F (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stop 8552,100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM frank.johnson@nist.gov RI McHenry, Michael/B-8936-2009 NR 13 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 3 U2 26 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-8853 J9 J MAGN MAGN MATER JI J. Magn. Magn. Mater. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 297 IS 2 BP 93 EP 98 DI 10.1016/j.jmmm.2005.02.056 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 985ZD UT WOS:000233416800005 ER PT J AU Granasy, L Pusztai, T Borzsonyi, T Toth, G Tegze, G Warren, JA Douglas, JF AF Granasy, L Pusztai, T Borzsonyi, T Toth, G Tegze, G Warren, JA Douglas, JF TI Phase field theory of crystal nucleation and polyerystalline growth: A review SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT MRS Fall Meeting 2004 CY NOV 29-DEC 03, 2004 CL Boston, MA SP MRS ID SPHERULITIC CRYSTALLIZATION; HOMOGENEOUS NUCLEATION; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; POLYCRYSTALLINE SOLIDIFICATION; MELT INTERFACE; FREE-ENERGY; SIMULATION; POLYMERS; LIQUID; MODEL AB We briefly review Our recent modeling of crystal nucleation and polycrystalline growth using a phase field theory. First, we consider the applicability of phase field theory for describing crystal nucleation in a model hard sphere Fluid. It is shown that the phase field theory accurately predicts the nucleation barrier height for this liquid when the model parameters are fixed by independent Molecular dynamics calculations. We then address various aspects of polycrystalline solidification and associated crystal pattern formation at relatively long timescales. This late stage growth regime, which is not accessible by Molecular dynamics, involves nucleation at the growth front to create new crystal grains in addition to the effects of primary nucleation. Finally, we consider the limit of extreme polycrystalline growth, where the disordering effect due to prolific grain formation leads to isotropic growth patterns at long times, i.e., spherulite formation. Our model of spherulite growth exhibits branching at fixed grain misorientations, induced by the inclusion of a metastable minimum in the orientational free energy. It is demonstrated that a broad variety of spherulitic patterns can be recovered by changing only a few model parameters. C1 Res Inst Solid State Phys & Opt, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Granasy, L (reprint author), Res Inst Solid State Phys & Opt, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary. EM grana@szfki.hu RI Pusztai, Tamas/A-5718-2012; Granasy, Laszlo/A-6221-2012; Warren, James/B-1698-2008 OI Pusztai, Tamas/0000-0002-1281-2933; Warren, James/0000-0001-6887-1206 NR 47 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 2 U2 44 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 0884-2914 J9 J MATER RES JI J. Mater. Res. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 21 IS 2 BP 309 EP 319 DI 10.1557/JMR.2006.0011 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 014EN UT WOS:000235462000001 ER PT J AU Hermann, I Bhowmick, S Zhang, Y Lawn, BR AF Hermann, I Bhowmick, S Zhang, Y Lawn, BR TI Competing fracture modes in brittle materials subject to concentrated cyclic loading in liquid environments: Trilayer structures SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID BILAYER STRUCTURES; LAYER STRUCTURES; CERAMICS; CONTACT; DAMAGE; INTERLAYER; COATINGS; DESIGN AB A study is made Of top-surface cracks induced in brittle trilayers by cyclic indentation with a hard sphere in water. The trilayers consist of an external brittle layer (veneer) fused to an inner stiff and hard ceramic support layer (core), in turn adhesively bonded to a thick compliant base (Substrate). These structures are meant to simulate essential aspects of dental crowns, but their applicability extends to a range of engineering coating systems. The study follows on from like Studies of brittle monoliths and bi-ittle-plate/soft-SLibstrate bilayers. Competing fracture modes in the outer brittle layer remain the same as before: outer and inner cone cracks and radial cracks, all of which form in the near-contact zone and propagate downward toward the veneer/core interface. Inner cone cracks and radial cracks are especially dangerous because of their relatively steep descent through the outer layer as well as enhanced Susceptibility to mechanical fatigue. Experiments are conducted on model M,glass/alumina/polycarbonate systems, using video cameras to record the fracture evolution in the transparent glass layer in situ during testing. Each fracture mode can lead to failure, depending on the maximum contact load and other variables (plate thickness, sphere radius). The potentially beneficial role of a stiff intervening core is discussed, along with potentially deleterious side effects of residual thermal-expansion-mismatch stresses. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NYU, Coll Dent, Dept Biomat & Biomimet, New York, NY 10010 USA. RP Lawn, BR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM brian.lawn@nist.gov NR 24 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 5 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0884-2914 J9 J MATER RES JI J. Mater. Res. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 21 IS 2 BP 512 EP 521 DI 10.1557/JMR.2006.0056 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 014EN UT WOS:000235462000026 ER PT J AU Cook, RF AF Cook, RF TI Strength and sharp contact fracture of silicon SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID SINGLE-CRYSTAL SILICON; STRESS-CORROSION CRACKING; PLASTIC INDENTATION DAMAGE; FLIP-CHIP ASSEMBLIES; POLYCRYSTALLINE SILICON; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; SURFACE-ENERGY; MICROCANTILEVER BEAMS; SENSING INDENTATION; DYNAMIC FRACTURE AB The fracture strength of Si is considered in the context of yield and reliability of microelectronic and microelectromechanical (MEMS) devices. An overview of Si fracture, including the strength of Si wafers, dice and MEMS elements, highlights the importance of understanding sharp contact flaws, with their attendant residual stress fields, lateral cracks and strength-limiting half-penny cracks in advanced Si device manufacturing, Techniques using controlled indentation flaws, including measurements of hardness, crack lengths, crack propagation under applied stress, and inert and reactive strengths, are applied in an extensive new experimental study of intrinsic, n- and p-type {100} and {110} Si single crystals and polycrystalline Si, addressing many of the issues discussed in the overview. The new results are directly applicable in interpreting the strengths of ground or diced Si wafer surfaces and provide a foundation for studying the strengths of MEMS elements, for which the strength-controlling flaws are less well-defined. Although the indentation fracture behavior of Si is shown to be quite anisotropic, the extensive lateral cracking greatly affects crack lengths and strengths, obscuring the underlying single crystal fracture anisotropy. No effects of doping on fracture are observed. Strength decreases in water and air suggest that Si is susceptible to reactive attack by moisture, although the effect is mild and extremely rapid. Strength increases of indented components after buffered HF etching are shown to be due to reactive attack of the contact impression, leading to residual stress relief. (c) 2006 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. RP Cook, RF (reprint author), NIST, Ceram Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM robert.cook@nist.gov NR 137 TC 115 Z9 120 U1 6 U2 61 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0022-2461 J9 J MATER SCI JI J. Mater. Sci. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 41 IS 3 BP 841 EP 872 DI 10.1007/s10853-006-6567-y PG 32 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 030BW UT WOS:000236609300022 ER PT J AU Achalla, P McCormick, J Hodge, T Moreland, C Esnault, P Karim, A Raghavan, D AF Achalla, P McCormick, J Hodge, T Moreland, C Esnault, P Karim, A Raghavan, D TI Characterization of elastomeric blends by Atomic Force Microscopy SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE elastomer blends; nonoindentation; tapping mode atomic force microscopy ID SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY; TAPPING-MODE AFM; NANOSCALE INDENTATION; POLYMER BLENDS; RUBBER; MICROSTRUCTURE; SURFACES; FILLERS; PHASES AB The bulk mechanical properties of a blend of elastomers are found to depend on the micro and nano scale morphology of the phases of the materials in the blend. In this study, we examine the phase morphology of blends of incompatible elastomers using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Specifically, nanoindentation and Tapping Mode AFM (TMAFM) imaging techniques are used as experimental tools for mapping the composition of unfilled elastomeric blends. Depending on the composition of the blend, either co-continuous or discontinuous domain/matrix morphology is observed. To identify the different components in bromobutyl (BIIR)/natural rubber (NR) blends, nanoscale indentation measurements were made on the observed phase-separated regions. Results from force mode AFM and mechanical measurements of bulk NR and BIIR are used to assist in the interpretation of the TMAFM results for the BIIR/NR blends. (c) 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Howard Univ, Dept Chem, Polymer Grp, Washington, DC 20059 USA. Michelin Americas Res & Dev Corp, Mat Res, Greenville, SC 29602 USA. NIST, Polymer Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Raghavan, D (reprint author), Howard Univ, Dept Chem, Polymer Grp, Washington, DC 20059 USA. EM draghavan@howard.edu NR 43 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 15 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0887-6266 J9 J POLYM SCI POL PHYS JI J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys. PD FEB 1 PY 2006 VL 44 IS 3 BP 492 EP 503 DI 10.1002/polb.20679 PG 12 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 004VQ UT WOS:000234781000003 ER PT J AU Ho, DL Hammouda, B Kline, SR Chen, WR AF Ho, DL Hammouda, B Kline, SR Chen, WR TI Unusual phase behavior in mixtures of poly(ethylene oxide) and ethyl alcohol SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE crystalline; ethyl alcohol; phase transition; poly(ethylene oxide) ID POLYETHYLENE OXIDE; WATER; METHANOL; SCATTERING; SIMULATION AB Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), soluble in both aqueous and organic solvents, is one of the most intriguing polymers. PEO solution properties have been extensively studied for decades; however, many of the studies have focused on specific properties, such as clustering, of PEO in aqueous solutions, and the behavior of PEO in organic solvents has not been adequately explored. The results presented here demonstrate that PEO crystallizes into a lamellar structure in ethyl alcohol after the mixture is quenched to room temperature from a temperature above the crystal melting point. Above the melting temperature, PEO completely dissolves in ethyl alcohol, and the mixture exhibits regular polymer solution thermodynamic behavior with an upper critical solution temperature (UCST) phase diagram. Remarkably, the UCST phase boundary is significantly below the melting temperature, and this indicates that the system undergoes a crystallization process before the phase separation can occur upon cooling and, therefore, possesses an unusual phase transition. The phase transition from the crystalline state to the miscible solution state is reversible upon heating or cooling and can be induced by the addition of a small amount of water. (c) 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Chem, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP Ho, DL (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM derek.ho@nist.gov NR 28 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 24 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0887-6266 J9 J POLYM SCI POL PHYS JI J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys. PD FEB 1 PY 2006 VL 44 IS 3 BP 557 EP 564 DI 10.1002/polb.20726 PG 8 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 004VQ UT WOS:000234781000009 ER PT J AU Fong, JT Filliben, JJ deWit, R Fields, RJ Bernstein, B Marcal, PV AF Fong, JT Filliben, JJ deWit, R Fields, RJ Bernstein, B Marcal, PV TI Uncertainty in finite element modeling and failure analysis: A metrology-based approach SO JOURNAL OF PRESSURE VESSEL TECHNOLOGY-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article ID GENERALIZED POLYNOMIAL CHAOS; STATE DIFFUSION PROBLEM; PATCH TEST; FLOW; APPROXIMATIONS; MEDIA AB In this paper we first review the impact of the powerful finite element method (FEM) in structural engineering, and then address the shortcomings of FEM as a tool for risk-based decision making and incomplete-data-based failure analysis. To illustrate the main shortcoming of FEM, i.e., the computational results are point estimates based on "deterministic" models with equations containing mean values of material properties and prescribed loadings, we present the FEM solutions of two classical problems as reference benchmarks: (RB-101) The bending of a thin elastic cantilever beam due to a point load at its free end and (RB-301) the bending of a uniformly loaded square, thin, and elastic 44 columns of ultimate strengths estimated from plate resting on a grillage consisting of 5 tests. Using known solutions of those two classical problems in the literature, we first estimate the absolute errors of the results of four commercially available FEM codes (ABAQUS, ANSYS, LSDYNA, and MPAVE) by comparing the known with the FEM results of two specific parameters, namely, (a) the maximum displacement and (b) the peak stress in a coarse-meshed geometrv. We then vary the mesh size and element type for each code to obtain grid convergence and to answer two questions on FEM and failure analysis in general: (Q-1) Given the results of two or more FEM solutions, how do we express uncertainty for each solution and the combined? (Q-2) Given a complex structure with a small number of tests on material properties, how do we simulate a failure scenario and predict time to collapse with confidence bounds? To answer the first question, we propose an easy-to-implement metrology-based approach, where each FEM simulation in a grid-convergence sequence is considered a "numerical experiment," and a quantitive uncertainty, is calculated for each sequence of grid convergence. To answer the second question, we propose a progressively weakening model based on a small number (e.g., 5) of tests on ultimate strength such that the failure of the weakest column of the grillage causes a load redistribution and collapse occurs only when the load redistribution leads to instability. This model satisfies the requirement of a metrology-based approach, where the time tofailure is given a quantitative expression Qfuncertainty. We conclude that in today's computing environment and with a precomputational "design of numerical experiments, " it is feasible to "quantify " uncertainty in FEM modeling and progressive failure analysis. C1 NIST, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Met Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. IIT, Dept Math, Chicago, IL 60616 USA. IIT, Dept Chem Engn, Chicago, IL 60616 USA. MPave Corp, Cardiff By The Sea, CA 92007 USA. RP Fong, JT (reprint author), NIST, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM fong@nist.gov; filliben@nist.gov; dewit@nist.gov; rjfields@nist.gov; bernsteinb@iit.edu; marcalpv@cox.net NR 90 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 8 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0094-9930 J9 J PRESS VESS-T ASME JI J. Press. Vessel Technol.-Trans. ASME PD FEB PY 2006 VL 128 IS 1 BP 140 EP 147 DI 10.1115/1.2150843 PG 8 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 019UO UT WOS:000235862400021 ER PT J AU Rinsland, CP Goldman, A Elkins, JW Chiou, LS Hannigan, JW Wood, SW Mahieu, E Zander, R AF Rinsland, CP Goldman, A Elkins, JW Chiou, LS Hannigan, JW Wood, SW Mahieu, E Zander, R TI Long-term trend of CH4 at northern mid-latitudes: Comparison between ground-based infrared solar and surface sampling measurements SO JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER LA English DT Article DE remote sensing; troposphere; atmospheric chemistry; methane ID SPECTROSCOPIC MEASUREMENTS; TROPOSPHERIC METHANE; ATMOSPHERIC METHANE; WORLDWIDE INCREASE; CARBON-MONOXIDE; GROWTH-RATE; OZONE; HEMISPHERE AB We report average tropospheric CH4 volume mixing ratios retrieved from a 27 year time series of high spectral resolution infrared solar absorption measurements recorded between May 1977 and July 2004 at the US National Solar Observatory station on Kitt Peak (31.9 degrees N, 111.6 degrees W, 2.09 km altitude) and their comparison with surface in situ sampling measurements recorded between 1983 and 2004 at the Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL) station at Niwot Ridge, Colorado (40.0 degrees N, 105.5 degrees W, 3013 m altitude). The two measurement sets therefore overlap for the 1983-2004 time period. An average tropospheric volume mixing ratios of 1814 +/- 48 ppbv (1 ppbv = 10(-9) per unit volume) has been derived from the solar absorption time series with a best-fit increase rate trend equal to 8.26 +/- 2.20 ppbv yr(-1) in 1983 decreasing to 1.94 +/- 3.69 ppbv yr(-1) in 2003. The CMDL measurements also show a continuous long-term CH4 volume mixing ratio rise, with subsequent slowing down. A mean ratio of the retrieved average tropospheric volume mixing ratio to the CMDL volume mixing ratio for the overlapping time period of 1.038 +/- 0.034 indicates agreement between both data sets within the quantified experimental errors. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Univ Denver, Dept Phys, Denver, CO 80208 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Hampton, VA USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res Ltd, Omakau, Central Otago, New Zealand. Univ Liege, Inst Astrophys & Geophys, B-4000 Liege, Belgium. RP Rinsland, CP (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Mail Stop 401A, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM curtis.p.rinsland@nasa.gov OI Mahieu, Emmanuel/0000-0002-5251-0286 NR 30 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-4073 J9 J QUANT SPECTROSC RA JI J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 97 IS 3 BP 457 EP 466 DI 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2005.07.002 PG 10 WC Optics; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Spectroscopy GA 997EE UT WOS:000234227000012 ER PT J AU Viciu, L Zandbergen, HW Xu, Q Huang, Q Lee, M Cava, RJ AF Viciu, L Zandbergen, HW Xu, Q Huang, Q Lee, M Cava, RJ TI Structure and magnetic properties of the orthorhombic n=2 Ruddlesden-Popper phases Sr3Co2O5+delta (delta=0.91, 0.64 and 0.38) SO JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Sr3Co2O5+delta; oxygen deficient Ruddlesden-Popper phase; magnetic properties ID MAGNETORESISTANCE PROPERTIES; OXYGEN STOICHIOMETRY; SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AB The reduced Ruddlesden-Popper phases, Sr3Co2O5 + delta with delta = 0.91, 0.64 and 0.38, have been prepared in a nitrogen atmosphere. The crystal structures were determined by powder neutron diffraction. Oxygen vacancies are found both in O(3) and O(4) sites but the majority are along one crystallographic axis in the CoO2 plane, inducing an orthorhombic distortion of the normally tetragonal n = 2 Ruddelsden-Popper structure. Superstructures due to oxygen ordering are observed by electron microscopy. The magnetic measurements reveal complex behavior with some ferromagnetic interactions present for Sr3Co2O5.91 and Sr3Co2O5.64. (C) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. Natl Ctr HREM, Delft Inst Technol, Dept Nanosci, Al Delft, Netherlands. NIST, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. RP Viciu, L (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. EM mviciu@princeton.edu NR 26 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-4596 J9 J SOLID STATE CHEM JI J. Solid State Chem. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 179 IS 2 BP 500 EP 511 DI 10.1016/j.jssc.2005.11.013 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 011QE UT WOS:000235282400022 ER PT J AU Foo, ML Huang, Q Lynn, JW Lee, WL Klimczuk, T Hagemann, IS Ong, NP Cava, RJ AF Foo, ML Huang, Q Lynn, JW Lee, WL Klimczuk, T Hagemann, IS Ong, NP Cava, RJ TI Synthesis, structure and physical properties of Ru ferrites: BaMRu5O11 (M = Li and Cu) and BaM ' 2Ru4O11 (M ' = Mu, Fe and Co) SO JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE R-type ferrite; BaMru(5)O(11) (M = Li; Cu); BaM2Ru4O11 (M = Mn; Fe; Co); Kagome lattice ID CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; PHASE-TRANSITIONS; NAV6O11; SYSTEM; BATI2FE4O11; HOLLANDITE; PRESSURE; LATTICE; CARUO3 AB The synthesis, structure, and physical properties of five R-type Ru ferrites with chemical formula BaMRu5O11 (M = Li and Cu) and BaM'2Ru4O11 (M = Mn, Fe and Co) are reported. All the ferrites crystallize in space group P6(3)/mmc and consist of layers of edge sharing octahedra interconnected by pairs of face sharing octahedra and isolated trigonal bipyramids. For M = Li and Cu, the ferrites are paramagnetic metals with the M atoms found on the trigonal bipyramid sites exclusively. For M' = Mn, Fe and Co, the ferrites are soft ferromagnetic metals. For M' = Mn, the Mn atoms are mixed randomly with Ru atoms on different sites. The magnetic structure for BaMn2Ru4O11 is reported. (C) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. NIST, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. Gdansk Univ Technol, Fac Appl Phys & Math, PL-80952 Gdansk, Poland. RP Foo, ML (reprint author), Univ Toronto, Dept Chem, Mat Chem Grp, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada. EM mfoo@princeton.edu RI Foo, Maw Lin/H-9273-2012; Klimczuk, Tomasz/M-1716-2013 OI Klimczuk, Tomasz/0000-0003-2602-5049 NR 25 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 3 U2 13 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-4596 J9 J SOLID STATE CHEM JI J. Solid State Chem. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 179 IS 2 BP 563 EP 572 DI 10.1016/j.jssc.2005.11.014 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 011QE UT WOS:000235282400029 ER PT J AU Conti, SG de Rosny, J Roux, P Demer, DA AF Conti, SG de Rosny, J Roux, P Demer, DA TI Characterization of scatterer motion in a reverberant medium SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID TOTAL TARGET STRENGTH; SPECTROSCOPY; CAVITY; TANK AB Recently, an acoustic technique has been proposed to measure the scattering strength and the dynamics of weak moving scatterers in a reverberant cavity: diffusing reverberant acoustic wave spectroscopy (DRAWS). Both parameters are obtained from the correlations of the reverberated-scattered transient pressure fields for different scatterers positions. This technique is based on a diffusive field theory [de Rosny et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 90, 094302 (2003)]. Here, a more systematic approach of the DRAWS technique properties is presented. Moreover, an important extension is proposed using the fourth-order moment of the field, or the variance of the correlation estimator. Contrary to the correlations (second-order moment) that allow the measurement of the scattering cross section, its variance (fourth-order moment) is shown to be mainly sensitive to the scatterer displacement. The robustness of DRAWS is discussed using different configurations: a computer simulation of a moving scatterer in a two-dimensional cavity. Experiments were also carried out with a 23-mm-diameter copper sphere moved by stepping motors in 16 liters of water, and finally a human walking in a 125-m(3) reverberant room. (c) 2006 Acoustical Society of America. C1 SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Lab Ondes & Acoust, F-75005 Paris, France. Univ Calif San Diego, Marine Phys Lab, SIO, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Conti, SG (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM sconti@ucsd.edu RI roux, philippe/B-8538-2014 NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 119 IS 2 BP 769 EP 776 DI 10.1121/1.2146107 PG 8 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 014DD UT WOS:000235458100012 ER PT J AU Aravamudhan, K Floyd, CJE Rakowski, D Flaim, G Dickens, SH Eichmiller, FC Fan, PL AF Aravamudhan, K Floyd, CJE Rakowski, D Flaim, G Dickens, SH Eichmiller, FC Fan, PL TI Light-emitting diode curing light irradiance and polymerization of resin-based composite SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DENTAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE curing lights; resin-based composite; radiation effects; hardness ID TEMPERATURE RISE; COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH; DENTAL COMPOSITES; ORAL BIOMATERIALS; CURE; HALOGEN; UNITS; DEPTH; CONVERSION; HARDNESS AB Background. Light-emitting diode (LED) curing lights are becoming popular; however, questions about their efficiency remain. The authors performed a comprehensive analysis of the properties of resin-based composites cured with LED lights. Methods. The authors evaluated seven LED lights and one quartz-tungsten-halogen light (control). They measured intensity, depth of cure (DOC), degree of conversion (DC), hardness and temperature rise. They used three shades of a hybrid resin-based composite and a microfill composite, as well as one shade of another hybrid composite. Results. Two LED lights required additional cure time to reach a DOC similar to that of the control light. DC at the top of the samples was independent of the light used. At 2.0 millimeters, the DC for several LED lights was significantly lower than that for the control light and was correlated strongly to the light's intensity. The bottom-to-top ratio for hardness of resin-based composites cured by all but one light was greater than 0.80. All LED lights except one had smaller temperature rise than did the control light. Conclusions. Six of the seven LED curing lights performed similarly to a quartz-tungsten-halogen curing light in curing resin-based composites. Clinical Implications. While LED curing lights and a quartz-tungsten-halogen light could cure resin-based composites, some resin-based composites cured with LED lights may require additional curing time or smaller increments of thickness. C1 Amer Dent Assoc, Div Sci, Prod Evaluat Res & Labs, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Amer Dent Assoc, Int Sci & Stand Div Sci, Chicago, IL USA. RP Aravamudhan, K (reprint author), Amer Dent Assoc, Div Sci, Prod Evaluat Res & Labs, 211 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. EM aravamudhank@ada.org NR 37 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER DENTAL ASSN PI CHICAGO PA 211 E CHICAGO AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60611 USA SN 0002-8177 J9 J AM DENT ASSOC JI J. Am. Dent. Assoc. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 137 IS 2 BP 213 EP 223 PG 11 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 013QI UT WOS:000235423800022 PM 16521388 ER PT J AU Wetzel, SJ Guttman, CM Flynn, KM Filliben, JJ AF Wetzel, SJ Guttman, CM Flynn, KM Filliben, JJ TI Significant parameters in the optimization of MALDI-TOF-MS for synthetic polymers SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID FLIGHT MASS-SPECTROMETRY; LASER-DESORPTION IONIZATION; SAMPLE PREPARATION; POLYDISPERSE POLYMERS; STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS; MATRIX; POLYSTYRENE; ISSUES; DISCRIMINATION; CHROMATOGRAPHY AB One of the most significant issues in any analytical practice is optimization. Optimization and calibration are key factors in quantitation. In matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), instrument optimization is a limitation restricting quantitation. An understanding of the parameters that are most influential and the effects of these parameters on the mass spectrum is required for optimization. This understanding is especially important when characterizing synthetic polymers by MALDI-TOF-MS, due to the breadth of the polymer molecular mass distribution (MMD). Two considerations are important in quantitation, additivity of signal and signal-to-noise (S/N). In this study, the effects of several instrument parameters were studied using an orthogonal experimental design to understand effects on the signal-to-noise (S/N) of a polystyrene distribution. The instrument parameters examined included detector voltage, laser energy, delay time, extraction voltage, and lens voltage. Other parameters considered were polymer concentration and matrix. The results showed detector voltage and delay time were the most influential of the instrument parameters for polystyrene using all trans-retinoic acid (RA) as the matrix. These parameters, as well as laser energy, were most influential for the polystyrene with dithranol as the matrix. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wetzel, SJ (reprint author), Duquesne Univ, Dept Chem, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15282 USA. EM wetzels@duq.edu NR 24 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1044-0305 J9 J AM SOC MASS SPECTR JI J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 17 IS 2 BP 246 EP 252 DI 10.1016/j.jasms.2005.11.007 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Physical; Spectroscopy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 012ZF UT WOS:000235378700016 PM 16413204 ER PT J AU Mace, GG Deng, M Soden, B Zipser, E AF Mace, GG Deng, M Soden, B Zipser, E TI Association of tropical cirrus in the 10-15-km layer with deep convective sources: An observational study combining millimeter radar data and satellite-derived trajectories SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID LIGHTNING CHARACTERISTICS; PRECIPITATION FEATURES; PART I; CLOUDS; CLIMATE; TRMM; TROPOPAUSE; DISTRIBUTIONS; PERSPECTIVE; RAINFALL AB In this paper, millimeter cloud radar (MMCR) and Geosynchronous Meteorological Satellite (GMS) data are combined to study the properties of tropical cirrus that are common in the 10-15-km layer of the tropical troposphere in the western Pacific. Millimeter cloud radar observations collected by the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program on the islands of Manus and Nauru in the western and central equatorial Pacific during a 12-month period spanning 1999 and 2000 show differences in cirrus properties: over Manus, where clouds above 7 km are observed 48% of the time, the cirrus are thicker and warmer on average and the radar reflectivity and Doppler velocity are larger; over Nauru clouds above 7 km are observed 23% of time. To explain the differences in cloud properties, the relationship between tropical cirrus and deep convection is examined by combining the radar observations with GMS satellite-derived back trajectories. Using a data record of 1 yr, it is found that 47% of the cirrus observed over Manus can be traced to a deep convective source within the past 12 h while just 16% of the cirrus observed over Nauru appear to have a convective source within the previous 12 h. Of the cirrus that can be traced to deep convection, the evolution of the radar-observed cloud properties is examined as a function of apparent cloud age. The radar Doppler moments and ice water path of the observed cirrus at both sites generally decrease as the cirrus age increase. At Manus, it is found that cirrus during boreal winter typically advect over the site from the southeast from convection associated with the winter monsoon, while during boreal summer, the trajectories are mainly from the northeast. The properties of these two populations of cirrus are found to be different, with the winter cirrus having higher concentrations of smaller particles. Examining statistics of the regional convection using Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), it is found that the properties of the winter monsoon convection in the cirrus source region are consistent with more intense convection compared to the convection in the summer source region. C1 Univ Utah, Dept Meteorol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Mace, GG (reprint author), Univ Utah, Dept Meteorol, 135 S 1460 E,Room 819,819 WBB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. EM mace@met.utah.edu NR 54 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 63 IS 2 BP 480 EP 503 DI 10.1175/JAS3627.1 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 019XG UT WOS:000235870900005 ER PT J AU Davies-Jones, R AF Davies-Jones, R TI Integrals of the vorticity equation. Part I: General three- and two-dimensional flows SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID CONVECTIVE STORMS; APPROXIMATION; THUNDERSTORMS; PROPAGATION; ATMOSPHERE; HELICITY; ROTATION AB The integral of the vector vorticity equation for the vorticity of a moving parcel in 3D baroclinic flow with friction is cast in a new form. This integral of the vorticity equation applies to synoptic-scale or mesoscale flows and to deep compressible or shallow Boussinesq motions of perfectly clear or universally saturated air. The present integral is equivalent to that of Epifanio and Durran in the Boussinesq limit, but its simpler form reduces easily to Dutton's integral when the flow is assumed to be isentropic and frictionless. The integral for vorticity has the following physical interpretation. The vorticity of a parcel is composed of barotropic vorticity; baroclinic vorticity, which originates from solenoidal generation; and vorticity stemming from frictional generation. Its barotropic vorticity is the result of freezing into the fluid the w field (specific volume times vorticity) that is present at the initial time. Its baroclinic vorticity is the vector sum of contributions from small subintervals of time that partition the interval between initial and current times. In each subinterval, the baroclinic torque generates a small vector element of vorticity and hence w. The contribution to the current baroclinic vorticity is the result of freezing this element of w into the fluid immediately after its formation. The physical interpretation of vorticity owing to frictional generation is identical except the torque is frictional rather than solenoidal. The baroclinic vorticity is decomposed into a part that would occur if the current entropy of the flow were conserved materially backward in time to the initial time and an adjustment term that accounts for production of entropy gradients in material coordinates during this interval. A method for computing all the vorticity parts in an Eulerian framework within a 3D numerical model is outlined. The usefulness of the 3D vorticity integral is demonstrated further by deriving Eckart's, Bjerknes's, and Kelvin's circulation theorems from it in relatively few steps, and by showing that the associated expression for potental vorticity is an integral of the potential vorticity equation and implies conservation of potential vorticity for isentropic frictionless motion of clear air (Ertel's theorem). Last, a formula for the helicity density of a parcel is obtained from the vorticity integral and an expression for the parcel's velocity, and is verified by proving that it is an integral of the equation for helicity density. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Davies-Jones, R (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM Bob.Davies-Jones@noaa.gov NR 28 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 63 IS 2 BP 598 EP 610 DI 10.1175/JAS3646.1 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 019XG UT WOS:000235870900011 ER PT J AU Davies-Jones, R AF Davies-Jones, R TI Integrals of the vorticity equation. Part II: Special two-dimensional flows SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID LIVED SQUALL LINES; DYNAMICAL STRUCTURE; SHEAR AB In Part 1. a general integral of the 2D vorticity equation was obtained. This is a formal solution for the vorticity of a moving tube of air in a 2D unsteady stratified shear flow with friction. This formula is specialized here to various types of 2D flow. For steady inviscid flow, the integral reduces to an integral found by Moncrieff and Green if the flow is Boussinesq and to one obtained by Lilly if the flow is isentropic. For steady isentropic frictionless motion of clear air, several quantities that are invariant along streamlines are found. These invariants provide another way to obtain Lilly's integral from the general integral. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Davies-Jones, R (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM Bob.Davies-Jones@noaa.gov NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 63 IS 2 BP 611 EP 616 DI 10.1175/JAS3647.1 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 019XG UT WOS:000235870900012 ER PT J AU Shupe, MD Matrosov, SY Uttal, T AF Shupe, MD Matrosov, SY Uttal, T TI Arctic mixed-phase cloud properties derived from surface-based sensors at SHEBA SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ICE PARTICLE CONCENTRATIONS; REMOTE-SENSING MEASUREMENTS; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; BEAUFORT SEA; MICROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES; BOUNDARY-LAYER; WATER-CONTENT; HEAT-BUDGET; AIRCRAFT OBSERVATIONS; RADIATIVE PROPERTIES AB Arctic mixed-phase cloud macro- and microphysical properties are derived from a year of radar, lidar, microwave radiometer, and radiosonde observations made as part of the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) Program in the Beaufort Sea in 1997-98. Mixed-phase clouds occurred 41% of the time and were most frequent in the spring and fall transition seasons. These clouds often consisted of a shallow, cloud-top liquid layer from which ice particles formed and fell, although deep, multilayered mixed-phase cloud scenes were also observed. On average, individual cloud layers persisted for 12 h, while some mixed-phase cloud systems lasted for many days. Ninety percent of the observed mixed-phase clouds were 0.5-3 km thick, had a cloud base of 0-2 km, and resided at a temperature of -25 degrees to -5 degrees C. Under the assumption that the relatively large ice crystals dominate the radar signal, ice properties were retrieved from these clouds using radar reflectivity measurements. The annual average ice particle mean diameter, ice water content, and ice water path were 93 mu m, 0.027 g m(-3), and 42 g m(-2), respectively. These values are all larger than those found in single-phase ice clouds at SHEBA. Vertically resolved cloud liquid properties were not retrieved; however, the annual average, microwave radiometer-derived liquid water path (LWP) in mixed-phase clouds was 61 g m(-2). This value is larger than the average LWP observed in single-phase liquid clouds because the liquid water layers in the mixed-phase clouds tended to be thicker than those in all-liquid clouds. Although mixed-phase clouds were observed down to temperatures of about -40 degrees C, the liquid fraction (ratio of LWP to total condensed water path) increased on average from zero at -24 degrees C to one at similar to 14 degrees C. The observations show a range of similar to 25 degrees C at any given liquid fraction and a phase transition relationship that may change moderately with season. C1 NOAA, ETL, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Shupe, MD (reprint author), NOAA, ETL, CIRES, R-ET6,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM matthew.shupe@noaa.gov RI Shupe, Matthew/F-8754-2011 OI Shupe, Matthew/0000-0002-0973-9982 NR 64 TC 122 Z9 122 U1 3 U2 23 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 63 IS 2 BP 697 EP 711 DI 10.1175/JAS3659.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 019XG UT WOS:000235870900018 ER PT J AU Wang, LK Sassen, K AF Wang, LK Sassen, K TI Cirrus mammatus properties derived from an extended remote sensing dataset SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID CLOUD HORIZONTAL INHOMOGENEITY; WAVELET ANALYSIS; RADAR OBSERVATIONS; TURBULENCE; FACILITY; FIRE; BIAS AB The first quantitative and statistical evaluation of cirrus mammatus clouds based on wavelet analysis of remote sensing data is made by analyzing the University of Utah Facility for Atmospheric Remote Sensing (FARS) 10-yr high-cloud dataset. First, a case study of cirrus mammata combining a high-resolution lidar system and a W-band Doppler radar is presented, yielding an assessment of the thermodynamic environment and dynamic mechanisms. Then, 25 cirrus mammatus cases selected from the FARS lidar dataset are used to disclose their characteristic environmental conditions, and vertical and length scales. The results show that cirrus mammata occur in the transition zone from moist (cloudy) to dry air layers with weak wind shear, which suggests that cloud-induced thermal structures play a key role in their formation. Their maximum vertical and horizontal length scales vary from 0.3 to 1.1 km and 0.5 to 8.0 km, respectively. It is also found that small-scale structures develop between the large-scale protuberances. The spectral slopes of the lidar-returned power and mean radar Doppler velocity data extracted from the cirrus cloud-base region further indicate the presence of developed three-dimensional, locally isotropic, homogeneous turbulence generated by buoyancy. Finally, comparisons of anvil and cirrus mammata are made. Although both are generated in a similar environment, cirrus mammata generally do not form fallout fronts like their anvil counterparts, and so do not have their smooth and,beautiful outlines. C1 Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. RP Wang, LK (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, ORA, 5200 Auth Rd,Rm 810, Camp Springs, MD 20742 USA. EM Likun.Wang@noaa.gov RI Wang, Likun/B-7524-2008 OI Wang, Likun/0000-0001-5646-9746 NR 39 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 63 IS 2 BP 712 EP 725 DI 10.1175/JAS3648.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 019XG UT WOS:000235870900019 ER PT J AU Geist, D Chadwick, W Johnson, D AF Geist, D Chadwick, W Johnson, D TI Results from new GPS and gravity monitoring networks at Fernandina and Sierra Negra Volcanoes, Galapagos, 2000-2002 SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Galdpagos Islands; calderas; magmas; geodesy; deformation ID LONG-VALLEY-CALDERA; SATELLITE RADAR INTERFEROMETRY; MEDICINE LAKE VOLCANO; KILAUEA-VOLCANO; STRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT; PHYSICAL VOLCANOLOGY; CONTINUING DEFLATION; YELLOWSTONE CALDERA; LEVELING SURVEYS; ISABELA-ISLAND AB GPS and gravity networks were established on Sierra Negra and Fernandina volcanoes in 2000 and remeasured in 2001 and 2002. After a decade in which the caldera inflated by over 2.5 m, Sierra Negra's caldera began to subside between 2000 and 2002, at a rate of about 9 cm/a. Neither inflation nor deflation was accompanied by eruption. Simple elastic modeling indicates that the deformation at Sierra Negra can be attributed to volumetric contraction of a 2.1 km-deep sill beneath the caldera, caused by either movement of magma out of the sill or loss of bubbles through degassing. Precise gravity measurements support but do not prove the fanner mechanism. Fernandina volcano is in a phase of slow refilling of the summit reservoir after the 1995 eruption, causing lateral expansion of the caldera rim by about 3 cm/a. Our estimate for the depth of the shallowest part of the Fernandina magma chamber is 1 to 2 km. Neither volcano shows evidence of flank spreading. