FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Mills, IM Mohr, PJ Quinn, TJ Taylor, BN Williams, ER AF Mills, Ian M. Mohr, Peter J. Quinn, Terry J. Taylor, Barry N. Williams, Edwin R. TI Redefinition of the kilogram, ampere, kelvin and mole: a proposed approach to implementing CIPM recommendation 1 (CI-2005) SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS; BASE UNITS; MASS; SI; METROLOGY AB The International System of Units (SI) is founded on seven base units, the metre, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole and candela corresponding to the seven base quantities of length, mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic temperature, amount of substance and luminous intensity. At its 94th meeting in October 2005, the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) adopted a recommendation on preparative steps towards redefining the kilogram, ampere, kelvin and mole so that these units are linked to exactly known values of fundamental constants. We propose here that these four base units should be given new definitions linking them to exactly defined values of the Planck constant h, elementary charge e, Boltzmann constant k and Avogadro constant N-A, respectively. This would mean that six of the seven base units of the SI would be defined in terms of true invariants of nature. In addition, not only would these four fundamental constants have exactly defined values but also the uncertainties of many of the other fundamental constants of physics would be either eliminated or appreciably reduced. In this paper we present the background and discuss the merits of these proposed changes, and we also present possible wordings for the four new definitions. We also suggest a novel way to define the entire SI explicitly using such definitions without making any distinction between base units and derived units. We list a number of key points that should be addressed when the new definitions are adopted by the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM), possibly by the 24th CGPM in 2011, and we discuss the implications of these changes for other aspects of metrology. C1 Univ Reading, Dept Chem, Reading RG6 6AD, Berks, England. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Bur Int Poids & Mesures, F-92312 Sevres, France. RP Mills, IM (reprint author), Univ Reading, Dept Chem, Reading RG6 6AD, Berks, England. EM i.m.mills@reading.ac.uk; mohr@nist.gov; terry.quinn@physics.org; barry.taylor@nist.gov; edwin.williams@nist.gov NR 25 TC 210 Z9 223 U1 2 U2 21 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD JUN PY 2006 VL 43 IS 3 BP 227 EP 246 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/43/3/006 PG 20 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 055AO UT WOS:000238421700010 ER PT J AU May, EF Moldover, MR Berg, RF Hurly, JJ AF May, EF Moldover, MR Berg, RF Hurly, JJ TI Transport properties of argon at zero density from viscosity-ratio measurements SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID LOW-TEMPERATURE VISCOSITIES; HELIUM DIMER; FLOW METER; GASES; NITROGEN; VISCOMETER; KRYPTON; MIXTURES; HYDROGEN; PROPANE AB We determined the zero-density viscosity eta(Ar)(0,T) and thermal conductivity lambda(Ar)(0,T) of argon with a standard uncertainty of 0.084% in the temperature range 200 K to 400 K. This uncertainty is dominated by the uncertainty of helium's viscosity eta(He)(0,T), which we estimate to be 0.080% based upon the difference between ab initio and experimental values at 298.15 K. Our results may improve (1) the argon-argon interatomic potential, (2) calculated boundary-layer corrections for primary acoustic thermometry, and (3) calibrations of laminar flow meters as well as instruments for measuring transport properties. At 298.15 K, we determined the ratio eta(Ar)(0,298)/eta(He)(0,298) = 1.138 00 +/- 0.000 13 from measurements of the flow rate of these gases through a quartz capillary while simultaneously measuring the pressures at the ends of the capillary. Between 200 K and 400 K, we used a two-capillary viscometer to determine eta(Ar)(0,T)/eta(He)(0,T) = 1.211 67 - 0.820 34 exp(-T/123.78 K) with an uncertainty of 0.024%. From eta(Ar)(0,T)/eta(He)(0,T), we computed eta(Ar)(0,T) using the values of eta(He)(0,T) calculated ab initio. Finally, we computed the thermal conductivity of argon from eta(Ar)(0,T) and values of the Prandtl number that we computed from argon - argon interatomic potentials. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Western Australia, Sch Oil & Gas Engn, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. RP Moldover, MR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM michael.moldover@nist.gov RI Moldover, Michael/E-6384-2013 NR 42 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 11 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD JUN PY 2006 VL 43 IS 3 BP 247 EP 258 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/43/3/007 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 055AO UT WOS:000238421700011 ER PT J AU Jefferts, SR Levi, F AF Jefferts, SR Levi, F TI Comment on 'Evaluation of the primary frequency standard NPL-CsF1' SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article AB A recent evaluation of the accuracy of the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) primary frequency standard NPL-CsF1 by K Szymaniec et al (2005 Metrologia 42 49-57) reported an overall frequency uncertainty of delta nu/nu(0) = 1 x 10(-15). This stated uncertainty includes a correction of a frequency bias of delta nu/nu(0) = 8 x 10(-16) +/- 3 x 10(-16) attributed by the authors to microwave leakage. We believe that the stated cause of the frequency bias, its magnitude and its stated uncertainty are in error. C1 NIST, Time & Frequency Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. IEN G Ferraris, I-10135 Turin, Italy. RP Jefferts, SR (reprint author), NIST, Time & Frequency Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD JUN PY 2006 VL 43 IS 3 BP L11 EP L13 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/43/3/N02 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 055AO UT WOS:000238421700002 ER PT J AU Milton, MJT Guenther, F Miller, WR Brown, AS AF Milton, MJT Guenther, F Miller, WR Brown, AS TI 3 Validation of the gravimetric values and uncertainties of independently prepared primary standard gas mixtures SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID REDUCTION AB The uncertainty of primary standard gas mixtures is limited by the uncertainty of their gravimetric preparation. Although this fact is widely accepted, it has never been demonstrated directly because the uncertainty involved in the analysis of gas mixtures is much larger than that from the gravimetric preparation alone. We report the first-ever analysis by a single comparison process of a set of independently prepared gravimetric gas mixtures. The analysis of the data has used a method that calculates the parameters of a regression relationship that minimizes the random contributions from both the model and the gravimetric component. The standards studied here are comparable with a standard deviation of the residuals of seven measurements (after the exclusion of two outliers) of 0.002% (relative to value), or an expanded uncertainty of 0.004% relative. This is a factor of between 2 and 30 less than the estimated uncertainties for the gravimetric preparation of each individual standard and serves to confirm the state of the art in this field. C1 Natl Phys Lab, Teddington TW11 0LW, Middx, England. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Milton, MJT (reprint author), Natl Phys Lab, Hampton Rd, Teddington TW11 0LW, Middx, England. NR 7 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD JUN PY 2006 VL 43 IS 3 BP L7 EP L10 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/43/3/N01 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 055AO UT WOS:000238421700001 ER PT J AU Hodges, JT Scace, GE AF Hodges, Joseph T. Scace, Gregory E. TI Developing advanced humidity standards to measure trace water vapor in specialty gases SO MICRO LA English DT Article ID SPECTROSCOPY; MOISTURE C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hodges, JT (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM joseph.hodges@nist.gov; gregory.scace@nist.gov RI Hodges, Joseph/B-4578-2009 NR 8 TC 6 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU CANON COMMUNICATIONS INC PI LOS ANGELES PA 11444 W OLYMPIC BLVD, SUITE 900, LOS ANGELES, CA 90064 USA SN 1081-0595 J9 MICRO JI Micro PD JUN PY 2006 VL 24 IS 5 BP 59 EP + PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 076HA UT WOS:000239946400011 ER PT J AU Wilson, AB AF Wilson, A. B. TI Genetic signature of recent glaciation on populations of a near-shore marine fish species (Syngnathus leptorhynchus) SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE phylogeography; pleistocene glaciation; population genetics; range expansion; Syngnathidae ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; FAMILY SYNGNATHIDAE; RANGE EXPANSION; ICE AGES; MODEL; PHYLOGEOGRAPHY; EVOLUTION; PATTERNS; PROGRAM; CONSERVATION AB Continental glaciation has played a major role in shaping the present-day phylogeography of freshwater and terrestrial species in the Northern Hemisphere. Recent work suggests that coastal glaciation during ice ages may have also had a significant impact on marine species. The bay pipefish, Syngnathus leptorhynchus, is a near-shore Pacific coast fish species with an exceptionally wide latitudinal distribution, ranging from Bahia Santa Maria, Baja California to Prince William Sound, Alaska. Survey data indicate that S. leptorhynchus is experiencing a range expansion at the northern limit of its range, consistent with colonization from southern populations. The present study uses six novel microsatellite markers and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence data to study the present-day population genetic structure of four coastal populations of S. leptorhynchus. Deficits in mtDNA and nuclear DNA diversity in northern populations from regions glaciated during the last glacial maximum (LGM) [c. 18 000 years before present (BP)] suggest that these populations were effected by glacial events. Direct estimates of population divergence times derived from both isolation and isolation-with-migration models of evolution are also consistent with a postglacial phylogenetic history of populations north of the LGM. Sequence data further indicate that a population at the southern end of the species range has been separated from the three northern populations since long before the last interglacial event (c. 130 000 years BP), suggesting that topographical features along the Pacific coast may maintain population separation in regions unimpacted by coastal glaciation. C1 NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Conservat Biol Div, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. RP Wilson, AB (reprint author), Univ Zurich, Zool Museum, Winterthurerstr 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland. EM tony.wilson@zoolmus.unizh.ch RI Wilson, Anthony/D-2907-2011 NR 54 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 12 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 15 IS 7 BP 1857 EP 1871 DI 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02911.x PG 15 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 042GS UT WOS:000237516500012 PM 16689903 ER PT J AU Acevedo-Whitehouse, K Spraker, TR Lyons, E Melin, SR Gulland, F Delong, RL Amos, W AF Acevedo-Whitehouse, K Spraker, TR Lyons, E Melin, SR Gulland, F Delong, RL Amos, W TI Contrasting effects of heterozygosity on survival and hookworm resistance in California sea lion pups SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE California sea lion; heterosis; heterozygosity; hookworms; neonatal survival; Uncinaria ID NORTHERN FUR-SEAL; SAN-MIGUEL ISLAND; ZALOPHUS-CALIFORNIANUS; HARBOR SEAL; UNCINARIA SPP.; PARENTAL RELATEDNESS; FITNESS CORRELATIONS; CALLORHINUS-URSINUS; NATURAL-POPULATIONS; MICROSATELLITE LOCI AB Low genetic heterozygosity is associated with loss of fitness in many natural populations. However, it remains unclear whether the mechanism is related to general (i.e. inbreeding) or local effects, in particular from a subset of loci lying close to genes under balancing selection. Here we analyse involving heterozygosity-fitness correlations on neonatal survival of California sea lions and on susceptibility to hookworm (Uncinaria spp.) infection, the single most important cause of pup mortality. We show that regardless of differences in hookworm burden, homozygosity is a key predictor of hookworm-related lesions, with no single locus contributing disproportionately. Conversely, the subsequent occurrence of anaemia due to blood loss in infected pups is overwhelmingly associated with homozygosity at one particular locus, all other loci showing no pattern. Our results suggest contrasting genetic mechanisms underlying two pathologies related to the same pathogen. First, relatively inbred pups are less able to expel hookworms and prevent their attachment to the intestinal mucosa, possibly due to a weakened immune response. In contrast, infected pups that are homozygous for a gene near to microsatellite Hg4.2 are strongly predisposed to anaemia. As yet, this gene is unknown, but could plausibly be involved in the blood-coagulation cascade. Taken together, these results suggest that pathogenic burden alone may not be the main factor regulating pathogen-related mortality in natural populations. Our study could have important implications for the conservation of small, isolated or threatened populations, particularly when they are at a risk of facing pathogenic challenges. C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Lab Mol Ecol, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England. Colorado State Univ, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Pathol, Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Kentucky, Dept Vet Sci, Gluck Equine Res Ctr, Lexington, KY 40545 USA. Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Marine Mammal Ctr, Golden Gate Natl Recreat Area, Sausalito, CA 94964 USA. RP Acevedo-Whitehouse, K (reprint author), Inst Zool, Regents Pk, London NW1 4RY, England. EM karina.acevedo-whitehouse@ioz.ac.uk NR 64 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 3 U2 24 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 15 IS 7 BP 1973 EP 1982 DI 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02903.x PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 042GS UT WOS:000237516500021 PM 16689912 ER PT J AU Whitaker, JS Hamill, TM AF Whitaker, JS Hamill, TM TI Ensemble data assimilation without perturbed observations. (vol 130, pg 1313, 2002) SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Correction C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Phys Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Hamill, TM (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Phys Sci, R-PSD 1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM tom.hamill@noaa.gov NR 2 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 134 IS 6 BP 1722 EP 1722 DI 10.1175/MWR3156.1 PG 1 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 052TZ UT WOS:000238258100009 ER PT J AU Dixon, TH Amelung, F Ferretti, A Novali, F Rocca, F Dokka, R Sella, G Kim, SW Wdowinski, S Whitman, D AF Dixon, TH Amelung, F Ferretti, A Novali, F Rocca, F Dokka, R Sella, G Kim, SW Wdowinski, S Whitman, D TI Subsidence and flooding in New Orleans SO NATURE LA English DT Article C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Tele Rilevamento Europa, I-20149 Milan, Italy. Politecn Milan, Dipartimento Elettron & Informaz, I-20133 Milan, Italy. Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Geoinformat, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Natl Geodet Survey, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Florida Int Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Miami, FL 33199 USA. RP Dixon, TH (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM tdixon@rsmas.miami.edu RI Wdowinski, Shimon/A-4118-2008; Amelung, Falk/J-9042-2012 NR 5 TC 130 Z9 131 U1 3 U2 39 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JUN 1 PY 2006 VL 441 IS 7093 BP 587 EP 588 DI 10.1038/441587a PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 048AU UT WOS:000237920800033 PM 16738651 ER PT J AU White, S Aslaksen, M AF White, S Aslaksen, M TI Direct georeferencing - NOAA's use of direct georeferencing to support emergency response SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article C1 NOAA, Remote Sensing Div, Natl Geodet Survey, Natl Ocean Serv, Washington, DC 20230 USA. RP White, S (reprint author), NOAA, Remote Sensing Div, Natl Geodet Survey, Natl Ocean Serv, Washington, DC 20230 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 72 IS 6 BP 623 EP + PG 4 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 053VQ UT WOS:000238334400005 ER PT J AU Ferguson, RL Krouse, C Patterson, M Hare, JA AF Ferguson, RL Krouse, C Patterson, M Hare, JA TI Automated thematic registration of NOAA, CoastWatch, and AVHRR images SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; INFORMATION; NAVIGATION; AGREEMENT; SEA AB Daily for the United States, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Coast Watch Program produces multiple regional daytime images and sea surface temperature (SST) images derived from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometry (AVHRR). Images have 1.1 kin pixel resolution at nadir, < 1 pixel systematic error (rotation, scale, distortion), but up to 9 pixels translation (offset) error. New fully-automated registration to a reference map corrects translation error to mean radial error < 1 pixel suitable for full pixel resolution application in inshore waters and large estuaries. The approach converts AVHRR Channel 1 and 2 data to a land and water thematic image, finds the offset to maximize classification accuracy, and repositions the AVHRR and SST images. Registration was robust to cloud cover and missing data and was more reliable than manual registration for cloudy images. Developed for the southeast region of the U.S., the approach is transportable to other regions. C1 NOAA, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Ferguson, RL (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM Randy.Ferguson@noaa.gov NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 72 IS 6 BP 677 EP 685 PG 9 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 053VQ UT WOS:000238334400009 ER PT J AU Hudson, ER Ticknor, C Sawyer, BC Taatjes, CA Lewandowski, HJ Bochinski, JR Bohn, JL Ye, J AF Hudson, Eric R. Ticknor, Christopher Sawyer, Brian C. Taatjes, Craig A. Lewandowski, H. J. Bochinski, J. R. Bohn, J. L. Ye, Jun TI Production of cold formaldehyde molecules for study and control of chemical reaction dynamics with hydroxyl radicals SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATION; HYDROGEN-ATOM ABSTRACTION; RATE-CONSTANT; OH; LIFETIMES; ALDEHYDES; STATE; CH2O; GAS AB We propose a method for controlling a class of low temperature chemical reactions. Specifically, we show the hydrogen abstraction channel in the reaction of formaldehyde (H2CO) and the hydroxyl radical (OH) can be controlled through either the molecular state or an external electric field. We also outline experiments for investigating and demonstrating control over this important reaction. To this end, we report the first Stark deceleration of H2CO. We have decelerated a molecular beam of H2CO essentially to rest, producing molecules at 100 mK with a density of similar to 10(6) cm(-3). C1 Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, JILA, VF Combust Res Facil, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Hudson, ER (reprint author), Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM eric.hudson@Colorado.edu; ye@jila.colorado.edu RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011; Ticknor, Christopher/B-8651-2014 NR 42 TC 86 Z9 86 U1 2 U2 22 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JUN PY 2006 VL 73 IS 6 AR 063404 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.73.063404 PG 6 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 058WI UT WOS:000238694900115 ER PT J AU McClelland, JJ AF McClelland, JJ TI Natural linewidth of the 401-nm laser-cooling transition in ErI SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID OSCILLATOR-STRENGTHS; ERBIUM; LINES AB A measurement of the natural linewidth of the 401-nm 4f(12)6s(2) H-3(6)-> 4f(12)(H-3(6))6s6p(P-1(1)o) (6,1)(7)(o) transition in Er I is presented. Using laser-induced fluorescence in an atomic beam, a linewidth of (35.6 +/- 1.2) MHz is observed, a value that differs significantly from the literature value of 28 MHz. This measurement provides an accurate determination of an essential laser cooling parameter that plays a central role in the development of laser cooling applications using Er atoms. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electron Phys Grp, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP McClelland, JJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electron Phys Grp, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI McClelland, Jabez/A-2358-2015 OI McClelland, Jabez/0000-0001-5672-5965 NR 11 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JUN PY 2006 VL 73 IS 6 AR 064502 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.73.064502 PG 3 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 058WI UT WOS:000238694900189 ER PT J AU Meyer, ER Bohn, JL Deskevich, MP AF Meyer, ER Bohn, JL Deskevich, MP TI Candidate molecular ions for an electron electric dipole moment experiment SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID ENERGY-ADJUSTED PSEUDOPOTENTIALS; YBF MOLECULE; BASIS-SETS; DIATOMIC-MOLECULES; ENHANCEMENT; ELEMENTS; ATOMS; HYDRIDES; POTENTIALS; VIOLATION AB This paper is a theoretical work in support of a newly proposed experiment [R. Stutz and E. Cornell, Bull. Am. Soc. Phys. 89, 76 (2004)] that promises greater sensitivity to measurements of the electron's electric dipole moment (EDM) based on the trapping of molecular ions. Such an experiment requires the choice of a suitable molecule that is both experimentally feasible and possesses an expectation of a reasonable EDM signal. We find that the molecular ions PtH+ and HfH+ are both suitable candidates in their low-lying (3)Delta states. In particular, we anticipate that the effective electric fields generated inside these molecules are approximately 73 and -17 GV/cm, respectively. As a byproduct of this discussion, we also explain how to make estimates of the size of the effective electric field acting in a molecule, using commercially available nonrelativistic molecular structure software. C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Dept Phys, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Dept Chem & Biochem, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Meyer, ER (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Dept Phys, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM meyere@murphy.colorado.edu NR 50 TC 60 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JUN PY 2006 VL 73 IS 6 AR 062108 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.73.062108 PG 10 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 058WI UT WOS:000238694900023 ER PT J AU Rey, AM Satija, II Clark, CW AF Rey, Ana Maria Satija, Indubala I. Clark, Charles W. TI Quantum coherence of hard-core bosons: Extended, glassy, and Mott phases SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID INSULATOR-TRANSITION; ULTRACOLD ATOMS; LOCALIZATION; SYSTEMS; LIGHT; METAL AB Quantum phases of hard core bosons (HCBs) confined in a one-dimensional quasiperiodic (QP) potential are studied within the theoretical framework of Hanbury-Brown-Twiss interferometry. The QP potential induces a cascade of Mott-like band-insulator phases in the extended regime, in addition to the Mott insulator, Bose glass, and superfluid phases. The new phases are incompressible and have zero superfluid fraction. At critical filling factors, the appearance of these insulating phases is heralded by a peak to dip transition in the interferogram, which reflects the fermionic aspect of HCBs. In the localized phase, the interference pattern exhibits an hierarchy of peaks at the reciprocal lattice vectors of the system. Our study demonstrates that in contrast to the momentum distribution, HBTI provides an effective method to distinguish Mott and glassy phases. C1 Inst Theoret Atom Mol & Opt Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. George Mason Univ, Dept Phys, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. RP Rey, AM (reprint author), Inst Theoret Atom Mol & Opt Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RI Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009 OI Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885 NR 19 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JUN PY 2006 VL 73 IS 6 AR 063610 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.73.063610 PG 5 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 058WI UT WOS:000238694900136 ER PT J AU Cappelletti, RL Chowdhuri, Z Udovic, TJ Dimeo, RM Hauback, BC Maeland, AJ AF Cappelletti, RL Chowdhuri, Z Udovic, TJ Dimeo, RM Hauback, BC Maeland, AJ TI Quasielastic neutron scattering study of diffusive hydrogen motion in ZrBe2H0.56 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID ZRBE2H1.4 AB In ZrBe2H0.56 above 500 K, Be planes are separated by hexagonal Zr planes in the AlB2 structure with the H atoms occupying interstitial sites that form a honeycomb net in the Zr planes. The data from quasielastic neutron scattering using two spectrometers covering a wide range of resolutions from 1 mu eV to 64 mu eV can be fitted with a simple model using only two parameters for all momentum transfers at each temperature. The parameters are an elasticlike fraction and the hopping rate associated with a quasielastic contribution described by two-dimensional nearest-neighbor uncorrelated hopping among the partially occupied interstitial sites. The temperature dependence of the hopping rate follows an Arrhenius relation with an activation enthalpy of (0.30 +/- 0.02) eV. C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Inst Energy Technol, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway. RP Cappelletti, RL (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUN PY 2006 VL 73 IS 22 AR 224109 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.73.224109 PG 9 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 058WW UT WOS:000238696300024 ER PT J AU Pomeroy, JM Brock, JD AF Pomeroy, J. M. Brock, J. D. TI Critical nucleus phase diagram for the Cu(100) surface SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID THIN-FILM GROWTH; CRITICAL CLUSTER-SIZE; METAL 100 SURFACES; SELF-DIFFUSION; EPITAXIAL-GROWTH; SUBMONOLAYER HOMOEPITAXY; NUCLEATION KINETICS; ISLAND MORPHOLOGY; FCC(100) SURFACES; ENERGY AB An experimental exploration of island nucleation dynamics during epitaxial film growth on the Cu(100) surface is presented that connects previous results from other groups at low temperatures with the room temperature regime. The steady-state balance of various atomistic processes during island nucleation has direct impact on the physical properties of epitaxial films, e.g., larger nuclei densities allow layer-by-layer growth to be achieved at lower temperatures. Within many theoretical frameworks, the critical nuclei size i (the largest assembly of atoms with a higher probability for decay than growth) plays a major role in determining island nuclei densities, and, by extension, the physics of film growth. This paper presents island density and island size distributions from recent STM studies and analysis that allows for accurate determination of the critical nuclei size at various deposition rates and temperatures near room temperature and the i=1 to i=3 boundary (dimer to tetramer stable island). This is accomplished by using the scaling behavior of coarsening to develop statistical weight by rescaling individual distributions and summing them. The rescaled island size distributions are then compared with analytical models that allow unambiguous assignment of the critical island size. The results of this study are then combined with previously published results from other researchers to determine empirically the structure of the phase boundary from i=1 to i=3 as a function of temperature and deposition rate. At low temperatures and fluxes, the observed position of the phase boundary agrees with predictions when only adatom mobility is considered. Deviations at higher temperatures suggest that the mobility of dimers and other small islands may be important in determining the effective critical nucleus near room temperature. C1 Cornell Univ, Cornell Ctr Mat Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Atom & Solid State Phys Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Cornell Univ, Sch Appl & Engn Phys, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Pomeroy, JM (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Cornell Ctr Mat Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 47 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUN PY 2006 VL 73 IS 24 AR 245405 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.73.245405 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 058XC UT WOS:000238696900103 ER PT J AU Ragan, R Guyer, JE Meserole, E Goorsky, MS Atwater, HA AF Ragan, R Guyer, JE Meserole, E Goorsky, MS Atwater, HA TI Kinetics governing phase separation of nanostructured SnxGe1-x alloys SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR-BEAM EPITAXY; MORPHOLOGICAL STABILITY; THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS; THIN-FILMS; SURFACE; GE(001); HETEROSTRUCTURES; SEMICONDUCTORS; INTERFACE; STRESS AB We have studied the dynamic phenomenon of SnxGe1-x/Ge phase separation during deposition by molecular beam epitaxy on Ge(001) substrates. Phase separation leads to the formation of direct band gap semiconductor nanowire arrays embedded in Ge oriented along the [001] growth direction. The effect of strain and composition on the periodicity were decoupled by growth on Ge(001) and partially relaxed SiyGe1-y/Ge(001) virtual substrates. The experimental results are compared with three linear instability models of strained film growth and find good agreement with only one of the models for phase separation during dynamic growth. C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. NIST, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. CALTECH, Thomas J Watson Lab Appl Phys, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Ragan, R (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. EM rragan@uci.edu RI Guyer, Jonathan/M-5165-2016 OI Guyer, Jonathan/0000-0002-1407-6589 NR 33 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUN PY 2006 VL 73 IS 23 AR 235303 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.73.235303 PG 11 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 058WZ UT WOS:000238696600071 ER PT J AU Shapiro, SM Xu, G Gu, G Gardner, J Fonda, RW AF Shapiro, SM Xu, G Gu, G Gardner, J Fonda, RW TI Lattice dynamics of the high-temperature shape-memory alloy Nb-Ru SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID NIOBIUM-RUTHENIUM ALLOYS; MARTENSITIC-TRANSFORMATION; DISPLACIVE TRANSFORMATIONS; PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS; ELASTIC-CONSTANTS; NI2MNGA AB Nb-Ru is a high-temperature shape-memory alloy that undergoes a martensitic transformation from a parent cubic beta-phase into a tetragonal beta(') phase at T-M similar to 900 degrees C. Measurements of the phonon dispersion curves on a single crystal show that the [110]-TA(2) phonon branch, corresponding in the q=0 limit to the elastic constant C-'=1/2(C-11-C-12) has an anomalous temperature dependence. Nearly the entire branch softens with decreasing temperature as T-M is approached. The temperature dependence of the low-q phonon energies suggests that the elastic constants would approach 0 as T approaches T-M, indicating a second-order transition. No additional lattice modulation is observed in the cubic phase. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Phys Mat Sci Dept, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USN, Res Lab, Mat Sci & Technol Div, Washington, DC 20375 USA. RP Shapiro, SM (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Phys Mat Sci Dept, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RI Xu, Guangyong/A-8707-2010 OI Xu, Guangyong/0000-0003-1441-8275 NR 29 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUN PY 2006 VL 73 IS 21 AR 214114 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.73.214114 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 058WV UT WOS:000238696200046 ER PT J AU Viciu, L Huang, Q Cava, RJ AF Viciu, L. Huang, Q. Cava, R. J. TI Stoichiometric oxygen content in NaxCoO2 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article AB The crystal structure and oxygen stoichiometry in two-layer Na0.74CoO2 and Na0.38CoO2 at room temperature are analyzed by powder neutron diffraction. Two sets of diffraction data for each sample, taken at different incident neutron wavelengths, lambda=1.1968 angstrom and lambda=1.5403 angstrom, are analyzed simultaneously by the Rietveld method, allowing for the independent refinement of all structural parameters. The fractional oxygen site occupancies are found to be 1.01(1) for Na0.74CoO2 and 0.99(2) for Na0.38CoO2, respectively. These results indicate that the oxygen content of these phases is stoichiometric to a precision of 1 to 2%, and therefore the formal cobalt oxidation state is determined solely by the sodium content. The analysis also reveals that both types of sodium ions in the structure are in off-center distorted trigonal prismatic geometry. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Viciu, L (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. NR 14 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUN PY 2006 VL 73 IS 21 AR 212107 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.73.212107 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 058WV UT WOS:000238696200007 ER PT J AU Ye, F Ren, Y Huang, Q Fernandez-Baca, JA Dai, PC Lynn, JW Kimura, T AF Ye, F. Ren, Y. Huang, Q. Fernandez-Baca, J. A. Dai, Pengcheng Lynn, J. W. Kimura, T. TI Spontaneous spin-lattice coupling in the geometrically frustrated triangular lattice antiferromagnet CuFeO2 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIC PHASE-DIAGRAM; FIELD; CUFE1-XALXO2; POLARIZATION; TRANSITIONS AB We use high-resolution synchrotron x-ray and neutron diffraction to study the geometrically frustrated triangular lattice antiferromagnet CuFeO2. On cooling from room temperature, CuFeO2 undergoes two antiferromagnetic phase transitions with incommensurate and commensurate magnetic order at T-N1=14 K and T-N2=11 K, respectively. The occurrence of these two magnetic transitions is accompanied by second- and first-order structural phase transitions from hexagonal to monoclinic symmetry. Application of a 6.9 T magnetic field lowers both transition temperatures by similar to 1 K, and induces an additional incommensurate structural modulation in the temperature region where the field-driven ferroelectricity occurs. These results suggest that a strong magneto-elastic coupling is intimately related to the multiferroic effect. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Ctr Neutron Scattering, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Xray Sci Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Ye, F (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Ctr Neutron Scattering, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Ye, Feng/B-3210-2010; Dai, Pengcheng /C-9171-2012; Fernandez-Baca, Jaime/C-3984-2014 OI Ye, Feng/0000-0001-7477-4648; Dai, Pengcheng /0000-0002-6088-3170; Fernandez-Baca, Jaime/0000-0001-9080-5096 NR 32 TC 118 Z9 118 U1 7 U2 31 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUN PY 2006 VL 73 IS 22 AR 220404 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.73.220404 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 058WW UT WOS:000238696300006 ER PT J AU Yildirim, T Harris, AB AF Yildirim, T. Harris, A. B. TI Magnetic structure and spin waves in the Kagome jarosite compound KFe3(SO4)(2)(OH)(6) SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID WEAK FERROMAGNETISM; ANTIFERROMAGNET; LATTICE; SRCR9PGA12-9PO19 AB We present a detailed study of the magnetic structure and spin waves in the Fe jarosite compound KFe3(SO4)(2)(OH)(6) for the most general Hamiltonian involving one- and two-spin interactions which are allowed by symmetry. We compare the calculated spin-wave spectrum with the recent neutron scattering data of Matan for various model Hamiltonians which include, in addition to isotropic Heisenberg exchange interactions between nearest (J(1)) and next-nearest (J(2)) neighbors, single-ion anisotropy and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya (DM) interactions. We concluded that DM interactions are the dominant anisotropic interaction, which not only fits all the splittings in the spin-wave spectrum but also reproduces the small canting of the spins out of the Kagome plane. A brief discussion of how representation theory restricts the allowed magnetic structure is also given. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Phys & Astron, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Yildirim, T (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI yildirim, taner/A-1290-2009; harris, A Brooks/C-8640-2013 NR 27 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 4 U2 19 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 EI 1550-235X J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUN PY 2006 VL 73 IS 21 AR 214446 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.73.214446 PG 24 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 058WV UT WOS:000238696200110 ER PT J AU Deng, L Payne, MG Garrett, WR AF Deng, Lu Payne, Marvin G. Garrett, William R. TI Effects of multi-photon interferences from internally generated fields in strongly resonant systems SO PHYSICS REPORTS-REVIEW SECTION OF PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Review ID ELECTROMAGNETICALLY INDUCED TRANSPARENCY; MULTI-PHOTON IONIZATION; NONLINEAR OPTICAL PROCESSES; LASER-INDUCED TRANSPARENCY; HYPER-RAMAN SCATTERING; DEPENDENT QUANTUM INTERFERENCE; AMPLIFIED SPONTANEOUS EMISSION; PUMPED STIMULATED EMISSIONS; MATCHED PARAMETRIC 4-WAVE; 3RD-HARMONIC GENERATION AB In studies of various nonlinear optical phenomena, strong resonant features in the atomic or molecular response to multi-photon driven processes have been used to greatly enhance the visibility of otherwise weak higher-order processes. However, there are well defined circumstances where a multi-photon-resonant response of a target system leads to the generation of one or more new electromagnetic fields that can drastically change the overall system response from what would be expected from the imposed laser fields alone. New effects can occur and dominate some aspects of the nonlinear optical response because of the constructive or destructive interference between transition amplitudes along multiple excitation pathways between a given set of optically coupled states, where one of the pathways involve internally generated field(s). Under destructive interference some resonant enhancements can become completely canceled (suppressed). This review focuses on the class of optical interference effects associated with internally generated fields, that have been found to be capable of influencing a very significant number of basic physical phenomena in gas or vapor phase systems. It provides a historical overview of experimental and theoretical developments and a modern understanding of the underlying physics and its various manifestations that include: suppression of multi-photon excitation processes, suppression of stimulated emissions (Raman, hyper-Raman, and optically pumped stimulated emissions), saturation of parametric wave-mixing, pressure and beam-geometry dependent shifting of multi-photon-resonant absorption lines, and the suppression of Autler-Townes splitting and ac-stark shifts. Additionally, optical interference effects in some modem contexts, such as achieving multi-photon induced transparency, establishing single-photon self-interference based induced transparency, and generating entangled single photon states, are reviewed. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NIST, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP Deng, L (reprint author), NIST, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM lu.deng@nist.gov RI Deng, Lu/B-3997-2012 NR 135 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0370-1573 EI 1873-6270 J9 PHYS REP JI Phys. Rep.-Rev. Sec. Phys. Lett. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 429 IS 3-4 BP 123 EP 241 DI 10.1016//j.physrep.2006.03.005 PG 119 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 057VK UT WOS:000238623100001 ER PT J AU Prasanna, MD Vondrasek, J Wlodawer, A Rodriguez, H Bhat, TN AF Prasanna, MD Vondrasek, J Wlodawer, A Rodriguez, H Bhat, TN TI Chemical compound navigator: A web-based chem-BLAST, chemical taxonomy-based search engine for browsing compounds SO PROTEINS-STRUCTURE FUNCTION AND BIOINFORMATICS LA English DT Article DE semantic Web; Chem-BIAST; HIV; AIDS; chemical ontology; chemical taxonomy; chemical knowledge base; InChI; drug discovery; mix and match method for drug design; chemical structural neighbor; substructure search; chemical datatree ID PROTEIN DATA-BANK; HIV-1 PROTEASE; DRUG DESIGN; DISCOVERY; SYSTEM AB A novel technique to annotate, query, and analyze chemical compounds has been developed and is illustrated by using the inhibitor data on HIV protease-inhibitor complexes. In this method, all chemical compounds are annotated in terms of standard chemical structural fragments. These standard fragments are defined by using criteria, such as chemical classification; structural, chemical, or functional groups; and commercial, scientific or common names or synonyms. These fragments are then organized into a data tree based on their chemical substructures. Search engines have been developed to use this data tree to enable query on inhibitors of HIV protease (http://xpdb.nist. gov/hivsdb/hivsdb.html). These search engines use a new novel technique, Chemical Block Layered Alignment of Substructure Technique (Chem-BILAST) to search on the fragments of an inhibitor to look for its chemical structural neighbors. This novel technique to annotate and query compounds lays the foundation for the use of the Semantic Web concept on chemical compounds to allow end users to group, sort, and search structural neighbors accurately and efficiently. During annotation, it enables the attachment of "meaning" (i.e., semantics) to data in a manner that far exceeds the current practice of associating "metadata" with data by creating a knowledge base (or ontology) associated with compounds. Intended users of the technique are the research community and pharmaceutical industry, for which it will provide a new tool to better identify novel chemical structural neighbors to aid drug discovery. C1 NIST, Biochem Sci Div 831, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Organ Chem & Biochem, Prague, Czech Republic. NCI, Macromol Crystallog Lab, Frederick, MD 21701 USA. RP Bhat, TN (reprint author), NIST, Biochem Sci Div 831, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM bhat@nist.gov RI Vondrasek, JIri/A-4244-2008 FU Intramural NIH HHS NR 22 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0887-3585 J9 PROTEINS JI Proteins PD JUN 1 PY 2006 VL 63 IS 4 BP 907 EP 917 DI 10.1002/prot.20914 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 047ER UT WOS:000237863100017 PM 16508960 ER PT J AU Zhang, R AF Zhang, R TI How cold were the tropics and subtropics at the Last Glacial Maximum? SO QUATERNARY SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Editorial Material ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; CLIMATE; SIMULATIONS C1 Princeton Univ, GFDL, AOS Program, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Zhang, R (reprint author), Princeton Univ, GFDL, AOS Program, Forrestal Campus,Route 1, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM Rong.Zhang@noaa.gov RI Zhang, Rong/D-9767-2014 OI Zhang, Rong/0000-0002-8493-6556 NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0277-3791 J9 QUATERNARY SCI REV JI Quat. Sci. Rev. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 25 IS 11-12 BP 1150 EP 1151 DI 10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.03.007 PG 2 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 058WA UT WOS:000238694100002 ER PT J AU Hubbell, JH AF Hubbell, JH TI Electron-positron pair production by photons: A historical overview SO RADIATION PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review DE attenuation coefficient; cross section; gamma rays; pair production; photons; positrons; triplet production; X-rays ID PRODUCTION CROSS-SECTIONS; INTERMEDIATE-ENERGY PHOTONS; SIMPLE ANALYTIC EXPRESSIONS; ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI; ATOMIC FORM-FACTORS; MAUE WAVE-FUNCTIONS; POSITIVE ELECTRONS; COULOMB CORRECTION; TRIPLET PRODUCTION; POLARIZATION CORRELATIONS AB This account briefly traces the growth of our theoretical and experimental knowledge of electron-positron pair production by photons, from the prediction of the positron by Dirac [1928a. The quantum theory of the electron. Proc. R. Soc. (London) A 117, 610-62; 1928b. The quantum theory of the electron. Part II. Proc. R. Sec. (London) A 118, 1928b, 351-361] and Subsequent cloud-chamber observations by Anderson [Energies of cosmic-ray particles. Phys. Rev. 43, 491-4941, up to the present time. Photons of energies above 2m(e)c(2) (1.022 MeV) can interact with the Coulomb field of an atomic nucleus to be transformed into an electron-positron pair, the probability increasing with increasing photon energy, up to a plateau at high energies, and increasing with increasing atomic number approximately as the square of the nuclear charge (proton number). This interaction can also take place in the field of an atomic electron, for photons of energy in excess of 4m(e)c(2) (2.044 MeV), in which case the process is called triplet production due to the track of the recoiling atomic electron adding to the tracks of the created electron-positron pair. The last systematic computations and tabulations of pair and triplet cross sections, which are the predominant contributions to the photon mass attenuation coefficient for photon energies 10 MeV and higher, were those of Hubbell et al. [Pair, triplet, and total atomic cross sections (and mass attenuation coefficients) for 1 MeV-100 GeV photons in elements Z = 1-100. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 9, 1023-1147], from threshold (1.022 MeV) Lip to 100 GeV, for all elements Z = 1-100. These computations required some ad hoc bridging functions between the available low-energy and high-energy theoretical models. Recently (1979-2001), Sud and collaborators have developed some new approaches including using distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA) theory to compute pair production cross sections in the intermediate energy region (5.0-10.0 MeV) on a firmer theoretical basis. These and other recent developments, and their possible implications for improved computations of pair and triplet cross sections, are discussed. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hubbell, JH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mail Stop 8463, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM john.hubbell@nist.gov NR 166 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 18 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0969-806X J9 RADIAT PHYS CHEM JI Radiat. Phys. Chem. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 75 IS 6 BP 614 EP 623 DI 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2005.10.008 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 030QL UT WOS:000236649300002 ER PT J AU Jenkinson, RG Barnas, KA Braatne, JH Bernhardt, ES Palmer, MA Allan, JD AF Jenkinson, RG Barnas, KA Braatne, JH Bernhardt, ES Palmer, MA Allan, JD CA Natl River Restoration Sci Synthes TI Stream restoration databases and case studies: A guide to information resources and their utility in advancing the science and practice of restoration SO RESTORATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Review DE adaptive management; database; National River Restoration Science Synthesis; stream restoration ID PROJECTS; RIVER AB The successful application of adaptive management to the science and practice of restoration ecology requires specific knowledge about the outcomes of past restoration efforts. Ideally, project results would be readily available to scientists or other project managers with similar goals or in analogous ecosystems. Recently, there has been a proliferation of Intern et-accessible databases, lists, and case studies of stream and river restoration projects. These resources include a wide range of information that could be accessed to aid natural resource and conservation professionals in restoration. In the U.S. Pacific Northwest, the National Marine Fisheries Service's Northwest Fisheries Science Center and, on a national scale, the National River Restoration Science Synthesis are combining existing national and regional databases, along with the individual project descriptions, to create comprehensive, web-based databases of stream restoration projects. In this process, more data sources were discovered than fit the scope of either of these projects. Ten international, 19 U.S. national, and 42 U.S. regional web-accessible sources of restoration project databases and case studies are listed in this study. However, to easily use information that is currently scattered in multiple files and Web sites, databases would optimally use a common, standardized format. We provide a recommended list of information to be included in restoration databases. These efforts may provide a blueprint for development of compatible international databases of stream restoration projects. C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. Duke Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Entomol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Jenkinson, RG (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, POB 4441136, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. EM jenk8856@uidaho.edu RI Bernhardt, Emily/B-4541-2010; Bernhardt, Emily/D-9940-2011 OI Bernhardt, Emily/0000-0003-3031-621X NR 18 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 26 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1061-2971 J9 RESTOR ECOL JI Restor. Ecol. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 14 IS 2 BP 177 EP 186 DI 10.1111/j.1526-100X.2006.00119.x PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 048KY UT WOS:000237947200002 ER PT J AU Avedisian, CT Cavicchi, RE Tarlov, MJ AF Avedisian, CT Cavicchi, RE Tarlov, MJ TI New technique for visualizing microboiling phenomena and its application to water pulse heated by a thin metal film SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID SURFACE; NANOSECOND; MONOLAYERS; DYNAMICS; BEHAVIOR; DROPLET AB This article presents a laser strobe microscopy method for photographing fast transient microscale processes. The technique is illustrated by capturing time-lapsed images of bubble nucleation from pulse-heated thin films immersed in a pool of water. The method combines a pulsed laser for the light source and a microscope with 100x magnification of a heater element (platinum film, 30 mu m long, 15 mu m wide, and 0.2 mu m thick), and associated instrumentation to coordinate the laser pulse with the electrical pulse at various delay times to step through the evolutionary process of the phase change. The emphasis of this article is on describing the experimental method and illustrating its capabilities to record the nucleation and growth of microbubbles. Results are presented for bubble nucleation and morphology in subcooled water for electrical (heating) pulses with duration ranging from 0.50 to 1 mu s. The repeatability of the process, which is an essential requirement for obtaining meaningful information on the evolution of the phase change process, is demonstrated which allows high effective framing rates to be achieved (> 10(8) s(-1)) using a pulsed light source with a controlled delay. New bubble morphologies are shown. For 0.5 mu s pulses, bubbles appear to nucleate first at the corners of the heater followed by lateral coalescence and spreading to form a thin vapor film which later thickens on the heater footprint and evolves into an oblate spheroidal shape. For 1 mu s pulses, individual bubbles are observed which appear at specific nucleation "sites" that may indicate surface imperfections typical of nucleate boiling processes even though the superheat is close to the superheat limit of water. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Cornell Univ, Sibley Sch Mech & Aerosp Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Proc Sensing Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Avedisian, CT (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Sibley Sch Mech & Aerosp Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM cta2@cornell.edu NR 31 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 77 IS 6 AR 063706 DI 10.1063/1.2206560 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 059KX UT WOS:000238732800032 ER PT J AU Richter, CA Hacker, CA Richter, LJ Kirillov, OA Suehle, JS Vogel, EM AF Richter, C. A. Hacker, C. A. Richter, L. J. Kirillov, O. A. Suehle, J. S. Vogel, E. M. TI Interface characterization of molecular-monolayer/SiO2 based molecular junctions SO SOLID-STATE ELECTRONICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Semiconductor Device Research Symposium (ISDRS 2005 CY DEC 07-09, 2005 CL Washington, DC SP DARPA Microelect Technol Off, Natl Inst Stand Technol, USA Res Lab, Univ Maryland, Elect & Comp Engn Dept, USN, Naval Res Lab, USA Res Off, Natl Sci Fdn DE molecular electronics; negative-differential-resistance; self-assembled monolayer; current-voltage; capacitance-voltage; FTIR ID THIN-FILM TRANSISTORS; SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; NEGATIVE DIFFERENTIAL RESISTANCE; NORMAL-ALKYL CHAINS; H STRETCHING MODES; ELECTRICAL CHARACTERIZATION; SPECTROSCOPIC CHARACTERIZATION; ELECTRONIC TRANSPORT; OXIDE TRAPS; DEVICES AB We present a correlation of the results of dc-current-voltage (IV) and ac-capacitance-voltage (CV) measurements with vibrational spectroscopy of Au/monolayer/SiO2/Si structures to establish an improved understanding of the interactions at the buried metal/monolayer and dielectric/silicon interfaces. A novel backside-incidence Fourier-transform infrared-spectroscopy technique was used to characterize the interaction of the top-metallization with the organic monolayers. Both the spectroscopic and electrical results indicate that Au has a minimal interaction with alkane monolayers deposited on SiO2 via silane chemistry. An intriguing negative-differential-resistance and hysteresis is observed in the IV measurements of Au/alkane/SiO2/Si devices. It is unlikely that this behavior is intrinsic to the simple alkane monolayers in these structures. We attribute the observed IV features to charge trapping and detrapping at both the alkane/SiO2 and the Si/SiO2 interfaces. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Richter, CA (reprint author), NIST, Div Semicond Elect, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM curt.richter@nist.gov RI Vogel, Eric/A-7731-2008; Kirillov, Oleg/A-4242-2009; Richter, Lee/N-7730-2016 OI Vogel, Eric/0000-0002-6110-1361; Richter, Lee/0000-0002-9433-3724 NR 46 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-1101 J9 SOLID STATE ELECTRON JI Solid-State Electron. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 50 IS 6 BP 1088 EP 1096 DI 10.1016/j.sse.2006.04.037 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA 070DB UT WOS:000239499400031 ER PT J AU Chiang, MYM Wang, XF Landis, FA Dunkers, J Snyder, CR AF Chiang, Martin Y. M. Wang, Xianfeng Landis, Forrest A. Dunkers, Joy Snyder, Chad R. TI Quantifying the directional parameter of structural anisotropy in porous media SO TISSUE ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; TRABECULAR BONE; CANCELLOUS BONE; SCAFFOLDS; ORIENTATION; MORPHOLOGY; PREDICTS; DESIGN; SYSTEM; DISC AB A new method has been developed to define the directional parameter and characterize the structural anisotropy of a highly porous structure with extensive pore interconnectivity and surface area, such as scaffolds in tissue engineering. This new method called intercept segment deviation (ISD) was validated through the comparison of structural anisotropy from ISD measurements with mechanical anisotropy from finite-element stress analysis. This was carried out on a generated two-dimensional (2D) image of a two-phase material and a real three-dimensional (3D) image of a tissue scaffold. The effect of tissue regeneration and scaffold degradation on the anisotropy of the scaffold was discussed. The performance of other methods for quantification of the directional parameter was also assessed. The results indicate that the structural anisotropy obtained from this new method conforms to the actual mechanical anisotropy and provides a better prediction of the material orientation than the other methods for the 2D and 3D images studied. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chiang, MYM (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM martin.chiang@nist.gov RI Snyder, Chad/B-4957-2008 OI Snyder, Chad/0000-0002-2916-9809 NR 30 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 1076-3279 J9 TISSUE ENG JI Tissue Eng. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 12 IS 6 BP 1597 EP 1606 DI 10.1089/ten.2006.12.1597 PG 10 WC Cell & Tissue Engineering SC Cell Biology GA 071AX UT WOS:000239570400019 PM 16846355 ER PT J AU Kulagina, NV Twiner, MJ Hess, P McMahon, T Satake, M Yasumoto, T Ramsdell, JS Doucette, GJ Ma, W O'Shaughnessy, TJ AF Kulagina, NV Twiner, MJ Hess, P McMahon, T Satake, M Yasumoto, T Ramsdell, JS Doucette, GJ Ma, W O'Shaughnessy, TJ TI Azaspiracid-1 inhibits bioelectrical activity of spinal cord neuronal networks SO TOXICON LA English DT Article DE biosensor; azaspiracid-1; extracellular recording; phycotoxin; microelectrode array; primary neuronal cultures; voltage-gated channels; action potential ID MYTILUS-EDULIS; MARINE TOXINS; SHELLFISH; MUSSELS; SAXITOXIN; IRELAND; ANALOGS AB Azaspiracid-1 (AZA-1) is a recently identified phycotoxin that accumulates in molluscs and can cause severe human intoxications. For this study, we utilized murine spinal cord and frontal cortex neuronal networks grown over 64 channel microelectrode arrays (MEAs) to gain insights into the mechanism of action of AZA-1 on neuronal cells. Extracellular recordings of spontaneous action potentials were per-formed by monitoring mean spike rate as an assay of the efficacy of AZA-1 to alter the bioelectrical activity of neurons in the networks. Via slow onset, AZA-1 decreased the mean spike rate of the spinal cord neurons with an IC50 of ca. 2.1 nM, followed by partial recovery of original activity when toxin was removed. Pretreatment with the GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline led to an increased response of the neuronal networks to AZA-1 exposure and resulted in an irreversible inhibition of spike rate. AZA-1 did not cause any changes in frontal cortex networks upon drug exposure. In addition, whole-cell patch clamp recordings from spinal cord neurons showed that AZA-I had no significant effect on the voltage-gated sodium (Na+) or calcium (Ca2+) currents, suggesting that the toxin affected synaptic transmission in the neuronal networks through a mechanism independent of these voltage-gated channels. Crown Copyright (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USN, Res Lab, Ctr Biomol Sci & Engn, Washington, DC 20375 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Marine Biotoxins Program, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Inst Marine, Marine Environm & Food Safety Serv, Galway, Ireland. Tohoku Univ, Grad Sch Agr Sci, Sendai, Miyagi 980, Japan. Japan Food Res Lab, Tama Lab, Tokyo, Japan. RP Kulagina, NV (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Ctr Biomol Sci & Engn, 4555 Overlook Ave,SW,Code 6900, Washington, DC 20375 USA. EM kulagina@cbmse.nrl.navy.mil RI Hess, Philipp/G-1761-2010; Doucette, Gregory/M-3283-2013 OI Hess, Philipp/0000-0002-9047-1345; NR 24 TC 27 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0041-0101 J9 TOXICON JI Toxicon PD JUN 1 PY 2006 VL 47 IS 7 BP 766 EP 773 DI 10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.02.011 PG 8 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 055QV UT WOS:000238466300007 PM 16626774 ER PT J AU Grams, JS Gallus, WA Koch, SE Wharton, LS Loughe, A Ebert, EE AF Grams, JS Gallus, WA Koch, SE Wharton, LS Loughe, A Ebert, EE TI The use of a modified Ebert-McBride technique to evaluate mesoscale model QPF as a function of convective system morphology during IHOP 2002 SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID ADJUSTMENT SCHEME; FORECAST; PRECIPITATION; VERIFICATION; RESOLUTION; PREDICTION; RAINFALL; SERVICE; IMPACT; ERRORS AB The Ebert-McBride technique (EMT) is an entity-oriented method useful for quantitative precipitation verification. The EMT was modified to optimize its ability to identify contiguous rain areas (CRAs) during the 2002 International H2O Project (IHOP). This technique was then used to identify systematic sources of error as a function of observed convective system morphology in three 12-km model simulations run over the IHOP domain: Eta, the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5), and the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF). The EMT was fine-tuned to optimize the pattern matching of forecasts to observations for the scales of precipitation systems observed during IHOP. To investigate several error measures provided by the EMT, a detailed morphological analysis of observed systems was performed using radar data for all CRAs identified in the IHOP domain. The modified EMT suggests that the Eta Model produced average rain rates, peak rainfall amounts, and total rain volumes that were lower than observed for almost all types of convective systems, likely because of its production of overly smoothed and low-variability quantitative precipitation forecasts. The MM5 and WRF typically produced average rain rates and peak rainfall amounts that were larger than observed in most linear convective systems. However, the rain volume for these models was too low for almost all types of convective systems, implying a sizeable underestimate in areal coverage. All three models forecast rainfall too far northwest for linear systems. The results for the WRF and MM5 are consistent with previous observations of mesoscale models run with explicit microphysics and no convective parameterization scheme, suggesting systematic problems with the prediction of mesoscale convective system cold pool dynamics. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Geol & Atmospher Sci, Ames, IA USA. NOAA, Res Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Bur Meteorol, ResCtr, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. RP Grams, JS (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, NCEP Storm Predict Ctr, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM jeremy.grams@noaa.gov NR 43 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 21 IS 3 BP 288 EP 306 DI 10.1175/WAF918.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 058UN UT WOS:000238690200003 ER PT J AU Bukovsky, MS Kain, JS Baldwin, ME AF Bukovsky, MS Kain, JS Baldwin, ME TI Bowing convective systems in a popular operational model: Are they for real? SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID MIDLATITUDE SQUALL LINE; GENERATED GRAVITY-WAVES; ETA-MODEL; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; PARAMETERIZATION; SCHEME; PROPAGATION; MOISTURE; HEAT; CISK AB Bowing, propagating precipitation features that sometimes appear in NCEP's North American Mesoscale model (NAM; formerly called the Eta Model) forecasts are examined. These features are shown to be associated with an unusual convective heating profile generated by the Betts-Miller-Janjic convective parameterization in certain environments. A key component of this profile is a deep layer of cooling in the lower to middle troposphere. This strong cooling tendency induces circulations that favor expansion of parameterized convective activity into nearby grid columns, which can lead to growing, self-perpetuating mesoscale systems under certain conditions. The propagation characteristics of these systems are examined and three contributing mechanisms of propagation are identified. These include a mesoscale downdraft induced by the deep lower-to-middle tropospheric cooling, a convectively induced buoyancy bore, and a boundary layer cold pool that is indirectly produced by the convective scheme in this environment. Each of these mechanisms destabilizes the adjacent atmosphere and decreases convective inhibition in nearby grid columns, promoting new convective development, expansion, and propagation of the larger system. These systems appear to show a poor correspondence with observations of bow echoes on time and space scales that are relevant for regional weather prediction, but they may provide important clues about the propagation mechanisms of real convective systems. C1 Univ Oklahoma, CIMMS, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Bukovsky, MS (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, CIMMS, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM Melissa.Bukovsky@noaa.gov NR 37 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 21 IS 3 BP 307 EP 324 DI 10.1175/WAF908.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 058UN UT WOS:000238690200004 ER PT J AU Homar, V Stensrud, DJ Levit, JJ Bright, DR AF Homar, V Stensrud, DJ Levit, JJ Bright, DR TI Value of human-generated perturbations in short-range ensemble forecasts of severe weather SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS; TARGETED OBSERVATIONS; UNITED-STATES; ETA-MODEL; PRECIPITATION; PREDICTION; PARAMETERIZATION; SENSITIVITY; ENVIRONMENTS; VERIFICATION AB During the spring of 2003, the Storm Prediction Center, in partnership with the National Severe Storms Laboratory, conducted an experiment to explore the value of having operational severe weather forecasters involved in the generation of a short-range ensemble forecasting system. The idea was to create a customized ensemble to provide guidance on the severe weather threat over the following 48 h. The forecaster was asked to highlight structures of interest in the control run and, using an adjoint model, a set of perturbations was obtained and used to generate a 32-member fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) ensemble. The performance of this experimental ensemble is objectively evaluated and compared with other available forecasts ( both deterministic and ensemble) using real-time severe weather reports and precipitation in the central and eastern parts of the continental United States. The experimental ensemble outperforms the operational forecasts considered in the study for episodes with moderate-to-high probability of severe weather occurrence and those with moderate probability of heavy precipitation. On the other hand, the experimental ensemble forecasts of low-probability severe weather and low precipitation amounts have less skill than the operational models, arguably due to the lack of global dispersion in a system designed to target the spread over specific areas of concern for severe weather. Results from an additional test ensemble constructed by combining automatic and manually perturbed members show the best results for numerical forecasts of severe weather for all probability values. While the value of human contribution in the numerical forecast is demonstrated, further research is needed to determine how to better use the skill and experience of the forecaster in the construction of short-range ensembles. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NOAA, Storm Predict Ctr, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Homar, V (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM victor.homar@uib.es RI Homar Santaner, Victor/K-2678-2014 OI Homar Santaner, Victor/0000-0003-1459-2003 NR 59 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 21 IS 3 BP 347 EP 363 DI 10.1175/WAF920.1 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 058UN UT WOS:000238690200007 ER PT J AU Market, PS Przybylinski, RW Rochette, SM AF Market, PS Przybylinski, RW Rochette, SM TI The role of sublimational cooling in a late-season Midwestern snow event SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID MODEL; PARAMETERIZATION; FRONTOGENESIS AB Analysis is provided of a surprise late-season snow event over eastern Missouri and western Illinois. While snow totals failed to exceed 15 cm (6 in.) at any single location, the system was noteworthy because of the poor performance of public, private, and media forecasts in anticipating the event. Using observed data and a successful simulation with a mesoscale numerical model, the event is scrutinized to determine the forcing mechanisms for the precipitation over a small area. A region of enhanced frontogenesis is diagnosed over the region both in the observed data as well as the model output. That the precipitation fell as snow is shown to be the result of a dry layer of air between the surface and the cloud base that saturated and cooled due largely to snow sublimation-evaporation in just a few hours to permit the fall of snow uninhibited from the cloud base to the ground. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Soil Environm & Atmospher Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Natl Weather Serv, Forecast Off, Weldon Spring, MO USA. SUNY Coll Brockport, Dept Earth Sci, Brockport, NY 14420 USA. RP Market, PS (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Soil Environm & Atmospher Sci, 302 Anheuser Busch Nat Resources Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. EM marketp@missouri.edu NR 21 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 21 IS 3 BP 364 EP 382 DI 10.1175/WAF919.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 058UN UT WOS:000238690200008 ER PT J AU Draxler, RR AF Draxler, RR TI The use of global and mesoscale meteorological model data to predict the transport and dispersion of tracer plumes over Washington, D. C. SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID QUALITY; WINDS AB The data from a yearlong tracer dispersion experiment over Washington, D. C., in 1984 were used to evaluate Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) dispersion model calculations using coarse global meteorological reanalysis data [NCEP-NCAR and 40-Yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40)] and calculations using meteorological data fields created by running a high-resolution meteorological model [fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5)]. None of the meteorological models were optimized for urban environments. The dispersion calculation using the ERA-40 data showed better performance than those using the NCEP-NCAR data and comparable performance to those using MM5 data fields. Calculations with MM5 data that used shorter-period forecasts were superior to calculations that used forecast data that extended beyond 24 h. Daytime dispersion model calculations using the MM5 data showed an underprediction bias not evident in calculations using the ERA-40 data or for nighttime calculations using either meteorological dataset. It was found that small changes in the wind direction for all meteorological model data resulted in dramatic improvements in dispersion model performance. All meteorological data modeled plume directions were biased 10 degrees-20 degrees clockwise to the measured plume direction. This bias was greatest when using the global meteorological data. A detailed analysis of the wind observations during the November intensive, which had the greatest difference between the model and measured plume directions, showed that only the very lowest level of observed winds could account for the transport direction of the measured plume. In the Northern Hemisphere, winds tend to turn clockwise with height resulting in positive directional transport bias if the lowest-level winds are not represented in sufficient detail by the meteorological model. C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, RARL, SSMC3, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Draxler, RR (reprint author), NOAA, Air Resources Lab, RARL, SSMC3, Rm 3350,1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM roland.draxler@noaa.gov NR 24 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 21 IS 3 BP 383 EP 394 DI 10.1175/WAF926.1 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 058UN UT WOS:000238690200009 ER PT J AU Trapp, RJ Wheatley, DM Atkins, NT Przybylinski, RW Wolf, R AF Trapp, RJ Wheatley, DM Atkins, NT Przybylinski, RW Wolf, R TI Buyer beware: Some words of caution on the use of severe wind reports in postevent assessment and research SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID BOW ECHOES; UNITED-STATES; DAMAGE; CLIMATOLOGY; DOWNBURSTS; EVOLUTION; SCALES; RADAR; BAMEX AB Postevent damage surveys conducted during the Bow Echo and Mesoscale Convective Vortex Experiment demonstrate that the severe thunderstorm wind reports in Storm Data served as a poor characterization of the actual scope and magnitude of the surveyed damage. Contrasting examples are presented in which a few reports grossly underrepresented a significant event (in terms of property damage and actual areal coverage of damage), while a large number of reports overrepresented a relatively less significant event. Explanations and further discussion of this problem are provided, as are some of the implications, which may include a skewed understanding of how and when systems of thunderstorms cause damage. A number of recommendations pertaining to severe wind reporting are offered. C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Lyndon State Coll, Lyndonville, VT USA. NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Forecast Off, St Louis, MO USA. NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Forecast Off, Davenport, IA USA. RP Trapp, RJ (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, 550 Stadium Mall Dr, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. EM jtrapp@purdue.edu NR 23 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 21 IS 3 BP 408 EP 415 DI 10.1175/WAF925.1 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 058UN UT WOS:000238690200011 ER PT J AU Buchsbaum, RN Catena, J Hutchins, E James-Pirri, MJ AF Buchsbaum, RN Catena, J Hutchins, E James-Pirri, MJ TI Changes in salt marsh vegetation, Phragmites australis, and nekton in response to increased tidal flushing in a new England salt marsh SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE marsh; coastal wetland; wetland restoration; Phragmites australis; Spartina alterniflora; salt marsh fish; tidal restriction ID COMMON REED; NORTH-AMERICA; EXPANSION; RESTORATION; CONNECTICUT; MANAGEMENT; INVASION; PATTERNS; IMPACT AB This study examined the response of Argilla Marsh in Ipswich, Massachusetts, USA to increased tidal flushing instituted to restore a salt marsh invaded by Phragmites australis. In late fall 1998, we replaced the old 0.9-m-diameter culvert feeding this marsh with a 2.4 x 1.5-m box culvert, thus increasing both the volume of tidal exchange and porewater salinity. We carried out yearly sampling of vegetation for two years pre-restoration and for four years after restoration. Analysis of Similarities (ANOSIM) showed that the plant community on the restored marsh had changed after restoration but that on the reference marshes had not. Over 80% of the change in the restored marsh was attributed to an increase in Spartina alterniflora cover and decreases in the cover of Phragmites australis, Typha angustifolia, and Solidago sempervirens. The two brackish species, P. australis and T. angustifolia showed an immediate negative response to the increased flooding and salinity. Surviving P. australis culms in the restored marsh were shorter in stature than they were prior to restoration, suggesting that the increased flooding and porewater salinities had lowered the productivity of this species. The increase in S. alterniflora post-restoration fit an exponential curve, indicating that there was a lag in its response initially, but then it expanded rapidly and was still in a very rapid expansion phase after four years. Despite an overall decline of P. australis on the scale of the whole marsh, there was a great deal of variation in responses of individual patches of P. australis to the restoration. Some declined, some were unchanged, and. some even increased. The response of nekton to the restoration was less obvious than that of vegetation. Before restoration, the creek system in the tidally restricted marsh functioned like an impoundment that was only marginally connected to the larger salt marsh ecosystem. At that time, seining indicated that more species of nekton occurred at greater densities in creeks in the tidally restricted marsh than in the downstream reference. Increasing the tidal amplitude in the restored marsh resulted in an overall decline in the catch per unit effort there. In contrast to the creeks, the Spartina-dominated section of the flooded marsh surface in the restored marsh did harbor more Fundulus heteroclitus, particularly the smaller size class, than did the downstream reference marsh or a P. australis patch in the restored marsh. Our analysis of vegetation and nekton suggests that Argilla Marsh was still adjusting to hydrologic changes four years after restoration. C1 Massachusetts Audubon Soc, Wenham, MA 01984 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Gloucester, MA 01930 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Buchsbaum, RN (reprint author), Massachusetts Audubon Soc, 346 Grapevine Rd, Wenham, MA 01984 USA. EM rbuchsbaum@massaudubon.org NR 37 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 6 U2 36 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD JUN PY 2006 VL 26 IS 2 BP 544 EP 557 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2006)26[544:CISMVP]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 058YY UT WOS:000238701700024 ER PT J AU Murton, BJ Baker, ET Sands, CM German, CR AF Murton, BJ Baker, ET Sands, CM German, CR TI Detection of an unusually large hydrothermal event plume above the slow-spreading Carlsberg Ridge: NW Indian Ocean SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE; DE-FUCA RIDGE; MIDOCEAN RIDGES; SEA-WATER; SMOKER PLUMES; MANGANESE; SEGMENT; CRUST; HEAT; VENT AB About 90% of Earth's volcanism occurs along the global mid-ocean ridge system. Here, sporadic volcanic and tectonic activity is thought to cause cataclysmic release of hydrothermal fluids, forming event plumes. Each plume often contains as much hydrothermal effluent and heat as chronic hydrothermal venting from a typical vent site discharges during a year. To date, only a few event plumes have been detected, and only above intermediate-rate spreading ridges in the Pacific. Here, we report the first evidence for an unusually large event plume that originated from the slow-spreading ( 3 cm/yr full-rate) Carlsberg Ridge in the NW Indian Ocean. At 70 km long, up to 4540 km(3) in volume and with up to 24 x 10(16) J of excess heat, this event plume was substantially larger than previous ones and demonstrates that dispersion of hydrothermal heat and biological products from slow spreading ridges may be more significant and effective than hitherto imagined. C1 Univ Southampton, Natl Oceanog Ctr Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Murton, BJ (reprint author), Univ Southampton, Natl Oceanog Ctr Southampton, Waterfront Campus,European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England. EM bjm@noc.soton.ac.uk NR 36 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAY 31 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 10 AR L10608 DI 10.1029/2006GL026048 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 050DX UT WOS:000238068800005 ER PT J AU Jackson, DL Wick, GA Bates, JJ AF Jackson, Darren L. Wick, Gary A. Bates, John J. TI Near-surface retrieval of air temperature and specific humidity using multisensor microwave satellite observations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID LATENT-HEAT FLUX; NEURAL-NETWORK APPROACH; GLOBAL OCEANS; PRECIPITABLE WATER; MOMENTUM FLUXES; BOUNDARY-LAYER; SEA-SURFACE; WIND-SPEED; SSM/I; IMAGER AB A new method for instantaneous retrievals of near-surface specific humidity (Q(a)) and air temperature (T-a) over the oceans was developed by combining satellite microwave observations from Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A), Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I), and Special Sensor Microwave Temperature Sounder (SSM/T-2). Several retrieval methods based on linear regression are presented that include both single-sensor and multisensor approaches. The most accurate linear regression algorithms combined AMSU-A and SSM/I observations. The Q(a) and T-a retrieval methods had RMS differences of 0.83 g/kg and 1.53 degrees C, respectively, relative to direct surface observations. These differences were found to be significantly lower than those computed from previously published algorithms applied to daily values. An independent validation data set showed that the current Q(a) retrieval method led to a reduction in RMS error of 0.5 g/kg and reduced bias at the lowest and highest Q(a) values. Likewise, the current T-a retrieval method had a reduction in RMS errors of 1.0 degrees C from previously published methods. Improvements in both retrievals can be attributed to inclusion of the AMSU-A 52.8 GHz channel, which helps distinguish variations near the surface from those at higher levels of the atmosphere. Selection of a retrieval approach represents a trade-off between accuracy, coverage, and temporal extent. Global coverage every 6 hours is approximately 80% using two NOAA satellites; however, such coverage would rely on use of a single-sensor AMSU-A approach with somewhat degraded accuracy. A multisensor approach using AMSU-A and SSM/I on the current NOAA and DMSP satellites will at best provide global coverage over 1 day. C1 Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO USA. NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RP Jackson, DL (reprint author), Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, 325 Broadway,R-PSD3, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM darren.l.jackson@noaa.gov RI Bates, John/D-1012-2009; Jackson, Darren/D-5506-2015 OI Bates, John/0000-0002-8124-0406; Jackson, Darren/0000-0001-5211-7866 NR 30 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAY 31 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D10 AR D10306 DI 10.1029/2005JD006431 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 050EP UT WOS:000238070600004 ER PT J AU Liang, XZ Pan, JP Zhu, JH Kunkel, KE Wang, JXL Dai, A AF Liang, Xin-Zhong Pan, Jianping Zhu, Jinhong Kunkel, Kenneth E. Wang, Julian X. L. Dai, Aiguo TI Regional climate model downscaling of the U.S. summer climate and future change SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID DIURNAL CYCLE; UNITED-STATES; PART I; CHANGE SIMULATIONS; SYSTEM MODEL; PRECIPITATION; SENSITIVITY; US; CONVECTION; 21ST-CENTURY AB A mesoscale model (MM5)-based regional climate model (CMM5) integration driven by the Parallel Climate Model (PCM), a fully coupled atmosphere-ocean-land-ice general circulation model (GCM), for the present (1986-1995) summer season climate is first compared with observations to study the CMM5's downscaling skill and uncertainty over the United States. The results indicate that the CMM5, with its finer resolution ( 30 km) and more comprehensive physics, simulates the present U. S. climate more accurately than the driving PCM, especially for precipitation, including summer mean patterns, diurnal cycles, and daily frequency distributions. Hence the CMM5 downscaling provides a credible means to improve GCM climate simulations. A parallel CMM5 integration driven by the PCM future (2041-2050) projection is then analyzed to determine the downscaling impact on regional climate changes. It is shown that the CMM5 generates climate change patterns very different from those predicted by the driving PCM. A key difference is a summer "warming hole" over the central United States in the CMM5 relative to the PCM. This study shows that the CMM5 downscaling can significantly reduce GCM biases in simulating the present climate and that this improvement has important consequences for future projections of regional climate changes. For both the present and future climate simulations, the CMM5 results are sensitive to the cumulus parameterization, with strong regional dependence. The deficiency in representing convection is likely the major reason for the PCM's unrealistic simulation of U. S. precipitation patterns and perhaps also for its large warming in the central United States. C1 Univ Illinois, Illinois State Water Survey, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Liang, XZ (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Illinois State Water Survey, 2204 Griffith Dr, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. EM xliang@uiuc.edu RI Dai, Aiguo/D-3487-2009; Wang, Julian/C-3188-2016 NR 44 TC 88 Z9 88 U1 1 U2 19 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAY 31 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D10 AR D10108 DI 10.1029/2005JD006685 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 050EP UT WOS:000238070600009 ER PT J AU Martinez, F Taylor, B Baker, ET Resing, JA Walker, SL AF Martinez, Fernando Taylor, Brian Baker, Edward T. Resing, Joseph A. Walker, Sharon L. TI Opposing trends in crustal thickness and spreading rate along the back-arc Eastern Lau Spreading Center: Implications for controls on ridge morphology, faulting, and hydrothermal activity SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE back-arc ridges; crustal accretion variables; hydrothermal activity; faulting; ridge morphology ID VALU-FA-RIDGE; MAGMA CHAMBER BENEATH; MANTLE FLOW; SOUTHWEST PACIFIC; OCEANIC CRUSTAL; MIDOCEAN RIDGES; PLATE BOUNDARY; MARIANA TROUGH; BASIN; SYSTEMATICS AB Along back-are ridges located near the arc volcanic front, crustal thickness is observed to vary systematically with arc proximity independent of spreading rate. This effect is especially well expressed by the similar to 400-km-long Eastern Lau Spreading Center (ELSC) where, approaching the arc volcanic front (from similar to 100 to 40 km), crustal thickness nearly doubles (similar to 5.5-9 km) as spreading rates decrease by more than half (97-39 mm/yr). The crustal thickness variations at the ELSC appear to result primarily from changes in mantle wedge composition caused by subduction. We investigated the effects of these large and opposed crustal thickness and spreading rate variations on ridge morphology, faulting, and hydrothermal activity as part of the first phase of RIDGE2000 Integrated Studies in the Lau back-are basin. We used deep-towed side-scan sonar instruments (DSL120A and IMI30) to continuously map the near-axis region within broader-coverage ship multibeam bathymetry and acoustic imagery swaths. An array of optical sensors (MAPRs) concurrently surveyed the near-bottom water for hydrothermal plume anomalies. Hydrocasts made at identified plume sites confirmed their hydrothermal origin. The data show that as spreading rates increase and crustal thicknesses decrease along the ELSC: (1) morphology transitions from shallow peaked volcanic highs to a deeper flat axis; (2) faults become larger and more widely spaced; (3) hydrothermal activity, as measured by plume incidence, increases and appears to reach levels higher than the global mid-ocean ridge trend with spreading rate. The observations indicate that crustal thickness (magma supply) has a greater control on ridge morphology and faulting than spreading rate, even at fast rates where the thermal lithosphere should be thin. However, heat input from mantle advection proportional to spreading rate, perhaps in combination with increased fault permeability, appears to have a greater control on hydrothermal activity than crustal thickness and the magmatic robustness of the ridge. Although subduction effects give rise to the opposed trends in crustal thickness and spreading rate at the ELSC, the observed effects may have generic implications for controls of seafloor spreading characteristics at mid-ocean ridges. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, JISA, NOAA, PMEL, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Martinez, F (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, 1680 E-W Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM fernando@hawaii.edu RI Wright, Dawn/A-4518-2011 OI Wright, Dawn/0000-0002-2997-7611 NR 81 TC 67 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD MAY 30 PY 2006 VL 245 IS 3-4 BP 655 EP 672 DI 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.03.049 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 058NU UT WOS:000238672500014 ER PT J AU Page, KA Landis, FA Phillips, AK Moore, RB AF Page, KA Landis, FA Phillips, AK Moore, RB TI SAXS analysis of the thermal relaxation of anisotropic morphologies in oriented Nafion membranes SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID PERFLUORINATED IONOMER MEMBRANES; ANGLE X-RAY; PERFLUOROSULFONATE IONOMERS; MECHANICAL RELAXATIONS; SCATTERING; POLYMERS; PRODUCTS; SWOLLEN; FILMS AB The current study uses variable temperature, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) to examine the thermal relaxation behavior of oriented Nafion films as a means to evaluate the morphological stability of this ionomer at elevated temperatures. The SAXS patterns of uniaxially oriented films are characterized by strong equatorial scattering peaks which are attributed to scattering arising from the oriented ionic domains ( ionomer peak ca. q = 2 nm(-1)). The intensity of the equatorial peaks-obtained from integration in the azimuthal direction (chi)-and the degree of orientation-calculated using the Hermans orientation function (f)-were monitored as a function of temperature. At lower temperatures, a constant value of f and a correlation between the, relaxation and a slight decrease in the scattering intensity of the equatorial peaks are in agreement with our earlier assignment of the beta relaxation to the T-g of Nafion. At temperatures in the vicinity of the beta relaxation, the static electrostatic network inhibits long-range molecular relaxation and yields a persistent anisotropic morphology. In contrast, significant changes in intensity of the equatorial peaks and values of the orientation parameter at elevated temperatures were shown to correlate well with the alpha relaxation observed in DMA. At temperatures in the vicinity of the alpha relaxation, a significant destabilization of the oriented electrostatic network occurs (i.e., through the activation of a dynamic network involving significant ion-hopping processes), thus facilitating the observed relaxation to an isotropic morphology. Therefore, morphological stability in this ionomer is principally governed by the thermal stability of the electrostatic network and not the glass transition. C1 Univ So Mississippi, Dept Polymer Sci, Hattiesburg, MS 39406 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Moore, RB (reprint author), Univ So Mississippi, Dept Polymer Sci, So Stn, Hattiesburg, MS 39406 USA. EM rbmoore@usm.edu RI Moore, Robert/E-9619-2011 OI Moore, Robert/0000-0001-9057-7695 NR 36 TC 68 Z9 69 U1 4 U2 30 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD MAY 30 PY 2006 VL 39 IS 11 BP 3939 EP 3946 DI 10.1021/ma052359j PG 8 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 045CV UT WOS:000237721100033 ER PT J AU Black, DR Woicik, JC Erdtmann, M Langdo, TA AF Black, DR Woicik, JC Erdtmann, M Langdo, TA TI Imaging defects in strained-silicon thin films by glancing-incidence x-ray topography SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SI; SURFACE AB X-ray topographical images from thin (<= 50 nm) strained-Si films grown on relaxed, planarized crystalline SiGe-on-Si (001) virtual substrates have been imaged by glancing-incidence monochromatic x-ray topography. This extremely asymmetric diffraction geometry, utilizing (311) diffraction planes, can limit penetration into the sample to as little as 6 nm and allows separate images from the thin strained-Si film, the SiGe layer, and the base Si wafer to be recorded at different angles above the critical angle. Strain fields from the misfit dislocations in the SiGe layer penetrate the Si wafer and act as a template for the defect structure of the strained-Si films, even after an ex situ planarization step was inserted during the growth of the SiGe layer. This defect structure remains in the strained-Si film throughout the fabrication of strained-Si-on-insulator substrates. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. AmberWave Syst Corp, Salem, NH 03079 USA. RP Black, DR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM david.black@nist.gov NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD MAY 29 PY 2006 VL 88 IS 22 AR 224102 DI 10.1063/1.2209411 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 049FR UT WOS:000238001900094 ER PT J AU Textor, C Schulz, M Guibert, S Kinne, S Balkanski, Y Bauer, S Berntsen, T Berglen, T Boucher, O Chin, M Dentener, F Diehl, T Easter, R Feichter, H Fillmore, D Ghan, S Ginoux, P Gong, S Kristjansson, JE Krol, M Lauer, A Lamarque, JF Liu, X Montanaro, V Myhre, G Penner, J Pitari, G Reddy, S Seland, O Stier, P Takemura, T Tie, X AF Textor, C. Schulz, M. Guibert, S. Kinne, S. Balkanski, Y. Bauer, S. Berntsen, T. Berglen, T. Boucher, O. Chin, M. Dentener, F. Diehl, T. Easter, R. Feichter, H. Fillmore, D. Ghan, S. Ginoux, P. Gong, S. Kristjansson, J. E. Krol, M. Lauer, A. Lamarque, J. F. Liu, X. Montanaro, V. Myhre, G. Penner, J. Pitari, G. Reddy, S. Seland, O. Stier, P. Takemura, T. Tie, X. TI Analysis and quantification of the diversities of aerosol life cycles within AeroCom SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; GLOBAL 3-DIMENSIONAL MODEL; CHEMICAL-TRANSPORT MODEL; SEA-SALT AEROSOL; DRY DEPOSITION PARAMETERIZATION; SIZE-SEGREGATED SIMULATION; TROPOSPHERIC SULFUR CYCLE; COMMUNITY CLIMATE MODEL; AIR-QUALITY MODELS; LARGE-SCALE MODELS AB Simulation results of global aerosol models have been assembled in the framework of the AeroCom intercomparison exercise. In this paper, we analyze the life cycles of dust, sea salt, sulfate, black carbon and particulate organic matter as simulated by sixteen global aerosol models. The differences among the results (model diversities) for sources and sinks, burdens, particle sizes, water uptakes, and spatial dispersals have been established. These diversities have large consequences for the calculated radiative forcing and the aerosol concentrations at the surface. Processes and parameters are identified which deserve further research. The AeroCom all-models-average emissions are dominated by the mass of sea salt (SS), followed by dust (DU), sulfate (SO4), particulate organic matter (POM), and finally black carbon (BC). Interactive parameterizations of the emissions and contrasting particles sizes of SS and DU lead generally to higher diversities of these species, and for total aerosol. The lower diversity of the emissions of the fine aerosols, BC, POM, and SO4, is due to the use of similar emission inventories, and does therefore not necessarily indicate a better understanding of their sources. The diversity of SO4-sources is mainly caused by the disagreement on depositional loss of precursor gases and on chemical production. The diversities of the emissions are passed on to the burdens, but the latter are also strongly affected by the model-specific treatments of transport and aerosol processes. The burdens of dry masses decrease from largest to smallest: DU, SS, SO4, POM, and BC. The all-models-average residence time is shortest for SS with about half a day, followed by SO4 and DU with four days, and POM and BC with six and seven days, respectively. The wet deposition rate is controlled by the solubility and increases from DU, BC, POM to SO4 and SS. It is the dominant sink for SO4, BC, and POM, and contributes about one third to the total removal of SS and DU species. For SS and DU we find high diversities for the removal rate coefficients and deposition pathways. Models do neither agree on the split between wet and dry deposition, nor on that between sedimentation and other dry deposition processes. We diagnose an extremely high diversity for the uptake of ambient water vapor that influences the particle size and thus the sink rate coefficients. Furthermore, we find little agreement among the model results for the partitioning of wet removal into scavenging by convective and stratiform rain. Large differences exist for aerosol dispersal both in the vertical and in the horizontal direction. In some models, a minimum of total aerosol concentration is simulated at the surface. Aerosol dispersal is most pronounced for SO4 and BC and lowest for SS. Diversities are higher for meridional than for vertical dispersal, they are similar for the individual species and highest for SS and DU. For these two components we do not find a correlation between vertical and meridional aerosol dispersal. In addition the degree of dispersals of SS and DU is not related to their residence times. SO4, BC, and POM, however, show increased meridional dispersal in models with larger vertical dispersal, and dispersal is larger for longer simulated residence times. C1 Lab Sci Climat & Environm, Gif Sur Yvette, France. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Hamburg, Germany. Columbia Univ, GISS, New York, NY 10027 USA. Univ Oslo, Dept Geophys, Oslo, Norway. Univ Sci & Technol Lille, CNRS, Opt Atmospher Lab, Villeneuve Dascq, France. EC, Joint Res Ctr, Inst Environm & Sustainabil, Climate Change Unit, Ispra, Italy. NCAR, Boulder, CO USA. Battelle Mem Inst, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. ARQM Meteorol Serv Canda, Toronto, ON, Canada. DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, Inst Phys Atmosphare, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. Univ Utrecht, Inst Marine & Atmospher Res Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands. Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Aquila, I-67100 Laquila, Italy. Kyushu Univ, Fukuoka 812, Japan. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. Met Off, Hadley Ctr, Exeter, Devon, England. RP Textor, C (reprint author), Lab Sci Climat & Environm, Gif Sur Yvette, France. EM christiane.textor@cea.fr RI Lamarque, Jean-Francois/L-2313-2014; Bauer, Susanne/P-3082-2014; Schulz, Michael/A-6930-2011; U-ID, Kyushu/C-5291-2016; Ghan, Steven/H-4301-2011; Kyushu, RIAM/F-4018-2015; Myhre, Gunnar/A-3598-2008; Stier, Philip/B-2258-2008; Krol, Maarten/B-3597-2010; Takemura, Toshihiko/C-2822-2009; Balkanski, Yves/A-6616-2011; Ginoux, Paul/C-2326-2008; Boucher, Olivier/J-5810-2012; Chin, Mian/J-8354-2012; Boucher, Olivier/K-7483-2012; Penner, Joyce/J-1719-2012; Krol, Maarten/E-3414-2013; Liu, Xiaohong/E-9304-2011 OI Lamarque, Jean-Francois/0000-0002-4225-5074; Schulz, Michael/0000-0003-4493-4158; Ghan, Steven/0000-0001-8355-8699; Pitari, Giovanni/0000-0001-7051-9578; Myhre, Gunnar/0000-0002-4309-476X; Stier, Philip/0000-0002-1191-0128; Takemura, Toshihiko/0000-0002-2859-6067; Balkanski, Yves/0000-0001-8241-2858; Ginoux, Paul/0000-0003-3642-2988; Boucher, Olivier/0000-0003-2328-5769; Boucher, Olivier/0000-0003-2328-5769; Liu, Xiaohong/0000-0002-3994-5955 NR 208 TC 524 Z9 530 U1 16 U2 117 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PD MAY 29 PY 2006 VL 6 BP 1777 EP 1813 PG 37 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 046XY UT WOS:000237845600002 ER PT J AU Kinne, S Schulz, M Textor, C Guibert, S Balkanski, Y Bauer, SE Berntsen, T Berglen, TF Boucher, O Chin, M Collins, W Dentener, F Diehl, T Easter, R Feichter, J Fillmore, D Ghan, S Ginoux, P Gong, S Grini, A Hendricks, JE Herzog, M Horowitz, L Isaksen, I Iversen, T Kirkavag, A Kloster, S Koch, D Kristjansson, JE Krol, M Lauer, A Lamarque, JF Lesins, G Liu, X Lohmann, U Montanaro, V Myhre, G Penner, JE Pitari, G Reddy, S Seland, O Stier, P Takemura, T Tie, X AF Kinne, S. Schulz, M. Textor, C. Guibert, S. Balkanski, Y. Bauer, S. E. Berntsen, T. Berglen, T. F. Boucher, O. Chin, M. Collins, W. Dentener, F. Diehl, T. Easter, R. Feichter, J. Fillmore, D. Ghan, S. Ginoux, P. Gong, S. Grini, A. Hendricks, J.E. Herzog, M. Horowitz, L. Isaksen, I. Iversen, T. Kirkavag, A. Kloster, S. Koch, D. Kristjansson, J. E. Krol, M. Lauer, A. Lamarque, J. F. Lesins, G. Liu, X. Lohmann, U. Montanaro, V. Myhre, G. Penner, J. E. Pitari, G. Reddy, S. Seland, O. Stier, P. Takemura, T. Tie, X. TI An AeroCom initial assessment - optical properties in aerosol component modules of global models SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID OCEAN; AERONET; DEPTH; RETRIEVALS; PERIOD; LAND AB The AeroCom exercise diagnoses multicomponent aerosol modules in global modeling. In an initial assessment simulated global distributions for mass and mid-visible aerosol optical thickness (aot) were compared among 20 different modules. Model diversity was also explored in the context of previous comparisons. For the component combined aot general agreement has improved for the annual global mean. At 0.11 to 0.14, simulated aot values are at the lower end of global averages suggested by remote sensing from ground (AERONET ca. 0.135) and space ( satellite composite ca. 0.15). More detailed comparisons, however, reveal that larger differences in regional distribution and significant differences in compositional mixture remain. Of particular concern are large model diversities for contributions by dust and carbonaceous aerosol, because they lead to significant uncertainty in aerosol absorption (aab). Since aot and aab, both, influence the aerosol impact on the radiative energy-balance, the aerosol (direct) forcing uncertainty in modeling is larger than differences in aot might suggest. New diagnostic approaches are proposed to trace model differences in terms of aerosol processing and transport: These include the prescription of common input (e.g. amount, size and injection of aerosol component emissions) and the use of observational capabilities from ground (e.g. measurements networks) or space (e.g. correlations between aerosol and clouds). C1 Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Hamburg, Germany. Lab Sci Climat & Environm, Gif Sur Yvette, France. Columbia Univ, Earth Inst, New York, NY USA. Univ Oslo, Dept Geosci, Oslo, Norway. USTL, CNRS, Opt Atmospher Lab, Villeneuve Dascq, France. Met Off, Hadley Ctr, Exeter, Devon, England. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NCAR, Boulder, CO USA. EC, Joint Res Ctr, IES, Climate Change Unit, Ispra, Italy. UMBC, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD USA. Battelle Mem Inst, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. ARQM Mateorol Serv Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada. DLR, Inst Phys Atmosphare, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Inst Marine & Atmospher Res Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands. Dalhousie Univ, Halifax, NS, Canada. ETH, Zurich, Switzerland. Univ Aquila, I-67100 Laquila, Italy. Kyushu Univ, Fukuoka 812, Japan. RP Kinne, S (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Hamburg, Germany. EM stefan.kinne@zmaw.de RI Balkanski, Yves/A-6616-2011; Collins, William/J-3147-2014; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/L-2313-2014; Bauer, Susanne/P-3082-2014; Lohmann, Ulrike/B-6153-2009; Schulz, Michael/A-6930-2011; U-ID, Kyushu/C-5291-2016; Ghan, Steven/H-4301-2011; Kyushu, RIAM/F-4018-2015; Ginoux, Paul/C-2326-2008; Myhre, Gunnar/A-3598-2008; Stier, Philip/B-2258-2008; Boucher, Olivier/J-5810-2012; Chin, Mian/J-8354-2012; Boucher, Olivier/K-7483-2012; Penner, Joyce/J-1719-2012; Krol, Maarten/E-3414-2013; Horowitz, Larry/D-8048-2014; Liu, Xiaohong/E-9304-2011; Krol, Maarten/B-3597-2010; Herzog, Michael/B-4722-2010; Takemura, Toshihiko/C-2822-2009 OI Balkanski, Yves/0000-0001-8241-2858; Collins, William/0000-0002-4463-9848; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/0000-0002-4225-5074; Lohmann, Ulrike/0000-0001-8885-3785; Schulz, Michael/0000-0003-4493-4158; Ghan, Steven/0000-0001-8355-8699; Pitari, Giovanni/0000-0001-7051-9578; Ginoux, Paul/0000-0003-3642-2988; Myhre, Gunnar/0000-0002-4309-476X; Stier, Philip/0000-0002-1191-0128; Boucher, Olivier/0000-0003-2328-5769; Boucher, Olivier/0000-0003-2328-5769; Horowitz, Larry/0000-0002-5886-3314; Liu, Xiaohong/0000-0002-3994-5955; Takemura, Toshihiko/0000-0002-2859-6067 NR 18 TC 354 Z9 359 U1 5 U2 39 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PD MAY 29 PY 2006 VL 6 BP 1815 EP 1834 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 046XY UT WOS:000237845600003 ER PT J AU Sinnhuber, BM von der Gathen, P Sinnhuber, M Rex, M Konig-Langlo, G Oltmans, SJ AF Sinnhuber, BM von der Gathen, P Sinnhuber, M Rex, M Konig-Langlo, G Oltmans, SJ TI Large decadal scale changes of polar ozone suggest solar influence SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATION; CALLIS,LINWOOD,B. ET-AL; ELECTRONS SOLACE; STRATOSPHERIC OZONE; SIMULATIONS; ISSUES; ENHANCEMENTS; ATMOSPHERE; CLIMATE; EVENTS AB Long-term measurements of polar ozone show an unexpectedly large decadal scale variability in the mid-stratosphere during winter. Negative ozone anomalies are strongly correlated with the flux of energetic electrons in the radiation belt, which is modulated by the 11-year solar cycle. The magnitude of the observed decadal ozone changes (approximate to 20%) is much larger than any previously reported solar cycle effect in the atmosphere up to this altitude. The early-winter ozone anomalies subsequently propagate downward into the lower stratosphere and may even influence total ozone and meteorological conditions during spring. These findings suggest a previously unrecognized mechanism by which solar variability impacts on climate through changes in polar ozone. C1 Univ Bremen, Inst Environm Phys, Bremen, Germany. Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, Res Unit Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany. Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-2850 Bremerhaven, Germany. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Sinnhuber, BM (reprint author), Univ Bremen, Inst Environm Phys, Bremen, Germany. EM bms@iup.physik.uni-bremen.de RI Rex, Markus/A-6054-2009; von der Gathen, Peter/B-8515-2009; Sinnhuber, Bjorn-Martin/A-7007-2013; Sinnhuber, Miriam/A-7252-2013; Konig-Langlo, Gert/K-5048-2012 OI Rex, Markus/0000-0001-7847-8221; von der Gathen, Peter/0000-0001-7409-1556; Sinnhuber, Bjorn-Martin/0000-0001-9608-7320; Konig-Langlo, Gert/0000-0002-6100-4107 NR 33 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU EUROPEAN GEOSCIENCES UNION PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PD MAY 29 PY 2006 VL 6 BP 1835 EP 1841 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 046XY UT WOS:000237845600004 ER PT J AU Jacox, ME Thompson, WE AF Jacox, ME Thompson, WE TI Infrared absorptions of NH3(H-2) complexes trapped in solid neon SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID COLD HELIUM CLUSTERS; MATRIX-ISOLATION; ROTATIONAL-EXCITATION; AMMONIA CLUSTERS; DOUBLE-RESONANCE; AB-INITIO; SPECTROSCOPY; SPECTRUM; HYDROGEN; NH3 AB When a very small concentration of H-2 is added to a Ne:NH3=800:1 sample and the resulting mixture is deposited at 4.3 K, a new absorption appears at 4151.1 cm(-1) which can be assigned to the H-2 stretching fundamental of H-2 (j=1) complexed with NH3. Other new absorptions which appear near the vibrational fundamentals of NH3 are assigned to the NH3 moiety in this complex and in the complex of NH3 with H-2 (j=0). The results of experiments in which HD or D-2 is added to the Ne:NH3 mixture support these assignments. Ab initio and density functional calculations predict the observed infrared activation of the H-2-stretching vibration for a structure in which the axis of the H-2 molecule is collinear with the threefold axis of the NH3. The dependence of the observed absorption patterns on the concentration of H-2 in the sample indicates that complexes of NH3 with two or more H-2 molecules also form readily. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jacox, ME (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM marilyn.jacox@nist.gov NR 44 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD MAY 28 PY 2006 VL 124 IS 20 AR 204304 DI 10.1063/1.2192519 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 048JX UT WOS:000237944500026 PM 16774329 ER PT J AU Anderlini, M Sebby-Strabley, J Kruse, J Porto, JV Phillips, WD AF Anderlini, M Sebby-Strabley, J Kruse, J Porto, JV Phillips, WD TI Controlled atom dynamics in a double-well optical lattice SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Theory of Quantum Gas and Quantum Coherence CY OCT 29-NOV 02, 2005 CL Cortona, ITALY ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE; CONTROLLED COLLISIONS; ULTRACOLD ATOMS; MATTER; WAVE; ENTANGLEMENT; GAS AB We report on the experimental demonstration of dynamic control of the motional state of atoms in a 2D double-well optical lattice. First we describe experiments in which the atomic distributions obtained by loading Bose Einstein condensates of rubidium atoms in the lattice are dynamically split by transforming a 2D lattice with period. into a 2D lattice with period lambda/2, and we show how this procedure allows for the study of the coherence and interaction properties of the system. Then we show how we can efficiently adiabatically transfer the population between adjacent sites of the lattice, as well as between different energy bands, by using dynamic modifications of the potential. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Anderlini, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM marco.anderlini@nist.gov NR 31 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 6 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-4075 J9 J PHYS B-AT MOL OPT JI J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys. PD MAY 28 PY 2006 VL 39 IS 10 SI SI BP S199 EP S210 DI 10.1088/0953-4075/39/10/S19 PG 12 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 054LM UT WOS:000238378200020 ER PT J AU Rey, AM Satija, II Clark, CW AF Rey, Ana Maria Satija, Indubala I. Clark, Charles W. TI Noise correlations of hard-core bosons: quantum coherence and symmetry breaking SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Theory of Quantum Gas and Quantum Coherence CY OCT 29-NOV 02, 2005 CL Cortona, ITALY ID TONKS-GIRARDEAU GAS; OPTICAL LATTICE; SYSTEMS; ATOMS AB Noise correlations, such as those observable in the time of flight images of a released cloud, are calculated for hard-core bosonic (HCBs) atoms. These second-order correlations are used to explore quantum coherence of strongly correlated bosons in the fermionized regime with and without external parabolic confinement. Our analysis points to distinctive new experimental signatures of the Mott phase. We also calculate noise correlations for the corresponding spin1/2 XY model onto which the HCB system is standardly mapped. Our study shows important differences between the two systems due to the contribution of multiply occupied virtual states in HCBs. Such states do not exist in spin models. An interesting manifestation of such states is the breaking of particle hole symmetry in HCB systems. C1 Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Inst Theoret Atom Mol & Opt Phys, Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. George Mason Univ, Dept Phys, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. RP Rey, AM (reprint author), Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Inst Theoret Atom Mol & Opt Phys, Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM arey@cfa.harvard.edu; isatija@physics.gmu.edu RI Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009 OI Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885 NR 25 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-4075 EI 1361-6455 J9 J PHYS B-AT MOL OPT JI J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys. PD MAY 28 PY 2006 VL 39 IS 10 SI SI BP S177 EP S190 DI 10.1088/0953-4075/39/10/S17 PG 14 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 054LM UT WOS:000238378200018 ER PT J AU Munroe, TA AF Munroe, TA TI New western Indian Ocean tonguefish (Pleuronectiformes : Cynoglossidae, Symphurus) SO COPEIA LA English DT Article ID PACIFIC AB Symphurus monostigmus, described on the basis of two males (48.8 and 54.6 mm SL) collected on the inner continental shelf at 65-110 m off the coast of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: an irregular, conspicuous dark spot overlying the anteroventral ocular-side body cavity; a 1-2-2-2-2 pattern of interdigitation of dorsal-fin pterygiophores and neural spines; 14 caudal-fin rays; 86 dorsal-fin rays; 73-74 anal-fin rays; 48 total vertebrae; five hypurals; black peritoneum (posterior region only); ocular side uniformly yellowish-white with numerous, darker reddish-brown freckles especially noticeable along dorsal and ventral contours of body (freckles coalesced into several darker blotches on dorsal and ventral margins on posterior half of body), blind side uniformly yellowish-white, and dorsal and anal fins without conspicuous spots or ocelli. Symphurus monostigmus is most similar to S. macrophthalmus, but differs from that species in ID pattern (1-2-2-1-2 in S. macraphthalmus) and its smaller eye (100-138 vs. 211 in thousandths of HL) with much smaller pupil (pupil diameter/eye diameter 28-32% vs. ca. 54% in S. macrophthalmus). C1 Smithsonian Inst, NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Systemat Lab,Natl Museum Nat Hist, Washington, DC 20013 USA. RP Munroe, TA (reprint author), Smithsonian Inst, NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Systemat Lab,Natl Museum Nat Hist, Room WC57,MRC 0153, Washington, DC 20013 USA. EM munroet@si.edu NR 10 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ICHTHYOLOGISTS HERPETOLOGISTS PI CHARLESTON PA UNIV CHARLESTON, GRICE MARINE LABORATORY, 205 FORT JOHNSON RD, CHARLESTON, SC 29412 USA SN 0045-8511 J9 COPEIA JI Copeia PD MAY 26 PY 2006 IS 2 BP 230 EP 234 PG 5 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 049SF UT WOS:000238036200010 ER PT J AU De Astarloa, JMD Munroe, TA Desoutter, M AF Diaz De Astarloa, Juan M. Munroe, Thomas A. Desoutter, Martine TI Redescription and holotype clarification of Paralichthys orbignyanus (Valenciennes, 1839) (Pleuronectiformes : Paralichthyidae) SO COPEIA LA English DT Article AB Collecting by Alcide D'Orbigny in the western South Atlantic provided material for Platessa orbignyana Valenciennes, 1839, published as an illustration of the holotype without accompanying descriptive information. A brief and inadequate description was provided in 1847. Thereafter, the holotype was thought to be lost, precluding comparative study and resulting in nomenclatural confusion for other nominal paraliclithyid species. A specimen of Paralichthys collected in the Rio de la Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina by D'Orbigny at the Museum national d'histoire naturelle (MNHN 1999-0295) is here identified as the holotype of Platessa orbignyana Valenciennes, 1839. A redescription of the holotype and comparison with other South Atlantic species resolves several nomenclatural issues. C1 Univ Nacl Mar Del Plata, Fac Ciencias Exactas & Nat, Dept Ciencias Marinas, RA-7602 Mar Del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Smithsonian Inst, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Systemat Lab, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Washington, DC 20013 USA. Museum Natl Hist Nat, Dept Systemat & Evolut, Unite Taxon Collect, F-75231 Paris 05, France. RP De Astarloa, JMD (reprint author), Univ Nacl Mar Del Plata, Fac Ciencias Exactas & Nat, Dept Ciencias Marinas, Funes 3350, RA-7602 Mar Del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. EM astarloa@mdp.edu.ar; munroet@si.edu; desoutte@mnhn.fr NR 47 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ICHTHYOLOGISTS & HERPETOLOGISTS PI MIAMI PA MAUREEN DONNELLY, SECRETARY FLORIDA INT UNIV BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 11200 SW 8TH STREET, MIAMI, FL 33199 USA SN 0045-8511 EI 1938-5110 J9 COPEIA JI Copeia PD MAY 26 PY 2006 IS 2 BP 235 EP 243 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 049SF UT WOS:000238036200011 ER PT J AU Richardson, IG Webb, DF Zhang, J Berdichevsky, DB Biesecker, DA Kasper, JC Kataoka, R Steinberg, JT Thompson, BJ Wu, CC Zhukov, AN AF Richardson, IG Webb, DF Zhang, J Berdichevsky, DB Biesecker, DA Kasper, JC Kataoka, R Steinberg, JT Thompson, BJ Wu, CC Zhukov, AN TI Major geomagnetic storms (Dst <=-100 nT) generated by corotating interaction regions SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS; INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC-FIELD; HELIOSPHERIC PLASMA SHEET; WIND STREAM INTERFACES; SOLAR-WIND; SEMIANNUAL VARIATION; ALFVEN WAVES; ELECTRONS; IDENTIFICATION; DISTURBANCES AB [ 1] Seventy-nine major geomagnetic storms ( minimum Dst <= - 100 nT) observed in 1996 to 2004 were the focus of a "Living with a Star'' Coordinated Data Analysis Workshop ( CDAW) in March 2005. In nine cases, the storm driver appears to have been purely a corotating interaction region (CIR) without any contribution from coronal mass ejection-related material ( interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs)). These storms were generated by structures within CIRs located both before and/or after the stream interface that included persistently southward magnetic fields for intervals of several hours. We compare their geomagnetic effects with those of 159 CIRs observed during 1996 - 2005. The major storms form the extreme tail of a continuous distribution of CIR geoeffectiveness which peaks at Dst similar to - 40 nT but is subject to a prominent seasonal variation of similar to 40 nT which is ordered by the spring and fall equinoxes and the solar wind magnetic field direction toward or away from the Sun. The O'Brien and McPherron ( 2000) equations, which estimate Dst by integrating the incident solar wind electric field and incorporating a ring current loss term, largely account for the variation in storm size. They tend to underestimate the size of the larger CIR-associated storms by Dst similar to 20 nT. This suggests that injection into the ring current may be more efficient than expected in such storms. Four of the nine major storms in 1996 - 2004 occurred during a period of less than three solar rotations in September to November 2002, also the time of maximum mean IMF and solar magnetic field intensity during the current solar cycle. The maximum CIR-storm strength found in our sample of events, plus additional 23 probable CIR-associated Dst <= - 100 nT storms in 1972 - 1995, is ( Dst = - 161 nT). This is consistent with the maximum storm strength ( Dst similar to - 180 nT) expected from the O'Brien and McPherron equations for the typical range of solar wind electric fields associated with CIRs. This suggests that CIRs alone are unlikely to generate geomagnetic storms that exceed these levels. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD USA. Boston Coll, Inst Sci Res, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA. George Mason Univ, Sch Computat Sci, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. L3 Govt Serv Inc, Chantilly, VA USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. MIT, Space Res Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Univ Alabama, Ctr Space Plasma & Aeron Res, Huntsville, AL USA. Royal Observ Belgium, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium. Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Skobeltsyn Inst Nucl Phys, Moscow, Russia. RP Richardson, IG (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM richardson@lheavx.gsfc.nasa.gov; david.webb.ctr@hanscom.af.mil; jierz@scs.gmu.edu; dberdich@pop600.gsfc.nasa.gov; doug.biesecker@noaa.gov; jck@mit.edu; ryuho@nict.go.jp; jsteinberg@lanl.gov; barbara.j.thompson@nasa.gov; wuc@cspar.uah.edu; andrei.zhukov@oma.be RI Kasper, Justin/D-1152-2010; Thompson, Barbara/C-9429-2012; OI Kasper, Justin/0000-0002-7077-930X; Richardson, Ian/0000-0002-3855-3634 NR 49 TC 74 Z9 74 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD MAY 26 PY 2006 VL 111 IS A7 AR A07S09 DI 10.1029/2005JA011476 PG 17 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 049VS UT WOS:000238046300001 ER PT J AU Chen, TY Huang, SX Chien, CL Stiles, MD AF Chen, TY Huang, SX Chien, CL Stiles, MD TI Enhanced magnetoresistance induced by spin transfer torque in granular films with a magnetic field SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CO-AG SYSTEM; GIANT MAGNETORESISTANCE; MULTILAYER; SUPERLATTICES; EXCITATION; DEVICES AB Spin-transfer torques (STT) provide a mechanism to alter the magnetic configurations of magnetic heterostructures, a result previously only achieved by an external magnetic field. In granular solids, we demonstrate a new form of STT effect that can be exploited to induce a large spin disorder when combined with a large magnetic field. We have obtained a very large magnetoresistance effect in excess of 400% at 4.2 K in a large magnetic field, the largest ever reported in any metallic systems. The STT characteristics of granular solids differ significantly from those of multilayers, showing no STT effect at low magnetic fields but prominent STT effects at high fields. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Elect Phys Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chen, TY (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RI Huang, Sunxiang/J-8568-2012; Stiles, Mark/K-2426-2012 OI Stiles, Mark/0000-0001-8238-4156 NR 20 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD MAY 26 PY 2006 VL 96 IS 20 AR 207203 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.207203 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 046YM UT WOS:000237847000047 PM 16803201 ER PT J AU Gaudiosi, DM Reagan, B Popmintchev, T Grisham, M Berrill, M Cohen, O Walker, BC Murnane, MM Kapteyn, HC Rocca, JJ AF Gaudiosi, David M. Reagan, Brendan Popmintchev, Tenio Grisham, Michael Berrill, Mark Cohen, Oren Walker, Barry C. Murnane, Margaret M. Kapteyn, Henry C. Rocca, Jorge J. TI High-order harmonic generation from ions in a capillary discharge SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID RARE-GASES; LASER; RADIATION; CONVERSION; PULSES; PLASMA AB We demonstrate a significant extension of the high-order harmonic cutoff by using a fully-ionized capillary discharge plasma as the generation medium. The preionized plasma dramatically reduces ionization-induced defocusing and energy loss of the driving laser due to ionization. This allows for significantly higher photon energies, up to 150 eV, to be generated from xenon ions, compared with the 70 eV observed previously. We also demonstrate enhancement of the harmonic flux of nearly 2 orders of magnitude at photon energies around 90 eV when the capillary discharge is used to ionize xenon, compared with harmonic generation in a hollow waveguide. The use of a plasma as a medium for high-order harmonic generation shows great promise for extending efficient harmonic generation to much shorter wavelengths using ions. C1 Univ Colorado, NSF ERC Extreme Ultraviolet Sci & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA. RP Gaudiosi, DM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NSF ERC Extreme Ultraviolet Sci & Technol, JILA, 440 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Walker, Barry/F-8532-2011; Popmintchev, Tenio/B-6715-2008; Kapteyn, Henry/H-6559-2011; OI Popmintchev, Tenio/0000-0002-2023-2226; Kapteyn, Henry/0000-0001-8386-6317; Berrill, Mark/0000-0002-4525-3939 NR 24 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 EI 1079-7114 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD MAY 26 PY 2006 VL 96 IS 20 AR 203001 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.203001 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 046YM UT WOS:000237847000016 PM 16803170 ER PT J AU Zelevinsky, T Boyd, MM Ludlow, AD Ido, T Ye, J Ciurylo, R Naidon, P Julienne, PS AF Zelevinsky, T. Boyd, M. M. Ludlow, A. D. Ido, T. Ye, J. Ciurylo, R. Naidon, P. Julienne, P. S. TI Narrow line photoassociation in an optical lattice SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ENERGY AB With ultracold Sr-88 in a 1D magic wavelength optical lattice, we performed narrow-line photoassociation spectroscopy near the S-1(0)-P-3(1) intercombination transition. Nine least-bound vibrational molecular levels associated with the long-range 0(u) and 1(u) potential energy surfaces were measured and identified. A simple theoretical model accurately describes the level positions and treats the effects of the lattice confinement on the line shapes. The measured resonance strengths show that optical tuning of the ground state scattering length should be possible without significant atom loss. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, PRESTO, Kawaguchi 3320012, Japan. Univ Mikolaja Kopernika, Inst Fizyki, PL-87100 Torun, Poland. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zelevinsky, T (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011; Ciurylo, Roman/G-8680-2014; Julienne, Paul/E-9378-2012 OI Julienne, Paul/0000-0002-5494-1442 NR 23 TC 60 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD MAY 26 PY 2006 VL 96 IS 20 AR 203201 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.203201 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 046YM UT WOS:000237847000017 PM 16803171 ER PT J AU Pietrafesa, L AF Pietrafesa, L TI Concern about gag rules SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter C1 N Carolina State Univ, Coll Phys & Math Sci, Dept Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NOAA, Sci Advisory Board, Washington, DC USA. RP Pietrafesa, L (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Coll Phys & Math Sci, Dept Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAY 26 PY 2006 VL 312 IS 5777 BP 1137 EP 1138 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 048OW UT WOS:000237957400019 PM 16728616 ER PT J AU Embley, RW Chadwick, WW Baker, ET Butterfield, DA Resing, JA De Ronde, CEJ Tunnicliffe, V Lupton, JE Juniper, SK Rubin, KH Stern, RJ Lebon, GT Nakamura, K Merle, SG Hein, JR Wiens, DA Tamura, Y AF Embley, Robert W. Chadwick, William W., Jr. Baker, Edward T. Butterfield, David A. Resing, Joseph A. De Ronde, Cornel E. J. Tunnicliffe, Verena Lupton, John E. Juniper, S. Kim Rubin, Kenneth H. Stern, Robert J. Lebon, Geoffrey T. Nakamura, Ko-ichi Merle, Susan G. Hein, James R. Wiens, Douglas A. Tamura, Yoshihiko TI Long-term eruptive activity at a submarine arc volcano SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID EAST PACIFIC RISE; DE-FUCA RIDGE; SEA-FLOOR; MACDONALD SEAMOUNT; EVENT; EVOLUTION; MAGMA AB Three-quarters of the Earth's volcanic activity is submarine, located mostly along the mid-ocean ridges, with the remainder along intraoceanic arcs and hotspots at depths varying from greater than 4,000 m to near the sea surface. Most observations and sampling of submarine eruptions have been indirect, made from surface vessels or made after the fact(1-6). We describe here direct observations and sampling of an eruption at a submarine arc volcano named NW Rota-1, located 60 km northwest of the island of Rota (Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands). We observed a pulsating plume permeated with droplets of molten sulphur disgorging volcanic ash and lapilli from a 15-m diameter pit in March 2004 and again in October 2005 near the summit of the volcano at a water depth of 555 m (depth in 2004). A turbid layer found on the flanks of the volcano (in 2004) at depths from 700 m to more than 1,400 m was probably formed by mass-wasting events related to the eruption. Long-term eruptive activity has produced an unusual chemical environment and a very unstable benthic habitat exploited by only a few mobile decapod species. Such conditions are perhaps distinctive of active arc and hotspot volcanoes. C1 NOAA, PMEL, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Oregon State Univ, CIMRS, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, JISAO, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Inst Geol & Nucl Sci, Lower Hutt, New Zealand. Univ Victoria, Sch Earth & Ocean Sci, Dept Biol, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5, Canada. Univ Quebec, GEOTOP Res Ctr, Montreal, PQ H3C 3P8, Canada. Univ Hawaii, Dept Geol & Geophys, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Geosci, Richardson, TX 75083 USA. Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. Japan Agcy Marine Earth Sci & Technol, IFREE, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan. RP Embley, RW (reprint author), NOAA, PMEL, 2115 SE OSU Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM robert.w.embley@noaa.gov RI Rubin, Kenneth/B-3685-2008; Wright, Dawn/A-4518-2011; Tunnicliffe, Verena/D-1056-2014; Butterfield, David/H-3815-2016 OI Rubin, Kenneth/0000-0002-8554-1337; Wright, Dawn/0000-0002-2997-7611; Butterfield, David/0000-0002-1595-9279 NR 28 TC 73 Z9 74 U1 5 U2 28 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD MAY 25 PY 2006 VL 441 IS 7092 BP 494 EP 497 DI 10.1038/nature04762 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 045YP UT WOS:000237778900046 PM 16724063 ER PT J AU Kushmerick, JG Blum, AS Long, DP AF Kushmerick, James G. Blum, Amy Szuchmacher Long, David P. TI Metrology for molecular electronics SO ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Review DE molecular electronics; charge transport; conductance switching; inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy ID NEGATIVE DIFFERENTIAL RESISTANCE; SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYER; CHARGE-TRANSPORT; ELECTRICAL CHARACTERIZATION; CONTROLLED CONDUCTANCE; ORGANIC-MOLECULES; SINGLE MOLECULES; JUNCTIONS; WIRES; OLIGOMERS AB Building reliable molecular electronic devices requires the ability to accurately and reproducibly measure the electronic response of the system under study. Here we review our work with three distinct molecular electronic test structures which show excellent agreement for measurements on molecular wires and molecular switch molecules. We also discuss how inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy enables chemical characterization of molecular electronic elements in actual device geometries. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Geocenters Inc, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. RP Kushmerick, JG (reprint author), Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM james.kushmerick@nist.gov RI Kushmerick, James/C-2882-2008 NR 54 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0003-2670 J9 ANAL CHIM ACTA JI Anal. Chim. Acta PD MAY 24 PY 2006 VL 568 IS 1-2 BP 20 EP 27 DI 10.1016/j.aca.2005.12.033 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 050HY UT WOS:000238079300003 PM 17761242 ER PT J AU Vanderploeg, HA Roman, MR AF Vanderploeg, HA Roman, MR TI Introduction to special section on Analysis of Zooplankton Distributions Using the Optical Plankton Counter SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Editorial Material ID CALIBRATION AB [ 1] We briefly introduce the optical plankton counters (OPCs) currently in use and summarize major themes and conclusions of papers from this special section. These collected papers demonstrate that the OPC and the new laser OPC (LOPC) are useful tools for mapping fine-scale distributions of zooplankton over broad expanses of space and for examining patterns in the size structure of zooplankton communities, which give insights into the top-down and bottom-up forces affecting them. The LOPC or OPC are particularly valuable sensors when used in conjunction with an array of other sensors on a tow body so that investigators can synoptically measure physical and biotic variables. Caution must be exercised in using the OPC or LOPC because there are times when nonzooplankton particles comprise a significant portion of the particles counted. The contribution of nonzooplankton particles to the total seston varies with system and conditions. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Horn Point Lab, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA. RP Vanderploeg, HA (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM henry.vanderploeg@noaa.gov RI roman, michael/F-9425-2013 NR 16 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD MAY 24 PY 2006 VL 111 IS C5 AR C05S01 DI 10.1029/2006JC003598 PG 3 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 049UM UT WOS:000238042900001 ER PT J AU de Gouw, JA Warneke, C Stohl, A Wollny, AG Brock, CA Cooper, OR Holloway, JS Trainer, M Fehsenfeld, FC Atlas, EL Donnelly, SG Stroud, V Lueb, A AF de Gouw, J. A. Warneke, C. Stohl, A. Wollny, A. G. Brock, C. A. Cooper, O. R. Holloway, J. S. Trainer, M. Fehsenfeld, F. C. Atlas, E. L. Donnelly, S. G. Stroud, V. Lueb, A. TI Volatile organic compounds composition of merged and aged forest fire plumes from Alaska and western Canada SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID TRANSFORM INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY; REACTION-MASS-SPECTROMETRY; BIOMASS BURNING PLUMES; TRACE GASES; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS; NORTHERN LATITUDES; HYDROCARBON RATIOS; CARBON-MONOXIDE; SAVANNA FIRES AB [ 1] The NOAA WP-3 aircraft intercepted aged forest fire plumes from Alaska and western Canada during several flights of the NEAQS-ITCT 2k4 mission in 2004. Measurements of acetonitrile (CH3CN) indicated that the air masses had been influenced by biomass burning. The locations of the plume intercepts were well described using emissions estimates and calculations with the transport model FLEXPART. The best description of the data was generally obtained when FLEXPART injected the forest fire emissions to high altitudes in the model. The observed plumes were generally drier than the surrounding air masses at the same altitude, suggesting that the fire plumes had been processed by clouds and that moisture had been removed by precipitation. Different degrees of photochemical processing of the plumes were determined from the measurements of aromatic VOCs. The removal of aromatic VOCs was slow considering the transport times estimated from the FLEXPART model. This suggests that the average OH levels were low during the transport, which may be explained by the low humidity and high concentrations of carbon monoxide and other pollutants. In contrast with previous work, no strong secondary production of acetone, methanol and acetic acid is inferred from the measurements. A clear case of removal of submicron particle volume and acetic acid due to precipitation scavenging was observed. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Ft Hays State Univ, Dept Chem, Hays, KS 67601 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP de Gouw, JA (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM joost.degouw@noaa.gov RI Stohl, Andreas/A-7535-2008; Warneke, Carsten/E-7174-2010; Brock, Charles/G-3406-2011; Holloway, John/F-9911-2012; Cooper, Owen/H-4875-2013; Trainer, Michael/H-5168-2013; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013; Atlas, Elliot/J-8171-2015; de Gouw, Joost/A-9675-2008; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Stohl, Andreas/0000-0002-2524-5755; Brock, Charles/0000-0002-4033-4668; Holloway, John/0000-0002-4585-9594; de Gouw, Joost/0000-0002-0385-1826; NR 54 TC 109 Z9 109 U1 4 U2 28 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAY 23 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D10 AR D10303 DI 10.1029/2005JD006175 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 049TZ UT WOS:000238041500002 ER PT J AU Krishnan, S Ayothi, R Hexemer, A Finlay, JA Sohn, KE Perry, R Ober, CK Kramer, EJ Callow, ME Callow, JA Fischer, DA AF Krishnan, Sitaraman Ayothi, Ramakrishnan Hexemer, Alexander Finlay, John A. Sohn, Karen E. Perry, Ruth Ober, Christopher K. Kramer, Edward J. Callow, Maureen E. Callow, James A. Fischer, Daniel A. TI Anti-biofouling properties of comblike block copolymers with amphiphilic side chains SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID GREEN-ALGA ENTEROMORPHA; POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL); PROTEIN ADSORPTION; ADHESION STRENGTH; HYPERBRANCHED FLUOROPOLYMER; MOLECULAR-ORIENTATION; SILICONE ELASTOMER; ELASTIC-MODULUS; SETTLED SPORES; SURFACE AB Surfaces of novel block copolymers with amphiphilic side chains were studied for their ability to influence the adhesion of marine organisms. The surface-active polymer, obtained by grafting fluorinated molecules with hydrophobic and hydrophilic blocks to a block copolymer precursor, showed interesting bioadhesion properties. Two different algal species, one of which adhered strongly to hydrophobic surfaces, and the other, to hydrophilic surfaces, showed notably weak adhesion to the amphiphilic surfaces. Both organisms are known to secrete adhesive macromolecules, with apparently different wetting characteristics, to attach to underwater surfaces. The ability of the amphiphilic surface to undergo an environment-dependent transformation in surface chemistry when in contact with the extracellular polymeric substances is a possible reason for its antifouling nature. Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy ( NEXAFS) was used, in a new approach based on angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ( XPS), to determine the variation in chemical composition within the top few nanometers of the surface and also to study the surface segregation of the amphiphilic block. A mathematical model to extract depth-profile information from the normalized NEXAFS partial electron yield is developed. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mat, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem Engn, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Birmingham, Sch Biosci, Birmingham B15 5TT, W Midlands, England. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ober, CK (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM cober@ccmr.cornell.edu RI Callow, Maureen/A-2684-2008; Krishnan, Sitaraman/C-5559-2011 OI Krishnan, Sitaraman/0000-0002-1228-8393 NR 52 TC 220 Z9 222 U1 19 U2 157 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD MAY 23 PY 2006 VL 22 IS 11 BP 5075 EP 5086 DI 10.1021/la052978l PG 12 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 043HZ UT WOS:000237593000032 PM 16700597 ER PT J AU Schlager, JB Sanford, NA Bertness, KA Barker, JM Roshko, A Blanchard, PT AF Schlager, JB Sanford, NA Bertness, KA Barker, JM Roshko, A Blanchard, PT TI Polarization-resolved photoluminescence study of individual GaN nanowires grown by catalyst-free molecular beam epitaxy SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LIGHT-EMITTING-DIODES; LUMINESCENCE PROPERTIES; NANOCOLUMNS; DEFECTS AB Polarization- and temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) measurements were performed on individual GaN nanowires. These were grown by catalyst-free molecular beam epitaxy on Si(111) substrates, ultrasonically removed, and subsequently dispersed on sapphire substrates. The wires were typically 5-10 mu m in length, c-axis oriented, and 30-100 nm in diameter. Single wires produced sufficient emission intensity to enable high signal-to-noise PL data. Polarized PL spectra differed for the sigma and pi polarization cases, illustrating the polarization anisotropy of the exciton emission associated with high-quality wurtzite GaN. This anisotropy in PL emission persisted even up to room temperature (4-296 K). Additionally, the nanowire PL varied with excitation intensity and with (325 nm) pump exposure time. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Schlager, JB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM schlager@boulder.nist.gov NR 12 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD MAY 22 PY 2006 VL 88 IS 21 AR 213106 DI 10.1063/1.2206133 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 046YK UT WOS:000237846800075 ER PT J AU Bates, TS Anderson, TL Baynard, T Bond, T Boucher, O Carmichael, G Clarke, A Erlick, C Guo, H Horowitz, L Howell, S Kulkarni, S Maring, H McComiskey, A Middlebrook, A Noone, K O'Dowd, CD Ogren, J Penner, J Quinn, PK Ravishankara, AR Savoie, DL Schwartz, SE Shinozuka, Y Tang, Y Weber, RJ Wu, Y AF Bates, T. S. Anderson, T. L. Baynard, T. Bond, T. Boucher, O. Carmichael, G. Clarke, A. Erlick, C. Guo, H. Horowitz, L. Howell, S. Kulkarni, S. Maring, H. McComiskey, A. Middlebrook, A. Noone, K. O'Dowd, C. D. Ogren, J. Penner, J. Quinn, P. K. Ravishankara, A. R. Savoie, D. L. Schwartz, S. E. Shinozuka, Y. Tang, Y. Weber, R. J. Wu, Y. TI Aerosol direct radiative effects over the northwest Atlantic, northwest Pacific, and North Indian Oceans: estimates based on in-situ chemical and optical measurements and chemical transport modeling SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID EXPERIMENT ACE 1; TRACE-P EXPERIMENT; ANTHROPOGENIC SULFATE AEROSOLS; LOWER TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOL; GREENSTEIN PHASE FUNCTION; SINGLE SCATTERING ALBEDO; MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT; SEA-SALT AEROSOLS; CARBONACEOUS AEROSOLS AB The largest uncertainty in the radiative forcing of climate change over the industrial era is that due to aerosols, a substantial fraction of which is the uncertainty associated with scattering and absorption of shortwave ( solar) radiation by anthropogenic aerosols in cloud-free conditions (IPCC, 2001). Quantifying and reducing the uncertainty in aerosol influences on climate is critical to understanding climate change over the industrial period and to improving predictions of future climate change for assumed emission scenarios. Measurements of aerosol properties during major field campaigns in several regions of the globe during the past decade are contributing to an enhanced understanding of atmospheric aerosols and their effects on light scattering and climate. The present study, which focuses on three regions downwind of major urban/population centers ( North Indian Ocean (NIO) during INDOEX, the Northwest Pacific Ocean (NWP) during ACE-Asia, and the Northwest Atlantic Ocean (NWA) during ICARTT), incorporates understanding gained from field observations of aerosol distributions and properties into calculations of perturbations in radiative fluxes due to these aerosols. This study evaluates the current state of observations and of two chemical transport models ( STEM and MOZART). Measurements of burdens, extinction optical depth (AOD), and direct radiative effect of aerosols (DRE - change in radiative flux due to total aerosols) are used as measurement-model check points to assess uncertainties. In-situ measured and remotely sensed aerosol properties for each region ( mixing state, mass scattering efficiency, single scattering albedo, and angular scattering properties and their dependences on relative humidity) are used as input parameters to two radiative transfer models (GFDL and University of Michigan) to constrain estimates of aerosol radiative effects, with uncertainties in each step propagated through the analysis. Constraining the radiative transfer calculations by observational inputs increases the clear-sky, 24-h averaged AOD ( 34 +/- 8%), top of atmosphere (TOA) DRE ( 32 +/- 12%), and TOA direct climate forcing of aerosols (DCF - change in radiative flux due to anthropogenic aerosols) ( 37 +/- 7%) relative to values obtained with "a priori" parameterizations of aerosol loadings and properties (GFDL RTM). The resulting constrained clear-sky TOA DCF is - 3.3 +/- 0.47, - 14 +/- 2.6, - 6.4 +/- 2.1W m(-2) for the NIO, NWP, and NWA, respectively. With the use of constrained quantities ( extensive and intensive parameters) the calculated uncertainty in DCF was 25% less than the "structural uncertainties" used in the IPCC-2001 global estimates of direct aerosol climate forcing. Such comparisons with observations and resultant reductions in uncertainties are essential for improving and developing confidence in climate model calculations incorporating aerosol forcing. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Met Off, Climate Chem & Ecosyst Team, Exeter, Devon, England. Univ Iowa, Ctr Global & Reg Environm Res, Iowa City, IA USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Atmospher Sci, Jerusalem, Israel. Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. NASA Headquarters, Radiat Sci Program, Washington, DC USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Int Geosphere Biosphere Program, Stockholm, Sweden. Natl Univ Ireland, Dept Expt Phys, Galway, Ireland. Natl Univ Ireland, Environm Change Inst, Galway, Ireland. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Environm Sci, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Bates, TS (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM tim.bates@noaa.gov RI Quinn, Patricia/R-1493-2016; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; Tang, Youhua/D-5205-2016; Bates, Timothy/L-6080-2016; Middlebrook, Ann/E-4831-2011; Boucher, Olivier/J-5810-2012; Boucher, Olivier/K-7483-2012; Bond, Tami/A-1317-2013; Schwartz, Stephen/C-2729-2008; McComiskey, Allison/I-3933-2013; Ravishankara, Akkihebbal/A-2914-2011; Penner, Joyce/J-1719-2012; Guo, Huan/D-8282-2014; Horowitz, Larry/D-8048-2014; O'Dowd , Colin/K-8904-2012 OI Quinn, Patricia/0000-0003-0337-4895; Tang, Youhua/0000-0001-7089-7915; Middlebrook, Ann/0000-0002-2984-6304; Boucher, Olivier/0000-0003-2328-5769; Boucher, Olivier/0000-0003-2328-5769; Bond, Tami/0000-0001-5968-8928; Schwartz, Stephen/0000-0001-6288-310X; McComiskey, Allison/0000-0002-6125-742X; Horowitz, Larry/0000-0002-5886-3314; O'Dowd , Colin/0000-0002-3068-2212 NR 243 TC 92 Z9 95 U1 3 U2 38 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PD MAY 22 PY 2006 VL 6 BP 1657 EP 1732 DI 10.5194/acp-6-1657-2006 PG 76 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 044TS UT WOS:000237695900003 ER PT J AU Mamontov, E Burnham, CJ Chen, SH Moravsky, AP Loong, CK de Souza, NR Kolesnikov, AI AF Mamontov, E. Burnham, C. J. Chen, S. -H. Moravsky, A. P. Loong, C. -K. de Souza, N. R. Kolesnikov, A. I. TI Dynamics of water confined in single- and double-wall carbon nanotubes SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TRANSFERABLE INTERACTION MODELS; STRONG LIQUID TRANSITION; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; 1ST PRINCIPLES; SUPERCOOLED WATER; SELF-DIFFUSION; SURFACE-WATER; SLOW DYNAMICS; HEAVY-WATER; CONDUCTION AB Using high-resolution quasielastic neutron scattering, we investigated the temperature dependence of single-particle dynamics of water confined in single- and double-wall carbon nanotubes with the inner diameters of 14 +/- 1 and 16 +/- 3 angstrom, respectively. The temperature dependence of the alpha relaxation time for water in the 14 angstrom nanotubes measured on cooling down from 260 to 190 K exhibits a crossover at 218 K from a Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann law behavior to an Arrhenius law behavior, indicating a fragile-to-strong dynamic transition in the confined water. This transition may be associated with a structural transition from a high-temperature, low-density (< 1.02 g/cm(3)) liquid to a low-temperature, high-density (> 1.14 g/cm(3)) liquid found in molecular dynamics simulation at about 200 K. However, no such dynamic transition in the investigated temperature range of 240-195 K was detected for water in the 16 angstrom nanotubes. In the latter case, the dynamics of water simply follows a Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann law. This suggests that the fragile-to-strong crossover for water in the 16 angstrom nanotubes may be shifted to a lower temperature. (c) 2206 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Houston, Dept Phys, Houston, TX 77204 USA. MIT, Dept Nucl Sci & Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. MER Corp, Tucson, AZ 85706 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Intense Pulsed Neutron Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Mamontov, E (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, SNS Project, Bldg 8600, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM mamontove@ornl.gov RI de Souza, Nicolas/B-4257-2008; Kolesnikov, Alexander/I-9015-2012; Mamontov, Eugene/Q-1003-2015 OI Kolesnikov, Alexander/0000-0003-1940-4649; Mamontov, Eugene/0000-0002-5684-2675 NR 36 TC 78 Z9 80 U1 1 U2 33 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD MAY 21 PY 2006 VL 124 IS 19 AR 194703 DI 10.1063/1.2194020 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 044OY UT WOS:000237683200035 PM 16729830 ER PT J AU Machol, JL Ayers, T Schwenz, KT Koenig, KW Hardesty, RM Senff, CJ Krainak, MA Abshire, JB Bravo, HE Sandberg, SP AF Machol, Janet L. Ayers, Tom Schwenz, Karl T. Koenig, Keith W. Hardesty, R. Michael Senff, Christoph J. Krainak, Michael A. Abshire, James B. Bravo, Hector E. Sandberg, Scott P. TI Preliminary measurements with an automated compact differential absorption lidar for the profiling of water vapor (vol 43, pg 3110, 2004) SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Correction AB In the original paper [Appl. Opt. 43, 3110 (2004)], all occurrences of the Greek letter "mu" were printed as ''m". The corrected expressions are given here. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, NOAA, ETL, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Adv Technol Div, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Machol, JL (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, NOAA, ETL, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM janet.machol@noaa.gov RI Hardesty, Robert/H-9844-2013; Abshire, James/I-2800-2013; Sandberg, Scott/I-4875-2013; Senff, Christoph/I-2592-2013; Machol, Janet/D-5896-2016 OI Machol, Janet/0000-0002-0344-0314 NR 1 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD MAY 20 PY 2006 VL 45 IS 15 BP 3544 EP 3544 DI 10.1364/AO.45.003544 PG 1 WC Optics SC Optics GA 044JM UT WOS:000237668400018 ER PT J AU Apponi, AJ Halfen, DT Ziurys, LM Hollis, JM Remijan, AJ Lovas, FJ AF Apponi, AJ Halfen, DT Ziurys, LM Hollis, JM Remijan, AJ Lovas, FJ TI Investigating the limits of chemical complexity in Sagittarius B2(N): A rigorous attempt to confirm 1,3-dihydroxyacetone SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE astrobiology; astrochemistry; ISM : abundances; ISM : individual (Sagittarius B2); ISM : molecules ID GLYCOLALDEHYDE; SPECTRUM AB A search for confirming transitions of 1,3-dihydroxyacetone, (CH2OH)(2)CO ( hereafter DHA), has been made toward Sgr B2(N) using the Arizona Radio Observatory Submillimeter Telescope (SMT) and 12 m telescope at millimeter wavelengths. In addition, data for this species have been obtained at the Green Bank Telescope. In all, 63 new transitions of DHA were sought; no plausible emission was detected at 97% of these frequencies. Typical peak-to-peak limits of 10 - 30 mK were achieved, indicating that DHA is not present in Sgr B2( N) at the level reported by Widicus Weaver & Blake in 2005, by at least a factor of 300. The upper limit to the DHA column density is N-tot < 5 x 10(13) cm(-2), suggesting that this species, a three-carbon keto sugar, is less abundant than the two-carbon aldehyde sugar, glycolaldehyde (CH2OHCHO), by a factor of at least 4. If sugars of higher complexity are formed in interstellar clouds, their synthesis may proceed one carbon atom at a time, possibly through aldehyde intermediates. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Chem, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Astron, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NASA, Computat & Informat Sci & Technol Off, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Natl Radio Astron Observ, Charlottesville, VA 22901 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Apponi, AJ (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Chem, 933 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM aapponi@as.arizona.edu OI Halfen, DeWayne/0000-0003-2483-3616 NR 8 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 6 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD MAY 20 PY 2006 VL 643 IS 1 BP L29 EP L32 DI 10.1086/504979 PN 2 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 043TQ UT WOS:000237625000008 ER PT J AU Hollis, JM Lovas, FJ Remijan, AJ Jewell, PR Ilyushin, VV Kleiner, I AF Hollis, JM Lovas, FJ Remijan, AJ Jewell, PR Ilyushin, VV Kleiner, I TI Detection of acetamide (CH3CONH2): The largest interstellar molecule with a peptide bond SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE ISM : abundances; ISM : clouds; ISM : individual (Sagittarius B2(N-LMH)); ISM : molecules; radio lines : ISM ID MICROWAVE-SPECTRUM; TEMPERATURE; FORMAMIDE; ICES AB Acetamide (CH3CONH2) has been detected in emission and absorption toward the star-forming region Sagittarius B2(N) with the 100 m Green Bank Telescope (GBT) by means of four A-species and four E-species rotational transitions. All transitions have energy levels less than 10 K. The Sgr B2( N) cloud is known to have a cold halo with clumps of gas at several different velocities. Absorption features are largely characterized by local standard of rest (LSR) velocities that are typical of the two star-forming cores with systemic LSR velocities of +64 and + 82 km s(-1). Continuum sources embedded within the star-forming cores give rise to the absorption from the molecular gas halo surrounding the cores. Emission features are seen at an approximate intermediate LSR velocity of + 73 km s(-1) that characterizes the widespread molecular halo that has a spatial scale of a few arcminutes. Two low-energy transitions of formamide (HCONH2) were also observed with the GBT toward Sagittarius B2( N) since formamide is the potential parent molecule of acetamide; both molecules are the only interstellar species with an NH2 group bound to a CO group, the so-called peptide bond, that provides the linkage for the polymerization of amino acids. While the acetamide transitions observed appear to be confined to the cold (similar to 8 K) halo region, only the 1(01) - 0(00) transition of formamide appears to be exclusively from the cold halo; the 3(12) - 3(13) transition of formamide is apparently contaminated with emission from the two hot cores. The relative abundance ratio of acetamide to formamide is estimated to be in the range of similar to 0.1 to similar to 0.5 in the cold halo. The exothermic neutral-radical reaction of formamide with methylene (CH2) may account for the synthesis of interstellar acetamide in the presence of shock phenomenon in this star-forming region. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Computat & Informat Sci & Technol Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Radio Astron Observ, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. Natl Acad Sci Ukraine, Inst Radio Astron, UA-61002 Kharkov, Ukraine. Univ Paris 12, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Creteil, France. Univ Paris 07, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Creteil, France. RP Hollis, JM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Computat & Informat Sci & Technol Off, Code 606, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 16 TC 86 Z9 86 U1 1 U2 15 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD MAY 20 PY 2006 VL 643 IS 1 BP L25 EP L28 DI 10.1086/505110 PN 2 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 043TQ UT WOS:000237625000007 ER PT J AU Remijan, AJ Hollis, JM Snyder, LE Jewell, PR Lovas, FJ AF Remijan, AJ Hollis, JM Snyder, LE Jewell, PR Lovas, FJ TI Methyltriacetylene (CH3C6H) toward TMC-1: The largest detected symmetric top SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE ISM : abundances; ISM : clouds; ISM : individual (TMC-1); ISM : molecules; radio lines : ISM ID INTERSTELLAR; METHYLDIACETYLENE; CLOUDS AB We report the detection of a new interstellar methylpolyyne, CH3C6H (methyltriacetylene), with the 100 m Green Bank Telescope. Ten spectral lines of this species were detected toward the Taurus molecular cloud (TMC-1): the K - 0 and K = 1 components of the 12, K - 11, K, 13, K - 12, K, 14, K - 13, K, 15, K - 14, K, and 16, K 15, K transitions. Also observed were the K = 0 and K = 1 components of the 6, K - 5, K transition of CH3C4H (methyldiacetylene). For both methylpolyynes, no higher energy K-components were detected, which is consistent with the 10 K kinetic temperature of the TMC-1 dark cloud. Moreover, radio spectral line data of the cyanopolyyne, methylcyanopolyyne, and methylpolyyne carbon-chain sequences were studied, and strong correlations are found among the values of the three different carbon-chain slopes when total column densities of sequence members are plotted against the number of carbon atoms in the carbon chain. This result suggests that the formation chemistry for all these carbon-chain sequences is common, and the total column density of the next larger, undetected species in each of the three carbon chain sequences is predicted. C1 Natl Radio Astron Observ, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. NASA, Computat & Informat Sci & Technol Off, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Astron, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Remijan, AJ (reprint author), Natl Radio Astron Observ, 520 Edgemont Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. NR 19 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 5 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD MAY 20 PY 2006 VL 643 IS 1 BP L37 EP L40 DI 10.1086/504918 PN 2 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 043TQ UT WOS:000237625000010 ER PT J AU Swann, A Sobel, AH Yuter, SE Kiladis, GN AF Swann, A Sobel, AH Yuter, SE Kiladis, GN TI Observed radar reflectivity in convectively coupled Kelvin and mixed Rossby-gravity waves SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID EQUATORIAL WAVES; KWAJEX AB Propagating disturbances in the tropical atmosphere exhibiting characteristics of linear equatorial waves have been shown to be "coupled'' to convection. In some cases, a rain event at a specific location can be associated with a particular wave of sufficiently large amplitude. Rain events spanning three years at Kwajalein Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands, 8.72 degrees N 167.73 degrees E, are classified by associated wave type ( i.e. Kelvin or mixed Rossby-gravity (MRG)) using space-time spectral-filtered outgoing longwave radiation (OLR). Contoured frequency by altitude diagrams (CFADs) of radar for the classified dates were compared between the two groups. The Kelvin wave accumulated CFAD has a distribution shifted to lower reflectivities compared to MRG suggesting that Kelvin storms likely contain a larger fraction of stratiform to convective area compared to MRG storms. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Appl Math, New York, NY 10027 USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Swann, A (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, 307 McCone Hall 4767, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM aswann@atmos.berkeley.edu RI Yuter, Sandra/E-8808-2015; Sobel, Adam/K-4014-2015 OI Yuter, Sandra/0000-0002-3222-053X; Sobel, Adam/0000-0003-3602-0567 NR 12 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAY 20 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 10 AR L10804 DI 10.1029/2006GL025979 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 049EP UT WOS:000237999000003 ER PT J AU Zhang, X Roman, M Kimmel, D McGilliard, C Boicourt, W AF Zhang, X. Roman, M. Kimmel, D. McGilliard, C. Boicourt, W. TI Spatial variability in plankton biomass and hydrographic variables along an axial transect in Chesapeake Bay SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID LARVAL NORTHERN ANCHOVY; LONG-TERM TRENDS; STRIPED BASS; ZOOPLANKTON ABUNDANCE; TURBIDITY MAXIMUM; WHITE PERCH; FISH GROWTH; FRESH-WATER; RIVER FLOW; COUNTER AB [ 1] High-resolution, axial sampling surveys were conducted in Chesapeake Bay during April, July, and October from 1996 to 2000 using a towed sampling device equipped with sensors for depth, temperature, conductivity, oxygen, fluorescence, and an optical plankton counter (OPC). The results suggest that the axial distribution and variability of hydrographic and biological parameters in Chesapeake Bay were primarily influenced by the source and magnitude of freshwater input. Bay-wide spatial trends in the water column-averaged values of salinity were linear functions of distance from the main source of freshwater, the Susquehanna River, at the head of the bay. However, spatial trends in the water column-averaged values of temperature, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll-a and zooplankton biomass were nonlinear along the axis of the bay. Autocorrelation analysis and the residuals of linear and quadratic regressions between each variable and latitude were used to quantify the patch sizes for each axial transect. The patch sizes of each variable depended on whether the data were detrended, and the detrending techniques applied. However, the patch size of each variable was generally larger using the original data compared to the detrended data. The patch sizes of salinity were larger than those for dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll-a and zooplankton biomass, suggesting that more localized processes influence the production and consumption of plankton. This high-resolution quantification of the zooplankton spatial variability and patch size can be used for more realistic assessments of the zooplankton forage base for larval fish species. C1 Univ Maryland, Horn Point Lab, Ctr Environm Sci, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA. RP Zhang, X (reprint author), NOAA, Chesapeake Bay Off, Cooperat Oxford Lab, 904 S Morris St, Oxford, MD 21654 USA. EM roman@hpl.umces.edu RI Kimmel, David/A-9643-2012 OI Kimmel, David/0000-0001-7232-7801 NR 78 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD MAY 20 PY 2006 VL 111 IS C5 AR C05S11 DI 10.1029/2005JC003085 PG 16 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 049IA UT WOS:000238008500004 ER PT J AU Lohmann, MS Jensen, AS Benzon, HH Nielsen, AS AF Lohmann, Martin S. Jensen, Arne Skov Benzon, Hans-Henrik Nielsen, Alan Steen TI Application of window functions for full spectrum inversion of cross-link radio occultation data SO RADIO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID LOWER TROPOSPHERE; JUPITERS IONOSPHERE; ATMOSPHERE; SIGNALS; SYSTEM; PROPAGATION AB [ 1] The full spectrum inversion (FSI) technique allows for effective retrieval of profiles of bending angle and optical depth. These profiles are directly derived from a Fourier transform of a measured radio occulation (RO) signal. Though the entire signal is used in the FSI Fourier transform, only some fraction of the signal contributes significantly to each pair of bending angle and optical depth, whereas noise and disturbances throughout the signal contribute to the errors for all pairs of bending angle and optical depth. The impact from noise and other disturbances may be reduced if window functions are applied in the computation of individual Fourier components. In this study, it is demonstrated how window functions can be applied to the FSI technique. In the approach described here, the window functions are applied in the frequency domain, and it is demonstrated that this technique can be applied in an iterative way to further reduce the impact of noise and disturbances. To assess the merits of using window functions, we apply the windowed FSI to simulated cross-link signals. The results from the simulations show that application of window functions in the FSI technique results in some noise reduction for both white noise and a spike in the signal, whereas iterative use of the window functions was found to significantly reduce the errors from these noise sources, as compared to standard FSI retrieval. It was also found that in terms of relative errors, retrieved derivatives of optical depth are far more sensitive to signal disturbances than retrieved bending angles. C1 NOAA, Ctr Sci, Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Natl Environm Satellite Serv, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Danish Metreorol Inst, Dept Res & Dev, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. RP Lohmann, MS (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Sci, Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Natl Environm Satellite Serv, Rm 702,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM martin.lohmann@noaa.gov; asj@dmi.dk; hhb@dmi.dk; asn@dmi.dk RI von Benzon, Hans-Henrik/F-5618-2016 OI von Benzon, Hans-Henrik/0000-0002-0372-5125 NR 46 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0048-6604 EI 1944-799X J9 RADIO SCI JI Radio Sci. PD MAY 20 PY 2006 VL 41 IS 3 AR RS3001 DI 10.1029/2005RS003273 PG 19 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA 049KO UT WOS:000238015300001 ER PT J AU Chen, JM Chen, BZ Higuchi, K Liu, J Chan, D Worthy, D Tans, P Black, A AF Chen, JM Chen, BZ Higuchi, K Liu, J Chan, D Worthy, D Tans, P Black, A TI Boreal ecosystems sequestered more carbon in warmer years SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CO2; FORESTS; MODEL; VARIABILITY; CANADA; CONSTRAINTS; TRANSPORT; EXCHANGE; DIOXIDE; HISTORY AB A 13-year ( 1990 - 1996, 1999 - 2004), hourly air CO2 record measured on a 40 m tower in northern Canada is analyzed against interpolated marine boundary layer CO2 data representing the free troposphere above the tower. In warmer years, the planetary boundary layer was more depleted with CO2, suggesting that the land area (10(4) km(2)) upwind of the tower sequestered more carbon. After using a novel approach to derive the photosynthetic flux from the air CO2 diurnal variation pattern, it is confirmed that boreal ecosystem photosynthesis increased more than ecosystem respiration in warmer years. C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Geog, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada. Meteorol Serv Canada, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada. NOAA, CMDL, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ British Columbia, Dept Soil Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. RP Chen, JM (reprint author), Univ Toronto, Dept Geog, 100 St George St,Room 5047, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada. EM chenj@geog.utoronto.ca RI Blankenship, Donald/G-5935-2010 NR 31 TC 94 Z9 96 U1 3 U2 18 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAY 19 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 10 AR L10803 DI 10.1029/2006GL025919 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 049EJ UT WOS:000237998400005 ER PT J AU Williams, FB Sander, LC Wise, SA Girard, J AF Williams, FB Sander, LC Wise, SA Girard, J TI Development and evaluation of methods for determination of naphthodianthrones and flavonoids in St. John's wort SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE pressurized fluid extraction; Soxhlet extraction; sonication; St. John's wort; mass spectrometry; liquid chromatography; fluorescence detection; absorbance detection; hypericin; pseudohypericin ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; HYPERICUM-PERFORATUM L.; MAGNETIC-RESONANCE-SPECTROSCOPY; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ACTIVE COMPONENTS; CAPILLARY-ELECTROPHORESIS; ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION; EXTRACTION CONDITIONS; DIETARY-SUPPLEMENTS; FUNCTIONAL FOODS AB Several major constituents in St. John's wort were determined for a homogenized plant sample. Three extraction techniques were evaluated: Soxhlet extraction, pressurized-fluid extraction (PFE), and sonication extraction. Levels of nine constituents (chlorogenic acid, rutin, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, quercitrin, quercetin, amentoflavone, pseudohypericin, and hypericin) were measured using liquid chromatography with ultraviolet/visible absorbance, mass spectrometric, and fluorescence detection. Levels of total naphthodianthrones determined by liquid chromatography (LC) with absorbance detection at 590 nm were compared with levels determined by direct spectrophotometry at the same wavelength. Additionally, the methods described in this paper were applied to several brands of St. John's wort finished products. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. American Univ, Washington, DC 20016 USA. US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. RP Sander, LC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM lane.sander@nist.gov NR 49 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD MAY 19 PY 2006 VL 1115 IS 1-2 BP 93 EP 102 DI 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.02.078 PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 041UJ UT WOS:000237481400010 PM 16554056 ER PT J AU Yim, H Kent, MS Sasaki, DY Polizzotti, BD Kiick, KL Majewski, J Satija, S AF Yim, H. Kent, M. S. Sasaki, D. Y. Polizzotti, B. D. Kiick, K. L. Majewski, J. Satija, S. TI Rearrangement of lipid ordered phases upon protein adsorption due to multiple site binding SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PHOSPHOLIPID MONOLAYERS; CONCANAVALIN-A; MEMBRANES; PEPTIDE; REORGANIZATION; REFLECTIVITY; COPPER(II); COMPLEXES AB This study involves the interactions of proteins with Langmuir monolayers of a metal-chelating lipid, where adsorption is driven by a strong specific interaction between histidines on the proteins and divalent metal ions loaded into the lipid headgroups. A comparison of the structural rearrangement of the lipid film upon adsorption of myoglobin and a synthetic peptide, each of which have multiple histidines, with that upon the adsorption of lysozyme, which has only one histidine, suggests that the lipid rearrangement in the former case is due to the multiplicity of binding sites. The kinetics and manner of rearrangement change with the binding energy and film pressure. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Univ Delaware, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Newark, DE USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Yim, H (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RI Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012 FU NCRR NIH HHS [P20 RR017716, P20 RR017716-010004] NR 21 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD MAY 19 PY 2006 VL 96 IS 19 AR 198101 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.198101 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 044PB UT WOS:000237683600056 PM 16803142 ER PT J AU Egelhoff, WF McMichael, RD Dennis, CL Stiles, MD Johnson, F Shapiro, AJ Maranville, BB Powell, CJ AF Egelhoff, WF McMichael, RD Dennis, CL Stiles, MD Johnson, F Shapiro, AJ Maranville, BB Powell, CJ TI Soft magnetic layers for low-field-detection magnetic sensors SO THIN SOLID FILMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Magnetic Nanomaterials and Devices CY JUL 03-08, 2005 CL Singapore, SINGAPORE DE sensors; thin films; susceptibility; ripple AB We have investigated a wide variety of soft magnetic layers as sense layers for magnetic-field sensors. We find that in thin-film form, some of these soft materials can have susceptibilities approaching those of the corresponding bulk material. In general, the highest chi values occur in trilayer structures with a non-magnetic film separating two soft magnetic films. The alloy Ni77Fe14Cu5Mo4 of the mu-metal family is the softest thin-film material we have found, and we can achieve hard-axis chi values above 105 in trilayer structures. The hard axis is preferred for magnetic sensors due to its near-linear response. The major impediment we have found to using these very soft layers in low-field sensors is that the chi value decreases by almost two orders of magnitude when the soft structure is incorporated in a standard spin valve or tunnel junction. The problem appears to be stiffening of the soft layer by the stray field from ripple in the pinned layer. A partial solution is found in the use of a synthetic antiferromagnetic as the pinned film. The antiferromagnetic alignment appears to have a canceling effect on the stray field. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Egelhoff, WF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM egelhoff@nist.gov RI McMichael, Robert/J-8688-2012; Stiles, Mark/K-2426-2012; OI Stiles, Mark/0000-0001-8238-4156; McMichael, Robert/0000-0002-1372-664X NR 6 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0040-6090 J9 THIN SOLID FILMS JI Thin Solid Films PD MAY 18 PY 2006 VL 505 IS 1-2 BP 90 EP 92 DI 10.1016/j.tsf.2005.10.014 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 027UH UT WOS:000236440600020 ER PT J AU Shah, JJ Geist, J Locascio, LE Gaitan, M Rao, MV Vreeland, WN AF Shah, JJ Geist, J Locascio, LE Gaitan, M Rao, MV Vreeland, WN TI Capillarity induced solvent-actuated bonding of polymeric microfluidic devices SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ANALYSIS SYSTEMS; ELECTROPHORESIS; POLYCARBONATE; FABRICATION; POLY(DIMETHYLSILOXANE); MICROCOMPONENTS; TECHNOLOGY; MICROCHIPS; SEPARATION; NETWORKS AB Rapid, robust, and economical fabrication of fluidic microchannels is of fundamental importance for the successful development of disposable lab-on-a-chip devices. In this work, we present a solvent-actuated bonding method for fabricating polymeric microfluidic devices at room temperature. A PMMA sheet with an imprinted microchannel was clamped to a blank PMMA sheet, and then 80 +/- 5 mu L of acetone (bonding solvent) was introduced at one end of the fluidic channel and aspirated out at the other end. As the solvent moved down the channel, capillary forces drew a fraction of the solvent into the interstitial space between the two polymeric substrates. After aspiration, the assembly was incubated in the clamp for 5 min for effective bond formation. The quantity of the bonding solvent, its water content and flow rate, along with residence time in the channel were found to have significant impact on the bond quality and the channel integrity. Microfluidic electrophoretic separations of a 400-base DNA ladder were performed in devices fabricated using this method in less than 8 min with efficiencies routinely between 2 x 10(6) and 3 x 10(6) plates/m. The simplicity and economy of this technique make it amenable for automation and mass production, which could make polymeric substrates more attractive for single-use chemical analysis devices. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. George Mason Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. Sequoyah Technol LLC, Olney, MD 20832 USA. RP Vreeland, WN (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM wyatt.vreeland@nist.gov OI Geist, Jon/0000-0001-7749-318X NR 31 TC 40 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 30 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD MAY 15 PY 2006 VL 78 IS 10 BP 3348 EP 3353 DI 10.1021/ac051883l PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 043IF UT WOS:000237593700017 PM 16689536 ER PT J AU Tai, SSC Xu, B Sniegoski, LT Welch, MJ AF Tai, SSC Xu, B Sniegoski, LT Welch, MJ TI Development and evaluation of a candidate reference measurement procedure for the determination of 19-Norandrosterone in human urine using isotope-dilution liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID HUMAN SERUM; ELECTROSPRAY-IONIZATION; NANDROLONE METABOLITES; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; STEROIDS; 19-NORTESTOSTERONE; THYROXINE; ORIGIN AB 19-Norandrosterone (19-NA) is the major metabolite of the steroid nandrolone, one of the most commonly abused anabolic androgenic agents. 19-NA exists mainly as the glucuronide form in human urine. A candidate reference measurement procedure for 19-NA in urine involving isotope dilution coupled with liquid chromatography/ tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) has been developed and critically evaluated. The 19-NA glucuronide was enzymatically hydrolyzed, and the 19-NA along with its internal standard ( deuterated 19-NA) was extracted from urine using liquid-liquid extraction prior to reversed-phase LC/MS/MS. The accuracy of the measurement of 19-NA was evaluated by a recovery study of added 19-NA. The recovery of the added 19-NA ranged from 99.1 to 101.4%. This method was applied to the determination of 19-NA in urine samples fortified with 19-NA glucuronide at three different concentrations (equivalent to 1, 2, and 10 ng/mL 19-NA). Excellent reproducibility was obtained with within-set coefficients of variation (CVs) ranging from 0.2 to 1.2%, and between-set CVs ranging from 0.1 to 0.5%. Excellent linearity was also obtained with correlation coefficients of all linear regression lines (measured intensity ratios vs mass ratios) ranging from 0.9997 to 0.9999. The detection limit for 19-NA at a signal-to-noise ratio of similar to 3 was 16 pg. The mean results of 19-NA yielded from hydrolysis of 19-NA glucuronide compared well with the theoretical values ( calculated from the conversion of 19-NA glucuronide to 19-NA) with absolute relative differences ranging from 0.2 to 1.4%. This candidate reference measurement procedure for 19-NA in urine, which demonstrates good accuracy and precision and low susceptibility to interferences, can be used to provide an accuracy base to which routine methods for 19-NA can be compared and that will serve as a standard of higher order for measurement traceability. C1 NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Res Ctr Certified Reference Mat, Beijing 100013, Peoples R China. RP Tai, SSC (reprint author), NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM susan.tai@nist.gov NR 20 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD MAY 15 PY 2006 VL 78 IS 10 BP 3393 EP 3398 DI 10.1021/ac052237p PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 043IF UT WOS:000237593700023 PM 16689542 ER PT J AU Reitsma, MG Cain, RG Biggs, S Smith, DW AF Reitsma, MG Cain, RG Biggs, S Smith, DW TI Observed transition from linear to non-linear friction-load behavior using a lateral force microscope SO APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Atomic Force Microscope; contact mechanics; adhesion; friction; wear ID SILICA SURFACES; CONTACT AREA; ADHESION; SCALE; CALIBRATION; WEAR; ASPERITY; MODEL; MICA AB The most commonly observed friction behavior for sliding systems is that described by Amontons laws of friction. In this case, sliding friction is independent of the gross or apparent area of contact between the materials and a linear function of the applied normal load, where the constant of proportionality is called the friction coefficient. However, for dry sliding solids in contact via a single-asperity junction, Amontons (linear) friction-load behavior is not strictly relevant. In experiments measuring sliding friction between a silicon tip and a quartz surface using an atomic force microscope (AFM), a transition from linear to non-linear friction-load behavior has been observed. This is proposed to result from a nanoscale 'conditioning' of a multiple-contact tip-surface interface to form a single-asperity contact. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Newcastle, Sch Engn, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia. Univ Leeds, Inst Particle Sci & Engn, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. RP Reitsma, MG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Mailcode 8520,100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mark.reitsma@nist.gov RI Biggs, Simon/G-9212-2014 OI Biggs, Simon/0000-0002-8941-1222 NR 25 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4332 J9 APPL SURF SCI JI Appl. Surf. Sci. PD MAY 15 PY 2006 VL 252 IS 14 BP 4964 EP 4968 DI 10.1016/j.apsusc.2005.08.003 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 051NO UT WOS:000238168000007 ER PT J AU Gu, X Michaels, CA Nguyen, D Jean, YC Martin, JW Nguyen, T AF Gu, X Michaels, CA Nguyen, D Jean, YC Martin, JW Nguyen, T TI Surface and interfacial properties of PVDF/acrylic copolymer blends before and after UV exposure SO APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE surface; interface; PVDF/acrylic copolymer; AFM; UV degradation ID ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; POLY(VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE); POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE); FLUOROPOLYMER COATINGS; CRYSTALLIZATION; ENRICHMENT; MORPHOLOGY; RECRYSTALLIZATION; MIXTURES; POLYMERS AB Morphological and chemical properties of both the surface and interface of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/poly(methyl methacrylate)-co-poly(ethyl acrylate) (PVDF/PMMA-co-PEA) blend films have been investigated before and after the samples were exposed to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation using a xenon arc lamp at 50 degrees C and 9% relative humidity (RH) for 7 months. Surface and interfacial morphologies were studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Chemical composition information was obtained by confocal Raman microscopy, attenuated total reflcction-FTIR spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and contact angle measurements. Results show an enrichment of the PVDF material at the air surface, while the acrylic copolymer enriches the interface. Blends having greater than 50% mass fraction of PVDF show little change in the surface morphology after UV exposure for 7 months. However, for a lower PVDF content, blends exhibit significant degradation of PMMA-co-PEA copolymer and a much rougher surface after UV exposure. Microstructural changes in the PVDF spherulites are also observed after UV degradation. It is found that the surface and interfacial morphologies are correlated with the chemical properties. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA. PPG Ind Inc, Allison Pk, PA 15101 USA. RP Gu, X (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8615, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM xiaohong.gu@nist.gov OI Martin, Jonathan/0000-0001-6265-4294 NR 27 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 28 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4332 J9 APPL SURF SCI JI Appl. Surf. Sci. PD MAY 15 PY 2006 VL 252 IS 14 BP 5168 EP 5181 DI 10.1016/j.apsusc.2005.07.051 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 051NO UT WOS:000238168000032 ER PT J AU Murphy, DM Hudson, PK Thomson, DS Sheridan, PJ Wilson, JC AF Murphy, DM Hudson, PK Thomson, DS Sheridan, PJ Wilson, JC TI Observations of mercury-containing aerosols SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC MERCURY; LOWER STRATOSPHERE; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; DEPOSITION; DEPLETION; PB-210; MODEL; BE-7 AB In situ analyses with a laser ionization mass spectrometer have shown that a large fraction of aerosols in the bottom few kilometers of the stratosphere contain small amounts of mercury (1). Electron microscopy of particles collected near the tropopause has also detected mercury. The distribution of mercury onto many particles, including those less than 20 nm in diameter, indicates that the mercury is from local condensation of mercury compounds onto particles rather than transport of mercury-rich aerosols from surface sources. Although the results are only semiquantitative, they suggest that most of the mercury in the lower stratosphere is converted into the particulate phase. Mercury-containing particles were present at both middle latitudes and the tropics in two seasons. There is therefore good reason to believe that particulate mercury above the tropopause is global and could affect the atmospheric lifetime of mercury. There are indications that bromine and/or iodine may be involved in the conversion of mercury from the gas to particle phase. Measurements at altitudes below 5 km did not find mercury in any particles despite sampling some particles that clearly originated in the stratosphere. This indicates that the particulate mercury from the lower stratosphere may be volatile enough to evaporate or decompose once particles reach warmer temperatures. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Denver, Denver, CO 80208 USA. RP Murphy, DM (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM daniel.m.murphy@noaa.gov RI Murphy, Daniel/J-4357-2012; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Murphy, Daniel/0000-0002-8091-7235; NR 26 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY 15 PY 2006 VL 40 IS 10 BP 3163 EP 3167 DI 10.1021/es052385x PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 042JZ UT WOS:000237525500010 PM 16749676 ER PT J AU Mestas-Nunez, AM Bentamy, A Katsaros, KB AF Mestas-Nunez, Alberto M. Bentamy, Abderrahim Katsaros, Kristina B. TI Seasonal and El Nino variability in weekly satellite evaporation over the global ocean during 1996-98 SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL ATLANTIC-OCEAN; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; LATENT-HEAT FLUXES; ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION CELLS; WIND-SPEED; SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; SST VARIABILITY; INDIAN-OCEAN; WATER-VAPOR; ENSO AB The seasonal and anomaly variability of satellite-derived weekly latent heat fluxes occurring over the global oceans during a 3-yr period (January 1996-December 1998) is investigated using EOF and harmonic analyses. The seasonal cycle of latent heat flux is estimated by least squares fitting the first three (annual, semiannual. and 4 month) harmonics to the data. The spatial patterns of amplitudes of these harmonics agree well with the Corresponding patterns for wind speed. The annual harmonic captures an oscillation that reflects high evaporation in late fall/early winter and low evaporation in late spring/early summer in both hemispheres. with larger amplitudes in the Northern Hemisphere over the western side of the oceans and significant phase differences within each hemisphere. The main feature of the semiannual harmonic is its large amplitude in the Asian monsoon region (e.g.. in the Arabian Sea its amplitude is about 1.5 larger than the annual) and the out-of-phase relationship of this region with the high latitudes of the North Pacific, consistent with other studies. The third harmonic shows three main regions with relatively large amplitudes, one in the Arabian Sea and two out-of-phase regions in the central midlatitude North and South Pacific. After removing this estimate of the seasonal cycle from the data, the leading EOF of the anomalies isolates the 1997-98 El Nino signal, with enhanced evaporation in the eastern tropical Pacific, around the Maritime Continent, in the midlatitude North and South Pacific. and the equatorial Indian Ocean. and reduced evaporation elsewhere around the global ocean during April 1997-April 1998. This pattern is consistent with known patterns of ENSO variability and with the "atmospheric bridge" teleconnection concept. The current study illustrates the usefulness of satellite-derived latent heat fluxes for climatic applications. C1 Univ Miami, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, Miami, FL 33152 USA. IFREMER, Ctr Brest, F-29280 Plouzane, France. RP Mestas-Nunez, AM (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, 4301 rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM alberto.mestas@noaa.gov RI Mestas-Nunez, Alberto/A-1427-2012 OI Mestas-Nunez, Alberto/0000-0002-3546-3668 NR 49 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAY 15 PY 2006 VL 19 IS 10 BP 2025 EP 2035 DI 10.1175/JCLI3721.1 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 045YN UT WOS:000237778700008 ER PT J AU Eichler, T Higgins, W AF Eichler, T Higgins, W TI Climatology and ENSO-related variability of North American extratropical cyclone activity SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; FREQUENCIES; CYCLOGENESIS; CIRCULATION; OSCILLATION; ATLANTIC; TRENDS AB The climatology and interannual variability of North American extratropical cyclones are examined using 6-hourly sea level pressure data from the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis for the period 1950-2002 and ECMWF 40-yr Re-Analysis (ERA-40) data from 1971 to 2000. The climatology includes an evaluation of the seasonal frequency and intensity of storms as well as an analysis of extreme event intensity. ENSO variability is evaluated by ENSO phase with emphasis on boreal winter. Results show an enhanced East Coast storm track during El Nino as well as an equatorward shift in storm tracks in the North Pacific for storms generated from both the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis and ERA-40 datasets. Observed precipitation close to a storm's center is used to determine which phase of the ENSO cycle is associated with the most productive storms and where they occur. During El Nino winters, a precipitation maximum is located east of the Appalachians and is associated with an enhanced East Coast storm track. During La Nina winters, the precipitation maximum shifts to the Ohio Valley and is associated with an enhanced Great Lakes storm track. Along the U.S. west coast, there is a precipitation maximum in the Pacific Northwest during La Nina winters, which is due to a storm track west of Washington State. C1 NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Climate PRedict Ctr,RSIS, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Eichler, T (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Climate PRedict Ctr,RSIS, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM tim.eichler@noaa.gov RI Eichler, Timothy/A-5040-2015 OI Eichler, Timothy/0000-0003-0342-9681 NR 28 TC 73 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 23 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAY 15 PY 2006 VL 19 IS 10 BP 2076 EP 2093 DI 10.1175/JCLI3725.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 045YN UT WOS:000237778700012 ER PT J AU Start, PR Hudson, SD Hobble, EK Migler, KB AF Start, PR Hudson, SD Hobble, EK Migler, KB TI Breakup of carbon nanotube flocs in microfluidic traps SO JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE dispersion; breakup; nanotubes; flocs; microfluidics; elongational flow ID FLUID STRESSES; AGGREGATION; DISPERSION; FLOWS AB The critical stress to break flocs of multiwalled-carbon nanotubes suspended in low-molecular weight polymer fluid is measured in planar elongational flow. Through image analysis of aggregates and their fragments, the extension rate of the flow and the size and aspect ratio of the aggregates are measured in real time. While trapping an aggregate at the stagnation point of the device, the flow rate is increased continually and breaking events are recorded, establishing a correlation between aggregate size and the critical elongation stress for fragmentation sigma. This relationship resembles that for the breakup of flocs comprising spherical particles, yet it indicates that the strength of these fibrous flocs depends much more strongly on the local particle concentration. Fracture avalanches (or cascades) are also observed. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hudson, SD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM steven.hudson@nist.gov NR 17 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9797 J9 J COLLOID INTERF SCI JI J. Colloid Interface Sci. PD MAY 15 PY 2006 VL 297 IS 2 BP 631 EP 636 DI 10.1016/j.jcis.2005.11.044 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 042LH UT WOS:000237529000031 PM 16364356 ER PT J AU Abdulagatov, IM Zeinalova, AB Azizov, ND AF Abdulagatov, IM Zeinalova, AB Azizov, ND TI Experimental viscosity B-coefficients of aqueous LiCl solutions SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR LIQUIDS LA English DT Article DE aqueous solution; B-coefricient; capillary viscometer; lithium chloride; viscosity; water ID CONCENTRATED ELECTROLYTE-SOLUTIONS; ALKALI-METAL CHLORIDES; GRANITIC PEGMATITES; MODELING VISCOSITY; MOLAR VOLUMES; 30 MPA; 573 K; TEMPERATURES; PRESSURES; CONDUCTANCE AB A capillary flow technique was used to measure the viscosity of aqueous LiCl solutions from 0.0236 to 16.393 mol kg(-1), 298.15 to 574.23 K, and 0.1 to 40 MPa. The uncertainties of viscosity, pressure, temperature, and composition measurements were estimated to be less than 1.5%, 0.001 to 0.01 MPa, 15 mK, and 0.02%, respectively. All experimental and derived results are compared with experimental values reported in the literature. The reliability and accuracy of the experimental method was confirmed with measurements on pure water with well known (IAPWS standards) viscosity values. The experimental and calculated values of viscosity for pure water from IAPWS formulation show excellent agreement (deviations, AAD, within 0.35%) in the temperature range from 296 to 580 K and at pressures up to 30 MPa. The experimental viscosity data have been interpreted in terms of the extended Jones-Dole equation for strong electrolyte solutions. The values of viscosity A-, B-, D-, and F-coefficients of the extended Jones-Dole equation for the relative viscosity (eta/eta(0)) of aqueous LiCl solutions as a function of temperature are studied. The derived values of the viscosity A- and B-coefficients were compared with the results predicted by the Falkenhagen-Dole theory of electrolyte solutions and calculated with the ionic B-coefficient data. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Inst Geothermal Problems, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Makhachkala, Russia. Azerbaijan State Oil Acad, Baku 370601, Azerbaijan. RP Abdulagatov, IM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM ilmutdin@boulder.nist.gov; Nazim_Azizov@yahoo.com NR 86 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-7322 J9 J MOL LIQ JI J. Mol. Liq. PD MAY 15 PY 2006 VL 126 IS 1-3 BP 75 EP 88 DI 10.1016/j.molliq.2005.10.006 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 053XN UT WOS:000238339500015 ER PT J AU Du, FM Guthy, C Kashiwagi, T Fischer, JE Winey, KI AF Du, FM Guthy, C Kashiwagi, T Fischer, JE Winey, KI TI An infiltration method for preparing single-wall nanotube/epoxy composites with improved thermal conductivity SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE thermal properties; degradation; nanocomposites ID ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES; CARBON NANOTUBES; FLAMMABILITY PROPERTIES; TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES; EPOXY COMPOSITES; HEAT-FLOW; NETWORKS AB Recent studies of SWNT/polymer nanocomposites identify the large interfacial thermal resistance at nanotube/nanotube junctions as a primary cause for the only modest increases in thermal conductivity relative to the polymer matrix. To reduce this interfacial thermal resistance, we prepared a freestanding nanotube framework by removing the polymer matrix from a 1 wt % SWNT/PMMA composite by nitrogen gasification and then infiltrated it with epoxy resin and cured. The SWNT/epoxy composite made by this infiltration method has a micron-scale, bicontinuous morphology and much improved thermal conductivity (220% relative to epoxy) due to the more effective heat transfer within the nanotube-rich phase. By applying a linear mixing rule to the bicontinuous composite, we conclude that even at high loadings the nanotube framework more effectively transports phonons than well-dispersed SWNT bundles. Contrary to the widely accepted approaches, these findings suggest that better thermal and electrical conductivities can be accomplished via heterogeneous distributions of SWNT in polymer matrices. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Univ Penn, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Winey, KI (reprint author), Univ Penn, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. EM winey@seas.upenn.edu NR 25 TC 111 Z9 115 U1 3 U2 40 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0887-6266 J9 J POLYM SCI POL PHYS JI J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys. PD MAY 15 PY 2006 VL 44 IS 10 BP 1513 EP 1519 DI 10.1002/polb.20801 PG 7 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 040IM UT WOS:000237372200014 ER PT J AU Holbrook, RD Yen, JH Grizzard, TJ AF Holbrook, RD Yen, JH Grizzard, TJ TI Characterizing natural organic material from the Occoquan Watershed (Northern Virginia, US) using fluorescence spectroscopy and PARAFAC SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE natural organic matter; PARAFAC; surface water; watershed management; anthropogenic activity ID TOTAL LUMINESCENCE SPECTRA; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; CDOM FLUORESCENCE; TRACE-ELEMENTS; MATTER; EXCITATION; RIVER; DEGRADATION; FRACTIONS; CARBON AB Surface water samples from the Occoquan Watershed (Virginia, US) were collected during summer baseflow conditions and characterized by excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). Based on 55 samples. PARAFAC identified three individual fluorophore moieties, which were attributed to humic-like, fulvic-like, and protein-like materials. The categorization of these seemingly universal fluorophore moieties in aqueous systems was consistent with expected analyte concentrations that were independently measured by traditional wet chemistry techniques. The relative distribution of the three fluorophore fractions varied among the different land use catchments, especially in locations of known anthropogenic activity. Distinctive relationships between the fulvic-like and protein-like materials were observed for catchments known to be influenced by anthropogenic activity and those believed to reflect more natural environments, suggesting that this technique could be used to monitor human impact on aquatic systems. Finally, PAR-AFAC can be used to provide estimates (+/- 30%) of select analyte concentrations in surface water. The results of this study support the use of EEM and PAR-AFAC analyses by watershed managers and other personnel interested in understanding organic matter behavior in aquatic systems. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Virginia Tech, Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Lab, Via Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Manassas, VA 22111 USA. RP Holbrook, RD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dave.holbrook@nist.gov RI Lucas, Elizabeth/E-2733-2010 NR 55 TC 75 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 23 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD MAY 15 PY 2006 VL 361 IS 1-3 BP 249 EP 266 DI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.11.020 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 051EA UT WOS:000238142500023 PM 16442152 ER PT J AU Zheng, WG Gallagher, A AF Zheng, WG Gallagher, A TI Hydrogen dissociation on high-temperature tungsten SO SURFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE polycrystalline surfaces; tungsten; hydrogen molecule; dissociation; desorption; catalysis; models of surface kinetics ID CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; DESORPTION-KINETICS; H-ATOMS; ADSORPTION; SURFACE; H-2; ATOMIZATION; DIFFUSION; FILAMENT; W(100) AB H-2 dissociation on polycrystalline tungsten is measured from 1700 to 3000 K using the filament temperature (T) change and a normalized H-atom density at the chamber surface. The dissociation probability per H2 filament collision (P-diss) saturates at 0.40 at high T and has a 2.25 +/- 0.05 eV apparent activation energy when P-diss << 1. This activation energy is consistent with prior data and models, but the H-2 pressure dependence is not. P-diss is independent of the H-2 pressure for this entire T range and the 1-85 mTorr pressure range studied, contradicting the primary model that has been used to explain H2 dissociation on tungsten and other metals. We show that some apparently contradictory prior measurements are actually consistent with our observations and with each other, once this pressure dependence of P-diss is recognized. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Gallagher, A (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM alang@jila.colorado.edu NR 19 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0039-6028 J9 SURF SCI JI Surf. Sci. PD MAY 15 PY 2006 VL 600 IS 10 BP 2207 EP 2213 DI 10.1016/j.susc.2006.03.032 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Physics GA 049MQ UT WOS:000238021100030 ER PT J AU Swallen, SF Mapes, MK Kim, YS McMahon, RJ Ediger, MD Satija, S AF Swallen, Stephen F. Mapes, Marie K. Kim, Yong Seol McMahon, Robert J. Ediger, M. D. Satija, Sushil TI Neutron reflectivity measurements of the translational motion of tris(naphthylbenzene) at the glass transition temperature SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SUPERCOOLED O-TERPHENYL; SELF-DIFFUSION; HETEROGENEOUS DYNAMICS; FICKIAN DIFFUSION; LENGTH SCALE; LIQUIDS; RELAXATION; DEPENDENCE; 1,3,5-TRI-ALPHA-NAPHTHYLBENZENE; POLYCARBONATE AB The translational dynamics of the low molecular weight glass-former tris(naphthylbenzene) have been studied on the length scale of a few nanometers at the glass transition temperature T-g. Neutron reflectivity was used to measure isotopic interdiffusion of multilayer samples created by physical vapor deposition. Deposition with the substrate held at T-g-6 K allows observation of dynamics characterizing the equilibrium supercooled liquid. The diffusion coefficient measured at q=0.03 A(-1) was determined to be 1x10(-17) cm(2)/s at 342 K (T-g). The self-part of the intermediate scattering function I-s(q,t) decays exponentially. Samples deposited well below T-g show a substantial thermal history effect during subsequent translational motion at T-g. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Chem, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Swallen, SF (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Chem, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM ediger@chem.wisc.edu NR 44 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD MAY 14 PY 2006 VL 124 IS 18 AR 184501 DI 10.1063/1.2191492 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 041TC UT WOS:000237477800032 PM 16709120 ER PT J AU Fischer, CF AF Fischer, CF TI Some improved transition probabilities for neutral carbon SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article AB An earlier paper (Zatsarinny O and Froese Fischer C 2002 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 35 4669) presented oscillator strengths for transitions from the 2p(2) 3P term to high-lying excited states of carbon. The emphasis was on the accurate prediction of energy levels relative to the ionization limit and allowed transition data from the ground state. The present paper reports some refined transition probability calculations for transitions from 2p(2) P-3, D-1, and S-1 to all odd levels up to 2p3d P-3(o). Particular attention is given to intercombination lines where relativistic effects are most important. C1 NIST, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Fischer, CF (reprint author), NIST, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM charlotte.f.fischer@vanderbilt.edu NR 9 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-4075 J9 J PHYS B-AT MOL OPT JI J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys. PD MAY 14 PY 2006 VL 39 IS 9 BP 2159 EP 2167 DI 10.1088/0953-4075/39/9/005 PG 9 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 053QM UT WOS:000238319900008 ER PT J AU Parekh, V Chunsheng, E Smith, D Ruiz, A Wolfe, JC Ruchhoeft, P Svedberg, E Khizroev, S Litvinov, D AF Parekh, V Chunsheng, E Smith, D Ruiz, A Wolfe, JC Ruchhoeft, P Svedberg, E Khizroev, S Litvinov, D TI Fabrication of a high anisotropy nanoscale patterned magnetic recording medium for data storage applications SO NANOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID APERTURE-ARRAY LITHOGRAPHY; PERPENDICULAR MEDIA; BEAM LITHOGRAPHY; ION IRRADIATION; HIGH-DENSITY; THIN-FILMS; MULTILAYER; MICROSTRUCTURE; COERCIVITY AB An approach to fabrication of a patterned magnetic recording medium for next generation data storage systems is presented. (Co/Pd)(n) magnetic multilayers are evaluated as candidates for patterned medium materials for their high and easily controllable magnetic anisotropy. The multilayer films deposited on a Ta seed layer enable high intergranular exchange coupling - an essential feature of a patterned magnetic recording medium. The quality of (Co/Pd)(n) superlattices was optimized via deposition conditions and monitored using low-angle x-ray diffraction. An estimated in-plane (hard-axis) magnetization saturation field in excess of 40 000 Oe was observed. Vertical (easy-axis) hysteresis loops for as-deposited continuous magnetic multilayers exhibited a low coercivity of 930 Oe, indicating highly uniform ( magnetically) films with weak domain wall pinning. Ion-beam proximity lithography was used to pattern magnetic multilayers into 43 nm islands on a 135 nm pitch. Following patterning, easy-axis coercivity increased nearly 15-fold to 12.7 kOe. C1 Univ Houston, Ctr Nanomagnet Syst, Houston, TX 77204 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA. Florida Int Univ, Miami, FL 33174 USA. RP Parekh, V (reprint author), Univ Houston, Ctr Nanomagnet Syst, Houston, TX 77204 USA. RI Smith, Darren/B-3622-2013 NR 30 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 4 U2 15 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-4484 J9 NANOTECHNOLOGY JI Nanotechnology PD MAY 14 PY 2006 VL 17 IS 9 BP 2079 EP 2082 DI 10.1088/0957-4484/17/9/001 PG 4 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 052GO UT WOS:000238220900002 ER PT J AU Cook, S Schaffer, TE Chynoweth, KM Wigton, M Simmonds, RW Lang, KM AF Cook, S Schaffer, TE Chynoweth, KM Wigton, M Simmonds, RW Lang, KM TI Practical implementation of dynamic methods for measuring atomic force microscope cantilever spring constants SO NANOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL SPOT SIZE; ADHESION MEASUREMENTS; ARRAY DETECTOR; THERMAL NOISE; CALIBRATION; SPECTROSCOPY; TILT AB Measurement of atomic force microscope cantilever spring constants (k) is essential for many of the applications of this versatile instrument. Numerous techniques to measure k have been proposed. Among these, we found the thermal noise and Sader methods to be commonly applicable and relatively user-friendly, providing an in situ, non-destructive, fast measurement of k for a cantilever independent of its material or coating. Such advantages recommend these methods for widespread use. An impediment thereto is the significant complication involved in the initial implementation of the methods. Some details of the implementation are discussed in publications, while others are left unsaid. Here we present a complete, cohesive, and practically oriented discussion of the implementation of both the thermal noise and Sader methods of measuring cantilever spring constants. We review the relevant theory and discuss practical experimental means for determining the required quantities. We then present results that compare measurements of k by these two methods over nearly two orders of magnitude, and we discuss the likely origins of both statistical and systematic errors for both methods. In conclusion, we find that the two methods agree to within an average of 4% over the wide range of cantilevers measured. Given that the methods derive from distinct physics we find the agreement a compelling argument in favour of the accuracy of both, suggesting them as practical standards for the field. C1 Colorado Coll, Dept Phys, Colorado Springs, CO 80903 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Munster, Ctr Nanotechnol, D-48149 Munster, Germany. Univ Munster, Inst Phys, D-48149 Munster, Germany. RP Cook, S (reprint author), Colorado Coll, Dept Phys, Colorado Springs, CO 80903 USA. EM tilman.schaeffer@uni-muenster.de; kmlang@coloradocollege.edu NR 44 TC 104 Z9 106 U1 2 U2 12 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-4484 J9 NANOTECHNOLOGY JI Nanotechnology PD MAY 14 PY 2006 VL 17 IS 9 BP 2135 EP 2145 DI 10.1088/0957-4484/17/9/010 PG 11 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 052GO UT WOS:000238220900011 ER PT J AU Massoli, P Maturilli, M Neuber, R AF Massoli, P. Maturilli, M. Neuber, R. TI Climatology of Arctic polar stratospheric clouds as measured by lidar in Ny-Alesund, Spitsbergen (79 degrees N, 12 degrees E) SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN GREENLAND; LIQUID PARTICLES; WINTER 1991/92; PSC OCCURRENCE; AEROSOL; VORTEX; DENITRIFICATION; TEMPERATURES; GROWTH; COEXISTENCE AB [ 1] Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) are observed by lidar at the Koldewey Station in Ny-A lesund, Spitsbergen ( 79 degrees N, 12 degrees E). Here we present a PSC climatology for the period 1995/ 1996 - 2003/2004, when the Arctic stratosphere was not disturbed by the presence of volcanic aerosols. The study is restricted to only five of these winters, i.e., when the stratospheric temperatures over Spitsbergen were cold enough for PSC formation. The typical altitude range where PSCs are found is 20 - 24 km, with a downward shifting of the cloud altitude level occurring during the season. Liquid PSCs, the majority of the observations, are usually detected from mid-January onward; nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) is more frequent in early winter. Furthermore, NAT is generally located at lower altitudes than the liquid clouds. In this data set we rarely observe NAT enhanced PSCs, and ice clouds are entirely absent. In addition to the traditional PSC classification scheme ( types Ia/Ib and II) the detected clouds are distinguished according to their vertical thickness, and they are grouped in two categories ( thick and thin PSCs), as in a previous study performed on the Antarctic McMurdo PSC data set. The analysis reveals that in NyA lesund the spatial-temporal distribution of thick and thin PSCs corresponds to NAT and liquid cloud signatures, respectively. Comparison between the Ny-A lesund and the McMurdo PSC climatologies is also reported. In both records, thick and thin PSCs show similar altitude distribution, while discrepancies between the Arctic and Antarctic cases exist for the appearance of NAT and liquid PSCs during the polar winter. C1 CNR, Inst Atmospher Sci & Climate, Rome, Italy. Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. RP Massoli, P (reprint author), NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM paola.massoli@noaa.gov RI Neuber, Roland/B-4923-2014; Maturilli, Marion/A-4344-2017 OI Neuber, Roland/0000-0001-7382-7832; Maturilli, Marion/0000-0001-6818-7383 NR 59 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAY 13 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D9 AR D09206 DI 10.1029/2005JD005840 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 046GY UT WOS:000237800700002 ER PT J AU Panteleev, GG Stabeno, P Luchin, VA Nechaev, DA Ikeda, M AF Panteleev, G. G. Stabeno, P. Luchin, V. A. Nechaev, D. A. Ikeda, M. TI Summer transport estimates of the Kamchatka Current derived as a variational inverse of hydrophysical and surface drifter data SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID BERING-SEA; CIRCULATION; VARIABILITY AB The quasistationary summer Bering Sea circulation is reconstructed as a variational inverse of the hydrographic and atmospheric climatologies, transport estimates through the Bering Strait, and surface drifter data. Our results indicate the splitting of the Kamchatka Current in the vicinity of the Shirshov Ridge. This branching is in agreement with independent ARGO drifter observations. It was also found, that transport of the Kamchatka Current gradually increases downstream from 14 Sv in the Olyutorsky Gulf to 24 Sv in the Kamchatka Strait, which is twice higher than previous estimates. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Int Arctic Res Ctr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Russian Acad Sci, PP Shirshov Oceanol Inst, Moscow, Russia. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Far Eastern Branch, Ilichev Pacific Oceanol Inst, Vladivostok 690041, Russia. Univ So Mississippi, Dept Marine Sci, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Environm Earth Sci, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600810, Japan. RP Panteleev, GG (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Int Arctic Res Ctr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM gleb@iarc.uaf.edu NR 16 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAY 12 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 9 AR L09609 DI 10.1029/2005GL024974 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 046GM UT WOS:000237799500001 ER PT J AU Susskind, J Barnet, C Blaisdell, J Iredell, L Keita, F Kouvaris, L Molnar, G Chahine, M AF Susskind, Joel Barnet, Chris Blaisdell, John Iredell, Lena Keita, Fricky Kouvaris, Lou Molnar, Gyula Chahine, Moustafa TI Accuracy of geophysical parameters derived from Atmospheric Infrared Sounder/Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit as a function of fractional cloud cover SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE; AIRS/AMSU/HSB; PRODUCTS; EMISSIVITY; AIRS AB AIRS was launched on EOS Aqua on 4 May 2002, together with AMSU A and HSB, to form a next generation polar orbiting infrared and microwave atmospheric sounding system. The primary products of AIRS/AMSU are twice daily global fields of atmospheric temperature-humidity profiles, ozone profiles, sea/land surface skin temperature, and cloud related parameters including OLR. The sounding goals of AIRS are to produce 1 km tropospheric layer mean temperatures with an RMS error of 1 K, and layer precipitable water with an RMS error of 20%, in cases with up to 80% effective cloud cover. The basic theory used to analyze AIRS/AMSU/HSB data in the presence of clouds, called the at-launch algorithm, was described previously. Prelaunch simulation studies using this algorithm indicated that these results should be achievable. Some modifications have been made to the at-launch retrieval algorithm as described in this paper. Sample fields of parameters retrieved from AIRS/AMSU/HSB data are presented and validated as a function of retrieved fractional cloud cover. As in simulation, the degradation of retrieval accuracy with increasing cloud cover is small and the RMS accuracy of lower-tropospheric temperature retrieved with 80% cloud cover is about 0.5 K poorer than for clear cases. HSB failed in February 2003, and consequently, HSB channel radiances are not used in the results shown in this paper. The AIRS/AMSU retrieval algorithm described in this paper, called version 4, become operational at the Goddard DAAC (Distributed Active Archive Center) in April 2003 and is being used to analyze near-real time AIRS/AMSU data. Historical AIRS/AMSU data, going backward from March 2005 through September 2002, is also being analyzed by the DAAC using the version 4 algorithm. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 94709 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Susskind, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM joel.susskind-1@nasa.gov RI Barnet, Christopher/F-5573-2010 NR 14 TC 71 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAY 12 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D9 AR D09S17 DI 10.1029/2005JD006272 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 046GW UT WOS:000237800500002 ER PT J AU Walden, VP Roth, WL Stone, RS Halter, B AF Walden, V. P. Roth, W. L. Stone, R. S. Halter, B. TI Radiometric validation of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder over the Antarctic Plateau SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID EMITTED RADIANCE INTERFEROMETER; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; COOLING RATES; TEMPERATURE; FLUXES; SPECTRORADIOMETER; AIRS/AMSU/HSB; BRIGHTNESS; ALGORITHM; DESIGN AB Validation of infrared satellite instruments, after they have been launched into orbit, has traditionally relied on views of the relatively warm sea surface. The Antarctic Plateau provides a complementary validation target from space because it is also homogeneous over large areas, yet it is relatively cold. During summer, cloud-free conditions occur often and the atmospheric humidity is very low with values of total column water vapor around 1 mm. Radiance validation experiments were conducted at Dome C, Antarctica (75 degrees S, 123 degrees E; 3280 m), in January 2003 and again in December 2003/January 2004 for the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder ( AIRS). The Polar Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (PAERI) measured upwelling and downwelling infrared radiance at the surface during overpasses of NASA's Earth Observing System Aqua satellite. Radiosondes were launched coincidentally with many of these overpasses. These data are used to calculate the outgoing spectral radiance at the top of the atmosphere (TOA), which is then compared with spectral radiance measurements from AIRS in selected frequency bands. At the 95% confidence level, the brightness temperature differences are -0.12 +/- 0.24 K (M-07), -0.15 +/- 0.23 K (M-08), and -0.13 +/- 0.24 K (M-09). These results validate the AIRS radiances at low temperatures ( 230 to 250 K) relative to the TOA calculations between 788 and 973 cm(-1). The cold bias may be partially explained by subvisible or undetected clouds. Ground-based validation experiments over the Antarctic Plateau can yield valuable information about the low-radiance performance of infrared satellite instruments. However, one must use ground-based instruments with a large enough field of view to average over the significant radiance variations that exist across individual snow dunes. Validation of AIRS at low radiance is important because many of the geophysical parameters that are of scientific interest are actually retrieved from low radiance values, including upper tropospheric humidity and properties of high clouds. C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Geog, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Global Monitoring Div, Boulder, CO USA. RP Walden, VP (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Geog, 375 S Line St, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. EM vonw@uidaho.edu NR 27 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAY 12 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D9 AR D09S03 DI 10.1029/2005JD006357 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 046GW UT WOS:000237800500003 ER PT J AU Zhang, XY Kondragunta, S AF Zhang, Xiaoyang Kondragunta, Shobha TI Estimating forest biomass in the USA using generalized allometric models and MODIS land products SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CARBON POOLS; VEGETATION; PREDICTION; BOREAL AB Spatially-distributed forest biomass components are essential to understand carbon cycle and the impact of biomass burning emissions on air quality. We estimated the density of forest biomass components (foliage biomass, branch biomass, and aboveground biomass) at a spatial resolution of 1 km across the Contiguous United States using foliage-based generalized allometric models and Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land data. The foliage biomass for each forest type was calculated from MODIS leaf-area indices, land cover types, and vegetation continuous fields. The foliage-based models were developed using available diameter-based allometric equations and used to estimate branch biomass and aboveground biomass. The resultant aboveground biomass density matches well with the data from Forest Inventory and Analysis program at both state and pixel levels. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, ORA, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Earth Resources Technol Inc, Jessup, MD USA. RP Zhang, XY (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, ORA, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM xiaoyang.zhang@noaa.gov; shobha.kondragunta@noaa.gov RI Zhang, Xiaoyang/E-3208-2010; Kondragunta, Shobha/F-5601-2010 OI Kondragunta, Shobha/0000-0001-8593-8046 NR 23 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAY 11 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 9 AR L09402 DI 10.1029/2006GL025879 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 046GL UT WOS:000237799400002 ER PT J AU Lemmon, EW Span, R AF Lemmon, Eric W. Span, Roland TI Short fundamental equations of state for 20 industrial fluids SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA LA English DT Review ID VAPOR-LIQUID-EQUILIBRIA; 2ND VIRIAL-COEFFICIENTS; SPEED-OF-SOUND; 1,1-DICHLORO-1-FLUOROETHANE HCFC 141B; MOLAR HEAT-CAPACITIES; DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY; INTERNATIONAL TEMPERATURE SCALE; METHYL 1,1-DIMETHYLETHYL ETHER; THERMO-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES; HIGH-PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS AB In a preceding project, functional forms for "short" Helmholtz energy equations of state for typical nonpolar and weakly polar fluids and for typical polar fluids were developed using simultaneous optimization. In this work, the coefficients of these short forms for the equations of state have been fitted for the fluids acetone, carbon monoxide, carbonyl sulfide, decane, hydrogen sulfide, 2-methylbutane ( isopentane), 2,2-dimethylpropane ( neopentane), 2-methylpentane (isohexane), krypton, nitrous oxide, nonane, sulfur dioxide, toluene, xenon, hexafluoroethane (R-116), 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane (R-141b), 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (R-142b), octafluoropropane (R-218), 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane (R-245fa), and fluoromethane (R-41). The 12 coefficients of the equations of state were fitted to substance specific data sets. The results show that simultaneously optimized functional forms can be applied to other fluids out of the same class of fluids for which they were optimized without significant loss of accuracy. The high numerical stability of the functional forms resulted in successful fits for fluids that previously could not be described by accurate empirical equations of state. For R-41, it is shown that the accuracies can be increased further by fitting the temperature exponents in addition to the coefficients of the equation of state, provided that highly accurate experimental data are available. Typical uncertainties of properties calculated using the new equations are 0.2% in density, 1% to 2% in heat capacity and liquid-phase speed of sound, and 0.2% in vapor pressure. Where data are available, uncertainties in vapor-phase sound speeds are generally less than 0.1%. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Paderborn, D-33098 Paderborn, Germany. RP Lemmon, EW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM EricL@boulder.nist.gov OI Span, Roland/0000-0002-8350-8285 NR 750 TC 249 Z9 258 U1 6 U2 79 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-9568 J9 J CHEM ENG DATA JI J. Chem. Eng. Data PD MAY 11 PY 2006 VL 51 IS 3 BP 785 EP 850 DI 10.1021/je050186n PG 66 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 042JX UT WOS:000237525300002 ER PT J AU Lee, BC Outcalt, SL AF Lee, BC Outcalt, SL TI Solubilities of gases in the ionic liquid 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA LA English DT Article ID PRESSURE PHASE-BEHAVIOR; REGULAR SOLUTION THEORY; TEMPERATURE; SYSTEMS; CO2; HEXAFLUOROPHOSPHATE; TETRAFLUOROBORATE; SOLVENTS; EQUILIBRIA; CATALYSIS AB Solubility data of carbon dioxide, propane, propene, butane, and 1-butene in the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide ([ bmim][ Tf2N]) are presented as a function of pressure at temperatures between 280 K and 340 K. The equilibrium pressure at a given temperature and the amount of gas dissolved into the ionic liquid phase were measured with an experimental technique based on a saturation method at constant volume by use of an apparatus equipped with a cylindrical equilibrium view cell. All measured solubilities were between 0.1 and 0.5 mole fraction gas in ionic liquid. 1-Butene had the highest solubility, followed by butane, propene, and then propane. Carbon dioxide and propane are similarly the least soluble in the [ bmim][ Tf2N]. Alkene gases were more soluble than alkane gases. From the experimental solubility data, the Henry's constants of each gas in the ionic liquid were estimated as a function of temperature. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Outcalt, SL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM stephanie.outcalt@boulder.nist.gov NR 38 TC 114 Z9 120 U1 1 U2 27 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-9568 J9 J CHEM ENG DATA JI J. Chem. Eng. Data PD MAY 11 PY 2006 VL 51 IS 3 BP 892 EP 897 DI 10.1021/je050357o PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 042JX UT WOS:000237525300012 ER PT J AU Perkins, RA Huber, ML AF Perkins, RA Huber, ML TI Measurement and correlation of the thermal conductivity of pentafluoroethane (R125) from 190 K to 512 K at pressures to 70 MPa SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA LA English DT Article ID HOT-WIRE METHOD; TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES; LIQUID-PHASE; CRITICAL REGION; HFC-125; REFRIGERANTS; R32; FLUIDS; DIFLUOROMETHANE; DIFFUSIVITY AB New experimental data on the thermal conductivity of pentafluoroethane (R125) are reported that allow the development of an improved wide-range correlation. These new experimental data, covering a temperature range of 190 K to 390 K and a pressure range of 0.1 to 70 MPa, are used together with available data from the literature to develop a correlation for the thermal conductivity of R125 that covers the temperature range from 190 K to 512 K. The experimental data reported here have an uncertainty of less than 1% for measurements removed from the critical point and for gas at pressures above 1 MPa, which increases to 3 % in the critical region and for gas at low pressures (< 1 MPa). The quality of the primary data sets is such that the thermal conductivity correlation for R125 is estimated to have an uncertainty of about 3 % at a 95 % confidence level, with the exception of state points near the critical point and the dilute gas, where the uncertainty of the correlation increases to 5 %. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Perkins, RA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM richard.perkins@nist.gov OI Perkins, Richard/0000-0002-8526-6742 NR 39 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-9568 J9 J CHEM ENG DATA JI J. Chem. Eng. Data PD MAY 11 PY 2006 VL 51 IS 3 BP 898 EP 904 DI 10.1021/je050372t PG 7 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 042JX UT WOS:000237525300013 ER PT J AU Woodhouse, CA Gray, ST Meko, DM AF Woodhouse, CA Gray, ST Meko, DM TI Updated streamflow reconstructions for the Upper Colorado River Basin SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; SEVERE SUSTAINED DROUGHT; NORTH-AMERICA; WATER-RESOURCES; CLIMATE-CHANGE; TIME-SERIES; PRECIPITATION; VARIABILITY; REGRESSION; OCEAN AB Updated proxy reconstructions of water year (October-September) streamflow for four key gauges in the Upper Colorado River Basin were generated using an expanded tree ring network and longer calibration records than in previous efforts. Reconstructed gauges include the Green River at Green River, Utah; Colorado near Cisco, Utah; San Juan near Bluff, Utah; and Colorado at Lees Ferry, Arizona. The reconstructions explain 72-81% of the variance in the gauge records, and results are robust across several reconstruction approaches. Time series plots as well as results of cross-spectral analysis indicate strong spatial coherence in runoff variations across the subbasins. The Lees Ferry reconstruction suggests a higher long-term mean than previous reconstructions but strongly supports earlier findings that Colorado River allocations were based on one of the wettest periods in the past 5 centuries and that droughts more severe than any 20th to 21st century event occurred in the past. C1 NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. US Geol Survey, Desert Lab, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. Univ Arizona, Tree Ring Res Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Woodhouse, CA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, 325 Broadway,E-CC 23, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM connie.woodhouse@noaa.gov NR 40 TC 152 Z9 152 U1 3 U2 43 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD MAY 11 PY 2006 VL 42 IS 5 AR W05415 DI 10.1029/2005WR004455 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 046HY UT WOS:000237803400002 ER PT J AU Hollis, JM Remijan, AJ Jewell, PR Lovas, FJ AF Hollis, JM Remijan, AJ Jewell, PR Lovas, FJ TI Cyclopropenone (c-H2C3O): A new interstellar ring molecule SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE ISM : abundances; ISM : clouds; ISM : individual (Sagittarius B2(N)); ISM : molecules; radio lines : ISM ID ELECTRIC-DIPOLE MOMENT; MICROWAVE-SPECTRUM; GALACTIC-CENTER; QUADRUPOLE MOMENTS; WAVE SPECTRUM; ACETIC-ACID; G VALUES; MILLIMETER; GLYCOLALDEHYDE; STARK AB The three-carbon keto ring cyclopropenone (c-H2C3O) has been detected largely in absorption with the 100 m Green Bank Telescope (GBT) toward the star-forming region Sagittarius B2(N) by means of a number of rotational transitions between energy levels that have energies less than 10 K. Previous negative results from searches for interstellar c-H2C3O by other investigators attempting to detect rotational transitions that have energy levels similar to 10 K or greater indicate no significant hot core component. Thus, we conclude that only the low-energy levels of c-H2C3O are populated because the molecule state temperature is low, suggesting that c-H2C3O resides in a star-forming core halo region that has a widespread arcminute spatial scale. Toward Sagittarius B2(N), the GBT was also used to observe the previously reported, spatially ubiquitous, three-carbon ring cyclopropenylidene (c-C3H2), which has a divalent carbon that makes it highly reactive in the laboratory. The presence of both c-C3H2 and c-H2C3O toward Sagittarius B2(N) suggests that gas-phase oxygen addition may account for the synthesis of c-H2C3O from c-C3H2. We also searched for but did not detect the three-carbon sugar glyceraldehyde (CH2OHCHOHCHO). C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Computat & Informat Sci & Technol Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Natl Radio Astron Observ, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hollis, JM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Computat & Informat Sci & Technol Off, Code 606, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 48 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 16 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD MAY 10 PY 2006 VL 642 IS 2 BP 933 EP 939 DI 10.1086/501121 PN 1 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 042UC UT WOS:000237554200026 ER PT J AU Sun, BM Peterson, TC AF Sun, BM Peterson, TC TI Estimating precipitation normals for USCRN stations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID INTERPOLATION AB [1] Normals estimation in this study is based on the fact that monthly precipitation anomalies at any target location are similar to those of neighboring stations. Precipitation normals have been generated for stations of the newly developed U. S. Climate Reference Network (USCRN) by using data from this network and 4629 stations of the National Weather Service Cooperative Station network ( COOP). This analysis evaluated several variations of estimation approaches. The best method that was used in USCRN normals estimation was one that included the use of monthly departure data from similar to 11 neighboring COOP stations ( within similar to 78 km of a USCRN station), and a weighting scheme that used the inverse square difference in monthly precipitation totals between the COOP and USCRN stations. When the estimated normals are based on a few years of data ( e. g., 3 years of data), their errors are about 9 - 12% of true normals, and are about 19 - 28% of the typical magnitude of year-to-year variability. This suggests that these estimated USCRN normals can be useful in climate monitoring and assessment. C1 NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. STG Inc, Asheville, NC USA. RP Sun, BM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, 151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. EM thomas.c.peterson@noaa.gov RI Sun, Bomin/P-8742-2014 OI Sun, Bomin/0000-0002-4872-9349 NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAY 6 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D9 AR D09101 DI 10.1029/2005JD006245 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 041ID UT WOS:000237447100003 ER PT J AU Cheng, ZG Cummer, SA Baker, DN Kanekal, SG AF Cheng, ZG Cummer, SA Baker, DN Kanekal, SG TI Nighttime D region electron density profiles and variabilities inferred from broadband measurements using VLF radio emissions from lightning SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID LOWER IONOSPHERE; FARADAY-ROTATION; WAVE-GUIDE; DISTRIBUTIONS; ROCKET; SOLAR; ATMOSPHERICS; IONIZATION; RADIATION; SUNRISE AB [1] Lightning discharges radiate most of their electromagnetic energy in the very low frequency (VLF, 3 - 30 kHz) and extremely low frequency ( ELF, 3 - 3000 Hz) bands and are, consequently, an effective tool for remotely sensing the nighttime ionospheric D region electron density profile. Using broadband lightning-generated VLF signals, we derived the night-to-night variations of the midlatitude ionospheric D region electron density profiles. For 16 nights, between 1 July and 4 August 2004, we examined measured VLF data from lightning occurring near the United States east coast ( similar to 530 - 860 km away from Duke University) and received at Duke University from 0400 to 0600 UT. From these observed VLF radio atmospherics (sferics), we extracted the nighttime D region electron density profiles covering the range of electron densities from 10(0) to 10(3) cm(-3), in the altitude range of approximately 70 - 95 km, using a two-dimensional, laterally homogenous model of VLF propagation in the Earth-ionosphere waveguide. The inferred electron density profile variabilities were in good agreement with those from past nighttime rocket experiments at similar latitudes. Using the rocket-measured profiles in our propagation simulations, we determined that the two-parameter exponential D region electron density profiles we inferred were the best exponential fit, in the electron density range of similar to 3 to similar to 500 cm(-3), to the rocket-measured D region electron density profiles. In an initial effort to determine the sources of the observed variabilities, we compared the SAMPEX precipitating electron measurements to the electron density profiles inferred during July 2000. The results indicate that high-energy electron precipitation might account for at least part of the night-to-night variations of the D region electron densities at the midlatitudes. C1 Duke Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, SEC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Cheng, ZG (reprint author), Duke Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Durham, NC 27708 USA. EM zc@ee.duke.edu; cummer@ee.duke.edu; daniel.baker@lasp.colorado.edu; shrikanth.kanekal@noaa.gov RI Cummer, Steven/A-6118-2008 OI Cummer, Steven/0000-0002-0002-0613 NR 44 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD MAY 5 PY 2006 VL 111 IS A5 AR A05302 DI 10.1029/2005JA011308 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 041IZ UT WOS:000237449400001 ER PT J AU Lee, D Walsh, JD Mikhailenko, I Yu, P Migliorini, M Wu, YB Krueger, S Curtis, JE Harris, B Lockett, S Blacklow, SC Strickland, DK Wang, YX AF Lee, D Walsh, JD Mikhailenko, I Yu, P Migliorini, M Wu, YB Krueger, S Curtis, JE Harris, B Lockett, S Blacklow, SC Strickland, DK Wang, YX TI RAP uses a histidine switch to regulate its interaction with LRP in the ER and Golgi SO MOLECULAR CELL LA English DT Article ID RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN; DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR; NMR STRUCTURE DETERMINATION; TORSION ANGLE DYNAMICS; ALPHA-2-MACROGLOBULIN RECEPTOR; C-13-LABELED PROTEINS; MOLECULAR CHAPERONE; HETERONUCLEAR NMR; TERMINAL DOMAIN; LIGAND-BINDING AB The receptor associated protein (RAP) is an antagonist and molecular chaperone that binds tightly to low-density lipoprotein receptor family members in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). After escorting these receptors to the Golgi, RAP dissociates from the receptors. The molecular mechanism of the dissociation has been unknown until now. The solution structure of RAP-D3 domain presented here reveals a striking increase in positively charged residues on the surface of this RAP domain due to protonation of solvent-xposed histidine sidechains as the pH is reduced from a near neutral pH of the ER to the acidic pH of the Golgi. Structure-based mutagenesis studies in vitro and in cells confirm that the protonation of histidine residues as a consequence of the pH changes modulate the binding/release of RAP from LRP. This histidine switch may serve as a general mechanism for regulating cell trafficking events. C1 Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Ctr Vasc & Inflammatory Dis, Dept Surg, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Ctr Vasc & Inflammatory Dis, Dept Physiol, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. NCI, Struct Res Program, Prot Nucle Acid Interact Sect, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. NCI, Basic Res Program, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. NCI, SAIC Frederick Inc, Res Technol Program, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. RP Strickland, DK (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Ctr Vasc & Inflammatory Dis, Dept Surg, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. EM dstrickland@som.umaryland.edu; wangyu@ncifcrf.gov RI Lee, Donghan/B-6893-2011; OI Lee, Donghan/0000-0002-3971-986X; Lee, Donghan/0000-0002-6530-8060 FU NCI NIH HHS [N01-CO-12400, N01-CO56000]; NHLBI NIH HHS [R01 HL061001-07, HL50784, HL54710, R01 HL061001, R01 HL061001-06, R01 HL061001-06S1, R01 HL061001-08] NR 44 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 2 PU CELL PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 1100 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA SN 1097-2765 J9 MOL CELL JI Mol. Cell PD MAY 5 PY 2006 VL 22 IS 3 BP 423 EP 430 DI 10.1016/j.molcel.2006.04.011 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA 043RC UT WOS:000237618200013 PM 16678114 ER PT J AU Cornish, SL Thompson, ST Wieman, CE AF Cornish, SL Thompson, ST Wieman, CE TI Formation of bright matter-wave solitons during the collapse of attractive Bose-Einstein condensates SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article AB We observe bright matter-wave solitons form during the collapse of Rb-85 condensates in a three-dimensional (3D) magnetic trap. The collapse is induced by using a Feshbach resonance to suddenly switch the atomic interactions from repulsive to attractive. Remnant condensates containing several times the critical number of atoms for the onset of instability are observed to survive the collapse. Under these conditions a highly robust configuration of 3D solitons forms such that each soliton satisfies the condition for stability and neighboring solitons exhibit repulsive interactions. C1 Univ Durham, Dept Phys, Sci Labs, Durham DH1 3LE, England. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Cornish, SL (reprint author), Univ Durham, Dept Phys, Sci Labs, S Rd,Rochester Bldg, Durham DH1 3LE, England. EM s.l.cornish@durham.ac.uk RI Cornish, Simon/K-4966-2012 OI Cornish, Simon/0000-0003-1407-4126 NR 22 TC 252 Z9 254 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD MAY 5 PY 2006 VL 96 IS 17 AR 170401 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.170401 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 039QO UT WOS:000237321500001 PM 16712280 ER PT J AU Rule, KC Ruff, JPC Gaulin, BD Dunsiger, SR Gardner, JS Clancy, JP Lewis, MJ Dabkowska, HA Mirebeau, I Manuel, P Qiu, Y Copley, JRD AF Rule, KC Ruff, JPC Gaulin, BD Dunsiger, SR Gardner, JS Clancy, JP Lewis, MJ Dabkowska, HA Mirebeau, I Manuel, P Qiu, Y Copley, JRD TI Field-induced order and spin waves in the pyrochlore antiferromagnet Tb2Ti2O7 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FRUSTRATED PYROCHLORE; DYNAMICAL PROPERTIES; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; LIQUID-STATE; HO2TI2O7 AB High resolution time-of-flight neutron scattering measurements on Tb2Ti2O7 reveal a rich low temperature phase diagram in the presence of a magnetic field applied along [110]. In zero field at T=0.4 K, Tb2Ti2O7 is a highly correlated cooperative paramagnet with disordered spins residing on a pyrochlore lattice of corner-sharing tetrahedra. Application of a small field condenses much of the magnetic diffuse scattering, characteristic of the disordered spins, into a new Bragg peak characteristic of a polarized paramagnet. At higher fields, a magnetically ordered phase is induced, which supports spin wave excitations indicative of continuous, rather than Ising-like, spin degrees of freedom. C1 McMaster Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada. Canadian Inst Adv Res, Toronto, ON M5G 1Z8, Canada. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. CEA Saclay, CNRS, Lab Leon Brillouin, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. Rutherford Appleton Lab, ISIS Facil, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Rule, KC (reprint author), McMaster Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada. RI Piper, Walter/B-7908-2009; Gardner, Jason/A-1532-2013 NR 23 TC 65 Z9 66 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD MAY 5 PY 2006 VL 96 IS 17 AR 177201 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.177201 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 039QO UT WOS:000237321500049 PM 16712328 ER PT J AU Washington, R Todd, MC Lizcano, G Tegen, I Flamant, C Koren, I Ginoux, P Engelstaedter, S Bristow, CS Zender, CS Goudie, AS Warren, A Prospero, JM AF Washington, R Todd, MC Lizcano, G Tegen, I Flamant, C Koren, I Ginoux, P Engelstaedter, S Bristow, CS Zender, CS Goudie, AS Warren, A Prospero, JM TI Links between topography, wind, deflation, lakes and dust: The case of the Bodele Depression, Chad SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SOURCE AREAS; MODEL; AEROSOL; TIBESTI; AFRICA AB The Bodele Depression, Chad is the planet's largest single source of dust. Deflation from the Bodele could be seen as a simple coincidence of two key prerequisites: strong surface winds and a large source of suitable sediment. But here we hypothesise that long term links between topography, winds, deflation and dust ensure the maintenance of the dust source such that these two apparently coincidental key ingredients are connected by land-atmosphere processes with topography acting as the overall controlling agent. We use a variety of observational and numerical techniques, including a regional climate model, to show that: 1) contemporary deflation from the Bodele is delineated by topography and a surface wind stress maximum; 2) the Tibesti and Ennedi mountains play a key role in the generation of the erosive winds in the form of the Bodele Low Level Jet (LLJ); 3) enhanced deflation from a stronger Bodele LLJ during drier phases, for example, the Last Glacial Maximum, was probably sufficient to create the shallow lake in which diatoms lived during wetter phases, such as the Holocene pluvial. Winds may therefore have helped to create the depression in which erodible diatom material accumulated. Instead of a simple coincidence of nature, dust from the world's largest source may result from the operation of long term processes on paleo timescales which have led to ideal conditions for dust generation in the world's largest dust source. Similar processes plausibly operate in other dust hotspots in topographic depressions. C1 Univ Oxford, Ctr Environm, Climate Res Lab, Oxford OX1 3QY, England. UCL, Dept Geog, London WC1H 0AP, England. Inst Tropospher Res, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany. Univ Paris 06, Serv Aeron, IPSL, F-75252 Paris 05, France. Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Environm Sci, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. Univ London Birkbeck Coll, Sch Earth Sci, London WC1E 7HX, England. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Univ Oxford, Ctr Environm, Climate Res Lab, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QY, England. EM richard.washington@ouce.ox.ac.uk RI Engelstaedter, Sebastian/A-9599-2009; Zender, Charles/D-4485-2012; Ginoux, Paul/C-2326-2008; Koren, Ilan/K-1417-2012; todd, martin/I-4143-2015; OI Goudie, Andrew/0000-0002-5496-8207; Prospero, Joseph/0000-0003-3608-6160; Zender, Charles/0000-0003-0129-8024; Ginoux, Paul/0000-0003-3642-2988; Koren, Ilan/0000-0001-6759-6265; Engelstaedter, Sebastian/0000-0001-9315-580X NR 26 TC 72 Z9 74 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAY 4 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 9 AR L09401 DI 10.1029/2006GL025827 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 041HV UT WOS:000237446300009 ER PT J AU Vecchi, GA Soden, BJ Wittenberg, AT Held, IM Leetmaa, A Harrison, MJ AF Vecchi, GA Soden, BJ Wittenberg, AT Held, IM Leetmaa, A Harrison, MJ TI Weakening of tropical Pacific atmospheric circulation due to anthropogenic forcing SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID COUPLED CLIMATE MODELS; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; LONG-TERM CHANGES; EL-NINO; WALKER; TRENDS; ENSO AB Since the mid-nineteenth century the Earth's surface has warmed(1-3), and models indicate that human activities have caused part of the warming by altering the radiative balance of the atmosphere(1,3). Simple theories suggest that global warming will reduce the strength of the mean tropical atmospheric circulation(4,5). An important aspect of this tropical circulation is a large-scale zonal (east-west) overturning of air across the equatorial Pacific Ocean-driven by convection to the west and subsidence to the east-known as the Walker circulation(6). Here we explore changes in tropical Pacific circulation since the mid-nineteenth century using observations and a suite of global climate model experiments. Observed Indo-Pacific sea level pressure reveals a weakening of the Walker circulation. The size of this trend is consistent with theoretical predictions, is accurately reproduced by climate model simulations and, within the climate models, is largely due to anthropogenic forcing. The climate model indicates that the weakened surface winds have altered the thermal structure and circulation of the tropical Pacific Ocean. These results support model projections of further weakening of tropical atmospheric circulation during the twenty-first century(4,5,7). C1 NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. EM Gabriel.A.Vecchi@noaa.gov RI Vecchi, Gabriel/A-2413-2008; Wittenberg, Andrew/G-9619-2013 OI Vecchi, Gabriel/0000-0002-5085-224X; Wittenberg, Andrew/0000-0003-1680-8963 NR 30 TC 468 Z9 484 U1 3 U2 116 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 EI 1476-4687 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD MAY 4 PY 2006 VL 441 IS 7089 BP 73 EP 76 DI 10.1038/nature04744 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 038TB UT WOS:000237248600034 PM 16672967 ER PT J AU Niemeier, U Granier, C Kornblueh, L Walters, S Brasseur, GP AF Niemeier, U Granier, C Kornblueh, L Walters, S Brasseur, GP TI Global impact of road traffic on atmospheric chemical composition and on ozone climate forcing SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; AIR-POLLUTION; BLACK CARBON; EMISSIONS; URBAN; SCALE AB [ 1] Automobile emissions are known to contribute to local air pollution and to photochemical smog in urban areas. The impact of road traffic on the chemical composition of the troposphere at the global scale and on climate forcing is less well quantified. Calculations performed with the chemical transport MOZART-2 model show that the concentrations of ozone and its precursors (NOx, CO, and hydrocarbons) are considerably enhanced in most regions of the Northern Hemisphere in response to current surface traffic. During summertime in the Northern Hemisphere, road traffic has increased the zonally averaged ozone concentration by more than 10% in the boundary layer and in the extratropics by approximately 6% at 500 hPa and 2.5% at 300 hPa. The summertime surface ozone concentrations have increased by typically 1 - 5 ppbv in the remote regions and by 5 - 20 ppbv in industrialized regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The corresponding ozone-related radiative forcing is 0.05 Wm(-2). In order to assess the sensitivity of potential changes in road traffic intensity, two additional model cases were considered, in which traffic-related emissions in all regions of the world were assumed to be on a per capita basis the same as in Europe and in the United States, respectively. In the second and most dramatic case, the surface ozone concentration increases by 30 - 50 ppbv ( 50 - 100%) in south Asia as compared to the present situation. Under this assumption, the global radiative forcing due to traffic-generated ozone reaches 0.27 Wm(-2). C1 Max Planck Inst Meteorol, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. Inst Pierre Simon Laplace, Serv Aeron, F-75252 Paris, France. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Bundesstr 55, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. EM niemeier@dkrz.de RI Granier, Claire/D-5360-2013; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Granier, Claire/0000-0001-7344-7995; NR 29 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAY 3 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D9 AR D09301 DI 10.1029/2005JD006407 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 041IA UT WOS:000237446800001 ER PT J AU Siegrist, K Bucher, CR Mandelbaum, I Walker, ARH Balu, R Gregurick, SK Plusquellic, DF AF Siegrist, K Bucher, CR Mandelbaum, I Walker, ARH Balu, R Gregurick, SK Plusquellic, DF TI High-resolution terahertz spectroscopy of crystalline trialanine: Extreme sensitivity to beta-sheet structure and cocrystallized water SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID TIME-DOMAIN SPECTROSCOPY; TEMPERATURE-GROWN GAAS; ALANYL-L-ALANINE; ABSORPTION-SPECTRA; PROTEIN STRUCTURES; MOLECULES; THZ; POLYPEPTIDES; PHOTOMIXERS; PREDICTION AB High-resolution terahertz absorption spectra (0.06-3 THz) have been obtained at 4.2 K for three crystalline forms of trialanine [H-2(+)-(Ala)(3)-O-]. The crystal structures differ in their beta-sheet forms (parallel vs antiparallel) and in their water composition (hydrated vs dehydrated antiparallel beta-sheet). The spectra are nearly vibrationally resolved, with little absorption below 1 THz. In sharp contrast to observations made in the mid-IR region, the spectral patterns of all three forms are qualitatively different, illustrating the extreme sensitivity to changes in the intermolecular hydrogen-bonding networks that stabilize peptide crystals. Predictions obtained from a classical force field model (CHARMM) and density functional theory (DFT/PW91) for periodic solids are compared with the X-ray structural data and the terahertz absorption spectra. In general, the results for the parallel P-sheet are in better agreement with experiment than those for the antiparallel beta-sheet. For all three structures, however, most hydrogen bond distances are underestimated at both levels of theory, and the predicted absorption features are significantly red-shifted for the two antiparallel beta-sheet structures. Moreover, the nuclear motions predicted at the two levels of theory are qualitatively different. These results indicate that the PW91 functional is not sufficient to treat the weak intersheet hydrogen bonding present in the different beta-sheet forms and strongly suggest the need for improved force field models that include three-atom hydrogen-bonding terms for periodic solids. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. RP Plusquellic, DF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM david.plusquellic@nist.gov RI Schaff, William/B-5839-2009; Hight Walker, Angela/C-3373-2009 OI Hight Walker, Angela/0000-0003-1385-0672 NR 50 TC 77 Z9 77 U1 7 U2 31 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAY 3 PY 2006 VL 128 IS 17 BP 5764 EP 5775 DI 10.1021/ja058176u PG 12 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 040OR UT WOS:000237389900048 PM 16637645 ER PT J AU Han, CC Yao, YH Zhang, RY Hobbie, EK AF Han, CC Yao, YH Zhang, RY Hobbie, EK TI Effect of shear flow on multi-component polymer mixtures SO POLYMER LA English DT Review DE shear; polymer blends; polymer solution ID PHASE-SEPARATING FLUIDS; SPINODAL DECOMPOSITION; LIGHT-SCATTERING; INDUCED HOMOGENIZATION; SEMIDILUTE SOLUTION; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; CRITICAL-DYNAMICS; CONCENTRATION FLUCTUATIONS; IMMISCIBLE BLENDS; ELASTIC RECOVERY AB The effect of shear flow on the structure of multi-component polymer blends and solutions is reviewed. The techniques of small-angle light and neutron scattering, optical microscopy, and fluorescence microscopy are used to directly assess the influence of an externally applied shear field on the phase stability and morphology of model polymer blends and solutions. The polymeric fluids of interest vary from miscible blends and pseudo-binary solutions near a critical point of unmixing to thermodynamically unstable and completely immiscible blends undergoing spinodal decomposition and coarsening in the presence of simple shear flow. We review the influence that critical concentration fluctuations, viscoelasticity, and theological asymmetry have on the shear response of polymer blends and solutions individually, and we discuss the practically important interplay of these three separate effects. We conclude our review by discussing the need for more computational and theoretical efforts focused on shear-induced structure in polymer blends. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Chem, Joint Lab Polymer Sci & Mat, State Key Lab Polymer Phys & Chem, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China. Chinese Acad Sci, Grad Sch, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Han, CC (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Chem, Joint Lab Polymer Sci & Mat, State Key Lab Polymer Phys & Chem, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China. EM c.c.han@iccas.ac.cn RI Hobbie, Erik/C-8269-2013; OI Zhang, Ruoyu/0000-0002-3502-8738 NR 118 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 37 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-3861 J9 POLYMER JI Polymer PD MAY 3 PY 2006 VL 47 IS 10 BP 3271 EP 3286 DI 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.03.024 PG 16 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 047DG UT WOS:000237859400001 ER PT J AU Clare, BH Efimenko, K Fischer, DA Genzer, J Abbott, NL AF Clare, BH Efimenko, K Fischer, DA Genzer, J Abbott, NL TI Orientations of liquid crystals in contact with surfaces that present continuous gradients of chemical functionality SO CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; ABSORPTION FINE-STRUCTURE; MOLECULAR-ORIENTATION; DERIVATIZED SILICA; ALIGNMENT FILM; TILT ANGLES; INTERFACE; GOLD AB We report the formation of continuous spatial gradients in the density of grafted semifluorinated chains on silicon oxide surfaces by vapor-phase diffusion of semifluorinatcd silanes. We quantify the orientations of the nematic liquid crystal (LC) 4-cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl on these surfaces as a function of local surface composition obtained by using NEXAFS. These measurements demonstrate that it is possible to obtain the full range of tilt angles of a LC on these surfaces. We also use the data provided by these gradient surfaces to test hypotheses regarding the nature of the interaction between the LC and surfaces that give rise to the range of tilted orientations of the LC. We conclude that the orientations of the LC are not determined solely by the density of grafted semifluorinated chains or by the density of residual hydroxyl groups presented at these surfaces following reactions with the silanes. Instead, our results raise the possibility that the tilt angles of the semifluorinated chains on these surfaces (which are a function of the density of the grafted chains) may influence the orientation of the LC. These results. when combined, demonstrate the potential utility of gradient surfaces for screening surface chemistries that achieve desired orientations of LCs as well as for rapidly assembling experimental data sets that can be used to test propositions regarding mechanisms of anchoring LCs at surfaces. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Chem & Biol Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Abbott, NL (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Chem & Biol Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM abbott@engr.wisc.edu NR 31 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0897-4756 J9 CHEM MATER JI Chem. Mat. PD MAY 2 PY 2006 VL 18 IS 9 BP 2357 EP 2363 DI 10.1021/cm052537n PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 040OQ UT WOS:000237389700022 ER PT J AU Zammarano, M Gilman, JW Nyden, M Pearce, EM Lewin, M AF Zammarano, M Gilman, JW Nyden, M Pearce, EM Lewin, M TI The role of oxidation in the migration mechanism of layered silicate in poly(propylene) nanocomposites SO MACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE annealing; clay; nanocomposites; poly(propylene) AB Evidence of clay migration from the core to the surface of poly(propylene)/montmofillonite nanocomposites is provided. A three- to fivefold increase in the clay concentration of the surface is obtained during isothermal heating in oxidative atmosphere. The mechanism of migration is investigated by means of attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared, spectrometry. It is shown that oxygen plays a fundamental role in the migration mechanism. C1 Polytech Univ, Brooklyn, NY 11201 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lewin, M (reprint author), NIST, CimtecLab, Area Sci Pk,Padriciano 99, I-34012 Trieste, Italy. EM mlewin@duke.poly.edu OI Zammarano, Mauro/0000-0002-5145-7110 NR 7 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1022-1336 J9 MACROMOL RAPID COMM JI Macromol. Rapid Commun. PD MAY 2 PY 2006 VL 27 IS 9 BP 693 EP 696 DI 10.1002/marc.200600068 PG 4 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 046NN UT WOS:000237818400002 ER PT J AU Xu, C Wu, T Drain, CM Batteas, JD Fasolka, MJ Beers, KL AF Xu, C Wu, T Drain, CM Batteas, JD Fasolka, MJ Beers, KL TI Effect of block length on solvent response of block copolymer brushes: Combinatorial study with block copolymer brush gradients SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID TRANSFER RADICAL POLYMERIZATION; POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE)/POLYSTYRENE BRUSHES; SURFACE-INITIATED POLYMERIZATION; SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; POLY(N-ISOPROPYLACRYLAMIDE) BRUSHES; GRADUAL VARIATION; COLLAPSE; CHAINS; POLYMERS; STYRENE AB Block copolymer (BC) brush gradient libraries were examined as high-throughput platforms to study the effect of relative block lengths on the response to solvents. BC brushes of poly(n-butyl methacrylate) (PBMA) and poly(2-(N,N'-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) were synthesized via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The gradient libraries had uniform bottom PBMA blocks and molecular mass gradient top PDMAEMA blocks. The rearrangement of the BC brushes upon exposure to water and hexane was assessed by water contact angle (theta(w)) measurements. theta(w) mapping of each gradient library illustrated how the top PDMAEMA block length influenced the response of BC brushes to solvents. Comparison among libraries with different bottom PBMA thicknesses revealed how the bottom block length affected the solvent response of BC brushes. Our results indicate that the solvent response behavior of the BC brushes is greatly influenced by their relative block lengths. While surface response properties can be suppressed by a long top block, they can be enhanced by the extension of the bottom block. In addition, our work suggests that BC brushes could be fabricated to provide tunable Surfaces with gradient responsive properties. C1 NIST, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. CUNY Hunter Coll, Dept Chem & Biochem, New York, NY 10021 USA. CUNY, Grad Ctr, New York, NY 10021 USA. RP Beers, KL (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymer, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Kathryn.Beers@nist.gov RI Batteas, James/D-4144-2015 OI Batteas, James/0000-0002-6244-5000 NR 42 TC 68 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 33 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD MAY 2 PY 2006 VL 39 IS 9 BP 3359 EP 3364 DI 10.1021/ma051405c PG 6 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 040OS UT WOS:000237390100037 ER PT J AU Yim, H Kent, MS Mendez, S Lopez, GP Satija, S Seo, Y AF Yim, H Kent, MS Mendez, S Lopez, GP Satija, S Seo, Y TI Effects of grafting density and molecular weight on the temperature-dependent conformational change of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) grafted chains in water SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID POLY-N-ISOPROPYLACRYLAMIDE; TRANSFER RADICAL POLYMERIZATION; POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) CHAINS; INDUCED PHASE-TRANSITIONS; CONSISTENT-FIELD THEORY; RESPONSIVE POLY(N-ISOPROPYLACRYLAMIDE); BLOCK-COPOLYMERS; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; TETHERED CHAINS; CLUSTER MODEL AB Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) is perhaps the most well-known member of the class of responsive polymers. Free PNIPAM chains have a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) in water at about 30 degrees C. This very sharp transition (about 5 degrees C) is attributed to alterations in the hydrogen-bonding interactions of the an-fide groups. Grafted chains of PNIPAM have shown promise for creating responsive surfaces. Conformational changes of the polymer are likely to play a role in some of these applications, in addition to changes in local interactions. In this work we investigated the temperature-dependent conformational changes of grafted PNIPAM chains in D2O over a range of surface density and molecular weight using neutron reflection. The surface density was controlled using mixed self-assembled monolayers. The molecular weight was controlled using atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Grafted layers were synthesized on gold and also on silicon oxide. The largest conformational changes were observed for intermediate grafting densities and high molecular weights. This is explained by a competition between the well-known chain stretching effect of laterally interacting tethered chains and the phenomenological chi(phi) determined empirically for PNIPAM free chains in water. Comparison is made with the recent numerical SCF calculations of Mendez et al. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Dept 8332, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Chem & Nucl Engn, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Yim, H (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Dept 8332, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 57 TC 123 Z9 125 U1 6 U2 67 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD MAY 2 PY 2006 VL 39 IS 9 BP 3420 EP 3426 DI 10.1021/ma0520949 PG 7 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 040OS UT WOS:000237390100045 ER PT J AU Dumke, R Johanning, M Gomez, E Weinstein, JD Jones, KM Lett, PD AF Dumke, R Johanning, M Gomez, E Weinstein, JD Jones, KM Lett, PD TI All-optical generation and photoassociative probing of sodium Bose-Einstein condensates SO NEW JOURNAL OF PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ATOMS; COLD; COLLISIONS; GAS AB We demonstrate an all-optical technique to evaporatively produce sodium Bose - Einstein condensates (BEC). We use a crossed-dipole trap formed from light near 1 mu m, and a simple ramp of the intensity to force evaporation. In addition, we introduce photoassociation as diagnostic of the trap loading process, and show that it can be used to detect the onset of BEC. Finally, we demonstrate the straightforward production of multiple traps with condensates using this technique, and that some control over the spinor state of the BEC is achieved by positioning the trap as well. C1 NIST, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dumke, R (reprint author), Inst Opt Informat & Photon, Gunther Scharowsky Str 1,Bau 24, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany. NR 19 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1367-2630 J9 NEW J PHYS JI New J. Phys. PD MAY 2 PY 2006 VL 8 AR 64 DI 10.1088/1367-2630/8/5/064 PG 14 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 039GK UT WOS:000237293800003 ER PT J AU Maple, MB Butch, NP Frederick, NA Ho, PC Jeffries, JR Sayles, TA Yanagisawa, T Yuhasz, WM Chi, SX Kang, HJ Lynn, JW Dai, PC McCall, SK McElfresh, MW Fluss, MJ Henkie, Z Pietraszko, A AF Maple, MB Butch, NP Frederick, NA Ho, PC Jeffries, JR Sayles, TA Yanagisawa, T Yuhasz, WM Chi, SX Kang, HJ Lynn, JW Dai, PC McCall, SK McElfresh, MW Fluss, MJ Henkie, Z Pietraszko, A TI Field-dependent ordered phases and Kondo phenomena in the filled skutterudite compound PrOs4As12 SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE heavy fermion; Kondo effect; antiferromagnetism ID MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; PRFE4P12; STATE; SUPERCONDUCTIVITY; TEMPERATURE; TRANSITION; PRRU4P12; ND AB Electrical resistivity, specific heat, and magnetization measurements to temperatures as low as 80 mK and magnetic fields up to 16 T were made on the filled skutterudite compound PrOs4As12. The measurements reveal the presence of two ordered phases at temperatures below approximately 2.3 K and in fields below approximately 3 T. Neutron-scattering experiments in zero field establish an antiferromagnetic ground state < 2.28 K. In the antiferromagnetically ordered state, the electronic-specific heat coefficient y approximate to 1 J/mol-K-2 below 1.6 K and 0 <= H <= 1.25 T. The temperature and magnetic-field dependence of the electrical resistivity and specific heat in the paramagnetic state are consistent with single-ion Kondo behavior with a low Kondo temperature on the order of 1 K. The electronic-specific heat in the paramagnetic state can be described by the resonance-level model with a large zero-temperature electronic-specific heat coefficient that decreases with increasing magnetic field from approximately 1 J/mol(.)K(2) at 3 T to approximately 0.2 J/mol(.)K(2) at 16 T. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Inst Pure & Appl Phys Sci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Mat Sci & Engn Program, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Sci Div, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Polish Acad Sci, Inst Low Temp & Struct Res, PL-50950 Wroclaw, Poland. RP Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM mbmaple@physics.ucsd.edu RI YANAGISAWA, Tatsuya/B-3199-2008; Yuhasz, William/C-9418-2009; Dai, Pengcheng /C-9171-2012; McCall, Scott/G-1733-2014; Chi, Songxue/A-6713-2013 OI YANAGISAWA, Tatsuya/0000-0003-4558-8824; Dai, Pengcheng /0000-0002-6088-3170; McCall, Scott/0000-0002-7979-4944; Chi, Songxue/0000-0002-3851-9153 NR 24 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD MAY 2 PY 2006 VL 103 IS 18 BP 6783 EP 6789 DI 10.1073/pnas.0601541103 PG 7 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 040SE UT WOS:000237399900003 PM 16632603 ER PT J AU Kihn, EA Zhizhin, M Kamide, Y AF Kihn, EA Zhizhin, M Kamide, Y TI An analog forecast model for the high-latitude ionospheric potential based on assimilative mapping of ionospheric electrodynamics archives SO SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article ID INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC-FIELD; GEOSPACE ENVIRONMENT; ELECTRIC POTENTIALS; CONVECTION; PATTERNS; IMF; SPECIFICATIONS; PREDICTABILITY; STATE AB [1] We review an emerging technique for ionospheric forecast whereby empirical models and data assimilation techniques are combined and show that the blended technique produces a diminished result compared to using the empirical models alone. We then present a technique for the nowcast/forecast of ionospheric potential patterns using an analog forecast technique. This is a new type of model for describing ionospheric potential patterns based on matching solar wind conditions and available ground observations to previously archived assimilative mapping of ionospheric electrodynamics (AMIE) runs. The model combines the best features of a data assimilation - based model with the availability and forecast potential of an empirically based model. We define a set of comparison metrics, show quantitatively how this model compares with the Weimer ( 1996) model and detail the performance for a May 1998 event. C1 NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Inst Phys Earth, Moscow 117296, Russia. Nagoya Univ, Solar Terr Environm Lab, Aichi 4428507, Japan. RP Kihn, EA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM eric.a.kihn@noaa.gov RI ZHIZHIN, Mikhail/B-9795-2014 NR 27 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1542-7390 J9 SPACE WEATHER JI Space Weather PD MAY 2 PY 2006 VL 4 IS 5 AR S05001 DI 10.1029/2005SW000199 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 039GB UT WOS:000237292900002 ER PT J AU Weigel, RS Detman, T Rigler, EJ Baker, DN AF Weigel, RS Detman, T Rigler, EJ Baker, DN TI Decision theory and the analysis of rare event space weather forecasts SO SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article ID SKILL; PREDICTABILITY; MAGNETOSPHERE; MODEL AB [1] Several basic results from decision theory as applied to rare event forecasts are reviewed, and an alternative method for comparing rare event forecasts is presented. A fundamental result is that for a large class of users only interested in economic utility, the relevant performance quantity is the number of correct and false alarm forecasts. This is contrasted with the reality that most forecast models are optimized to have a high data-model correlation, which does not always correspond to maximum economic utility. The value score ( VS) developed by Wilks ( 2001) partially resolves this disconnect between modeler- and user-relevant metrics. Although the value score is closer to what is most likely of interest to a user, maximal VS does not necessarily correspond to maximal utility for the realistic case where the cost and benefit are dependent on the amplitude of the forecasted event. An alternative comparison and presentation method is proposed which may resolve this problem. For the class of users considered, full specification of model performance requires computation of the probability of correct, false alarm, and missed forecasts at several amplitude levels and warning time spans. Examples of the computations involved for the modeler and user are given for predictions of large-amplitude energetic electron fluence and geomagnetic storms parameterized by the Dst index. C1 Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Natl Weather Serv, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, High Altitude Observ, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. RP Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM robert.weigel@lasp.colorado.edu NR 15 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1542-7390 J9 SPACE WEATHER JI Space Weather PD MAY 2 PY 2006 VL 4 IS 5 AR S05002 DI 10.1029/2005SW000157 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 039GB UT WOS:000237292900001 ER PT J AU Feng, YR Kitzmiller, DH AF Feng, YR Kitzmiller, DH TI A short-range quantitative precipitation forecast algorithm using back-propagation neural network approach SO ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE quantitative precipitation forecast; BP neural network; WSR-88D Doppler radar; lightning strike rate; infrared satellite data; NGM model ID PREDICTION AB A back-propagation neural network (BPNN) was used to establish relationships between the short-range (0-3-h) rainfall and the predictors ranging from extrapolative forecasts of radar reflectivity, satellite-estimated cloud-top temperature, lightning strike rates, and Nested Grid Model (NGM) outputs. Quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPF) and the probabilities of categorical precipitation were obtained. Results of the BPNN algorithm were compared to the results obtained from the multiple linear regression algorithm for an independent dataset from the 1999 warm season over the continental United States. A sample forecast was made over the southeastern United States. Results showed that the BPNN categorical rainfall forecasts agreed well with Stage III observations in terms of the size and shape of the area of rainfall. The BPNN tended to over-forecast the spatial extent of heavier rainfall amounts, but the positioning of the areas with rainfall >= 25.4 mm was still generally accurate. It appeared that the BPNN and linear regression approaches produce forecasts of very similar quality, although in some respects BPNN slightly outperformed the regression. C1 Zhongshan Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, Peoples R China. Guangdong Prov Meteorol Observ, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, Peoples R China. NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Hydrol Lab, Off Hydrol Dev, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Feng, YR (reprint author), Zhongshan Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, Peoples R China. EM Yerong_feng@grmc.com.cn RI AAS, AAS/C-2949-2014; Feng, Yerong/N-6516-2016 OI Feng, Yerong/0000-0003-0646-532X NR 17 TC 4 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU SCIENCE CHINA PRESS PI BEIJING PA 16 DONGHUANGCHENGGEN NORTH ST, BEIJING 100717, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 0256-1530 J9 ADV ATMOS SCI JI Adv. Atmos. Sci. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 23 IS 3 BP 405 EP 414 DI 10.1007/s00376-006-0405-7 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 043EN UT WOS:000237582800007 ER PT J AU Ahn, MH Sohn, EH Hwang, BJ Chung, CY Wu, XQ AF Ahn, MH Sohn, EH Hwang, BJ Chung, CY Wu, XQ TI Derivation of regression coefficients for sea surface temperature retrieval over East Asia SO ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE regional SST algorithm; GMS-5; data quality control; cloud detection ID SATELLITE; ALGORITHMS AB Among the regression-based algorithms for deriving SST from satellite measurements, regionally optimized algorithms normally perform better than the corresponding global algorithm. In this paper, three algorithms are considered for SST retrieval over the East Asia region (15 degrees-55 degrees N, 105 degrees-170 degrees E), including the multi-channel algorithm (MCSST), the quadratic algorithm (QSST), and the Pathfinder algorithm (PFSST). All algorithms are derived and validated using collocated buoy and Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS-5) observations from 1997 to 2001. An important part of the derivation and validation of the algorithms is the quality control procedure for the buoy SST data and an improved cloud screening method for the satellite brightness temperature measurements. The regionally optimized MCSST algorithm shows an overall improvement over the global algorithm, removing the bias of about -0.13 degrees C and reducing the root-mean-square difference (rmsd) from 1.36 degrees C to 1.26 degrees C. The QSST is only slightly better than the MCSST. For both algorithms, a seasonal dependence of the remaining error statistics is still evident. The Pathfinder approach for deriving a season-specific set of coefficients, one for August to October and one for the rest of the year, provides the smallest rmsd overall that is also stable over time. C1 Meteorol Res Inst, Remote Sensing Res Lab, Seoul, South Korea. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Off Res & Applicat, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Ahn, MH (reprint author), Meteorol Res Inst, Remote Sensing Res Lab, Seoul, South Korea. EM mhahn@kma.go.kr RI Wu, Xiangqian/F-5634-2010; AAS, AAS/C-2949-2014 OI Wu, Xiangqian/0000-0002-7804-5650; NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SCIENCE CHINA PRESS PI BEIJING PA 16 DONGHUANGCHENGGEN NORTH ST, BEIJING 100717, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 0256-1530 J9 ADV ATMOS SCI JI Adv. Atmos. Sci. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 23 IS 3 BP 474 EP 486 DI 10.1007/s00376-006-0474-7 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 043EN UT WOS:000237582800015 ER PT J AU Snover, ML Watters, GM Mangel, M AF Snover, ML Watters, GM Mangel, M TI Top-down and bottom-up control of life-history strategies in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) SO AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE reproductive fitness; freshwater; saltwater; genotype ID DWELLING ATLANTIC SALMON; PRINCE-WILLIAM SOUND; SOCKEYE-SALMON; CHINOOK SALMON; PACIFIC SALMON; MARINE GROWTH; FRESH-WATER; BODY-SIZE; BREEDING COMPETITION; MATING STRATEGIES AB Sexual maturation profoundly affects population dynamics, but the degrees to which genetic, top-down, and bottom-up controls affect age at maturity are unclear. Salmonid fishes have plastic age at maturity, and we consider genetic and environmental effects on this trait by developing fitness functions for coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch). The functions are based on size-specific survival and reproductive success, where reproductive success is the product of fecundity and ability to defend nests ( females) or the product of sperm volume and ability to mate ( males). We model genetic and bottom-up controls ( e. g., food availability) with an environmentally explicit growth function and top-down control ( predation mortality) with survival functions that consider both size-dependent and size-independent mortality. For females, we predict that early maturation rarely maximizes fitness, but males can maximize fitness by maturing early if they grow well in freshwater. We predict that early maturation is most affected by the bottom-up effects of resource distribution at sea, followed by bottom-up and genotypic effects in freshwater. Top-down processes are predicted to have strong effects on the likelihood of delayed maturation. C1 NOAA, Div Environm Res, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. Univ Hawaii, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Appl Math & Stat, Ctr Stock Assessment Res, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Snover, ML (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM melissa.snover@noaa.gov; george.watters@noaa.gov; msmangel@soe.ucsc.edu NR 69 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 18 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0003-0147 J9 AM NAT JI Am. Nat. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 167 IS 5 BP E140 EP E157 DI 10.1086/502804 PG 18 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 038GM UT WOS:000237207100018 PM 16671006 ER PT J AU Rhoderick, GC Yen, JH AF Rhoderick, GC Yen, JH TI Development of a NIST standard reference material containing thirty volatile organic compounds at 5 nmol/mol in nitrogen SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID GAS STANDARDS; PERMEATION TUBES; AIR; CALIBRATION; MIXTURES; DECOMPOSITION; GENERATION; BENZENE; VOC AB Primary gravimetric gas cylinder standards containing 30 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in nitrogen were prepared using a procedure previously developed to prepare gas mixture cylinder standards of VOCs at the 5 nmol/mol level. This set of primary standards was inter-compared to existing gas cylinder standards, containing as many as 19 of the 30 volatile organics present in these new primaries, using gas chromatography with a hydrogen flame ionization detector coupled with cryogenic preconcentration. The linear regression analysis showed excellent agreement among the standards for each compound. Similar mixtures containing many of these compounds in treated aluminum gas cylinders have been evaluated over time and have shown stability for as much as 10 years. The development of these 30-component primary standards led to the preparation and certification of a reissue of Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1804 at the nominal amount-of-substance fraction of 5 nmol/mol for each analyte. A lot of 20 cylinders containing the mixture was prepared at NIST following previously demonstrated protocols for preparation of the cylinders. Each cylinder was analyzed against one cylinder from the lot, designated as the "lot standard," for each of the 30 compounds. As a result of the uncertainty analysis, the data showed that rather than declaring the lot homogeneous with a much higher uncertainty, each cylinder could be individually certified. The expanded uncertainty limits ranged from 1.5 to 10% for 28 of the 30 analytes, with two of the analytes having uncertainties as high as 19% in those SRM cylinders certified. Due to stability issues and some high uncertainties for a few analytes in 2 of the samples, 18 of the 20 candidate SRM samples were certified. These volatile organic gas mixtures represent the most complex gas SRMs developed at NIST. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rhoderick, GC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM george.rhoderick@nist.gov NR 21 TC 5 Z9 12 U1 4 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD MAY 1 PY 2006 VL 78 IS 9 BP 3125 EP 3132 DI 10.1021/ac052136r PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 041KZ UT WOS:000237456400037 PM 16643003 ER PT J AU Colt, J AF Colt, J TI Water quality requirements for reuse systems SO AQUACULTURAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Design and Selection of Biological Filters for Freshwater and Marine Applications CY NOV 08-11, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Off Ocean & Atmospher Res DE water quality criteria; reuse; fine solids; surface active compounds; carbon dioxide ID RECIRCULATING AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS; MARINE FISH LARVAE; SALMO-SALAR L.; FRESH-WATER; CARBON-DIOXIDE; CHANNEL CATFISH; SUSPENDED-SOLIDS; CHRONIC TOXICITY; RAINBOW-TROUT; SEA-WATER AB Water quality criteria for aquaculture systems have typically considered parameters such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, total gas pressure, ammonia, and nitrite. Many of the published criteria are derived for environmental protection of a wide range of species and life stages. These criteria may not be appropriate for a single species and life stage, especially in commercial applications. The value of a given water quality criterion may depend strongly on the species, size, and culture objectives. In water reuse systems, fine solids, refractory organics, surface-active compounds, metals, and nitrate may become important. The limiting factors in very high intensity reuse systems are not entirely understood at this time. Development of more relevant water quality criteria for reuse systems will require production-scale trials. Separate water quality criteria for biofilter operation are also needed. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Nalt Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Colt, J (reprint author), Nalt Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2775 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM john.colt@noaa.gov NR 78 TC 98 Z9 105 U1 2 U2 50 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0144-8609 J9 AQUACULT ENG JI Aquac. Eng. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 34 IS 3 BP 143 EP 156 DI 10.1016/j.aquaeng.2005.08.01 PG 14 WC Agricultural Engineering; Fisheries SC Agriculture; Fisheries GA 038NX UT WOS:000237230600002 ER PT J AU Colt, J Lamoureux, J Patterson, R Rogers, G AF Colt, J Lamoureux, J Patterson, R Rogers, G TI Reporting standards for biofilter performance studies SO AQUACULTURAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Design and Selection of Biological Filters for Freshwater and Marine Applications CY NOV 08-11, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Off Ocean & Atmospher Res DE reporting standards; biofilter performance; reuse systems ID FLOATING-BEAD FILTERS; NITRIFICATION; SYSTEMS; CULTURE AB The development of standardized rating and design procedures for biological filters will require that filter performance be evaluated and reported in a standardized manner. This article recommends draft reporting standards for biofilter performance studies. It is important that critical parameters are defined and reported in a standard manner, both in terms of definition, variable names, and units. Depending on the type and scale of an experiment, reporting of certain parameters will be either mandatory or optional. Basic principles of experimental design, statistical analysis, and randomization must be followed. Experimental protocols are recommended to ensure the accuracy of measured or computed parameters. The development of this reporting standard is being organized through the Standards and Reporting Committee of the Aquaculture Engineering Society (AES). It is anticipated that a revised version of these standards will be incorporated into the Guide to Authors for Aquacultural Engineering. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Nalt Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Engineered Agr Technol, N-4362 Vigrestad, Norway. Dalhousie Univ, Halifax, NS B3J 2X4, Canada. Aquat Ecosyst Inc, Apopka, FL 32703 USA. RP Colt, J (reprint author), Nalt Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM john.colt@noaa.gov; jolamoureux@hotmail.com; dick.patterson@dal.ca; garyr@aquaticeco.com NR 18 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0144-8609 J9 AQUACULT ENG JI Aquac. Eng. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 34 IS 3 BP 377 EP 388 DI 10.1016/j.aquaeng.2005.09.002 PG 12 WC Agricultural Engineering; Fisheries SC Agriculture; Fisheries GA 038NX UT WOS:000237230600019 ER PT J AU Tie, XX Brasseur, GP Zhao, CS Granier, C Massie, S Qin, Y Wang, PC Wang, GL Yang, PC Richter, A AF Tie, XX Brasseur, GP Zhao, CS Granier, C Massie, S Qin, Y Wang, PC Wang, GL Yang, PC Richter, A TI Chemical characterization of air pollution in Eastern China and the Eastern United States SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE ozone production; the Eastern US; Eastern China ID TROPOSPHERIC OXIDANTS; TRANSPORT MODEL; MIXING RATIOS; OZONE; NOX; AEROSOLS; TRACERS; MOZART; EMISSIONS; IMPACTS AB Satellite data (MODIS, GOME, and MOPITT) together with a chemical transport global model of the atmosphere (MOZART-2) are used to characterize air pollution in Eastern China and the Eastern US to assess the differences between the photochemical conditions in these two regions. Observations show that aerosol concentrations (both fine (radius < 0.5 mu m) and coarse modes (radius > 0.5 mu m)) are higher in Eastern China than in the Eastern US. The NO(x) concentrations in both regions are substantially higher than in remote regions such as over the oceans (150 compared to 5 (10(14)##cm(-2)) over the Pacific Ocean). The CO concentrations are high in both urbanized areas (30 compared to 10 (10(17)#cm(-2)) over the Pacific Ocean). However, the concentrations of non-methane hydrocarbons from both anthropogenic and biogenic sources are considerably lower in Eastern China than in the Eastern US. As a result, the rate of photochemical ozone production and ozone concentrations during summer is significantly lower in Eastern China (daily averaged concentrations of 40-50 ppbv in summer) than in the Eastern US (daily averaged values of 60-70 ppbv). The analysis also shows that in Eastern China, the O(3) production is mainly due to the oxidation of carbon monoxide (54% of total O(3) production), while, in the Eastern US, the O(3) production is attributed primarily to the oxidation of reactive hydrocarbons (68% of total O(3) production). The results also indicate that biogenic emissions of hydrocarbons contribute substantially to the production of O(3) in the Eastern US. The O(3) production due to the oxidation of biogenic hydrocarbons represents approximately one third of total O(3) photochemical production in this region. Measurements of surface ozone in the Eastern US and Eastern China seem to support that the summer ozone production is lower in Eastern China than in the Eastern US. However, additional surface measurements, especially of reactive hydrocarbons and ozone are needed in Eastern China in order to improve the present analysis and to confirm our current conclusions. A sensitivity study shows that with increase in anthropogenic emissions of HCs, the surface ozone concentrations significantly increase in Eastern China, indicating that the increase in the emissions of HCs plays an important role for the enhancement in surface ozone in this region. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Peking Univ, Sch Phys, Dept Atmospher Sci, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. IPSL, Serv Aeronomie, Paris, France. Univ Bremen, Bremen, Germany. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Hamburg, Germany. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Beijing 100864, Peoples R China. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Zhao, CS (reprint author), Peking Univ, Sch Phys, Dept Atmospher Sci, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China. EM zcs@pku.edu.cn RI Zhao, Chunsheng/D-1176-2011; Richter, Andreas/C-4971-2008; Granier, Claire/D-5360-2013; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Zhao, Chunsheng/0000-0003-1951-379X; Richter, Andreas/0000-0003-3339-212X; Granier, Claire/0000-0001-7344-7995; NR 41 TC 90 Z9 104 U1 3 U2 33 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 40 IS 14 BP 2607 EP 2625 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.11.059 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 037ML UT WOS:000237150900017 ER PT J AU Scavia, D Bricker, SB AF Scavia, Donald Bricker, Suzanne B. TI Coastal eutrophication assessment in the United States SO BIOGEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Inter American Nitrogen Network CY MAY, 2005 CL Brasilia, BRAZIL DE assessment; coastal; eutrophication; Gulf of Mexico; hypoxia ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASIN; AQUATIC VEGETATION; CHESAPEAKE BAY; NITRATE FLUX; HYPOXIA; ENRICHMENT; STRESS AB Recent national assessments document that nitrogen-driven coastal eutrophication is widespread and increasing in the United States. This significant coastal pollution problem includes impacts including increased areas and severity of hypoxic and anoxic waters; alteration of food webs; degradation and loss of sea grass beds, kelp beds and coral reefs; loss of biodiversity; and increased incidences and duration of harmful algal blooms. In this paper, we review two complementary approaches to assessing the causes and consequences of these trends, as well as potential remedies for them. The first is a national-scale assessment, drawn primarily from expert knowledge of those most familiar with the individual estuaries and integrated into a common analysis framework. The second approach, focused on the Mississippi/Atchafalaya basin-the largest US drainage basin-draws upon both quantitative and qualitative analyses within a comprehensive framework, Integrated Assessment. C1 Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NOAA, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP Scavia, D (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM scavia@umich.edu OI Scavia, Donald/0000-0002-2784-8269 NR 56 TC 61 Z9 62 U1 5 U2 55 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-2563 J9 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JI Biogeochemistry PD MAY PY 2006 VL 79 IS 1-2 BP 187 EP 208 DI 10.1007/s10533-006-9011-0 PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 077MI UT WOS:000240033100010 ER PT J AU Krishnan, S Wang, N Ober, CK Finlay, JA Callow, ME Callow, JA Hexemer, A Sohn, KE Kramer, EJ Fischer, DA AF Krishnan, Sitaraman Wang, Nick Ober, Christopher K. Finlay, John A. Callow, Maureen E. Callow, James A. Hexemer, Alexander Sohn, Karen E. Kramer, Edward J. Fischer, Daniel A. TI Comparison of the fouling release properties of hydrophobic fluorinated and hydrophilic PEGylated block copolymer surfaces: Attachment strength of the diatom Navicula and the green alga Ulva SO BIOMACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; CONTACT-ANGLE HYSTERESIS; SPORE ADHESIVE; POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL); SETTLED SPORES; SUBSTRATUM ADHESION; ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; LIQUID-CRYSTALLINE; ENTEROMORPHA-LINZA; POLYMER BRUSHES AB To understand the role of surface wettability in adhesion of cells, the attachment of two different marine algae was studied on hydrophobic and hydrophilic polymer surfaces. Adhesion of cells of the diatom Navicula and sporelings (young plants) of the green macroalga Ulva to an underwater surface is mainly by interactions between the surface and the adhesive exopolymers, which the cells secrete upon settlement and during subsequent colonization and growth. Two types of block copolymers, one with poly(ethylene glycol) side-chains and the other with liquid crystalline, fluorinated side-chains, were used to prepare the hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces, respectively. The formation of a liquid crystalline smectic phase in the latter inhibited molecular reorganization at the surface, which is generally an issue when a highly hydrophobic surface is in contact with water. The adhesion strength was assessed by the fraction of settled cells (Navicula) or biomass (Ulva) that detached from the surface in a water flow channel with a wall shear stress of 53 Pa. The two species exhibited opposite adhesion behavior on the same sets of surfaces. While Navicula cells released more easily from hydrophilic surfaces, Ulva sporelings showed higher removal from hydrophobic surfaces. This highlights the importance of differences in cell-surface interactions in determining the strength of adhesion of cells to substrates. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Birmingham, Sch Biosci, Birmingham B15 5TT, W Midlands, England. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mat, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ober, CK (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM cober@ccmr.cornell.edu RI Callow, Maureen/A-2684-2008; Krishnan, Sitaraman/C-5559-2011 OI Krishnan, Sitaraman/0000-0002-1228-8393 NR 94 TC 154 Z9 160 U1 2 U2 63 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1525-7797 J9 BIOMACROMOLECULES JI Biomacromolecules PD MAY PY 2006 VL 7 IS 5 BP 1449 EP 1462 DI 10.1021/bm0509826 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Organic; Polymer Science SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Polymer Science GA 043IE UT WOS:000237593600011 PM 16677026 ER PT J AU Cooper, JA Bailey, LO Carter, JN Castiglioni, CE Kofron, MD Ko, FK Laurencin, CT AF Cooper, JA Bailey, LO Carter, JN Castiglioni, CE Kofron, MD Ko, FK Laurencin, CT TI Evaluation of the anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament, achilles tendon and patellar tendon as cell sources for tissue-engineered ligament SO BIOMATERIALS LA English DT Article DE tissue engineering; ligament; tendon; scaffold; biomaterials; real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) ID INTRAARTICULAR TRANSPLANTATION; BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS; SYNTHETIC-FIBERS; EQUINE TENDON; GROWTH-RATES; III COLLAGEN; RECONSTRUCTION; REPLACEMENT; ALLOGRAFTS; SURVIVAL AB This study investigated four different connective tissue cell types to determine which cell type should be the source for seeding a tissue-engineered anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) replacement. Cells derived from the ACL, medial collateral ligament (MCL), achilles tendon (AT), and patellar tendon (PT) of New Zealand White rabbits were isolated and cultured. Each cell type was cultured in vitro after seeding on three-dimensional (3-D) braided polymer scaffolds and on tissue culture polystyrene that served as a control. Samples were evaluated and compared for their morphology, proliferation, and gene expression of fibronectin, type I and type III collagen. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photomicrographs verified cell attachment of all four types of connective tissue fibroblasts to the scaffolds. Preliminary results comparing proliferation indicate that cells obtained from the PT and AT have the fastest proliferation. Whereas gene expression of the phenotypic markers measured using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) indicates ACL cells have the highest gene expression for the matrix markers. This leads to the question of which cell type should be the cell source for tissue-engineering of ligament, the highly proliferating cells or the differentiated matrix producing cells. This study would suggest that ACL differentiated matrix producing cells are the most suitable cells for further study and development of a tissue-engineered ligament. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Univ Virginia, Hlth Syst, Dept Orthopaed Surg, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Drexel Univ, Ctr Adv Tissue & Biomat Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Drexel Univ, Dept Mat Engn, Fibrous Mat Res Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Biomed Engn, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Chem Engn, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. RP Laurencin, CT (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Hlth Syst, Dept Orthopaed Surg, Suite 330,400 Ray C Hunt Dr, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. EM CTL3F@virginia.edu FU NIAMS NIH HHS [AR46117-02]; NIGMS NIH HHS [F31GM18905-03] NR 38 TC 60 Z9 63 U1 2 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0142-9612 J9 BIOMATERIALS JI Biomaterials PD MAY PY 2006 VL 27 IS 13 BP 2747 EP 2754 DI 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.12.013 PG 8 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 019UQ UT WOS:000235862600011 PM 16414115 ER PT J AU Desai, AR Davis, KJ Senff, CJ Ismail, S Browell, EV Stauffer, DR Reen, BP AF Desai, Ankur R. Davis, Kenneth J. Senff, Christoph J. Ismail, Syed Browell, Edward V. Stauffer, David R. Reen, Brian P. TI A case study on the effects of heterogeneous soil moisture on mesoscale boundary-layer structure in the Southern Great Plains, USA Part I: Simple prognostic model SO BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE boundary-layer depth; convective boundary layer; lidar; soil moisture; surface buoyancy flux ID ESTIMATING SURFACE FLUXES; REMOTELY-SENSED DATA; SENSIBLE HEAT-FLUX; WATER CONTENT; SCALE; CLOUD; PARAMETERIZATION; CIRCULATIONS; METEOROLOGY; INVERSION AB The atmospheric boundary-layer (ABL) depth was observed by airborne lidar and balloon soundings during the Southern Great Plains 1997 field study (SGP97). This paper is Part I of a two-part case study examining the relationship of surface heterogeneity to observed ABL structure. Part I focuses on observations. During two days (12-13 July 1997) following rain, midday convective ABL depth varied by as much as 1.5 km across 400 km, even with moderate winds. Variability in ABL depth was driven primarily by the spatial variation in surface buoyancy flux as measured from short towers and aircraft within the SGP97 domain. Strong correlation was found between time-integrated buoyancy flux and airborne remotely sensed surface soil moisture for the two case-study days, but only a weak correlation was found between surface energy fluxes and vegetation greenness as measured by satellite. A simple prognostic one-dimensional ABL model was applied to test to what extent the soil moisture spatial heterogeneity explained the variation in north-south ABL depth across the SGP97 domain. The model was able to better predict mean ABL depth and variations on horizontal scales of approximately 100 km using observed soil moisture instead of constant soil moisture. Subsidence, advection, convergence/divergence and spatial variability of temperature inversion strength also contributed to ABL depth variations. In Part II, assimilation of high-resolution soil moisture into a three-dimensional mesoscale model (MM5) is discussed and shown to improve predictions of ABL structure. These results have implications for ABL models and the influence of soil moisture on mesoscale meteorology. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Atmospher Lidar Div, Boulder, CO USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Div Atmospher Sci, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Desai, AR (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, 503 Walker Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM adesai@psu.edu RI Senff, Christoph/I-2592-2013; Desai, Ankur/A-5899-2008; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Desai, Ankur/0000-0002-5226-6041; NR 56 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 8 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-8314 J9 BOUND-LAY METEOROL JI Bound.-Layer Meteor. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 119 IS 2 BP 195 EP 238 DI 10.1007/s10546-005-9024-6 PG 44 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 047FA UT WOS:000237864000001 ER PT J AU Ault, JS Smith, SG Bohnsack, JA Luo, JG Harper, DE McClellan, DB AF Ault, Jerald S. Smith, Steven G. Bohnsack, James A. Luo, Jiangang Harper, Douglas E. McClellan, David B. TI Building sustainable fisheries in Florida's coral reef ecosystem: Positive signs in the Dry Tortugas SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Symposium in Fisheries Ecology CY NOV 09-11, 2004 CL Mote Maring Lab, Sarasota, FL SP William R & Lenore Mote Endowment HO Mote Maring Lab ID MARINE RESERVES; PROTECTED AREAS; LARVAL RECRUITMENT; PANULIRUS-ARGUS; WORLD FISHERIES; MANAGEMENT; KEYS; BENEFITS; ECOLOGY; SCIENCE AB In a series of synoptic research cruises including 4000 research dives, we surveyed reef-fish populations and habitats before and 3 yrs after 2001 implementation of no-take marine reserves covering approximately 566 km(2) in the Dry Tortugas, Florida. Species richness and composition of 267 fishes remained stable between 1999-2000 and 2004 within the overall survey domain. Reef-fish biodiversity was highest in the more rugose habitats. Domain-wide abundances of several exploited and nonexploited species increased; no declines were detected. In the Tortugas Bank reserve, we found significantly greater abundances and shifts in length composition toward a higher proportion of exploited-phase animals in 2004 than in 1999-2000 for some species. Consistent with marine reserve theory, we detected no declines in exploited species in the reserve, whereas we detected both increases and declines in nontarget species, but the increases in exploited populations may also have been influenced by factors other than protected status. Although the recovery process is still in an early stage, our results after 3 yrs are encouraging and suggest that no-take marine reserves, in conjunction with traditional management, can help build sustainable fisheries while protecting the Florida Keys coral-reef ecosystem. C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmosphere Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA Fisheries, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Ault, JS (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmosphere Sci, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM jault@rsmas.miami.edu RI Ault, Jerald/A-5241-2008 OI Ault, Jerald/0000-0001-9657-8007 NR 70 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 20 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 78 IS 3 BP 633 EP 654 PG 22 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 054WV UT WOS:000238410200013 ER PT J AU Dai, A Karl, TR Sun, BM Trenberth, KE AF Dai, Aiguo Karl, Thomas R. Sun, Bomin Trenberth, Kevin E. TI Recent trends in cloudiness over the United States - A tale of monitoring inadequacies SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID HISTORICAL CLIMATOLOGY NETWORK; TEMPERATURE OBSERVATIONS; PRECIPITATION; DATASET; CLOUDS; COVER; ISCCP; 20TH-CENTURY; RADIATION; RESOURCE AB Automated Surface Observation Systems (ASOS) were widely introduced to replace manned weather stations around the mid-1990s over North America and other parts of the world. While laser beam ceilometers of the ASOS in North America measure overhead clouds within the lower 3.6 km of the atmosphere, they do not contain cloud-type and opacity information and are not comparable with previous cloud records. However, a network of 124 U.S. military weather stations with continuous human observations provides useful information of total cloud cover over the contiguous United States, thus lessening the disruption caused by the ASOS. Analyses of the military cloud data suggest an increasing trend (similar to 1.4% of the sky cover per decade) in U.S. total cloud cover from 1976 to 2004, with increases over most of the country except the Northwest, although large uncertainties exist because of sparse spatial sampling. Thus, inadequacies exist in surface observations of global cloud amounts and types, especially over the oceans, Canada, and the United States since the mid-1990s. The problem is compounded by inhomogeneities in satellite cloud data. Reprocessing of satellite data has the potential for improvements if priority is given to the improved continuity of records. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NOAA, Natl Climate Data Ctr, Asheville, NC USA. RP Dai, A (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM adai@ucar.edu RI Trenberth, Kevin/A-5683-2012; Sun, Bomin/P-8742-2014; Dai, Aiguo/D-3487-2009 OI Trenberth, Kevin/0000-0002-1445-1000; Sun, Bomin/0000-0002-4872-9349; NR 46 TC 82 Z9 90 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 EI 1520-0477 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 87 IS 5 BP 597 EP 606 DI 10.1175/BAMS-87-5-597 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 047JP UT WOS:000237875900019 ER PT J AU Hultquist, TR Dutter, MR Schwab, DJ AF Hultquist, TR Dutter, MR Schwab, DJ TI Reexamination of the 9-10 November 1975 "Edmund Fitzgerald" storm using today's technology SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID WAVE PREDICTION MODEL; ROCKY-MOUNTAIN STORM; LAKE-MICHIGAN; PART II; CYCLONE; EVOLUTION; SNOW AB There has been considerable debate over the past three decades concerning the specific cause of the loss of the ship the Edmund Fitzgerald on Lake Superior on 10 November 1975, but there is little question that weather played a role in the disaster. There were only a few surface observations available during the height of the storm, so it is difficult to assess the true severity and meteorological rarity of the event. In order to identify likely weather conditions that occurred during the storm of 9-10 November 1975, high-resolution numerical simulations were conducted in an attempt to assess wind and wave conditions throughout the storm. Comparisons are made between output from the model simulations and available observational data from the event to assess the accuracy of the simulations. Given a favorable comparison, more detailed output from the simulations is presented, with a focus on high-resolution output over Lake Superior between 1800 UTC 9 November 1975 and 0600 UTC 11 November 1975. A detailed analysis of low-level sustained wind and significant wave height output is presented, illustrating the severity of the conditions and speed with which,they developed and later subsided during the event. The high temporal and spatial resolution of the model output helps provide a more detailed depiction of conditions on Lake Superior than has previously been available. C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Marquette, MI USA. NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Cleveland, OH USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Hultquist, TR (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, 112 Airpk Dr, Negaunee, MI 49866 USA. EM Thomas.Hultquist@noaa.gov RI Schwab, David/B-7498-2012 NR 34 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 87 IS 5 BP 607 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-87-5-607 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 047JP UT WOS:000237875900020 ER PT J AU Pielke, R Landsea, C Mayfield, M Laver, J Pasch, R AF Pielke, R Landsea, C Mayfield, M Laver, J Pasch, R TI Reply to '' Hurricanes and global warming - Potential linkages and consequences '' SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Editorial Material ID METEOROLOGY; HURRICANES; INTENSITY; TRENDS C1 Univ Colorado, Ctr Sci & Technol Policy Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Trop Predict Ctr, Miami, FL USA. NOAA, Climat Predict Ctr, Natl Weather Serv, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD USA. Trop Predict Ctr, Miami, FL USA. RP Pielke, R (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Ctr Sci & Technol Policy Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 15 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 10 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 87 IS 5 BP 628 EP 631 DI 10.1175/BAMS-87-5-628 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 047JP UT WOS:000237875900022 ER PT J AU Prins, EM Velden, CS Hawkins, JD Turk, FJ Daniels, JM Dittberner, GJ Holmlund, K Hood, RE Laing, AG Nasiri, SL Puschell, JJ Shepherd, JM Zapotocny, JV AF Prins, Elaine M. Velden, Christopher S. Hawkins, Jeffrey D. Turk, F. Joseph Daniels, Jaime M. Dittberner, Gerald J. Holmlund, Kenneth Hood, Robbie E. Laing, Arlene G. Nasiri, Shaima L. Puschell, Jeffery J. Shepherd, J. Marshall Zapotocny, John V. TI 13TH AMS Conference on Satellite Meteorology and Oceanography SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Wisconsin, CIMSS, SSEC, Madison, WI USA. USN, Res Lab, Monterey, CA USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Silver Spring, MD USA. EUMETSTAT, Darmstadt, Germany. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Santa Barbara Remote Sensing, Raytheon Elect Syst, Goleta, CA USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. USAF Weather Agcy, Offutt AFB, NE USA. RP Prins, EM (reprint author), 17207 Alexandra Way, Grass Valley, CA USA. EM elaine.prins@ssec.wisc.edu RI Nasiri, Shaima/C-8044-2011; Daniels, Jaime/E-7933-2011 OI Daniels, Jaime/0000-0002-9438-6631 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 87 IS 5 BP 633 EP 637 DI 10.1175/BAMS-87-5-633 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 047JP UT WOS:000237875900023 ER PT J AU Bentz, DP AF Bentz, DP TI Influence of alkalis on porosity percolation in hydrating cement pastes SO CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES LA English DT Article DE acceleration; alkalis; hydration; low temperature calorimetry; percolation ID PORTLAND-CEMENT AB Loss-on-ignition (LOI) measurements and low temperature calorimetry (LTC) are used to study the properties of hydrating cement pastes with various quantities of alkalis. In addition to the well-known acceleration of early age hydration and "retardation" of later age hydration, the alkalis are observed to have a significant effect on the percolation of the porosity in the hydrating systems, as assessed using the LTC technique. At equivalent degrees of hydration, the capillary pores in cement pastes with sufficient added alkalis may depercolate while those in lower alkali cement pastes remain percolated. A simple dissolution/precipitation three-dimensional microstructural model is applied to examine the potential effects of hydration product morphology (random, needles, and plates or laths) on pore space percolation. The model suggests that the observed experimental results could be consistent with the higher alkali levels modifying the morphology of the C-S-H gel to produce more lath-like hydration products, as has been observed by others previously using electron microscopy. Potential implications for the transport properties and durability of these materials are discussed. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bentz, DP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat & Construct Res Div, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8615, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dale.bentz@nist.gov NR 15 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0958-9465 J9 CEMENT CONCRETE COMP JI Cem. Concr. Compos. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 28 IS 5 BP 427 EP 431 DI 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2006.01.003 PG 5 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Composites SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science GA 049GM UT WOS:000238004200003 ER PT J AU Hung, CLH Xu, Y Lam, JCW Jefferson, TA Hung, SK Yeung, LWY Lam, MHW O'Toole, DK Lam, PKS AF Hung, Craig L. H. Xu, Yan Lam, James C. W. Jefferson, Thomas A. Hung, Samuel K. Yeung, Leo W. Y. Lam, Michael H. W. O'Toole, Desmond K. Lam, Paul K. S. TI An assessment of the risks associated with polychlorinated biphenyls found in the stomach contents of stranded Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphins (Sousa chinensis) and Finless Porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides) from Hong Kong waters SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE PCB118; risk quotient; toxicity equivalency ID ASIAN COASTAL WATERS; NORTH PACIFIC; CETACEANS; CONTAMINATION; TOXICITY AB The risks to Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphins and Finless Porpoises associated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were assessed. Stomach contents from twelve stranded Humpback Dolphins and sixteen stranded Finless Porpoises were collected. Concentrations of total and isomer-specific PCBs in the stomach contents were determined using dual-column gas chromatography equipped with electron capture detectors (GC-ECD). Risks due to the PCBs were assessed in three scenarios, based on total PCBs (summation of 41 PCB congeners), total toxicity equivalency (TEQs) and PCB 118, using the toxicity reference values (TRVs) as the threshold effects benchmarks. The calculated risk quotients (RQs) showed that risks due to PCBs were generally low or negligible. Specifically, RQs from total TEQs and total PCBs for Finless Porpoises are below one, suggesting that PCBs should be a low risk for the Finless Porpoise in Hong Kong waters. However, the Humpback Dolphin has RQs larger than I for total TEQs and total PCBs when the 95th percentile data were used in the evaluation. This indicates that further investigation may be needed to examine more closely the potential impact of toxic contaminants in the habitat of the Humpback Dolphin. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 City Univ Hong Kong, Ctr Coastal Pollut & Conservat, Dept Biol & Chem, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. NOAA Fisheries, SW Fisheries Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Hong Kong Res Project, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. RP Lam, PKS (reprint author), City Univ Hong Kong, Ctr Coastal Pollut & Conservat, Dept Biol & Chem, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. EM bhpksl@cityu.edu.hk RI LAM, Paul/B-9121-2008; LAM, James/G-9676-2011; Yeung, Leo/P-1967-2015; OI LAM, Paul/0000-0002-2134-3710; LAM, James/0000-0002-5557-6213; Yeung, Leo/0000-0001-6800-5658; LAM, Hon Wah Michael/0000-0003-1213-3874 NR 18 TC 16 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 EI 1879-1298 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD MAY PY 2006 VL 63 IS 5 BP 845 EP 852 DI 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.07.059 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 044CD UT WOS:000237648900015 PM 16169043 ER PT J AU Mancia, A Romano, TA Gefroh, HA Chapman, RW Middleton, DL Warr, GW Lundqvist, ML AF Mancia, A Romano, TA Gefroh, HA Chapman, RW Middleton, DL Warr, GW Lundqvist, ML TI The immunoglobulin G heavy chain (IGHG) genes of the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bottlenose dolphin; antibody; IGHG1; IGHG2; immunoglobulin G; IgG; isotype; subclass; allele; evolution ID WHALE DELPHINAPTERUS-LEUCAS; MOLECULAR-CLONING; PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS; SEQUENCE VARIATION; PERIPHERAL-BLOOD; MARINE MAMMALS; EVOLUTION; CDNA; IGG; COMPLEX AB Dolphin Immunoglobulin G Heavy Chain (IGPIG) sequences were obtained by PCR amplification of cDNA from peripheral blood leukocytes using degenerate primers. Analysis of full-length sequences indicated the presence of two expressed isotypes, IGHG1 and IGHG2 that differ mainly in the hinge region of the molecule. Genomic Southern blot analysis indicated that the IGHG1 and IGHG2 genes are most likely present in single copies. The inferred amino acid sequences show greatest similarity between the dolphin and other closely related artiodactyl species. The genetic structure of the IGHG genes were deduced through genomic PCR and revealed that the hinge regions of both IGHG I and IGHG2 are encoded by a single exon. The transmembrane region of the dolphin IGHG chain shows similarity to the transmembrane region of other mammalian IGHG chains with a canonical CART motif. This is in contrast to the unusual Ser to Gly substitution previously found in the dolphin IGHM transmembrane region, and the functional significance of this variation for B cell antigen-receptor dimer activation remains unknown. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Med Univ S Carolina, Marine Biomed & Environm Sci Ctr, Hollings Marine Labs, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Myst Aquarium, Mystic, CT 06355 USA. Inst Explorat, Mystic, CT 06355 USA. S Carolina Dept Nat Resources, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. NOAA, NOS, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Mancia, A (reprint author), Med Univ S Carolina, Marine Biomed & Environm Sci Ctr, Hollings Marine Labs, 331 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM mancia@musc.edu RI mancia, annalaura/F-9706-2013 OI mancia, annalaura/0000-0001-8680-3530 NR 41 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1096-4959 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS B JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B-Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 144 IS 1 BP 38 EP 46 DI 10.1016/j.cbpb.2006.01.014 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology GA 037VL UT WOS:000237175500005 PM 16520074 ER PT J AU Zimmer, B Precht, W Hickerson, E Sinclair, J AF Zimmer, B Precht, W Hickerson, E Sinclair, J TI Discovery of Acropora palmata at the flower garden banks national marine sanctuary, northwestern Gulf of Mexico SO CORAL REEFS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 PBS&J, Ecol Sci Program, Miami, FL 33172 USA. NOAA, Flower Garden Banks Natl Marine Sanctuary, Bryan, TX 77802 USA. Minerals Management Serv Gulf Of Mexico, New Orleans, LA USA. RP Precht, W (reprint author), PBS&J, Ecol Sci Program, 2001 NW 107th Ave, Miami, FL 33172 USA. EM bprecht@pbsj.com NR 6 TC 8 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0722-4028 EI 1432-0975 J9 CORAL REEFS JI Coral Reefs PD MAY PY 2006 VL 25 IS 2 BP 192 EP 192 DI 10.1007/s00338-005-0054-9 PG 1 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 039GA UT WOS:000237292800004 ER PT J AU Stone, RP AF Stone, RP TI Coral habitat in the Aleutian Islands of Alaska: depth distribution, fine-scale species associations, and fisheries interactions SO CORAL REEFS LA English DT Article DE cold-water corals; gorgonians; hydrocorals; Aleutian Islands; fishing disturbance; Emergent epifauna ID DEEP-SEA; GORGONIAN CORALS; ATLANTIC CANADA; MEGAFAUNA; GULF; ABUNDANCE; GROWTH; SHELF; USA AB The first in situ exploration of Aleutian Island coral habitat was completed in 2002 to determine the distribution of corals, to examine fine-scale associations between targeted fish species and corals, and to investigate the interaction between the areas' diverse fisheries and coral habitat. Corals, mostly gorgonians and hydrocorals, were present on all 25 seafloor transects and at depths between 27 and 363 m, but were most abundant between 100 and 200 m depth. Mean coral abundance (1.23 colonies m(-2)) far exceeded that reported for other high-latitude ecosystems and high-density coral gardens (3.85 colonies m(-2)) were observed at seven locations. Slope and offshore pinnacle habitats characterized by exposed bedrock, boulders, and cobbles generally supported the highest abundances of coral and fish. Overall, 85% of the economically important fish species observed on transects were associated with corals and other emergent epifauna. Disturbance to the seafloor from bottom-contact fishing gear was evident on 88% of the transects, and approximately 39% of the total area of the seafloor observed had been disturbed. Since cold-water corals appear to be a ubiquitous feature of seafloor habitats in the Aleutian Islands, fisheries managers face clear challenges integrating coral conservation into an ecosystem approach to fisheries management. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Stone, RP (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM bob.stone@noaa.gov NR 33 TC 91 Z9 98 U1 4 U2 23 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0722-4028 EI 1432-0975 J9 CORAL REEFS JI Coral Reefs PD MAY PY 2006 VL 25 IS 2 BP 229 EP 238 DI 10.1007/s00338-006-0091-z PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 039GA UT WOS:000237292800014 ER PT J AU Cohen, GL Klingner, RE Hayes, JR Sweeney, SC AF Cohen, GL Klingner, RE Hayes, JR Sweeney, SC TI Seismic evaluation of low-rise reinforced masonry buildings with flexible diaphragms: III. Synthesis and application SO EARTHQUAKE SPECTRA LA English DT Article AB This paper outlines the last two phases of a joint research study performed by the University of Texas at Austin and the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, Engineer Research and Development Center (CERL). The study coordinates and synthesizes experimental testing, analytical modeling, practical implementation, and real-world application to enhance FEMA-310, the predominant seismic evaluation methodology for low-rise reinforced masonry buildings with flexible diaphragms. In earlier phases of study, conclusions from shaking-table testing, quasi-static testing, and analytical modeling were used to develop a simple toot for the seismic analysis of these types of buildings. In this paper, the tool is developed in the context of performance-based earthquake engineering into a supplementary evaluation methodology intended to fill a gap in FEMA-310. The toot is applied to four existing buildings and ultimately shown to be simple, useful, and necessary. C1 Univ Texas, Dept Civil Engn, Austin, TX 78712 USA. USA, Ctr Res Dev & Engn, Engineer Res & Dev Ctr, Champaign, IL 61826 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Natl Earthquake Hazards Reduct Program, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 27 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE PI OAKLAND PA 499 14TH ST, STE 320, OAKLAND, CA 94612-1934 USA SN 8755-2930 J9 EARTHQ SPECTRA JI Earthq. Spectra PD MAY PY 2006 VL 22 IS 2 BP 329 EP 347 DI 10.1193/1.219279 PG 19 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Geological SC Engineering GA 054KS UT WOS:000238376100003 ER PT J AU Layton, DF Lee, ST AF Layton, DF Lee, ST TI Embracing model uncertainty: Strategies for response pooling and model averaging SO ENVIRONMENTAL & RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE model averaging; rankings; ratings; stated preference ID STATED PREFERENCE METHODS; RANDOM UTILITY-MODELS; HETEROGENEOUS PREFERENCES; CONTINGENT VALUATION; CONJOINT-ANALYSIS; CLIMATE-CHANGE; SMALL SAMPLES; CHOICE; SELECTION; WILLINGNESS AB Econometricians modeling Stated Preference (SP) data, and most other types of data, are confronted with the uncomfortable reality that our knowledge of the "true" model is limited, with only certain variables suggested by the application at hand and general classes of functional forms and error structures suggested by the literature. Accepting our limited knowledge, we pursue strategies for analyzing SP data that are more robust to uncertainties in our knowledge of the true model. These include non-parametric and parametric likelihood-based tests of pooling responses from different elicitation formats, and a frequentist-based model averaging approach for estimating willingness to pay functions. We argue that these strategies lead to increased econometric integrity and empower the ultimate users of models, such as policy decision-makers and even juries, to better assess the robustness of the results. We apply these approaches to an SP survey of saltwater angling in Alaska which utilized split-sample rankings and ratings elicitation methods. While an important goal of our paper is to develop practicable modeling strategies that will ultimately lead to more robust conclusions and more confidence by the users of SP results, an equally important goal is to engender a critical discussion of how we can make the analysis of SP data more robust. C1 Univ Washington, Daniel J Evans Sch Publ Affairs, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Layton, DF (reprint author), Univ Washington, Daniel J Evans Sch Publ Affairs, Box 353055, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM dflayton@u.washington.edu NR 56 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 11 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0924-6460 J9 ENVIRON RESOUR ECON JI Environ. Resour. Econ. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 34 IS 1 BP 51 EP 85 DI 10.1007/s10640-005-3784-9 PG 35 WC Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 030DY UT WOS:000236615400004 ER PT J AU Al-Sheikhly, M Poster, DL An, JC Neta, P Silverman, J Huie, RE AF Al-Sheikhly, M Poster, DL An, JC Neta, P Silverman, J Huie, RE TI Ionizing radiation-induced destruction of benzene and dienes in aqueous media SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PULSE-RADIOLYSIS; RATE CONSTANTS; HYDROXYL RADICALS; PEROXYL RADICALS; DRINKING-WATER; OH RADICALS; OXIDATION; SPECTRA; PRODUCT; OXYGEN AB Pulse radiolysis with spectrophotometric and conductometric detection was utilized to study the formation and reactions of radicals from benzene and dienes in aqueous solutions. The benzene OH adduct, center dot C6H6OH, reacts with O-2 (k = 3 x 10(8) L mol(-1) s(-1)) in a reversible reaction. The peroxyl radical, HOC6H6O2 center dot, undergoes O-2(center dot-) elimination, bimolecular decay, and reaction with benzene to initiate a chain reaction, depending on the dose rate, benzene concentration, and pH. The occurrence of the chain reaction is demonstrated in low-dose-rate gamma radiolysis experiments where the consumption of O-2 was monitored. 1,4-Cyclohexadiene 1,4-hexadiene, and 1,4-pentadiene form OH-adducts and undergo H-abstraction by O center dot- radicals. The OH-adducts react with O-2 to form peroxyl radicals. These peroxyl radicals, however, do not undergo unimolecular O-2(center dot-) elimination but rather decay by second-order processes, which lead to subsequent steps of O-2(center dot-) elimination. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Al-Sheikhly, M (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM mohamad@eng.umd.edu RI Huie, Robert/A-5645-2010 NR 31 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 14 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY 1 PY 2006 VL 40 IS 9 BP 3082 EP 3088 DI 10.1021/es052533j PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 038TC UT WOS:000237251400041 PM 16719115 ER PT J AU Scholz, NL Hopkins, WA AF Scholz, Nathaniel L. Hopkins, William A. TI Ecotoxicology of anticholinesterase pesticides: Data gaps and research challenges SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Editorial Material ID INSECTICIDE C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Wildlife Ecotoxicol & Physiol Ecol Program, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NOAA, Seattle, WA USA. RP Hopkins, WA (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Wildlife Ecotoxicol & Physiol Ecol Program, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM hopkinsw@vt.edu RI Scholz, Nathaniel/L-1642-2013 OI Scholz, Nathaniel/0000-0001-6207-0272 NR 6 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 25 IS 5 BP 1185 EP 1186 DI 10.1897/05-699.1 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 082GB UT WOS:000240373600001 PM 16704046 ER PT J AU Scholz, NL Truelove, NK Labenia, JS Baldwin, DH Collier, TK AF Scholz, Nathaniel L. Truelove, Nathan K. Labenia, Jana S. Baldwin, David H. Collier, Tracy K. TI Dose-additive inhibition of chinook salmon acetylcholinesterase activity by mixtures of organophosphate and carbamate insecticides SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th SETAC World Congress CY NOV 14-18, 2004 CL Portland, OR SP SETAC DE salmon; acetylcholinesterase; endangered species; water quality; pesticide ID TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; MOLECULAR-FORMS; NEUROTOXICITY; CHLORPYRIFOS; DIAZINON; PESTICIDES; EXPOSURES; KISUTCH; FIELD; PARR AB Organophosphate and carbamate insecticides are widely detected in surface waters of the western United States. These chemicals interfere with acetylcholine-mediated synaptic transmission in the nervous systems of fish and other aquatic animals via the inhibition of AChE (acetylcholinesterase) enzyme activity. Anticholinesterase insecticides commonly co-occur in the environment. This raises the possibility of antagonistic, additive, or synergistic neurotoxicity in exposed fish, including threatened and endangered species of Pacific salmon. We extracted AChE from the olfactory nervous system of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and investigated the inhibitory effects of organophosphates (the oxon derivatives of diazinon, chlorpyrifos, and malathion) and carbamates (carbaryl and carbofuran), alone and in two-way combinations. We found that the joint toxicity of anticholinesterase mixtures can be accurately predicted from the inhibitory potencies of individual chemicals within a mixture. This indicates that organophosphate and carbamate insecticides are noninteractive in terms of AChE inhibition and that it might be possible to estimate the cumulative neurotoxicity of mixtures by simple dose addition. Because organophosphates and carbamates are likely to have additive effects on the neurobehavior of salmon under natural exposure conditions, ecological risk assessments that focus on individual anticholinesterases might underestimate the actual risk to salmon in watersheds in which mixtures of these chemicals occur. C1 NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Scholz, NL (reprint author), NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM nathaniel.scholz@noaa.gov RI Scholz, Nathaniel/L-1642-2013 OI Scholz, Nathaniel/0000-0001-6207-0272 NR 41 TC 31 Z9 37 U1 3 U2 28 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 25 IS 5 BP 1200 EP 1207 DI 10.1897/05-030R1.1 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 082GB UT WOS:000240373600004 PM 16704049 ER PT J AU Chittaro, PM Usseglio, P Fryer, BJ Sale, PF AF Chittaro, PM Usseglio, P Fryer, BJ Sale, PF TI Spatial variation in otolith chemistry of Lutjanus apodus at Turneffe Atoll, Belize SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE otoliths; ablation; Lutjanus apodus; mangroves reefs; Belize; Turneffe Atol ID REEF FISH; HAEMULON-FLAVOLINEATUM; TRACE-ELEMENTS; PAGRUS-AURATUS; ICP-MS; JUVENILE SNAPPER; CHEMICAL TAGS; EYE LENSES; POPULATIONS; SCALES AB Lutjanus apodus (Schoolmaster) were collected from several mangroves and coral reefs at Turneffe Atoll, Belize, in order to investigate whether elemental concentrations from the otolith edge could be used as a means to identify the habitat (mangrove or coral reef) and site (9 mangrove sites and 6 reef sites) from which they were collected. Results of a two factor nested MANOVA (sites nested within habitat) indicated significant differences in elemental concentrations between habitats (i.e., mangrove versus reef) as well as among sites. When separate Linear Discriminant Function Analyses (LDFA) were used to assess whether the spatial variability in otolith chemistry was sufficient to differentiate individuals to their respective habitats or sites, the results indicated that fish were classified jackknife procedure) with a moderate to poor degree of accuracy (i.e.. on average. 67% and 40% of the individuals were correctly classified to the habitat and site from which they were collected, respectively). Using a partial Mantel test we did not find a significant correlation between the differences in otolith elemental concentrations between sites and the distance between sites, while controlling the effect of habitat type (mangrove or reef). This suggests that for mangrove and reef sites at Turneffe Atoll, Belize, the overlap in terms of L. apodus otolith elemental concentrations is too high for investigations of fish movement. Finally. by comparing previously published Haemulon flavolineatum otolith chemistry to that of L. apodus we assessed whether these species showed similar habitat and/or site specific patterns in their otolith chemistry. Although both species were collected from the same sites our results indicated little similarity in their elemental concentrations, thus suggesting that habitat and site elemental signatures are species specific. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Windsor, Dept Biol Sci & Great Lakes Inst Environm Res, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada. Univ Windsor, Dept Earth Sci & Great Lakes Inst Environm Res, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada. RP Chittaro, PM (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. EM paul.chittaro@noaa.gov; ussegli@uwindsor.ca; bfryer@uwindsor.ca; sale@uwindsor.ca NR 48 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0272-7714 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF S JI Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 67 IS 4 BP 673 EP 680 DI 10.1016/j.ecss.2005.12.014 PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 043QS UT WOS:000237617000013 ER PT J AU Kramida, AE Buchet-Poulizac, MC AF Kramida, AE Buchet-Poulizac, MC TI Energy levels and spectral lines of NeVII SO EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL D LA English DT Article ID HIGHLY IONIZED NEON; RESOLUTION ELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; K-AUGER-SPECTRA; EXCITATION RATE COEFFICIENTS; GRAZING INCIDENCE SPECTRA; SLOW NE8++HE COLLISIONS; DOUBLY EXCITED-STATES; BE-LIKE SERIES; IONIZATION-POTENTIALS; X-RAY AB All experimental data on Ne VII, including previously unpublished beam-foil spectroscopy data, have been compiled and critically evaluated. More than a hundred spectral lines have been newly identified. For 40 transitions, the previous identifications have been revised. These revisions resolved all existing contradictions between previously published interpretations of the spectrum. An optimized level scheme has been derived from the total list of observed lines. About a hundred new energy levels have been found, including several highly excited hydrogenic levels. Based on these newly determined levels, as well as on the analysis of theoretical data, the ionization potential has been newly determined with improved confidence. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5579, Lab Spect Ion & Mol, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France. RP Kramida, AE (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM alexander.kramida@nist.gov OI Kramida, Alexander/0000-0002-0788-8087 NR 96 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1434-6060 EI 1434-6079 J9 EUR PHYS J D JI Eur. Phys. J. D PD MAY PY 2006 VL 38 IS 2 BP 265 EP 276 DI 10.1140/epjd/e2006-00025-3 PG 12 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 033IR UT WOS:000236841000005 ER PT J AU Stoltzfus, A AF Stoltzfus, A TI Mutationism and the dual causation of evolutionary change SO EVOLUTION & DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article ID AMINO-ACID-COMPOSITION; GENOMIC G+C CONTENT; NUCLEOTIDE SUBSTITUTION; BASE COMPOSITION; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; DNA-SEQUENCES; ADAPTATION; GENETICS; PATTERNS; POPULATION AB The rediscovery of Mendel's laws a century ago launched the science that William Bateson called "genetics," and led to a new view of evolution combining selection, particulate inheritance, and the newly characterized phenomenon of "mutation." This "mutationist" view clashed with the earlier view of Darwin, and the later "Modern Synthesis," by allowing discontinuity, and by recognizing mutation (or more properly, mutation-and-altered-development) as a source of creativity, direction, and initiative. By the mid-20th century, the opposing Modern Synthesis view was a prevailing orthodoxy: under its influence, "evolution" was redefined as "shifting gene frequencies," that is, the sorting out of pre-existing variation without new mutations; and the notion that mutation-and-altered-development can exert a predictable influence on the course of evolutionary change was seen as heretical. Nevertheless, mutationist ideas re-surfaced: the notion of mutational determinants of directionality emerged in molecular evolution by 1962, followed in the 1980s by an interest among evolutionary developmental biologists in a shaping or creative role of developmental propensities of variation, and more recently, a recognition by theoretical evolutionary geneticists of the importance of discontinuity and of new mutations in adaptive dynamics. The synthetic challenge presented by these innovations is to integrate mutation-and-altered-development into a new understanding of the dual causation of evolutionary change-a broader and more predictive understanding that already can lay claim to important empirical and theoretical results-and to develop a research program appropriately emphasizing the emergence of variation as a cause of propensities of evolutionary change. C1 Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. NIST, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stoltzfus, A (reprint author), Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. EM stoltzfu@umbi.umd.edu RI Stoltzfus, Arlin/D-8551-2011 OI Stoltzfus, Arlin/0000-0002-0963-1357 NR 100 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 13 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1520-541X EI 1525-142X J9 EVOL DEV JI Evol. Dev. PD MAY-JUN PY 2006 VL 8 IS 3 BP 304 EP 317 DI 10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.00101.x PG 14 WC Evolutionary Biology; Developmental Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Developmental Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 040AN UT WOS:000237350700007 PM 16686641 ER PT J AU Luo, JG Prince, ED Goodyear, CP Luckhurst, BE Serafy, JE AF Luo, JG Prince, ED Goodyear, CP Luckhurst, BE Serafy, JE TI Vertical habitat utilization by large pelagic animals: a quantitative framework and numerical method for use with pop-up satellite tag data SO FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE blue marlin; numerical estimation; satellite tags; vertical habitat ID MARLIN MAKAIRA-NIGRICANS; MOVEMENTS; SURVIVAL; ATLANTIC AB A quantitative framework and numerical methodology were developed to characterize vertical habitat utilization by large pelagic animals and to estimate the probability of their capture by certain types of fishing gear. Described are the steps involved to build 'vertical habitat envelopes' from data recovered from an electronically tagged blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) as well as from a longline fishing gear experiment employing temperature-depth recording devices. The resulting vertical habitat envelopes, which integrate depth and temperature preferences of tagged fish, are conducive for comparative studies of animal behavior and for calculation (and visualization) of degrees of overlap - be it among individuals, species or fishing gear. Results of a computer simulation evaluation indicated our numerical procedure to be reliable for estimating vertical habitat use from data summaries. The approach appears to have utility for examining pelagic longline fishing impacts on both target and non-target species and could point to ways of reducing bycatch via modification of fishing strategy or gear configuration. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Marine Biol & Fisheries, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Serafy, JE (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL USA. EM joe.serafy@noaa.gov NR 18 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1054-6006 J9 FISH OCEANOGR JI Fish Oceanogr. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 15 IS 3 BP 208 EP 229 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2419.2006.00360.x PG 22 WC Fisheries; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Oceanography GA 027DY UT WOS:000236395100002 ER PT J AU Pickett, MH Schwing, FB AF Pickett, MH Schwing, FB TI Evaluating upwelling estimates off the west coasts of North and South America SO FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE coastal upwelling; Ekman pumping; Ekman transport; upwelling index ID SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; CALIFORNIA CURRENT SYSTEM; MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; ENVIRONMENTAL-FACTORS; BAJA-CALIFORNIA; FORECAST MODEL; PACIFIC-OCEAN; WIND STRESS; FLOW AB Both low- and high-resolution studies of wind and upwelling were conducted off the west coasts of North and South America between August 1999 and December 2001. For the low-resolution study, done at 25 regional sites spanning both coasts, weekly mean winds were calculated from satellite measurements, from geostrophic estimates, and from an operational 100-km-resolution global atmospheric model. The satellite-measured winds, used as the reference, showed that the coastal regions of both North and South America were divided into fairly uniform climatic domains located at higher, mid, and lower latitudes. All three weekly-mean wind data sets were compared at each of the 25 sites, and then used to estimate upwelling based on the method employed by NOAA's Pacific Fisheries Environmental Laboratory. Within each of the wind domains, model-derived wind and upwelling estimates agreed with satellite-derived values better than those from geostrophic-derived estimates. To investigate variability between the regional sites, a 9-km-resolution atmospheric model was run for an area off California which spanned four of the regional sites. This high-resolution model, verified with satellite measurements, revealed jets of wind curving and intensifying around coastal promontories. These near-shore wind jets, undetected in the global model, resulted in strong upwelling bands on the order of 50 km alongshore by 20 km offshore. These bands are critical for calculating local upwelling. Our results indicate that regional upwelling estimates for fisheries research can be improved by replacing geostrophic estimates of winds with those from a global atmospheric model. For localized coastal upwelling estimates, however, models with resolution an order of magnitude higher are required. C1 NOAA Fisheries, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. RP Pickett, MH (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, 1352 Lighthouse Ave, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. EM mark.pickett@noaa.gov NR 55 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 11 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1054-6006 J9 FISH OCEANOGR JI Fish Oceanogr. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 15 IS 3 BP 256 EP 269 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2419.2005.00400.x PG 14 WC Fisheries; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Oceanography GA 027DY UT WOS:000236395100005 ER PT J AU Hoolihan, JP AF Hoolihan, JP TI Age and growth of indo-Pacific sailfish, Istiophorus platypterus, from the Arabian Gulf SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Management of Tropical Coastal Fisheries in Asia CY MAR, 2001 CL Penang, MALAYSIA SP Worldfish Ctr DE sailfish; Istiophorus platypterus; Arabian Gulf; age; growth; fin spine analysis ID OF-CALIFORNIA; VALIDATION; OTOLITHS; PISCES AB Dorsal and anal fin spines were collected from 85 sailfish from the Gulf and used to estimate age from putative annular growth bands observed in thin transverse sections. A total of 84 (98.8%) of these were successfully read with an average percent error in precision of 4.8%. Nine year classes (0+ to 8) were estimated from spines examined. Spines lacking a pair of translucent and opaque rings were placed in the 0+ year class; however the somatic size of these individuals suggested they were between 6 and 10 months in age. Estimated age classes for females (n = 50) ranged from 0+ to 8 years, while males (n = 34) ranged from 0+ to 6 years. Age class 1, followed by 0+ and 3 were the most abundant for both sexes, comprising 75% of all samples. Females exhibited the maximum sizes for lower jaw-fork length (LJFL) and weight within 101 sampled sailfish. The LJFL for females (n = 65) ranged in size from 129 to 199 cm and weight ranged from 11.5 to 47.0 kg. For males (n = 36), LJFL ranged from 125 to 177 cm and weight ranged from 12.5 to 38.0 kg. The von Bertalanffy growth function fitted to the observed LJFL, weight and age data indicated a rapid growth rate during the first 2 years, after which length stabilized for males and females continued growing to a greater maximum mean length and weight. The relationships of measured morphological traits to LJFL derived from the non-linear equation Y = a LJFL(b) and their regression coefficients showed a negative allometric growth for weight, head, and pelvic fin length. Most other measurements were effectively isometric, with the exception of the anal fin in males, which showed positive allometric growth. A comparison of allometric growth between females and males using a modified t-test against linear regressions indicated no significant differences between LJFL and other morphometric characters (P ranged 0.135-0.980). (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Environm Agcy, Abu Dhabi, U Arab Emirates. RP Hoolihan, JP (reprint author), SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM john.hoolihan@noaa.gov NR 24 TC 10 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 78 IS 2-3 BP 218 EP 226 DI 10.1016/j.fishres.2005.11.019 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 040LJ UT WOS:000237379800013 ER PT J AU Fare, R Kirkley, JE Walden, JB AF Fare, R Kirkley, JE Walden, JB TI Adjusting technical efficiency to reflect discarding: The case of the US Georges Bank multi-species otter trawl fishery SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Management of Tropical Coastal Fisheries in Asia CY MAR, 2001 CL Penang, MALAYSIA SP Worldfish Ctr DE efficiency; data envelopment analysis; discards AB Discarding undesirable catch is recognized as a major problem confronting fishery managers. It is widely perceived by managers, however, that reductions in discards can only be accomplished via reductions in good or desirable outputs and technical efficiency. Yet there appear to be few studies which actually examine the relationship between discard reduction and technical efficiency. In this paper, we present an alternative concept of technical efficiency, which explicitly recognizes that measures of technical efficiency should be adjusted for discard levels. This is because traditional measures of efficiency do not consider the resources used in order to discard. We also offer a framework based on data envelopment analysis for assessing efficiency in the presence of undesirable outputs. We examine the relationship between vessel efficiency and regulatory discards in the U.S. Georges Bank multi-species otter trawl fishery on a tow-level basis. We then examine differences between efficient and inefficient tows, and extend our results to the trip level. Further examination of trip-level results then yield insights into the potential impact of trip-limit regulations. Results show that in order to reduce discards, vessels are limited in the amount they can increase their total output, and that trip-limit regulations may have unintended consequences. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Econ, Corvallis, OR 97311 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Corvallis, OR 97311 USA. Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Coll William & Mary, Sch Marine Sci, Dept Coastal & Ocean Policy, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Walden, JB (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Econ, Corvallis, OR 97311 USA. EM Rolf.Fare@orst.edu; jkirkley@Vims.edu; John.Waiden@Noaa.gov RI Fare, Rolf/H-5932-2013 NR 20 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 78 IS 2-3 BP 257 EP 265 DI 10.1016/j.fishres.2005.12.014 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 040LJ UT WOS:000237379800018 ER PT J AU De Felice, B Wilson, RR Ciarmiello, L Scarano, MT Ferrante, S AF De Felice, Bruna Wilson, Robert R. Ciarmiello, Loredana Scarano, Maria Teresa Ferrante, Sergio TI Characterization of a novel satellite DNA sequence from Flying Dragon (Poncirus trifoliata) SO GENETICA LA English DT Article DE methylation; Poncirus trifoliata; repeated sequences ID HIGHLY REPETITIVE DNA; MOLECULAR DRIVE; EVOLUTIONARY DYNAMICS; GENUS PIMELIA; FAMILY; ORGANIZATION; METHYLATION; DROSOPHILA; CITRUS; HETEROCHROMATIN AB Repetitive sequences constitute a significant component of most eukaryotic genomes, and the isolation and characterization of repetitive DNA sequences provide an insight into the organization of the genome of interest. Here, we report the isolation and the molecular analysis and methylation status of a novel tandemly organized repetitive DNA sequence from the genome of Poncirus trifoliata. Digestion of P. trifoliata DNA with Afa I produced a prominent fragment of approximately 400 bp. Southern blotting analysis of genomic DNA digested with the same enzyme revealed a ladder composed of DNA fragments that are multimers of the 400-bp Afa I band, indicating that the repetitive DNA is arrayed in tandem. This suggests that Afa I isolated a novel satellite that we have called Poncirus trifoliata satellite DNA 400 (PN400). This satellite composes 25% of the genome and it is also present in lemon, sour orange and kumquat. Analysis of the methylation status demonstrated that the cytosines in CCGG sequences in this satellite were methylated. C1 Univ Naples 2, Dept Life Sci, Caserta, Italy. NOAA, Boulder, CO USA. CNR, IGV, Res Inst Plant Genet, I-90129 Palermo, Italy. RP De Felice, B (reprint author), Univ Naples 2, Dept Life Sci, Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta, Italy. EM bruna.defelice@unina2.it RI Ciarmiello, Loredana F/D-3301-2014 OI Ciarmiello, Loredana F/0000-0002-4420-019X NR 36 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-6707 J9 GENETICA JI Genetica PD MAY PY 2006 VL 127 IS 1-3 BP 45 EP 53 DI 10.1007/s10709-005-2479-z PG 9 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 065MV UT WOS:000239164900005 PM 16850212 ER PT J AU Tenningen, E Churnside, JH Slotte, A Wilson, JJ AF Tenningen, Eirik Churnside, James H. Slotte, Aril Wilson, James J. TI Lidar target-strength measurements on Northeast Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE lidar; mackerel; polarization; reflectivity; target strength ID POLARIZATION VISION; DISCRIMINATION; OCTOPUS; LIGHT; FISH AB A linearly polarized green (532 nm) laser and a digital video camera were used to determine the reflectivity (R) and lidar (LIght Detection And Ranging) target strength (TS) of live mackerel by comparison with a standard calibration target. The measured reflectivity was 0.0141 +/- 0.0005 when the receiver was copolarized with the laser and 0.0092 +/- 0.0004 when the receiver was cross-polarized. The corresponding TS values were -42.66 +/- 0.24 dB for the copolarized channel and -44.86 +/- 0.23 dB for the cross-polarized channel. The depolarization ratio (depolarized return over total return) of 0.396 is very different from earlier measurements of sardine, suggesting that depolarization might be useful for species identification. (c) 2006 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Inst Marine Res, N-5817 Bergen, Norway. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Tenningen, E (reprint author), Inst Marine Res, Nordnesgaten 50,POB 1870, N-5817 Bergen, Norway. EM eirik.tenningen@imr.no RI Churnside, James/H-4873-2013; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 NR 18 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 63 IS 4 BP 677 EP 682 DI 10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.11.018 PG 6 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 043RG UT WOS:000237618600009 ER PT J AU Kenaley, CP Orr, JW AF Kenaley, CP Orr, JW TI Rouleina attrita (Osmeriformes : Alepocephalidae): new records for the eastern North Pacific and Bering Sea SO ICHTHYOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Coll Ocean & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Kenaley, CP (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Coll Ocean & Fishery Sci, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM ckenaley@u.washington.edu; james.orr@noaa.gov NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER TOKYO PI TOKYO PA 3-3-13, HONGO, BUNKYO-KU, TOKYO, 113-0033, JAPAN SN 1341-8998 J9 ICHTHYOL RES JI Ichthyol. Res. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 53 IS 2 BP 200 EP 202 DI 10.1007/s10228-006-0334-6 PG 3 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 047FJ UT WOS:000237864900017 ER PT J AU Gharavi, H AF Gharavi, Hamid TI Control based mobile ad-hoc networks for video communications SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CONSUMER ELECTRONICS LA English DT Article DE ad-hoc video; MANET; multihop; RTP; feedback control; cross-layer; CSMA/CA; H.264; IEEE 802.11 ID CROSS-LAYER DESIGN; WIRELESS NETWORKS; FEEDBACK; TRANSMISSION; DELIVERY AB This paper presents a feedback control scheme for transmission of video signals over mobile ad-hoc channels. The scheme is a combination of cross-layer (local) feedback and receiver feedback. The receiver feedback is based on the real time transport control protocol (RTCP), which is designed to provide an end-to-end feedback assessment of multihop transmission channels by tracking packet receptions in synchronization with the video frame rate. The control packet carries an overlapping bit-pattern in order to cope with losses on the reverse link. Assisting the receiver feedback is a local feedback, which aims at controlling the packet transmission flow with respect to the ad-hoc routing characteristics. The combined feedback scheme, together with a bitrate control and packet-loss compensation strategy, have been shown to be very effective in improving the ad-hoc network reliability for transmission of H.264/RTP/UDP/IP packets over multihop fading channels(1). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gharavi, H (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM gharavi@nist.gov NR 27 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0098-3063 EI 1558-4127 J9 IEEE T CONSUM ELECTR JI IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 52 IS 2 BP 383 EP 391 DI 10.1109/TCE.2006.1649654 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 061KD UT WOS:000238870000014 ER PT J AU Yu, CZ Yuan, JS Suehle, J AF Yu, CZ Yuan, JS Suehle, J TI Channel hot-electron degradation on 60-nm HfO2-gated nMOSFET DC and RF performances SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES LA English DT Article DE flicker noise; hafnium dioxide; high-k dielectric; linearity; noise figure; RF; RF circuit reliability; S-parameters ID CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; HFO2 GATE DIELECTRICS; THIN-FILMS; SILICON; RELAXATION; DEPENDENCE; STABILITY; THICKNESS; MOSFETS; STACKS AB Channel hot-carrier-induced dc and RF performance degradations in 60-nm high-k nMOSFETs are examined experimentally. RF performances such as the cutoff frequency, noise figure, linearity, and flicker noise of high-k MOSFETs show significant vulnerability to the hot-electron effect. Analytical equations for normalized RF degradations relating to the device dc and ac parameters are derived. Good agreement between the analytical predictions and experimental data is obtained. The accuracy of the model equations suggests fast and effective evaluation of noise figure and linearity degradations using simple dc and ac parameters directly. C1 Univ Cent Florida, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Yu, CZ (reprint author), Univ Cent Florida, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. EM yuanj@mail.ucf.edu NR 38 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9383 J9 IEEE T ELECTRON DEV JI IEEE Trans. Electron Devices PD MAY PY 2006 VL 53 IS 5 BP 1065 EP 1072 DI 10.1109/TED.2006.871837 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 040HO UT WOS:000237369800013 ER PT J AU Froidevaux, L Livesey, NJ Read, WG Jiang, YBB Jimenez, C Filipiak, MJ Schwartz, MJ Santee, ML Pumphrey, HC Jiang, JH Wu, DL Manney, GL Drouin, BJ Waters, JW Fetzer, EJ Bernath, PF Boone, CD Walker, KA Jucks, KW Toon, GC Margitan, JJ Sen, B Webster, CR Christensen, LE Elkins, JW Atlas, E Lueb, RA Hendershot, R AF Froidevaux, L Livesey, NJ Read, WG Jiang, YBB Jimenez, C Filipiak, MJ Schwartz, MJ Santee, ML Pumphrey, HC Jiang, JH Wu, DL Manney, GL Drouin, BJ Waters, JW Fetzer, EJ Bernath, PF Boone, CD Walker, KA Jucks, KW Toon, GC Margitan, JJ Sen, B Webster, CR Christensen, LE Elkins, JW Atlas, E Lueb, RA Hendershot, R TI Early validation analyses of atmospheric profiles from EOS MLS on the Aura satellite SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE atmospheric retrievals; data validation ID HALOGEN OCCULTATION EXPERIMENT; DATA SET; SPECTROMETER; AIRS/AMSU/HSB; BALLOON; SYSTEM AB We present results of early validation studies using retrieved atmospheric profiles from the Earth Observing System Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) instrument on the Aura satellite. "Global" results are presented for MLS measurements of atmospheric temperature, ozone, water vapor, hydrogen chloride, nitrous oxide, nitric acid, and carbon monoxide, with a focus on the January-March 2005 time period. These global comparisons are made using long-standing global satellites and meteorological datasets, as well as some measurements from more recently launched satellites. Comparisons of MLS data with measurements from the Ft. Sumner, NM, September 2004 balloon flights are also presented. Overall, good agreement is obtained, often within 5% to 10%, but we point out certain issues to resolve and some larger systematic differences; some artifacts in the first publicly released MLS (version 1.5) dataset are noted. We comment briefly on future plans for validation and software improvements. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JN, Midlothian, Scotland. Univ Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Miami, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM lucien@mls.jpl.nasa.gov RI Bernath, Peter/B-6567-2012; Atlas, Elliot/J-8171-2015; Schwartz, Michael/F-5172-2016; Wu, Dong/D-5375-2012 OI Bernath, Peter/0000-0002-1255-396X; Schwartz, Michael/0000-0001-6169-5094; NR 45 TC 168 Z9 170 U1 2 U2 14 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0196-2892 EI 1558-0644 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD MAY PY 2006 VL 44 IS 5 BP 1106 EP 1121 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2006.864366 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 037SK UT WOS:000237167100006 ER PT J AU Ransibrahmanakul, V Stumpf, RP AF Ransibrahmanakul, V Stumpf, RP TI Correcting ocean colour reflectance for absorbing aerosols SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; YELLOW SUBSTANCE; SEAWIFS IMAGERY; COASTAL WATERS; CHLOROPHYLL-A; ABSORPTION; DUST; SEA; ALGORITHM; THICKNESS AB Absorbing aerosol artefacts are persistent in Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS) imagery. Atmospheric aerosols absorb light with a strong spectral bias toward shorter wavelengths. Failure to account for their effects can result in underestimates of satellite-derived water reflectance and overestimates of satellite-derived chlorophyll concentrations. In this paper, a method to estimate and remove part of this artefact is presented. The method assumes (1) the total artefact is the difference between the current satellite reflectance and true reflectance; and (2) the spectral shape of the artefact caused by absorbing aerosols can be approximated by lambda(-n), where lambda is wavelength and n=6. The solution is explained using an in-water bio-optical model but is solved separately using the scattering characteristics of the atmosphere. An error analysis with variable amounts and different spectral types of aerosol artefact indicates that the method adjusts for absorbing aerosol with increasing frequency as the magnitude of the artefact increases. The correction shows robustness to different quantities of aerosol artefacts. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Monitoring & Assessment, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Ransibrahmanakul, V (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Monitoring & Assessment, 1305 East West Highway,N-SCI1Room 9111, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM Varis.Ransi@noaa.gov NR 29 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 27 IS 9-10 BP 1759 EP 1774 DI 10.1080/01431160500380604 PG 16 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 058GE UT WOS:000238652700003 ER PT J AU Darby, LS Allwine, KJ Banta, RM AF Darby, LS Allwine, KJ Banta, RM TI Nocturnal low-level jet in a mountain basin complex. Part II: Transport and diffusion of tracer under stable conditions SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DOPPLER LIDAR; FLOWS; DISPERSION; VALLEY; CANYON; CAMPAIGN; TERRAIN AB Differences in nighttime transport and diffusion of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer in an urban complex-terrain setting ( Salt Lake City, Utah) are investigated using surface and Doppler lidar wind data and large-scale surface pressure differences. Interacting scales of motion, as studied through the URBAN 2000 field program combined with the Vertical Transport and Mixing (VTMX) experiment, explained the differences in the tracer behavior during three separate intensive operating periods. With an emphasis on nighttime stable boundary layer conditions, these field programs were designed to study flow features responsible for the nighttime transport of airborne substances. This transport has implications for air quality, homeland security, and emergency response if the airborne substances are hazardous. The important flow features investigated included thermally forced canyon and slope flows and a low-level jet (LLJ) that dominated the basin-scale winds when the surface pressure gradient was weak. The presence of thermally forced flows contributed to the complexity and hindered the predictability of the tracer motion within and beyond the city. When organized thermally forced flows were present, the tracer tended to stay closer to the city for longer periods of time, even though a strong basin-scale LLJ did develop. When thermally forced flows were short lived or absent, the basin-scale low-level jet dominated the wind field and enhanced the transport of tracer material out of the city. C1 NOAA, CSD3, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Darby, LS (reprint author), NOAA, CSD3, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM lisa.darby@noaa.gov RI Darby, Lisa/A-8037-2009; Banta, Robert/B-8361-2008; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Darby, Lisa/0000-0003-1271-0643; NR 17 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1558-8424 J9 J APPL METEOROL CLIM JI J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 45 IS 5 BP 740 EP 753 DI 10.1175/JAM2367.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 055GF UT WOS:000238437400006 ER PT J AU Kalarickal, SS Krivosik, P Wu, MZ Patton, CE Schneider, ML Kabos, P Silva, TJ Nibarger, JP AF Kalarickal, SS Krivosik, P Wu, MZ Patton, CE Schneider, ML Kabos, P Silva, TJ Nibarger, JP TI Ferromagnetic resonance linewidth in metallic thin films: Comparison of measurement methods SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID NI-FE FILMS; WAVE; FREQUENCY; PERMALLOY; MAGNETIZATION; RELAXATION; FIELD AB Stripline (SL), vector network analyzer (VNA), and pulsed inductive microwave magnetometer (PIMM) techniques were used to measure the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) linewidth for a series of Permalloy films with thicknesses of 50 and 100 nm. The SL-FMR measurements were made for fixed frequencies from 1.5 to 5.5 GHz. The VNA-FMR and PIMM measurements were made for fixed in-plane fields from 1.6 to 8 kA/m (20-100 Oe). The results provide a confirmation, lacking until now, that the linewidths measured by these three methods are consistent and compatible. In the field format, the linewidths are a linear function of frequency, with a slope that corresponds to a nominal Landau-Lifshitz phenomenological damping parameter alpha value of 0.007 and zero frequency intercepts in the 160-320 A/m (2-4 Oe) range. In the frequency format, the corresponding linewidth versus frequency response shows a weak upward curvature at the lowest measurement frequencies and a leveling off at high frequencies. (C) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Phys, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Sun Microsyst Inc, Louisville, CO 80028 USA. RP Kalarickal, SS (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Phys, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM sangita@lamar.colostate.edu RI Silva, Thomas/C-7605-2013 OI Silva, Thomas/0000-0001-8164-9642 NR 26 TC 223 Z9 224 U1 14 U2 86 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD MAY 1 PY 2006 VL 99 IS 9 AR 093909 DI 10.1063/1.2197087 PG 7 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 044OV UT WOS:000237682900060 ER PT J AU O'Donnell, JNR Skrtic, D Antonucci, JM AF O'Donnell, JNR Skrtic, D Antonucci, JM TI Amorphous calcium phosphate composites with improved mechanical properties SO JOURNAL OF BIOACTIVE AND COMPATIBLE POLYMERS LA English DT Article DE amorphous calcium phosphate; particle size distribution; mechanical properties; composites; dental composites; bioactive composites ID BIOACTIVE POLYMERIC COMPOSITES; HYBRID AB Hybridized zirconium amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP)-filled methacrylate composites make good calcium and phosphate releasing materials for anti-demineralizing/remineralizing applications with low mechanical demands. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of the particle size of the filler on the mechanical properties of these composites. Photo-curable resins were formulated from ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and methacryloxyethyl phthalate. Camphorquinone and ethyl 4-N,N-dimethylaminobenzoate were utilized as components of the photoinitiator system. After 2h of mechanical milling in isopropanol, an approximate 64% reduction in the median particle diameter was observed (27.48 mu m vs. 9.98 mu m) for unmilled and milled wet ACP, respectively. Dry ACP showed a 43% reduction in particle size from pre- to post-milling. As well as dry composites, those that had been immersed in aqueous media were evaluated for their Young's Modulus, water sorption, biaxial tensile, three-point flexural and diametral tensile strength. Mechanical milling the filler increased the volume of fine particles in the composite specimens, resulting in a more homogeneous intra-composite distribution of ACP and a reduction in voids. Since less water diffused into the milled composites upon aqueous exposure, a marked improvement in biaxial flexure strength and a moderate improvement in flexural strength over composites with unmilled ACP was observed. This improvement in the mechanical stability of milled Zr-ACP composites may help extend their dental applicability. C1 Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP O'Donnell, JNR (reprint author), Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM justin.odonnell@nist.gov FU NIDCR NIH HHS [R01 DE013169, R01 DE013169-06] NR 12 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 0883-9115 J9 J BIOACT COMPAT POL JI J. Bioact. Compat. Polym. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 21 IS 3 BP 169 EP 184 DI 10.1177/0883911506064476 PG 16 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Materials Science, Biomaterials; Polymer Science SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Materials Science; Polymer Science GA 038CR UT WOS:000237196500001 PM 18688290 ER PT J AU Bailey, LO Weir, MD Washburn, NR AF Bailey, LO Weir, MD Washburn, NR TI Quantification of macrophage viability and inflammatory response to dental bonding resins SO JOURNAL OF BIOACTIVE AND COMPATIBLE POLYMERS LA English DT Article DE RT-PCR; genetic cellular response; macrophage; apoptosis; inflammatory response; dental bonding resins; biocompatibility; Raw 264.7 cells ID POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; IN-VITRO; RNA; APOPTOSIS; ADHESIVE; CELLS; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; CYTOTOXICITY; PARTICLES AB This study presented a well-characterized biocompatibility profile of dental bonding agents in a mouse macrophage in vitro model. The cellular response to four different formulations of dental bonding resins and the cell viability was determined. Materials were prepared by photopolymerization and the unreacted monomers were extracted in a buffered medium. Murine macrophages were incubated in the extract medium for 24h. Cellular viability was assessed by fluorescence microscopy and Wst-1 assay, while flow cytometry was used to quantify the apoptotic response. As an indicator of inflammatory responses, real-time polymerase chain reaction was utilized to quantify elevated cytokine production. These responses were monitored by quantifying the levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) produced by the cells. Murine macrophage cells exposed to the unfilled resin systems containing glycidyl ether of bisphenol A (Bis-GMA) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) had the most adverse response and cells exposed to the filled Bis-GMA and HEMA resin system were the most viable at photopolymerization times. Other resin systems displayed intermediate levels of viability when compared with the untreated control. The levels of IL-1 beta were significantly elevated in all samples. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Biomat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Weir, MD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Biomat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM michael.weir@nist.gov RI Weir, Michael/M-7729-2013 OI Weir, Michael/0000-0002-7961-3787 NR 32 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 0883-9115 J9 J BIOACT COMPAT POL JI J. Bioact. Compat. Polym. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 21 IS 3 BP 185 EP 206 DI 10.1177/0883911506064366 PG 22 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Materials Science, Biomaterials; Polymer Science SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Materials Science; Polymer Science GA 038CR UT WOS:000237196500002 ER PT J AU Knutson, TR Delworth, TL Dixon, KW Held, IM Lu, J Ramaswamy, V Schwarzkopf, MD Stenchikov, G Stouffer, RJ AF Knutson, T. R. Delworth, T. L. Dixon, K. W. Held, I. M. Lu, J. Ramaswamy, V. Schwarzkopf, M. D. Stenchikov, G. Stouffer, R. J. TI Assessment of twentieth-century regional surface temperature trends using the GFDL CM2 coupled models SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE MODEL; SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE; CLIMATE-CHANGE; HURRICANE INTENSITY; AIR-TEMPERATURE; GREENHOUSE-GAS; PART II; ANTHROPOGENIC FORCINGS; TROPICAL CYCLONES AB Historical climate simulations of the period 1861-2000 using two new Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) global climate models (CM2.0 and CM2.1) are compared with observed surface temperatures. All-forcing runs include the effects of changes in well-mixed greenhouse gases, ozone, sulfates, black and organic carbon, volcanic aerosols, solar flux, and land cover. Indirect effects of tropospheric aerosols on clouds and precipitation processes are not included. Ensembles of size 3 (CM2.0) and 5 (CM2.1) with all forcings are analyzed, along with smaller ensembles of natural-only and anthropogenic-only forcing, and multicentury control runs with no external forcing. Observed warming trends on the global scale and in many regions are simulated more realistically in the all-forcing and anthropogenic-only forcing runs than in experiments using natural-only forcing or no external forcing. In the all-forcing and anthropogenic-only forcing runs, the model shows some tendency for too much twentieth-century warming in lower latitudes and too little warming in higher latitudes. Differences in Arctic Oscillation behavior between models and observations contribute substantially to an underprediction of the observed warming over northern Asia. In the all-forcing and natural-only forcing runs, a temporary global cooling in the models during the 1880s not evident in the observed temperature records is volcanically forced. El Nino interactions complicate comparisons of observed and simulated temperature records for the El Chichon and Mt. Pinatubo eruptions during the early 1980s and early 1990s. The simulations support previous findings that twentieth-century global warming has resulted from a combination of natural and anthropogenic forcing, with anthropogenic forcing being the dominant cause of the pronounced late-twentieth-century warming. The regional results provide evidence for an emergent anthropogenic warming signal over many, if not most, regions of the globe. The warming signal has emerged rather monotonically in the Indian Ocean/western Pacific warm pool during the past half-century. The tropical and subtropical North Atlantic and the tropical eastern Pacific are examples of regions where the anthropogenic warming signal now appears to be emerging from a background of more substantial multidecadal variability. C1 NOAA, GFDL, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Rutgers State Univ, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. RP Knutson, TR (reprint author), NOAA, GFDL, Forrestal Campus,US Route 1, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM Tom.Knutson@noaa.gov RI Georgiy, Stenchikov/J-8569-2013; Delworth, Thomas/C-5191-2014; Dixon, Keith/L-7120-2015 OI Dixon, Keith/0000-0003-3044-326X NR 73 TC 146 Z9 149 U1 1 U2 27 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAY 1 PY 2006 VL 19 IS 9 BP 1624 EP 1651 DI 10.1175/JCLI3709.1 PG 28 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 043US UT WOS:000237628300003 ER PT J AU Williams, GP Bryan, K AF Williams, Gareth P. Bryan, Kirk TI Ice age winds: An aquaplanet model SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM; ATMOSPHERE; SIMULATION; CLIMATE; CIRCULATION; EQUILIBRIUM; CYCLE; GCM; SST AB Factors controlling the position and strength of the surface winds during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) are examined using a global, multilevel, moist, atmospheric model. The idealized aquaplanet model is bounded below by a prescribed axisymmetric temperature distribution that corresponds to an ocean-covered surface. Various forms of this distribution are used to examine the influence of changes in the surface cooling and baroclinicity rates. The model omits seasonal variations. Increasing the cooling lowers the tropopause and greatly reduces the moist convection in the Tropics, thereby causing a weakening and equatorward contraction of the Hadley cell. Such a cooling also weakens the surface westerlies and shifts the peak westerly stress equatorward. An extra surface baroclinicity in midlatitudes-implicitly associated with an increase in the polar sea ice-also shifts the peak westerly stress equatorward, but strengthens the surface westerlies. Thus, calculations with combined surface cooling and baroclinicity increases, representative of the Last Glacial Maximum, reveal an absence of change in the amplitude of the peak westerly stress but exhibit a substantial equatorward shift in its position, 7 degrees for a 3-K cooling and 11 degrees for a 6-K cooling. The easterlies, however, always increase in strength when the surface westerlies move equatorward. The application of these results to the LGM must take into account the model's assumption of symmetry between the two hemispheres. Any changes in the climate's hemispheric asymmetry could also cause comparable latitudinal shifts in the westerlies, probably of opposite sign in the two hemispheres. Published coupled-model simulations for the LGM give an equatorward shift for the peak westerlies in the Northern Hemisphere but give contradictory results for the Southern Hemisphere. C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Williams, GP (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM Gareth.Williams@noaa.gov NR 19 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAY 1 PY 2006 VL 19 IS 9 BP 1706 EP 1715 DI 10.1175/JCLI3766.1 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 043US UT WOS:000237628300007 ER PT J AU Li, SL Hoerling, MP Peng, SL Weickmann, KM AF Li, SL Hoerling, MP Peng, SL Weickmann, KM TI The annular response to tropical Pacific SST forcing SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; ARCTIC OSCILLATION; PART I; ATMOSPHERIC RESPONSE; GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; ANOMALIES; WINTER; TELECONNECTIONS; CIRCULATION AB The leading pattern of Northern Hemisphere winter height variability exhibits an annular structure, one related to tropical west Pacific heating. To explore whether this pattern can be excited by tropical Pacific SST variations, an atmospheric general circulation model coupled to a slab mixed layer ocean is employed. Ensemble experiments with an idealized SST anomaly centered at different longitudes on the equator are conducted. The results reveal two different response patterns-a hemispheric pattern projecting on the annular mode and a meridionally arched pattern confined to the Pacific-North American sector, induced by the SST anomaly in the west and the east Pacific, respectively. Extratropical air-sea coupling enhances the annular component of response to the tropical west Pacific SST anomalies. A diagnosis based on linear dynamical models suggests that the two responses are primarily maintained by transient eddy forcing. In both cases, the model transient eddy forcing response has a maximum near the exit of the Pacific jet, but with a different meridional position relative to the upper-level jet. The emergence of an annular response is found to be very sensitive to whether transient eddy forcing anomalies occur within the axis of the jet core. For forcing within the jet core, energy propagates poleward and downstream, inducing an annular response. For forcing away from the jet core, energy propagates equatorward and downstream, inducing a trapped regional response. The selection of an annular versus a regionally confined tropospheric response is thus postulated to depend on how the storm tracks respond. Tropical west Pacific SST forcing is particularly effective in exciting the required storm-track response from which a hemisphere-wide teleconnection structure emerges. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Li, SL (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, R-CDC1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM shuanglin.li@noaa.gov RI Li, Shuanglin /D-5695-2013 OI Li, Shuanglin /0000-0002-4891-8561 NR 38 TC 32 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAY 1 PY 2006 VL 19 IS 9 BP 1802 EP 1819 DI 10.1175/JCLI3668.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 043US UT WOS:000237628300013 ER PT J AU Harlin-Cognato, A Bickham, JW Loughlin, TR Honeycutt, RL AF Harlin-Cognato, A Bickham, JW Loughlin, TR Honeycutt, RL TI Glacial refugia and the phylogeography of Steller's sea lion (Eumatopias jubatus) in the North Pacific SO JOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Eumatopias jubatus; glacial vicariance; phylogeography; population structure; Steller's sea lion ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA VARIATION; PTARMIGAN LAGOPUS-MUTUS; OTTERS ENHYDRA-LUTRIS; PHENOTYPIC ASSOCIATIONS; CLADISTIC-ANALYSIS; HOLARCTIC PHYLOGEOGRAPHY; HISTORICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY; EUMETOPIAS-JUBATUS; POPULATION HISTORY; GENE GENEALOGIES AB Mitochondrial DNA sequence data were used to examine the phylogeographic history of Steller's sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in relation to the presence of Plio-Pleistocene insular refugia. Cytochrome b and control region sequences from 336 Steller's sea lions reveal phylogenetic lineages associated with continental refugia south of the ice sheets in North America and Eurasia. Phylogenetic analysis suggests the genetic structure of E. jubatus is the result of Pleistocene glacial geology, which caused the elimination and subsequent reappearance of suitable rookery habitat during glacial and interglacial periods. The cyclic nature of geological change produced a series of independent population expansions, contractions and isolations that had analogous results on Steller's sea lions and other marine and terrestrial species. Our data show evidence of four glacial refugia in which populations of Steller's sea lions diverged. These events occurred from approximately 60000 to 180000 years BP and thus preceded the last glacial maximum. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Biol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA USA. RP Bickham, JW (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM j-bickham@tamu.edu NR 72 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 13 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1010-061X J9 J EVOLUTION BIOL JI J. Evol. Biol. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 19 IS 3 BP 955 EP 969 DI 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.01052.x PG 15 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 034PL UT WOS:000236943000028 PM 16674591 ER PT J AU Mulero, JJ Budowle, B Butler, JM Gusmao, L AF Mulero, JJ Budowle, B Butler, JM Gusmao, L TI Letter to the editor - Nomenclature and allele repeat structure update for the Y-STR locus GATA H4 SO JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES LA English DT Letter ID AMPLIFICATION; MULTIPLEX C1 Appl Biosyst Inc, Foster City, CA 94404 USA. Fed Bur Invest Lab, Quantico, VA 22135 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Porto, Dept Populat Genet, IPATIMUP, P-4200465 Oporto, Portugal. RP Mulero, JJ (reprint author), Appl Biosyst Inc, 850 Lincoln Ctr Dr, Foster City, CA 94404 USA. EM mulerojj@appliedbiosystems.com RI Gusmao, Leonor/B-3122-2013 OI Gusmao, Leonor/0000-0003-0432-6481 NR 4 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1198 J9 J FORENSIC SCI JI J. Forensic Sci. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 51 IS 3 BP 694 EP 694 DI 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2006.00149.x PG 1 WC Medicine, Legal SC Legal Medicine GA 040QM UT WOS:000237395500036 PM 16696725 ER PT J AU Wagner, C McAdoo, D Klokocnik, J Kostelecky, J AF Wagner, C McAdoo, D Klokocnik, J Kostelecky, J TI Degradation of geopotential recovery from short repeat-cycle orbits: application to GRACE monthly fields SO JOURNAL OF GEODESY LA English DT Article DE geopotential resolution; repeat orbits; resonances; GRACE; satellite gravimetry ID GRAVITY AB Throughout 2004 the GRACE (Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment) orbit contracted slowly to yield a sparse repeat track of 61 revolutions every 4 days on 19 September 2004. As a result, we show from linear perturbation theory that geopotential information previously available to fully resolve a gravity field every month of 120x 120 (degree by order) in spherical harmonics was compressed then into about one-fourth of the necessary observation space. We estimate from this theory that the ideal gravity field resolution in September 2004 was only about 30 x 30. More generally, we show that any repeat-cycle mission for geopotential recovery with full resolution L x L requires the number of orbit-revolutions-to-repeat to be greater than 2L. C1 NOAA, Lab Satellite Alimetry, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Astron, Ctr Earth Dynam Res, CS-25165 Ondrejov, Czech Republic. RP Wagner, C (reprint author), NOAA, Lab Satellite Alimetry, 1335 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM carl.wagner@noaa.gov; Dave.McAdoo@noaa.gov; jklokocn@asu.cas.cz; kost@fsv.cvut.cz RI McAdoo, Dave/F-5612-2010; Klokocnik, Jaroslav/G-9025-2014 OI McAdoo, Dave/0000-0002-7533-5564; NR 10 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0949-7714 J9 J GEODESY JI J. Geodesy PD MAY PY 2006 VL 80 IS 2 BP 94 EP 103 DI 10.1007/s00190-006-0036-x PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing GA 042BS UT WOS:000237502700003 ER PT J AU Zhang, Y Xu, HHK Takagi, S Chow, LC AF Zhang, Y Xu, HHK Takagi, S Chow, LC TI In-situ hardening hydroxyapatite-based scaffold for bone repair SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE-MATERIALS IN MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID CALCIUM-PHOSPHATE CEMENT; POROUS HYDROXYAPATITE; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; GRAFT SUBSTITUTES; CANCELLOUS BONE; PORE-SIZE; CHITOSAN; POROSITY; VIVO; DIFFERENTIATION AB Musculoskeletal conditions are becoming a major health concern because of an aging population and sports- and traffic-related injuries. While sintered hydroxyapatite implants require machining, calcium phosphate cement (CPC) bone repair material is moldable, self-hardens in situ, and has excellent osteoconductivity. In the present work, new approaches for developing strong and macroporous scaffolds of CPC were tested. Relationships were determined between scaffold porosity and strength, elastic modulus and fracture toughness. A biocompatible and biodegradable polymer (chitosan) and a water-soluble porogen (mannitol) were incorporated into CPC: Chitosan to make the material stronger, fast-setting and anti-washout; and mannitol to create macropores. Flexural strength, elastic modulus, and fracture toughness were measured as functions of mannitol mass fraction in CPC from 0% to 75%. After mannitol dissolution in a physiological solution, macropores were formed in CPC in the shapes of the original entrapped mannitol crystals, with diameters of 50 mu m to 200 mu m for cell infiltration and bone ingrowth. The resulting porosity in CPC ranged from 34.4% to 83.3% volume fraction. At 70.2% porosity, the hydroxyapatite scaffold possessed flexural strength (mean +/- sd; n = 6) of (2.5 +/- 0.2) MPa and elastic modulus of (0.71 +/- 0.10) GPa. These Values were within the range for sintered porous hydroxyapatite and cancellous bone. Predictive equations were established by regression power-law fitting to the measured data (R-2 > 0.98) that described the relationships between scaffold porosity and strength, elastic modulus and fracture toughness. In conclusion, a new graft composition was developed that could be delivered during surgery in the form of a paste to harden in situ in the bone site to form macroporous hydroxyapatite. Compared to conventional CPC without macropores, the increased macroporosity of the new apatite scaffold may help facilitate implant fixation and tissue ingrowth. C1 NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Xu, HHK (reprint author), NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM hockin.xu@nist.gov FU NIDCR NIH HHS [DE11789, DE14190] NR 46 TC 37 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 20 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0957-4530 J9 J MATER SCI-MATER M JI J. Mater. Sci.-Mater. Med. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 17 IS 5 BP 437 EP 445 DI 10.1007/s10856-006-8471-z PG 9 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 041RF UT WOS:000237472700007 PM 16688584 ER PT J AU Kirkpatrick, R Masiello, T Weber, A Nibler, JW AF Kirkpatrick, R Masiello, T Weber, A Nibler, JW TI Coherent Raman spectra of the nu(1) mode of (BF3)-B-10 and (BF3)-B-11 SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE coherent Raman spectroscopy; CARS spectroscopy; rovibrational spectrum; high resolution; ab initio; boron trifluoride; boron-10; boron-11 ID SYMMETRIC TOP MOLECULES; RESOLUTION INFRARED-SPECTRUM; SPIN STATISTICAL WEIGHTS; CARS SPECTRUM; 2-NU(3) BANDS; POINT-GROUPS; HOT BANDS; (SO3)-S-32-O-16; (SO3)-S-34-O-16; NU(2) AB High resolution (0.001 cm(-1)) coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) was used to directly examine the nu(1) symmetric stretching mode of the planar symmetric D-3h, molecules (BF3)-B-10 and (BF3)-B-11. Simulations of the spectra were done using nu(1) rovibrational parameters deduced from published infrared hot-band and difference-band studies and the close similarity to the observed CARS spectra confirms the validity of the infrared constants. No significant perturbations by Fermi resonance or Coriolis interactions with nearby states are observed, in marked contrast to the case of sulfur trioxide, a similar D-3h molecule recently studied. In the harmonic approximation. the (BF3)-B-10 and (BF3)-B-11 nu(1) Q-branches would be identical since the isotopic Substitution is at the center of mass but, interestingly, the nu(1) stretching frequency for (BF3)-B-11 is found to be 0.198 cm(-1) higher than for the lighter (BF3)-B-10 isotopomer. This counterintuitive result is reproduced almost exactly (0.200 cm(-1)) by ab initio calculations (B3LYP/cc-pVTZ) that included evaluation of cubic and quartic force constants and x(ij) anharmonicity constants. The ab initio computations also predict to within 1% the Delta B, Delta C changes in the rotational constants in going from the ground state to the nu(1) = 1 vibrational level. The results illustrate nicely the complementary interplay of modern infrared. Raman. and ab initio methods in obtaining and analyzing rovibrational spectra. (C) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Chem, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Nibler, JW (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Chem, Gilbert Hall 153, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM Niblerj@chem.orst.edu RI Young, Nigel/B-5472-2010 NR 29 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2852 J9 J MOL SPECTROSC JI J. Mol. Spectrosc. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 237 IS 1 BP 97 EP 103 DI 10.1016/j.jms.2006.03.003 PG 7 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 045LO UT WOS:000237743800012 ER PT J AU Bowen, C Lee, RW Ralchenko, Y AF Bowen, C Lee, RW Ralchenko, Y TI Comparing plasma population kinetics codes: Review of the NLTE-3 Kinetics Workshop SO JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER LA English DT Review DE atomic physics; atomic spectra; ionization equilibrium; NLTE population kinetics ID MODEL; RECOMBINATION; OPACITIES; IONS; NI AB Comparison of plasma population kinetics codes, which has become an important tool for their testing and verification, was the subject of the third Non-LTE Code Comparison Workshop held at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in December 2003. The motivations for the workshop are presented here, together with its technical organization. The cases studied range from carbon to gold, and include both steady-state and time-dependent calculations. The set of results represents the current capabilities in kinetics modeling, and illustrates the effectiveness of this workshop approach to code comparisons. It was found that good agreement between codes and with experiments is observed near closed shells, but significant differences exist otherwise, or when density effects are important. On a more general level, we discuss how to meaningfully compare kinetics data. We conclude with plans for the next workshop and for a kinetics database. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 CEA, DIF, F-91680 Bruyeres Le Chatel, France. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP CEA, DIF, BP 12, F-91680 Bruyeres Le Chatel, France. EM christopher.bowen@cea.fr RI Ralchenko, Yuri/E-9297-2016 OI Ralchenko, Yuri/0000-0003-0083-9554 NR 27 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-4073 EI 1879-1352 J9 J QUANT SPECTROSC RA JI J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. PD MAY-JUN PY 2006 VL 99 IS 1-3 BP 102 EP 119 DI 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2005.05.008 PG 18 WC Optics; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Spectroscopy GA 009KR UT WOS:000235111300009 ER PT J AU Ralchenko, Y AF Ralchenko, Y TI A guide to Internet atomic databases for hot plasmas SO JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER LA English DT Article DE atomic data; atomic databases; Internet; online calculations; hot plasmas AB Internet atomic databases are nowadays considered to be the primary tool for dissemination of atomic data. We present here a review of numerical and bibliographic databases of importance for diagnostics of hot plasmas. Special attention is given to new and emerging trends, such as online calculation of various atomic parameters. The recently updated NIST databases are presented in detail. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ralchenko, Y (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM yuri.ralchenko@nist.gov RI Ralchenko, Yuri/E-9297-2016 OI Ralchenko, Yuri/0000-0003-0083-9554 NR 9 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-4073 J9 J QUANT SPECTROSC RA JI J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. PD MAY-JUN PY 2006 VL 99 IS 1-3 BP 499 EP 510 DI 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2005.05.040 PG 12 WC Optics; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Spectroscopy GA 009KR UT WOS:000235111300043 ER PT J AU Seely, JF Back, CA Constantin, C Lee, RW Chung, HK Hudson, LT Szabo, CI Henins, A Holland, GE Atkin, R Marlin, L AF Seely, JF Back, CA Constantin, C Lee, RW Chung, HK Hudson, LT Szabo, CI Henins, A Holland, GE Atkin, R Marlin, L TI Krypton K-shell X-ray spectra recorded by the HENEX spectrometer SO JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER LA English DT Article DE X-ray spectra; K-shell transitions; krypton; Laue geometry; crystal spectrometer ID LASER AB High-resolution X-ray spectra were recorded by the High-Energy Electronic X-ray (HENEX) spectrometer from a variety of targets irradiated by the Omega laser at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics. The HENEX spectrometer utilizes four reflection crystals covering the 1-20 keV energy range and one quartz(10-11) transmission crystal (Laue geometry) covering the 11-40 keV range. The time-integrated spectral images were recorded on five CMOS X-ray detectors. In the spectra recorded from krypton-filled gasbag and hohlraum targets, the helium-like K-shell transitions n = 1-2, 1-3, and 1-4 appeared in the 13-17 keV energy range. A number of additional spectral features were observed at energies lower than the helium-like n = 1-3 and n = 1-4 transitions. Based on computational simulations of the spectra using the FLYCHK/FLYSPEC codes, which included opacity effects, these additional features are identified to be inner-shell transitions from the Li-like through N-like krypton charge states. The comparisons of the calculated and observed spectra indicate that these transitions are characteristic of the plasma conditions immediately after the laser pulse when the krypton density is 2 x 10(18) cm(-3) and the electron temperature is in the range 2.8-3.2 keV. These spectral features represent a new diagnostic for the charge state distribution, the density and electron temperature, and the plasma opacity. Laboratory experiments indicate that it is feasible to record K-shell spectra from gold and higher Z targets in the > 60 keV energy range using a Ge(2 2 0) transmission crystal. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 USN, Res Lab, Div Space Sci, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. SFA Inc, Largo, MD 20774 USA. Tiger Innovat LLC, Arlington, VA 22207 USA. RP Seely, JF (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Div Space Sci, Washington, DC 20375 USA. EM john.seely@nrl.navy.mil NR 7 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-4073 J9 J QUANT SPECTROSC RA JI J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. PD MAY-JUN PY 2006 VL 99 IS 1-3 BP 572 EP 583 DI 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2005.05.046 PG 12 WC Optics; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Spectroscopy GA 009KR UT WOS:000235111300049 ER PT J AU Cresswell, MW Guthrie, WF Dixson, RG Allen, RA Murabito, CE De Pinillos, JVM AF Cresswell, Michael W. Guthrie, William F. Dixson, Ronald G. Allen, Richard A. Murabito, Christine E. Martinez De Pinillos, J. V. TI RM 8111: Development of a prototype linewidth standard SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE AFM; calibration; CD; dimensional standards; HRTEM; lattice-plane selective etch; linewidth; metrology; SCCDRM; reference materials; single-crystal silicon; traceability; uncertainty ID FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS; CODATA RECOMMENDED VALUES; ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; REFERENCE METROLOGY; CD-AFM AB Staffs of the Semiconductor Electronics Division, the Information Technology Laboratory, and the Precision Engineering Laboratory at NIST, have developed a new generation of prototype Single-Crystal CD (Critical Dimension) Reference (SCCDRM) Materials with the designation RM 8111. Their intended use is calibrating metrology instruments that are used in semiconductor manufacturing. Each reference material is configured as a 10 mm x 11 mm silicon test-structure chip that is mounted in a 200 mm silicon carrier wafer. The fabrication of both the chip and the carrier wafer uses the type of lattice-plane-selective etching that is commonly employed in the fabrication of micro electro-mechanical systems devices. The certified CDs of the reference features are determined from Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) measurements that are referenced to high-resolution transmission-electron microscopy images that reveal the cross-section counts of lattice planes having a pitch whose value is traceable to the SI meter. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cresswell, MW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM michael.cresswell@nist.gov; william.guthrie@nist.gov; ronald.dixson@nist.gov; richard.allen@nist.gov; christine.murabito@nist.gov; joaquin.martinez@nist.gov NR 18 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 9 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAY-JUN PY 2006 VL 111 IS 3 BP 187 EP 203 DI 10.6028/jres.111.016 PG 17 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 062SK UT WOS:000238964600001 PM 27274928 ER PT J AU Almeida, JL Wang, LL Morrow, JB Cole, KD AF Almeida, Jamie L. Wang, Lili Morrow, Jayne B. Cole, Kenneth D. TI Requirements for the development of Bacillus anthracis spore reference materials used to test detection systems SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE anthrax; Bacillus anthracis; bacteria; biological threat; detection; reference materials; spores ID REAL-TIME PCR; POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; SAMPLE PREPARATION METHOD; RPOB SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; COLLAGEN-LIKE REGION; RAPID DETECTION; DNA-SEQUENCE; CEREUS GROUP; IDENTIFICATION; EXOSPORIUM AB Bacillus anthracis spores have been used as biological weapons and the possibility of their further use requires surveillance systems that can accurately and reliably detect their presence in the environment. These systems must collect samples from a variety of matrices, process the samples, and detect the spores. The processing of the sample may include removal of inhibitors, concentration of the target, and extraction of the target in a form suitable for detection. Suitable reference materials will allow the testing of each of these steps to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the detection systems. The development of uniform and well-characterized reference materials will allow the comparison of different devices and technologies as well as assure the continued performance of detection systems. This paper discusses the special requirements of reference materials for Bacillus anthracis spores that could be used for testing detection systems. The detection of Bacillus anthracis spores is based on recognition of specific characteristics (markers) on either the spore surface or in the nucleic acids (DNA). We have reviewed the specific markers and their relevance to characterization of reference materials. We have also included the approach for the characterization of candidate reference materials that we are developing at the NIST laboratories. Additional applications of spore reference materials would include testing sporicidal treatments, techniques for sampling the environment, and remediation of spore-contaminated environments. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biochem Sci, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Almeida, JL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biochem Sci, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jamie.almeida@nist.gov; lili.wang@nist.gov; jayne.morrow@nist.gov; kenneth.cole@nist.gov NR 76 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 9 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAY-JUN PY 2006 VL 111 IS 3 BP 205 EP 217 DI 10.6028/jres.111.017 PG 13 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 062SK UT WOS:000238964600002 PM 27274929 ER PT J AU Jach, T Bakulin, AS Durbin, SM Pedulla, J Macrander, A AF Jach, Terrence Bakulin, Alex S. Durbin, Stephen M. Pedulla, Joseph Macrander, Albert TI Variable magnification with Kirkpatrick-Baez optics for synchrotron x-ray microscopy SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE diffraction limit; Kirkpatrick-Baez; microscopy; multilayer mirror; x-ray optics ID PLASMAS AB We describe the distinction between the operation of a short focal length x-ray microscope forming a real image with a laboratory source (convergent illumination) and with a highly collimated intense beam from a synchrotron light source (Kohler illumination). We demonstrate the distinction with a Kirkpatrick-Baez microscope consisting of short focal length multilayer mirrors operating at an energy of 8 keV. In addition to realizing improvements in the resolution of the optics, the synchrotron radiation microscope is not limited to the usual single magnification at a fixed image plane. Higher magnification images are produced by projection in the limit of geometrical optics with a collimated beam. However, in distinction to the common method of placing the sample behind the optical source of a diverging beam, we describe the situation in which the sample is located in the collimated beam before the optical element. The ultimate limits of this magnification result from diffraction by the specimen and are determined by the sample position relative to the focal point of the optic. We present criteria by which the diffraction is minimized. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Phys, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. J Pedulla Associates, Silver Spring, MD 20906 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Jach, T (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM terrence.jach@nist.gov NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 5 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAY-JUN PY 2006 VL 111 IS 3 BP 219 EP 225 DI 10.6028/jres.111.018 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 062SK UT WOS:000238964600003 PM 27274930 ER PT J AU Yuan, J Mills, KL AF Yuan, Jian Mills, Kevin L. TI Simulating timescale dynamics of network traffic using homogeneous modeling SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE correlation structure; modeling; network traffic; simulation; wavelet-based analysis AB Simulating and understanding traffic dynamics in large networks are difficult and challenging due to the complexity of such networks and the limitations inherent in simulation modeling. Typically, simulation models used to study traffic dynamics include substantial detail representing protocol mechanisms across several layers of functionality. Such models must be restricted in space and time in order to be computationally tractable. We propose an alternative simulation approach that uses homogeneous modeling with an increased level of abstraction, in order to explore networks at larger space-time scales than otherwise feasible and to develop intuition and insight about the space-time dynamics of large networks. To illustrate the utility of our approach, we examine some current understandings of the timescale dynamics of network traffic, and we discuss some speculative results obtained with homogeneous modeling. Using a wavelet-based technique, we show correlation structures, and changes in correlation structures, of network traffic under variations in traffic sources, transport mechanisms, and network structure. Our simulation results justify further investigation of our approach, which might benefit from cross-verifications against more detailed simulation models. C1 Tsinghua Univ, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Yuan, J (reprint author), Tsinghua Univ, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. EM jyuan@tsinghua.edu.cn; kmills@nist.gov NR 25 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 5 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAY-JUN PY 2006 VL 111 IS 3 BP 227 EP 242 DI 10.6028/jres.111.019 PG 16 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 062SK UT WOS:000238964600004 PM 27274931 ER PT J AU Geist, J Afridi, MY Varma, A Hefner, AR AF Geist, Jon Afridi, M. Yaqub Varma, Ankush Hefner, Allen R. TI Simple thermal-efficiency model for CMOS-microhotplate design SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CMOS; low-voltage; MEMS; microhotplate; model; sub-micron AB Simple, semi-empirical, first-order, analytic approximations to the current, voltage, and power as a function of microhotplate temperature are derived. To lowest order, the voltage is independent of, and the power and current are inversely proportional to, the length of the microhotplate heater legs. A first-order design strategy based on this result is described. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Geist, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jon.geist@ieee.org; afridi@nist.gov; allen.hefner@nist.gov OI Geist, Jon/0000-0001-7749-318X NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAY-JUN PY 2006 VL 111 IS 3 BP 243 EP 253 DI 10.6028/jres.111.020 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 062SK UT WOS:000238964600005 PM 27274932 ER PT J AU Itano, WM AF Itano, Wayne M. TI External-field shifts of the Hg-199(+) optical frequency standard (vol 105, pg 829, 2000) SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Correction C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Itano, WM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM wayne.itano@boulder.nist.gov NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAY-JUN PY 2006 VL 111 IS 3 BP 255 EP 255 DI 10.6028/jres.111.021 PG 1 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 062SK UT WOS:000238964600006 PM 27274933 ER PT J AU Fanney, AH Davis, MW Dougherty, BP King, DL Boyson, WE Kratochvil, JA AF Fanney, AH Davis, MW Dougherty, BP King, DL Boyson, WE Kratochvil, JA TI Comparison of photovoltaic module performance measurements SO JOURNAL OF SOLAR ENERGY ENGINEERING-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article ID CURRENT-VOLTAGE CURVE; PANELS AB Computer simulation tools used to predict the energy production of photovoltaic systems are needed in order to make informed economic decisions. These tools require input parameters that characterize module performance under various operational and environmental conditions. Depending upon the complexity of the simulation model, the required input parameters call van, from the limited information found oil labels affixed to photovoltaic modules to all extensive set of parameters. The required input parameters are normally obtained indoors using a solar simulator or flash tester, or Measured outdoors under natural sunlight. This paper compares measured performance parameters for three photovoltaic modules tested outdoors at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and Sandia National Laboratories (SNL). Two of the three modules were custom fabricated using monocrystalline and silicon film cells. The third, a commercially available module, utilized triple-junction amorphous silicon cells. The resulting data allow a comparison to be made between performance parameters measured at two laboratories with differing geographical locations and apparatus. This paper describes the apparatus used to collect the experimental data, test procedures utilized, and resulting performance parameters for each of the three modules. Using a computer simulation model, the impact that differences in measured parameters have oil predicted energy production, is quantified. Data presented for each module includes power output at standard rating conditions and the influence of incident angle, air mass, and module temperature oil each module electrical performance. Measurements from the two laboratories are in excellent agreement. The power at standard rating conditions is within 1% for all three modules. Although the magnitude of the individual temperature coefficients varied as much as 17% between the two laboratories, the impact oil predicted performance at various temperature levels was minimal, less than 2%. The influence of air mass on the performance of the three modules measured at the laboratories was in excellent agreement. The largest difference in measured results between the two laboratories was noted in the response of the modules to incident angles that exceed 75 deg. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Fanney, AH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Hunter.Fanney@nist.gov NR 26 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 10 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0199-6231 J9 J SOL ENERG-T ASME JI J. Sol. Energy Eng. Trans.-ASME PD MAY PY 2006 VL 128 IS 2 BP 152 EP 159 DI 10.1115/1.2192559 PG 8 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Mechanical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 041HS UT WOS:000237446000005 ER PT J AU Wong-Ng, W Haugan, T Kaduk, JA Young, RA Yang, Z Jang, MH Luong, M AF Wong-Ng, W Haugan, T Kaduk, JA Young, RA Yang, Z Jang, MH Luong, M TI Crystal chemistry and crystallography of the SrR2CuO5 (R = lanthanides) phases SO JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE crystal chemistry of SrR2CuO5 (R = lanthanides) ID BOND-VALENCE PARAMETERS; EFFECTIVE IONIC-RADII; CU-O; EQUILIBRIA; OXIDES; SYSTEM; DEPOSITION; FILMS; AIR AB The crystal chemistry and crystallography of the Compounds SrR2CuO5 (Sr-121, R = lanthanides) were investigated using the powder X-ray Rietveld refinement technique. Among the 11 compositions studied, only R = Dy and Ho formed the stable SrR2CuO5 phase. SrR2CuO5 was found to be isostructural with the "green phase". BaR2CuO5. The basic structure is orthorhombic with space group Pinna. The lattice parameters for SrDyCuO5 are a = 12.08080(6) angstrom, b = 5.60421(2) angstrom, c = 7.12971(3) angstrom, V = 482.705(4) angstrom(3), and Z = 8; and for the Ho analog are a = 12.03727(12)angstrom, b = 5.58947(7) angstrom, c = 7.10169(7) angstrom, V = 477.816(9) angstrom(3), and Z = 8. In the SrR2CuO5 structure, each R is surrounded by seven oxygen atoms, Forming a monocapped trigonal prism (RO7). The isolated CuO5 group forms it distorted square pyramid. Consecutive layers of prisms are stacked in the b-direction. Bond valence calculations imply that residual strain is largely responsible for the narrow stability of the SrR2CuO5 phases with R = Dy and Ho only. X-ray powder reference diffraction patterns for SrDy2CuO5 and SrHo2CuO5 were determined. (C) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. AFRL, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. BP Chem, Naperville, IL 60566 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Dept Phys, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Chem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Wong-Ng, W (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, A256 MATLS,100 Bur Dr,Stop 8520, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Winnie.wong-ng@nist.gov NR 29 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-4596 J9 J SOLID STATE CHEM JI J. Solid State Chem. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 179 IS 5 BP 1588 EP 1595 DI 10.1016/j.jssc.2006.01.079 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 042LG UT WOS:000237528900044 ER PT J AU Abdulagatov, IM Azizov, ND AF Abdulagatov, Ilmutdin M. Azizov, Nazim D. TI Experimental study of the effect of temperature, pressure and concentration on the viscosity of aqueous NaBr solutions SO JOURNAL OF SOLUTION CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE aqueous solution; B-coefficient; capillary viscometer; sodium bromide; viscosity; water ID ELECTROLYTE-SOLUTIONS; B-COEFFICIENTS; 30 MPA; CONCENTRATION-DEPENDENCE; MODELING VISCOSITY; MOLAR VOLUMES; 573 K; CHLORIDES; CONDUCTANCE; MIXTURES AB The viscosity of 10 (0.049, 0.205, 0.464, 0.564, 0.820, 1.105, 1.496, 2.007, 2.382, and 2.961 mol . kg(-1)) binary aqueous NaBr solutions has been measured with a capillary-flow technique. Measurements were made at pressures up to 40 MPa. The range of temperature was 288-595 K. The total uncertainty of viscosity, pressure, temperature and composition measurements were estimated to be less than 1.6%, 0.05%, 15 mK, and 0.02%, respectively. The effect of temperature, pressure, and concentration on the viscosity of binary aqueous NaBr solutions were studied. The measured values of the viscosity of NaBr(aq) were compared with data, predictions and correlations reported in the literature. The temperature and pressure coefficients of viscosity of NaBr(aq) were studied as a function of concentration and temperature. The viscosity data have been interpreted in terms of the extended Jones-Dole equation for the relative viscosity (eta/eta o) to calculate accurately the values of viscosity A- and B-coefficients as a function of temperature. The derived values of the viscosity A- and B-coefficients were compared with the results predicted by the Falkenhagen-Dole theory of electrolyte solutions and calculated with the ionic B-coefficient data. The physical meaning parameters V and E in the absolute rate theory of the viscosity and hydrodynamic molar volume V-k were calculated using the present experimental viscosity data. The TTG model has been used to compare predicted values of the viscosity of NaBr(aq) solutions with experimental values at high pressures. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Inst Geothermal Problems, Makhachkala 367003, Dagestan, Russia. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Azerbaijan State Oil Acad, Baku 370601, Azerbaijan. RP Abdulagatov, IM (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Inst Geothermal Problems, Shamilya Str 39-A, Makhachkala 367003, Dagestan, Russia. EM ilmutdin@boulder.nist.gov NR 90 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0095-9782 J9 J SOLUTION CHEM JI J. Solut. Chem. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 35 IS 5 BP 705 EP 738 DI 10.1007/s10953-006-9020-6 PG 34 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 067NU UT WOS:000239310700006 ER PT J AU Ma, L Low, SR Fink, J AF Ma, L Low, SR Fink, J TI Effects of steel and tungsten carbide ball indenters on Rockwell hardness measurements SO JOURNAL OF TESTING AND EVALUATION LA English DT Article DE ball indenter; finite element analysis; Rockwell hardness test ID FINITE-ELEMENT-ANALYSIS; DEFORMABLE INDENTER; INDENTATION AB The Rockwell hardness (HR) test is a valuable and widely used indentation hardness test for evaluating mechanical properties of metallic materials. For the Rockwell scales that use a ball indenter, either a steel or tungsten carbide (WC) ball indenter is permitted to be used in the current standards of ASTM International and the International Organization for Standardization. However, significant differences occur in Rockwell hardness tests depending on whether the ball indenter that is used is made of steel or WC. In this paper, finite element analysis is used to simulate the HR indentation process using steel and WC ball indenters on the same test materials under the same testing conditions. The effects of four different sizes of steel and WC ball indenters on different Rockwell hardness scales are studied and compared with the experimental tests. This study provides important approximations of differences between the performance of steel and WC Rockwell hardness indenters. C1 Kent State Univ, Kent, OH 44242 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ma, L (reprint author), Kent State Univ, Kent, OH 44242 USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC TESTING MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DR, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 0090-3973 J9 J TEST EVAL JI J. Test. Eval. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 34 IS 3 BP 187 EP 199 PG 13 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA 038YY UT WOS:000237267000006 ER PT J AU Splett, JD Wang, CM AF Splett, JD Wang, CM TI Uncertainty in reference values for the Charpy V-notch verification program SO JOURNAL OF TESTING AND EVALUATION LA English DT Article DE Charpy V-notch; impact certification program; impact testing; ISO GUM; notched-bar testing; reference specimens; uncertainty AB We present a method for computing the combined standard uncertainty for reference values used in the Charpy machine verification program administered by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The technique is compliant with the ISO Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement and models the between-machine bias using a Type B distribution. We demonstrate the method using actual data from the Charpy machine verification program. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Splett, JD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC TESTING MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DR, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 0090-3973 J9 J TEST EVAL JI J. Test. Eval. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 34 IS 3 BP 237 EP 240 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA 038YY UT WOS:000237267000012 ER PT J AU Vecherin, SN Ostashev, VE Goedecke, GH Wilson, DK Voronovich, AG AF Vecherin, SN Ostashev, VE Goedecke, GH Wilson, DK Voronovich, AG TI Time-dependent stochastic inversion in acoustic travel-time tomography of the atmosphere SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SURFACE-LAYER; TURBULENT MEDIUM; BOUNDARY-LAYER; SPECTRUM; WAVES; PLANE AB Stochastic inversion is a well known technique for the solution of inverse problems in tomography. It employs the idea that the propagation medium may be represented as random with it known spatial covariance Function. In this paper, a generalization of the stochastic inverse for acoustic travel-time tomography of the atmosphere is developed. The atmospheric inhomogeneities are considered to be random. not only in space but also ill time. This allows one to incorporate tomographic data (travel times) obtained at different times to estimate the state of the propagation given time by using spatial -temporal covariance functions of atmospheric medium at any turbulence. This increases the amount of data without increasing, the number Of sources and/Or receivers. A numerical simulation for two-dimensional travel-time acoustic tomography of the atmosphere is performed in which travel times between sources to receivers are calculated. given the temperature and wind velocity fields. These travel times are used as data for reconstructing the original fields Using both the ordinary stochastic inversion and the proposed time-dependent stochastic inversion algorithms. The time-dependent stochastic Inversion produces a good match to the specified temperature and wind velocity fields, with average errors about half those of the ordinary stochastic inverse. (c) 2006 Acoustical Society of America. C1 New Mexico State Univ, Dept Phys, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. USA, Engineer Res & Dev Ctr, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. RP Vecherin, SN (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, Dept Phys, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RI Wilson, D. Keith/A-4687-2012 OI Wilson, D. Keith/0000-0002-8020-6871 NR 27 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 3 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 119 IS 5 BP 2579 EP 2588 DI 10.1121/1.2180535 PN 1 PG 10 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 041ME UT WOS:000237459500004 ER PT J AU Schichtel, BA Malm, WC Pitchford, ML AF Schichtel, BA Malm, WC Pitchford, ML TI Critique of "Precipitation in light extinction reconstruction" by P.A. Ryan SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB The goal of the Regional Haze Rule (RHR) is to return visibility in class I areas (CIAs) to natural levels, excluding weather-related events, by 2064. Whereas visibility, the seeing of scenic vistas, is a near instantaneous and sight-path-dependent phenomenon, reasonable progress toward the RHR goal is assessed by tracking the incremental changes in 5-yr average visibility. Visibility is assessed using a haze metric estimated from 24-hr average aerosol measurements that are made at one location representative of the CIA. It is assumed that, over the 5-yr average, the aerosol loadings and relative humidity along all of the site paths are the same and can be estimated from the 24-hr measurements. It is further assumed that any time a site path may be obscured by weather (e.g., clouds and precipitation), there are other site paths within the CIA that are not. Therefore, when calculating the haze metric, sampling days are not filtered for weather conditions. This assumption was tested by examining precipitation data from multiple monitors for four CIAs. It is shown that, in general, precipitation did not concurrently occur at all monitors for a CIA, and precipitation typically occurred 3-8 hr or less in a day. In a recent paper in this journal, Ryan asserts that the haze metric should include contributions from precipitation and conducted a quantitative assessment incorrectly based on the assumption that the Optec NGN-2 nephelometer measurements include the effects of precipitation. However, these instruments are programmed to shut down during rain events, and any data logged are in error. He further assumes that precipitation occurs as often on the haziest days as the clearest days and that precipitation light scattering (b(precip)) is independent of geographic location and applied an average b(precip) derived for Great Smoky Mountains to diverse locations including the Grand Canyon. Both of these assumptions are shown to be in error. C1 Colorado State Univ, Natl Pk Serv, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Air Resources Lab, Las Vegas, NV USA. RP Schichtel, BA (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Natl Pk Serv, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM Schichtel@cira.colostate.edu NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 56 IS 5 BP 539 EP 546 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 040IK UT WOS:000237372000001 PM 16739789 ER PT J AU Touma, JS Isakov, V Ching, J Seigneur, C AF Touma, JS Isakov, V Ching, J Seigneur, C TI Air quality modeling of hazardous pollutants: Current status and future directions SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID DISPERSION MODEL; GRID MODEL; PREDICTIONS; EMISSIONS AB The current requirements and status of air quality modeling of hazardous pollutants are reviewed. Many applications require the ability to predict the local impacts from industrial sources or large roadways as needed for community health characterization and evaluating environmental justice concerns. Such local-scale modeling assessments can be performed by using Gaussian dispersion models. However, these models have a limited ability to handle chemical transformations. A new generation of Eulerian grid-based models is now capable of comprehensively treating transport and chemical transformations of air toxics. However, they typically have coarse spatial resolution, and their computational requirements increase dramatically with finer spatial resolution. The authors present and discuss possible advanced approaches that can combine the grid-based models with local-scale information. C1 NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Atmospher & Environm Res Inc, San Ramon, CA USA. RP Touma, JS (reprint author), NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. EM Touma.Joe@epa.gov NR 32 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 7 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 56 IS 5 BP 547 EP 558 PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 040IK UT WOS:000237372000002 PM 16739790 ER PT J AU Isakov, V Venkatram, A AF Isakov, V Venkatram, A TI Resolving neighborhood scale in air toxics modeling: A case study in Wilmington, CA SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID ULTRAFINE PARTICLES; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; MAJOR HIGHWAY; DISPERSION; UNCERTAINTY; EMISSIONS AB Air quality modeling is useful for characterizing exposures to air pollutants. Whereas models typically provide results on regional scales, new concerns regarding the potential for differential exposures among racial/ethnic populations and income strata within communities are driving the need for increasingly refined modeling approaches. These approaches need to be capable of resolving concentrations on the scale of tens of meters, across modeling domains 10-100 km(2) in size. One approach for refined air quality modeling is to combine Gaussian and regional photochemical grid models. In this paper, the authors demonstrate this approach on a case study of Wilmington, CA, focused on diesel exhaust particulate matter. Modeling results suggest that pollutant concentrations in the vicinity of emission sources are elevated, and, therefore, an understanding of local emission sources is necessary to generate credible modeling results. A probabilistic evaluation of the Gaussian model application indicated that spatial allocation, emission rates, and meteorological data are important contributors to input and parameter uncertainty in the model results. This uncertainty can be substantially reduced through the collection and integration of site-specific information about the location of emission sources and the activity and emission rates of key sources affecting model concentrations. C1 NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP Isakov, V (reprint author), NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. EM Isakov.Vlad@epa.gov NR 22 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 56 IS 5 BP 559 EP 568 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 040IK UT WOS:000237372000003 PM 16739791 ER PT J AU Seo, CE Yoon, DY Wallace, JS Blendell, JE AF Seo, CE Yoon, DY Wallace, JS Blendell, JE TI Dependence of grain shape and growth on PT content in PbO-excess PMN-PT SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID EQUILIBRIUM CRYSTAL SHAPES; SUPPORTED METAL-CATALYSTS; PERCENT PBTIO3 CERAMICS; COARSENING BEHAVIOR; SINGLE-CRYSTALS; PARTICLE GROWTH; LIQUID; MATRIX; KINETICS; ACTUATORS AB When Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O-3 (PMN) with 40 wt% excess PbO is sintered at 1050 degrees C, the grains grow normally and have flat {100} surface segments with round edges. As PbTiO3 (PT) is added up to 8 mol%, the grain growth is still nearly normal, characterized by time invariant normalized size distributions, but the grain edges become more sharply curved. This normal growth behavior is consistent with relatively small surface step free energy as indicated by the round grain edges. As the PT content is increased above 10-35 mol%, the grain edges become sharp and abnormal grain growth occurs. This is consistent with the step free energy increasing with the PT content as indicated by the sharpening grain edges. C1 Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Taejon 305701, South Korea. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Seo, CE (reprint author), Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Taejon 305701, South Korea. EM mylight@kaist.ac.kr NR 39 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 89 IS 5 BP 1668 EP 1672 DI 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2006.00938.x PG 5 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 038VP UT WOS:000237257900031 ER PT J AU Williams, GP AF Williams, GP TI Equatorial superrotation and barotropic instability: Static stability variants SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION; PLANETARY CIRCULATIONS; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; DYNAMICS; MODELS AB Altering the tropospheric static stability changes the nature of the equatorial superrotation associated with unstable, low-latitude, westerly jets, according to calculations with a dry, global, multilevel. spectral, primitive equation model subject to a simple Newtonian heating function. For a low static stability, the superrotation fluxes with the simplest structure occur when the stratospheric extent and horizontal diffusion are minimal. Barotropic instability occurs on the jet's equatorward flank and baroclinic instability occurs on the jet's poleward flank. Systems with a high static stability inhibit the baroclinic instability and thereby reveal more clearly that the barotropic instability is the primary process driving the equatorial superrotation. Such systems produce a flatter equatorial jet and also take much longer to equilibrate than the standard atmospheric circulation. C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, GFDL, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Williams, GP (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, GFDL, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM Gareth.Williams@noaa.gov NR 15 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 63 IS 5 BP 1548 EP 1557 DI 10.1175/JAS3711.1 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 042VT UT WOS:000237559400013 ER PT J AU Hua, XF Kuo, MS Oehrlein, GS Lazzeri, P Iacob, E Anderle, M Inoki, CK Kuan, TS Jiang, P Wu, WL AF Hua, XF Kuo, MS Oehrlein, GS Lazzeri, P Iacob, E Anderle, M Inoki, CK Kuan, TS Jiang, P Wu, WL TI Damage of ultralow k materials during photoresist mask stripping process SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B LA English DT Article ID THIN-FILMS; NANOPOROUS SILICA; PLASMA; POLYMERS; DIELECTRICS; CHALLENGES; POROSITY AB Plasma-based ashing of photoresist masks after pattern transfer is a common processing step in the fabrication of integrated circuits. In this work we investigated damage mechanisms of nanoporous ultra low k (ULK) materials with different overall porosities due to the ashing process. Oxygen-, nitrogen- and hydrogen-based photoresiststripping using direct and remote plasma processes were examined. Ellipsometry, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were utilized to study the damage layer thickness, physical (pore morphology), and chemical modifications of the nanoporous silica thin films after exposure to the O-2-, N-2- or H-2-based ashing processes. As a result of the plasma exposure, carbon groups in nanoporous silica can be removed from the ULK layers which is also accompanied by material densification. We find severe ashing damage of ULK materials after O-2-based ashing using both direct and remote discharges. N-2 and H-2 discharges also damage ultralow k materials for direct plasma ashing processes which are accompanied by low energy ion bombardment of the substrates. The introduction rate and degree of the ULK materials modifications correlates with the overall porosity. We show that the pore interconnectivity is one of the key parameters that determine ashing damage. ULK damage is greatly reduced for remote N-2 or H-2 discharges, but the resist removal rates are impractically low if the substrate is at room temperature. We show that both acceptable photoresist stripping rates and ULK damage levels can be achieved for remote H-2 plasma ashing processes if the substrate temperature is 250 degrees C and higher. (c) 2006 American Vacuum Society. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Inst Res Elect & Appl Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. ITC irst, Ctr Sci & Technol Res, I-38050 Trento, Italy. SUNY Albany, Dept Phys, Albany, NY 12222 USA. Texas Instruments Inc, Dallas, TX 75243 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, MSEL, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Oehrlein, GS (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM xuefeng.hua@intel.com; oehrlein@glue.umd.edu OI Inoki, Carlos K./0000-0002-8536-1678 NR 27 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 2 U2 8 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 1071-1023 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL B JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B PD MAY-JUN PY 2006 VL 24 IS 3 BP 1238 EP 1247 DI 10.1116/1.2194947 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 060GH UT WOS:000238790000027 ER PT J AU Fortier, TM Bartels, A Diddams, SA AF Fortier, TM Bartels, A Diddams, SA TI Phase-stabilized ultrafast lasers signal new era in measurement and research SO LASER FOCUS WORLD LA English DT Article ID TI-SAPPHIRE LASER; GENERATION C1 Gigaoptics, D-78462 Constance, Germany. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM fortier@boulder.nist.gov RI Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013 NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU PENNWELL PUBL CO PI NASHUA PA 98 SPIT BROOK RD, NASHUA, NH 03062-2801 USA SN 1043-8092 J9 LASER FOCUS WORLD JI Laser Focus World PD MAY PY 2006 VL 42 IS 5 BP 65 EP + PG 4 WC Optics SC Optics GA 050IR UT WOS:000238081400029 ER PT J AU Caldarone, EM Clemmesen, CM Berdalet, E Miller, TJ Folkvord, A Holt, GJ Olivar, MP Suthers, IM AF Caldarone, Elaine M. Clemmesen, Catriona M. Berdalet, Elisa Miller, Thomas J. Folkvord, Arild Holt, G. Joan Olivar, M. Pilar Suthers, Iain M. TI Intercalibration of four spectrofluorometric protocols for measuring RNA/DNA ratios in larval and juvenile fish SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY-METHODS LA English DT Article ID COD GADUS-MORHUA; RNA-DNA RATIO; HADDOCK MELANOGRAMMUS-AEGLEFINUS; ACID-BASED INDICATORS; SYBR-GREEN-II; NUCLEIC-ACID; ATLANTIC COD; NUTRITIONAL CONDITION; PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; GROWTH-RATE AB The ratio of tissue RNA to DNA (R/D) is a widely used index of recent growth and nutritional condition in larval and juvenile fish. To date, however, no standard technique for measuring nucleic acids has been adopted. Because methodological details can affect the estimate of R/D, researchers using different analytical protocols have been unable to compare ratios directly. Here, we report on the results of an international interlaboratory calibration of 4 spectrofluorometric protocols to quantify nucleic acids. Replicate sets of 5 tissue samples and 2 standards ( common standards) were supplied to each of 5 researchers for analysis with their own methods and standards. Two approaches were evaluated for mitigating the observed differences in values: 1) the use of common nucleic acid standards and 2) standardizing to a common slope ratio ( slope of DNA standard curve/slope of RNA standard curve or m(DNA)/m(RNA)). Adopting common standards slightly reduced the variability among protocols but did not overcome the problem. When tissue R/Ds were standardized based on a common m(DNA)/m(RNA) slope ratio, the variance attributed to analytical protocol decreased dramatically from 57.1% to 3.4%. We recommend that the ratio of the slopes of the standard curves be provided to facilitate intercomparability of R/D results among laboratories using different spectrofluorometric methods for the analysis of nucleic acids in fish. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Narragansett Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Kiel Univ IFM GEOMAR, Leibniz Inst Marie Sci, Kiel, Germany. CSIC, Inst Ciencias Mar, CMIMA, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain. Univ Maryland, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Ctr Environm Sci, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. Univ Bergen, Dept Biol, Bergen, Norway. Univ Texas, Inst Marine Sci, Pt Aransas, TX USA. Univ New S Wales, Sch Biol Sci, Sydney, NSW, Australia. RP Caldarone, EM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Narragansett Lab, 28 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RI Miller, Thomas/C-2129-2008; Suthers, Iain/C-4559-2008; Clemmesen, Catriona/B-1480-2014; BERDALET, ELISA/K-6956-2014; OI Miller, Thomas/0000-0001-8427-1614; Suthers, Iain/0000-0002-9340-7461; Clemmesen, Catriona/0000-0003-4102-7341; BERDALET, ELISA/0000-0003-1123-9706; Folkvord, Arild/0000-0002-4763-0590 NR 41 TC 70 Z9 74 U1 2 U2 22 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR-METH JI Limnol. Oceanogr. Meth. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 4 BP 153 EP 163 PG 11 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 070AP UT WOS:000239493000003 ER PT J AU Stapleton, HM Dodder, NG Kucklick, JR Reddy, CM Schantz, MM Becker, PR Gulland, F Porter, BJ Wise, SA AF Stapleton, H. M. Dodder, N. G. Kucklick, J. R. Reddy, C. M. Schantz, M. M. Becker, P. R. Gulland, F. Porter, B. J. Wise, S. A. TI Determination of HBCD, PBDEs and MeO-BDEs in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) stranded between 1993 and 2003 SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE HBCD; PBDE; flame retardants; California sea lions ID POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS; BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; NORTH-SEA; FOOD-WEB; ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES; NATURAL-PRODUCTS; BALTIC SEA; HEXABROMOCYCLODODECANE; IDENTIFICATION AB Blubber samples from male California sea lions (Zalphophus californianus) stranded between 1993 and 2003 were analyzed for 27 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, three isomers of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and 14 methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ether (MeO-BDE) congeners. Total PBDEs ranged from 450 ng/g to 4740 ng/g wet mass and total HBCD ranged from < 0.3 ng/g to 12 ng/g wet mass. The concentration of HBCD increased from 0.7 ng/g to 12.0 ng/g wet mass in sea lion blubber between 1993 and 2003. However, no significant temporal trend was observed for any of the other brominated compounds over this 10 year period. Only one of the 14 MeO-BDE congeners was detected in the blubber samples, 6-methoxy-2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (6-MeO-BDE 47), and concentrations ranged from < 0.2 ng/g to 12 ng/g wet mass. A bromo-, chloro-heterocyclic compound, 1,1'-dimethyl-tetrabromo-dichloro-2,2'-bipyrrole (DBP-Br4Cl2) previously reported in marine species along the Pacific coast, was also identified in the sea lion blubber. DBP-Br4Cl2 ranged from 44 ng/g wet mass to 660 ng/g wet mass and was present at concentrations rivaling the dominant PBDE congener, BDE 47 (2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether). Concentrations of DBP-Br4Cl2 were positively correlated with 6-MeO-BDE 47 (r = 0.71; p < 0.05). Both of these compounds have been identified in marine algae and sponges, and studies suggest they are both produced from natural sources. This study demonstrates that brominated compounds from both anthropogenic and biogenic sources can accumulate to similar levels in marine mammals. In addition, HBCD concentrations appear to be increasing in California sea lion populations, whereas PBDE concentrations, between 1993 and 2003, were highly variable. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Marine Chem & Geochem, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Marine Mammal Ctr, Sausalito, CA 94965 USA. RP Stapleton, HM (reprint author), Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA. EM heather.stapleton@duke.edu RI Dodder, Nathan/C-7971-2015 OI Dodder, Nathan/0000-0001-5913-1767 NR 58 TC 101 Z9 112 U1 3 U2 38 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 52 IS 5 BP 522 EP 531 DI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.09.045 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 058TI UT WOS:000238687100018 PM 16293266 ER PT J AU Waples, RS Gaggiotti, O AF Waples, RS Gaggiotti, O TI What is a population? An empirical evaluation of some genetic methods for identifying the number of gene pools and their degree of connectivity SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Review DE assignment tests demographic independence; ecological paradigm; evolutionary paradigm; F-statistics; gene flow; genetic differentiation; migration ID FALSE DISCOVERY RATE; EVOLUTIONARILY-SIGNIFICANT-UNITS; MULTILOCUS GENOTYPE DATA; ESTIMATING F-STATISTICS; ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT; PER-GENERATION RULE; MIGRATION RATES; UNSAMPLED POPULATIONS; SAMPLED POPULATIONS; ASSIGNMENT METHODS AB We review commonly used population definitions under both the ecological paradigm (which emphasizes demographic cohesion) and the evolutionary paradigm (which emphasizes reproductive cohesion) and find that none are truly operational. We suggest several quantitative criteria that might be used to determine when groups of individuals are different enough to be considered 'populations'. Units for these criteria are migration rate (m) for the ecological paradigm and migrants per generation (Nm) for the evolutionary paradigm. These criteria are then evaluated by applying analytical methods to simulated genetic data for a finite island model. Under the standard parameter set that includes L = 20 High mutation (microsatellite-like) loci and samples of S = 50 individuals from each of n = 4 subpopulations, power to detect departures from panmixia was very high (similar to 100%; P < 0.001) even with high gene flow (Nm = 25). A new method, comparing the number of correct population assignments with the random expectation, performed as well as a multilocus contingency test and warrants further consideration. Use of Low mutation (allozyme-like) markers reduced power more than did halving S or L. Under the standard parameter set, power to detect restricted gene flow below a certain level X (H(0): Nm < X) can also be high, provided that true Nm <= 0.5X. Developing the appropriate test criterion, however, requires assumptions about several key parameters that are difficult to estimate in most natural populations. Methods that cluster individuals without using a priori sampling information detected the true number of populations only under conditions of moderate or low gene flow (Nm <= 5), and power dropped sharply with smaller samples of loci and individuals. A simple algorithm based on a multilocus contingency test of allele frequencies in pairs of samples has high power to detect the true number of populations even with Nm = 25 but requires more rigorous statistical evaluation. The ecological paradigm remains challenging for evaluations using genetic markers, because the transition from demographic dependence to independence occurs in a region of high migration where genetic methods have relatively little power. Some recent theoretical developments and continued advances in computational power provide hope that this situation may change in the future. C1 NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. Univ Grenoble 1, Lab Ecol Alpine LECA, Grenoble, France. RP Waples, RS (reprint author), NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. EM robin.waples@noaa.gov RI Gaggiotti, Oscar/G-2459-2010; Waples, Robin/K-1126-2016 OI Gaggiotti, Oscar/0000-0003-1827-1493; NR 99 TC 729 Z9 746 U1 24 U2 271 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 15 IS 6 BP 1419 EP 1439 DI 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02890.x PG 21 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 032TQ UT WOS:000236798200001 PM 16629801 ER PT J AU Purcell, MK Nichols, KM Winton, JR Kurath, G Thorgaard, GH Wheeler, P Hansen, JD Herwig, RP Park, LK AF Purcell, MK Nichols, KM Winton, JR Kurath, G Thorgaard, GH Wheeler, P Hansen, JD Herwig, RP Park, LK TI Comprehensive gene expression profiling following DNA vaccination of rainbow trout against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus SO MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE plasmid DNA; vaccine; interferon; microarray; quantitative PCR ID HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA VIRUS; TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS; SALMON SALMO-SALAR; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; ATLANTIC SALMON; TELEOST FISH; CPG OLIGODEOXYNUCLEOTIDES; EARLY PROTECTION; CDNA MICROARRAY; MESSENGER-RNA AB The DNA vaccine based on the glycoprotein gene of Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus induces a non-specific anti-viral immune response and long-term specific immunity against IHNV. This study characterized gene expression responses associated with the early anti-viral response. Homozygous rainbow trout were injected intra-muscularly (I.M.) with vector DNA or the IHNV DNA vaccine. Gene expression in muscle tissue (I.M. site) was evaluated using a 16,008 feature salmon cDNA microarray. Eighty different genes were significantly modulated in the vector DNA croup while 9 10 genes were modulated in the IHNV DNA vaccinate group relative to control group. Quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR was used to examine expression of selected immune genes at the I.M. site and in other secondary tissues. In the localized response (I.M. site), the magnitudes of gene expression changes were much greater in the vaccinate group relative to the vector DNA group for the majority of genes analyzed. At secondary systemic sites (e.g. gill, kidney and spleen), type I IFN-related genes were up-regulated in only the I IFN DNA vaccinated group. The results presented here suggest that the IHNV DNA vaccine induces up-regulation of the type I IFN system across multiple tissues, which is the functional basis of early anti-viral immunity. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Washington State Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Purcell, MK (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM maureenp@u.washington.edu OI Purcell, Maureen/0000-0003-0154-8433 NR 69 TC 115 Z9 116 U1 1 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0161-5890 J9 MOL IMMUNOL JI Mol. Immunol. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 43 IS 13 BP 2089 EP 2106 DI 10.1016/j.molimm.2005.12.005 PG 18 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Immunology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Immunology GA 049HG UT WOS:000238006400008 PM 16426680 ER PT J AU Govorov, AO Bryant, GW Zhang, W Skeini, T Lee, J Kotov, NA Slocik, JM Naik, RR AF Govorov, Alexander O. Bryant, Garnett W. Zhang, Wei Skeini, Timur Lee, Jaebeom Kotov, Nicholas A. Slocik, Joseph M. Naik, Rajesh R. TI Exciton-plasmon interaction and hybrid excitons in semiconductor-metal nanoparticle assemblies SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LUMINESCENCE; STATES AB We describe the physical properties of excitons in hybrid complexes composed of semiconductor and metal nanoparticles. The interaction between individual nanoparticles is revealed as an enhancement or suppression of emission. Enhanced emission comes from electric field amplified by the plasmon resonance, whereas emission suppression is a result of energy transfer from semiconductor to metal nanoparticles. The emission intensity and energy transfer rate depend strongly on the geometrical parameters of the superstructure and the physical and material properties of the nanoparticles. In particular, the emission enhancement effect appears for nanoparticles with relatively small quantum yield, and silver nanoparticles have stronger enhancement compared to gold ones. Using realistic models, we review and analyze available experimental data on energy transfer between nanoparticles. In hybrid superstructures conjugated with polymer linkers, optical emission is sensitive to environmental parameters such as, for example, temperature. This sensitivity comes from expansion or contraction of a linker. With increasing temperature, emission of polymer-conjugated complexes can decrease or increase depending on the organization of a superstructure. The structures described here have potential as sensors and actuators. C1 Ohio Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Athens, OH 45701 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Quantum Proc & Metrol Grp, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Chem Engn Biomed Engn & Mat Sci & Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Govorov, AO (reprint author), Ohio Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Athens, OH 45701 USA. EM Govorov@ohiou.edu OI Kotov, Nicholas/0000-0002-6864-5804 NR 29 TC 323 Z9 325 U1 12 U2 173 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 EI 1530-6992 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 6 IS 5 BP 984 EP 994 DI 10.1021/nl0602140 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 043HY UT WOS:000237592900020 ER PT J AU Haas-Castro, RE Sheehan, TF Cadrin, SX Trial, JG AF Haas-Castro, Ruth E. Sheehan, Timothy F. Cadrin, Steven X. Trial, Joan G. TI Scale pattern analysis discriminates Atlantic salmon by river reach rearing origin SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; SALAR L; MICROSATELLITE; IDENTIFICATION; GROWTH; TAGS AB Scale pattern analysis was used to discriminate among juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar reared in different reaches of the Narraguagus River basin. Measurements of parr scales collected during 1990-1999 were used in a principal components analysis and to create linear discriminant functions for seven geographic strata and three river basin strata groups reflecting natural habitat breaks and Atlantic salmon management regimens. Discriminant functions were calculated with both pooled and annual data. Sufficient differentiation existed among rearing habitats of different reaches (or between geographically grouped reaches) in the Narraguagus River basin, particularly for tributary habitats, to allow discrimination to various degrees of possible use in management. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Maine Atlantic Salmon Commiss, Bangor, ME 04401 USA. RP Haas-Castro, RE (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM ruth.haas-castro@noaa.gov NR 40 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 26 IS 2 BP 289 EP 300 DI 10.1577/M04-145.1 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 064ZY UT WOS:000239130400004 ER PT J AU Naughton, GP Caudill, CC Keefer, ML Bjornn, TC Peery, CA Stuehrenberg, LC AF Naughton, George P. Caudill, Christopher C. Keefer, Matthew L. Bjornn, Theodore C. Peery, Christopher A. Stuehrenberg, Lowell C. TI Fallback by adult sockeye salmon at Columbia River dams SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID CHINOOK SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-NERKA; SNAKE RIVERS; ELECTROMYOGRAM TELEMETRY; MIGRATION; STEELHEAD; TRANSMITTERS; HYDROSYSTEM; ESCAPEMENT; SURVIVAL AB We implanted radio transmitters into sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka in 1997 to determine the (1) fallback percentage and rate at eight Columbia River dams, (2) effect of fallback on adult counts at each dam, (3) relations between spillway discharge and fallback, (4) relations between injuries and fallback, and (5) relations of fallback and survival to spawning tributaries. The rate of fallback, that is, the total Dumber of fallback events at a dam divided by the number of fish known to have passed the dam, ranged from 1.9% to 13.7% at the eight dams. The rate of fallback was highest at Bonneville Dam, the dam with the most complex fishway. Fallback produced overcounts of 2% to 7% at most dams. Fallback was weakly related to spill volume at Bonneville Dam. Significantly more sockeye salmon with head injuries fell back than fish without head injuries. About 40% of the sockeye salmon had injuries from marine mammals, but these injuries were not associated with the rate of fallback. The rate of survival was similar between fish that fell back (68.0%) and fish that did not fall back (67.5%). We suggest that fisheries managers adjust counts for fallback but note that these relationships were obtained under high-discharge conditions. We conclude that fallback biases dam counts and that the relationship between spawning success and fallback should be an area of future research. C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Naughton, GP (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. EM naughton@uidaho.edu RI Caudill, Christopher/M-7906-2014 NR 36 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 19 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 26 IS 2 BP 380 EP 390 DI 10.1577/M05-015.1 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 064ZY UT WOS:000239130400014 ER PT J AU Buchanan, RA Skalski, JR Smith, SG AF Buchanan, Rebecca A. Skalski, John R. Smith, Steven G. TI Estimating the effects of smolt transportation from different vantage points and management perspectives SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID JUVENILE SALMONIDS; SNAKE; SURVIVAL AB Smolt transportation is a major mitigation strategy in the Columbia River hydrosystem, yet measures of its effects on adult return rates are often unclear. Managers use a variety of transportation effect measures that need to be clearly defined and easy to understand. We develop eight alternative transportation effect measures based on a release-recapture model of juvenile and adult passive integrated transponder tag data and relate the measures to different management perspectives. The performance measures include site-specific transport-in-river ratios (T/Is) that view the effect of transportation operations at a site either separate from ("isolated") or in the context of ("contextual") the rest of the transportation system. Both relative and absolute systemwide measures of transportation effects are developed, as well as measures for fish in the release group had they been untagged. All performance measures are calculated by the program ROSTER. Transportation effect measures for summer Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha from the McCall and Pahsimeroi hatcheries released in the Snake River in 1999 range from the isolated site-specific relative value at Lower Granite Dam of 2.015 (SE = 0.152) to a systemwide relative value of 1.232 (SE = 0.036). This paper explains how these two estimates and the others are correct depending on perspective and management intent. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fish Ecol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Buchanan, RA (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, 1325 4th Ave,Suite 1820, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. EM rabuchan@u.washington.edu OI Skalski, John/0000-0002-7070-2505 NR 13 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 26 IS 2 BP 460 EP 472 DI 10.1577/M05-080.1 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 064ZY UT WOS:000239130400021 ER PT J AU Methratta, ET Link, JS AF Methratta, Elizabeth T. Link, Jason S. TI Associations between surficial sediments and groundfish distributions in the Gulf of Maine-Georges Bank region SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID COD GADUS-MORHUA; FLOUNDER PSEUDOPLEURONECTES-AMERICANUS; DEMERSAL FISH ASSEMBLAGES; SOUTHERN NEW-ENGLAND; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; MARINE RESERVES; NORTHWEST ATLANTIC; SILVER HAKE; HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS; MERLUCCIUS-BILINEARIS AB The delineation of essential fish habitat is an important element of contemporary fisheries management. Although local-scale species-habitat relationships have been established for some managed species, we lack an understanding of these associations at the synoptic spatial scales on which fish populations and their associated fisheries operate. Interest in habitat delineations has been elevated further by an increased awareness of ongoing habitat degradation caused by mobile fishing gears and by the advancement of spatial management tools. Here we examine the associations between surficial sediment grain size and groundfish distributions in the Gulf of Maine-Georges Bank region. The mean abundances for 58 demersal fish species were determined for a spatial cell grid (185.2 km(2) per cell), which was subsequently joined to a spatially referenced sediment database in a geographical information systems environment. Multivariate statistical methods were then used to examine how fish distribution and abundance varied with substrate grain size. Of the 58 species examined, 12 were consistently associated with particular substrate types. Atlantic cod Gadus morhua, longhorn sculpin Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus, sea raven Hemitripterus americanus, and winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus were consistently abundant in large-grained substrate types, whereas white hake Urophycis tennis, goosefish Lophius americanus, red hake U. chuss, silver hake Merluccius bilinearis, witch flounder Glyptocephalus cynoglossus, and American plaice Hippoglossoides platessoides were consistently abundant in fine-grained substrates. Little skate Leucoraja erinacea was most abundant in sediments of intermediate grain size. Although broadly distributed, spring dogfish Squalus acanthias consistently distinguished assemblages in fine-grained sediments. Given that we were able to detect even weak associations and that these relationships were consistent with local-scale studies, we recommend using these relationships to further refine essential fish habitat and that they be given more weight in this and similar temperate ecosystems. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Food Web Dynam Program, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Methratta, ET (reprint author), Univ Penn, Dept Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. EM methratt@sas.upenn.edu RI Bizzarro, Joseph/A-2988-2012 NR 75 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 26 IS 2 BP 473 EP 489 DI 10.1577/M05-041.1 PG 17 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 064ZY UT WOS:000239130400022 ER PT J AU Hart, DR Rago, PJ AF Hart, Deborah R. Rago, Paul J. TI Long-term dynamics of US Atlantic sea scallop Placopecten magellanicus populations SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID PER-RECRUIT ANALYSIS; FISHERIES MANAGEMENT; SURPLUS PRODUCTION; EXPLOITATION; GMELIN; AREAS; MODEL AB Biomass and commercial catch rates of Atlantic sea scallops Placopecten magellanicus in the USA generally declined from the 1960s through the mid-1990s as fishing mortality increased. Sporadic large recruitment events temporarily increased landings but also encouraged higher overall fishing effort and thereby contributed to the long-term declines in resource abundance. In 1994, a number of new management measures were introduced, including a moratorium on new permits, limitations on days at sea, gear and crew restrictions, and year-round closed areas. During 1994-2005, the biomass of sea scallops in the U.S. sector of Georges Bank increased by a factor of about 18, while the biomass of sea scallops in the Middle Atlantic Bight increased by about eight times. These increases were primarily due to the area closures. Biomass in the Georges Bank closed areas was 25 times higher in 2005 than in 1994, and the 2005 level constituted over 80% of the biomass in the U.S. portion of Georges Bank. Substantial increases in sea scallop abundance and biomass also occurred in two of the three areas in the Middle Atlantic Bight that were closed rotationally to sea scallop fishing for 3 years. Mean recruitment on Georges Bank did not significantly increase since the closures there, but very strong recruitment has been observed downstream of one of the mid-Atlantic rotational closures. In the open areas, responses to effort reduction measures were minimal until 1999, but biomass, commercial catch rates, and landings substantially increased during 1999-2005 due to effort controls and increased recruitment in the Middle Atlantic Bight. The recovery of U.S. sea scallop populations demonstrates that the combination of effort controls and area management can rapidly rebuild severely depleted fisheries. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Fac Fisheries & Marine Sci, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Hart, DR (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Fac Fisheries & Marine Sci, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM deborah.hart@noaa.gov NR 41 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 23 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 26 IS 2 BP 490 EP 501 DI 10.1577/M04-116.1 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 064ZY UT WOS:000239130400023 ER PT J AU Cruz, FC Stowe, MC Ye, J AF Cruz, FC Stowe, MC Ye, J TI Tapered semiconductor amplifiers for optical frequency combs in the near infrared SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SELF-PHASE MODULATION; TI-SAPPHIRE LASER; HIGH-STABILITY; FIBER NETWORK; LIGHT SOURCE; BLUE; SATURATION; PULSES AB A tapered semiconductor amplifier is injection seeded by a femtosecond optical frequency comb at 780 nm from a mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser. Energy gains of more than 17 dB (12 dB) are obtained for 1 mW (20 mW) of average input power when the input pulses are stretched into the picosecond range. A spectral window of supercontinuum light generated in a photonic fiber has also been amplified. Interferometric measurements show sub-Hertz linewidths for a heterodyne beat between the input and amplified comb components, yielding no detectable phase-noise degradation under amplication. These amplifiers can be used to boost the infrared power in f-to-2f interferometers used to determine the carrier-to-envelope offset frequency, with clear advantages for stabilization of octave-spanning femtosecond lasers and other supercontinuum light sources. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Cruz, FC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM flavio@ifi.unicamp.br; Ye@jila.colorado.edu RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011; Cruz, Flavio/A-6346-2012; Inst. of Physics, Gleb Wataghin/A-9780-2017 OI Cruz, Flavio/0000-0003-3995-7910; NR 15 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 8 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD MAY 1 PY 2006 VL 31 IS 9 BP 1337 EP 1339 DI 10.1364/OL.31.001337 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 036SL UT WOS:000237095600055 PM 16642104 ER PT J AU Gaigalas, A Gallagher, T Cole, KD Singh, T Wang, LL Zhang, YZ AF Gaigalas, A Gallagher, T Cole, KD Singh, T Wang, LL Zhang, YZ TI A multistate model for the fluorescence response of R-phycoerythrin SO PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LINKED MULTIPORPHYRIN ARRAYS; SINGLE-MOLECULE; ENERGY-TRANSFER; CHROMOPHORES; PHYCOBILIPROTEINS; PHOTODEGRADATION; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; SPECTROSCOPY; RESOLUTION; EMISSION AB Although strong fluorescence makes the R-phycoerythrin (R-PE) proteins increasingly useful in biological and clinical assays, they are subject to nonlinear effects including transitions to collective dark states and photodegradation, which complicate quantitative applications. We report measurements of R-PE fluorescence intensity as a function of incident power, duration of illumination and temperature. Emission intensity in the band at 570 nm is proportional to incident power for low power levels. At higher incident power, the emission at 570 nm is smaller than expected from a linear dependence on power. We propose that R-PE undergoes both reversible emission cessation on a millisecond time scale attributed to transitions to a collective dark state, and irreversible photodegradation on a time scale of minutes. Singlet oxygen scavengers such as dithiothreitol and n-propyl gallate have protective effects against the latter effect but not the former. Electrophoretic analysis of irradiated solutions of R-PE indicates that significant noncovalent aggregation is correlated with photodegradation. A multistate model based on fluorescence measurements and geometric analysis is proposed for the fluorophores in R-PE. The phycobilin fluorophores are partitioned into three groups: the phycourobilins (PUB) absorbing at 490 nm, one group of phycoerythobilins (PEB) absorbing at 530 nm (PEB-530) and another group of PEB absorbing at 560 nm (PEB-560). The two processes that result in the loss of fluorescence intensity are most likely associated with the PEB-560 group. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Mol Probes, Eugene, OR USA. RP Gaigalas, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Adolfas.gaigalas@nist.gov NR 36 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PHOTOBIOLOGY PI AUGUSTA PA BIOTECH PARK, 1021 15TH ST, SUITE 9, AUGUSTA, GA 30901-3158 USA SN 0031-8655 J9 PHOTOCHEM PHOTOBIOL JI Photochem. Photobiol. PD MAY-JUN PY 2006 VL 82 IS 3 BP 635 EP 644 DI 10.1562/2005-05-26-RA-544 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 053RS UT WOS:000238323300003 PM 16420100 ER PT J AU Maple, MB Butch, NP Bauer, ED Zapf, VS Ho, PC Wilson, SD Dai, PC Adroja, DT Lee, SH Chung, JH Lynn, J AF Maple, MB Butch, NP Bauer, ED Zapf, VS Ho, PC Wilson, SD Dai, PC Adroja, DT Lee, SH Chung, JH Lynn, J TI Non-Fermi liquid behavior and quantum criticality in Sc1-xUxPd3 and URu2-xRexSi2 SO PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Strongly Correlated Electron Systems (SECES 05) CY JUL 26-30, 2005 CL Vienna, AUSTRIA DE Sc1-xUxPd3; URu2-xRexSi2; quantum criticality; non-fermi liquid; spin ID ELECTRON COMPOUND URU2SI2; SYSTEM URU2SI2; TRANSITIONS; Y1-XUXPD3; PRESSURE; METALS; ORDER AB The compounds Sc1-xUxPd3 and URu2-xRexSi2 exhibit non-Fermi liquid behavior in the vicinity of zero-temperature magnetic phase transitions accessed by chemical substitution. Notably, the quantum phase transitions in these pseudobinary systems are associated with spin glass and ferromagnetic ordering, respectively. Recent studies have uncovered new details of the unconventional physical phenomena occurring in these materials. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Inst Pure & Appl Phys Sci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Rutherford Appleton Lab, ISIS Facil, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Maple, MB (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM mbmaple@physics.ucsd.edu RI Bauer, Eric/D-7212-2011; Dai, Pengcheng /C-9171-2012; Zapf, Vivien/K-5645-2013 OI Dai, Pengcheng /0000-0002-6088-3170; Zapf, Vivien/0000-0002-8375-4515 NR 34 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD MAY 1 PY 2006 VL 378-80 BP 911 EP 914 DI 10.1016/j.physb.2006.01.351 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 055CC UT WOS:000238426600398 ER PT J AU Yamaura, K Huang, Q Moldovan, M Young, DP Wang, XL Takayama-Muromachi, E AF Yamaura, K Huang, Q Moldovan, M Young, DP Wang, XL Takayama-Muromachi, E TI Metallic conductivity and a Ca substitution study of NaRh2O4 comprising a double chain system SO PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Strongly Correlated Electron Systems (SECES 05) CY JUL 26-30, 2005 CL Vienna, AUSTRIA DE NaRh2O4; CaFe2O4; CaRh2O4 AB The metallic compound NaRh2O4 forms a full range solid solution to the insulating phase CaRh2O4. At a Na concentration of 0.25 mole per formula unit, we found an unexpected contribution to the specific heat at low temperature [K. Yamaura, et al., Chem. Mater. 17 (2005) 359]. To address this issue, specific heat and AC and DC magnetic susceptibilities were additionally measured under a variety of conditions for the Na-0.25 sample. A new set of data clearly indicate the additional specific heat is magnetic in origin; however, the magnetic entropy is fairly small (similar to 1% of Schottky term for a simple splitting doublet), and there is no other evidence to suggest that a magnetic phase transition is responsible for the anomalous specific heat. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Mat Sci, Superconducting Mat Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050044, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Univ Wollongong, Inst Superconducting & Elect Mat, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. RP Yamaura, K (reprint author), Natl Inst Mat Sci, Superconducting Mat Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050044, Japan. EM YAMAURA.Kazunari@nims.go.jp RI Wang, Xiaolin/K-1481-2014 NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD MAY 1 PY 2006 VL 378-80 BP 1134 EP 1135 DI 10.1016/j.physb.2006.01.454 PG 2 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 055CC UT WOS:000238426600498 ER PT J AU Yang, CC Lee, SF Yao, YD Li, WH Lii, KH Lynn, JW AF Yang, CC Lee, SF Yao, YD Li, WH Lii, KH Lynn, JW TI Magnetic structures of [Co-3(pyz)(HPO4)(2)F-2], a fluorinated cobalt phosphate with a pillared layer structutre SO PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Strongly Correlated Electron Systems (SECES 05) CY JUL 26-30, 2005 CL Vienna, AUSTRIA DE layered structure; antiferromagnetic arrangement; neutron diffraction AB The magnetic structure of [Co-3(pyz)(HPO4)(2)F-2] compound was characterized by neutron diffraction. The crystal structure of the compound consists of two-dimensional neutral sheets of [Co-3(HPO4)(2)F-2] which are pillared through pyrazine ligand. Magnetic unit cell size perpendicular to the sheet plane is twice the interplane distance, indicating an antiferromagnetic arrangement. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Acad Sinica, Inst Phys, Taipei 115, Taiwan. Natl Cent Univ, Dept Phys, Jungli 320, Taiwan. Natl Cent Univ, Dept Chem, Jungli 320, Taiwan. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lee, SF (reprint author), Acad Sinica, Inst Phys, Taipei 115, Taiwan. EM leesf@phys.sinica.edu.tw NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD MAY 1 PY 2006 VL 378-80 BP 1140 EP 1141 DI 10.1016/j.physb.2006.01.457 PG 2 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 055CC UT WOS:000238426600501 ER PT J AU Strauch, FW AF Strauch, Frederick W. TI Relativistic quantum walks SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID WAVE-PACKET EVOLUTION; CELLULAR-AUTOMATA; LATTICE; NONCAUSAL; MECHANICS AB By pursuing the deep relation between the one-dimensional Dirac equation and quantum walks, the physical role of quantum interference in the latter is explained. It is shown that the time evolution of the probability density of a quantum walker, initially localized on a lattice, is directly analogous to relativistic wave-packet spreading. Analytic wave-packet solutions reveal a striking connection between the discrete and continuous-time quantum walks. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Strauch, FW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM frederick.strauch@nist.gov NR 33 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD MAY PY 2006 VL 73 IS 5 AR 054302 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.73.054302 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 048LT UT WOS:000237949300134 ER PT J AU Takacs, E Blagojevic, B Makonyi, K Le Bigot, EO Szabo, CI Kim, YK Gillaspy, JD AF Takacs, E. Blagojevic, B. Makonyi, K. Le Bigot, E. -O. Szabo, C. I. Kim, Y. -K. Gillaspy, J. D. TI Direct observation of the D-2(3/2)-D-2(5/2) ground-state splitting in Xe9+ SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIC DIPOLE TRANSITIONS; I ISOELECTRONIC SEQUENCE; FORBIDDEN OPTICAL-LINES; HIGHLY-CHARGED IONS; VISIBLE SPECTRUM; M1 TRANSITIONS; BA IONS; XENON; CONFIGURATIONS; BARIUM AB We have used an electron beam ion trap to observe a visible line at 598.30(13) nm that corresponds to the 4d(9) D-2(3/2)-4d(9) D-2(5/2) magnetic dipole transition within the ground state configuration of Xe9+. We have found no evidence to support the claim by others that a line near this position originates from Xe31+. The comparison of the measured wavelength with previous indirect experimental values, and the dependence of the line intensity on the electron beam energy, confirms the validity of the present identification. Our measured wavelength is in agreement with semiempirical Hartree-Fock calculations but shows a discrepancy with ab initio multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock calculations. We propose that the line may be useful as a diagnostic for extreme ultraviolet lithography light sources. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Debrecen, Expt Phys Dept, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary. Ecole Normale Super, CNRS, Lab Kastler Brossel, F-75005 Paris, France. Univ Paris 06, F-75005 Paris, France. RP Blagojevic, B (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 EI 1094-1622 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD MAY PY 2006 VL 73 IS 5 AR 052505 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.73.052505 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 048LT UT WOS:000237949300063 ER PT J AU Ehlers, G Gardner, JS Booth, CH Daniel, M Kam, KC Cheetham, AK Antonio, D Brooks, HE Cornelius, AL Bramwell, ST Lago, J Haussler, W Rosov, N AF Ehlers, G. Gardner, J. S. Booth, C. H. Daniel, M. Kam, K. C. Cheetham, A. K. Antonio, D. Brooks, H. E. Cornelius, A. L. Bramwell, S. T. Lago, J. Haeussler, W. Rosov, N. TI Dynamics of diluted Ho spin ice Ho2-xYxTi2O7 studied by neutron spin echo spectroscopy and ac susceptibility SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; CRYSTAL-FIELD; PYROCHLORE; HO2TI2O7; ENTROPY AB We have studied the spin relaxation in diluted spin ice Ho2-xYxTi2O7 by means of neutron spin echo spectroscopy and ac susceptibility measurements. Remarkably, the geometrical frustration is not relieved by doping with nonmagnetic Y, and the dynamics of the freezing is unaltered in the spin echo time window up to x >= 1.6. At higher doping with nonmagnetic Y (x similar or equal to 1.6) a new relaxation process at relatively high temperature (up to at least T similar or equal to 55 K) appears which is more than 10 times faster than the thermally activated main relaxation process. We find evidence that over the whole range of composition all Ho spins participate in the dynamics. These results are compared to ac susceptibility measurements of the diluted Ho and Dy spin ice systems, which show that at low temperature the Arrhenius behavior is masked by another dynamical process with little temperature dependence. X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra and x-ray diffraction show that the samples are structurally well ordered. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, SNS Project, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Mat Res Lab, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Phys, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. UCL, Dept Chem, London WC1H 0AJ, England. FRM II, D-85747 Garching, Germany. RP Ehlers, G (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, SNS Project, Bldg 8600, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Booth, Corwin/A-7877-2008; Cornelius, Andrew/A-9837-2008; Gardner, Jason/A-1532-2013; Ehlers, Georg/B-5412-2008; lago, jorge/G-1491-2016 OI Ehlers, Georg/0000-0003-3513-508X; lago, jorge/0000-0002-4224-720X NR 34 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAY PY 2006 VL 73 IS 17 AR 174429 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.73.174429 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 048MC UT WOS:000237950200091 ER PT J AU Gornakov, VS Kabanov, YP Tikhomirov, OA Nikitenko, VI Urazhdin, SV Yang, FY Chien, CL Shapiro, AJ Shull, RD AF Gornakov, V. S. Kabanov, Yu. P. Tikhomirov, O. A. Nikitenko, V. I. Urazhdin, S. V. Yang, F. Y. Chien, C. L. Shapiro, A. J. Shull, R. D. TI Experimental study of the microscopic mechanisms of magnetization reversal in FeNi/FeMn exchange-biased ferromagnet/antiferromagnet polycrystalline bilayers using the magneto-optical indicator film technique SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID SPRING FORMATION; ANISOTROPY; INTERFACES; MODEL; MULTILAYERS; HYSTERESIS; COERCIVITY; FEATURES; SOFT AB Remagnetization of the FeNi/FeMn bilayer was investigated using the magneto-optical indicator film imaging technique. We show the formation and breakdown of the homogeneous exchange spring into exchange springs of opposite chiralities during reversal in a rotating magnetic field. In reversal with a linear field, contrary to theoretical predictions, the winding of the exchange spring occurs without net magnetization rotation. It initiates by the formation of local spin spirals with opposite chirality and terminates with the formation of a single chiral state through the propagation of a specific kind of boundary separating regions with this single chirality from those with the mixed chiral state. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Inst Solid State Phys, Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow, Russia. Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gornakov, VS (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Inst Solid State Phys, Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow, Russia. RI Shull, Robert/F-5971-2013 NR 40 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAY PY 2006 VL 73 IS 18 AR 184428 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.73.184428 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 048MD UT WOS:000237950300081 ER PT J AU Harris, AB Yildirim, T Aharony, A Entin-Wohlman, O AF Harris, A. B. Yildirim, T. Aharony, A. Entin-Wohlman, O. TI Towards a microscopic model of magnetoelectric interactions in Ni3V2O8 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; WEAK FERROMAGNETISM; CO3V2O8 AB We develop a microscopic magnetoelectric coupling in Ni3V2O8 (NVO) which gives rise to the trilinear phenomenological coupling used previously to explain the phase transition in which magnetic and ferroelectric order parameters appear simultaneously. Using combined neutron scattering measurements and first-principles calculations of the phonons in NVO, we identify eleven phonons which can induce the observed spontaneous polarization. A few of these phonons can actually induce a significant dipole moment. Using the calculated atomic charges, we find that the required distortion to induce the observed dipole moment is very small (similar to 0.001 angstrom) and therefore it would be very difficult to observe the distortion by neutron-powder diffraction. Finally, we identify the derivatives of the exchange tensor with respect to atomic displacements, which are needed for a microscopic model of a spin-phonon coupling in NVO. We also analyze two toy models to illustrate that although the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction is often very important for coexisting of magnetic and ferroelectric order, it is not the only mechanism when the local site symmetry of the system is low enough. In fact, this coexistence can arise in NVO only due to the symmetric exchange anisotropies. C1 Univ Penn, Dept Phys & Astron, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Tel Aviv Univ, Sch Phys & Astron, Raymond & Beverly Sackler Fac Exact Sci, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Dept Phys, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel. RP Harris, AB (reprint author), Univ Penn, Dept Phys & Astron, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RI yildirim, taner/A-1290-2009; ENTIN, ORA/F-1114-2012; harris, A Brooks/C-8640-2013 NR 23 TC 77 Z9 77 U1 4 U2 14 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 EI 1550-235X J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAY PY 2006 VL 73 IS 18 AR 184433 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.73.184433 PG 16 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 048MD UT WOS:000237950300086 ER PT J AU McQueeney, RJ Yethiraj, M Montfrooij, W Gardner, JS Metcalf, P Honig, JM AF McQueeney, R. J. Yethiraj, M. Montfrooij, W. Gardner, J. S. Metcalf, P. Honig, J. M. TI Investigation of the presence of charge order in magnetite by measurement of the spin wave spectrum SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID HIGH-TEMPERATURE PHASE; VERWEY TRANSITION; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; EXCHANGE CONSTANTS; FE3O4; EXCITATIONS; FERRITES; POINT AB Inelastic neutron scattering results on magnetite (Fe3O4) show a large splitting in the acoustic spin wave branch, producing a 7 meV gap midway to the Brillouin zone boundary at q=(0,0,1/2) and h omega=43 meV. The splitting occurs below the Verwey transition temperature, where a metal-insulator transition occurs simultaneously with a structural transformation, supposedly caused by the charge ordering on the iron sublattice. The wavevector (0,0,1/2) corresponds to the superlattice peak in the low symmetry structure. The dependence of the magnetic superexchange on changes in the crystal structure and ionic configurations that occur below the Verwey transition affect the spin wave dispersion. To better understand the origin of the observed splitting, several Heisenberg models intended to reproduce the pair-wise variation of the magnetic superexchange arising from both small crystalline distortions and charge ordering were studied. None of the models studied predicts the observed splitting, whose origin may arise from charge-density wave formation or magnetoelastic coupling. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Ctr Neutron Scattering, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Phys, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Chem, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP McQueeney, RJ (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM mcqueeney@ameslab.gov RI Gardner, Jason/A-1532-2013; McQueeney, Robert/A-2864-2016 OI McQueeney, Robert/0000-0003-0718-5602 NR 51 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 4 U2 18 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAY PY 2006 VL 73 IS 17 AR 174409 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.73.174409 PG 16 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 048MC UT WOS:000237950200071 ER PT J AU Naaman, O Aumentado, J AF Naaman, O. Aumentado, J. TI Time-domain measurements of quasiparticle tunneling rates in a single-Cooper-pair transistor SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON TRANSISTOR; NOISE; CIRCUIT; PUMP AB We have measured, in real time, individual quasiparticle tunneling in a single-Cooper-pair transistor, using rf reflectometry on the supercurrent branch. We have extracted the even-to-odd and odd-to-even transition rates directly by analyzing the distributions of dwell times in the even and odd states of the transistor. We discuss both the measurement and analysis techniques and report on the temperature and gate dependence of the quasiparticle tunneling rates. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Naaman, O (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jose.aumentado@boulder.nist.gov RI Aumentado, Jose/C-2231-2009 OI Aumentado, Jose/0000-0001-5581-1466 NR 29 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAY PY 2006 VL 73 IS 17 AR 172504 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.73.172504 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 048MC UT WOS:000237950200029 ER PT J AU Slutsker, J Levin, I Li, JH Artemev, A Roytburd, AL AF Slutsker, Julia Levin, Igor Li, Jianhua Artemev, Andrei Roytburd, Alexander L. TI Effect of elastic interactions on the self-assembly of multiferroic nanostructures in epitaxial films SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID PHASE-SEPARATION; THIN-FILMS; BATIO3-COFE2O4 NANOSTRUCTURES; 3-DIMENSIONAL SIMULATIONS; STABILITY; ALLOYS; MISFIT AB Combined theoretical and experimental studies of self-assembled multiferroic nanostructures in epitaxial films reveal the dominant role of elastic interactions, caused by epitaxial stresses, in defining the morphology of the nanostructures. The phase field model, which considered the individual phases in the film as elastic domains, has predicted successfully the complex morphologies observed in epitaxial multiferroic CoFe2O4-PbTiO3 films grown on SrTiO3 substrates with {001}, {110}, and {111} orientations. It is shown that nanostructures containing isolated magnetic nanorods in a ferroelectric matrix or vice versa can be obtained by varying the substrate orientation and phase fraction. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Carleton Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada. RP Slutsker, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Levin, Igor/F-8588-2010 NR 30 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 30 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAY PY 2006 VL 73 IS 18 AR 184127 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.73.184127 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 048MD UT WOS:000237950300042 ER PT J AU Stone, MB Lumsden, MD Jin, R Sales, BC Mandrus, D Nagler, SE Qiu, Y AF Stone, M. B. Lumsden, M. D. Jin, R. Sales, B. C. Mandrus, D. Nagler, S. E. Qiu, Y. TI Temperature-dependent bilayer ferromagnetism in Sr3Ru2O7 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID QUALITY SINGLE-CRYSTALS; QUANTUM CRITICALITY; LAYERED PEROVSKITE; RUTHENATE SR3RU2O7; SPIN DYNAMICS; PRESSURE; SR2RUO4; SUPERCONDUCTIVITY; FLUCTUATIONS; INSTABILITY AB The ruthenium-based perovskites exhibit a wide variety of interesting collective phenomena related to magnetism originating from the Ru 4d electrons. Much remains unknown concerning the nature of magnetic fluctuations and excitations in these systems. We present results of detailed inelastic neutron scattering measurements of Sr3Ru2O7 as a function of temperature, probing the ferromagnetic fluctuations of the bilayer structure. A magnetic response is clearly visible for a range of temperatures, T=3.8 K up to T=100 K, and for energy transfers between h omega=2 and 14 meV. These measurements indicate that the ferromagnetic fluctuations manifest in the bilayer structure factor persist to surprisingly large temperatures. This behavior may be related to the proximity of the system in zero magnetic field to the metamagnetic/ferromagnetic transition. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Stone, MB (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Nagler, Stephen/B-9403-2010; Nagler, Stephen/E-4908-2010; Stone, Matthew/G-3275-2011; Mandrus, David/H-3090-2014; Lumsden, Mark/F-5366-2012 OI Nagler, Stephen/0000-0002-7234-2339; Stone, Matthew/0000-0001-7884-9715; Lumsden, Mark/0000-0002-5472-9660 NR 58 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAY PY 2006 VL 73 IS 17 AR 174426 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.73.174426 PG 9 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 048MC UT WOS:000237950200088 ER PT J AU Viciu, L Bos, JWG Zandbergen, HW Huang, Q Foo, ML Ishiwata, S Ramirez, AP Lee, M Ong, NP Cava, RJ AF Viciu, L. Bos, J. W. G. Zandbergen, H. W. Huang, Q. Foo, M. L. Ishiwata, S. Ramirez, A. P. Lee, M. Ong, N. P. Cava, R. J. TI Crystal structure and elementary properties of NaxCoO2 (x=0.32, 0.51, 0.6, 0.75, and 0.92) in the three-layer NaCoO2 family SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID PHASE-TRANSITIONS; NA0.5COO2; BRONZES; SODIUM AB The crystal structures of NaxCoO2 phases based on three-layer NaCoO2, with x=0.32, 0.51, 0.60, 0.75, and 0.92, determined by powder neutron diffraction, are reported. The structures have triangular CoO2 layers interleaved by sodium ions, and evolve with variation in Na content in a more complex way than has been observed in the two-layer NaxCoO2 system. The phases with highest and lowest Na content studied (x=0.92 and 0.32) are trigonal, with three CoO2 layers per cell and octahedral Na ion coordination. The intermediate compositions have monoclinic structures. The x=0.75 compound has one CoO2 layer per cell, with Na in octahedral coordination and an incommensurate superlattice. The x=0.6 and 0.51 phases are also single layer, but the Na is found in trigonal prismatic coordination. The magnetic behavior of the phases is similar to that observed in the two-layer system. Both the susceptibility and the electronic contribution to the specific heat are largest for x=0.6. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. Delf Inst Technol, Dept Nanosci, Natl Ctr HREM, Al Delf, Netherlands. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Waseda Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Tokyo 1698555, Japan. Lucent Technol, Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. RP Viciu, L (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. RI Ishiwata, Shintaro/A-2637-2010; Bos, Jan-Willem/E-7648-2011; Foo, Maw Lin/H-9273-2012 OI Ishiwata, Shintaro/0000-0003-1696-2514; Bos, Jan-Willem/0000-0003-3947-2024; NR 19 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 12 U2 95 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAY PY 2006 VL 73 IS 17 AR 174104 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.73.174104 PG 10 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 048MC UT WOS:000237950200034 ER PT J AU Huang, GX Jiang, KJ Payne, MG Deng, L AF Huang, GX Jiang, KJ Payne, MG Deng, L TI Formation and propagation of coupled ultraslow optical soliton pairs in a cold three-state double-Lambda system SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E LA English DT Article ID ELECTROMAGNETICALLY INDUCED TRANSPARENCY; NONLINEAR OPTICS; PULSE-PROPAGATION; COHERENTLY DRIVEN; 3-LEVEL MEDIA; ATOMIC GAS; LIGHT; DARK; WAVES; SLOW AB We investigate the simultaneous formation and propagation of coupled ultraslow optical soliton pairs in a cold, lifetime-broadened three-state double-Lambda atomic system. Starting from the equations of motion of atomic response and two-mode probe-control electromagnetic fields, we derive coupled nonlinear Schrodinger equations that govern the nonlinear evolution of the envelopes of the probe fields in this four-wave mixing scheme by means of the standard method of multiple scales. We demonstrate that for weak probe fields and with suitable operation conditions, a pair of coupled optical solitons moving with remarkably slow propagating velocity can be established in such a highly resonant atomic medium. The key elements to such a shape preserving, well matched yet interacting soliton pair is the balance between dispersion effect and self- and cross-phase modulation effects of the system. C1 E China Normal Univ, Dept Phys, Shanghai 200062, Peoples R China. NIST, Electron & Opt Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Huang, GX (reprint author), E China Normal Univ, Dept Phys, Shanghai 200062, Peoples R China. EM gxhuang@phy.ecnu.edu.cn RI Deng, Lu/B-3997-2012; Jiang, Kaijun/F-2712-2014 OI Jiang, Kaijun/0000-0003-3126-4335 NR 56 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1539-3755 J9 PHYS REV E JI Phys. Rev. E PD MAY PY 2006 VL 73 IS 5 AR 056606 DI 10.1103/PhysRevE.73.056606 PN 2 PG 9 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 048MO UT WOS:000237951400075 PM 16803056 ER PT J AU Fang, HW Hsu, SM Sengers, JV AF Fang, Hsu-Wei Hsu, Stephen M. Sengers, Jan V. TI Single wedge sliding tests to investigate the mechanism of UHMWPE particle generation with microfabricated surface textures SO POLYMER TESTING LA English DT Article DE UHMWPE; wear; particles; surface texture; mechanism; wedge; strain hardening; molecular orientation; viscoelasticity ID MOLECULAR-WEIGHT POLYETHYLENE; STRESS-STRAIN BEHAVIOR; DIFFERENT REGIMES; WEAR DEBRIS; OSTEOLYSIS; DEFORMATION; INDENTATION; FRICTION; MODEL AB Microfabricated surface textures have been applied to generate narrowly distributed URMWPE wear particles with different sizes and shapes. The purpose is to study the effects of UHMWPE induced bioactivity that leads to the failure of total joint implants. Our previous study has developed the principles of surface-texture design to control the particle size and shape. The objective of this paper is to investigate the URMWPE particle-generation mechanism with the surface textures containing wedge-shaped cutting edges. Single tip sliding experiments have been designed to investigate the kinematics and the material response of the UHMWPE particle-generation process. With constant penetration depth setup, strain hardening of UHWMPE under a wedge-tip sliding process has been quantified. With constant normal load conditions, we are able to simulate the wedge feature sliding over UHMWPE material with a scaled-up wedge tip. From in situ observation of the process, the kinematics of the sliding process of the wedge tip has been elucidated. The shear stress-induced molecular orientation and embrittlement of the material further contribute to the fracture of UHMWPE and formation of the wear particles. Overall, these results provide experimental evidence of the UHMWPE particle generation mechanism with microfabricated surface textures. The basic science behind the generation of UHMWPE particles by surface-texture design has been further illustrated. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Taipei Univ Technol, Dept Chem Engn & Biotechnol, Taipei 106, Taiwan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Fang, HW (reprint author), Natl Taipei Univ Technol, Dept Chem Engn & Biotechnol, 1,Sec 3,Chung Hsiao E Rd,Mailstop 2521, Taipei 106, Taiwan. EM hwfang@ntut.edu.tw NR 15 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0142-9418 EI 1873-2348 J9 POLYM TEST JI Polym. Test PD MAY PY 2006 VL 25 IS 3 BP 424 EP 434 DI 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2005.11.009 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Polymer Science SC Materials Science; Polymer Science GA 044QI UT WOS:000237686900020 ER PT J AU Kemp, PS Gessel, MH Sandford, BP Williams, JG AF Kemp, PS Gessel, MH Sandford, BP Williams, JG TI The behaviour of Pacific salmonid smolts during passage over two experimental weirs under light and dark conditions SO RIVER RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE fish; bypass; dams; avoidance; preference; flow ID JUVENILE CHINOOK SALMON; ATLANTIC SALMON; COLUMBIA RIVER; SCHOOLING PREFERENCES; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; DOWNSTREAM MIGRATION; SWIMMING PERFORMANCE; POECILIA-RETICULATA; WATER-INTAKE; SNAKE RIVER AB Little is known of how fish respond to the hydraulic environment associated with diversion or bypass structures at hydroelectric power installations. To address this lack of knowledge, this paper presents results from a study to assess how three species of Pacific salmonid smolt (Oncorhynchus spp.) responded to distinct gradients of velocity and depth associated with two submerged weirs as they passed through an experimental flume at McNary Dam (Columbia River, USA) under illuminated and dark conditions. Migrating smolts entered one of two available treatment channels as coherent schools from which individuals would either disassociate from the group and pass over the weirs, or would reject them by swimming upstream. Alternatively, fish maintained position at the upstream end of the flume by swimming into the flow. The response of smolts to velocity and depth gradient and light condition varied between species, and route of passage was influenced by fork length. Initial channel selection and school size was not influenced by weir type, although schools resided longer within the short-weir channel. The majority of smolts (70%) entered the treatment channels facing downstream (negative rheotaxis), but switched orientation at the crests of the weirs. This switch in orientation occurred farther downstream in the short-weir treatment and for the largest smolts. The variation in response of different species of smolts to hydraulic gradients has important implications for the design of screening mechanisms used at hydroelectric power installations to divert migrant juvenile salmonids. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fish Ecol Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Kemp, PS (reprint author), Univ Southampton, Sch Civil Engn & Environm, Highfield SO17 1BJ, England. EM p.kemp@soton.ac.uk NR 34 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 7 U2 32 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 1535-1459 J9 RIVER RES APPL JI River Res. Appl. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 22 IS 4 BP 429 EP 440 DI 10.1002/rra.913 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 046DG UT WOS:000237791000003 ER PT J AU Vladar, AE Radi, Z Postek, MT Joy, DC AF Vladar, Andras E. Radi, Zsolt Postek, Michael T. Joy, David C. TI Nanotip electron gun for the scanning electron microscope SO SCANNING LA English DT Article DE nanotip; electron gun; scanning electron microscope; metrology; scanning electron microscopy; resolution ID ELEKTRONEN AB Experimental nanotips have shown significant improvement in the resolution performance of a cold field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM). Nanotip electron sources are very sharp electron emitter tips used as a replacement for the conventional tungsten field emission (FE) electron sources. Nanotips offer higher brightness and smaller electron source size. An electron microscope equipped with a nanotip electron gun can provide images with higher spatial resolution and with better signal-to-noise ratio. This could present a considerable advantage over the current SEM electron gun technology if the tips are sufficiently long-lasting and stable for practical use. In this study, an older field-emmission critical dimension (CD) SEM was used as an experimental test platform. Substitution of tungsten nanotips for the regular cathodes required modification of the electron gun circuitry and preparation of nanotips that properly fit the electron gun assembly. In addition, this work contains the results of the modeling and theoretical calculation of the electron gun performance for regular and nanotips, the preparation of the SEM including the design and assembly of a measuring system for essential instrument parameters, design and modification of the electron gun control electronics, development of a procedure for tip exchange, and tests of regular emitter, sharp emitter and nanotips. Nanotip fabrication and characterization procedures were also developed. Using a "sharp" tip as an intermediate to the nanotip clearly demonstrated an improvement in the performance of the test SEM. This and the results of the theoretical assessment gave support for the installation of the nanotips as the next step and pointed to potentially even better performance. Images taken with experimental nanotips showed a minimum two-fold improvement in resolution performance than the specification of the test SEM. The stability of the nano-tip electron gun was excellent; the tip stayed useful for high-resolution imaging for several hours during many days of tests. The tip lifetime was found to be several months in light use. This paper summarizes the current state of the work and points to future possibilities that will open when electron guns can be designed to take full advantage of the nanotip electron emitters. C1 Univ Tennessee, Knoxville, TN USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Vladar, AE (reprint author), NIST Bldg 220 A117, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM andras@nist.gov NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 6 PU FAMS INC PI MAHWAH PA BOX 832, MAHWAH, NJ 07430-0832 USA SN 0161-0457 J9 SCANNING JI Scanning PD MAY-JUN PY 2006 VL 28 IS 3 BP 133 EP 141 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy GA 076JA UT WOS:000239952000001 PM 16878784 ER PT J AU Hagwood, C Guthrie, W AF Hagwood, C Guthrie, W TI Combining data in small multiple-method studies SO TECHNOMETRICS LA English DT Article DE analysis of variance; Bayesian consensus value; standard reference materials ID WATER; BIAS AB In this article an accurate confidence interval is derived when the results of a small number of possibly biased experimental methods are combined for the determination of an unknown quantity called the consensus mean. ANOVA and a simple hierarchical Bayesian analysis of variance with locally uniform priors result in confidence intervals too wide for precision metrology. Often when deciding on experimental methods. scientists choose methods in such a way that the truth lies between the extremes of the method means. Combining this additional information with experimental data, an interval more accurate than the ANOVA interval and the simple hierarchical Bayesian interval is obtained. The estimate obtained falls within the ISO guidelines. and the mean and standard deviation used to derive the confidence interval are shown to be the posterior mean and variance of a fully Bayesian procedure. C1 NIST, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hagwood, C (reprint author), NIST, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM hagwood@nist.gov NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1429 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0040-1706 J9 TECHNOMETRICS JI Technometrics PD MAY PY 2006 VL 48 IS 2 BP 293 EP 301 DI 10.1198/004017005000000300 PG 9 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 044CW UT WOS:000237651000012 ER PT J AU Zhang, CI Megrey, BA AF Zhang, CI Megrey, BA TI A revised Alverson and Carney model for estimating the instantaneous rate of natural mortality SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Review ID DOGFISH SQUALUS-ACANTHIAS; BRITISH-COLUMBIA WATERS; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; FISH STOCKS; REPRODUCTIVE EFFORT; COLOLABIS-SAIRA; SNOWY GROUPER; PACIFIC-OCEAN; UNITED-STATES; FLORIDA-KEYS AB The Alverson and Carney (AC) model for estimating the instantaneous rate of natural mortality (M) was reformulated to include beta and t(0) parameters. The revised Zhang and Megrey (ZM) model could be used for the estimation of M instead of the AC model since von Bertalanffy and allometric growth parameters are readily available for most exploited fish stocks. It was determined from the new formulation that the ratios of the age at maximum biomass (t(mb)) to the maximum age (t(max)) for pelagic and demersal species were significantly different from 0.38, the value originally proposed by Alverson and Carney. The ratios for these two ecological groups were 0.302 and 0.440, respectively, and were significantly different. We examined the sensitivity and bias in M from the new formulation relative to those from the AC model, which assumed that beta = 3.0 and t(0) = 0. Estimates of M from the AC model are most sensitive to the assumption that growth starts at t(0) = 0 when growth rates are high as well as to the beta and t(mb) assumptions. The performance of the revised ZM model was evaluated by comparing calculated M values from the two models based on a paired-sample t-test. The results of the two statistical analyses showed that the ZM model produced values of M closer to published estimates than did the AC model. Thus, the ratio t(mb)/t(max) for specific ecological groups should be used rather than Alverson and Carney's constant 0.38. Analyses of exploited stock dynamics might be conducted using the possible range of M instead of the constant value. The range could be estimated from the ZM model using the mean ratio t(mb)/t(max) +/- SD to get the t(mb) for each subgroup or by explicit variance calculations. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Pukyong Natl Univ, Coll Fisheries Sci, Dept Marine Prod Management, Pusan 608737, South Korea. RP Megrey, BA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM bern.megrey@noaa.gov NR 126 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 135 IS 3 BP 620 EP 633 DI 10.1577/T04-173.1 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 058PJ UT WOS:000238676600007 ER PT J AU Gharrett, AJ Mecklenburg, CW Seeb, LW Li, Z Matala, AP Gray, AK Heifetz, J AF Gharrett, AJ Mecklenburg, CW Seeb, LW Li, Z Matala, AP Gray, AK Heifetz, J TI Do genetically distinct rougheye rockfish sibling species differ phenotypically? SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SEBASTES; SAMPLES AB Two cryptic species of rougheye rockfish Sebastes aleutianus, which we refer to as types I and II, have been identified independently from DNA (microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA [mtDNA]) markers and from distributions of allozyme allele frequencies. Visual differences that discriminate between these species in the field would improve their conservation and management. To delineate species, we used two microsatellite loci, mu Sma6 and mu Sma7, in conjunction with mtDNA site differences for the restriction enzymes Cfo I in the region of NADH dehydrogenase (ND) subunits 3 and 4 and Mbo I in the region of ND subunits 5 and 6. We compared meristic characters and morphological dimensions of the genetically determined species and observed that although all parameters had overlapping distributions, type II rougheye rockfish have slightly fewer and shorter gill rakers and deeper bodies. Discriminant analysis of morphological characteristics accurately delineated the species (> 94%). Rougheye rockfish have two color forms: light and dark. We examined the correlation between coloration and genotype and observed that most type II fish had the light coloration, but type I fish were either light or dark and the proportion of each color form changed geographically. We also demonstrated that frequency differences in the distributions of allozyme markers are concordant with diagnostic differences at microsatellite loci and mtDNA markers, although the allozyme markers are not diagnostic. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau Ctr, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Point Stephens Res, Auke Bay, AK 99821 USA. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Gene Conservat Lab, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Gharrett, AJ (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau Ctr, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, 11120 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM ffajg@uaf.edu NR 22 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 135 IS 3 BP 792 EP 800 DI 10.1577/T05-136.1 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 058PJ UT WOS:000238676600020 ER PT J AU Smith, M AF Smith, M TI Comment on 'Potential and limitations of 1D modeling of urban flooding' by O. Mark et al. [J. Hydrol. 299 (2004) 284-299]. SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol Dev, Hydrol Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Smith, M (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol Dev, Hydrol Lab, 1325 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM michael.smith@noaa.gov NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD APR 30 PY 2006 VL 321 IS 1-4 BP 1 EP 4 DI 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.07.036 PG 4 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 036TV UT WOS:000237099500001 ER PT J AU Buchleitner, A d'Arcy, MB Fishman, S Gardiner, SA Guarneri, I Ma, ZY Rebuzzini, L Summy, GS AF Buchleitner, A d'Arcy, MB Fishman, S Gardiner, SA Guarneri, I Ma, ZY Rebuzzini, L Summy, GS TI Quantum accelerator modes from the Farey tree SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SYSTEMS; STATES; GENERATION AB We show that mode locking finds a purely quantum nondissipative counterpart in atom-optical quantum accelerator modes. These modes are formed by exposing cold atoms to periodic kicks in the direction of the gravitational field. They are anchored to generalized Arnol'd tongues, parameter regions where driven nonlinear classical systems exhibit mode locking. A hierarchy for the rational numbers known as the Farey tree provides an ordering of the Arnol'd tongues and hence of experimentally observed accelerator modes. C1 Max Planck Inst Phys Komplexer Syst, D-01187 Dresden, Germany. Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Technion Israel Inst Technol, Phys Dept, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel. Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Insubria, Dipartimento Matemat & Fis, I-22100 Como, Italy. Univ Milan, Inst Nazl Fis Mat, I-20133 Milan, Italy. Inst Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Pavia, I-27100 Pavia, Italy. Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Phys, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Buchleitner, A (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Phys Komplexer Syst, D-01187 Dresden, Germany. RI Gardiner, Simon/B-2060-2013; Fishman, Shmuel/O-4404-2016 OI Gardiner, Simon/0000-0001-5939-4612; Fishman, Shmuel/0000-0003-2119-859X NR 24 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD APR 28 PY 2006 VL 96 IS 16 AR 164101 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.164101 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 037OP UT WOS:000237156700030 PM 16712235 ER PT J AU Ryu, C Andersen, MF Vaziri, A d'Arcy, MB Grossman, JM Helmerson, K Phillips, WD AF Ryu, C Andersen, MF Vaziri, A d'Arcy, MB Grossman, JM Helmerson, K Phillips, WD TI High-order quantum resonances observed in a periodically kicked bose-einstein condensate SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CHAOS; LOCALIZATION; ATOMS AB We have observed high-order quantum resonances in a realization of the quantum delta-kicked rotor, using Bose-condensed Na atoms subjected to a pulsed standing wave of laser light. These resonances occur for pulse intervals that are rational fractions of the Talbot time, and are characterized by ballistic momentum transfer to the atoms. The condensate's narrow momentum distribution not only permits the observation of the quantum resonances at 3/4 and 1/3 of the Talbot time, but also allows us to study scaling laws for the resonance width in quasimomentum and pulse interval. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Kings Coll London, Dept War Studies, London WC2R 2LS, England. Adelphi Univ, Dept Phys, Garden City, NY 11530 USA. RP Ryu, C (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Andersen, Mikkel/B-3806-2012; Helmerson, Kristian/E-3683-2013 NR 21 TC 117 Z9 117 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD APR 28 PY 2006 VL 96 IS 16 AR 160403 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.160403 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 037OP UT WOS:000237156700003 PM 16712208 ER PT J AU Toggweiler, JR Russell, JL Carson, SR AF Toggweiler, JR Russell, JL Carson, SR TI Midlatitude westerlies, atmospheric CO2, and climate change during the ice ages SO PALEOCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID DEEP-WATER CIRCULATION; LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM; ANTARCTIC SEA-ICE; SOUTHERN-OCEAN; CARBON-DIOXIDE; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; TROPOPAUSE HEIGHT; MARINE RECORD; DRAKE PASSAGE; HIGH-LATITUDE AB An idealized general circulation model is constructed of the ocean's deep circulation and CO2 system that explains some of the more puzzling features of glacial-interglacial CO2 cycles, including the tight correlation between atmospheric CO2 and Antarctic temperatures, the lead of Antarctic temperatures over CO2 at terminations, and the shift of the ocean's delta C-13 minimum from the North Pacific to the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. These changes occur in the model during transitions between on and off states of the southern overturning circulation. We hypothesize that these transitions occur in nature through a positive feedback that involves the midlatitude westerly winds, the mean temperature of the atmosphere, and the overturning of southern deep water. Cold glacial climates seem to have equatorward shifted westerlies, which allow more respired CO2 to accumulate in the deep ocean. Warm climates like the present have poleward shifted westerlies that flush respired CO2 out of the deep ocean. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Toggweiler, JR (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM robbie.toggweiler@noaa.gov; jrussell@geo.arizona.edu; steve_carson@monet.prs.k12.nj.us OI Russell, Joellen/0000-0001-9937-6056 NR 86 TC 349 Z9 352 U1 7 U2 71 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0883-8305 J9 PALEOCEANOGRAPHY JI Paleoceanography PD APR 27 PY 2006 VL 21 IS 2 AR PA2005 DI 10.1029/2005PA001154 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography; Paleontology SC Geology; Oceanography; Paleontology GA 040XG UT WOS:000237413700001 ER PT J AU Stevenson, DS Dentener, FJ Schultz, MG Ellingsen, K van Noije, TPC Wild, O Zeng, G Amann, M Atherton, CS Bell, N Bergmann, DJ Bey, I Butler, T Cofala, J Collins, WJ Derwent, RG Doherty, RM Drevet, J Eskes, HJ Fiore, AM Gauss, M Hauglustaine, DA Horowitz, LW Isaksen, ISA Krol, MC Lamarque, JF Lawrence, MG Montanaro, V Muller, JF Pitari, G Prather, MJ Pyle, JA Rast, S Rodriguez, JM Sanderson, MG Savage, NH Shindell, DT Strahan, SE Sudo, K Szopa, S AF Stevenson, DS Dentener, FJ Schultz, MG Ellingsen, K van Noije, TPC Wild, O Zeng, G Amann, M Atherton, CS Bell, N Bergmann, DJ Bey, I Butler, T Cofala, J Collins, WJ Derwent, RG Doherty, RM Drevet, J Eskes, HJ Fiore, AM Gauss, M Hauglustaine, DA Horowitz, LW Isaksen, ISA Krol, MC Lamarque, JF Lawrence, MG Montanaro, V Muller, JF Pitari, G Prather, MJ Pyle, JA Rast, S Rodriguez, JM Sanderson, MG Savage, NH Shindell, DT Strahan, SE Sudo, K Szopa, S TI Multimodel ensemble simulations of present-day and near-future tropospheric ozone SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Review ID CHEMISTRY TRANSPORT MODELS; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; BIOGENIC NOX EMISSIONS; GLOBAL CHEMICAL-MODEL; AIRCRAFT MOZAIC DATA; CLIMATE-CHANGE; NONMETHANE HYDROCARBONS; METHANE EMISSIONS; SURFACE OZONE; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AB Global tropospheric ozone distributions, budgets, and radiative forcings from an ensemble of 26 state-of-the-art atmospheric chemistry models have been intercompared and synthesized as part of a wider study into both the air quality and climate roles of ozone. Results from three 2030 emissions scenarios, broadly representing "optimistic,'' "likely,'' and "pessimistic'' options, are compared to a base year 2000 simulation. This base case realistically represents the current global distribution of tropospheric ozone. A further set of simulations considers the influence of climate change over the same time period by forcing the central emissions scenario with a surface warming of around 0.7K. The use of a large multimodel ensemble allows us to identify key areas of uncertainty and improves the robustness of the results. Ensemble mean changes in tropospheric ozone burden between 2000 and 2030 for the 3 scenarios range from a 5% decrease, through a 6% increase, to a 15% increase. The intermodel uncertainty (+/-1 standard deviation) associated with these values is about +/-25%. Model outliers have no significant influence on the ensemble mean results. Combining ozone and methane changes, the three scenarios produce radiative forcings of -50, 180, and 300 mW m(-2), compared to a CO2 forcing over the same time period of 800-1100 mW m(-2). These values indicate the importance of air pollution emissions in short-to medium-term climate forcing and the potential for stringent/lax control measures to improve/worsen future climate forcing. The model sensitivity of ozone to imposed climate change varies between models but modulates zonal mean mixing ratios by +/-5 ppbv via a variety of feedback mechanisms, in particular those involving water vapor and stratosphere-troposphere exchange. This level of climate change also reduces the methane lifetime by around 4%. The ensemble mean year 2000 tropospheric ozone budget indicates chemical production, chemical destruction, dry deposition and stratospheric input fluxes of 5100, 4650, 1000, and 550 Tg(O-3) yr(-1), respectively. These values are significantly different to the mean budget documented by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Third Assessment Report (TAR). The mean ozone burden (340 Tg(O-3)) is 10% larger than the IPCC TAR estimate, while the mean ozone lifetime (22 days) is 10% shorter. Results from individual models show a correlation between ozone burden and lifetime, and each model's ozone burden and lifetime respond in similar ways across the emissions scenarios. The response to climate change is much less consistent. Models show more variability in the tropics compared to midlatitudes. Some of the most uncertain areas of the models include treatments of deep tropical convection, including lightning NOx production; isoprene emissions from vegetation and isoprene's degradation chemistry; stratosphere-troposphere exchange; biomass burning; and water vapor concentrations. C1 Univ Edinburgh, Sch Geosci, Edinburgh EH9 3J9, Midlothian, Scotland. Joint Res Ctr, Inst Environm & Sustainabil, I-21020 Ispra, Italy. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. Univ Oslo, Dept Geosci, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst, De Bilt, Netherlands. Japan Marine Sci & Technol Ctr, Frontier Res Ctr Global Change, Kanazawa Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2360001, Japan. Univ Cambridge, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England. Int Inst Appl Syst Anal, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Div Atmospher Sci, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res, Met Off, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England. rdscientific, Newbury RG14 6LH, Berks, England. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. Lab Sci Climat & Environm, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Aquila, Dipartimento Fis, I-67010 Laquila, Italy. Belgian Inst Space Aeron, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Univ Edinburgh, Sch Geosci, Crew Bldg,Kings Bldg, Edinburgh EH9 3J9, Midlothian, Scotland. EM dstevens@staffmail.ed.ac.uk RI Krol, Maarten/B-3597-2010; Bergmann, Daniel/F-9801-2011; Butler, Tim/G-1139-2011; Stevenson, David/C-8089-2012; Shindell, Drew/D-4636-2012; Strahan, Susan/H-1965-2012; Magana, Felipe/B-6966-2013; Rodriguez, Jose/G-3751-2013; Wild, Oliver/A-4909-2009; Collins, William/A-5895-2010; Szopa, Sophie/F-8984-2010; Krol, Maarten/E-3414-2013; Horowitz, Larry/D-8048-2014; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/L-2313-2014; Unger, Nadine/M-9360-2015; Pitari, Giovanni/O-7458-2016; Schultz, Martin/I-9512-2012; OI Bergmann, Daniel/0000-0003-4357-6301; Stevenson, David/0000-0002-4745-5673; Rodriguez, Jose/0000-0002-1902-4649; Wild, Oliver/0000-0002-6227-7035; Collins, William/0000-0002-7419-0850; Szopa, Sophie/0000-0002-8641-1737; Horowitz, Larry/0000-0002-5886-3314; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/0000-0002-4225-5074; Pitari, Giovanni/0000-0001-7051-9578; Schultz, Martin/0000-0003-3455-774X; Savage, Nicholas/0000-0001-9391-5100; Derwent, Richard/0000-0003-4498-645X NR 155 TC 402 Z9 405 U1 13 U2 110 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 26 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D8 AR D08301 DI 10.1029/2005JD006338 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 040WQ UT WOS:000237412100003 ER PT J AU Gupta, AK Anderson, DM Pandey, DN Singhvi, AK AF Gupta, AK Anderson, DM Pandey, DN Singhvi, AK TI Adaptation and human migration, and evidence of agriculture coincident with changes in the Indian summer monsoon during the Holocene SO CURRENT SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE civilizations; Holocene; human dynamics; rainwater harvesting; SW monsoon ID ASIAN SOUTHWEST MONSOON; NORTH-ATLANTIC CLIMATE; ENVIRONMENTAL-CHANGES; POLLEN EVIDENCE; THAR DESERT; WEST-COAST; YR BP; OCEAN; RECORD; SEDIMENT AB Human societies have evolved through a complex system of climate and ecological interactions. Known records suggest intimate relationship of adaptations, mitigations and migrations to climate extremes leaving their im- pacts on human societies. The northwestern part of India provides such an example, where human civilizations flourished in the early Holocene along the major fluvial systems when the Indian summer (southwest) monsoon was much stronger and rainfall was higher over the Indian land mass. Summers were thus wetter, conducive to agriculture and ecodiversity. Changes in the early civilizations in the Indian subcontinent had a close relation to changes in the monsoon climate over the past 10,000 years. The summer monsoon has weak- ened over the last 7000 years since its peak intensification in the early Holocene (10,000-7000 cal yrS BP). Discrete intervals of dry phases in the summer monsoon are visible in the proxy record of the monsoon winds from the marine sediments of the Arabian Sea, which had significant impact on human settlements in South Asia. The strongest aridity in the Indian subcontinent and extended periods of droughts at ca 5000-4000 cal yrS BP seems to have triggered eastward human migrations towards the Ganga plain. Other times of monsoon weakening during the Holocene are coincident with the initial development of ponds, reservoirs and other rainwater harvesting structures that may have served as an adaptation to climate change. C1 Indian Inst Technol, Dept Geol & Geophys, Kharagpur 721302, W Bengal, India. NOAA Paleoclimatol Program, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Forest Dept, Jaipur 302005, Rajasthan, India. Phys Res Lab, Ahmadabad 380009, Gujarat, India. RP Gupta, AK (reprint author), Indian Inst Technol, Dept Geol & Geophys, Kharagpur 721302, W Bengal, India. EM anilg@gg.iitkgp.ernet.in RI anderson, david/E-6416-2011 NR 60 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 18 PU CURRENT SCIENCE ASSN PI BANGALORE PA C V RAMAN AVENUE, PO BOX 8005, BANGALORE 560 080, INDIA SN 0011-3891 J9 CURR SCI INDIA JI Curr. Sci. PD APR 25 PY 2006 VL 90 IS 8 BP 1082 EP 1090 PG 9 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 039XN UT WOS:000237341800015 ER PT J AU Staudigel, H Hart, SR Pile, A Bailey, BE Baker, ET Brooke, S Connelly, DP Haucke, L German, CR Hudson, I Jones, D Koppers, AAP Konter, J Lee, R Pietsch, TW Tebo, BM Templeton, AS Zierenberg, R Young, CM AF Staudigel, H Hart, SR Pile, A Bailey, BE Baker, ET Brooke, S Connelly, DP Haucke, L German, CR Hudson, I Jones, D Koppers, AAP Konter, J Lee, R Pietsch, TW Tebo, BM Templeton, AS Zierenberg, R Young, CM TI Vailulu'u seamount, Samoa: Life and death on an active submarine volcano SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE currents; habitats; hydrothermal; vents; eels ID LOIHI SEAMOUNT; SEA; BACTERIA; RIDGES AB Submersible exploration of the Samoan hotspot revealed a new, 300-m-tall, volcanic cone, named Nafanua, in the summit crater of Vailulu'u seamount. Nafanua grew from the 1,000-m-deep crater floor in < 4 years and could reach the sea surface within decades. Vents fill Vailulu'u crater with a thick suspension of particulates and apparently toxic fluids that mix with seawater entering from the crater breaches. Low-temperature vents form Fe oxide chimneys in many locations and up to 1-m-thick layers of hydrothermal Fe floc on Nafanua. High-temperature (81 degrees C) hydrothermal vents in the northern moat (945-m water depth) produce acidic fluids (pH 2.7) with rising droplets of (probably) liquid CO2. The Nafanua summit vent area is inhabited by a thriving population of eels (Dysommina rugosa) that feed on midwater shrimp probably concentrated by anticyclonic currents at the volcano summit and rim. The moat and crater floor around the new volcano are littered with dead metazoans that apparently died from exposure to hydrothermal emissions. Acid-tolerant polychaetes (Polynoidae) live in this environment, apparently feeding on bacteria from decaying fish carcasses. Vailulu'u is an unpredictable and very active underwater volcano presenting a potential long-term volcanic hazard. Although eels thrive in hydrothermal vents at the summit of Nafanua, venting elsewhere in the crater causes mass mortality. Paradoxically, the same anticyclonic currents that deliver food to the eels may also concentrate a wide variety of nektonic animals in a death trap of toxic hydrothermal fluids. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Sydney, Sch Biol Sci, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Oregon, Oregon Inst Marine Biol, Charleston, OR 97420 USA. Natl Oceanog Ctr, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England. Washington State Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, OGI Sch Sci & Engn, Dept Environm & Biomol Sci, Beaverton, OR 97006 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Geol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Staudigel, H (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM shart@whoi.edu RI Jones, Daniel/A-3412-2009; Konter, Jasper/G-5206-2012; Zierenberg, Robert/F-9329-2012; Tebo, Bradley/A-8432-2017; OI Jones, Daniel/0000-0001-5218-1649; Zierenberg, Robert/0000-0001-9384-7355; Tebo, Bradley/0000-0002-6301-4325; TEMPLETON, ALEXIS/0000-0002-9670-0647; Young, Craig/0000-0002-6923-8258 NR 24 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 3 U2 16 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD APR 25 PY 2006 VL 103 IS 17 BP 6448 EP 6453 DI 10.1073/pnas.0600830103 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 037MM UT WOS:000237151000008 PM 16614067 ER PT J AU Xia, YL AF Xia, YL TI Optimization and uncertainty estimates of WMO regression models for the systematic bias adjustment of NLDAS precipitation in the United States SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID LAND-SURFACE MODEL; OPTIMAL PARAMETER; GLOBAL PRECIPITATION; ART.; GAUGE; PREDICTIONS; PROJECT; BASIN AB [ 1] World Meteorological Organization (WMO) regression models for precipitation gauge bias developed by Goodison et al. ( 1998) were optimized using the very fast simulated annealing algorithm. The regression model uncertainties were estimated by use of a Bayesian stochastic inversion ( BSI) algorithm. Legates and Willmott's ( 1990) precipitation correction factors database ( applicable to average monthly conditions) were used to constrain model parameters. Daily wind speed, air temperature, and precipitation from the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) were used as input for the WMO regression models in the United States. The results show that the optimal regression model is reasonably bounded by the WMO Alter-shielded and unshielded models for both rain and snow. The optimized regression model, aside from reproducing reasonably well the Legates-Willmott average monthly adjustment factors, also describes daily and interannual variation of precipitation correction factors. The relations among model parameters and model uncertainties, including regression parameter uncertainty and input data uncertainty, are examined. The results show strong relations between regression model uncertainties and uncertain NLDAS wind speed. Uncertainty of NLDAS data has little effect on optimization of the WMO regression model. However, it has significant effects on uncertainty of the regression model parameters and the precipitation correction factors. C1 NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Xia, YL (reprint author), NOAA, NCEP, EMC, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM youlong.xia@noaa.gov NR 28 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 22 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D8 AR D08102 DI 10.1029/2005JD006188 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 039MD UT WOS:000237309000002 ER PT J AU Gruntman, M Izmodenov, V Pizzo, V AF Gruntman, M Izmodenov, V Pizzo, V TI Imaging the global solar wind flow in EUV SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID QUASI-STEADY DYNAMICS; HELIOSPHERIC BOUNDARY; OUTER HELIOSPHERE; NEUTRAL HYDROGEN; INTERSTELLAR; HELIUM; PARAMETERS; SPACE AB We advance the original concept of imaging the three-dimensional solar wind flow (Gruntman, 2001a) by characterizing expected heliospheric EUV signatures under assumptions of a realistic solar wind. Charge exchange collisions between the solar wind alpha particles and heliospheric atomic hydrogen produce unique emissions in the 30.4-nm line. All-sky images at 30.4 nm with high spectral resolution reveal the three-dimensional flow properties of the solar wind, including the flow in the regions over the Sun's poles, and the variability of the global solar wind properties during the 11-year solar cycle. We simulate global heliospheric images at 30.4 nm for a realistic three-dimensional solar wind with the Sun's effective magnetic dipole tilted with respect to the spin axis, resulting in a complex flow pattern of the plasma. We show that the physical properties of the flow would permit averaging over several rotations of the Sun, thus realistically limiting the total number of all-sky images to a few per year. This feature effectively establishes the sensitivity requirements for an experiment to image the global solar wind. C1 Univ So Calif, Viterbi Sch Engn, Astronaut & Space Technol Div, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Fac Mech & Gas Dynam, Dept Aeromech & Gas Dynam, Moscow 119899, Russia. Russian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst IKI, Moscow, Russia. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Problems Mech, Moscow, Russia. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Gruntman, M (reprint author), Univ So Calif, Viterbi Sch Engn, Astronaut & Space Technol Div, 854 Downey Way,RRB-224,MC-1192, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. EM mikeg@usc.edu; izmod@ipmnet.ru; vic.pizzo@noaa.gov RI Izmodenov, Vladislav/K-6073-2012; Gruntman, Mike/A-5426-2008 OI Izmodenov, Vladislav/0000-0002-1748-0982; Gruntman, Mike/0000-0002-0830-010X NR 29 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD APR 22 PY 2006 VL 111 IS A4 AR A04216 DI 10.1029/2005JA011530 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 039NA UT WOS:000237311500009 ER PT J AU de Koning, CA Gosling, JT Skoug, RM Steinberg, JT AF de Koning, CA Gosling, JT Skoug, RM Steinberg, JT TI Widths of suprathermal pitch angle distributions during solar electron bursts: ACE observations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID DISSIPATION RANGE; PROPAGATION; DYNAMICS; EVENTS; ENERGY; WAVES AB [1] Solar active processes frequently produce electron bursts which, as observed at 1 AU, extend down to energies less than 1.4 keV. The characteristics of these solar electron bursts vary considerably from event to event due in part to the physical processes involved in their propagation to Earth. We present a thorough survey of 71 low-energy solar electron bursts that extended down to least 713 eV as observed by ACE/SWEPAM in 2002. This study characterizes properties of these bursts, including the preburst and maximum burst intensity, and the burst duration, as well as properties of the solar electron pitch angle distributions, including preburst strahl width and maximum burst beam width. Approximately 60% of bursts observed down to at least 713 eV have, on average, broader beams than the preceding strahl. Our analysis shows that all bursts in this survey have similar preburst strahl widths and electron intensities. Consequently, we conclude that beam broadening does not depend on preburst conditions. Furthermore, we find preferential associations between bursts that exhibit increased beam widths and several burst characteristics, namely, ( 1) high-intensity bursts, ( 2) bursts observable below 519 eV, and ( 3) long-duration bursts. Broadening of the pitch angle distribution function during solar electron bursts almost certainly results from particle scattering. Since the broadening of the pitch angle distribution function during bursts does not depend on preburst conditions and it does depend on burst characteristics, we suggest that scattering may result from self-generated fluctuations which should increase in magnitude as the energy density of the burst beam increases. Finally, we describe two sources of wave-particle interactions that offer plausible explanations for broadening of the electron pitch angle distribution during solar bursts. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP de Koning, CA (reprint author), NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Mail Code W-NP9,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM curt.a.dekoning@noaa.gov OI Steinberg, John/0000-0003-2491-1661 NR 20 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD APR 21 PY 2006 VL 111 IS A4 AR A04101 DI 10.1029/2005JA011326 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 039MY UT WOS:000237311300001 ER PT J AU Crain, JN Stiles, MD Stroscio, JA Pierce, DT AF Crain, JN Stiles, MD Stroscio, JA Pierce, DT TI Electronic effects in the length distribution of atom chains SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SURFACE AB Gold deposited on Si(553) leads to self-assembly of atomic chains, which are broken into finite segments by defects. Scanning tunneling microscopy is used to investigate the distribution of chain lengths and the correlation between defects separating the chains. The length distribution reveals oscillations that indicate changes in the cohesive energy as a function of chain length. We present a possible interpretation in terms of the electronic scattering vectors at the Fermi surface of the surface states. The pairwise correlation function between defects shows long-range correlations that extend beyond nearest-neighbor defects, indicating coupling between chains. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electron Phys Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Crain, JN (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electron Phys Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Stiles, Mark/K-2426-2012 OI Stiles, Mark/0000-0001-8238-4156 NR 22 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD APR 21 PY 2006 VL 96 IS 15 AR 156801 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.156801 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 034ZP UT WOS:000236969700051 PM 16712182 ER PT J AU Stowe, MC Cruz, FC Marian, A Ye, J AF Stowe, MC Cruz, FC Marian, A Ye, J TI High resolution atomic coherent control via spectral phase manipulation of an optical frequency comb SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LASER-PULSES; 2-PHOTON TRANSITIONS; POPULATION TRANSFER; FEMTOSECOND LASER; LADDER SYSTEM; SPECTROSCOPY AB We demonstrate high resolution coherent control of cold atomic rubidium utilizing spectral phase manipulation of a femtosecond optical frequency comb. Transient coherent accumulation is directly manifested by the enhancement of signal amplitude and spectral resolution via the pulse number. The combination of frequency comb technology and spectral phase manipulation enables coherent control techniques to enter a new regime with natural linewidth resolution. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Stowe, MC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011; Cruz, Flavio/A-6346-2012; Inst. of Physics, Gleb Wataghin/A-9780-2017 OI Cruz, Flavio/0000-0003-3995-7910; NR 20 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD APR 21 PY 2006 VL 96 IS 15 AR 153001 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.153001 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 034ZP UT WOS:000236969700022 PM 16712153 ER PT J AU Mahoney, CM Gillen, G Fahey, AJ AF Mahoney, CM Gillen, G Fahey, AJ TI Characterization of gunpowder samples using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) SO FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE TOF-SIMS; SIMS; mass spectrometry; gunpowder; explosives; forensic science; propellant; smokeless powders; black powders; black powder substitutes ID PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS; SMOKELESS GUNPOWDER; ORGANIC ADDITIVES; GUNSHOT RESIDUES; POWDER; AMMUNITION; OGSR AB Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) was utilized to obtain characteristic mass spectra from three different smokeless powders and six different black powder samples. In these mass spectra, peaks indicative of both the organic and inorganic additive constituents in the gunpowders were observed. TOF-SIMS was able to successfully differentiate between the different black and smokeless gunpowder samples analyzed with the aid of principal components analysis (PCA), a multivariate statistical analysis approach often used to reduce the dimensionality of complex data. TOF-SIMS was also used to obtain information about the spatial distribution of the various additives contained within the gunpowder samples. SIMS imaging demonstrated that that the samples could potentially be characterized by their 2-D structure, which varied from sample to sample. These results clearly demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing TOF-SIMS as a tool for the characterization and differentiation of gunpowder samples for general forensic applications. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mahoney, CM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8371, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Fahey, Albert/C-5611-2015 NR 21 TC 35 Z9 34 U1 3 U2 28 PU ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA ELSEVIER HOUSE, BROOKVALE PLAZA, EAST PARK SHANNON, CO, CLARE, 00000, IRELAND SN 0379-0738 J9 FORENSIC SCI INT JI Forensic Sci.Int. PD APR 20 PY 2006 VL 158 IS 1 BP 39 EP 51 DI 10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.02.036 PG 13 WC Medicine, Legal SC Legal Medicine GA 028QV UT WOS:000236504200005 PM 16005590 ER PT J AU Zheng, W Gallagher, A AF Zheng, W Gallagher, A TI Hot wire radicals and reactions SO THIN SOLID FILMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Hot-Wire CVD Process CY AUG 23-27, 2004 CL Utrecht Univ, Utrecht, NETHERLANDS HO Utrecht Univ DE solar cells; amorphous silicon; chemical vapor deposition; radicals ID CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; A-SI-H; HIGH-TEMPERATURE; SILANE PLASMA; DISCHARGES; DECOMPOSITION; TUNGSTEN; KINETICS; SYSTEM; ATOMS AB Threshold ionization mass spectroscopy is used to measure radical (and stable gas) densities at the substrate of a tungsten hot wire (HW) reactor. We report measurements of the silane reaction probability on the HW and the probability of Si and H release from the HW. We describe a model for the atomic H release, based on the H-2 dissociation model. We note major variations in si I icon-re lease, with dependence on prior silane exposure. Measured radical densities versus silane pressure yield silicon-silane and H-silane reaction rate coefficients, and the dominant radical fluxes to the substrate. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Gallagher, A (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM alang@jila.colorado.edu NR 16 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0040-6090 J9 THIN SOLID FILMS JI Thin Solid Films PD APR 20 PY 2006 VL 501 IS 1-2 BP 21 EP 25 DI 10.1016/j.tsf.2005.07.116 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 021JN UT WOS:000235979600005 ER PT J AU Dillon, AC Mahan, AH Deshpande, R Alleman, JL Blackburn, JL Parillia, PA Heben, MJ Engtrakul, C Gilbert, KEH Jones, KM To, R Lee, SH Lehman, JH AF Dillon, AC Mahan, AH Deshpande, R Alleman, JL Blackburn, JL Parillia, PA Heben, MJ Engtrakul, C Gilbert, KEH Jones, KM To, R Lee, SH Lehman, JH TI Hot-wire chemical vapor synthesis for a variety of nano-materials with novel applications SO THIN SOLID FILMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Hot-Wire CVD Process CY AUG 23-27, 2004 CL Utrecht Univ, Utrecht, NETHERLANDS HO Utrecht Univ DE hot-wire chemical vapor deposition; carbon nanotubes; metal oxide nanorods ID CARBON NANOTUBES; DEPOSITION AB Hot-wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) has been demonstrated as a simple economically scalable technique for the synthesis of a variety of nano-materials in an environmentally friendly manner. For example we have employed HWCVD for the continuous production of both carbon single- and multi-wall nanotubes (SWNTs and MWNTs). Unanticipated hydrogen storage on HWCVD-generated MWNTs has led insight into the adsorption mechanism of hydrogen on metallcarbon composites at near ambient temperatures that could be useful for developing a vehicular hydrogen storage system. Recent efforts have been focused on growing MWNT arrays on thin nickel films with a simple HWCVD process. New data suggests that these MWNT arrays could replace the gold black coatings currently used in pyroelectric detectors to accurately measure laser power. Finally, we have very recently employed HWCVD for the production of crystalline molybdenum and tungsten oxide nanotubes and nanorods. These metal oxide nanorods and nanotubes Could have applications in