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Geol Sci, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. Oregon State Univ, NOAA, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Univ Idaho, Dept Geol Sci, 3022, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. EM dgeist@uidaho.edu NR 68 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 EI 1872-6097 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD FEB 1 PY 2006 VL 150 IS 1-3 BP 79 EP 97 DI 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.07.003 PG 19 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 016AR UT WOS:000235593400007 ER PT J AU Chadwick, WW Nooner, SL Zumberge, MA Embley, RW Fox, CG AF Chadwick, WW Nooner, SL Zumberge, MA Embley, RW Fox, CG TI Vertical deformation monitoring at Axial Seamount since its 1998 eruption using deep-sea pressure sensors SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE volcano inflation; ground deformation monitoring; seafloor geodesy; bottom pressure recorder ID KILAUEA VOLCANO; FUCA RIDGE; GROUND DEFORMATION; MIDOCEAN RIDGE; RADAR INTERFEROMETRY; CONTINENTAL-MARGIN; MAGMA ACCUMULATION; SURFACE UPLIFT; 1960 COLLAPSE; OCEAN AB Pressure measurements made on the seafloor at depths between 1500 and 1700 m at Axial Seamount, an active submarine volcano on the Juan de Fuca Ridge in the northeast Pacific Ocean, show evidence that it has been inflating since its 1998 eruption. Data from continuously recording bottom pressure sensors at the center of Axial's caldera suggest that the rate of inflation was highest in the months right after the eruption (20 cm/month) and has since declined to a steady rate of similar to 15 cm/year. Independent campaign-style pressure measurements made each year since 2000 at an array of seafloor benchmarks with a mobile pressure recorder mounted on a remotely operated vehicle also indicate uplift is occurring in the caldera at a rate up to 22 +/- 1.3 cm/year relative to a point outside the caldera. The repeatability of the campaign-style pressure measurements progressively improved each year from +/- 15 cm in 2000 to +/- 0.9 cm in 2004, as errors were eliminated and the technique was refined. Assuming that the uplift has been continuous since the 1998 eruption, these observations suggest that the center of the caldera has re-inflated about 1.5 +/- 0.1 m, thus recovering almost 50% of the 3.2 m of subsidence that was measured during the 1998 eruption. This rate of inflation can be used to calculate a magma supply rate of 14 x 10(6) m(3)/year. If this rate of inflation continues, it also suggests a recurrence interval of similar to 16 years between eruptions at Axial, assuming that it will be ready to erupt again when it has re-inflated to 1998 levels. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Oregon State Univ, NOAA, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Chadwick, WW (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, NOAA, 2115 SE OSU Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM bill.chadwick@noaa.gov NR 57 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD FEB 1 PY 2006 VL 150 IS 1-3 BP 313 EP 327 DI 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.07.006 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 016AR UT WOS:000235593400021 ER PT J AU Bisack, KD Sutinen, JG AF Bisack, KD Sutinen, JG TI Harbor porpoise bycatch: ITQs or time/area closures in the New England gillnet fishery SO LAND ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID SPATIAL-BEHAVIOR; MANAGEMENT; IMPACTS AB The implications of individual transferable quotas (ITQs) for reducing harbor porpoise bycatch in a multi-species fishery are investigated. Our intra-year bioeconomic model incorporates spatial and temporal patterns Of abundance and harvest rates of commercial fish species and porpoise. Results indicate that porpoise ITQs, when compared to closures, are more profitable than closures, and distribute effort and profit reductions more evenly across seasons and areas. Price estimates for a unit of porpoise quota ranges from $1,395 to $5,782, for total allowable catches ranging from 951 to 209 porpoise, respectively. Total annual willingness to pay for porpoise quota is approximately $1.25 million. C1 NEFSC, Protected Species Branch, Woods Hole, MA USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Environm & Nat Resource Econ, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. RP Bisack, KD (reprint author), NEFSC, Protected Species Branch, Woods Hole, MA USA. NR 25 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 5 PU UNIV WISCONSIN PI MADISON PA SOCIAL SCIENCE BLDG, MADISON, WI 53706 USA SN 0023-7639 J9 LAND ECON JI Land Econ. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 82 IS 1 BP 85 EP 102 PG 18 WC Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 014IF UT WOS:000235472400006 ER PT J AU Brierley, AS Saunders, RA Bone, DG Murphy, EJ Enderlein, P Conti, SG Demer, DA AF Brierley, AS Saunders, RA Bone, DG Murphy, EJ Enderlein, P Conti, SG Demer, DA TI Use of moored acoustic instruments to measure short-term variability in abundance of Antarctic krill SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY-METHODS LA English DT Article ID DOPPLER CURRENT PROFILER; DIEL VERTICAL MIGRATION; SOUTH GEORGIA; EUPHAUSIA-SUPERBA; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; TARGET-STRENGTH; SCOTIA SEA; TEMPORAL VARIABILITY; SEASONAL-VARIATION; MARINE ECOSYSTEM AB Upward-looking acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) (300 kHz) and echosounders (125 kHz) were deployed on moorings at South Georgia to measure abundance of Antarctic krill continuously over several months. Echoes from krill were identified using the theoretical difference in echo intensity at 300 and 125 kHz and scaled to krill density using target strengths appropriate for krill in the region: krill size was determined from diet samples from furseals and penguins foraging near the moorings. A method using water flow past the moorings was developed to convert time-based acoustic observations of krill to area-based abundance estimates. Flow past the stationary moorings was treated analogously to motion along-track of a research vessel through a nominally stationary body of water during a conventional survey. The moorings thus provide a Eulerian view of variation in krill abundance. This is ecologically instructive for South Georgia, where krill are generally passive drifters on currents and where temporal fluctuations in abundance have significant consequences for krill-dependent predators. Moorings were positioned on routine research vessel survey transects, and validity of the mooring method was assessed by comparison of mooring and vessel observations. Krill density estimates from the moorings were not statistically different from vessel estimates in adjacent time periods. A time series of krill density from a mooring revealed step-changes that were not seen during short-term vessel surveys. Moorings deliver data over time scales that cannot be achieved from research vessels and provide insight on environmental factors associated with variation in krill abundance at South Georgia. Mooring data may aid ecosystem-based management. C1 Univ St Andrews, Gatty Marine Lab, St Andrews KY16 9AJ, Fife, Scotland. British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA USA. RP Brierley, AS (reprint author), Univ St Andrews, Gatty Marine Lab, St Andrews KY16 9AJ, Fife, Scotland. RI Brierley, Andrew/G-8019-2011 OI Brierley, Andrew/0000-0002-6438-6892 NR 49 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR-METH JI Limnol. Oceanogr. Meth. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 4 BP 18 EP 29 PG 12 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 031OP UT WOS:000236714200002 ER PT J AU da Silva, DAM Buzitis, J Krahn, MM Bicego, MC Pires-Vanin, AMS AF da Silva, DAM Buzitis, J Krahn, MM Bicego, MC Pires-Vanin, AMS TI Metabolites in bile of fish from Sao Sebastiao Channel, Sao Paulo, Brazil as biomarkers of exposure to petrogenic polycyclic aromatic compounds SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE PAC metabolites; HPLC/UV-F; fish bile; Brazil; Sao Paulo; Sao Sebastiao ID MASS-SPECTROMETRIC ANALYSIS; VALDEZ OIL-SPILL; PAH; HYDROCARBONS; FLUORESCENCE; XENOBIOTICS; CONTAMINANTS; PETROLEUM; POLLUTION; ENZYMES AB This study reports the analysis of polycyclic aromatic compound (PAC) metabolites, its biomarkers of exposure to PACs in marine environment. PAC metabolites were measured in bile samples from 14 species of demersal fish caught in the Sao Sebastiao Channel (SSC), SE Brazilian coastline. Naphthalene (NPH) equivalents, phenanthrene (PHN) equivalents, and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) equivalents were quantified using a reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection method. For all samples, the means ( +/- standard deviation, n = 37) of concentrations obtained for NPH, PHN. and BaP equivalents were, respectively, 290,000 +/- 200,000 ng/g, 18,000 +/- 14,000 ng/g, and 970 +/- 1900 ng/g. These results indicate recent exposure of these fish to PACs in their environment. In addition, two species (Cyclichthys spinosus and Prionotus mudigula) of fish were analyzed in order to investigate local sources of PAC contamination in the SSC and the influence of the petroleum terminal in fish caught in remote areas. The results showed that these fish species potentially migrate along the channel, especially P. mudigula. Correlations among groups of PAC metabolites indicate the same petrogenic source for NPH and PHN equivalents and a combustion source (e.g., automobile, ships) for BaP equivalents. The ratio BaP/PHN equivalents (0.05 0.07, n = 37) confirms the predominance of petrogenic PACs for contamination by these chemicals in this region. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Oceanog, BR-05508900 Sao Paulo, Brazil. NOAA, Environm Conservat Div, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Oceanog, Praca Oceanog 191,Cidade Univ, BR-05508900 Sao Paulo, Brazil. EM densilva@usp.br RI Bicego, Marcia/D-1996-2013 NR 36 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 52 IS 2 BP 175 EP 183 DI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.08.016 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 030SV UT WOS:000236655700017 PM 16216283 ER PT J AU Kacker, RN AF Kacker, RN TI Bayesian alternative to the ISO-GUM's use of the Welch-Satterthwaite formula SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID APPROXIMATION AB In certain disciplines, uncertainty is traditionally expressed as an interval about an estimate for the value of the measurand. Development of such uncertainty intervals with a stated coverage probability based on the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) requires a description of the probability distribution for the value of the measurand. The ISO-GUM propagates the estimates and their associated standard uncertainties for various input quantities through a linear approximation of the measurement equation to determine an estimate and its associated standard uncertainty for the value of the measurand. This procedure does not yield a probability distribution for the value of the measurand. The ISO-GUM suggests that under certain conditions motivated by the central limit theorem the distribution for the value of the measurand may be approximated by a scaled-and-shifted t-distribution with effective degrees of freedom obtained from the Welch-Satterthwaite (W-S) formula. The approximate t-distribution may then be used to develop an uncertainty interval with a stated coverage probability for the value of the measurand. We propose an approximate normal distribution based on a Bayesian uncertainty as an alternative to the t-distribution based on the W-S formula. A benefit of the approximate normal distribution based on a Bayesian uncertainty is that it greatly simplifies the expression of uncertainty by eliminating altogether the need for calculating effective degrees of freedom from the W-S formula. In the special case where the measurand is the difference between two means, each evaluated from statistical analyses of independent normally distributed measurements with unknown and possibly unequal variances, the probability distribution for the value of the measurand is known to be a Behrens-Fisher distribution. We compare the performance of the approximate normal distribution based on a Bayesian uncertainty and the approximate t-distribution based on the W-S formula with respect to the Behrens-Fisher distribution. The approximate normal distribution is simpler and better in this case. A thorough investigation of the relative performance of the two approximate distributions would require comparison for a range of measurement equations by numerical methods. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM raghu.kacker@nist.gov NR 24 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 EI 1681-7575 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD FEB PY 2006 VL 43 IS 1 BP 1 EP 11 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/43/1/001 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 023OL UT WOS:000236136000003 ER PT J AU Zhang, NF Strawderman, WE Liu, HK Sedransk, N AF Zhang, NF Strawderman, WE Liu, HK Sedransk, N TI Statistical analysis for multiple artefact problem in key comparisons with linear trends SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article AB A statistical analysis for key comparisons with linear trends and multiple artefacts is proposed. This is an extension of a previous paper for a single artefact. The approach has the advantage that it is consistent with the no-trend case. The uncertainties for the key comparison reference value and the degrees of equivalence are also provided. As an example, the approach is applied to key comparison CCEM-K2. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zhang, NF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD FEB PY 2006 VL 43 IS 1 BP 21 EP 26 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/43/1/003 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 023OL UT WOS:000236136000005 ER PT J AU Toman, B AF Toman, B TI Linear statistical models in the presence of systematic effects requiring a Type B evaluation of uncertainty SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article AB Annex H.3 of the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement presents an example of calibration of a thermometer using a linear regression model. Annex H.5 of the same publication presents another class of linear statistical models and analysis techniques that are commonly called the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The procedures given in Annexes H.3 and H.5 do not specifically include Type B uncertainty evaluations. A natural question then is as follows: can these statistical models be used when the measurements are subject to additional uncertainty, arising from systematic effects, that needs to be evaluated by Type B methods? This paper answers the question in the affirmative and provides a natural interpretation of the results. The data from the two Annexes are used for illustration. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Toman, B (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 8 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD FEB PY 2006 VL 43 IS 1 BP 27 EP 33 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/43/1/004 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 023OL UT WOS:000236136000006 ER PT J AU Schmidt, JW Jain, K Miiller, AP Bowers, WJ Olson, DA AF Schmidt, JW Jain, K Miiller, AP Bowers, WJ Olson, DA TI Primary pressure standards based on dimensionally characterized piston/cylinder assemblies SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article AB NIST has characterized two large diameter (35.8 mm) piston/cylinder assemblies as primary pressure standards in the range 0.05 MPa to 1.0 MPa with uncertainties approaching the best mercury manometers. The realizations of the artefacts as primary standards are based on the dimensional characterization of the piston and cylinder, and models of the normal and shear forces on the base and flanks of the piston. We have studied two piston/cylinder assemblies, known at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as PG 38 and PG 39, using these methods. The piston and cylinder of both assemblies were accurately dimensioned by Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB). All artefacts appeared to be round within +/- 30 nm and straight within +/- 100 nm over a substantial fraction of their heights. PG 39 was dimensioned a second time by PTB, three years after the initial measurement, and showed no significant change in dimensions or effective area. Comparisons of the effective area of PG 38 and PG 39 from dimensional measurements, against those obtained with calibration against the NIST ultrasonic interferometer manometer (UIM), are in agreement within the combined standard (k = 1) uncertainty of the dimensional measurements and the UIM. A cross-float comparison of PG 38 versus PG 39 also agreed with the dimensional characterization within their combined standard uncertainties and with the UIM calibrations. The expanded (k = 2) relative uncertainty of the effective area is about 6.0 x 10(-6) for both assemblies. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Phys Lab, New Delhi 110012, India. RP Schmidt, JW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 10 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 20 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD FEB PY 2006 VL 43 IS 1 BP 53 EP 59 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/43/1/008 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 023OL UT WOS:000236136000010 ER PT J AU Bauch, A Achkar, J Bize, S Calonico, D Dach, R Hlavac, R Lorini, L Parker, T Petit, G Piester, D Szymaniec, K Uhrich, P AF Bauch, A Achkar, J Bize, S Calonico, D Dach, R Hlavac, R Lorini, L Parker, T Petit, G Piester, D Szymaniec, K Uhrich, P TI Comparison between frequency standards in Europe and the USA at the 10(-15) uncertainty level SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID PHASE TIME TRANSFER; ACCURACY EVALUATION; GPS; FOUNTAINS; CLOCKS AB Istituto Elettrotecnico Nazionale Galileo Ferraris (IEN), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Laboratoire National de Metrologie et d'Essais-Observatoire de Paris/Systemes de Reference Temps Espace (OP) and Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) operate cold-atom based primary frequency standards which are capable of realizing the SI second with a relative uncertainty of 1 x 10(-15) or even below. These institutes performed an intense comparison campaign of selected frequency references maintained in their laboratories during about 25 days in October/November 2004. Active hydrogen maser reference standards served as frequency references for the institutes' fountain frequency standards. Three techniques of frequency (and time) comparisons were employed. Two-way satellite time and frequency transfer (TWSTFT) was performed in an intensified measurement schedule of 12 equally spaced measurements per day. The data of dual-frequency geodetic Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers were processed to yield an ionosphere-free linear combination of the code observations from both GPS frequencies, typically referred to as GPS TAI P3 analysis. Last but not least, the same GPS raw data were separately processed, allowing GPS carrier-phase (GPS CP) based frequency comparisons to be made. These showed the lowest relative frequency instability at short averaging times of all the methods. The instability was at the level of I part in 1015 at one-day averaging time using TWSTFT and GPS CP. The GPS TAI P3 analysis is capable of giving a similar quality of data after averaging over two days or longer. All techniques provided the same mean frequency difference between the standards involved within the 1 sigma measurement uncertainty of a few parts in 10(16). The frequency differences between the three fountains of IEN (IEN-CsF1), NPL (NPL-CsF1) and OP (OP-FO2) were evaluated. Differences lower than the I a measurement uncertainty were observed between NPL and OP, whereas the IEN fountain deviated by about 2 sigma from the other two fountains. C1 Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, D-3300 Braunschweig, Germany. Observ Paris, Lab Natl Metrol & Dessais, F-75014 Paris, France. Ist Elettrotecnico Nazl Galileo Ferraris, IEN, Turin, Italy. Univ Bern, Inst Astron, Bern, Switzerland. Natl Phys Lab, Teddington TW11 0LW, Middx, England. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Bur Int Poids & Mesures, Sevres, France. RP Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, D-3300 Braunschweig, Germany. RI Piester, Dirk/B-8132-2008; CALONICO, Davide/J-9158-2016 OI Piester, Dirk/0000-0003-2487-5613; CALONICO, Davide/0000-0002-0345-859X NR 27 TC 146 Z9 150 U1 1 U2 28 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 EI 1681-7575 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD FEB PY 2006 VL 43 IS 1 BP 109 EP 120 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/43/1/016 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 023OL UT WOS:000236136000018 ER PT J AU Larson, DR Paulter, NG AF Larson, DR Paulter, NG TI Some effects of temperature variation on sampling oscilloscopes and pulse generators SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article AB The effects of temperature variation on the timebase errors and impulse responses of two 50 GHz bandwidth sampling oscilloscopes and on the pulse parameters of two pulse generators commonly used for oscilloscope calibrations are reported. The observed variations are significant for high accuracy measurements and contribute to the uncertainty of any measurements performed. C1 NIST, Quantum Elect Metrol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Larson, DR (reprint author), NIST, Quantum Elect Metrol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD FEB PY 2006 VL 43 IS 1 BP 121 EP 128 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/43/1/017 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 023OL UT WOS:000236136000019 ER PT J AU Pitre, L Moldover, MR Tew, WL AF Pitre, L Moldover, MR Tew, WL TI Acoustic thermometry: new results from 273 K to 77 K and progress towards 4 K SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID TRIPLE POINT; GAS-THERMOMETRY; THERMODYNAMIC TEMPERATURE; SPHERICAL RESONATORS; ATOMIC WEIGHTS; MERCURY; RANGE; SCALE; HELIUM; ITS-90 AB We used a quasi-spherical cavity as an acoustic and microwave resonator to measure the thermodynamic temperatures, T, of the triple points of equilibrium hydrogen, neon, argon and mercury and to measure the difference T - T-90, in the range 7 K to 273 K. (T-90 is the temperature on the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90).) In the range 7 K to 24.5 K, our preliminary values of T - T-90 agree with recent results from dielectric-constant gas thermometry and achieve uncertainties that are comparable to or smaller than those achievable using the interpolating constant volume gas thermometer as currently defined on the ITS-90. In the range 90 K to 273 K, the present results for T - T90 obtained using a helium-filled, copper-walled, quasi-spherical cavity agree with earlier results obtained using argon-filled, steel-walled or aluminium-walled, spherical cavities. The agreement confirms our understanding of both acoustic and microwave cavity resonators and demonstrates that resonators function as primary thermometers spanning wide temperature ranges. The mutually consistent acoustic thermometry data from several laboratories imply that the values of (T-T-90)/T-90 are 5 times larger than the uncertainty of T/T-90 near 150 K and near 400 K. They also imply that the derivative dT/dT(90) is too large by approximately 10(-4) near 273.16 K and that dT/dT(90) has a discontinuity of 4 x 10(-5) at 273.16 K. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurement Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Conservatoire Natl Arts & Metiers, Lab Natl Metrol Dessai, Inst Natl Metrol, F-75003 Paris, France. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurement Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM michael.moldover@nist.gov RI Moldover, Michael/E-6384-2013; OI pitre, laurent/0000-0001-9885-7544 NR 55 TC 75 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 8 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 EI 1681-7575 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD FEB PY 2006 VL 43 IS 1 BP 142 EP 162 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/43/1/020 PG 21 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 023OL UT WOS:000236136000022 ER PT J AU Hornikova, A Zhang, NF AF Hornikova, A Zhang, NF TI The relation between the E-n values including covariance and the 'exclusive' E-n statistic SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID KEY COMPARISON DATA; CONSISTENCY AB In this short communication we compare E-n, values taking into account the covariance with the corresponding 'exclusive' statistic in an interlaboratory study framework. The conclusion from this analysis is that there are no differences between the E-n, values accounting for covariance and the corresponding 'exclusive' statistics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hornikova, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD FEB PY 2006 VL 43 IS 1 BP L1 EP L2 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/43/1/N01 PG 2 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 023OL UT WOS:000236136000001 ER PT J AU Newbury, DE AF Newbury, DE TI The new X-ray mapping: X-ray spectrum imaging above 100 kHz output count rate with the silicon drift detector SO MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE electron beam microanalysis; energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry; microstructural characterization; particle analysis; scanning electron microscopy; silicon drift detector ID ELECTRON-MICROSCOPE AB Electron-excited X-ray mapping is a key operational mode of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS). The popularity of X-ray mapping persists despite the significant time penalty due to the relatively low output count rates, typically less than 25 kHz, that can be processed with the conventional EDS. The silicon drift detector (SDD) uses the same measurement physics, but modifications to the detector structure permit operation at a factor of 5-10 times higher than conventional EDS for the same resolution. Output count rates as high as 500 kHz can be achieved with 217 eV energy resolution (at MnK alpha). Such extraordinarily high count rates make possible X-ray mapping through the method of X-ray spectrum imaging, in which a complete spectrum is captured at each pixel of the scan. Useful compositional data can be captured in less than 200 s with a pixel density of 160 x 120. Applications to alloy and rock microstructures, ultrapure materials with rare inclusions, and aggregate particles with complex chemistry illustrate new approaches to characterization made practical by high-speed X-ray mapping with the SDD. C1 NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Newbury, DE (reprint author), NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Dale.Newbury@nist.gov NR 11 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 5 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 1431-9276 J9 MICROSC MICROANAL JI Microsc. microanal. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 12 IS 1 BP 26 EP 35 DI 10.1017/S143192760606020X PG 10 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Microscopy SC Materials Science; Microscopy GA 012GM UT WOS:000235326300003 PM 17481339 ER PT J AU Bowen, L Aldridge, BM DeLong, R Melin, S Godinez, C Zavala, A Gulland, F Lowenstine, L Stott, JL Johnson, ML AF Bowen, L Aldridge, BM DeLong, R Melin, S Godinez, C Zavala, A Gulland, F Lowenstine, L Stott, JL Johnson, ML TI MHC gene configuration variation in geographically disparate populations of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE California sea lion; class II MHC; DRB; Gulf of California; Pacific Ocean; pathogen ID MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; GULF-OF-CALIFORNIA; LEPTOSPIRA-INTERROGANS; HLA SYSTEM; 2 PARTS; SELECTION; SUBSTITUTION; PUPS AB Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II DRB genotypes were examined in two geographically isolated populations of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) (Gulf of California and California coastal Pacific Ocean). Genomic DNA from 227 California sea lions was examined using eight sequence-specific primer (SSP) pairs flanking the putative peptide-binding site. A total of 40 different Zaca-DRB genotype configurations were identified among the 227 individuals. Using SSP-PCR, significant differences were found between coastal California and Gulf of California Zalophus populations in numbers of DRB sequences per individual and configuration of sequences within individuals. Additionally, unique local patterns of MHC diversity were identified among the Midriff Island animals. These population differences are consistent with either ecologically distinct patterns of selection pressures and/or geographical isolation. The consequences of these partitioned MHC configurations at the population level are as yet unknown; however, the worldwide increase in emerging marine diseases lends urgency to their examination. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Lab Marine Mammal Immunol, Dept Pathol Microbiol & Immunol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Western Univ Hlth Sci, Coll Vet Med, Pomona, CA 91766 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, AFSC, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. GGNRA, Marine Mammal Ctr, Sausalito, CA USA. Univ Calif Davis, John Muir Inst Environm, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Bowen, L (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Lab Marine Mammal Immunol, Dept Pathol Microbiol & Immunol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM lbowen@ucdavis.edu NR 21 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 15 IS 2 BP 529 EP 533 DI 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02612.x PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 008MS UT WOS:000235045500018 PM 16448418 ER PT J AU Shafer, JC Steenburgh, WJ Cox, JAW Monteverdi, JP AF Shafer, JC Steenburgh, WJ Cox, JAW Monteverdi, JP TI Terrain influences on synoptic storm structure and mesoscale precipitation distribution during IPEX IOP3 SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; MOUNTAIN WINTER STORM; FRONTAL INTERACTION; ISOHYETAL MAPS; UTAH; SIMULATIONS; OROGRAPHY; SYSTEM; MODEL; CYCLE AB The influence of topography on the evolution of a winter storm over the western United States and distribution of precipitation over northern Utah are examined using data collected during the third intensive observing period (IOP3) of the Intermountain Precipitation Experiment (IPEX). The analysis is based on high-density surface observations collected by the MesoWest cooperative networks, special radiosonde observations, wind profiler observations, Next-Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) data, and conventional data. A complex storm evolution was observed, beginning with frontal distortion and low-level frontolysis as a surface occluded front approached the Sierra Nevada. As the low-level occluded front weakened, the associated upper-level trough moved over the Sierra Nevada and overtook a lee trough. The upper-level trough, which was forward sloping and featured more dramatic moisture than temperature gradients, then moved across Nevada with a weak surface reflection as a pressure trough. Over northern Utah, detailed observations revealed the existence of a midlevel trough beneath the forward-sloping upper-level trough. This midlevel trough appeared to form along a high-potential-vorticity banner that developed over the southern Sierra Nevada and moved downstream over northern Utah. A surface trough moved over northern Utah 3 h after the midlevel trough and delineated two storm periods. Ahead of the surface trough, orographic precipitation processes dominated and produced enhanced mountain precipitation. This period also featured lowland precipitation enhancement upstream of the northern Wasatch Mountains where a windward convergence zone was present. Precipitation behind the surface trough was initially dominated by orographic processes, but soon thereafter featured convective precipitation that was not fixed to the terrain. Processes responsible for the complex vertical trough structure and precipitation distribution over northern Utah are discussed. C1 Univ Utah, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Reg Predict, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Meteorol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. RP Shafer, JC (reprint author), Lyndon State Coll, Dept Meteorol, 1001 Coll Rd, Lyndonville, VT 05851 USA. EM jason.shafer@lyndonstate.edu NR 39 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 134 IS 2 BP 478 EP 497 DI 10.1175/MWR3051.1 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 019NT UT WOS:000235844700003 ER PT J AU Elmore, KL Baldwin, ME Schultz, DM AF Elmore, KL Baldwin, ME Schultz, DM TI Field significance revisited: Spatial bias errors in forecasts as applied to the Eta Model SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID CONVECTIVE ADJUSTMENT SCHEME; UNITED-STATES; MULTISEASON VERIFICATION; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; CYCLONE FORECASTS; STEP OROGRAPHY; MM5; PARAMETERIZATION; RESOLUTION; PREDICTION AB The spatial structure of bias errors in numerical model output is valuable to both model developers and operational forecasters, especially if the field containing the structure itself has statistical significance in the face of naturally occurring spatial correlation. A semiparametric Monte Carlo method, along with a moving blocks bootstrap method is used to determine the field significance of spatial bias errors within spatially correlated error fields. This process can be completely automated, making it an attractive addition to the verification tools already in use. The process demonstrated here results in statistically significant spatial bias error fields at any arbitrary significance level. To demonstrate the technique, 0000 and 1200 UTC runs of the operational Eta Model and the operational Eta Model using the Kain-Fritsch convective parameterization scheme are examined. The resulting fields for forecast errors for geopotential heights and winds at 850, 700, 500. and 250 hPa over a period of 14 months (26 January 2001-31 March 2002) are examined and compared using the verifying initial analysis. Specific examples are shown, and some plausible causes for the resulting significant bias errors are proposed. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NOAA, Storm Predict Ctr, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Elmore, KL (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. EM kim.elmore@noaa.gov RI Schultz, David M./A-3091-2010 OI Schultz, David M./0000-0003-1558-6975 NR 34 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 134 IS 2 BP 519 EP 531 DI 10.1175/MWR3077.1 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 019NT UT WOS:000235844700005 ER PT J AU Han, J Pan, HL AF Han, J Pan, HL TI Sensitivity of hurricane intensity forecast to convective momentum transport parameterization SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID VERTICAL WIND SHEAR; PERTURBATION PRESSURE; CUMULUS CLOUDS; CUMULONIMBUS; MODEL; BASE AB A parameterization of the convection-induced pressure gradient force (PGF) in convective momentum transport (CMT) is tested for hurricane intensity forecasting using NCEP's operational Global Forecast System (GFS) and its nested Regional Spectral Model (RSM). In the parameterization the PGF is assumed to be proportional to the product of the cloud mass flux and vertical wind shear. Compared to control forecasts using the present operational GFS and RSM where the PGF effect in CMT is taken into account empirically, the new PGF parameterization helps increase hurricane intensity by reducing the vertical momentum exchange, giving rise to a closer comparison to the observations. In addition, the new PGF parameterization forecasts not only show more realistically organized precipitation patterns with enhanced hurricane intensity but also reduce the forecast track error. Nevertheless, the model forecasts with the new PGF parameterization still largely underpredict the observed intensity. One of the many possible reasons for the large underprediction may be the absence of hurricane initialization in the models. C1 Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Environm Predict Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RS Informat Syst Inc, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Pan, HL (reprint author), 5200 Auth Rd,WWB Rm 207, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Jongil.Han@noaa.gov NR 21 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 134 IS 2 BP 664 EP 674 DI 10.1175/MWR3090.1 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 019NT UT WOS:000235844700013 ER PT J AU Hough, LA Islam, MF Hammouda, B Yodh, AG Heiney, PA AF Hough, LA Islam, MF Hammouda, B Yodh, AG Heiney, PA TI Structure of semidilute single-wall carbon nanotube suspensions and gels SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; ELECTRONIC-PROPERTIES; NETWORKS; CONFORMATION; DISPERSIONS; SURFACTANTS; ELASTICITY; WIRES; FILMS; WATER AB The microscopic network structure of surfactant-stabilized single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in water was investigated as a function of SWNT concentration in the semidilute (overlapping) regime using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). Most of the samples exhibit rigid rod behavior (i.e., Q(-1) intensity variation) at large scattering wavevector, Q, and a crossover to network behavior (i.e., similar to Q(-2) intensity variation) at low Q. The mesh size, g, of the network was determined from the crossover of rigid rod to network behavior in the SANS intensity profile and was found to decrease with increasing SWNT concentration. When the dispersion quality of these associating rigid rods was degraded, only similar to Q(-2) intensity variation was observed at both high and low Q. Small-angle X-ray scattering measurements of the same stable dispersions were relatively insensitive to network structure because of poor contrast between SWNTs and surfactant. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Phys & Astron, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Hough, LA (reprint author), Rhodia INC, 350 George Patterson Blvd, Bristol, PA 19007 USA. EM harry.hough@us.rhodia.com; mohammad@andrew.cmu.edu RI Islam, Mohammad/B-7211-2011 OI Islam, Mohammad/0000-0001-9253-3709 NR 37 TC 77 Z9 77 U1 3 U2 46 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 6 IS 2 BP 313 EP 317 DI 10.1021/nl051871f PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 015DS UT WOS:000235532700033 PM 16464056 ER PT J AU Yanik, L Della Torre, E Donahue, MJ AF Yanik, L Della Torre, E Donahue, MJ TI Micromagnetic calculations of eddy currents with time-varying fields SO PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Symposium on Hysteresis and Micromagnetic Modeling (HMM 2005) CY MAY 30-JUN 01, 2005 CL Hungarian Acad Sci, Budapest, HUNGARY SP Budapest Univ Technol & Econ, Univ Pecs, Res Inst Tech Phys & Mat Sci HO Hungarian Acad Sci DE micromagnetism; eddy currents; domain wall AB This paper extends a recently presented program for solving the eddy current problem in a cylindrical geometry, by investigating the effect of time-varying fields. When the applied field is turned off, wall motion slows by several orders of magnitude, but since the wall energy can be reduced by reducing the length of the wall, it continues to move, albeit much more slowly. Reversing the applied field has the effect of nucleating the opposite kind of wall which propagates inward and eventually annihilates the previous wall. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 George Washington Univ, Inst Magnet Res, Washington, DC 20052 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Yanik, L (reprint author), George Washington Univ, Inst Magnet Res, Washington, DC 20052 USA. EM lyanik@gwu.edu NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD FEB 1 PY 2006 VL 372 IS 1-2 BP 290 EP 293 DI 10.1016/j.physb.2005.10.069 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 010WZ UT WOS:000235229900070 ER PT J AU Lee, CG Gornakov, VS Koo, BH Shin, KS McMichael, RD Chen, A Egelhoff, WF AF Lee, CG Gornakov, VS Koo, BH Shin, KS McMichael, RD Chen, A Egelhoff, WF TI Annealing temperature dependences of magnetization reversal in exchange-biased bilayers SO PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Symposium on Hysteresis and Micromagnetic Modeling (HMM 2005) CY MAY 30-JUN 01, 2005 CL Hungarian Acad Sci, Budapest, HUNGARY SP Budapest Univ Technol & Econ, Univ Pecs, Res Inst Tech Phys & Mat Sci HO Hungarian Acad Sci DE exchange bias; domain structure; annealing ID FILMS AB The thermal stability of the hysteretic properties and domain structures of exchange-coupled Co-Fe/Ir-Mn and Ni-Fe/Ir-Mn bilayers was studied. Using the magneto-optical indicator film technique, X-ray diffractometry and VSM, we have revealed that the layers' crystal structures are more regular, and also play the main role in the bilayer remagnetization process after annealing procedures. It was found that post-annealing crystal structure leads to changes in the magnetization reversal process. This effect is greater in the Ni-Fe bilayer than in the Co-Fe bilayer. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Changwon Natl Univ, Sch Nano & Adv Mat Engn, Chang Won 641773, Gyeongnam, South Korea. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Solid State Phys, Moscow 142432, Russia. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lee, CG (reprint author), Changwon Natl Univ, Sch Nano & Adv Mat Engn, Chang Won 641773, Gyeongnam, South Korea. EM cglee@sarim.changwon.ac.kr RI McMichael, Robert/J-8688-2012; OI McMichael, Robert/0000-0002-1372-664X NR 10 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD FEB 1 PY 2006 VL 372 IS 1-2 BP 350 EP 353 DI 10.1016/j.physb.2005.10.083 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 010WZ UT WOS:000235229900084 ER PT J AU Safronova, UI Ralchenko, Y Murakami, I Kato, T Kato, D AF Safronova, UI Ralchenko, Y Murakami, I Kato, T Kato, D TI Atomic data for dielectronic recombination into C-like oxygen SO PHYSICA SCRIPTA LA English DT Article ID FINITE-DENSITY PLASMAS; PAULI ENERGY-LEVELS; ISOELECTRONIC SEQUENCE; RATE COEFFICIENTS; EXCITED-STATES; OSCILLATOR-STRENGTHS; TRANSITION RATES; LOW-TEMPERATURES; IONS; CIII AB Energy levels, radiative transition probabilities and autoionization rates for C-like oxygen (O2+) including 1s(2)2s(2)2pnl, 1s(2)2s(2)p(2)nl and 1s(2)2(p)3nl (n = 2-8, l <= n - 1) states are calculated by the Hartree-Fock relativistic method (Cowan code). Autoionizing levels above the thresholds 1s(2)2s(2)2p P-2, 1s(2)2s(2)p(2) P-4, D-2, S-2, P-2 and 1s(2)2p(3) S-4, D-2 are considered. Configuration mixing 2s(2)2pnl + 2p(3)nl plays an important role for all atomic characteristics. Branching ratios relative to the first threshold and intensity factors are calculated for satellite lines, and dielectronic recombination (DR) rate coefficients are presented for the excited 218 odd-parity and 218 even-parity states. The DR rate coefficients are calculated including 1s22s22pnl, 1s22s2p2nl and 1s22p3nl ( n = 2 - 8, l 6 n - 1) states. Contributions from the excited states with n >= 8 are estimated by extrapolation of all atomic characteristics to derive the total DR rate coefficient. It is found that the orbital angular momentum quantum number l distribution of the rate coefficients shows a peak at l = 4. The total DR rate coefficient is derived as a function of electron temperature. The state-selective DR rate coefficients to excited states of C-like oxygen, which are useful for modelling O III spectral lines in a recombining plasma, are calculated as well. C1 Univ Nevada, Phys Dept, Reno, NV 89557 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Fus Sci, Gifu 5095292, Japan. RP Safronova, UI (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Phys Dept, Reno, NV 89557 USA. EM ulyanas@unr.edu RI Ralchenko, Yuri/E-9297-2016 OI Ralchenko, Yuri/0000-0003-0083-9554 NR 31 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU ROYAL SWEDISH ACAD SCIENCES PI STOCKHOLM PA PUBL DEPT BOX 50005, S-104 05 STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN SN 0031-8949 J9 PHYS SCRIPTA JI Phys. Scr. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 73 IS 2 BP 143 EP 159 DI 10.1088/0031-8949/73/2/004 PG 17 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 027FF UT WOS:000236398800004 ER PT J AU Avdeenkov, AV Kajita, M Bohn, JL AF Avdeenkov, AV Kajita, M Bohn, JL TI Suppression of inelastic collisions of polar (1)Sigma state molecules in an electrostatic field SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURES AB Collisions of polar (1)Sigma state molecules at ultralow energies are considered, within a model that accounts for long-range dipole-dipole interactions, plus rotation of the molecules. We predict a substantial suppression of dipole-driven inelastic collisions at high values of the applied electric field, namely, field values of several times B-0/mu. Here B-0 is the rotational constant, and mu is the electric dipole moment of molecules. The sudden large drop in the inelastic cross section is attributed to the onset of degeneracy between molecular rotational levels, which dramatically alters the scattering Hamiltonian. This capability could, in principle, be used to stabilize ultracold gases against collisional losses. C1 Inst Phys & Power Engn, Obninsk 249033, Kaluga, Russia. Natl Inst Informat & Commun Technol, Koganei, Tokyo 1848795, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Inst Phys & Power Engn, Obninsk 249033, Kaluga, Russia. NR 28 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD FEB PY 2006 VL 73 IS 2 AR 022707 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.73.022707 PG 7 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 017BC UT WOS:000235668100104 ER PT J AU Calzetta, E Hu, BL Rey, AM AF Calzetta, E Hu, BL Rey, AM TI Bose-Einstein-condensate superfluid-Mott-insulator transition in an optical lattice SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Review ID MEAN-FIELD THEORY; TONKS-GIRARDEAU GAS; HUBBARD-MODEL; PHASE-TRANSITION; ULTRACOLD BOSONS; NOBEL LECTURE; ATOMS; DYNAMICS; SYSTEMS; EQUATION AB We present an analytical model for a cold bosonic gas on an optical lattice (with densities of the order of 1 particle per site), targeting the critical regime of the Bose-Einstein-condensate superfluid-Mott-insulator transition. We focus on the computation of the one-body density matrix and its Fourier transform, the momentum distribution which is directly obtainable from "time-of-flight" measurements. The expected number of particles with zero momentum may be identified with the condensate population if it is close to the total number of particles. Our main result is an analytic expression for this observable, interpolating between the known results valid for the two regimes separately: the standard Bogoliubov approximation valid in the superfluid regime and the strong-coupling perturbation theory valid in the Mott regime. C1 Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Ciencias Exactas & Nat, Dept Fis, RA-1428 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Inst Theoret Atom Mol & Opt Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Ciencias Exactas & Nat, Dept Fis, Ciudad Univ, RA-1428 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. NR 132 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 3 U2 14 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD FEB PY 2006 VL 73 IS 2 AR 023610 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.73.023610 PG 18 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 017BC UT WOS:000235668100157 ER PT J AU Itano, WM AF Itano, WM TI Quadrupole moments and hyperfine constants of metastable states of Ca+, Sr+, Ba+, Yb+, Hg+, and Au SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID HARTREE-FOCK CALCULATIONS; FREQUENCY STANDARD; RYDBERG STATES; EXCITED-STATES; ISOTOPE SHIFTS; RARE-GASES; ION; SPECTROSCOPY; OSCILLATOR; PROGRAM AB Atomic quadrupole moments and hyperfine constants of the metastable D-2(3/2,5/2) states of Ca+, Sr+, Ba+, Yb+, and Hg+ are calculated by the multiconfiguration Dirac-Hartree-Fock and relativistic configuration-interaction methods. For Hg+, the configuration is 5d(9)6s(2). For the other ions, the configuration consists of a single d-electron outside a set of closed shells. Current interest in the quadrupole moments of these states is due to the fact that optical transitions of these ions may be useful as references for frequency standards. Energy shifts of the metastable states due to the interactions of the quadrupole moments with external electric field gradients are among the largest sources of error in these frequency standards. For the quadrupole moments, agreement is obtained to within about 10% with the available measurements. For the hyperfine constants, good agreement is obtained with measurements and with other calculations, except for the A factors of the D-2(5/2) states of Sr+, Ba+, and Yb+, where the correlation effects are so large that they reverse the sign of the constant relative to the Dirac-Hartree-Fock value. As a test of the Hg+ calculational methods, quadrupole moments and hyperfine constants are calculated for the 5d(9)6s(2) D-2(3/2,5/2) states in isoelectronic neutral Au. This yields a value of the nuclear quadrupole moment Q(Au-197)=+0.587(29) b. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM itano@boulder.nist.gov NR 60 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD FEB PY 2006 VL 73 IS 2 AR 022510 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.73.022510 PG 11 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 017BC UT WOS:000235668100096 ER PT J AU Rey, AM Pupillo, G Porto, JV AF Rey, AM Pupillo, G Porto, JV TI The role of interactions, tunneling, and harmonic confinement on the adiabatic loading of bosons in an optical lattice SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID TONKS-GIRARDEAU GAS; ATOMS; SYSTEMS AB We calculate entropy-temperature curves for interacting bosons in unit filled optical lattices for both homogeneous and harmonically trapped situations, and use them to understand how adiabatic changes in the lattice depth affect the temperature of the system. In a translationally invariant lattice, the zero tunneling limit facilitates a rather detailed analytic description. Unlike the noninteracting bosonic system which is always cooled upon adiabatic loading for low enough initial temperature, the change in the excitation spectrum induced by interactions can lead to heating. Finite tunneling helps to reduce this heating. Finally, we study the spatially inhomogeneous system confined in a parabolic potential and show that the presence of the trap can significantly reduce the final available temperature, due to the nonvanishing superfluid component at the edge of the cloud which is present in trapped systems. C1 Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Inst Theoret Atom Mol & Opt Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM arey@cfa.harvard.edu NR 25 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD FEB PY 2006 VL 73 IS 2 AR 023608 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.73.023608 PG 9 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 017BC UT WOS:000235668100155 ER PT J AU Safronova, MS Arora, B Clark, CW AF Safronova, MS Arora, B Clark, CW TI Frequency-dependent polarizabilities of alkali-metal atoms from ultraviolet through infrared spectral regions SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID MANY-BODY CALCULATIONS; SODIUM-LIKE IONS; HYPERFINE CONSTANTS; TRANSITION RATES; MATRIX-ELEMENTS; ELECTRIC-DIPOLE; ENERGY-LEVELS AB We present results of first-principles calculations of the frequency-dependent polarizabilities of all alkali-metal atoms for light in the wavelength range 300-1600 nm, with particular attention to wavelengths of common infrared lasers. We parametrize our results so that they can be extended accurately to arbitrary wavelengths above 800 nm. This work is motivated by recent experiments involving simultaneous optical trapping of two different alkali-metal species. Our data can be used to predict the oscillation frequencies of optically trapped atoms, and particularly the ratios of frequencies of different species held in the same trap. We identify wavelengths at which two different alkali-metal atoms have the same oscillation frequency. C1 Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA. NIST, Phys Lab, US Dept Commerce, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA. RI Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009 OI Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885 NR 20 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD FEB PY 2006 VL 73 IS 2 AR 022505 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.73.022505 PG 5 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 017BC UT WOS:000235668100091 ER PT J AU Spielman, IB Johnson, PR Huckans, JH Fertig, CD Rolston, SL Phillips, WD Porto, JV AF Spielman, IB Johnson, PR Huckans, JH Fertig, CD Rolston, SL Phillips, WD Porto, JV TI Collisional deexcitation in a quasi-two-dimensional degenerate bosonic gas SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE; OPTICAL LATTICE; NEUTRAL ATOMS AB We separate a Bose-Einstein condensate into an array of two-dimensional (2D) sheets and excite quantized vibrational motion in the direction normal to the sheets. The measured collisional decay rates are suppressed due to the reduced dimensionality, a matter wave analog to inhibited spontaneous emission. After decay, the large excitation energy is transferred to back-to-back outgoing atoms, imaged as rings in the 2D plane. The ring diameters correspond to vibrational energy level differences, and edge-on imaging allows identification of the final vibrational states. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Univ Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM ian.spielman@nist.gov RI rolston, steven/L-5175-2013 OI rolston, steven/0000-0003-1671-4190 NR 21 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD FEB PY 2006 VL 73 IS 2 AR 020702 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.73.020702 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 017BC UT WOS:000235668100005 ER PT J AU Diaz, JG Bryant, GW AF Diaz, JG Bryant, GW TI Electronic and optical fine structure of GaAs nanocrystals: The role of d orbitals in a tight-binding approach SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID QUANTUM DOTS; CDS NANOCRYSTALS; III-V; SEMICONDUCTORS; STRAIN; NANOPARTICLES; CONFINEMENT; PARAMETERS; STATES AB Electronic structure and optical spectra of GaAs nanocrystals for a wide range of sizes are studied by using both sp(3)s(*) and sp(3)s(*)d(5) nearest-neighbor tight-binding models. Our results show that the inclusion of d orbitals into a minimal basis set is necessary for a proper description of the lowest electron states, especially in the strong confinement regime. For dot sizes below 2.5 nm, the ground electron state is primarily built of L-point bulk band states, giving the nanocrystals indirect-gap character. Simpler sp(3)s(*) models yield an incorrect description of electron states made from bulk band states away from the Brillouin zone center. In contrast, sp(3)s(*)d(5) models are able to provide a consistent picture of the main optical features in agreement with experiments. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Diaz, JG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8423, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM garnett.bryant@nist.gov NR 32 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD FEB PY 2006 VL 73 IS 7 AR 075329 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.73.075329 PG 9 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 017BK UT WOS:000235668900089 ER PT J AU Gadzuk, JW AF Gadzuk, JW TI Thermally assisted atom transfer on surfaces SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE; TRANSITION-STATE THEORY; TOTAL-ENERGY DISTRIBUTION; FIELD-EMITTED ELECTRONS; INTRAMOLECULAR DYNAMICS; SINGLE MOLECULES; METAL-SURFACES; DIFFUSION; EMISSION; MANIPULATION AB The low-temperature rates for site-to-site transfer of single atoms and molecules adsorbed on surfaces have been determined in recent scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) studies within the temperature regime where the dominant transfer mechanism changes from mostly activated transmission over to thermally assisted tunneling through the intersite (transition-state) barrier as the temperature is reduced. A model that has provided useful conceptual and quantitative insights into thermally assisted field emission of electrons is used here as the basis for a theory of site-to-site atom transfer in this temperature range where proper account of atomic tunneling and quantum reflection, for energies below and above the transition state barrier, is required. The predicted transfer rates, which are very sensitive to barrier shape as well as height, agree well with those observed in the STM studies of Co and Cu on Cu(111) surfaces in the interesting 4 K less than or similar to T less than or similar to 7 K transition range which is relevant in the atom-by-atom fabrication of thermally stable surface nanostructures. C1 NIST, Electron Phys Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP NIST, Electron Phys Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 83 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD FEB PY 2006 VL 73 IS 8 AR 085401 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.73.085401 PG 9 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 017BM UT WOS:000235669100070 ER PT J AU Klupp, G Kamaras, K Nemes, NM Brown, CM Leao, J AF Klupp, G Kamaras, K Nemes, NM Brown, CM Leao, J TI Static and dynamic Jahn-Teller effect in the alkali metal fulleride salts A(4)C(60) (A = K, Rb, Cs) SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID NEUTRON-SCATTERING; ELECTRONIC STATES; ORIENTATIONAL ORDER; ROTATIONAL-DYNAMICS; C-60 MOLECULE; DOPED C-60; RB4C60; K4C60; LIBRATIONS; TRANSITION AB We report the temperature dependent mid- and near-infrared spectra of K4C60, Rb4C60, and Cs4C60. The splitting of the vibrational and electronic transitions indicates a molecular symmetry change of C-60(4-) which brings the fulleride anion from D-2h to either a D-3d or a D-5d distortion. In contrast to Cs4C60, low temperature neutron diffraction measurements did not reveal a structural phase transition in either K4C60 and Rb4C60. This proves that the molecular transition is driven by the molecular Jahn-Teller effect, which overrides the distorting potential field of the surrounding cations at high temperature. In K4C60 and Rb4C60 we suggest a transition from a static to a dynamic Jahn-Teller state without changing the average structure. We studied the librations of these two fullerides by temperature dependent inelastic neutron scattering and conclude that both pseudorotation and jump reorientation are present in the dynamic Jahn-Teller state. C1 Hungarian Acad Sci, Res Inst Solid State Phys & Opt, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Klupp, G (reprint author), Hungarian Acad Sci, Res Inst Solid State Phys & Opt, POB 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary. EM klupp@szfki.hu; kamaras@szfki.hu RI Kamaras, Katalin/A-3916-2009; Brown, Craig/B-5430-2009 OI Kamaras, Katalin/0000-0002-0390-3331; Brown, Craig/0000-0002-9637-9355 NR 49 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD FEB PY 2006 VL 73 IS 8 AR 085415 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.73.085415 PG 12 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 017BM UT WOS:000235669100084 ER PT J AU Xiao, J Zangwill, A Stiles, MD AF Xiao, J Zangwill, A Stiles, MD TI Spin-transfer torque for continuously variable magnetization SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID DOMAIN-WALL MOTION; POLARIZED CURRENT; PULSED-CURRENT; DRIVEN; FERROMAGNETS; PROPAGATION; NANOWIRES AB We report quantum and semiclassical calculations of spin current and spin-transfer torque in a free-electron Stoner model for systems where the magnetization varies continuously in one dimension. Analytic results are obtained for an infinite spin spiral and numerical results are obtained for realistic domain wall profiles. The adiabatic limit describes conduction electron spins that follow the sum of the exchange field and an effective, velocity-dependent field produced by the gradient of the magnetization in the wall. Nonadiabatic effects arise for short domain walls but their magnitude decreases exponentially as the wall width increases. Our results cast doubt on the existence of a recently proposed nonadiabatic contribution to the spin-transfer torque due to spin-flip scattering. C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Phys, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electron Phys Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Xiao, J (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Phys, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RI Xiao, Jiang/B-1832-2008; Stiles, Mark/K-2426-2012 OI Xiao, Jiang/0000-0002-3245-3579; Stiles, Mark/0000-0001-8238-4156 NR 39 TC 124 Z9 124 U1 0 U2 24 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD FEB PY 2006 VL 73 IS 5 AR 054428 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.73.054428 PG 10 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 017BE UT WOS:000235668300069 ER PT J AU Xiao, YG Huang, Q Ouyang, ZW Wang, FW Lynn, JW Liang, JK Rao, GH AF Xiao, YG Huang, Q Ouyang, ZW Wang, FW Lynn, JW Liang, JK Rao, GH TI Canted magnetic structure arising from rare-earth mixing in the Laves-phase compound (Nd0.5Tb0.5)Co-2 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID NEUTRON POWDER-DIFFRACTION; RCO2; TRANSITION; HEAVY; LIGHT AB The crystal and magnetic structures of Laves-phase compound (Nd0.5Tb0.5)Co-2 have been investigated by high resolution neutron powder diffraction at different temperatures. Magnetization measurement and neutron diffraction reveal two magnetic transitions at T-C approximate to 173 K and T-M approximate to 47 K, respectively. At room temperature, the compound crystallizes in the MgCu2-type (C15) structure. Below T-C, rhombohedral distortion and large anisotropic magnetostriction take place and persist down to 4 K. In contrast to the binary rare earth (R)-Co Laves-phases RCo2, a noncollinear magnetic structure (canted) is deduced for (Nd0.5Tb0.5)Co-2, based on the Rietveld refinement of the neutron diffraction data at 50 K and 4 K. In addition, the correlation between lattice distortion and easy magnetization direction (EMD) commonly observed for binary RCo2 is violated in (Nd0.5Tb0.5)Co-2. Though the crystal structure remains rhombohedral, the EMD of the R sublattice is close to the [110] direction at 50 K of the pseudocubic lattice and along the [111] direction at 4 K, respectively. The difference of the canting angle between the magnetic structures at 50 K and 4 K is small, indicating stable canted configurations. The lattice parameters exhibit a discontinuity around T-M, suggesting a first-order transition between the two canted magnetic structures. The dilution of magnetic anisotropy of the R sublattice and the contribution of the magnetic anisotropy of the Co sublattice are responsible for the observations. C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Phys, Beijing Natl Lab Condensed Matter Phys, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Acad Sinica, Int Ctr Mat Phys, Shenyang 110015, Peoples R China. RP Xiao, YG (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Phys, Beijing Natl Lab Condensed Matter Phys, POB 603, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China. EM ghrao@aphy.iphy.ac.cn RI Xiao, Yinguo/N-9069-2015 NR 21 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD FEB PY 2006 VL 73 IS 6 AR 064413 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.73.064413 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 017BH UT WOS:000235668600056 ER PT J AU Liberatore, MW Nettesheim, F Wagner, NJ Porcar, L AF Liberatore, MW Nettesheim, F Wagner, NJ Porcar, L TI Spatially resolved small-angle neutron scattering in the 1-2 plane: A study of shear-induced phase-separating wormlike micelles SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E LA English DT Article ID SURFACTANT SOLUTIONS; CATIONIC SURFACTANT; LIQUID-CRYSTALLINE; POLYMERIC FLUIDS; COMPLEX FLUIDS; BANDING FLOW; TRANSITION; BEHAVIOR; KINETICS; RHEOLOGY AB The shear-induced microstructure of a shear-induced phase separating (SIPS) wormlike micellar solution is measured by combining small-angle neutron scattering with a shear cell capable of gap-resolved measurement in the 1-2 (velocity-velocity gradient) plane. Quantitative results show evidence for shear-induced microphase separation accompanied by shear banding. The results suggest both concentration fluctuations and gradients in segmental alignment occurring during SIPS. C1 Univ Delaware, Dept Chem Engn, Newark, DE 19716 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Liberatore, MW (reprint author), Univ Delaware, Dept Chem Engn, Newark, DE 19716 USA. EM wagner@che.udel.edu RI Wagner, Norman/B-6558-2012 OI Wagner, Norman/0000-0001-9565-619X NR 31 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1539-3755 J9 PHYS REV E JI Phys. Rev. E PD FEB PY 2006 VL 73 IS 2 AR 020504 DI 10.1103/PhysRevE.73.020504 PN 1 PG 4 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 017AU UT WOS:000235667300008 PM 16605317 ER PT J AU Shiga, N Anderegg, F Dubin, DHE Driscoll, CF Gould, RW AF Shiga, N Anderegg, F Dubin, DHE Driscoll, CF Gould, RW TI Thermally excited fluctuations as a pure electron plasma temperature diagnostic SO PHYSICS OF PLASMAS LA English DT Article ID TRIVELPIECE-GOULD MODES; NONNEUTRAL PLASMAS; FINITE-LENGTH; WAVES; CONFINEMENT; VIBRATIONS; EMISSION AB Thermally excited charge fluctuations in pure electron plasma columns provide a diagnostic for the plasma temperature over a range of 0.05 < k(B)T < 10 eV. Three different nonperturbative methods have been developed to determine the plasma temperature. The first method fits the near-Lorentzian spectrum of thermal fluctuations near a single weakly damped mode. This method works well where the modes are weakly damped, i.e., when lambda(D)/R-p < 0.3. The second method utilizes the emission spectrum over a broad frequency range encompassing several modes and the nonresonant fluctuations between modes. This method works for long columns with lambda(D)/R-p > 0.2, so that Landau damping is dominant and well modeled by theory. The third method compares the total (frequency-integrated) number delta N of fluctuating image charges on the wall antenna to a simple thermodynamic calculation. This method works when lambda(D)/R-p > 0.2. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Inst Pure & Appl Phys Sci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91103 USA. RP Shiga, N (reprint author), NIST, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 30 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 1070-664X J9 PHYS PLASMAS JI Phys. Plasmas PD FEB PY 2006 VL 13 IS 2 AR 022109 DI 10.1063/1.2172928 PG 12 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA 016ZM UT WOS:000235663900009 ER PT J AU Desrosiers, MF AF Desrosiers, MF TI William L. McLaughlin - 1928-2005 SO RADIATION PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ionizing Radiat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Desrosiers, MF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ionizing Radiat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0969-806X J9 RADIAT PHYS CHEM JI Radiat. Phys. Chem. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 75 IS 2 BP 356 EP 357 DI 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2005.10.014 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 994BO UT WOS:000234005100024 ER PT J AU Stafford, CM Roskov, KE Epps, TH Fasolka, MJ AF Stafford, CM Roskov, KE Epps, TH Fasolka, MJ TI Generating thickness gradients of thin polymer films via flow coating SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID COMBINATORIAL MATERIALS; MATERIALS SCIENCE AB Thickness is a governing factor in the behavior of films and coatings. To enable the high-throughput analysis of this parameter in polymer systems, we detail the design and operation of a "flow coater" device for fabricating continuous libraries of polymer film thickness over tailored ranges. Focusing on the production of model polystyrene film libraries, we thoroughly outline the performance of flow coating by varying critical factors including device geometry, device motion, and polymer solution parameters. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stafford, CM (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM chris.stafford@nist.gov RI Epps, Thomas/B-7337-2012; OI Epps, III, Thomas/0000-0002-2513-0966 NR 20 TC 79 Z9 79 U1 4 U2 46 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 77 IS 2 AR 023908 DI 10.1063/1.2173072 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 016ZP UT WOS:000235664200030 ER PT J AU Bruno, TJ AF Bruno, TJ TI Method and apparatus for precision in-line sampling of distillate SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE distillation; instantaneous composition; sampling AB In this short note we present a method and describe a simple apparatus for use with simple, fractional, and steam distillation operations in which the operator requires a precise measurement of instantaneous distillate composition as the distillation proceeds. There are many examples in which such a measurement will play a critical role. One such example is in the measurement of boiling or distillation curves, where one desires an explicit measure of distillation process temperatures as a function of distillate volume fraction. The ability to augment temperature-volume distillation curves with composition information is very helpful. The optimization of critical distillation conditions for the separation of sensitive solutes is another example in which instantaneous distillate composition is of value. The purification of reactants before a reaction is still another example. In all of these cases, it is the instantaneous composition that emerges from the condenser that is needed, rather than the integrated composition of the distillate that accumulates in the receiver. In this note, the apparatus and method are described, and an example is given with a mixture of n-decane/n-tetradecane. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO USA. EM bruno@boulder.nist.gov NR 8 TC 68 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0149-6395 EI 1520-5754 J9 SEP SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 41 IS 2 BP 309 EP 314 DI 10.1080/01496390500496918 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 013LW UT WOS:000235411800006 ER PT J AU Liu, CL Xie, K Miao, Y Zha, XF Feng, ZJ Lee, J AF Liu, CL Xie, K Miao, Y Zha, XF Feng, ZJ Lee, J TI Study on the communication method for chaotic encryption in remote monitoring systems SO SOFT COMPUTING LA English DT Article DE remote monitoring; time series analysis; surrogate data ID SPACE RECONSTRUCTION; SYNCHRONIZATION; DIMENSION AB In chaotic cryptosystems, it is recognized that using (very) high dimensional chaotic attractors for encrypting a given message may improve the privacy of chaotic encoding. In this paper, we study a kind of hyperchaotic systems by using some classical methods. The results show that besides the high dimension, the sub-Nyquist sampling interval (SI) is also an important factor that can improve the security of the chaotic cryptosystems. We use the method of time series analysis to verify the results. C1 Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Inst Mechatron Control, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R China. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Intelligent Maintenance, Milwaukee, WI 53211 USA. RP Liu, CL (reprint author), Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Inst Mechatron Control, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R China. EM chlliu@sjtu.edu.cn; zha@cme.nist.gov NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1432-7643 J9 SOFT COMPUT JI Soft Comput. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 10 IS 3 BP 224 EP 229 DI 10.1007/s00500-005-0475-y PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Computer Science GA 987KW UT WOS:000233517800006 ER PT J AU Morrill, JS Korendyke, CM Brueckner, GE Giovane, F Howard, RA Koomen, M Moses, D Plunkett, SP Vourlidas, A Esfandiari, E Rich, N Wang, D Thernisien, AF Lamy, P Llebaria, A Biesecker, D Michels, D Gong, Q Andrews, M AF Morrill, JS Korendyke, CM Brueckner, GE Giovane, F Howard, RA Koomen, M Moses, D Plunkett, SP Vourlidas, A Esfandiari, E Rich, N Wang, D Thernisien, AF Lamy, P Llebaria, A Biesecker, D Michels, D Gong, Q Andrews, M TI Calibration of the Soho/Lasco C3 white light coronagraph SO SOLAR PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID PHOTOMETRY; ROCKET; IMAGES AB We present a detailed review of the calibration of the LASCO C3 coronagraph on the SOHO satellite. Most of the calibration has been in place since early in the mission and has been utilized to varying degrees as required by specific analysis efforts. However, using observational data from the nearly decade-long database of LASCO images, we have re-evaluated and improved many aspects of the calibration. This includes the photometric calibration, vignetting function, geometric distortion, stray light, and exposure and observation times. Using this comprehensive set of corrections we have generated and made available a set of calibrated coronal images along with a set of periodic background images to ease the accessibility and use of the LASCO database. C1 USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Interferometr, Chantilly, VA 20151 USA. Univ Space Res Assoc, Washington, DC 20036 USA. Astron Spatiale Lab, F-13376 Marseille 12, France. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Catholic Univ Amer, Washington, DC 20064 USA. Swales Aerosp, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. SRI Int, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Morrill, JS (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Code 7660,4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC 20375 USA. EM morrill@shogunnrl.navy.mil; clarence.korendyke@nrl.navy.mil; frank.giovane@nrl.navy.mil; russ.howard@nrl.navy.mil; dan.moses@nrl.navy.mil; simon.plunkett@nrl.navy.mil; angelos.vourlidas@nrl.navy.mil; arnaud.thernisien@nrl.navy.mil; phillippe.lamy@oamp.fr; antione.llebaria@oamp.fr; doug.biesecker@noaa.gov; don.michels@nrl.navy.mil; qgong@swales.com; mike.andrews@sri.com RI Vourlidas, Angelos/C-8231-2009 OI Vourlidas, Angelos/0000-0002-8164-5948 NR 24 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0038-0938 J9 SOL PHYS JI Sol. Phys. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 233 IS 2 BP 331 EP 372 DI 10.1007/s11207-006-2058-1 PG 42 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 012VS UT WOS:000235369600010 ER PT J AU Jablonski, A Tanuma, S Powell, CJ AF Jablonski, A Tanuma, S Powell, CJ TI New universal expression for the electron stopping power for energies between 200 eV and 30 keV SO SURFACE AND INTERFACE ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE stopping power; Monte Carlo simulations; electron inelastic mean free path ID MEAN FREE PATHS; SCATTERING CROSS-SECTIONS; 50-2000 EV RANGE; ELASTIC-SCATTERING; INELASTIC-SCATTERING; ELEMENTAL SOLIDS; OPTICAL-DATA; MODEL; BACKSCATTERING; POSITRONS AB We report the development of a new analytical expression for the electron stopping power (SP) for electron energies between 200 eV and 30 keV. This expression describes the product of the SP and the inelastic mean free path (IMFP), and is a simple function of atomic number and electron energy. Parameters in the expression were obtained from fits to SPs and IMFPs calculated from optical data for a group of 27 elemental solids. The mean deviation of 10.4% in these fits was less than the mean deviations found in similar fits with the empirical modifications of the Bethe SP equation by joy and Luo and by Fernandez-Varea et al. The new expression is considered suitable for Monte Carlo simulations of electron transport with the continuous slowing-down approximation relevant to Auger-electron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electron-probe microanalysis. Copyright (c) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Polish Acad Sci, Inst Phys Chem, PL-01224 Warsaw, Poland. Natl Inst Mat Sci, Mat Anal Stn, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050047, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jablonski, A (reprint author), Polish Acad Sci, Inst Phys Chem, Kasprzaka 44-52, PL-01224 Warsaw, Poland. EM jablo@ichf.edu.pl RI Tanuma, Shigeo/H-2681-2011 NR 28 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 10 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0142-2421 J9 SURF INTERFACE ANAL JI Surf. Interface Anal. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 38 IS 2 BP 76 EP 83 DI 10.1002/sia.2202 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 009WZ UT WOS:000235145500004 ER PT J AU Collins, AG Schuchert, P Marques, AC Jankowski, T Medina, M Schierwater, B AF Collins, AG Schuchert, P Marques, AC Jankowski, T Medina, M Schierwater, B TI Medusozoan phylogeny and character evolution clarified by new large and small subunit rDNA data and an assessment of the utility of phylogenetic mixture models SO SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE 18S; 28S; cubozoa; hydrozoa; medusa; molecular systematics; polyp; scyphozoa; staurozoa ID CARYBDEA-MARSUPIALIS LINNAEUS; CLASS-LEVEL RELATIONSHIPS; PHYLUM CNIDARIA; LIFE-CYCLE; ASTROHYDRA-JAPONICA; STRIATED-MUSCLE; TREE SELECTION; GENE SEQUENCE; GAP-JUNCTIONS; JELLYFISH AB A newly compiled data set of nearly complete sequences of the large subunit of the nuclear ribosome (LSU or 28S) sampled from 31 diverse medusozoans greatly clarifies the phylogenetic history of Cnidaria. These data have substantial power to discern among many of the competing hypotheses of relationship derived from prior work. Moreover, LSU data provide strong support at key nodes that were equivocal based on other molecular markers. Combining LSU sequences with those of the small subunit of the nuclear ribosome (SSU or 18S), we present a detailed working hypothesis of medusozoan relationships and discuss character evolution within this diverse clade. Stauromedusae, comprising the benthic, so-called stalked jellyfish, appears to be the sister group of all other medusozoans, implying that the free-swimming medusa stage, the motor nerve net, and statocysts of ecto-endodermal origin are features derived within Medusozoa. Cubozoans, which have had uncertain phylogenetic affinities since the elucidation of their life cycles, form a clade-named Acraspeda-with the scyphozoan groups Coronatae, Rhizostomeae, and Semaeostomeae. The polyps of both cubozoans and hydrozoans appear to be secondarily simplified. Hydrozoa is comprised by two well-supported clades, Trachylina and Hydroidolina. The position of Limnomedusae within Trachylina indicates that the ancestral hydrozoan had a biphasic life cycle and that the medusa was formed via an entocodon. Recently hypothesized homologies between the entocodon and bilaterian mesoderm are therefore suspect. Laingiomedusae, which has often been viewed as a close ally of the trachyline group Narcomedusae, is instead shown to be unambiguously a member of Hydroidolina. The important model organisms of the Hydra species complex are part of a clade, Aplanulata, with other hydrozoans possessing direct development not involving a ciliated planula stage. Finally, applying phylogenetic mixture models to our data proved to be of little additional value over a more traditional phylogenetic approach involving explicit hypothesis testing and bootstrap analyses under multiple optimality criteria. C1 NMFS, Natl Systemat Lab, Smithsonian Inst, Washington, DC 20013 USA. Museum Nat Hist, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Zool, Inst Biosci, Sao Paulo, Brazil. ETH, EAWAG, W&T, Swiss Fed Inst Aquat Sci & Technol, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland. DOE Joint Genome Inst, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA. ITZ, TiHo Hannover, D-30559 Hannover, Germany. RP Collins, AG (reprint author), NMFS, Natl Systemat Lab, Smithsonian Inst, MRC-153,POB 37012, Washington, DC 20013 USA. EM CollinsA@SI.edu RI Collins, Allen/A-7944-2008; Marques, Antonio/E-8049-2011 OI Collins, Allen/0000-0002-3664-9691; Marques, Antonio/0000-0002-2884-0541 NR 94 TC 190 Z9 199 U1 2 U2 26 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1063-5157 J9 SYST BIOL JI Syst. Biol. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 55 IS 1 BP 97 EP 115 DI 10.1080/10635150500433615 PG 19 WC Evolutionary Biology SC Evolutionary Biology GA 016LW UT WOS:000235622700008 PM 16507527 ER PT J AU Feng, XM Liu, GY Huang, QZ Rao, GH AF Feng, XM Liu, GY Huang, QZ Rao, GH TI Influence of annealing treatment on structural and magnetic properties of double perovskite Sr2FeMoO6 SO TRANSACTIONS OF NONFERROUS METALS SOCIETY OF CHINA LA English DT Article DE Sr2FeMoO6; double perovskite; neutron powder diffraction; magnetoresistance ID ROOM-TEMPERATURE MAGNETORESISTANCE AB The structure, magnetic and electric properties of Sr2FeMoO6 (the as-made sample) and samples after heat treatment were investigated. The nuclear and magnetic structures of the samples were studied using neutron powder diffraction at room temperature. The results show that the tunneling magnetoresistance of polycrystalline Sr2FeMoO6 depends on its annealing temperature. Annealing at 800 degrees C makes the minimal magnetoresistance(MR) elevated, which may be due to the change of the grain size or the modified intergranular connections. Because of the impurity phase of Fe which probably affects the magnetotransport properties is much larger in sample C, so the MR is decreased by postannealing at 1100 degrees C. Therefore, further enhancement of the tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) can be realized by regulating the grain size at appropriate annealing temperature. C1 Nanjing Univ Aeronaut & Astronaut, Coll Mat Sci & Technol, Nanjing 210016, Peoples R China. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Phys, Beijing Natl Lab Condensed Matter Phys, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Feng, XM (reprint author), Nanjing Univ Aeronaut & Astronaut, Coll Mat Sci & Technol, Nanjing 210016, Peoples R China. EM fengxm@nuaa.edu.cn NR 15 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1003-6326 J9 T NONFERR METAL SOC JI Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China PD FEB PY 2006 VL 16 IS 1 BP 122 EP 126 DI 10.1016/S1003-6326(06)60021-6 PG 5 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 020LR UT WOS:000235911400021 ER PT J AU Novak, DR Waldstreicher, JS Keyser, D Bosart, LF AF Novak, DR Waldstreicher, JS Keyser, D Bosart, LF TI A forecast strategy for anticipating cold season mesoscale band formation within eastern US cyclones SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID INGREDIENTS-BASED METHODOLOGY; SYMMETRIC INSTABILITY; UNITED-STATES; ETA-MODEL; PRECIPITATION; EVOLUTION; ENSEMBLE; SNOWSTORMS; CONVECTION; PREDICTION AB An ingredients-based, time- and scale-dependent forecast strategy for anticipating cold season mesoscale band formation within eastern U.S. cyclones is presented. This strategy draws on emerging conceptual models of mesoscale band development, advances in numerical weather prediction, and modern observational tools. As previous research has shown, mesoscale band development is associated with frontogenesis in the presence of weak moist symmetric stability and sufficient moisture. These three parameters-frontogenesis, weak moist symmetric stability, and moisture-are used as the ingredients for identifying mesoscale band development in this strategy. At forecast projections beyond 2 days, the strategy assesses whether cyclogenesis is expected. Within 2 days of the event, the strategy places the band ingredients in the context of the broader synoptic flow, with attention to where deformation zones are present, to assess whether banding is possible. Within 1 day of the event, the strategy focuses on assessment of the ingredients to outline when and where band formation is favored. Plan-view and cross-sectional analyses of gridded model fields in conjunction with high-resolution model guidance are used to assess the likelihood of banding and to outline the threat area. Within 12 h, short-range forecasts of the band ingredients are evaluated in concert with observations to make specific band predictions. Particular emphasis is placed on the evolution of the frontogenetic forcing and moist symmetric stability. During the event, trends in observations and short-range model forecasts are used to anticipate the movement, intensity, and dissipation of the band. The benefits and practical challenges associated with the proposed strategy are illustrated through its operational application to the 25 December 2002 northeast U.S. snowstorm, during which intense mesoscale snowband formation occurred. Forecast products from this event demonstrate how the forecast strategy can lead to heightened situational awareness, in this case resulting in accurate band forecasts. This application shows that accurate operational forecasts of mesoscale bands can be made based on our current conceptual understanding, observational tools, and modeling capabilities. C1 NOAA, NWS Eastern Reg Headquarters, Sci Serv Div, Bohemia, NY 11716 USA. SUNY Albany, Albany, NY 12222 USA. RP Novak, DR (reprint author), NOAA, NWS Eastern Reg Headquarters, Sci Serv Div, Suite 202,630 Johnson Ave, Bohemia, NY 11716 USA. EM David.Novak@noaa.gov NR 48 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 21 IS 1 BP 3 EP 23 DI 10.1175/WAF907.1 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 024ZY UT WOS:000236236300001 ER PT J AU Im, JS Brill, K Danaher, E AF Im, JS Brill, K Danaher, E TI Confidence interval estimation for quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPF) using short-range ensemble forecasts (SREF) SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID NATIONAL-WEATHER-SERVICE; ENVIRONMENTAL-PREDICTION; SKILL; SPREAD; SYSTEM; VERIFICATION; MODEL; CENTERS; NCEP AB The Hydrometeorological Prediction Center (HPC) at the NCEP has produced a suite of deterministic quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs) for over 40 yr. While the operational forecasts have proven to be useful in their present form, they offer no information concerning the uncertainties of individual forecasts. The purpose of this study is to develop a methodology to quantify the uncertainty in manually produced 6-h HPC QPFs (HQPFs) using NCEP short-range ensemble forecasts (SREFs). Results presented herein show the SREFs can predict the uncertainty of HQPFs. The correlation between HQPF absolute error (AE) and ensemble QPF spread (SP) is greater than 0.5 at 90.5% of grid points in the continental United States, exceeding 0.8 at 10% of these, for the 6-h forecast in winter. Oil the basis of the high correlation, the linear regression equations of AE oil SP are derived at each point on a grid covering the United States. In addition, the regression equations for data categorized according to the observed and forecasted precipitation amounts are obtained and evaluated. Using the regression model equation parameters for 15 categorized ranges of HQPF at each horizontal grid point for each season and individual forecast lead time, an AE associated with ail individual SP is predicted, as is the 95% confidence interval (Cl) of the AE. Based oil the AE Cl forecast and the HQPF itself, the 95% Cl of the HQPF is predicted as well. This study introduces an efficient and advanced method, providing an estimate of the uncertainty in the deterministic HOPE. Verification demonstrates the usefulness of the Cl forecasts for a variety of classifications, such as season, Cl range, HQPF, and forecast lead time. C1 NOAA, Hydrometeorol Predict Ctr, IM Syst Grp, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Im, JS (reprint author), NOAA, Hydrometeorol Predict Ctr, IM Syst Grp, WWB,Rm 403,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Jung-Sun.lm@noaa.gov NR 30 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 21 IS 1 BP 24 EP 41 DI 10.1175/WAF902.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 024ZY UT WOS:000236236300002 ER PT J AU Verbout, SM Brooks, HE Leslie, LM Schultz, DM AF Verbout, SM Brooks, HE Leslie, LM Schultz, DM TI Evolution of the US tornado database: 1954-2003 SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID INTENSITY DISTRIBUTIONS; UNITED-STATES; CLIMATOLOGY; OUTBREAKS; OKLAHOMA; DEATHS AB Over the last 50 yr, the number of tornadoes reported in the United States has doubled from about 600 per year in the 1950s to around 1200 in the 2000s. This doubling is likely not related to meteorological causes alone. To account for this increase a simple least squares linear regression was fitted to the annual number of tornado reports. A "big tornado day" is a single day when numerous tornadoes and/or many tornadoes exceeding a specified intensity threshold were reported anywhere in the country. By defining a big tornado day without considering the spatial distribution of the tornadoes, a big tornado day differs from previous definitions of outbreaks. To address the increase in the number of reports, the number of reports is compared to the expected number of reports in a year based on linear regression. In addition, the F1 and greater Fujita-scale record was used in determining a big tornado day because the F1 and greater series was more stationary over time as opposed to the F2 and greater series. Thresholds were applied to the data to determine the number and intensities of the tornadoes needed to be considered a big tornado day. Possible threshold values included fractions of the annual expected value associated with the linear regression and fixed numbers for the intensity criterion. Threshold values of 1.5% of the expected annual total number of tornadoes and/or at least 8 F1 and greater tornadoes identified about 18.1 big tornado days per year. Higher thresholds Such as 2.5% and/or at least 15 F1 and greater tornadoes showed similar characteristics, yet identified approximately 6.2 big tornado days per year. Finally, probability distribution curves generated using kernel density estimation revealed that big tornado days were more likely to occur slightly earlier in the year and have a narrower distribution than any given tornado day. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Verbout, SM (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, 100 E Boyd St,Room 1326, Norman, OK 73019 USA. EM Stephanic.Nordin@ou.edu RI Schultz, David M./A-3091-2010 OI Schultz, David M./0000-0003-1558-6975 NR 22 TC 92 Z9 92 U1 4 U2 17 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 21 IS 1 BP 86 EP 93 DI 10.1175/WAF910.1 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 024ZY UT WOS:000236236300005 ER PT J AU Ware, EC Schultz, DM Brooks, HE Roebber, PJ Bruening, SL AF Ware, EC Schultz, DM Brooks, HE Roebber, PJ Bruening, SL TI Improving snowfall forecasting by accounting for the climatological variability of snow density SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID ICE CRYSTALS; UNITED-STATES; PRECIPITATION; ACCURACY; GROWTH; GAUGE AB Accurately forecasting snowfall is a challenge. In particular, one poorly understood component of snowfall forecasting is determining the snow ratio. The snow ratio is the ratio of snowfall to liquid equivalent and is inversely proportional to the snow density. In a previous paper, an artificial neural network was developed to predict snow ratios probabilistically in three classes: heavy (1:1 < ratio < 9:1), average (9:1 <= ratio <= 15:1), and light (ratio > 15:1). A Web-based application for the probabilistic prediction of snow ratio in these three classes based on operational forecast model soundings and the neural network is now available. The goal of this paper is to explore the statistical characteristics of the snow ratio to determine how temperature, liquid equivalent, and wind speed can be used to provide additional guidance (quantitative, wherever possible) for forecasting snowfall, especially for extreme values of snow ratio. Snow ratio tends to increase as the low-level (surface to roughly 850 mb) temperature decreases. For example, mean low-level temperatures greater than -2.7 degrees C rarely (less than 5% of the time) produce snow ratios greater than 25:1, whereas mean low-level temperatures less than -10.1 degrees C rarely produce snow ratios less than 10:1. Snow ratio tends to increase strongly as the liquid equivalent decreases, leading to a nomogram for probabilistic forecasting snowfall, given a forecasted value of liquid equivalent. For example, liquid equivalent amounts 2.8-4.1 mm (0.11-0.16 in.) rarely produce snow ratios less than 14:1, and liquid equivalent amounts greater than 11.2 min (0.44 in.) rarely produce snow ratios greater than 26:1. The surface wind speed plays a minor role by decreasing snow ratio with increasing wind speed. Although previous research has shown simple relationships to determine the snow ratio are difficult to obtain, this note helps to clarify some situations where such relationships are possible. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Ithaca, NY USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesocale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Schultz, DM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM david.schultz@noaa.gov RI Schultz, David M./A-3091-2010 OI Schultz, David M./0000-0003-1558-6975 NR 19 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 21 IS 1 BP 94 EP 103 DI 10.1175/WAF903.1 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 024ZY UT WOS:000236236300006 ER PT J AU Xu, C Wu, T Batteas, JD Drain, CM Beers, KL Fasolka, MJ AF Xu, C Wu, T Batteas, JD Drain, CM Beers, KL Fasolka, MJ TI Surface-grafted block copolymer gradients: Effect of block length on solvent response SO APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Japan-US Workshop on Combination Materials Science and Technology CY DEC 07-10, 2004 CL Okinawa, JAPAN SP Combinatorial Mat Explorat & Technol, Natl Inst Mat Soc, Japan Soc Promot Sci, Core Core Program, Naotechnol Res Network Ctr Japan, Combinatorial Sci & Mat Informat Collaboratory DE combinatorial methods; high throughput; HTE; grafted polymers; block copolymers; responsive surfaces; surface modification; thin films ID POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE)/POLYSTYRENE BRUSHES; TRANSFER RADICAL POLYMERIZATION; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; COMBINATORIAL; POLYMERS AB We outline a method to fabricate gradient combinatorial libraries that explore architectural parameters of surface-grafted block copolymers (BCs). In addition, we demonstrate the utility of such libraries for the rapid, thorough assessment of the response of grafted BCs to solvent exposure. Our fabrication route uses surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization to produce a tethered polymer block with uniform length (in this case, poly(n-butyl methacrylate), PBMA), followed by a graded synthesis that adds a second block that varies in its length over the library (here, poly(2-(N,N'-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate), PDMAEMA). Our demonstration study maps the response of PBMA and PDMAEMA blocks to hexane and water, and defines regimes of behavior to this respect. Moreover, our study illuminates a narrow BC composition window that exhibits the strongest possible response to water and hexane treatment. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Polymer Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Hunter Coll, Dept Chem & Biochem, New York, NY 10021 USA. NIST, Surface & Microanal Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Beers, KL (reprint author), NIST, Polymer Div, Mail Stop 8542,100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM kathryn.beers@nist.gov; mfasolka@nist.gov RI Batteas, James/D-4144-2015 OI Batteas, James/0000-0002-6244-5000 NR 23 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4332 J9 APPL SURF SCI JI Appl. Surf. Sci. PD JAN 31 PY 2006 VL 252 IS 7 BP 2529 EP 2534 DI 10.1016/j.apsusc.2005.05.079 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 011JJ UT WOS:000235264100018 ER PT J AU Burton, BP van de Walle, A AF Burton, BP van de Walle, A TI First-principles phase diagram calculations for the system NaCl-KCl: The role of excess vibrational entropy SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE NaCl-KCl; first-principles phase diagram calculation; excess vibrational entropy; insulator; ionic system ID TOTAL-ENERGY CALCULATIONS; WAVE BASIS-SET; DISORDERED NI3AL; LATTICE-VIBRATIONS; HALITE-SYLVITE; MONTE-CARLO; ALLOYS; THERMODYNAMICS; COMPUTATION; DIFFERENCE AB First principles phase diagram calculations were performed for the system NaCl-KCl. Plane-wave pseudopotential calculations of formation energies were used as a basis for fitting cluster expansion Hamiltonians, both with and without an approximation for the excess vibrational entropy (S-VIB). including S-VIB dramatically improves the agreement between calculated and experimental phase diagrams: experimentally, the consolute point is {X-C = 0.348, T-C = 765 K}(Exp); without SVIB, it is {X-C = 0.46, Tc approximate to 1630 K}(Calc); with S-VIB, it is {X-C = 0.43, T-C = 930 K}(Calc). Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Ceram Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Northwestern Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. RP Burton, BP (reprint author), NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Ceram Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM benjamin.burton@nist.gov; avdw@northwestem.edu RI van de Walle, Axel/L-5676-2013 OI van de Walle, Axel/0000-0002-3415-1494 NR 46 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 EI 1878-5999 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD JAN 31 PY 2006 VL 225 IS 3-4 BP 222 EP 229 DI 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.08.016 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 009HN UT WOS:000235102500005 ER PT J AU Wang, WQ Wang, CZ AF Wang, WQ Wang, CZ TI Formation and decay of the spring warm pool in the South China Sea SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SURFACE TEMPERATURE AB [1] As part of the southeast Asian monsoon system, the South China Sea (SCS) is characterized by monsoon wind transition from northeasterly to southwesterly in the boreal spring. Correspondingly, a spring warm pool (SWP) with mixed layer temperature warmer than 29 degrees C is formed and peaked in May over the central SCS and then decays in June. Calculations of the heat budget showed that the surface heat flux and ocean dynamics have different roles in the formation and decay of the SWP. The surface heat flux is found to play a dominant role for the formation of the SWP in May. The onset of the southwest monsoon corresponds to an increase in cloudiness and rainfall and a strong wind speed in the SCS that decrease the surface heat flux in June. Moreover, the onset of the southwest monsoon also changes oceanic circulation pattern that advects cold water from the northwest to the southeast and pumps cold water into the upper mixed layer. These cooling effects overcome the warming effect of the surface heat flux, resulting in the decay of the SWP in June. C1 Chinese Acad Sci, S China Sea Inst Oceanol, Key Lab Trop Marine Environm Dynam, Guangzhou 510301, Peoples R China. NOAA, Phys Oceanog Div, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Wang, WQ (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, S China Sea Inst Oceanol, Key Lab Trop Marine Environm Dynam, W Xingang Rd 164, Guangzhou 510301, Peoples R China. EM weiqiang.wang@noaa.gov; chunzai.wang@noaa.gov RI Wang, Chunzai /C-9712-2009; Wang, Weiqiang/B-1776-2013 OI Wang, Chunzai /0000-0002-7611-0308; Wang, Weiqiang/0000-0003-2146-4210 NR 18 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 31 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 2 AR L02615 DI 10.1029/2005GL025097 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 010AT UT WOS:000235156300006 ER PT J AU Reiner, JE Wells, JM Kishore, RB Pfefferkorn, C Helmerson, K AF Reiner, JE Wells, JM Kishore, RB Pfefferkorn, C Helmerson, K TI Stable and robust polymer nanotubes stretched from polymersomes SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE cross-link; optical tweezers; nanofluidics; vesicles ID OPTICAL MANIPULATION; DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS; DNA-MOLECULES; VESICLES; STABILITY; LIPOSOMES; TRANSPORT; MEMBRANES; NETWORKS; MICELLES AB We create long polymer nanotubes by directly pulling on the membrane of polymersomes using either optical tweezers or a micropipette. The polymersomes are composed of amphiphilic diblock copolymers, and the nanotubes formed have an aqueous core connected to the aqueous interior of the polymersome. We stabilize the pulled nanotubes by subsequent chemical cross-linking. The cross-linked nanotubes are extremely robust and can be moved to another medium for use elsewhere. We demonstrate the ability to form networks of polymer nanotubes and polymersomes by optical manipulation. The aqueous core of the polymer nanotubes together with their robust character makes them interesting candidates for nanofluidics and other applications in biotechnology. C1 NIST, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Helmerson, K (reprint author), NIST, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM kristian@nist.gov RI Reiner, Joseph/B-7893-2013; Helmerson, Kristian/E-3683-2013; OI Reiner, Joseph/0000-0002-1056-8703 NR 30 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 21 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD JAN 31 PY 2006 VL 103 IS 5 BP 1173 EP 1177 DI 10.1073/pnas.0510803103 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 009EO UT WOS:000235094300005 PM 16432242 ER PT J AU Fujiwara, A Inokawa, H Yamazaki, K Namatsu, H Takahashi, Y Zimmerman, NM Martin, SB AF Fujiwara, A Inokawa, H Yamazaki, K Namatsu, H Takahashi, Y Zimmerman, NM Martin, SB TI Single electron tunneling transistor with tunable barriers using silicon nanowire metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DEVICES; CHARGE AB We have achieved the operation of single-electron tunneling (SET) transistors with gate-induced electrostatic barriers using silicon nanowire metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) structures. The conductance of tunnel barriers is tunable by more than three orders of magnitude. By using the flexible control of the tunable barriers, the systematic evolution from a single charge island to double islands was clearly observed. We obtained excellent reproducibility in the gate capacitances: values on the order of 10 aF, with the variation smaller than 1 aF. This flexibility and controllability both demonstrate that the device is highly designable to build a variety of SET devices based on complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 NTT Corp, NTT Basic Res Labs, Atsugi, Kanagawa 2430198, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Fujiwara, A (reprint author), Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Informat Sci & Technol, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600814, Japan. EM afuji@aecl.ntt.co.jp RI Inokawa, Hiroshi/E-6924-2011; Yamazaki, Kenji/F-7846-2011; Takahashi, Yasuo/H-4799-2011; Fujiwara, Akira/A-6648-2012 OI Inokawa, Hiroshi/0000-0002-8647-3524; Yamazaki, Kenji/0000-0001-5469-0463; NR 13 TC 75 Z9 77 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JAN 30 PY 2006 VL 88 IS 5 AR 053121 DI 10.1063/1.2168496 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 009TQ UT WOS:000235136700087 ER PT J AU Maus, S Luhr, H AF Maus, S Luhr, H TI A gravity-driven electric current in the Earth's ionosphere identified in CHAMP satellite magnetic measurements SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MERIDIONAL CURRENT SYSTEM; F-REGION CURRENTS; EQUATORIAL IONOSPHERE; MODEL AB [1] A gravity field acting on a collisionless, magnetized space plasma causes electrons and ions to drift into opposite directions, in addition to gyrating around the magnetic field lines. This sets up an electric current which flows perpendicular to the gravity and magnetic fields in the eastward direction. Here we present the first observational evidence for such a gravity-driven current system in the Earth's low-latitude ionosphere. Its magnetic field signal, although 10,000 times smaller than the ambient Earth's magnetic field, is clearly visible in CHAMP satellite magnetic measurements. We find a current ribbon of more than 50 kA, about 66 degrees wide in latitude, which moves with the sun northward in summer and southward in winter. Correcting magnetic measurements for this current's signature should lead to a better agreement between low-orbiting satellite and ground-based observations. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. RP Maus, S (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 20 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 28 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 2 AR L02812 DI 10.1029/2005GL024436 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 008FS UT WOS:000235026200002 ER PT J AU Pahlow, M Feingold, G Jefferson, A Andrews, E Ogren, JA Wang, J Lee, YN Ferrare, RA Turner, DD AF Pahlow, M Feingold, G Jefferson, A Andrews, E Ogren, JA Wang, J Lee, YN Ferrare, RA Turner, DD TI Comparison between lidar and nephelometer measurements of aerosol hygroscopicity at the Southern Great Plains Atmospheric Radiation Measurement site SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID WATER-VAPOR; RAMAN LIDAR; HUMIDIFICATION FACTORS; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; RELATIVE-HUMIDITY; SIZE; PARTICLES; SURFACE; BACKSCATTERING; SENSITIVITY AB [1] Aerosol hygroscopicity has a significant effect on radiative properties of aerosols. Here a lidar method, applicable to cloud-capped, well-mixed atmospheric boundary layers, is employed to determine the hygroscopic growth factor f(RH) under unperturbed, ambient atmospheric conditions. The data used for the analysis were collected under a wide range of atmospheric aerosol levels during both routine measurement periods and during the intensive operations period (IOP) in May 2003 at the Southern Great Plains (SGP) Climate Research Facility in Oklahoma, USA, as part of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement ( ARM) program. There is a good correlation ( similar to 0.7) between a lidar-derived growth factor ( measured over the range 85% RH to 96% RH) with a nephelometer-derived growth factor measured over the RH range 40% to 85%. For these RH ranges, the slope of the lidar-derived growth curve is much steeper than that of the nephelometer-derived growth curve, reflecting the rapid increase in particle size with increasing RH. The results are corroborated by aerosol model calculations of lidar backscatter and nephelometer equivalent f( RH) based on in situ aerosol size and composition measurements during the IOP. It is suggested that the lidar method can provide useful measurements of the dependence of aerosol optical properties on relative humidity and under conditions closer to saturation than can currently be achieved with humidified nephelometers. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Pahlow, M (reprint author), Ruhr Univ Bochum, Lehrstuhl Hydrol Wasserwirtschaft & Umwelttech, D-44780 Bochum, Germany. EM markus.pahlow@rub.de; graham.feingold@noaa.gov; anne.jefferson@noaa.gov; betsy.andrews@noaa.gov; john.a.ogren@noaa.gov; jian@bnl.gov; ynlee@bnl.gov; richard.a.ferrare@nasa.gov; dave.turner@pnl.gov RI Jefferson, Anne/K-4793-2012; Feingold, Graham/B-6152-2009; Wang, Jian/G-9344-2011; Ogren, John/M-8255-2015; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Ogren, John/0000-0002-7895-9583; NR 27 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 28 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D5 AR D05S15 DI 10.1029/2004JD005646 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 008GC UT WOS:000235027200001 ER PT J AU Panchapakesan, B Cavicchi, R Semancik, S DeVoe, DL AF Panchapakesan, B Cavicchi, R Semancik, S DeVoe, DL TI Sensitivity, selectivity and stability of tin oxide nanostructures on large area arrays of microhotplates SO NANOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SNO2 THIN-FILMS; GAS SENSORS; NANOCRYSTALLINE SNO2; ETHANOL SENSITIVITY; DEPOSITION; SIZE; CO; TEMPERATURE; NANOPARTICLES; GROWTH AB In this paper, the sensitivity, stability and selectivity of nanoparticle engineered tin oxide (SnO2) are reported, for microhotplate chemical sensing applications. 16 angstrom of metals such as nickel, cobalt, iron, copper and silver were selectively evaporated onto each column of the microhotplate array. Following evaporation, the microhotplates were heated to 500 degrees C and SnO2 was deposited on top of the microhotplates using a self-aligned chemical vapour deposition process. Scanning electron microscopy characterization revealed control of SnO2 nanostructures in the range of 20-121 nm. Gas sensing in seven different hydrocarbons revealed that metal nanoparticles that helped in producing faster nucleation of SnO2 resulted in smaller grain size and higher sensitivity. Sensitivity as a function of concentration and grain size is addressed for tin oxide nanostructures. Smaller grain sizes resulted in higher sensitivity of tin oxide nanostructures. Temperature programmed sensing of the devices yielded shape differences in the response between air and methanol, illustrating selectivity. Spiderweb plots were used to monitor the materials programmed selectivity. The shape differences between different gases in spiderweb plots illustrate materials selectivity as a powerful mapping approach for monitoring selectivity in various gases. Continuous monitoring in 80 ppm methanol yielded stable sensor response for more than 200 h. This comprehensive study illustrates the use of a nanoparticle engineering approach for sensitive, selective and stable gas sensing applications. C1 Univ Delaware, Delaware MEMS & Nanotechnol Lab, Newark, DE 19716 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, MML, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Panchapakesan, B (reprint author), Univ Delaware, Delaware MEMS & Nanotechnol Lab, Newark, DE 19716 USA. EM baloo@ece.udel.edu RI DeVoe, Don/A-2891-2011 OI DeVoe, Don/0000-0002-7740-9993 NR 56 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 4 U2 19 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-4484 EI 1361-6528 J9 NANOTECHNOLOGY JI Nanotechnology PD JAN 28 PY 2006 VL 17 IS 2 BP 415 EP 425 DI 10.1088/0957-4484/17/2/012 PG 11 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 010TW UT WOS:000235221800013 ER PT J AU Krasnopolsky, VM Fox-Rabinovitz, MS AF Krasnopolsky, VM Fox-Rabinovitz, MS TI A new synergetic paradigm in environmental numerical modeling: Hybrid models combining deterministic and machine learning components SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Workshop on Environmental Applications of Machine Learning (EAML) CY SEP 27-OCT 01, 2004 CL Bled, SLOVENIA DE environmental modeling; neural networks; machine learning; complex systems; climate modeling ID NEURAL-NETWORK APPLICATIONS; NONLINEAR ENERGY-TRANSFER; GRAVITY-WAVE SPECTRUM; PARAMETERIZATIONS; COMPUTATIONS; SCIENCES; CLIMATE AB A new type of environmental numerical models, hybrid environmental numerical models (HEMs) based on combining deterministic modeling and machine learning components, is introduced and formulated. Conceptual and practical possibilities of developing HEM, as an optimal synergetic combination of the traditional deterministic/first principles modeling (like that used for solving PDEs on the sphere representing model dynamics of global climate models) and machine learning components (like accurate and fast neural network emulations of model physics or chemistry processes), are discussed. Examples of developed HEMs (hybrid climate models and a hybrid wind-wave ocean model) illustrate the feasibility and efficiency of the new approach for modeling extremely complex multidimensional systems. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NOAA, Sci Appl Int Corp, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Krasnopolsky, VM (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM Vladimir.Krasnopolsky@noaa.gov; foxrab@essic.umd.edu NR 25 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD JAN 27 PY 2006 VL 191 IS 1 SI SI BP 5 EP 18 DI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.08.009 PG 14 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 002RM UT WOS:000234629100002 ER PT J AU Butler, JM Decker, AE Vallone, PM Kline, MC AF Butler, JM Decker, AE Vallone, PM Kline, MC TI Allele frequencies for 27 Y-STR loci with US Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic samples SO FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE short tandem repeat; DNA; Y-chromosome; Y-STR; population data; DYS444; DYS446; DYS449; DYS463; DYS485; DYS490; DYS495; DYS504; DYS505; DYS508; DYS520; DYS522; DYS525; DYS532; DYS533; DYS534; DYS540; DYS556; DYS557; DYS570; DYS575; DYS576; DYS594; DYS632; DYS635; DYS641; DYS643; Y-GATA-C4; US Caucasian; African American; US Hispanic ID HAPLOTYPE ANALYSIS; POPULATION; DNA; CHROMOSOME AB A total of 263 U.S. Caucasians, 260 African Americans and 140 U.S. Hispanics or a subset of 31 Caucasians, 32 African Americans, and 32 Hispanics were typed for 27 Y-chromosome short tandem repeat (Y-STR) markers: DYS444, DYS446, DYS449, DYS463, DYS485, DYS490, DYS495, DYS504, DYS505, DYS508, DYS520, DYS522, DYS525, DYS532, DYS533, DYS534, DYS540, DYS556, DYS557, DYS570, DYS575, DYS576, DYS594, DYS632, DYS635, DYS641, and DYS643. Allele frequencies for each locus are reported along with nomenclature based on sequence analysis. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Butler, JM (reprint author), NIST, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM john.butler@nist.gov RI Butler, John/C-7812-2011 NR 13 TC 33 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA ELSEVIER HOUSE, BROOKVALE PLAZA, EAST PARK SHANNON, CO, CLARE, 00000, IRELAND SN 0379-0738 J9 FORENSIC SCI INT JI Forensic Sci.Int. PD JAN 27 PY 2006 VL 156 IS 2-3 BP 250 EP 260 DI 10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.02.011 PG 11 WC Medicine, Legal SC Legal Medicine GA 010LM UT WOS:000235196200027 PM 16410169 ER PT J AU Ohtani, S Singer, HJ Mukai, T AF Ohtani, S Singer, HJ Mukai, T TI Effects of the fast plasma sheet flow on the geosynchronous magnetic configuration: Geotail and GOES coordinated study SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SUBSTORM CURRENT WEDGE; BURSTY BULK FLOWS; GROWTH-PHASE; ION FLOW; AURORAL STREAMERS; MAGNETOTAIL; ONSET; FIELD; RECONNECTION; EARTHWARD AB [1] The present study statistically examines how ( or if) the geosynchronous ( GOES) magnetic field responds to fast earthward flow observed by the Geotail satellite in the plasma sheet. The change of the GOES H (north-south) component within 15 min of the detection of fast flows, Delta H, is used as a primary measure of the geosynchronous response. It is found that following the detection of fast flows, the geosynchronous magnetic field rarely dipolarizes, but it often becomes more stretched, which is manifested by negative Delta H. This H decrease is not accompanied by any correlated variation of the D ( azimuthal) component, suggesting that the associated stretching is not an edge effect of the substorm current wedge formation, but it can be attributed to the intensification of the local tail current. No systematic dependence of Delta H on the satellite separation can be found. On the other hand, the geosynchronous magnetic field tends to dipolarize if it is already stretched significantly, although the associated changes in the H and V ( radial) components are not much larger than those in events that are not preconditioned. The flow intensity does not seem to be a controlling factor, either. However, caution needs to be exercised because the present study is not able to address the azimuthal structure of the fast flow. It is concluded that in most events the fast plasma flow does not reach geosynchronous orbit and that the generation of the fast plasma flow in the plasma sheet is not sufficient for causing geosynchronous dipolarization. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229, Japan. RP Ohtani, S (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Johns Hopkins Rd, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. EM ohtani@jhuapl.edu RI Ohtani, Shinichi/E-3914-2016 OI Ohtani, Shinichi/0000-0002-9565-6840 NR 38 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD JAN 27 PY 2006 VL 111 IS A1 AR A01204 DI 10.1029/2005JA011383 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 008GS UT WOS:000235028800004 ER PT J AU Ludlow, AD Boyd, MM Zelevinsky, T Foreman, SM Blatt, S Notcutt, M Ido, T Ye, J AF Ludlow, AD Boyd, MM Zelevinsky, T Foreman, SM Blatt, S Notcutt, M Ido, T Ye, J TI Systematic study of the Sr-87 clock transition in an optical lattice SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FREQUENCY STANDARDS; LASER; ION; STABILITY; FIBER; TIME AB With ultracold Sr-87 confined in a magic wavelength optical lattice, we present the most precise study (2.8 Hz statistical uncertainty) to date of the S-1(0)-P-3(0) optical clock transition with a detailed analysis of systematic shifts (19 Hz uncertainty) in the absolute frequency measurement of 429 228 004 229 869 Hz. The high resolution permits an investigation of the optical lattice motional sideband structure. The local oscillator for this optical atomic clock is a stable diode laser with its hertz-level linewidth characterized by an octave-spanning femtosecond frequency comb. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Ludlow, AD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011; Blatt, Sebastian/F-8986-2012 OI Blatt, Sebastian/0000-0003-2466-9967 NR 26 TC 120 Z9 123 U1 2 U2 21 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JAN 27 PY 2006 VL 96 IS 3 AR 033003 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.033003 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 007LA UT WOS:000234969300030 PM 16486696 ER PT J AU Sheng, HW Luo, WK Alamgir, FM Bai, JM Ma, E AF Sheng, HW Luo, WK Alamgir, FM Bai, JM Ma, E TI Atomic packing and short-to-medium-range order in metallic glasses SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID TOTAL-ENERGY CALCULATIONS; AUGMENTED-WAVE METHOD; STRUCTURAL MODEL; POLYTETRAHEDRAL MATERIALS; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; SPHERE PACKINGS; SIMPLE LIQUIDS; PRINCIPLES; ARRANGEMENTS; GEOMETRY AB Unlike the well-defined long-range order that characterizes crystalline metals, the atomic arrangements in amorphous alloys remain mysterious at present. Despite intense research activity on metallic glasses and relentless pursuit of their structural description, the details of how the atoms are packed in amorphous metals are generally far less understood than for the case of network-forming glasses. Here we use a combination of state-of-the-art experimental and computational techniques to resolve the atomic-level structure of amorphous alloys. By analysing a range of model binary systems that involve different chemistry and atomic size ratios, we elucidate the different types of short-range order as well as the nature of the medium-range order. Our findings provide a reality check for the atomic structural models proposed over the years, and have implications for understanding the nature, forming ability and properties of metallic glasses. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, High Temp Mat Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Sheng, HW (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. EM hwsheng@jhu.edu; ema@jhu.edu RI Ma, En/A-3232-2010; Sheng, Howard/B-2033-2013; Bai, Jianming/O-5005-2015; OI Alamgir, Faisal/0000-0002-0894-8096 NR 47 TC 901 Z9 924 U1 56 U2 428 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JAN 26 PY 2006 VL 439 IS 7075 BP 419 EP 425 DI 10.1038/nature04421 PG 7 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 005XH UT WOS:000234859200035 PM 16437105 ER PT J AU Rodenbeck, C Conway, TJ Langenfelds, RL AF Rodenbeck, C Conway, TJ Langenfelds, RL TI The effect of systematic measurement errors on atmospheric CO2 inversions: a quantitative assessment SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CARBON-CYCLE; AIR; TRANSPORT; PATTERNS; MODELS AB Surface-atmosphere exchange fluxes of CO2, estimated by an interannual atmospheric transport inversion from atmospheric mixing ratio measurements, are affected by several sources of errors, one of which is experimental errors. Quantitative information about such measurement errors can be obtained from regular co-located measurements done by different laboratories or using different experimental techniques. The present quantitative assessment is based on intercomparison information from the CMDL and CSIRO atmospheric measurement programs. We show that the effects of systematic measurement errors on inversion results are very small compared to other errors in the flux estimation ( as well as compared to signal variability). As a practical consequence, this assessment justifies the merging of data sets from different laboratories or different experimental techniques ( flask and in-situ), if systematic differences ( and their changes) are comparable to those considered here. This work also highlights the importance of regular intercomparison programs. C1 Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, Jena, Germany. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Rodenbeck, C (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, Jena, Germany. EM roedenbeck@bgc-jena.mpg.de RI Langenfelds, Raymond/B-5381-2012 NR 19 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PD JAN 25 PY 2006 VL 6 BP 149 EP 161 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 006JA UT WOS:000234892600002 ER PT J AU Korter, TM Balu, R Campbell, MB Beard, MC Gregurick, SK Heilweil, EJ AF Korter, TM Balu, R Campbell, MB Beard, MC Gregurick, SK Heilweil, EJ TI Terahertz spectroscopy of solid serine and cysteine SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DL-SERINE; AMINO-ACIDS; SULFHYDRYL INTERACTIONS; VIBRATIONAL-SPECTRA; NEUTRON-DIFFRACTION; MODEL COMPOUNDS; AB-INITIO; S-H; PROTEINS; CRYSTAL AB Terahertz (THz) absorption spectra of the similarly structured amino acids L-scrine and L-cysteine in the solid phase at 77 and 298 K are reported and compared to isolated molecule and solid-state infrared vibrational spectral calculations using empirical force field and density functional theory. These comparisons suggest that many higher frequency internal modes can readily be assigned but lowest frequency intermolecular and phonon modes can adequately be understood with more advanced solid-state theory using currently available potential functions. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Tech Div, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Tech Div, Phys Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Mailstop 8443, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM edwin.heilweil@nist.gov OI BEARD, MATTHEW/0000-0002-2711-1355 NR 34 TC 128 Z9 131 U1 6 U2 39 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2614 EI 1873-4448 J9 CHEM PHYS LETT JI Chem. Phys. Lett. PD JAN 25 PY 2006 VL 418 IS 1-3 BP 65 EP 70 DI 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.10.097 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 005UM UT WOS:000234849500013 ER PT J AU Zhou, MY Zeng, XB Brunke, M Zhang, ZH Fairall, C AF Zhou, MY Zeng, XB Brunke, M Zhang, ZH Fairall, C TI An analysis of statistical characteristics of stratus and stratocumulus over eastern Pacific SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LIQUID-WATER PATH; STRATIFORM CLOUDS; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; CLIMATE MODELS; ENTRAINMENT; VARIABILITY; FRACTION AB Observational measurements of cloud base, top, thickness, fraction, and liquid water path (LWP) are analyzed to study the macro- and micro-physical properties of stratus and stratocumulus over the eastern Pacific. It is found that the increase in liquid water content with height in cloud is significantly less than the adiabatic rate. The variations of cloud base and top both contribute to the variation of cloud thickness that approximately fits a normal distribution better than either cloud base or top. Because the distribution of LWP depends on the intervals of cloud fraction ( or other environmental variables, for example, relative humidity), the determination of cloud fraction from the mean LWP alone would introduce large uncertainties particularly when LWP is large. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Atmospher Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Natl Marine Environm Forecasts Ctr, Beijing, Peoples R China. Polar Res Inst, Shanghai 200136, Peoples R China. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Zhou, MY (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Atmospher Sci, Phys Atmospher Sci Bldg,POB 210081, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM mingyuzhou@yahoo.com NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 25 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 2 AR L02807 DI 10.1029/2005GL024796 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 008FM UT WOS:000235025600004 ER PT J AU Van Nostrand, JE Averett, KL Cortez, R Boeckl, J Stutz, CE Sanford, NA Davydov, AV Albrecht, JD AF Van Nostrand, JE Averett, KL Cortez, R Boeckl, J Stutz, CE Sanford, NA Davydov, AV Albrecht, JD TI Molecular beam epitaxial growth of high-quality GaN nanocolumns SO JOURNAL OF CRYSTAL GROWTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 16th American Conference on Crystal Growth and Epitaxy/12th US Workshop on Organometallic Vapor Phase Epitaxy* CY JUL 10-OCT 15, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT DE GaN photoluminescence; transmission electron microscopy; GaN nanocolumns ID ALGAN NANOCOLUMNS; LUMINESCENCE AB Vertically oriented gallium nitride (GaN) nanocolumns (NCs) approximately 90 + 10 nm wide and 0.75 nm tall were grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy on Al2O3 (0001) and Si(111). The dense packing of the NCs gives them the appearance of a continuous film in surface view, but cross-sectional analysis shows them to be isolated nanostructures. Low-temperature photoluminescence measurements of NCs show excitonic emission with a dominant, narrow peak centered at 3.472 eV and FWHM of 1.26 meV. This peak is identified as the ground state of the A free exciton as confirmed by reflection measurements. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy identifies the NC microstructure as wurtzite GaN and that the NCs are largely free of defects. The GaN NCs are subsequently utilized as a defect-free vehicle for optical studies of Si-doped GaN; and the donor state was identified through low-temperature photoluminescence experiments. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Sensors Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NIST, Boulder, CO USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Van Nostrand, JE (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Mat Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM Joseph.VanNostrand@wpafb.af.mil RI Davydov, Albert/F-7773-2010 OI Davydov, Albert/0000-0003-4512-2311 NR 15 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0248 J9 J CRYST GROWTH JI J. Cryst. Growth PD JAN 25 PY 2006 VL 287 IS 2 BP 500 EP 503 DI 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2005.11.073 PG 4 WC Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Crystallography; Materials Science; Physics GA 008WO UT WOS:000235071600062 ER PT J AU Bertness, KA Roshko, A Sanford, NA Barker, JM Davydov, A AF Bertness, KA Roshko, A Sanford, NA Barker, JM Davydov, A TI Spontaneously grown GaN and AlGaN nanowires SO JOURNAL OF CRYSTAL GROWTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 16th American Conference on Crystal Growth and Epitaxy/12th US Workshop on Organometallic Vapor Phase Epitaxy CY JUL 10-OCT 15, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT DE nanostructures; molecular beam epitaxy; nitrides; semiconducting III-V materials ID MOLECULAR-BEAM EPITAXY; NANOCOLUMNS; SI(111); ALN; LUMINESCENCE; MORPHOLOGY; SUBSTRATE; AMMONIA AB We have identified crystal growth conditions in gas-source molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) that lead to spontaneous formation of GaN nanowires with high aspect ratio on Si (111) substrates. The nanowires were oriented along the GaN c-axis and normal to the substrate surface. Unlike in many other reports of GaN nanowire growth, no metal catalysts were used. Low growth rates at substrate temperatures near 820 degrees C were combined with high nitrogen flux (partially dissociated with RF plasma excitation) to form well-separated GaN wires with diameters from 50 to 250 nm in diameter and lengths ranging from 2 to 7 mu m. The nanowires grew out of an irregular matrix layer containing deep faceted holes. X-ray diffraction indicated that the wires were fully relaxed and aligned to the silicon substrate. The growth morphology was strongly affected by the presence of Al and Be. The changes suggest that surface diffusion is a primary driving force in the growth of GaN nanowires with MBE. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bertness, KA (reprint author), NIST, Mail Stop 815-04,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM bertness@boulder.nist.gov RI Davydov, Albert/F-7773-2010 OI Davydov, Albert/0000-0003-4512-2311 NR 15 TC 119 Z9 119 U1 7 U2 60 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0248 J9 J CRYST GROWTH JI J. Cryst. Growth PD JAN 25 PY 2006 VL 287 IS 2 BP 522 EP 527 DI 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2005.11.079 PG 6 WC Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Crystallography; Materials Science; Physics GA 008WO UT WOS:000235071600067 ER PT J AU Ferrare, R Turner, D Clayton, M Schmid, B Redemann, J Covert, D Elleman, R Ogren, J Andrews, E Goldsmith, JEM Jonsson, H AF Ferrare, R Turner, D Clayton, M Schmid, B Redemann, J Covert, D Elleman, R Ogren, J Andrews, E Goldsmith, JEM Jonsson, H TI Evaluation of daytime measurements of aerosols and water vapor made by an operational Raman lidar over the Southern Great Plains SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID INTENSIVE OBSERVATION PERIODS; LOWER TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOL; GROUND-BASED MEASUREMENTS; SINGLE-SCATTERING ALBEDO; TO-BACKSCATTER RATIO; MID-ATLANTIC COAST; AIRBORNE IN-SITU; ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION; EARLINET PROJECT; SUN PHOTOMETER AB [1] Raman lidar water vapor and aerosol extinction profiles acquired during the daytime over the Department of Energy ( DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement ( ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) site in northern Oklahoma (36.606 N, 97.50 W, 315 m) are evaluated using profiles measured by in situ and remote sensing instruments deployed during the May 2003 Aerosol Intensive Operations Period (IOP). The automated algorithms used to derive these profiles from the Raman lidar data were first modified to reduce the adverse effects associated with a general loss of sensitivity of the Raman lidar since early 2002. The Raman lidar water vapor measurements, which are calibrated to match precipitable water vapor (PWV) derived from coincident microwave radiometer (MWR) measurements were, on average, 5 - 10% (0.3 - 0.6 g/m(3)) higher than the other measurements. Some of this difference is due to out-of-date line parameters that were subsequently updated in the MWR PWV retrievals. The Raman lidar aerosol extinction measurements were, on average, about 0.03 km(-1) higher than aerosol measurements derived from airborne Sun photometer measurements of aerosol optical thickness and in situ measurements of aerosol scattering and absorption. This bias, which was about 50% of the mean aerosol extinction measured during this IOP, decreased to about 10% when aerosol extinction comparisons were restricted to aerosol extinction values larger than 0.15 km(-1). The lidar measurements of the aerosol extinction/ backscatter ratio and airborne Sun photometer measurements of the aerosol optical thickness were used along with in situ measurements of the aerosol size distribution to retrieve estimates of the aerosol single scattering albedo (omega(o)) and the effective complex refractive index. Retrieved values of omega(o) ranged from (0.91 - 0.98) and were in generally good agreement with omega(o) derived from airborne in situ measurements of scattering and absorption. Elevated aerosol layers located between about 2.6 and 3.6 km were observed by the Raman lidar on 25 and 27 May. The airborne measurements and lidar retrievals indicated that these layers, which were likely smoke produced by Siberian forest fires, were primarily composed of relatively large particles (r(eff) similar to 0.23 mu m) and that the layers were relatively nonabsorbing (omega(o) similar to 0.96 - 0.98). Preliminary results show that major modifications that were made to the Raman lidar system during 2004 have dramatically improved the sensitivity in the aerosol and water vapor channels and reduced random errors in the aerosol scattering ratio and water vapor retrievals by an order of magnitude. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Bay Area Environm Res Inst, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Global Monitoring Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Naval Postgrad Sch, Ctr Interdisciplinary Remotely Piloted Aircraft S, Marina, CA 93933 USA. RP NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Sci Applicat Int Corp, MS 401A, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM richard.a.ferrare@nasa.gov; dave.turner@pnl.gov; m.b.clayton@larc.nasa.gov; bschmid@mail.arc.nasa.gov; jredemann@mail.arc.nasa.gov; dcovert@u.washington.edu; rob@atmos.washington.edu; john.a.ogren@noaa.gov; betsy.andrews@noaa.gov; jgold@sandia.gov; hjonsson@nps.navy.mil RI Ogren, John/M-8255-2015 OI Ogren, John/0000-0002-7895-9583 NR 77 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 25 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D5 AR D05S08 DI 10.1029/2005JD005836 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 008GB UT WOS:000235027100001 ER PT J AU Yamamori, H Ishizaki, M Shoji, A Dresselhaus, PD Benz, SP AF Yamamori, H Ishizaki, M Shoji, A Dresselhaus, PD Benz, SP TI 10 V programmable Josephson voltage standard circuits using NbN/TiNx/NbN/TiNx/NbN double-junction stacks SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ARRAYS AB Using NbN/TiNx/NbN/TiNx/NbN double-junction stack technology we have demonstrated a programmable Josephson voltage standard chip that operates up to 10.16 V output voltage cooled with a two-stage Gifford-McMahon cryocooler. The circuit uses double-junction stacks, where two junctions are fabricated in each stack, in order to integrate 327 680 junctions into a 15.3 mmx15.3 mm chip. A 1-to-32 microwave distribution circuit is also integrated on the chip. The chip is divided into 22 cells, which perform as an 11-bit digital-to-analog converter. The 21 working cells include 307 200 junctions biased with 16 GHz microwaves at 10.2 K that generated flat voltage steps with current margins greater than 1 mA, which indicates good uniformity of the stacked junctions. C1 Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Yamamori, H (reprint author), Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan. EM h.yamamori@aist.go.jp NR 11 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JAN 23 PY 2006 VL 88 IS 4 AR 042503 DI 10.1063/1.2167789 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 007KV UT WOS:000234968600061 ER PT J AU Delworth, TL Dixon, KW AF Delworth, TL Dixon, KW TI Have anthropogenic aerosols delayed a greenhouse gas-induced weakening of the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation? SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID COUPLED CLIMATE MODEL; FLUX AB [1] In many climate model simulations using realistic, time-varying climate change forcing agents for the 20th and 21st centuries, the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation (THC) weakens in the 21st century, with little change in the 20th century. Here we use a comprehensive climate model to explore the impact of various climate change forcing agents on the THC. We conduct ensembles of integrations with subsets of climate change forcing agents. Increasing greenhouse gases - in isolation - produce a significant THC weakening in the late 20th century, but this change is partially offset by increasing anthropogenic aerosols, which tend to strengthen the THC. The competition between increasing greenhouse gases and anthropogenic aerosols thus produces no significant THC change in our 20th century simulations when all climate forcings are included. The THC weakening becomes significant several decades into the 21st century, when the effects of increasing greenhouse gases overwhelm the aerosol effects. C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Delworth, TL (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM tom.delworth@noaa.gov RI Delworth, Thomas/C-5191-2014; Dixon, Keith/L-7120-2015 OI Dixon, Keith/0000-0003-3044-326X NR 18 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 21 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 2 AR L02606 DI 10.1029/2005GL024980 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 007VJ UT WOS:000234998700006 ER PT J AU Dirama, TE Curtis, JE Carri, GA Sokolov, AP AF Dirama, TE Curtis, JE Carri, GA Sokolov, AP TI Coupling between lysozyme and trehalose dynamics: Microscopic insights from molecular-dynamics simulations SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID NEUTRON-SCATTERING; PROTEIN DYNAMICS; HYDRATION-SHELL; BOSON PEAK; SOLVENT; MYOGLOBIN; TEMPERATURE; TRANSITION; WATER; GLASS AB We have carried out molecular-dynamics simulations on fully flexible all-atom models of the protein lysozyme immersed in trehalose, an effective biopreservative, with the purpose of exploring the nature and extent of the dynamical coupling between them. Our study shows a strong coupling over a wide range of temperatures. We found that the onset of anharmonic behavior was dictated by changes in the dynamics and relaxation processes in the trehalose glass. The physical origin of protein-trehalose coupling was traced to the hydrogen bonds formed at the interface between the protein and the solvent. Moreover, protein-solvent hydrogen bonding was found to control the structural relaxation of the protein. The dynamics of the protein was found to be heterogeneous; the motions of surface and core atoms had different dependencies on temperature and, in addition, the surface atoms were more sensitive to the dynamics of the solvent than the core atoms. From the solvent perspective we found that the dynamics near the protein surface showed an unexpected enhanced mobility compared to the bulk. These results shed some light on the microscopic origins of the dynamical coupling in protein-solvent systems. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Akron, Dept Polymer Sci, Akron, OH 44325 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Carri, GA (reprint author), Univ Akron, Dept Polymer Sci, Akron, OH 44325 USA. EM gac@uakron.edu NR 50 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 18 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 EI 1089-7690 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD JAN 21 PY 2006 VL 124 IS 3 AR 034901 DI 10.1063/1.2159471 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 004MR UT WOS:000234757400049 PM 16438608 ER PT J AU Andrews, E Sheridan, PJ Fiebig, M McComiskey, A Ogren, JA Arnott, P Covert, D Elleman, R Gasparini, R Collins, D Jonsson, H Schmid, B Wang, J AF Andrews, E Sheridan, PJ Fiebig, M McComiskey, A Ogren, JA Arnott, P Covert, D Elleman, R Gasparini, R Collins, D Jonsson, H Schmid, B Wang, J TI `Comparison of methods for deriving aerosol asymmetry parameter SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID SKY RADIANCE MEASUREMENTS; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; INTEGRATING NEPHELOMETER; RADIATIVE PROPERTIES; SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; BACKSCATTER RATIO; PHASE FUNCTION; PARTICLE-SIZE; ACE-ASIA; VARIABILITY AB Values for Mie-equivalent aerosol asymmetry parameter (g) were derived using a variety of methods from the large suite of measurements (in situ and remote from surface and aircraft) made in Oklahoma during the 2003 aerosol Intensive Operations Period (IOP). Median values derived for dry asymmetry parameter at 550 nm ranged between 0.55 and 0.63 over all instruments and for all derivation methods, with the exception of one instrument which did not measure over the full size range of optically important aerosol. Median values for the "wet" asymmetry parameter (i.e., asymmetry parameter at humidity conditions closer to ambient) were between 0.59 and 0.72. Values for g derived for surface and airborne in situ measurements were highly correlated, but in situ and remote sensing measurements both at the surface and aloft did not agree as well because of vertical inhomogeneity of the aerosol. Radiative forcing calculations suggest that a 10% decrease in g would result in a 19% reduction in top of atmosphere radiative forcing for the conditions observed during the IOP. Comparison of the different methods for deriving g suggests that in computing the asymmetry parameter, aerosol size is the most important parameter to measure; composition is less important except for how it influences the hygroscopic growth (i.e., size) of particles. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89512 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Deutsch Zentrum Luft & Raumfahrt, Inst Phys Atmosphare, D-82234 Wessling, Germany. Source Environm Sci Inc, Houston, TX 77027 USA. USN, Postgrad Sch, Ctr Interdisciplinary Remotely Piloted Aircraft S, Marina, CA 93933 USA. NOAA, Global Monitoring Div, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Bay Area Environm Res Inst, Sonoma, CA 95476 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Andrews, E (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM betsy.andrews@noaa.gov; markus.fiebig@dlr.de; enviroberto@yahoo.com RI Collins, Don/F-9617-2012; Fiebig, Markus/I-4872-2012; McComiskey, Allison/I-3933-2013; Wang, Jian/G-9344-2011; Ogren, John/M-8255-2015 OI Fiebig, Markus/0000-0002-3380-3470; McComiskey, Allison/0000-0002-6125-742X; Ogren, John/0000-0002-7895-9583 NR 49 TC 95 Z9 96 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 21 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D5 AR D05S04 DI 10.1029/2004JD005734 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 007VS UT WOS:000234999600001 ER PT J AU Lovas, FJ Remijan, AJ Hollis, JM Jewell, PR Snyder, LE AF Lovas, FJ Remijan, AJ Hollis, JM Jewell, PR Snyder, LE TI Hyperfine structure identification of interstellar cyanoallene toward TMC-1 SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE ISM : abundances; ISM : clouds; ISM : individual (Taurus molecular cloud); ISM : molecules; radio lines : ISM ID MILLIMETER-WAVE SPECTRUM; MICROWAVE-SPECTRA; METHYLCYANOACETYLENE; ISOMERS; BEAM AB Interstellar cyanoallene (CH2 CCHCN) has been detected with the 100 m Green Bank Telescope (GBT) toward the dark Taurus molecular cloud (TMC-1) by means of the 4(14)-3(13), 4(04)-3(03), 5(15)-4(14), and 5(05)-4(04) rotational transitions at 20.2, 20.6, 25.2, and 25.7 GHz, respectively. The hyperfine structure (hfs) of the 4(14)-3(13) transition is resolved; the remaining transitions have hfs components that are blended but are inferred owing to line width excesses atypical of TMC-1. An analysis of these four rotational transitions yields an average column density N-T = 2.0(5) x 10(12) cm(-2) at an assumed rotational temperature of 4 K. The cyanoallene isomer methylcyanoacetylene (CH3CCCN) has previously been observed in TMC-1 and found to have a rotational temperature of similar to 4 K by other investigators. Using the GBT, the K = 0 and K = 1 structure of the J(K) = 5(K)-4(K) transition of methylcyanoacetylene was resolved toward TMC-1 and a total column density of N-T = 4.5(4) x 10(11) cm(-2) was obtained for the 4 K rotational temperature. Thus, cyanoallene appears to be more abundant than methylcyanoacetylene toward TMC-1 by a factor of similar to 4.5. The implications of this result are discussed in terms of relative bonding energy differences and possible differences in formation chemistry. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Computat & Informat Sci & Technol Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Natl Radio Astron Observ, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Astron, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Lovas, FJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 18 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 7 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 20 PY 2006 VL 637 IS 1 BP L37 EP L40 DI 10.1086/500431 PN 2 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 009RW UT WOS:000235131100010 ER PT J AU Phelan, D Louca, D Rosenkranz, S Lee, SH Qiu, Y Chupas, PJ Osborn, R Zheng, H Mitchell, JF Copley, JRD Sarrao, JL Moritomo, Y AF Phelan, D Louca, D Rosenkranz, S Lee, SH Qiu, Y Chupas, PJ Osborn, R Zheng, H Mitchell, JF Copley, JRD Sarrao, JL Moritomo, Y TI Nanomagnetic droplets and implications to orbital ordering in La1-xSrxCoO3 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID NEUTRON-SCATTERING; SPIN-STATE; LACOO3; TRANSITION AB Inelastic cold-neutron scattering on LaCoO3 provided evidence for a distinct low energy excitation at 0.6 meV coincident with the thermally induced magnetic transition. Coexisting strong ferromagnetic (FM) and weaker antiferromagnetic correlations that are dynamic follow the activation to the excited state, identified as the intermediate S=1 spin triplet. This is indicative of dynamical orbital ordering favoring the observed magnetic interactions. With hole doping as in La1-xSrxCoO3, the FM correlations between Co spins become static and isotropically distributed due to the formation of FM droplets. The correlation length and condensation temperature of these droplets increase rapidly with metallicity due to the double exchange mechanism. C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Phys, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Nagoya Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Nagoya, Aichi 4648603, Japan. RP Louca, D (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Dept Phys, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. EM louca@virginia.edu RI Osborn, Raymond/E-8676-2011; Rosenkranz, Stephan/E-4672-2011; OI Osborn, Raymond/0000-0001-9565-3140; Rosenkranz, Stephan/0000-0002-5659-0383; moritomo, yutaka/0000-0001-6584-7489 NR 26 TC 107 Z9 108 U1 2 U2 17 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JAN 20 PY 2006 VL 96 IS 2 AR 027201 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.027201 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 004MY UT WOS:000234758100079 PM 16486622 ER PT J AU Lee, YP Wu, YJ Lees, RM Xu, LH Hougen, JT AF Lee, YP Wu, YJ Lees, RM Xu, LH Hougen, JT TI Internal rotation and spin conversion of CH3OH in solid para-hydrogen SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID HIGH-RESOLUTION SPECTROSCOPY; INFRARED MATRIX-ISOLATION; PARAHYDROGEN; METHANOL; SPECTRA; TORSION; ASSIGNMENTS; CH3-ROCKING; CLUSTERS AB The quantum solid para-hydrogen (p-H-2) has recently proven useful in matrix isolation spectroscopy. Spectral lines of compounds embedded in this host are unusually narrow, and several species have been reported to rotate in p-H-2. We found that a p-H-2 matrix inhibits rotation of isolated methanol (CH3OH) but still allows internal rotation about the C-O bond, with splittings of the E/A torsional doublet in internal rotation-coupled vibrational modes that are qualitatively consistent with those for CH3OH in the gaseous phase. This simplified high-resolution spectrum further revealed the slow conversion of nuclear spin symmetry from species E to species A in the host matrix, offering potential insight into nuclear spin conversion in astrophysical sources. C1 Natl Chiao Tung Univ, Dept Appl Chem, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan. Natl Chiao Tung Univ, Inst Mol Sci, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan. Acad Sinica, Inst Atom & Mol Sci, Taipei 10617, Taiwan. Natl Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Chem, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan. Univ New Brunswick, Dept Phys Sci, Ctr Laser Atom & Mol Sci, St John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lee, YP (reprint author), Natl Chiao Tung Univ, Dept Appl Chem, 1001 Ta Hsueh Rd, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan. EM yplee@mail.nctu.edu.tw RI Lee, Yuan-Pern/F-7938-2012; Xu, Li-Hong/J-5095-2015 OI Lee, Yuan-Pern/0000-0001-6418-7378; NR 20 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 2 U2 22 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JAN 20 PY 2006 VL 311 IS 5759 BP 365 EP 368 DI 10.1126/science.1121300 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 007AE UT WOS:000234938500040 PM 16424336 ER PT J AU Andersen, SB Weatherhead, EC Stevermer, A Austin, J Bruhl, C Fleming, EL de Grandpre, J Grewe, V Isaksen, I Pitari, G Portmann, RW Rognerud, B Rosenfield, JE Smyshlyaev, S Nagashima, T Velders, GJM Weisenstein, DK Xia, J AF Andersen, SB Weatherhead, EC Stevermer, A Austin, J Bruhl, C Fleming, EL de Grandpre, J Grewe, V Isaksen, I Pitari, G Portmann, RW Rognerud, B Rosenfield, JE Smyshlyaev, S Nagashima, T Velders, GJM Weisenstein, DK Xia, J TI Comparison of recent modeled and observed trends in total column ozone SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; STRATOSPHERIC OZONE; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; INTERACTIVE CHEMISTRY; 2-DIMENSIONAL MODEL; RECOVERY; CLIMATE; IMPACT; SIMULATION; TRANSPORT AB We present a comparison of trends in total column ozone from 10 two-dimensional and 4 three-dimensional models and solar backscatter ultraviolet-2 (SBUV/2) satellite observations from the period 1979-2003. Trends for the past (1979-2000), the recent 7 years (1996-2003), and the future (2000-2050) are compared. We have analyzed the data using both simple linear trends and linear trends derived with a hockey stick method including a turnaround point in 1996. If the last 7 years, 1996-2003, are analyzed in isolation, the SBUV/2 observations show no increase in ozone, and most of the models predict continued depletion, although at a lesser rate. In sharp contrast to this, the recent data show positive trends for the Northern and the Southern Hemispheres if the hockey stick method with a turnaround point in 1996 is employed for the models and observations. The analysis shows that the observed positive trends in both hemispheres in the recent 7-year period are much larger than what is predicted by the models. The trends derived with the hockey stick method are very dependent on the values just before the turnaround point. The analysis of the recent data therefore depends greatly on these years being representative of the overall trend. Most models underestimate the past trends at middle and high latitudes. This is particularly pronounced in the Northern Hemisphere. Quantitatively, there is much disagreement among the models concerning future trends. However, the models agree that future trends are expected to be positive and less than half the magnitude of the past downward trends. Examination of the model projections shows that there is virtually no correlation between the past and future trends from the individual models. C1 Danish Meteorol Inst, Dept Res & Dev, DK-2100 Copenhagen E, Denmark. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Princeton Univ, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Univ Corp Atmospher Res, Princeton, NJ 08450 USA. Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. McGill Univ, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Montreal, PQ H3A 2T5, Canada. Deutsch Zentrum Luft & Raumfahrt Oberpfaffenhofen, D-82234 Wessling, Germany. Univ Oslo, Dept Geosci, N-0315 Oslo, Norway. Univ Aquila, Dept Phys, I-67040 Laquila, Italy. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Russian State Hydrometeorol Univ, St Petersburg 195196, Russia. Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058506, Japan. Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. Atmospher & Environm Res Inc, Lexington, MA 02421 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Andersen, SB (reprint author), Danish Meteorol Inst, Dept Res & Dev, Lyngbyvej 100, DK-2100 Copenhagen E, Denmark. EM sba@dmi.dk RI Portmann, Robert/C-4903-2009; Grewe, Volker/A-6147-2011; andersen, signe/C-4809-2013; Weatherhead, Elizabeth/I-7091-2015; Pitari, Giovanni/O-7458-2016; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; OI Portmann, Robert/0000-0002-0279-6087; Grewe, Volker/0000-0002-8012-6783; andersen, signe/0000-0002-8216-0141; Weatherhead, Elizabeth/0000-0002-9252-4228; Pitari, Giovanni/0000-0001-7051-9578; Rognerud, Bjorg/0000-0001-5958-4547 NR 37 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 19 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D2 AR D02303 DI 10.1029/2005JD006091 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 007VO UT WOS:000234999200004 ER PT J AU Ghan, SJ Rissman, TA Elleman, R Ferrare, RA Turner, D Flynn, C Wang, J Ogren, J Hudson, J Jonsson, HH VanReken, T Flagan, RC Seinfeld, JH AF Ghan, SJ Rissman, TA Elleman, R Ferrare, RA Turner, D Flynn, C Wang, J Ogren, J Hudson, J Jonsson, HH VanReken, T Flagan, RC Seinfeld, JH TI Use of in situ cloud condensation nuclei, extinction, and aerosol size distribution measurements to test a method for retrieving cloud condensation nuclei profiles from surface measurements SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; PARTICLE CRITICAL SUPERSATURATION; HYGROSCOPIC GROWTH MEASUREMENTS; RAMAN LIDAR MEASUREMENTS; TO-BACKSCATTER RATIO; HUMIDIFIED TDMA; WATER-VAPOR; CLOSURE; PARAMETERIZATIONS; THERMODYNAMICS AB If the aerosol composition and size distribution below cloud are uniform, the vertical profile of cloud condensation nuclei concentration can be retrieved entirely from surface measurements of CCN concentration and particle humidification function and surface-based retrievals of relative humidity and aerosol extinction or backscatter. This provides the potential for long-term measurements of CCN concentrations near cloud base. We have used a combination of aircraft, surface in situ, and surface remote sensing measurements to test various aspects of the retrieval scheme. Our analysis leads us to the following conclusions. The retrieval works better for supersaturations of 0.1% than for 1% because CCN concentrations at 0.1% are controlled by the same particles that control extinction and backscatter. If in situ measurements of extinction are used, the retrieval explains a majority of the CCN variance at high supersaturation for at least two and perhaps five of the eight flights examined. The retrieval of the vertical profile of the humidification factor is not the major limitation of the CCN retrieval scheme. Vertical structure in the aerosol size distribution and composition is the dominant source of error in the CCN retrieval, but this vertical structure is difficult to measure from remote sensing at visible wavelengths. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89512 USA. USN, Postgrad Sch, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. RP Ghan, SJ (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM steve.ghan@arm.gov RI Wang, Jian/G-9344-2011; Ghan, Steven/H-4301-2011 OI Ghan, Steven/0000-0001-8355-8699 NR 42 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 3 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 19 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D5 AR D05S10 DI 10.1029/2004JD005752 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 007VQ UT WOS:000234999400001 ER PT J AU Hayes, MY Deskevich, MP Nesbitt, DJ Takahashi, K Skodje, RT AF Hayes, MY Deskevich, MP Nesbitt, DJ Takahashi, K Skodje, RT TI A simple picture for the rotational enhancement of the rate for the F+HCl -> HF+Cl reaction: A dynamical study using a new ab initio potential energy surface SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID O(P-3) PLUS HCL; ACTIVATED BIMOLECULAR REACTIONS; HYDROGEN ABSTRACTION REACTIONS; DEUTERIUM-ISOTOPE VARIANTS; HEAVY CHEMICAL-REACTIONS; TRANSITION-STATE THEORY; TIME-DEPENDENT QUANTUM; REAGENT ROTATION; REACTION PROBABILITIES; SEPARATRIX CROSSINGS AB Quantum scattering calculations for the reaction F + HCl -> HF + Cl are performed on a new ground-state ab initio potential energy surface. The reagent rotation is found to have a dramatic effect on the reaction probability. Furthermore, the exit channel rotational thresholds leave a strong imprint on the reaction probabilities and even on the cumulative reaction probability. A very simple vibrationally adiabatic model is shown to account for most aspects of the reaction dynamics. In this model, the fast vibrational motion is adiabatically eliminated leaving the key reaction dynamics represented by a reduced atom + rotor collision. The shape of the adiabatic potential surface immediately yields to a simple and intuitive interpretation for the rotational enhancement of the rate. The rotational enhancement is shown to be an effect of the entrance channel dynamics of the atom-rotor problem. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Acad Sinica, Inst Atom & Mol Sci, Taipei, Taiwan. Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. RP Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM skodje@spot.colorado.edu RI Takahashi, Kaito/F-7919-2012 NR 57 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD JAN 19 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 2 BP 436 EP 444 DI 10.1021/jp0535745 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 003RJ UT WOS:000234699000011 PM 16405315 ER PT J AU Gonzalez, C Simon-Manso, Y Marquez, M Mujica, V AF Gonzalez, C Simon-Manso, Y Marquez, M Mujica, V TI Chemisorption-induced spin symmetry breaking in gold clusters and the onset of paramagnetism in capped gold nanoparticles SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID EFFECTIVE CORE POTENTIALS; MOLECULAR CALCULATIONS; MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; FERROMAGNETISM AB We present a simple model to describe the induction of magnetic behavior on gold clusters upon chemisorption of one organic molecule with different chemical linkers. In particular, we address the problem of stability of the lowest lying singlet and show that for some linkers there exists a spin symmetry-breaking that lowers the energy and leads to preferential spin density localization on the gold atoms neighboring the chemisorption site. The model is basically an adaptation of the Stoner model for itinerant electron ferromagnetisin to finite clusters and it may have important implications for our understanding of surface magnetisin in larger nanosystems and its relevance to electronic transport in electrode-molecule interfaces. C1 PMUSA, Interdisciplinary Network Emerging Sci & Technol, INEST Grp, Richmond, VA USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Theoret & Computat Nanosci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Northwestern Univ, Dept Chem, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. RP Gonzalez, C (reprint author), PMUSA, Interdisciplinary Network Emerging Sci & Technol, INEST Grp, Richmond, VA USA. EM carlos.gonzalez@nist.gov; vmujica@chem.northwestern.edu NR 25 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD JAN 19 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 2 BP 687 EP 691 DI 10.1021/jp054583g PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 003RL UT WOS:000234699200010 PM 16471589 ER PT J AU Benkstein, KD Semancik, S AF Benkstein, KD Semancik, S TI Mesoporous nanoparticle TiO2 thin films for conductometric gas sensing on microhotplate platforms SO SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL LA English DT Article DE conductometric gas sensor; nanoparticle; porous film; TiO2 ID SOL-GEL SYNTHESIS; METAL-OXIDES; SENSORS; TITANIUM; DYE; ANATASE; CELLS; POROSITY; POWDERS; WINDOWS AB Mesoporous TiO2 nanoparticle thin films were prepared on MEMS microhotplate (mu HP) platforms and evaluated as high-sensitivity conductometric gas sensor materials. The nanoparticle films were deposited onto selected microhotplates in a multi-element array via microcapillary pipette and were sintered using the microhotplate. The films were characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopies and by conductometric measurements. The thin films were evaluated as conductometric gas sensors based on the critical performance elements of sensitivity, stability, speed and selectivity. The nanoparticle films were compared with compact TiO2 films deposited via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and the nanoparticle films were found to demonstrate higher sensitivity to target analytes. The nanoparticle films were also stable with regard to both baseline conductance and signal response over 60 h of continuous operation at high temperatures (up to 475 degrees C). Sensor response times were evaluated and the TiO2 nanoparticle films showed fast responses to the presence of analyte (approximate to 5 s) and a response-time dependence on the analyte concentration. Control of the sensor operating temperature, an inherent benefit of the microhotplate platform, was employed to demonstrate the selectivity of the nanoparticle films. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Benkstein, KD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM kurt.benkstein@nist.gov NR 37 TC 68 Z9 69 U1 7 U2 39 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0925-4005 J9 SENSOR ACTUAT B-CHEM JI Sens. Actuator B-Chem. PD JAN 17 PY 2006 VL 113 IS 1 BP 445 EP 453 DI 10.1016/j.snb.2005.03.122 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Electrochemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 002QS UT WOS:000234626900060 ER PT J AU Green, ML Allen, AJ Li, X Wang, J Ilavsky, J Delabie, A Puurunen, RL Brijs, B AF Green, ML Allen, AJ Li, X Wang, J Ilavsky, J Delabie, A Puurunen, RL Brijs, B TI Nucleation of atomic-layer-deposited HfO(2) films, and evolution of their microstructure, studied by grazing incidence small angle x-ray scattering using synchrotron radiation SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID GATE DIELECTRIC LAYERS; GROWTH; SIO2 AB We report the results of grazing incidence small angle x-ray scattering experiments on the nucleation and growth of atomic layer deposited HfO(2) films. The scattering features are internal (porosity) and external (roughness) surfaces. Films grown on H-terminated Si exhibit greater scattering than films grown on chemically oxidized Si. The films grown on H-terminated Si may be as much as 50% porous. Characteristic scattering feature sizes are those of the film nuclei, about 2 nm, which then coalesce and become inherited features of the films. Films grown on chemically oxidized Si are observed to coalesce at about 25 growth cycles. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. IMEC, B-3001 Louvain, Belgium. RP Green, ML (reprint author), Tech Res Ctr Finland, POB 1805, FIN-02150 Espoo, Finland. EM martin.green@nist.gov RI Puurunen, Riikka/G-4008-2012; Ilavsky, Jan/D-4521-2013 OI Puurunen, Riikka/0000-0001-8722-4864; Ilavsky, Jan/0000-0003-1982-8900 NR 19 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JAN 16 PY 2006 VL 88 IS 3 AR 032907 DI 10.1063/1.2164417 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 004MO UT WOS:000234757100051 ER PT J AU Kumar, RS Cornelius, AL Nicol, MF Kam, KC Cheetham, AK Gardner, JS AF Kumar, RS Cornelius, AL Nicol, MF Kam, KC Cheetham, AK Gardner, JS TI Pressure-induced structural transitions in Tb-pyrochlore oxides SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SINGLE-CRYSTAL; AMORPHIZATION; TB2TI2O7; ANTIFERROMAGNET; DAMAGE AB The structure of Tb2Ti2O7, Tb2Sn2O7, and Tb2TiSnO7 were studied at high pressures (P < 1 Mbar) using synchrotron radiation and angular dispersive x-ray diffraction. The cubic lattice was shown to distort into a monoclinic phase before exhibiting total structural disorder (amorphization) in all three samples. Our experiments demonstrate that partial replacement of Sn with Ti significantly enhances the bulk modulus and increases the structural stability (crystalline state) to much higher pressures. Furthermore, pressure induces anion before cation disorder during the order-disorder transition. These results are compared to radiation damage studies that show order-disorder transitions. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Nevada, HiPSEC, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Phys, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Mat Res Lab, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Kumar, RS (reprint author), Univ Nevada, HiPSEC, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. EM ravhi@physics.unlv.edu RI Cornelius, Andrew/A-9837-2008; OI Kumar, Ravhi/0000-0002-1967-1619 NR 29 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 EI 1077-3118 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JAN 16 PY 2006 VL 88 IS 3 AR 031903 DI 10.1063/1.2165212 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 004MO UT WOS:000234757100014 ER PT J AU Bedner, M Maccrehan, WA AF Bedner, M Maccrehan, WA TI Transformation of acetaminophen by chlorination produces the toxicants 1,4-benzoquinone and N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; WATER-TREATMENT; PHARMACEUTICALS; KINETICS; CONTAMINANTS; MECHANISMS; HORMONES AB The reaction of the common pain reliever acetaminophen (paracetamol, 4-acetamidophenol) with hypochlorite was investigated over time under conditions that simulate wastewater disinfection. Initially, the reaction was studied in pure water at neutral pH (7.0), a range of reaction times (2-90 min), and a molar excess of hypochlorite (2-57 times) relative to the acetaminophen concentration. The reaction was monitored using reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) with ultraviolet absorbance, electrochemical, and mass spectrometric detection. At 1 mu mol/L (150 ppb) and 10 mu mol/L (1.5 ppm) levels, acetaminophen readily reacted to form at least 11 discernible products, all of which exhibited greater LC retention than the parent. Two of the products were unequivocally identified as the toxic compounds 1,4-benzoquinone and N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI, which is the toxicant associated with lethality in acetaminophen overdoses. With a hypochlorite dose of 57 mu mol/L (4 ppm as Cl-2) 88% of the acetaminophen (10,mu mol/L initial) was transformed in I h. The two quinoidal oxidation products 1,4-benzoquinone and NAPQI accounted for 25% and 1.5% of the initial acetaminophen concentration, respectively, at a I h reaction time. Other products that were identified included two ring chlorination products, chloro-4-acetamidophenol and dichloro-4-acetamidophenol, which combined were approximately 7% of the initial acetaminophen concentration at 1 h. The reaction was also studied in wastewater, where similar reactivity was noted. These results demonstrate that acetaminophen is likely to be transformed significantly during wastewater chlorination. The reactivity of the chlorine-transformation products was also studied with sulfite to simulate dechlorination, and 1,4-benzoquinone and NAPQI were completely reduced. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bedner, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Mailstop 8392, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mary.bedner@nist.gov NR 20 TC 131 Z9 139 U1 9 U2 91 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JAN 15 PY 2006 VL 40 IS 2 BP 516 EP 522 DI 10.1021/es0509073 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 006SG UT WOS:000234916700019 PM 16468397 ER PT J AU Kulagina, NV Mikulski, CM Gray, S Ma, W Doucette, GJ Ramsdell, JS Pancrazio, JJ AF Kulagina, NV Mikulski, CM Gray, S Ma, W Doucette, GJ Ramsdell, JS Pancrazio, JJ TI Detection of marine toxins, brevetoxin-3 and saxitoxin, in seawater using neuronal networks SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CELL-BASED ASSAY; SODIUM-CHANNELS; FATTY-ACIDS; CIGUATOXINS; ACTIVATORS AB There is a need for assay systems that can detect known and unanticipated neurotoxins associated with harmful algal blooms. The present work describes our attempt to monitor the presence of brevetoxin-3 (PbTx-3) and saxitoxin (STX) in a seawater matrix using the neuronal network biosensor (NNB). The NN13 relies on cultured mammalian neurons grown over microelectrode arrays, where the inherent bioelectrical activity of the network manifested as extracellular action potentials can be monitored noninvasively. Spinal cord neuronal networks were prepared from embryonic mice and the mean spike rate across the network was analyzed before and during exposure to the toxins. Extracellular action potentials from the network are highly sensitive not only to purified STX and PbTx-3, but also when in combination with matrixes such as natural seawater and algal growth medium. Detection limits for STX and PbTx-3, respectively, are 0.031 and 0.33 nM in recording buffer and 0.076 and 0.48 nM in the presence of 25-fold-diluted seawater. Our results demonstrated that neuronal networks could be used for analysis of Alexandrium fundyense(STX-producer) and Karenia brevis (PbTx-producer) algal samples lysed directly in the seawater-based growth medium and appropriately diluted with HEPES-buffered recording medium. The cultured network responded by changes in mean spike rate to the presence of STX- or PbTx-producing algae but not to the samples of two non-STX and non-PbTx isolates of the same algal genera. This work provides evidence that the NNB has the capacity to rapidly detect toxins associated with cells of toxic algal species or as dissolved forms present in seawater and has the potential for monitoring toxin levels during harmful algal blooms. C1 USN, Res Lab, Ctr Biomol Sci & Engn, Washington, DC 20375 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Marine Biotoxins Program, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Kulagina, NV (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Ctr Biomol Sci & Engn, Case 6900, Washington, DC 20375 USA. EM kulagina@cbmse.nrl.navy.mil RI Doucette, Gregory/M-3283-2013; Pancrazio, Joseph/M-3206-2015 OI Pancrazio, Joseph/0000-0001-8276-3690 NR 31 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JAN 15 PY 2006 VL 40 IS 2 BP 578 EP 583 DI 10.1021/es051272a PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 006SG UT WOS:000234916700027 PM 16468405 ER PT J AU Gerrits, T Schneider, ML Silva, TJ AF Gerrits, T Schneider, ML Silva, TJ TI Enhanced ferromagnetic damping in Permalloy/Cu bilayers SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID METALLIC MULTILAYER FILMS; MAGNETIC RELAXATIONS AB We have investigated the enhancement of ferromagnetic damping for thin Permalloy (Ni80Fe20) films grown with Cu capping layers of variable thickness (5-1000 nm). The measurements were performed with a pulsed inductive microwave magnetometer in the frequency range between 2.3 and 2.7 GHz. The damping was enhanced if the Cu layers were thicker than the spin-diffusion length of l(s)approximate to 250 nm. For example, the damping was enhanced by 30% for a Permalloy (3 nm)/Cu (1000 nm) bilayer relative to the damping for Permalloy with a 5-nm-thick Cu capping layer. Existing theory for spin pumping from the Permalloy layer into the Cu layer was used to model the additional contribution to damping for these bilayer systems. Additional experiments on Permalloy (5 nm)/Cu(x nm)/Ta (5 nm) provided indirect evidence for spin accumulation inside the Cu layer. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Gerrits, T (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM gerrits@boulder.nist.gov RI Silva, Thomas/C-7605-2013 OI Silva, Thomas/0000-0001-8164-9642 NR 18 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 21 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JAN 15 PY 2006 VL 99 IS 2 AR 023901 DI 10.1063/1.2159076 PG 5 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 008BH UT WOS:000235014700049 ER PT J AU Kim, K Diddams, SA Westbrook, PS Nicholson, JW Feder, KS AF Kim, K Diddams, SA Westbrook, PS Nicholson, JW Feder, KS TI Improved stabilization of a 1.3 mu m femtosecond optical frequency comb by use of a spectrally tailored continuum from a nonlinear fiber grating SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LASER; SUPERCONTINUUM; GENERATION AB We report significant enhancement (+24 dB) of the optical beat note between a 657 nm cw laser and the second-harmonic generation of the tailored continuum at 1314 mn generated with a femtosecond Cr:forsterite laser and a nonlinear fiber Bragg grating. The same continuum is used to stabilize the carrier-envelope offset frequency of the Cr:forsterite femtosecond laser and permits improved optical stabilization of the frequency comb from 1.0 to 2.2 mu m. Using a common optical reference at 657 mn, a relative fractional frequency instability of 2.0 X 10-15 is achieved between the repetition rates of Cr:forsterite and Ti:sapphire laser systems in 10 s averaging time. The fractional frequency offset between the optically stabilized frequency combs of the Cr:forsterite and Ti:sapphire lasers is +/-(0.024 +/- 6.1) X 10(-17). (c) 2006 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. OFS Labs, Somerset, NJ 08873 USA. RP Kim, K (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM kskim@boulder.nist.gov RI Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013 NR 14 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD JAN 15 PY 2006 VL 31 IS 2 BP 277 EP 279 DI 10.1364/OL.31.000277 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 003ES UT WOS:000234665000046 PM 16441055 ER PT J AU Turnbull, JC Miller, JB Lehman, SJ Tans, PP Sparks, RJ Southon, J AF Turnbull, JC Miller, JB Lehman, SJ Tans, PP Sparks, RJ Southon, J TI Comparison of (CO2)-C-14, CO, and SF6 as tracers for recently added fossil fuel CO2 in the atmosphere and implications for biological CO2 exchange SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID INVERSION AB We use the nearly ideal tracer (CO2)-C-14 to estimate the fossil fuel CO2 enhancement in boundary layer air at two sites in New England and Colorado. Improved Delta(14)C measurement precision of 1.6 - 2.6% provides fossil fuel CO2 detection capability of 0.8 - 1.5 ppm. Using the indirect tracers CO and SF6, we obtain two additional independent estimates of the fossil fuel CO2 component, and we assess the biases in these methods with respect to the (CO2)-C-14-based estimates. The SF6-based estimates vary considerably from the (CO2)-C-14-based estimates, and are at times implausibly large. The CO-based estimates are less variable, but show seasonally coherent biases with respect to the (CO2)-C-14 method. C1 Univ Colorado, Inst Arct & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA. Rafter Radiocarbon Lab, Lower Hutt, New Zealand. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA USA. RP Turnbull, JC (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Inst Arct & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. OI Turnbull, Jocelyn/0000-0002-0306-9658 NR 19 TC 82 Z9 86 U1 1 U2 17 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 14 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 1 AR L01817 DI 10.1029/2005GL024213 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 007UI UT WOS:000234995200001 ER PT J AU Vecchi, GA Wittenberg, AT Rosati, A AF Vecchi, GA Wittenberg, AT Rosati, A TI Reassessing the role of stochastic forcing in the 1997-1998 El Nino SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID WESTERLY WIND EVENTS; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; TROPICAL PACIFIC; COUPLED MODEL; ENSO; CLIMATE; PREDICTABILITY; VARIABILITY; OSCILLATION AB We explore the extent to which stochastic atmospheric variability was fundamental to development of extreme sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) during the 1997-8 El Nino. The observed western equatorial Pacific westerly zonal stress anomalies (tau(a)(x)), which appeared between Nov. 1996 and May 1997 as a series of episodic bursts, were largely reproducible by an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) ensemble forced with observed SST. Retrospective forecasts using a hybrid coupled model (HCM) indicate that coupling only the part of tau(a)(x) linearly related to large-scale tropical Pacific SSTA is insufficient to capture the observed 1997 warming; but, accounting in the HCM for all the tau(a)(x) that was connected to SST, recovers most of the strong SSTA warming. The AGCM-estimated range of stochastic tau(a)(x) forcing induces substantial dispersion in the forecasts, but does not obscure the large-scale warming in most HCM ensemble members. C1 NOAA Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Vecchi, GA (reprint author), NOAA Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. EM gabriel.a.vecchi@noaa.gov RI Vecchi, Gabriel/A-2413-2008; Wittenberg, Andrew/G-9619-2013 OI Vecchi, Gabriel/0000-0002-5085-224X; Wittenberg, Andrew/0000-0003-1680-8963 NR 32 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 14 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 1 AR L01706 DI 10.1029/2005GL024738 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 007UI UT WOS:000234995200003 ER PT J AU Robie, DC Hodges, JT AF Robie, DC Hodges, JT TI Line positions and line strengths for the 3 <- 0 electric quadrupole band of H-2 (1)Sigma(+)(g) SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID RING-DOWN SPECTROSCOPY; MOLECULAR-HYDROGEN; MATRIX-ELEMENTS; ABSORPTION-SPECTROSCOPY; CAVITY; SPECTRUM; URANUS; H2; PLANETARY; TRANSITIONS AB Several rotational lines in the S and Q branches [including the previously unobserved Q(2) and Q(3) lines] of the 3-0 electric quadrupole band of H-2 have been detected by cavity ring-down spectroscopy. Line strengths were measured at densities between 2.7x10(18) and 7.5x10(19) molecules cm(-3) at room temperature. The observed line strengths in the S branch are consistent with earlier measurements, and systematically below theoretical calculations [relative differences of approximately 10% for the S(1),S(2), and S(3) lines, and nearly 30% for the S(0) line]. Line strength measurements for the Q branch range from 25% to 33% below theoretical calculations. C1 CUNY York Coll, Dept Chem, New York, NY 11451 USA. NIST, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Robie, DC (reprint author), CUNY York Coll, Dept Chem, New York, NY 11451 USA. EM robie@york.cuny.edu RI Hodges, Joseph/B-4578-2009 NR 39 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD JAN 14 PY 2006 VL 124 IS 2 AR 024307 DI 10.1063/1.2145925 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 002JM UT WOS:000234607700024 PM 16422583 ER PT J AU Shen, VK Errington, JR AF Shen, VK Errington, JR TI Determination of surface tension in binary mixtures using transition-matrix Monte Carlo SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID LIQUID-VAPOR INTERFACE; LENNARD-JONES FLUID; DENSITY-OF-STATES; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS; PHASE-EQUILIBRIA; COEXISTING PHASES; LATTICE SUMS; ARGON; ENSEMBLE; MODEL AB We present a methodology based on grand-canonical transition-matrix Monte Carlo and finite-size scaling analysis to calculate surface tensions in binary mixtures. In particular, mixture transition-matrix Monte Carlo is first used to calculate apparent, system-size-dependent free-energy barriers separating coexisting fluid phases. Finite-size scaling is then used to extrapolate these values to the infinitely large system limit to determine the true thermodynamic surface tension. A key distinction of the methodology is that it yields the entire isothermal surface-tension curve for a binary mixture in a relatively small number of simulations. We demonstrate the utility of the method by calculating surface-tension curves for three binary Lennard-Jones mixtures. While we have only examined the surface tension of simple fluids in this work, the method is general and can be extended to molecular fluids as well as to determine interfacial tensions of liquid-liquid interfaces. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. SUNY Buffalo, Dept Chem & Biol Engn, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. RP Shen, VK (reprint author), NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 100 Bur Dr MS 8350, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM vincent.shen@nist.gov; jerring@buffalo.edu RI Errington, Jeffrey/E-8644-2011 OI Errington, Jeffrey/0000-0003-0365-0271 NR 60 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD JAN 14 PY 2006 VL 124 IS 2 AR 024721 DI 10.1063/1.2159472 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 002JM UT WOS:000234607700081 PM 16422640 ER PT J AU Gea-Banacloche, J AF Gea-Banacloche, J TI Effects of random localizing events on matter waves: formalism and examples SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL LATTICES; ATOM INTERFEROMETER; DECOHERENCE; SCATTERING; PHOTON; BOSE AB A formalism is introduced to describe a number of physical processes that may break down the coherence of a matter wave over a characteristic length scale l. In a second-quantized description, an appropriate master equation for a set of bosonic 'modes' (such as atoms in a lattice, in a tight-binding approximation) is derived. Two kinds of 'localizing processes' are discussed in some detail and shown to lead to master equations of this general form: spontaneous emission, and modulation by external random potentials. Some of the dynamical consequences of these processes are considered: in particular, it is shown that they generically lead to a damping of the motion of the matter-wave currents, and may also cause a 'flattening' of the density distribution of a trapped condensate at rest. C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Phys, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gea-Banacloche, J (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Dept Phys, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. EM jgeabana@uark.edu RI Gea-Banacloche, Julio/J-7546-2013 OI Gea-Banacloche, Julio/0000-0001-9482-9060 NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-4075 J9 J PHYS B-AT MOL OPT JI J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys. PD JAN 14 PY 2006 VL 39 IS 1 BP 69 EP 84 DI 10.1088/0953-4075/39/1/008 PG 16 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 006YR UT WOS:000234934400012 ER PT J AU Koralek, JD Douglas, JF Plumb, NC Sun, Z Fedorov, AV Murnane, MM Kapteyn, HC Cundiff, ST Aiura, Y Oka, K Eisaki, H Dessau, DS AF Koralek, JD Douglas, JF Plumb, NC Sun, Z Fedorov, AV Murnane, MM Kapteyn, HC Cundiff, ST Aiura, Y Oka, K Eisaki, H Dessau, DS TI Laser based angle-resolved photoemission, the sudden approximation, and quasiparticle-like spectral peaks in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SUPERCONDUCTIVITY; TRANSITION; STATE AB A new low photon energy regime of angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy is accessed with lasers and used to study the high T-c superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta. The low energy increases bulk sensitivity, reduces background, and improves resolution. With this we observe spectral peaks which are sharp on the scale of their binding energy-the clearest evidence yet for quasiparticles in the normal state. Crucial aspects of the data such as the dispersion, superconducting gaps, and the bosonic coupling kink are found to be robust to a possible breakdown of the sudden approximation. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Adv Light Source, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. AIST, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan. RP Koralek, JD (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM Koralek@colorado.edu; Dessau@colorado.edu RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009; Plumb, Nicholas/B-8059-2013; Kapteyn, Henry/H-6559-2011 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197; Plumb, Nicholas/0000-0002-2334-8494; Kapteyn, Henry/0000-0001-8386-6317 NR 15 TC 95 Z9 95 U1 1 U2 17 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JAN 13 PY 2006 VL 96 IS 1 AR 017005 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.017005 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 002JS UT WOS:000234608300079 PM 16486502 ER PT J AU Wilking, JN Graves, SM Chang, CB Meleson, K Lin, MY Mason, TG AF Wilking, JN Graves, SM Chang, CB Meleson, K Lin, MY Mason, TG TI Dense cluster formation during aggregation and gelation of attractive slippery nanoemulsion droplets SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DIFFUSION-LIMITED AGGREGATION; MONTE-CARLO-SIMULATION; SOL-GEL TRANSITION; GOLD COLLOIDS; EMULSIONS; MODEL; PERCOLATION; DYNAMICS AB Using time-resolved small angle neutron scattering, we have measured the wave-number-dependent structure factor S(q) of monodisperse nanoemulsions that aggregate and gel after we suddenly turn on a strong, short-range, slippery attraction between the droplets. At high q, peaks in S(q) appear as dense clusters of droplets form, and S(q) increases strongly toward low q, as these dense clusters become locked into a rigid gel network, despite the fluidity of the films between the droplets. The long-time high-q structure of nanoemulsion gels formed by slippery diffusion-limited cluster aggregation is universal in shape and remarkably independent of the droplet volume fraction, phi. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Calif NanoSyst Inst, Dept Chem & Biochem, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mason, TG (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Calif NanoSyst Inst, Dept Chem & Biochem, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. NR 29 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 17 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JAN 13 PY 2006 VL 96 IS 1 AR 015501 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.015501 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 002JS UT WOS:000234608300049 PM 16486472 ER PT J AU Zammarano, M Bellayer, S Gilman, JW Franceschi, M Beyer, FL Harris, RH Meriani, S AF Zammarano, M Bellayer, S Gilman, JW Franceschi, M Beyer, FL Harris, RH Meriani, S TI Delamination of organo-modified layered double hydroxides in polyamide 6 by melt processing SO POLYMER LA English DT Article DE PA6; nanocomposite; LDH ID SILICATE NANOCOMPOSITES; THERMAL-PROPERTIES; POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES; POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE); EPOXY NANOCOMPOSITES; CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES; HYDROTALCITE; INTERCALATION; EXFOLIATION; DERIVATIVES AB Layered double hydroxides (LDH) are a class of readily synthesizable layered crystals that can be used as an alternative to the commonly used silicate crystals for the preparation of polymeric nanocomposites. In this work layered double hydroxide/polyamide 6 nanocomposites (LDH/PA6) were prepared from organo-modified LDH by melt processing. The anionic exchange capacity of LDH was varied in order to investigate its influence on the degree of exfoliation. LDH were dispersed by a twin screw micro-extruder at a variety of processing conditions. The nanocomposites were characterized by wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), transmission electron microscopy, dynamic scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. It was found that exfoliated nanocomposites were successfully prepared by melt processing with a low exchange capacity LDH, whereas residue tactoids were observed with a high exchange capacity LDH. Shear, together with the exchange capacity, seems to be the key factor for the delamination in LDH/PA6. No major change in the crystalline phase or in the rate of crystallization was observed in the nanocomposite as compared to the neat polymer. A reduction in the onset of thermal decomposition temperature was observed in PA6/LDH compared to neat PA6, likely due to a nucleophilic attack mechanism. The properties of this nanocomposite system are discussed with connections to the current understanding within the broader nanocomposite field. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 CimtecLab, I-34012 Trieste, Italy. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USA, Res Lab, Div Mat, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 USA. Univ Trieste, Dept Mat Nat Resources, I-34127 Trieste, Italy. RP CimtecLab, Area Sci Pk,Padriciano 99, I-34012 Trieste, Italy. EM zammarano@gmail.com OI Zammarano, Mauro/0000-0002-5145-7110 NR 69 TC 78 Z9 81 U1 1 U2 35 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-3861 EI 1873-2291 J9 POLYMER JI Polymer PD JAN 13 PY 2006 VL 47 IS 2 BP 652 EP 662 DI 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.11.080 PG 11 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 004TQ UT WOS:000234775600019 ER PT J AU Herndon, SC Ravishankara, AR AF Herndon, SC Ravishankara, AR TI Kinetics of the reaction of SH and SD with NO2 SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID GAS-PHASE; H2S; HS; PHOTODISSOCIATION; PHOTOLYSIS; RESONANCE; DYNAMICS; STATE; O-2; NM AB The rate constants for the reactions of NO2 with SH and SD were measured between 250 and 360 K to be 2.8 x 10(-11) exp{(270 +/- 40)/T(K)} and 2.6 x 10(-11) exp{(285 +/- 20)/T(K)} cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), respectively. SH(SD) radicals were generated by pulsed laser photolysis of H2S(D2S) or CH3SH and detected via pulsed laser-induced fluorescence. The laser-induced fluorescence excitation spectrum of SH was found to be contaminated by the presence of the SO radical. This contamination is suggested as a possible reason for differences among some of the reported values of k(1) in the literature. The title reaction influences the atmospheric lifetime of the SH radical when NO2 is greater than 100 pptv, but the revised value of k(1) does not significantly alter our current understanding of SH oxidation in the atmosphere. C1 NOAA, ESRL, R CSD 2, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Ravishankara, AR (reprint author), NOAA, ESRL, R CSD 2, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM a.r.ravishankara@noaa.gov RI Ravishankara, Akkihebbal/A-2914-2011; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 NR 25 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD JAN 12 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 1 BP 106 EP 113 DI 10.1021/jp053918r PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 001FZ UT WOS:000234520300016 PM 16392846 ER PT J AU Norman, AI Ho, DL Lee, JH Karim, A AF Norman, AI Ho, DL Lee, JH Karim, A TI Spontaneous formation of vesicles of diblock copolymer EO6BO11 in water: A SANS study SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; AMPHIPHILIC BLOCK-COPOLYMERS; X-RAY-SCATTERING; ETHYLENE-OXIDE; MULTILAMELLAR VESICLES; 1,2-BUTYLENE OXIDE; PHASE-BEHAVIOR; TRIBLOCK COPOLYMERS; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; BUTYLENE OXIDE AB Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) is used to study the structures formed in water by a diblock copolymer EO6BO11 (having 6 ethylene oxide, EO, and 11 butylene oxide, BO, units). The data show that polymer solutions over a broad concentration range (0.05-20 wt %) contain vesicular structures at room temperature. Interestingly, these vesicles could be formed without any external energy input, such as extrusion, which is commonly required for the formation of other block copolymer or lipid vesicles. The EO6BO11 vesicles are predominantly unilamellar at low polymer concentrations, whereas at higher polymer concentrations or temperatures there is a coexisting population of unilamellar and multilamellar vesicles. At a critical concentration and temperature, the vesicular structures fuse into lyotropic arrays of planar lamellar sheets. The findings from this study are in broad agreement with the work of Harris et al. (Langmuir, 2002, 18, 5337), who used electron microscopy to identify the vesicle phase in the same system. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Chem Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Norman, AI (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Stop 8542,100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 44 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD JAN 12 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 1 BP 62 EP 67 DI 10.1021/jp0544336 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 001GD UT WOS:000234520700017 PM 16471500 ER PT J AU Hollinger, SE Bernacchi, CJ Meyers, TP AF Hollinger, SE Bernacchi, CJ Meyers, TP TI A reply to "Comment on 'Carbon budget of mature no-till ecosystem in North Central Region of the United States' by Dobermann et al." SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Letter ID REDUCED TILLAGE; INTENSITY C1 Illinois State Water Survey, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. NOAA, ARL, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. RP Hollinger, SE (reprint author), Illinois State Water Survey, 2204 Griffith Dr, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. EM bernacch@uiuc.edu; tilden.myers@noaa.gov RI Meyers, Tilden/C-6633-2016 NR 11 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD JAN 11 PY 2006 VL 136 IS 1-2 BP 85 EP 87 DI 10.1016/j.agrfonnet.2005.12.002 PG 3 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 031EQ UT WOS:000236687300008 ER PT J AU Hollinger, SE Bernacchi, CJ Meyers, TP AF Hollinger, SE Bernacchi, CJ Meyers, TP TI Carbon budget of mature no-till ecosystem in North Central Region of the United States (vol 130, pg 59, 2005) SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Correction C1 Illinois State Water Survey, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. NOAA, ARL, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. RP Hollinger, SE (reprint author), Illinois State Water Survey, 2204 Griffith Dr, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. RI Meyers, Tilden/C-6633-2016 NR 1 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD JAN 11 PY 2006 VL 136 IS 1-2 BP 88 EP 89 DI 10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.11.021 PG 2 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 031EQ UT WOS:000236687300009 ER PT J AU Petrovykh, DY Perez-Dieste, V Opdahl, A Kimura-Suda, H Sullivan, JM Tarlov, MJ Himpsel, FJ Whitman, LJ AF Petrovykh, DY Perez-Dieste, V Opdahl, A Kimura-Suda, H Sullivan, JM Tarlov, MJ Himpsel, FJ Whitman, LJ TI Nucleobase orientation and ordering in films of single-stranded DNA on gold SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ABSORPTION FINE-STRUCTURE; SPECTROSCOPY; DEPENDENCE; NITROGEN; SURFACES C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Phys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Northwestern Univ, Dept Chem, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. RP Petrovykh, DY (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM dmitri.petrovykh@nrl.navy.mil RI Petrovykh, Dmitri/A-3432-2008; Whitman, Lloyd/G-9320-2011 OI Petrovykh, Dmitri/0000-0001-9089-4076; Whitman, Lloyd/0000-0002-3117-1174 NR 13 TC 84 Z9 84 U1 5 U2 32 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD JAN 11 PY 2006 VL 128 IS 1 BP 2 EP 3 DI 10.1021/ja052443e PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 001PB UT WOS:000234547700001 PM 16390092 ER PT J AU Caliskan, G Briber, RM Thirumalai, D Garcia-Sakai, V Woodson, SA Sokolov, AP AF Caliskan, G Briber, RM Thirumalai, D Garcia-Sakai, V Woodson, SA Sokolov, AP TI Dynamic transition in tRNA is solvent induced SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID NEUTRON-SCATTERING; GLASS-TRANSITION; PROTEIN DYNAMICS; TEMPERATURE; WATER; MYOGLOBIN; HYDRATION; DNA C1 Univ Akron, Dept Polymer Sci, Akron, OH 44325 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Biophys, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, IPST, College Pk, MD 20472 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Biophys Program, IPST, College Pk, MD USA. RP Sokolov, AP (reprint author), Univ Akron, Dept Polymer Sci, Akron, OH 44325 USA. EM alexei@uakron.edu RI Briber, Robert/A-3588-2012; OI Briber, Robert/0000-0002-8358-5942; Woodson, Sarah/0000-0003-0170-1987 NR 22 TC 76 Z9 76 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD JAN 11 PY 2006 VL 128 IS 1 BP 32 EP 33 DI 10.1021/ja056444i PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 001PB UT WOS:000234547700016 PM 16390107 ER PT J AU Broccoli, AJ Dahl, KA Stouffer, RJ AF Broccoli, AJ Dahl, KA Stouffer, RJ TI Response of the ITCZ to Northern Hemisphere cooling SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID INTERTROPICAL CONVERGENCE ZONE; LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM; TROPICAL ATLANTIC; CLIMATE MODEL; VARIABILITY; ATMOSPHERE; OCEAN; CIRCULATIONS; SENSITIVITY; ANOMALIES AB Climate simulations, using models with different levels of complexity, indicate that the north-south position of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) responds to changes in interhemispheric temperature contrast. Paleoclimate data on a variety of timescales suggest a similar behavior, with southward displacements of the ITCZ and associated changes in tropical atmospheric circulation during cold periods in the Northern Hemisphere. To identify a mechanism by which ITCZ displacements can be forced from the extratropics, we use a climate model with idealized geography and a simple slab ocean. We cool the northern extratropics and warm the southern extratropics to represent the asymmetric temperature changes associated with glacial-interglacial and millennial-scale climate variability. A southward shift in the ITCZ occurs, along with changes in the trade winds and an asymmetric response of the Hadley circulation. Changes in atmospheric heat exchange between the tropics and midlatitudes are the likely cause of this response, suggesting that this mechanism may play an important role in ITCZ displacements on timescales from decadal to glacial-interglacial. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. MIT Woods Hole Oceanog Inst Joint Program, Woods Hole, MA USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. EM broccoli@envsci.rutgers.edu RI Broccoli, Anthony/D-9186-2014 OI Broccoli, Anthony/0000-0003-2619-1434 NR 21 TC 307 Z9 314 U1 6 U2 70 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 10 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 1 AR L01702 DI 10.1029/2005GL024546 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 007UE UT WOS:000234994700003 ER PT J AU Davis, MW Spencer, ML Ottmar, ML AF Davis, MW Spencer, ML Ottmar, ML TI Behavioral responses to food odor in juvenile marine fish: Acuity varies with species and fish length SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bait; chemosensory behavior; ontogeny; searching; squid odor; swimming ID GADUS-MORHUA L; FREE AMINO-ACIDS; FEEDING-BEHAVIOR; ANOPLOPOMA-FIMBRIA; COD; BAIT; CHEMORECEPTION; ENVIRONMENTS; ATTRACTANT; STIMULANTS AB This study tested the hypothesis that acuity of behavioral responses to food odor in three commercially important species of marine fish would increase as juvenile length increased. Swimming activity among two size groups of fish was measured in the presence of a series of squid extract dilutions. Increased swimming activity in juvenile Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis Schmidt, walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma Pallas, and sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria Pallas was stimulated above threshold concentrations of squid extract, expressed as dilution from full strength. Maximum chemosensory acuity was observed in smaller (8-14 cm total length, TL) Pacific halibut and walleye pollock, while larger sablefish (15-23 cm TL) continued to develop acuity. Response thresholds were highest (10(-3) dilution) in Pacific halibut, at intermediate levels (10(-4)-10(-6) dilution) in walleye pollock and smaller sablefish and reached the lowest levels (10(-13) dilution) in larger sablefish. The widely held view that dissolved free amino acids (DFAA) are the primary chemosensory stimulants for fish food searching may not be valid for sablefish, as they detected squid extract at dilutions containing DFAA that appeared to be far below ambient sea water DFAA concentrations. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NOAA, NMFS,Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Davis, MW (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NOAA, NMFS,Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2030 Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM michael.w.davis@noaa.gov NR 38 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD JAN 10 PY 2006 VL 328 IS 1 BP 1 EP 9 DI 10.1016/j.jembe.2005.04.029 PG 9 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 001GZ UT WOS:000234522900001 ER PT J AU Rosenberg, D Nam, SW Hiskett, PA Peterson, CG Hughes, RJ Nordholt, JE Lita, AE Miller, AJ AF Rosenberg, D Nam, SW Hiskett, PA Peterson, CG Hughes, RJ Nordholt, JE Lita, AE Miller, AJ TI Quantum key distribution at telecom wavelengths with noise-free detectors SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SINGLE-PHOTON INTERFERENCE; CRYPTOGRAPHY; FIBER AB The length of a secure link over which a quantum key can be distributed depends on the efficiency and dark-count rate of the detectors used at the receiver. We report on the first demonstration of quantum key distribution using superconducting transition-edge sensors with high efficiency and negligible dark-count rates. Using two methods of synchronization, a bright optical pulse scheme and an electrical signal scheme, we have successfully distributed key material at 1550 nm over 50 km of optical fiber. We discuss how use of these detectors in a quantum key distribution system can dramatically increase range and performance. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Rosenberg, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM rosenberg@lanl.gov NR 20 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 EI 1077-3118 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JAN 9 PY 2006 VL 88 IS 2 AR 021108 DI 10.1063/1.2164307 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 002JE UT WOS:000234606900008 ER PT J AU van der Laan, DC Ekin, JW van Eck, HJN Dhalle, M ten Haken, B Davidson, MW Schwartz, J AF van der Laan, DC Ekin, JW van Eck, HJN Dhalle, M ten Haken, B Davidson, MW Schwartz, J TI Effect of tensile strain on grain connectivity and flux pinning in Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3Ox tapes SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SUPERCONDUCTING TAPES; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; BENDING STRAIN; AXIAL STRAIN; CONDUCTORS; BEHAVIOR AB The grain-to-grain connectivity in Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3Ox tapes is still poorly understood, even though they have been commercially available in long lengths for several years. This letter explains the effects of tensile strain on the grain-to-grain connectivity in Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3Ox tapes. The different length scales at which damage to the grain structure occurs are studied with magneto-optical imaging, scanning-electron microscopy, and transport current. These data show that the initial degradation in critical current when strain exceeds the irreversible strain limit is caused by microcracks (similar to 100-500 nm in width) that form mainly at high-angle grain boundaries. Filament-wide cracks (similar to 5-10 mu m in width) form at locations of lower grain density in the filaments at strains far exceeding the irreversible strain limit. However, in contrast to previous reports, a careful analysis of the pinning force as a function of tensile strain, taking into account current sharing with the normal matrix by using the offset criterion, shows that intragranular flux pinning is not affected by strain in any significant way. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Twente, Fac Sci & Technol, NL-7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands. Florida State Univ, Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Florida State Univ, FAMU, Dept Mech Engn, Coll Engn, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. RP van der Laan, DC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO USA. RI Schwartz, Justin/D-4124-2009; van der Laan, Danko/L-5098-2016 OI Schwartz, Justin/0000-0002-7590-240X; NR 18 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JAN 9 PY 2006 VL 88 IS 2 AR 022511 DI 10.1063/1.2165090 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 002JE UT WOS:000234606900052 ER PT J AU Mignone, BK Gnanadesikan, A Sarmiento, JL Slater, RD AF Mignone, BK Gnanadesikan, A Sarmiento, JL Slater, RD TI Central role of Southern Hemisphere winds and eddies in modulating the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID OXYGEN FLUXES; GLOBAL OCEAN; CO2; PYCNOCLINE; MODELS; BUDGET AB Although the world ocean is known to be a major sink of anthropogenic carbon dioxide, the exact processes governing the magnitude and regional distribution of carbon uptake remain poorly understood. Here we show that Southern Hemisphere winds, by altering the Ekman volume transport out of the Southern Ocean, strongly control the regional distribution of anthropogenic uptake in an ocean general circulation model, while winds and isopycnal thickness mixing together, by altering the volume of light, actively-ventilated ocean water, exert strong control over the absolute magnitude of anthropogenic uptake. These results are provocative in suggesting that climate-mediated changes in pycnocline volume may ultimately control changes in future carbon uptake. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Mignone, BK (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM bmignone@princeton.edu RI Gnanadesikan, Anand/A-2397-2008 OI Gnanadesikan, Anand/0000-0001-5784-1116 NR 23 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 7 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 1 AR L01604 DI 10.1029/2005GL024464 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 001BZ UT WOS:000234509400003 ER PT J AU Baker, DF Law, RM Gurney, KR Rayner, P Peylin, P Denning, AS Bousquet, P Bruhwiler, L Chen, YH Ciais, P Fung, IY Heimann, M John, J Maki, T Maksyutov, S Masarie, K Prather, M Pak, B Taguchi, S Zhu, Z AF Baker, DF Law, RM Gurney, KR Rayner, P Peylin, P Denning, AS Bousquet, P Bruhwiler, L Chen, YH Ciais, P Fung, IY Heimann, M John, J Maki, T Maksyutov, S Masarie, K Prather, M Pak, B Taguchi, S Zhu, Z TI TransCom 3 inversion intercomparison: Impact of transport model errors on the interannual variability of regional CO2 fluxes, 1988-2003 SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE; SENSITIVITY; DELTA-C-13; SINKS; CYCLE AB Monthly CO2 fluxes are estimated across 1988-2003 for 22 emission regions using data from 78 CO2 measurement sites. The same inversion (method, priors, data) is performed with 13 different atmospheric transport models, and the spread in the results is taken as a measure of transport model error. Interannual variability (IAV) in the winds is not modeled, so any IAV in the measurements is attributed to IAV in the fluxes. When both this transport error and the random estimation errors are considered, the flux IAV obtained is statistically significant at P <= 0.05 when the fluxes are grouped into land and ocean components for three broad latitude bands, but is much less so when grouped into continents and basins. The transport errors have the largest impact in the extratropical northern latitudes. A third of the 22 emission regions have significant IAV, including the Tropical East Pacific (with physically plausible uptake/release across the 1997-2000 El Nino/La Nina) and Tropical Asia (with strong release in 1997/1998 coinciding with large-scale fires there). Most of the global IAV is attributed robustly to the tropical/southern land biosphere, including both the large release during the 1997/1998 El Nino and the post-Pinatubo uptake. C1 Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. CSIRO Marine & Atmospher Res, Aspendale, Vic 3195, Australia. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Lab Sci Climat & Environm, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, Dept Biogeochem Syst, D-07701 Jena, Germany. Japan Meteorol Agcy, Observat Dept, Div Atmospher Environm, Qual Assurance Sect,Chiyoda Ku, Tokyo 1008122, Japan. Japan Agcy Marine Earth Sci & Technol, Frontier Res Ctr Global Change, Inst Global Change Res, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2360001, Japan. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Res Inst Environm Management Technol, Global Environm Study Grp, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058569, Japan. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Baker, DF (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Terr Sci Sect, Climate & Global Dynam Div, 1850 Table Mesa Dr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM dfb@ucar.edu; rachel.law@csiro.au; keving@atmos.colostate.edu; peter.rayner@cea.fr; peylin@lsce.saclay.cea.fr; denning@atmos.colostate.edu; bousquet@lsce.saclay.cea.fr; lori.bruhwiler@noaa.gov; didi@mit.edu; ciais@lsce.saclay.cea.fr; ifung@uclink4.berkeley.edu; martin.heimann@bgc.jena.mpg.de; jasmin@atmos.berkeley.edu; maki@met.kishou.go.jp; shamil@jamstec.go.jp; kenneth.masarie@noaa.gov; mprather@uci.edu; bernard.pak@csiro.au; s.taguchi@aist.go.jp; zhu@mulan.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Law, Rachel/A-1969-2012; Denning, Scott/F-4974-2011; Pak, Bernard/F-4326-2015; Maksyutov, Shamil/G-6494-2011; Vuichard, Nicolas/A-6629-2011; Heimann, Martin/H-7807-2016 OI Law, Rachel/0000-0002-7346-0927; Denning, Scott/0000-0003-3032-7875; Pak, Bernard/0000-0002-2137-8171; Maksyutov, Shamil/0000-0002-1200-9577; Heimann, Martin/0000-0001-6296-5113 NR 32 TC 104 Z9 105 U1 3 U2 39 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD JAN 7 PY 2006 VL 20 IS 1 AR GB1002 DI 10.1029/2004GB002439 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 001CB UT WOS:000234509600001 ER PT J AU Henderson, MG Reeves, GD Skoug, R Thomsen, MF Denton, MH Mende, SB Immel, TJ Brandt, PC Singer, HJ AF Henderson, MG Reeves, GD Skoug, R Thomsen, MF Denton, MH Mende, SB Immel, TJ Brandt, PC Singer, HJ TI Magnetospheric and auroral activity during the 18 April 2002 sawtooth event SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TRANSPOLAR POTENTIAL SATURATION; MAGNETIC-FIELD; SUBSTORMS; PRESSURE; MODEL; BOUNDARY; CDAW-9; DRIVEN; IMAGES AB [1] We examine the 18 April 2002 sawtooth event. We find that the strong magnetic field dipolarizations observed in association with each tooth are not global in occurrence but are rather confined to the nightside. In addition, we find that the flux increases are not globally dispersionless. Instead, each tooth is associated with a nonglobal, but wider-than-usual, dispersionless injection region that is consistent with the high Kp versions of the standard injection boundary model ( which places the entire nightside segment of geosynchronous orbit tailward of the injection boundary for values of Kp above about 5). We also find evidence that at least one of the teeth was likely triggered by a pressure pulse. The auroral distribution shows a repeatable evolution in which a wide double-oval configuration gradually thins. Following this, a localized substorm-like brightening in the dusk to midnight sector occurs on the lower branch of the double oval which subsequently expands rapidly poleward and azimuthally. A new expanded double oval configuration emerges from this expansion phase activity and the cycle repeats itself for the duration of the sawtooth event. The observations presented give considerable support to the contention that sawtooth events are actually sequences of quasi-periodic substorms. We suggest that sawtooth events can be viewed as a magnetospheric mode similar to Steady Magnetospheric Convection intervals (SMCs) except that for sawtooth events, the flow of energy from the solar wind into the magnetosphere becomes too large to dissipate with out the periodic occurrence of substorms. We further suggest that the quasi-periodicity arises because the magnetosphere may only become susceptible to external or internal triggering after it has been driven beyond a stability threshold. This hypothesis can account for the existence of more potential external triggers ( in the interplanetary magnetic field or solar wind) than teeth in that the magnetosphere may be selectively responsive to them. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Henderson, MG (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Mail Stop D-466, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM mghenderson@lanl.gov RI Reeves, Geoffrey/E-8101-2011; Henderson, Michael/A-3948-2011; Brandt, Pontus/N-1218-2016; OI Reeves, Geoffrey/0000-0002-7985-8098; Henderson, Michael/0000-0003-4975-9029; Brandt, Pontus/0000-0002-4644-0306; Denton, Michael/0000-0002-1748-3710 NR 31 TC 73 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 EI 2169-9402 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD JAN 7 PY 2006 VL 111 IS A1 AR A01S90 DI 10.1029/2005JA011111 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 001CJ UT WOS:000234510500001 ER PT J AU Huang, XC McCoy, AB Bowman, JM Johnson, LM Savage, C Dong, F Nesbitt, DJ AF Huang, XC McCoy, AB Bowman, JM Johnson, LM Savage, C Dong, F Nesbitt, DJ TI Quantum deconstruction of the infrared spectrum of CH5+ SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID POTENTIAL-ENERGY SURFACE; PROTONATED METHANE; GAS-PHASE; DYNAMICS; IONS; ENERGETICS; CHEMISTRY; CLUSTER; STORY AB We present two quantum calculations of the infrared spectrum of protonated methane (CH5+) using fult-dimensional, ab initio-based potential energy and dipole moment surfaces. The calculated spectra compare well with a tow-resolution experimental spectrum except below 1000 cm(-1), where the experimental spectrum shows no absorption. The present calculations find substantial absorption features below 1000 cm(-1), in qualitative agreement with earlier classical calculations of the spectrum. The major spectral. bands are analyzed in terms of the molecular motions. of particular interest is an intense feature at 200 cm(-1), which is due to an isomerization mode that connects two equivalent minima. Very recent high-resolution jet-cooled spectra in the CH stretch region (2825 to 3050 cm(-1)) are also reported, and assignments of the band origins are made, based on the present quantum calculations. C1 Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Chem, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Emory Univ, Dept Chem, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Cherry L Emerson Ctr Sci Comp, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP McCoy, AB (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM mccoy@chemistry.ohio-state.edu; jmbowma@emory.edu; djn@jila.colorado.edu RI HUANG, XINCHUAN/A-3266-2013 NR 29 TC 77 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 18 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JAN 6 PY 2006 VL 311 IS 5757 BP 60 EP 63 DI 10.1126/science.1121166 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 001ON UT WOS:000234546300031 PM 16400143 ER PT J AU Brown, SS Ryerson, TB Wollny, AG Brock, CA Peltier, R Sullivan, AP Weber, RJ Dube, WP Trainer, M Meagher, JF Fehsenfeld, FC Ravishankara, AR AF Brown, SS Ryerson, TB Wollny, AG Brock, CA Peltier, R Sullivan, AP Weber, RJ Dube, WP Trainer, M Meagher, JF Fehsenfeld, FC Ravishankara, AR TI Variability in nocturnal nitrogen oxide processing and its role in regional air quality SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; SULFURIC-ACID; HETEROGENEOUS HYDROLYSIS; AQUEOUS AEROSOLS; SULFATE AEROSOLS; N2O5 HYDROLYSIS; CHEMISTRY; KINETICS; PHASE AB Nitrogen oxides in the lower troposphere catalyze the photochemical production of ozone (O-3) pollution during the day but react to form nitric acid, oxidize hydrocarbons, and remove O-3 at night. A key nocturnal reaction is the heterogeneous hydrolysis of dinitrogen pentoxide, N2O5. We report aircraft measurements of NO3 and N2O5, which show that the N2O5 uptake coefficient, gamma(N2O5), on aerosol particles is highly variable and depends strongly on aerosol composition, particularly sulfate content. The results have implications for the quantification of regional-scale O-3 production and suggest a stronger interaction between anthropogenic sulfur and nitrogen oxide emissions than previously recognized. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, R-CSD2,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM steven.s.brown@noaa.gov RI Brock, Charles/G-3406-2011; Trainer, Michael/H-5168-2013; Ryerson, Tom/C-9611-2009; Dube, William/I-1658-2013; Brown, Steven/I-1762-2013; Ravishankara, Akkihebbal/A-2914-2011; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Brock, Charles/0000-0002-4033-4668; Dube, William/0000-0003-1286-4087; NR 27 TC 161 Z9 161 U1 13 U2 84 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 EI 1095-9203 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JAN 6 PY 2006 VL 311 IS 5757 BP 67 EP 70 DI 10.1126/science.1120120 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 001ON UT WOS:000234546300033 PM 16400145 ER PT J AU Deshler, T Anderson-Sprecher, R Jager, H Barnes, J Hofmann, DJ Clemesha, B Simonich, D Osborn, M Grainger, RG Godin-Beekmann, S AF Deshler, T Anderson-Sprecher, R Jager, H Barnes, J Hofmann, DJ Clemesha, B Simonich, D Osborn, M Grainger, RG Godin-Beekmann, S TI Trends in the nonvolcanic component of stratospheric aerosol over the period 1971-2004 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID SAGE-II; EL-CHICHON; VOLCANIC-ERUPTIONS; OZONE DEPLETION; NORTHERN MIDLATITUDES; LIDAR MEASUREMENTS; PINATUBO ERUPTION; GAS EXPERIMENT; VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION; BACKGROUND AEROSOL AB [1] The six longest records of stratospheric aerosol ( in situ measurements at Laramie, Wyoming, lidar records at: Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany; Hampton, Virginia; Mauna Loa, Hawaii; Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil, and SAGE II measurements) were investigated for trend by ( 1) comparing measurements in the 3 volcanically quiescent periods since 1970 using standard analysis of variance techniques, and ( 2) analyzing residuals from a time/volcano dependent empirical model applied to entire data sets. A standard squared-error residual minimization technique was used to estimate optimum parameters for each measurement set, allowing for first order autocorrelation, which increases standard errors of trends but does not change magnitude. Analysis of variance over the 3 volcanically quiescent periods is controlled by the end points (pre-El Chichon and post-Pinatubo), and indicates either no change (Garmisch, Hampton, Sao Jose dos Campos, Laramie-0.15 mu m) or a slight, statistically insignificant, decrease ( Mauna Loa, Laramie-0.25 mu m), - 1 +/- 0.5% yr(-1). The empirical model was applied to the same records plus 1020 nm SAGE II data separated into 33 latitude/altitude bins. No trend in stratospheric aerosol was apparent for 31 of 33 SAGE II data sets, 3 of 4 lidar records, and in situ measurements at 0.15 mu m. For Hampton and Laramie-0.25 mu m, the results suggest a weak negative trend, - 2 +/- 0.5% yr(-1), while 2 SAGE II data sets ( 30 - 35 km, 30 degrees and 40 degrees N) suggest a positive trend of similar magnitude. Overall we conclude that no long-term change in background stratospheric aerosol has occurred over the period 1970 - 2004. C1 Univ Wyoming, Dept Atmospher Sci, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Stat, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, IMK IFU, D-82467 Garmisch Partenkirchen, Germany. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Inst Nacl Pesquisas Espaciais, BR-12227010 Sao Jose Dos Campos, Brazil. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. Univ Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. CNRS, Inst Pierre Simon Laplace, Serv Aeron, F-75252 Paris, France. RP Deshler, T (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Dept Atmospher Sci, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. EM deshler@uwyo.edu RI Grainger, Roy/E-8823-2011; Garmisch-Pa, Ifu/H-9902-2014 OI Grainger, Roy/0000-0003-0709-1315; NR 97 TC 40 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 5 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D1 AR D01201 DI 10.1029/2005JD006089 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 001CD UT WOS:000234509800001 ER PT J AU Jiang, HL Feingold, G AF Jiang, HL Feingold, G TI Effect of aerosol on warm convective clouds: Aerosol-cloud-surface flux feedbacks in a new coupled large eddy model SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID SHALLOW CUMULUS CONVECTION; BOUNDARY-LAYER; SOIL-MOISTURE; AMAZON SMOKE; BLACK CARBON; SIMULATION; FOREST; STRATOCUMULUS; MICROPHYSICS; SATELLITE AB [1] We present a new large eddy simulation model that comprises coupled components representing size-resolved aerosol and cloud microphysics, radiative properties of aerosol and clouds, dynamics, and a surface soil and vegetation model. The model is used to investigate the effect of increases in aerosol on liquid water path LWP, cloud fraction, optical depth, and precipitation formation in warm, continental cumulus clouds. Sets of simulations that either neglect, or include the radiative properties of a partially absorbing aerosol are performed. In the absence of aerosol radiative effects, an increase in aerosol loading results in a reduction in precipitation. However, the clouds do not experience significant changes in LWP, cloud fraction and cloud depth; aerosol effects on LWP and cloud fraction are small compared to the dynamical variability of the clouds at any given aerosol concentration. Reasons for this response are discussed. When aerosol radiative effects are included, the modification in atmospheric heating profiles, and the reduction in surface latent and sensible heat fluxes resulting from the presence of these particles, have a significant effect on cloud parameters and boundary layer evolution. For the case considered, there is a significant reduction in the strength of convection, LWP, cloud fraction and cloud depth. Cloud optical depth responds non-monotonically to the increase in aerosol. These results indicate that in continental regions surface processes must be included in calculations of aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions. Neglect of these surface processes may result in an overestimate of the second aerosol indirect effect. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst res Lab, CIRA, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Jiang, HL (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst res Lab, CIRA, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM hongli.jiang@noaa.gov; graham.feingold@noaa.gov RI Feingold, Graham/B-6152-2009; Jiang, Hongli/N-3281-2014; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 NR 50 TC 62 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 5 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D1 AR D01202 DI 10.1029/2005JD006138 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 001CD UT WOS:000234509800002 ER PT J AU Lafferty, WJ Flaud, JM Herman, M AF Lafferty, W. J. Flaud, J. -M. Herman, M. TI Resolved torsional splitting in the v(18) and v(19-) bands of propene SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE LA English DT Article DE propene; propylene; Fourier-transform jet spectra; 80 K sample temperature; internal rotation; torsional splitting ID MU-M; SPECTRUM; JET; SPECTROSCOPY AB FT-jet spectra of propene were recorded at 0.005 cm(-1) instrumental resolution around 950 cm(-1). Thanks to the jet conditions, probably corresponding to T-rot close to 80 K, the torsion degrees of freedom are efficiently cooled down and the fine structure of the v(18) and v(19) vibrational bands could be investigated. The bands are perturbed and approximate variation of the principal rotational constants are obtained, as well as band origins. The A/E torsional splitting appears totally unpredictable over the range of vibrational-torsional energy investigated. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Free Univ Brussels, Lab Chim Quant & Photophys, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. CNRS, Lab Interuniv Syst Atmospher, F-94010 Creteil, France. Univ Paris 12, F-94010 Creteil, France. RP Herman, M (reprint author), Free Univ Brussels, Lab Chim Quant & Photophys, CP160-09,Ave Roosevelt 50, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. EM mherman@ulb.ac.be NR 9 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-2860 J9 J MOL STRUCT JI J. Mol. Struct. PD JAN 3 PY 2006 VL 780-81 SI SI BP 65 EP 69 DI 10.1016/j.molstruc.2005.03.051 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 005SF UT WOS:000234843400009 ER PT J AU Picraux, LB Zangmeister, CD Batteas, JD AF Picraux, LB Zangmeister, CD Batteas, JD TI Preparation and structure of a low-density, flat-lying decanethiol monolayer from the densely packed, upright monolayer on gold SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; ANGLE-RESOLVED PHOTOEMISSION; SCANNING-TUNNELING-MICROSCOPY; VALENCE ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; CHAIN N-ALKANE; PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; LANGMUIR-BLODGETT; ULTRAHIGH-VACUUM; UV-PHOTOEMISSION; X-RAY AB This study investigates the formation of low-density, flat-lying decanethiol chemisorbed on Au prepared by heating the surface covered with a densely packed, upright monolayer to a surface temperature above that of the onset of desorption. We determined conditions for preparing the low-density phase by observing the evolution of the photoemission spectrum as a function of the surface temperature using polarized ultraviolet light and by utilizing scanning tunneling microscopy. The preparation conditions were similar for single- and polycrystalline gold surfaces. Once the low-density decanethiol phase was formed, reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy was employed to determine the orientation of the carbon chain backbone with respect to the Au surface. The nature of the valance electronic structure for flat-lying decanethiol is described. C1 NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zangmeister, CD (reprint author), NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Christopher.Zangmeister@nist.gov RI Batteas, James/D-4144-2015 OI Batteas, James/0000-0002-6244-5000 NR 47 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD JAN 3 PY 2006 VL 22 IS 1 BP 174 EP 180 DI 10.1021/la052231v PG 7 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 999SH UT WOS:000234410300030 PM 16378417 ER PT J AU McGillis, WR Wanninkhof, R AF McGillis, WR Wanninkhof, R TI Aqueous CO2 gradients for air-sea flux estimates SO MARINE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE chemical oceanography; carbon system; partial pressure; fugacity; aqueous concentration; air water gas transfer ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; DISSOCIATION-CONSTANTS; DEHYDRATION KINETICS; SURFACE OCEAN; SEAWATER; TEMPERATURE; WATER; SOLUBILITY; ACID; SKIN AB The concentration of gaseous carbon dioxide (CO2) in surface seawater is a fundamental control on the CO2 flux between the ocean and atmosphere. However, the concentration gradient in the aqueous mass boundary layer determines the magnitude and direction of the flux. The gradients Of CO2 in the aqueous mass boundary layer cannot be measured directly and are usually inferred from partial pressures or fugacities Of CO2 (f(CO2)) in the air and water, In addition to the f(CO2), the temperatures at the top and bottom of the aqueous mass boundary layer must be known to determine the thermodynamic driving force Of CO2 gas transfer. Expressing the gradient in terms of the aqueous CO2 concentration, [CO2aq], also avoids some conceptual ambiguities. In particular, expressing the CO2 as a fugacity, which is defined relative to the gas phase, when the gas exchange rate is controlled in the aqueous mass boundary layer often leads to errors in interpretation with respect to changes in boundary layer temperature. As a result the enhanced CO2 flux caused by the cool skin effect appears, to be overestimated. Apart from the difficulties estimating the temperature at the top and bottom or the aqueous mass boundary layer, the temperature dependence of solubility and fugacity Of CO2 is uncertain to the degree that it can bias air-sea CO2 flux estimates. The CO2aq at the surface, [CO2aq0], is at equilibrium with the atmospheric CO2 level, As [CO2aqo] is strongly temperature dependent, it will be significantly higher at high latitude compared to low latitude, while atmospheric CO, levels show much less of a gradient. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Engn, New York, NY 10027 USA. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Geol Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. RP Wanninkhof, R (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM wrm2102@columbia.edu; rik.wanninkhof@noaa.gov NR 35 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4203 J9 MAR CHEM JI Mar. Chem. PD JAN 2 PY 2006 VL 98 IS 1 BP 100 EP 108 DI 10.1016/j.marchem.2005.09.003 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Chemistry; Oceanography GA 006RJ UT WOS:000234914300007 ER PT B AU Ranganathan, M Deruelle, J Montgomery, D AF Ranganathan, M. Deruelle, Jean Montgomery, Doug GP IEEE TI Programmable active services for SIP SO 2006 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS SOFTWARE & MIDDLEWARE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Communication Systems Software and Middleware CY JAN 08-12, 2006 CL New Delhi, INDIA AB SIP-Based IP Telephony offers the promise of rapid service creation and dynamic deployment. SIP Services are fragments of code that are triggered by SIP Messages and can perform actions on behalf of registered users. We present Programmable Active Services for SIP (PASS), a technique that uses Java square Security and Java Bytecode re-writing to allow un-trusted services to run on SIP Signaling Servers. Our technique allows users to write and upload services as Java classes with no a priori. constraints on the structure or content of the programs. This generality permits users to leverage the extensive Java libraries and to program new SIP services in familiar environments. We define an extended, SIP specific, Java security model that restricts the behavior of the executing SIP service and that constrains the computational resources that it consumes. C1 [Ranganathan, M.; Deruelle, Jean; Montgomery, Doug] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Adv Networking Technol Div, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ranganathan, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Adv Networking Technol Div, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mranga@nist.gov; jean.deruelle@gmail.com; dougm@nist.gov FU DARPA Active Networks; NIST's Information Technology Laboratory FX This work was supported by the DARPA Active Networks Program and by NISTs Information Technology Laboratory. The authors are grateful to Stephen Quirolgico for reviewing this material and providing detailed feedback to improve its presentation and readability. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-0-7803-9574-9 PY 2006 BP 388 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BFS72 UT WOS:000244385500048 ER PT B AU Tringe, J MoberlyChan, W Stevens, C Davydov, A Motayed, A AF Tringe, Joseph MoberlyChan, Warren Stevens, Charles Davydov, Albert Motayed, Abhishek GP IEEE TI Electron beam-induced light emission and transport in GaN nanowires SO 2006 1st International Conference on Nano-Networks and Workshops LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Nano-Networks and Workshops CY SEP 14-16, 2006 CL Lausanne, SWITZERLAND SP IEEE DE nanowire; GaN; light; waveguide; optical ID OPTICAL INTERCONNECT AB We report observations of electron beam-induced light from GaN nanowires grown by chemical vapor deposition. GaN nanowires were modified in-situ with deposited opaque platinum coatings to estimate the extent to which light is channeled to the ends of nanowires. Some evidence of light channeling was found, but wire microstructure and defects play an important role in light scattering and transport, limiting the extent to which light is confined. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Chem & Mat Sci Directorate, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tringe, J (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Chem & Mat Sci Directorate, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Davydov, Albert/F-7773-2010 OI Davydov, Albert/0000-0003-4512-2311 NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0390-5 PY 2006 BP 82 EP 85 PG 4 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Telecommunications SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Telecommunications GA BFZ82 UT WOS:000245713500016 ER PT B AU Karygiannis, A Antonakakis, E AF Karygiannis, A. Antonakakis, E. GP IEEE TI mLab: An Ad Hoc Network Test Bed SO 2006 3RD IEEE CONSUMER COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-3 SE IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference CY JAN 08-10, 2006 CL Las Vegas, NV SP IEEE Comp Soc DE ad hoc; test bed; MANET AB Over the last few years, research in the area of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) has focused on routing protocol performance improvements, security enhancements, power consumption optimizations, and quality of service metrics. The availability of sophisticated network simulation tools, such a NS2 and GloMoSim, has allowed researchers to study MANETs without purchasing the mobile nodes themselves or conducting costly and time-consuming field trial tests [PAPAD, HU, ZAPAT]. While there is an abundance of research based on simulations, actual implementations of ad hoc routing protocols and applications are very limited by comparison. Although proposed application areas benefiting from MANETs range from sensor networks, vehicle safety, military reconnaissance, first responder assistance, smart homes, and factory automation, these application scenarios have remained largely the domain of university researchers or government funded laboratories. This paper presents a MANET test bed currently under development whose goal is to help researchers and developers bridge the gap between simulations and actual MANET deployments. C1 [Karygiannis, A.; Antonakakis, E.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Karygiannis, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM karygiannis@nist.gov; manos@nist.gov NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0085-0 J9 CONSUM COMM NETWORK PY 2006 BP 1312 EP 1313 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Engineering; Telecommunications GA BIQ49 UT WOS:000262052700272 ER PT S AU Foedisch, M Madhavant, R Balakirsky, S Shneier, M Schlenoff, C AF Foedisch, M. Madhavant, R. Balakirsky, S. Shneier, M. Schlenoff, C. GP IEEE TI Symbolic representations for autonomous vehicle perception and control in urban environments SO 2006 9TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONTROL, AUTOMATION, ROBOTICS AND VISION, VOLS 1- 5 SE International Conference on Control Automation Robotics and Vision LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision CY DEC 05-08, 2006 CL Singapore, SINGAPORE ID SIGN DETECTION AB In this paper, we describe our recent efforts on symbolic representations enabling autonomous driving in dynamic environments such as on-road driving. In contrast to traditional bottorn-up approaches where temporal accumulation of locally insignificant inaccuracies causes eventual failures in high-level scene interpretation, our proposed knowledge-driven top-down approach combined with vehicle's intentions can provide valuable information to guide low-level bottom-up tasks and vice-versa. We contend that such rich symbolic representations can reduce the burden on sensory processing thereby dynamically directing it to look for particular features in expected locations and subsequently facilitating the vehicle to better react to potentially dangerous situations, such as the appearance of pedestrians in the road. We demonstrate the proposed approaches in various scenarios pertaining to vehicle perception and control using field data obtained from a military Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) traversing urban environments. C1 [Foedisch, M.; Madhavant, R.; Balakirsky, S.; Shneier, M.; Schlenoff, C.] NIST, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Madhavant, R.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Computat Sci & Engn Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Foedisch, M (reprint author), NIST, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mike.foedisch@nist.gov; raj.madhavan@nist.gov; stephen.balakirsky@nist.gov; michael.shneier@nist.gov; craig.schlenoff@nist.gov NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2474-2953 BN 978-1-4244-0341-7 J9 I C CONT AUTOMAT ROB PY 2006 BP 702 EP + PG 2 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Robotics GA BGH19 UT WOS:000246927401040 ER PT S AU Madhavan, R Kootbally, Z Schlenoff, C AF Madhavan, R. Kootbally, Z. Schlenoff, C. GP IEEE TI Prediction in dynamic environments for autonomous on-road driving SO 2006 9TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONTROL, AUTOMATION, ROBOTICS AND VISION, VOLS 1- 5 SE International Conference on Control Automation Robotics and Vision LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision CY DEC 05-08, 2006 CL Singapore, SINGAPORE AB We have developed PRIDE (Prediction In Dynamic Environments), a hierarchical multi-resolutional framework for moving object prediction that incorporates multiple prediction algorithms into a single, unifying framework. PRIDE incorporates a long-term (LT) prediction approach based on situation recognition and a short-term (ST) prediction approach based on vehicle models. These two approaches provide for the prediction of the future location of moving objects at various levels of resolution at the frequency and level of abstraction necessary for planners at different levels within the hierarchy using sensory data. In this paper, we demonstrate the ability to use the results of the short-term prediction algorithms to strengthen/weaken the estimates of the long-term prediction algorithms via experimental results. We provide experimental results in an autonomous on-road driving scenario using AutoSim(1), a high-fidelity simulation tool that models details about road networks, including individual lanes, lane markings, intersections, legal intersection traversability, etc. C1 [Madhavan, R.; Kootbally, Z.; Schlenoff, C.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Madhavan, R.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Computat Sci & Engn Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Madhavan, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM raj.madhavan@nist.gov; zeid.kootbally@nist.gov; craig.schlenoff@nist.gov FU UT-Battelle, LLC [DE-AC-05-00OR22725]; U.S. Department of Energy FX This manuscript has been authored by UT-Battelle, LLC, under contract DE-AC-05-00OR22725 with the U.S. Department of Energy. The United States Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world- wide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2474-2953 BN 978-1-4244-0341-7 J9 I C CONT AUTOMAT ROB PY 2006 BP 713 EP + PG 2 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Robotics GA BGH19 UT WOS:000246927401042 ER PT S AU Bostelman, R Hong, T Madhavan, R Chang, T Scott, H AF Bostelman, R. Hong, T. Madhavan, R. Chang, T. Scott, H. GP IEEE TI Performance analysis of an autonomous mobile robot mapping system for outdoor environments SO 2006 9TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONTROL, AUTOMATION, ROBOTICS AND VISION, VOLS 1- 5 SE International Conference on Control Automation Robotics and Vision LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision CY DEC 05-08, 2006 CL Singapore, SINGAPORE DE world modeling; global positioning system; performance analysis; stereo vision; mapping AB As unmanned ground vehicles take on more and more intelligent tasks, determination of potential obstacles and accurate estimation of their position become critical for successful navigation and path planning. The performance analysis of obstacle mapping and unmanned vehicle positioning in outdoor environments is the subject of this paper. Recently, the National Institute of Standards and Technology's (NIST) Intelligent Svstems Division has been a part of the Defense Advanced liesearch Project Agency LAGR (Learning Applied to Ground Robots) Program. NISi's objective for the LAGR Project is to insert learning algorithms into the modules that make up the NIST 4D/RCS (Four Dimensional/Real-Time Control System) standard reference model architecture which has been successfully applied to many intelligent systems. We detail world modeling techniques used in the 4D/RCS architecture and then analyze the high precision maps generated by the vehicle world modeling algorithms as compared to ground truth obtained from an independent differential GPS system operable throughout most of the NIST campus. This work has implications, not only for outdoor vehicles but also, for indoor automated guided vehicles where future systems will have more and more onboard intelligence requiring non-contact sensors to provide accurate vehicle and object positioning. C1 [Bostelman, R.; Hong, T.; Chang, T.; Scott, H.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Madhavan, R.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Comp Sci & Engn Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Bostelman, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM roger.bostelman@nist.gov; tsai.hong@nist.gov; raj.madhavan@nist.gov; tommy.chang@nist.gov; harry.scott@nist.gov NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2474-2953 BN 978-1-4244-0341-7 J9 I C CONT AUTOMAT ROB PY 2006 BP 1249 EP + PG 2 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Robotics GA BGH19 UT WOS:000246927402048 ER PT B AU Myslinski, M Schreurs, D Remley, KA Nauwelaers, B AF Myslinski, Maciej Schreurs, Dominique Remley, Kate A. Nauwelaers, Bart GP IEEE TI Wideband large-signal RF measurements applied to behavioral model extraction SO 2006 EUROPEAN MICROWAVE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 36th European Microwave Conference CY SEP 10-15, 2006 CL Manchester, ENGLAND DE behavioral model; large-signal measurements; neural network applications; nonlinear systems; system analysis and design AB This paper presents, for the first time, wideband large signal network analyzer (LSNA) measurements used to extract a large-signal behavioral model of an RF amplifier. The methodology together with some important issues concerning the data processing are discussed. The procedure is illustrated by an example of a packaged buffer amplifier for wireless applications. We performed qualitative and quantitative analysis of the model's accuracy by means of wideband large-signal measurements and large-signal metrics, respectively. Additionally, we compare these results with those obtained from a behavioural model based on narrowband LSNA measurements. C1 [Myslinski, Maciej; Schreurs, Dominique; Nauwelaers, Bart] Katholieke Univ Leuven, ESAT, TELEMIC, Kasteelpk Arenberg 10, B-3001 Louvain, Belgium. [Remley, Kate A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electromagnet, Boulder 80305, CO USA. RP Myslinski, M (reprint author), Katholieke Univ Leuven, ESAT, TELEMIC, Kasteelpk Arenberg 10, B-3001 Louvain, Belgium. EM remley@boulder.nist.gov RI Nauwelaers, Bart/C-8321-2012 OI Nauwelaers, Bart/0000-0003-3986-2786 FU Information Society Technologies Programme of the EU [IST-1- 507893-NOE]; FWO [G.0405.03]; Scientific Research-Flanders FX Research reported here was performed in the context of the network TARGET Top Amplifier Research Groups in a European Team and supported by the Information Society Technologies Programme of the EU under contract IST-1- 507893-NOE, www.target-net.org . This work was partially funded by the FWO project G.0405.03. D. Schreurs is supported by the Fund for Scientific Research-Flanders as a postdoctoral fellow. Partial work of the U.S. government, not subject to copyright in the United States. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-2-9600551-6-0 PY 2006 BP 710 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BFX83 UT WOS:000245346100187 ER PT B AU Helisto, P Luukanen, A Gronberg, L Penttila, JS Seppa, H Sipola, H Dietlein, CR Grossman, EN AF Helistoe, P. Luukanen, A. Groenberg, L. Penttilae, J. S. Seppae, H. Sipola, H. Dietlein, C. R. Grossman, E. N. GP IEEE TI Antenna-coupled microbolometers for passive THz direct detection imaging arrays SO 2006 EUROPEAN MICROWAVE INTEGRATED CIRCUITS CONFERENCE SE European Microwave Integrated Circuits Conference - Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st European Microwave Integrated Circuits Conference CY OCT 10-13, 2006 CL Manchester, ENGLAND DE millimetre-wave imaging; THz radiation; bolometers; concealed weapons detection ID ELECTROTHERMAL FEEDBACK; MILLIMETER-WAVE; BOLOMETERS AB In the recent years, millimetre wave and THz imaging have received a vast amount of interest due to the interesting possibilities and applications that imaging at these frequencies could enable. Many of the applications that have generated substantial interest (such as stand-off concealed weapons detection) often require exquisite sensitivity, while a low system cost is required. In this paper we discuss one potential candidate for affordable imaging arrays: an antenna-coupled superconducting nucrobolometer. We show that these devices possess capabilities that are hard to meet with other passive detection schemes. While refrigeration to cryogenic temperatures is required for maximum performance, we show that the devices can be operated within a cryogen-free refrigerator that allows for turn-key operation. Comparison with other detectors is presented. C1 [Helistoe, P.; Groenberg, L.; Penttilae, J. S.; Seppae, H.; Sipola, H.] VTT Tech Res Ctr Finland, POB 1000, Espoo 02044, Finland. [Luukanen, A.] VTT Tech Res Ctr Finland, MilliLab, Espoo 02044, Finland. [Dietlein, C. R.] Univ Colorado, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Grossman, E. N.] Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Helisto, P (reprint author), VTT Tech Res Ctr Finland, POB 1000, Espoo 02044, Finland. FU TEKES (the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation) [40384/05]; Oxford Instruments Oy; Rapiscan Systems Oy; Academy of Finland (Centre of Excellence in Low Temperature Quantum Phenomena and Devices) FX Financial support from TEKES (the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation, contract No. 40384/05), Oxford Instruments Oy, Rapiscan Systems Oy and the Academy of Finland (Centre of Excellence in Low Temperature Quantum Phenomena and Devices) is acknowledged. NR 10 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-2-9600551-8-4 J9 EUR MICROW INTEGRAT PY 2006 BP 35 EP + DI 10.1109/EMICC.2006.282743 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BGI98 UT WOS:000247370600010 ER PT S AU Fernandez, DE Chang, PS Carswell, JR Contreras, RF Frasier, SJ AF Fernandez, Daniel Esteban Chang, Paul S. Carswell, James R. Contreras, Robert F. Frasier, Stephen J. GP IEEE TI IWRAP: the Imaging Wind and Rain Airborne Profiler for remote sensing of the ocean and the atmospheric boundary layer within Tropical Cyclones SO 2006 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-9 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2006 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 04-11, 2006 CL Big Sky, MT AB IWRAP, the Imaging Wind and Rain Airborne Profiler, is the first high-resolution dual-band airborne Doppler radar designed to study the inner core of Tropical Cyclones (TCs). IWRAP is currently operated from a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) WP-3D aircraft during missions through TCs and severe ocean storms. The system is designed to provide high-resolution, dual-polarized, multi-beam C- and Ku-band reflectivity and Doppler velocity profiles of the atmospheric boundary layer within the inner core precipitation bands of TCs and to study the effects precipitation has on ocean wind scatterometry as it applies to TCs. This dual-wavelength system also provides for the use of differential attenuation techniques to derive the rainfall rate and to characterize the dropsize distribution (DSD) within TCs. This prototype has demonstrated its capability to measure the wind field and the rainfall rate over the range of winds and rain rates usually present in this kind of scenario, and has served as a proof of concept for the design of similar instruments aboard other platforms such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) flying at high altitudes, as well as for spaceborne applications. IWRAP implements a very unique measurement strategy, it profiles simultaneously at four separate incidence angles (approximately 30, 35, 40 and 50 degrees) while conically scanning at 6 0 RPM. A summary of the principles of operation and the system design of the instrument will be given, and examples of IWRAP's unique imaging capabilities will be presented and compared against high density sequencies of GPS dropsondes and other radars aboard the aircraft. To our knowledge, the examples that will be presented include the highest-resolution measurements of the boundary layer winds in a hurricane ever obtained. C1 [Fernandez, Daniel Esteban; Chang, Paul S.] NOAA, NESDIS, ORA, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Carswell, James R.] Remote Sensing Solut, Barnstable, MA 02630 USA. [Contreras, Robert F.; Frasier, Stephen J.] Univ Massachusetts, Microwave Remote Sensing Lab, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Fernandez, DE (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, ORA, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM daniel.fernandez@noaa.gov; paul.s.chang@noaa.gov; carswell@rmss.us; robb@mirsl.ecs.umass.edu; frasier@ecs.umass.edu RI Chang, Paul/F-5580-2010; Frasier, Stephen/H-1536-2015 OI Chang, Paul/0000-0001-5113-0938; Frasier, Stephen/0000-0003-4287-2889 FU Office of Naval Research (Remote Sensing) [N00014-01-1-0923]; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [NA17ECh1348]; National Aeronautics and SpaceAdmonistration Ocean Vector Wcnds Science Team FX Thes work was supported by the Office of Naval Research (Remote Sensing) Grant N00014-01-1-0923, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Grant NA17ECh1348 and the National Aeronautics and SpaceAdmonistration Ocean Vector Wcnds Science Team NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-9545-X J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2006 BP 1054 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BFF34 UT WOS:000241583101044 ER PT S AU Linnenbrink, TE Boyer, WB Paulter, NG Tilden, SJ AF Linnenbrink, Thomas E. Boyer, William B. Paulter, Nicholas G., Jr. Tilden, Steven J. GP IEEE TI IEEE TC-10: Update 2006 SO 2006 IEEE INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference CY APR 24-27, 2006 CL Sorrento, ITALY SP IEEE Instrumentat & Measurement Soc DE IEEE Std 181; IEEE Std 1057; IEEE Std 1241; IEEE Std 1658 (Draft); digitizing waveform recorder; pulse; ADC; DAC; measurement AB There is a need throughout the world for uniform test methods for devices used to generate, measure, and analyze waveforms. Technical Committee 10 (TC-10), the Waveform Generation, Measurement, and Analysis Committee of the Instrumentation and Measurement (I&M) Society, is tasked to develop standards to address these needs. To date, standards have been developed for digitizing waveform recorders, analog-to-digital converters, and transitions, pulses, and related Waveforms. A standard for digital-to-analog converters is in progress. C1 [Linnenbrink, Thomas E.] Hittite Microwave Corp, Chair Waveform Generat Measurement & Anal Comm TC, Colorado Springs, CO 80907 USA. [Boyer, William B.] Chair Subcomm Digital Waveform Recorders, Sandia Natl Lab, Albuquerque, NM USA. [Paulter, Nicholas G., Jr.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chair Subcomm Pulse Techniques SCOPT, Gaithersburg, MD USA. [Tilden, Steven J.] Texas Instruments Inc, Chair Subcomm Digital Analog Converters DACs, Chair Subcomm Analog Digital Converters ADCs, Tucson, AZ USA. RP Linnenbrink, TE (reprint author), Hittite Microwave Corp, Chair Waveform Generat Measurement & Anal Comm TC, Colorado Springs, CO 80907 USA. EM linnenbrink@hittite.com; billboyer@netseape.com; nicholas.paulter@nist.gov; tilden_steve@ti.com NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1091-5281 BN 978-0-7803-9359-2 J9 IEEE IMTC P PY 2006 BP 130 EP + DI 10.1109/IMTC.2006.328299 PG 2 WC Instruments & Instrumentation SC Instruments & Instrumentation GA BFS10 UT WOS:000244176700025 ER PT S AU Obrzut, J Nozaki, R AF Obrzut, J. Nozaki, R. GP IEEE TI TDR permittivity measurements of dielectric films SO 2006 IEEE INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference CY APR 24-27, 2006 CL Sorrento, ITALY SP IEEE Instrumentat & Measurement Soc DE TDR; high frequency measurements; dielectric materials ID MICROSTRIP RESONATORS AB We describe a time-domain reflectometry (TDR) technique to measure the dielectric permittivity of film materials with enhanced dielectric constant. The test specimen consists of a planar capacitor terminating coaxial waveguide. The complex permittivity is obtained from analysis of the incident and the reflected voltage waves. In order to improve accuracy at higher frequencies, we introduced a propagation term correcting the lumped element model. The applicability of the method has been verified at frequencies from 100 MHz to 10 GHz on several polymer composite films, 8 mu m to 100 mu m thick, having a dielectric constant ranging from 3.5 to 40. When compared to other techniques, TDR provides a more intuitive and direct insight into capacitance density and impedance characteristics, which is useful in high-frequency characterization of materials for embedded capacitance applications. C1 [Obrzut, J.] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Nozaki, R.] Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Div Phys, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600810, Japan. RP Obrzut, J (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OI Obrzut, Jan/0000-0001-6667-9712 FU NIST Advanced Technology Program FX This report is based in part upon work supported by the NIST Advanced Technology Program. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1091-5281 BN 978-0-7803-9359-2 J9 IEEE IMTC P PY 2006 BP 1816 EP + DI 10.1109/IMTC.2006.328257 PG 2 WC Instruments & Instrumentation SC Instruments & Instrumentation GA BFS10 UT WOS:000244176703069 ER PT S AU Lee, K Song, E AF Lee, Kang Song, Eugene GP IEEE TI A wireless environmental monitoring system based on the IEEE 1451.1 standards SO 2006 IEEE INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference CY APR 24-27, 2006 CL Sorrento, ITALY SP IEEE Instrumentat & Measurement Soc DE client-server; IEEE 1451.1; interface standards; NCAP; object-oriented framework; smart sensor; publisher subscriber; UML; wireless environmental monitoring system AB This paper describes a wireless environmental monitoring system developed at the National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST) based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer (IEEE) 1451.1 standards using the Unified Modeling Language (UML) tool. This system is built on the established object-oriented framework of IEEE 1451.1. It consists of two IEEE 1451.1-based Network Capable Application Processor (NCAP) nodes. These nodes communicate with each other applying the client-server and publisher subscriber communication models of the IEEE 1451.1 standard and implementing the IEEE 802.11 wireless communication protocol. Two implementations of the interfaces based on the IEEE 1451.1 communication models are explained. One implementation illustrates the publisher subscriber model by publishing multiple sensor data using UDP/IP Java MulticastSocket. The other implementation illustrates the client-server model through the request and response of sensor TEDS data using TCP/1P Java Socket. The work described in this paper provides some guidelines for developing IEEE1451.1-based applications. C1 [Lee, Kang; Song, Eugene] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8220, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lee, K (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8220, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM kang.lee@nist.gov; ysong@nist.gov NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1091-5281 BN 978-0-7803-9359-2 J9 IEEE IMTC P PY 2006 BP 1931 EP + DI 10.1109/IMTC.2006.328314 PG 2 WC Instruments & Instrumentation SC Instruments & Instrumentation GA BFS10 UT WOS:000244176703089 ER PT S AU Souryal, MR Vojcic, BR AF Souryal, Michael R. Vojcic, Branimir R. GP IEEE TI Performance of amplify-and-forward and decode-and-forward relaying in Rayleigh fading with turbo codes SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ACOUSTICS, SPEECH, AND SIGNAL PROCESSING, VOL IV, PROCESSING: SIGNAL PROCESSING FOR COMMUNICATION, SENSOR ARRAY AND MULTICHANNEL SIGNAL PROCESSING SE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing ICASSP LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 31st IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing CY MAY 14-19, 2006 CL Toulouse, FRANCE SP IEEE Signal Proc Soc AB Cooperative transmission, in which a source and relay cooperate to send a message to a destination, can provide spatial diversity against fading in wireless networks. We derive analytical expressions for the error probability of amplify-and-forward (AF), decode-and-forward (DF), and a new hybrid AF/DF relaying protocol, for systems using strong forward error correction in quasistatic Rayleigh fading channels, and these expressions are shown to compare favorably with simulation results using turbo codes. Analytical results include an exact expression for the distribution of the SNR in AF transmission. For the protocols that achieve diversity (AF, adaptive DF, and hybrid AF/DF), the optimum position of the relay is midway between the source and destination, implying that mutual relaying (or partnering) to a common destination is suboptimal. C1 [Souryal, Michael R.] Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Wireless Commun Technol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD USA. [Vojcic, Branimir R.] George Washington Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Washington, DC 20052 USA. RP Souryal, MR (reprint author), Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Wireless Commun Technol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD USA. NR 6 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1520-6149 J9 INT CONF ACOUST SPEE PY 2006 BP 681 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BFW22 UT WOS:000245062900171 ER PT S AU Souryal, MR Vojcic, BR AF Souryal, Michael R. Vojcic, Branimir R. GP IEEE TI Performance of ampliefy-and-forward and decode-and-forward relaying in Rayleigh fading with turbo codes SO 2006 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Vols 1-13 SE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 31st IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing CY MAY 14-19, 2006 CL Toulouse, FRANCE SP IEEE Signal Proc Soc AB Cooperative transmission, in which a source and relay cooperate to send a message to a destination, can provide spatial diversity against fading in wireless networks. We derive analytical expressions for the error probability of amplify-and-forward (AF), decode-and-forward (DF), and a new hybrid AF/DF relaying protocol, for systems using strong forward error correction in quasistatic Rayleigh fading channels, and these expressions are shown to compare favorably with simulation results using turbo codes. Analytical results include an exact expression for the distribution of the SNR in AF transmission. For the protocols that achieve diversity (AF, adaptive DF, and hybrid AF/DF), the optimum position of the relay is midway between the source and destination, implying that mutual relaying (or partnering) to a common destination is suboptimal. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Wireless Commun Technol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Souryal, MR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Wireless Commun Technol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1520-6149 BN 978-1-4244-0468-1 J9 INT CONF ACOUST SPEE PY 2006 BP 4351 EP 4354 PG 4 WC Acoustics; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Acoustics; Computer Science; Engineering; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFZ22 UT WOS:000245559905027 ER PT S AU Lee, S Golmie, N AF Lee, SuKyoung Golmie, Nada GP IEEE TI Power-Efficient Interface Selection Scheme using Paging of WWAN for WLAN in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOLS 1-12 SE IEEE International Conference on Communications LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC 2006) CY JUN 11-15, 2006 CL Istanbul, TURKEY SP IEEE AB In heterogeneous wireless networks, there have been several efforts aimed at having mobile devices equipped with multiple interfaces connect optimally to the access network that minimizes their power consumption. However, a study of existing schemes notes that in the idle state, a device with both a WLAN and a WWAN interface need to keep both interfaces "on" in order to receive periodic beacon messages from the AP (WLAN) and downlink control information from the base station (WWAN), resulting in significant power consumption. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a Power-efficient Communication Protocol that includes turning off the WLAN interface after it enters the idle state and using the existing paging of WWAN in order to wake up the WLAN interface when there is incoming long-lived multimedia data. Further, we propose turning on the WLAN interface when the number of packets in the radio network controller's buffer reaches a certain threshold level in order to avoid repeatedly turning on and off WLAN interfaces, that consumes a significant amount of power. The tradeoffs between the power saving and the number of packets dropped at the buffer are investigated analytically. Simulation results for scenarios of interest are also provided. C1 [Lee, SuKyoung] Yonsei Univ, Seoul 120749, South Korea. [Golmie, Nada] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Lee, S (reprint author), Yonsei Univ, Seoul 120749, South Korea. EM sklee@cs.yonsei.ac.kr; nada.golmie@nist.gov FU Korea Research Foundation - Korean Government(MOEHRD) [KRF-204-2005-D00029] FX This work was supported by the Korea Research Foundation Grant funded by the Korean Government(MOEHRD) (KRF-204-2005-D00029) and also the authors would like to thank SungHoon Seo for his help in performing the simulations. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1550-3607 BN 978-1-4244-0354-7 J9 IEEE ICC PY 2006 BP 1742 EP 1747 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Engineering; Telecommunications GA BTI69 UT WOS:000287032701141 ER PT S AU Gentile, C AF Gentile, Camillo GP IEEE TI Distributed Sensor Location through Linear Programming with Triangle Inequality Constraints SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOLS 1-12 SE IEEE International Conference on Communications LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC 2006) CY JUN 11-15, 2006 CL Istanbul, TURKEY SP IEEE DE Simplex method; Primal-dual method ID POSITIONING SYSTEM; NETWORKS AB Interest in dense sensor networks due to falling price and reduced size has motivated research in sensor location in recent years. To our knowledge, the algorithm which achieves the best performance in sensor location solves an optimization program by relaxing the quadratic geometrical constraints of the network to render the program convex. In recent work we proposed solving the same program, however by applying convex geometrical constraints directly, necessitating no relaxation of the constraints and in turn ensuring a tighter solution. This paper proposes a distributed version of our algorithm which achieves the same globally optimal objective function as the decentralized version. We conduct extensive experimentation to substantiate the robustness of our algorithm even in the presence of high levels of noise, and report the messaging overhead for convergence. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Wireless Commun Technol Grp, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Gentile, C (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Wireless Commun Technol Grp, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM camillo.gentile@nist.gov NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1550-3607 BN 978-1-4244-0354-7 J9 IEEE ICC PY 2006 BP 4020 EP 4027 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Engineering; Telecommunications GA BTI69 UT WOS:000287032704024 ER PT S AU Schlenoff, C Madhavan, R Kootbally, Z AF Schlenoff, C. Madhavan, R. Kootbally, Z. GP IEEE TI PRIDE: A hierarchical, integrated prediction framework for autonomous on-road driving SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION (ICRA), VOLS 1-10 SE IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation ICRA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA) CY MAY 15-19, 2006 CL Orlando, FL SP IEEE AB In this paper, we present PRIDE (Prediction In Dynamic Environments), a hierarchical multi-resolutional framework for moving object prediction that incorporates multiple prediction algorithms into a single, unifying framework. PRIDE is based upon the 4D/RCS (Real-time Control System) architecture and provides information to planners at the level of granularity that is appropriate for their planning horizon. The primary contribution of this paper is the approach that is used to provide a more synergistic framework, in which the results from one prediction algorithm are used to strengthen/weaken the results of another prediction algorithm. In particular, we describe how the results of an estimation-theoretic short-term (ST) prediction algorithm are used to validate the results of a situation-based long-term (LT) prediction algorithm. We show the results of the long-term prediction both before and after the results of the short-term predictions are integrated, and demonstrate how the latter provide better predictions of vehicle future positions using the AutoSim simulation package. C1 [Schlenoff, C.; Madhavan, R.; Kootbally, Z.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Schlenoff, C (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM craig.schlenoff@nist.gov; raj.madhavan@nist.gov; zeid.kootbally@nist.gov NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1050-4729 BN 0-7803-9505-0 J9 IEEE INT CONF ROBOT PY 2006 BP 2348 EP + DI 10.1109/ROBOT.2006.1642053 PG 2 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Mechanical; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Engineering; Robotics GA BFB71 UT WOS:000240886905014 ER PT S AU Nakatani, M Tabata, R Nishida, S AF Nakatani, Me Tabata, Ryuichi Nishida, Shogo GP IEEE TI Discussion about a sense of security and satisfaction SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN, AND CYBERNETICS, VOLS 1-6, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 08-11, 2006 CL Taipei, TAIWAN SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc, Minist Educ, Natl Sci Council, Natl Taipei Univ Technol, Natl Chiao Tung Univ ID RISK AB In recent years, our lives become more convenient rapidly due to progress of technology. There are, however, various sources of uneasiness and anxiety still now. Previously researchers believed that no-trouble system provided a sense of safety and reliability to people. But recently they begin to realize that people don't feel relieved even if the accident probability of the system is very low. The purpose of this paper is to consider the structure of sense of security for people and propose an approach to diminish the anxiety of people's mind. C1 [Nakatani, Me] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Tabata, Ryuichi] Rice Univ, Houston, TX 77251 USA. [Tabata, Ryuichi] Colorado State Univ, Dept Phys, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Nishida, Shogo] Univ Colorado, Dept Elect Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Nakatani, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. FU U.S. Department of Commerce [BS123456]; Japan Society for Promotion of Science [13S00 18] FX This work was supported in part by the U.S. Department of Commerce under Grant BS123456 (sponsor and financial support acknowledgment goes here). Paper titles should be written in uppercase and lowercase letters, not all uppercase. Avoid writing long formulas with subscripts in the title; short formulas that identify the elements are fine (e.g., "Nd-Fe-B"). Do not write "(Invited)" in the title. Full names of authors are preferred in the author field, but are not required. Put a space between authors' initials.; This work was partially supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science under Grant-in- Aid for Creative Scientific Research (Project No. 13S00 18). NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 978-1-4244-0099-7 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2006 BP 1630 EP + DI 10.1109/ICSMC.2006.384952 PG 2 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science GA BGK85 UT WOS:000248078501125 ER PT S AU Fong, T Scholtz, J Shah, JA Fluckiger, L Kunz, C Lees, D Schreiner, J Siegel, M Hiatt, LM Nourbakhsh, I Simmons, R Ambrose, R Burridge, R Antonishek, B Bugajska, M Schultz, A Trafton, JG AF Fong, Terrence Scholtz, Jean Shah, Julie A. Flueckiger, Lorenzo Kunz, Clayton Lees, David Schreiner, John Siegel, Michael Hiatt, Laura M. Nourbakhsh, Illah Simmons, Reid Ambrose, Robert Burridge, Robert Antonishek, Brian Bugajska, Magda Schultz, Alan Trafton, J. Gregory GP IEEE TI A preliminary study of Peer-to-Peer Human-Robot Interaction SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN, AND CYBERNETICS, VOLS 1-6, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 08-11, 2006 CL Taipei, TAIWAN SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc, Minist Educ, Natl Sci Council, Natl Taipei Univ Technol, Natl Chiao Tung Univ AB The Peer-to-Peer Human-Robot Interaction (P2P-HRI) project is developing techniques to improve task coordination and collaboration between human and robot partners. Our work is motivated by the need to develop effective human-robot teams for space mission operations. A central element of our approach is creating dialogue and interaction tools that enable humans and robots to flexibly support one another. In order to understand how this approach can influence task performance, we recently conducted a series of tests simulating a lunar construction task with a human-robot team. In this paper, we describe the tests performed, discuss our initial results, and analyze the effect of intervention on task performance. C1 [Fong, Terrence; Flueckiger, Lorenzo; Kunz, Clayton; Lees, David; Schreiner, John; Siegel, Michael] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Shah, Julie A.] MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Hiatt, Laura M.; Nourbakhsh, Illah; Simmons, Reid] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Inst Robot, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. [Ambrose, Robert; Burridge, Robert] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Scholtz, Jean; Antonishek, Brian] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Bugajska, Magda; Schultz, Alan; Trafton, J. Gregory] Naval Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. RP Fong, T (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RI Scholtz, Jean/E-8955-2013 FU NASA Exploration Systems Mission Directorate [HRT-ICP-04-0000-0155] FX We would like to thank Bill Bluethmann, Dan Christian, Larry Edwards, John Hu, Pavithra Rajagopalan, Eli Young, the Ames Kl 0 team and the JSC Robonaut group for their tireless efforts and contributions to this project. This work was sponsored by a grant (HRT-ICP-04-0000-0155) from the NASA Exploration Systems Mission Directorate. NR 18 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 978-1-4244-0099-7 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2006 BP 3198 EP + DI 10.1109/ICSMC.2006.384609 PG 2 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science GA BGK85 UT WOS:000248078503086 ER PT S AU Sakarnoto, M Hagihara, Y AF Sakarnoto, M. Hagihara, Y. GP IEEE TI Social stability and mathematical stability in conflict management SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN, AND CYBERNETICS, VOLS 1-6, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 08-11, 2006 CL Taipei, TAIWAN SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc, Minist Educ, Natl Sci Council, Natl Taipei Univ Technol, Natl Chiao Tung Univ AB The future risk of water resources shortage is world widely recognized. Conflicts over ways of water utilization will happen more often in the future as water resources shortage becomes more sever. In this study, firstly, mathematical stabilities are summarized. Some mathematical theories are focused on in this study, such as game theory and differential equations. Secondly, a social conflict over regulation of the Ganges between India and Bangladesh is modeled with those mathematical theories. Thirdly, the possibility of conflict management for the India-Bangladesh conflict is analyzed considering with the concept of relationship of social stability and mathematical stability, which is summarized and conclude in the first part of this study. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Hagihara, Y.] Kyoto Univ, Dis Prevent Res Inst, Kyoto 6110011, Japan. RP Sakarnoto, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM maiko@wrcs.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp; hagihara@wrcs.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 978-1-4244-0099-7 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2006 BP 5270 EP + DI 10.1109/ICSMC.2006.385145 PG 2 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science GA BGK85 UT WOS:000248078505143 ER PT S AU Eastman, KW Rodriguez, JV Eraker, JH Christensen, TE Ubhayakar, SK Denig, WF AF Eastman, K. W. Rodriguez, J. V. Eraker, J. H. Christensen, T. E. Ubhayakar, S. K. Denig, W. F. GP IEEE TI The Space Environment Sensor Suite for NPOESS (SESS) SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-8 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 31-AUG 04, 2006 CL Denver, CO SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Canadian Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, Off Naval Res, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Colorado State Univ, Univ Colorado, Int Union Radio Sci DE NPOESS; space environment; space weather; electric field; thermal plasma; charged particles; aurora; auroral energy; auroral boundary; ionosphere; electron density profile AB The Space Environment Sensor Suite (SESS) is the set of instruments of the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) that takes measurements to produce space-environment data products. The SESS includes a complement of instruments that provide in-situ data on particles, fields, aurora, and the ionosphere. The SESS team consists of the NPOESS Integrated Program Office (IPO), Northrop Grumman Space Technology (NGST) - the prime contractor for NPOESS, Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp. (BATC) - lead systems integrator for SESS, key instrument/algorithm suppliers, and the science community advisors who represent the future users of SESS data products. This team has developed a baseline design that addresses the NPOESS requirements for the SESS-specific in-situ Environmental Data Records (EDRs). The SESS consists of a Thermal Plasma Sensor (TPS), a Low Energy Particle Sensor (LEPS), a Medium Energy Particle Sensor (MEPS), and a High Energy Particle Sensor (HEPS) that are distributed on the multi-orbit NPOESS system architecture to satisfy the user community's performance and coverage needs. This paper will present details on the SESS sensors and algorithms, the suite architecture, and their expected performance, based on [1]. C1 [Eastman, K. W.; Rodriguez, J. V.; Eraker, J. H.] Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, Boulder, CO 80306 USA. [Christensen, T. E.; Ubhayakar, S. K.] Northrop Grumman Space Technol, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA. [Denig, W. F.] NOAA, NESDIS Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder 80305, CO USA. RP Eastman, KW (reprint author), Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, Boulder, CO 80306 USA. EM keastman@ball.com; shiva.ubhayakar@ngc.com; William.Denig@noaa.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-0-7803-9509-1 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2006 BP 105 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2006.32 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BIN08 UT WOS:000260989400028 ER PT S AU Rank, RH McDonald, KR AF Rank, Robert H. McDonald, Kenneth R. GP IEEE TI Use of a Standard Process for Submission of Data for Archive and Preservation SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-8 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 31-AUG 04, 2006 CL Denver, CO SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Canadian Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, Off Naval Res, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Colorado State Univ, Univ Colorado, Int Union Radio Sci AB The Comprehensive Large Array-data Stewardship System (CLASS) has adopted the Open Archival Information System (OAIS) reference model to provide a framework and general guidelines in conducting its interactions with its data providers. The benefit of using OAIS is that it provides a common set of functions, processes and documents that are required to accomplish the data transfers and a common terminology to establish the scope of the effort and the respective responsibilities of the data providers and the archive. To complete this task a workgroup was formed for the development of a data submission process using recommendations for Space Data System Standards front the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) reference model. The paper will present the early prototyping activities that are underway for enhancing CLASS to support archive and distribution of Earth Observing System (EOS) data. C1 [Rank, Robert H.] NOAA, NESDIS, OSD, CLASS, Suitland, MD 20746 USA. [McDonald, Kenneth R.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Rank, RH (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, OSD, CLASS, Suitland, MD 20746 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-0-7803-9509-1 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2006 BP 325 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2006.88 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BIN08 UT WOS:000260989400084 ER PT S AU Voronovich, AG Zavorotny, VU AF Voronovich, A. G. Zavorotny, V. U. GP IEEE TI A Numerical Model of Radar Scattering from Steep and Breaking Waves SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-8 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 31-AUG 04, 2006 CL Denver, CO SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Canadian Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, Off Naval Res, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Colorado State Univ, Univ Colorado, Int Union Radio Sci ID SEA SPIKES; BACKSCATTER AB Ocean gravity waves can be rather steep and even breaking depending on wind speed. Analytical modeling of both the evolution of such strongly nonlinear waves and electromagnetic (EM) scattering from them is currently impossible. At the same time, numerical modeling of these processes poses a significant challenge in terms of the complexity of codes and computational time. In this study, we employ an efficient and fast numerical solver which is based on a uniform approach equally convenient when dealing with both hydrodynamic and EM parts of the problem. As a result, a sequence of large-scale wave profiles is produced that follows through all stages of wave breaking. The small-scale roughness is treated statistically by employing the Pierson-Moskowitz spectrum, and it is added on top of smooth gravity waves. Using the EM code, the scattering problem is solved assuming an impedance boundary condition. The same spline description of the surface profiles of gravity waves is used in both hydrodynamic and EM codes. Backscattering cross sections and corresponding Doppler spectra were the subjects of this study. The numerical calculations demonstrate spike events, with the backscattered signal at horizontal polarization exceeding the backscattering signal at vertical polarization. C1 [Voronovich, A. G.; Zavorotny, V. U.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Voronovich, AG (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-0-7803-9509-1 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2006 BP 469 EP 472 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2006.125 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BIN08 UT WOS:000260989400121 ER PT S AU Tsang, L Pan, J Liang, D Li, ZX Cline, D AF Tsang, L. Pan, Jin Liang, Ding Li, Zhongxin Cline, Don GP IEEE TI Modeling active microwave remote sensing of snow using dense media radiative transfer (DMRT) theory with multiple scattering effects SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-8 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 31-AUG 04, 2006 CL Denver, CO SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Canadian Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, Off Naval Res, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Colorado State Univ, Univ Colorado, Int Union Radio Sci DE snow; active microwave remote sensing; dense media; multiple scattering; passive microwave remote sensing ID DISCRETE SCATTERERS; SIMULATIONS; EXTINCTION AB Dense media radiative transfer theory (DMRT) is used to study the multiple scattering effects in active microwave remote sensing. To solve the dense media radiative transfer equation, we decompose the diffuse intensities into Fourier series in the azimuthal direction. Each harmonic is solved by the eigen-quadrature approach. The solution includes full multiple scattering effects within DMRT Comparisons are made with the first order and the second order solutions. The model is applied to active microwave remote sensing of terrestrial snow. Full multiple scattering effects are important as the optical thickness for snow often exceed unity. The results are illustrated as a function of frequency, incidence angle and snow depth. The results show that cross polarization can be significant and can be only 6 to 8 dB below co-polarization, a result that is consistent with experimental observations. Also we note that even at snow depth of more than one meter, the active 13.5GHz backscattering coefficients still have significant sensitivity to snow thickness. C1 [Tsang, L.; Liang, Ding] Univ Washington, Dept Elect Engn, Box 352500, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Pan, Jin] Univ Elect Sci & Technol China, Dept Microwave Engn, Chengdu, Peoples R China. [Li, Zhongxin] Zhejiang Univ, Coll Elect Engn, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, Peoples R China. [Cline, Don] NOHRSC, NWS, NOAA, Chanhassen, MN 55317 USA. RP Tsang, L (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Elect Engn, Box 352500, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-0-7803-9509-1 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2006 BP 477 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2006.127 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BIN08 UT WOS:000260989400123 ER PT S AU Cao, Q Zhang, GF Schuur, T Ryzhkov, A Brandes, E Ikeda, K AF Cao, Qing Zhang, Guifu Schuur, Terry Ryzhkov, Alexander Brandes, Edward Ikeda, Kyoko GP IEEE TI Characterization of rain microphysics based on disdrometer and polarimetric radar observations SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-8 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 31-AUG 04, 2006 CL Denver, CO SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Canadian Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, Off Naval Res, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Colorado State Univ, Univ Colorado, Int Union Radio Sci DE disdrometer; drop size distribution; sampling error; fitting; radar retrieval ID DROP SIZE DISTRIBUTION; DISTRIBUTION RETRIEVAL; FLUCTUATION PROPERTIES; SAMPLING ERRORS; DISTRIBUTIONS; PRECIPITATION AB Characterization of rain microphysics requires information on raindrop size distributions (DSDs). DSD measurements and retrievals, however, contain errors. In this paper, data from side-by-side disdrometer comparisons are presented to provide information that is not possible from single disdrometer measurements alone, allowing error effects to be quantified and a rain DSD model for radar retrieval to be improved. We also propose methods to mitigate sampling errors by filtering with sorting and averaging and by fitting to a Gamma DSD model with truncation and extrapolation. The Constrained-Gamma DSD model has thus been refined for the Southern Great Plains region of the United States. C1 [Cao, Qing; Zhang, Guifu] Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. [Schuur, Terry; Ryzhkov, Alexander] Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73019 USA. [Brandes, Edward; Ikeda, Kyoko] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. RP Cao, Q (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. EM qingcao@ou.edu OI Cao, Qing/0000-0001-6660-3566 NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-0-7803-9509-1 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2006 BP 523 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2006.139 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BIN08 UT WOS:000260989400135 ER PT S AU Basili, P Bonafoni, S Ciotti, P Mattioli, V Westwater, ER AF Basili, P. Bonafoni, S. Ciotti, P. Mattioli, V. Westwater, E. R. GP IEEE TI Cloud Model Studies for the Simulation of Brightness Temperatures SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-8 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 31-AUG 04, 2006 CL Denver, CO SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Canadian Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, Off Naval Res, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Colorado State Univ, Univ Colorado, Int Union Radio Sci AB Two cloud water models that can be included in the radiative transfer to simulate brightness temperatures from radiosonde data are analyzed. We first evaluate and optimize the capability of the models to detect correctly the presence of clouds, by comparing the cloud base heights identified from the radiosoundings with those provided by a ceilometer. Then, the performances of the different cloud models are analyzed by comparing simulated brightness temperatures in the absence of scattering with those measured by a dual-channel microwave radiometer. C1 [Basili, P.; Bonafoni, S.; Mattioli, V.] Univ Perugia, Dipartimento Ingn Elettr & Informaz, I-06100 Perugia, Italy. [Ciotti, P.] Univ Laquila, Dipartimento Ingn Elettr & Informaz, Laquila, Italy. [Ciotti, P.; Mattioli, V.] CETEMPS, Laquila, Italy. [Westwater, E. R.] Univ Colorado, NOAA, ESRL Phys Sci Div, CIRES, Boulder, CO USA. RP Basili, P (reprint author), Univ Perugia, Dipartimento Ingn Elettr & Informaz, I-06100 Perugia, Italy. EM patrizia.basili@diei.unipg.it OI Bonafoni, Stefania/0000-0002-6485-393X FU Environmental Sciences Division, U.S. Department of Energy under the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program FX This work was sponsored by the Environmental Sciences Division, U.S. Department of Energy under the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-0-7803-9509-1 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2006 BP 529 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2006.140 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BIN08 UT WOS:000260989400136 ER PT S AU Gleason, S Zavorotny, V AF Gleason, Scott Zavorotny, Valery GP IEEE TI Bistatic Radar Cross Section Measurements of Ocean Scattered GPS Signals from Low Earth Orbit SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-8 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 31-AUG 04, 2006 CL Denver, CO SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Canadian Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, Off Naval Res, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Colorado State Univ, Univ Colorado, Int Union Radio Sci ID SYSTEM AB Signals from the Global Positioning System are constantly being scattered off the entire Earth's surface. These signals can be detected from airplanes, surface platforms and in Low Earth orbit and are known to contain information on the oceans. Recently, a new opportunity to study GPS reflections in space has been realized with the launch in October 2003 of the United Kingdom's Disaster Monitoring Constellation (UK-DMC) satellite. The UK-DMC carries a dedicated GPS reflections receiver and a custom designed downward facing antenna. Using this GPS experiment it is possible to process surface scattered signals and estimate the ocean wind and waves. This paper will present a method for calculating a bistatic radar cross section (BRCS) for ocean scattered GPS signals. This method will then be applied over a range of signals detected by the UK-DMC experiment. For purposes of comparison, numerous data collections have been collocated with National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) buoys. These buoys provide an independent measurement of the ocean wind, waves and often a wave frequency spectrum from which the surface mean square slopes, an indication of ocean roughness, can be determined. BRCS values have been estimated over a range of ocean conditions (from less than 2 m/s winds to greater than 14 m/s winds) and vary generally as expected when compared to buoy measurements of the ocean wind and waves. An empirical relationship between the estimated BRCS and the ocean wind speeds and surface roughness will be presented for a limited set of data gathered by the UK-DMC experiment. C1 [Gleason, Scott] Surrey Satellite Technol Ltd, Surrey Space Ctr, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, England. [Zavorotny, Valery] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Gleason, S (reprint author), Surrey Satellite Technol Ltd, Surrey Space Ctr, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, England. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-0-7803-9509-1 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2006 BP 1308 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2006.338 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BIN08 UT WOS:000260989400333 ER PT S AU Zavorotny, VU Gasiewski, AJ Zamora, RJ McIntyre, EM Leuski, VY Irisov, VG AF Zavorotny, V. U. Gasiewski, A. J. Zamora, R. J. McIntyre, E. M. Leuski, V. Y. Irisov, V. G. GP IEEE TI Stationary L-Band Radiometry for Seasonal Measurements of Soil Moisture SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-8 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 31-AUG 04, 2006 CL Denver, CO SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Canadian Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, Off Naval Res, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Colorado State Univ, Univ Colorado, Int Union Radio Sci ID CALIBRATION AB The results of seasonal L-band (1.4 GHz) soil moisture (SM) measurements and their analysis are described. The measurements were performed using a radiometer mounted at the top of the 300-m tall ETL Boulder Atmospheric Observatory (BAO) tower during period of 2004- 2005. In situ soil moisture measurements were made in the center of the radiometer antenna footprint using time-domain reflectometer (TDR) probes installed at 5, 10 and 15 em depth. Radiative transfer theory predicts that L-band radiation from soil originates from deeper within the soil compared with commonly used remote sensing microwave bands at higher frequencies. Results from this experiment indicate such generally higher sensitivity to subsurface SM content. On the other hand, a significant amount of scattering variability is also observed for the same level of in situ SM measured at 5 cm depth. Our radiometric experiments support the hypothesis that different vertical gradients of SM can lead to different reflectivity values for the same SM level at a fixed depth. Further investigation is needed to quantify the role of grassy vegetation for L-band soil reflectivity during spring and summer seasons. C1 [Zavorotny, V. U.; Zamora, R. J.; Irisov, V. G.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. [Gasiewski, A. J.; McIntyre, E. M.; Leuski, V. Y.] Univ Colorado, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Irisov, V. G.] Zel Technol LLC, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Zavorotny, VU (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-0-7803-9509-1 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2006 BP 2028 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2006.525 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BIN08 UT WOS:000260989401117 ER PT S AU Johnson, JT Gasiewski, AJ Guener, B Valerio, M Klein, M AF Johnson, J. T. Gasiewski, A. J. Guener, B. Valerio, M. Klein, M. GP IEEE TI High Altitude Measurements of C-band Radio Frequency Interference Using a Digital Receiver SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-8 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 31-AUG 04, 2006 CL Denver, CO SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Canadian Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, Off Naval Res, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Colorado State Univ, Univ Colorado, Int Union Radio Sci AB This paper describes C-band Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) measurements made from NASA's WB-57 high-altitude aircraft using the PSR/CXI system of NOAA/ETL and the C-band Interference Suppressing Radiometer (CISR) digital backend of the Ohio State University (OSU) ElectroScience Laboratory. The observations discussed were performed during a test flight on Aug. 25th, 2005 over Texas cities as well as the Gulf of Mexico at a typical altitude of 62,000 feet. C1 [Johnson, J. T.; Guener, B.; Valerio, M.] Ohio State Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Gasiewski, A. J.; Klein, M.] NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Johnson, JT (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. EM johnson@ee.eng.ohio-state.edu; al.gasiewski@noaa.gov NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-0-7803-9509-1 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2006 BP 2301 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2006.595 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BIN08 UT WOS:000260989401187 ER PT S AU Lakhankar, T Ghedira, H Khanbilvardi, R AF Lakhankar, Tarendra Ghedira, Hosni Khanbilvardi, Reza GP IEEE TI Soil Moisture Retrieval from Radarsat Data: A Neuro-Fuzzy Approach SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-8 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 31-AUG 04, 2006 CL Denver, CO SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Canadian Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, Off Naval Res, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Colorado State Univ, Univ Colorado, Int Union Radio Sci AB The spatial dynamic of soil moisture is generally affected by the variation in soil surface characteristics such as: land cover, vegetation density, soil texture, and soil material. The mapping of soil moisture by remote sensing tools has several advantages over the conventional field measurement techniques especially in the case of heterogeneous landscapes. The use of microwave remote sensing offers fast and reliable ways in mapping the spatial distribution of soil moisture. Microwave remote sensing systems is used to measure soil moisture on the basis of a large contrast that exists between the dielectric constant values for dry and wet soils. This study describes the use of non-parametric classifiers for the soil moisture retrieval from active microwave remote sensing data. The difficulty facing the soil moisture retrieval process is due, in large part, to the lack of a precise mathematical description of the observed land cover parameters and to the extent of their variability. Two non-parametric techniques have been used: Neural Networks and Fuzzy Logic. Different configurations of these two classifiers have been tested and compared by assessing the accuracy of soil moisture. C1 [Lakhankar, Tarendra; Ghedira, Hosni; Khanbilvardi, Reza] CUNY, NOAA CREST, New York, NY 10031 USA. RP Lakhankar, T (reprint author), CUNY, NOAA CREST, New York, NY 10031 USA. EM tarendra@ce.ccny.cuny.edu NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-0-7803-9509-1 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2006 BP 2328 EP 2331 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2006.602 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BIN08 UT WOS:000260989401194 ER PT S AU Azar, AE Mahani, S Ghedira, H Khanbilvardi, R AF Azar, Amir E. Mahani, Shayesteh Ghedira, Hosni Khanbilvardi, Reza GP IEEE TI Development of an Algorithm to Estimate SWE in Great Lakes Area Using Microwave Data SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-8 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 31-AUG 04, 2006 CL Denver, CO SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Canadian Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, Off Naval Res, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Colorado State Univ, Univ Colorado, Int Union Radio Sci ID SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT; RETRIEVAL AB The goal of this study is to develop an algorithm to estimate Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) in Great Lakes area, using a three year time series of SSM/I data along with corresponding ground truth data. The study area is located between latitudes 41N-49N and longitudes 87W-98W. The northern part of the study area is covered by snow for the whole winter season however for the southern part there is a pattern of snow-fall and snow melt within the season. In addition to snow pattern, the land cover type varies a wide range including, Evergreen Needle leaf forest, Deciduous Broadleaf forest, cropland, woodland and dry land. Seven SSM/I channels) formatted in EASE-Grid 25km by 25km have been used in this study. Two types of ground truth data were used: 1- Point-based snow depth observations from National Climate Data Center (NCDC) snow monitoring section; 2- Grid based SNODAS-SWE dataset, produced at 1km spatial resolution by National Operational Hydrological Remote Sensing Center (NOHRSC). To do the time series analysis, three scattering signatures of GTVN (19V-37V), GTH (19H-37H), and SSI (22V-85V) were derived. The analysis shows at lower latitudes of the study area there is no correlation between GTH and GTVN versus snow depth. On the other hand SSI shows an average correlation of 75 percent with snow depth in lower latitudes. This is due to the saturation of channel 85GHz which makes SSI only suitable for estimating shallow snow cover. As the first step in model development a multi-linear algorithm was defined to estimate SWE using microwave along with NDVI. This algorithm divides the study area into sub-areas based on their NDVI value and the geographical coordinates. For each of those sub-areas a separate linear algorithm is defined to estimate SWE using GTVN and SSI indexes. The results show up to 60 percent correlation between estimated and ground truth SWE. Also, contradictory to Chang and Goodison-Walker algorithms that highly underestimate the total SWE, multi-linear algorithm tends to follow the ground truth pattern of total SWE in the study area. Second, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model was developed. The ANN model with seven SSM/I channels and NDVI as its input showed better correlations compare to using only SSM/I as input. This indicates the potential of using ANNs to use combination of various data types. C1 [Azar, Amir E.; Mahani, Shayesteh; Ghedira, Hosni; Khanbilvardi, Reza] CUNY, NOAA CREST, New York, NY 10021 USA. RP Azar, AE (reprint author), CUNY, NOAA CREST, New York, NY 10021 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-0-7803-9509-1 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2006 BP 2995 EP 2998 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2006.769 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BIN08 UT WOS:000260989401361 ER PT S AU Cox, AE OConnell, JJ Rice, JP AF Cox, Amanda E. OConnell, Joseph J. Rice, Joseph P. GP IEEE TI Initial Results from the Infrared Calibration and Infrared Imaging of a Microwave Calibration Target SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-8 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 31-AUG 04, 2006 CL Denver, CO SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Canadian Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, Off Naval Res, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Colorado State Univ, Univ Colorado, Int Union Radio Sci DE brightness temperature; infrared calibration; microwave calibration; microwave radiometry; radiometer calibration; remote sensing AB As part of the ongoing effort at NIST to develop a microwave brightness temperature standard, we are exploring the electromagnetic and thermal characteristics of microwave calibration targets. We investigate the thermal properties of a microwave calibration target using NIST infrared calibration facilities and techniques. An infrared radiometer is used to measure the radiance at the surface of a microwave calibration target and to compare it with the values reported from contact temperature sensors. We find temperature gradients within the target greater than 1 K. Infrared imagery shows temperature gradients within the geometric structure of the target. C1 [Cox, Amanda E.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [OConnell, Joseph J.; Rice, Joseph P.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Tech Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Cox, AE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-0-7803-9509-1 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2006 BP 3463 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2006.888 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BIN08 UT WOS:000260989402074 ER PT S AU Cox, AE Janezic, MD AF Cox, Amanda E. Janezic, Michael D. GP IEEE TI Preliminary Studies of Electromagnetic Properties of Microwave Absorbing Materials used in Calibration Targets SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-8 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 31-AUG 04, 2006 CL Denver, CO SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Canadian Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, Off Naval Res, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Colorado State Univ, Univ Colorado, Int Union Radio Sci DE microwave absorber; microwave radiometry; radiometer calibration; remote sensing; standards AB As part of the ongoing effort at NIST to develop a microwave brightness temperature standard, we are exploring the electromagnetic and thermal characteristics of microwave calibration targets. Part of this effort is focused on measuring the electromagnetic properties of absorber materials used in the construction of microwave calibration targets. Improved materials characterization would also support applications of absorber materials beyond their use for calibration targets; for example, anechoic chamber design would benefit from this improved understanding. C1 [Cox, Amanda E.; Janezic, Michael D.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Cox, AE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-0-7803-9509-1 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2006 BP 3467 EP 3469 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2006.889 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BIN08 UT WOS:000260989402075 ER PT S AU Huang, B Sriraja, Y Huang, HL Goldberg, MD AF Huang, Bormin Sriraja, Y. Huang, Hung-Lung Goldberg, Mitchell D. GP IEEE TI Lossless Multiwavelet Compression of Ultraspectral Sounder Data SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-8 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 31-AUG 04, 2006 CL Denver, CO SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Canadian Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, Off Naval Res, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Colorado State Univ, Univ Colorado, Int Union Radio Sci DE Multiwavelets; Ultraspectral sounder data; lossless compression; Bias-Adjusted Reordering (BAR) AB Multiwavelets are theoretically expected to perform better than traditional wavelets for image compression. Standard and new decomposition methods for multiwavelet compression have been studied in [1], where floating-point multiwavelet transforms are used for lossy image compression. In this paper we investigate both decomposition methods with a reversible integer multiwavelet transform for lossless compression of ultraspectral sounder data. This study shows that the multiwavelet compression method outperforms other well-known methods such as CALIC, SPIHT, and CCSDS IDC for lossless compression on ultraspectral data. Furthermore, the standard multiwavelet decomposition method yields better compression than the new one. We also show that the Bias-Adjusted Reordering (BAR) scheme for spectral data preprocessing yields a substantial improvement on multiwavelet compression with the average compression ratio increasing from 2.27 to 2.61. C1 [Huang, Bormin; Sriraja, Y.; Huang, Hung-Lung] Univ Wisconsin, CIMSS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Goldberg, Mitchell D.] NOAA, NESDIS ORA, Madison, WI USA. RP Huang, B (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, CIMSS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM bormin@ssec.wisc.edu FU NOAA GOES-R data compression research [NA07EC0676] FX This work is prepared in support of NOAA GOES-R data compression research under grant NA07EC0676. NOAA co-leads are Roger Heymann of NOAA NESDIS OSD and Tim Schmit of NOAA NESDIS ORA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-0-7803-9509-1 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2006 BP 3541 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2006.908 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BIN08 UT WOS:000260989402094 ER PT S AU Huang, B Ahuja, A Huang, HL Goldberg, MD AF Huang, Bormin Ahuja, Alok Huang, Hung-Lung Goldberg, Mitchell D. GP IEEE TI Real-Time DSP Implementation of 3D Wavelet Reversible Variable-length Coding for Ultraspectral Sounder Data Compression SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-8 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 31-AUG 04, 2006 CL Denver, CO SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Canadian Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, Off Naval Res, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Colorado State Univ, Univ Colorado, Int Union Radio Sci DE data compression; reversible variable-length coding; ultraspectral sounder AB Reversible variable-length codes (RVLCs) allow instantaneous decoding in both directions, which affords better detection of bit errors due to synchronization losses over a noisy channel. Earlier, we developed 3D wavelet reversible variable-length coding (3DWT-RVLC) for lossless compression of ultraspectral sounder data, which has significantly better error resilience than JPEG2000 Part 2 at only a small reduction in compression gain [1]. To explore the feasibility of 3DWT-RVLC for real-time satellite onboard processing, we implement a memory-limited DSP version of 3DWT-RVLC. Experimental results for the 10 AIRS ultraspectral test granules show that the DSP-based 3DWT-RVLC yields an average compression ratio of 2.36, comparable to 2.51 of the original 3DWT-RVLC from our previous work. C1 [Huang, Bormin; Ahuja, Alok; Huang, Hung-Lung] Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Space Sci & Engn, 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Goldberg, Mitchell D.] NOAA, NESDIS ORA, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Huang, B (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Space Sci & Engn, 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM bormin@ssec.wisc.edu; alok@ssec.wisc.edu; allenh@ssec.wisc.edu; Mitch.Goldberg@noaa.gov FU NOAA GOES-R data compression research [NA07EC0676] FX This work is prepared in support of NOAA GOES-R data compression research under grant NA07EC0676. NOAA leads are Roger Heymann of NOAA NESDIS OSD and Tim Schmit of NOAA NESDIS ORA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-0-7803-9509-1 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2006 BP 3545 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2006.909 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BIN08 UT WOS:000260989402095 ER PT S AU Soisuvarn, S Jones, WL Jelenak, Z AF Soisuvarn, Seubson Jones, W. Linwood Jelenak, Zorana GP IEEE TI Development of Oceanic Wind Vector Model Function for AMSR Radiometer on ADEOS-II Satellite SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-8 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 31-AUG 04, 2006 CL Denver, CO SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Canadian Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, Off Naval Res, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Colorado State Univ, Univ Colorado, Int Union Radio Sci AB Since the advent of the first spaceborne wind scatterometers on NASA's SeaSat mission in 1978, the Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS)-II was the first satellite mission that carried both microwave scatterometer and radiometer imagers. This provided a unique opportunity to explore the possibility of combined technology for oceanic surface wind vector measurements. In contrast to conventional scatterometry that require both forward and aft multi-azimuth look measurements, our technique use only forward look radar backscatter measurement combine with collocated brightness temperature measurements to retrieve wind direction. This single-look configuration would be highly beneficial for future satellite mission to obtain improved observation of both oceanic and atmospheric information. Microwave radiometers are well-known instrument for atmospheric and oceanic physical parameters retrieval. Although, the vertical and horizontal brightness temperatures are weakly dependent on wind direction, it has been shown that certain linear combinations of vertical and horizontal brightness temperatures are almost indepentdent of the atmosphere and are predominantly a function of wind speed, direction and sea surface temperature (SST). The empirical relationship for these brightness temperatures was developed for the Advaced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR) on ADEOS-II. In addition to passive measurement, coincident radar backscatter from foreward look SeaWinds scatterometer was combined to retrieve the wind directions. The wind direction retrieval algorithm and statistical results are presented. C1 [Soisuvarn, Seubson; Jones, W. Linwood] Univ Cent Florida, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Cent Florida Remote Sensing Lab, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. [Jelenak, Zorana] UCAR, NOAA, NESDIS, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Cambridge, MD 20746 USA. RP Soisuvarn, S (reprint author), Univ Cent Florida, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Cent Florida Remote Sensing Lab, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. EM se867731@ucf.edu; Zorana.Jelenak@noaa.gov RI Jelenak, Zorana/F-5596-2010; Soisuvarn, Seubson/R-8130-2016 OI Jelenak, Zorana/0000-0003-0510-2973; Soisuvarn, Seubson/0000-0002-1373-8974 NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-0-7803-9509-1 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2006 BP 3567 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2006.914 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BIN08 UT WOS:000260989402100 ER PT B AU Raizer, V AF Raizer, Victor GP IEEE TI Macroscopic Foam-Spray Models for Ocean Microwave Radiometry SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-8 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 31-AUG 04, 2006 CL Denver, CO SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Canadian Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, Off Naval Res, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Colorado State Univ, Univ Colorado, Int Union Radio Sci ID DENSE MEDIA; EMISSIVITY AB We continue to develop combined microwave models of dispersed foam-spray media for ocean remote sensing. In this paper, more attention is focused on the structure hierarchy of dispersed systems and their electromagnetic nonuniformity. The basic variable parameter is the vertical profile of the effective complex dielectric constant that is associated with two-phase stratification of thick foam layers. Wet foam is modeled by mono-and polydispersed systems of bubbles (i.e., two-layer spherical particles with water shells); dry foam is represented by a statistical two-phase mixture, containing thin water films and air. Spray, located above the foam, is modeled by a cloud of spherical water droplets. The impact of different microstructure parameters and effective profiles on the emissivity is analyzed numerically using an iterative multi-layer computer simulation technique. Examples of our modeling are presented in the paper. C1 Zel Technol NOAA, Fairfax, VA 22032 USA. RP Raizer, V (reprint author), Zel Technol NOAA, Fairfax, VA 22032 USA. EM vraizer@aol.com NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-0-7803-9509-1 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2006 BP 3672 EP 3675 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2006.941 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BIN08 UT WOS:000260989402127 ER EF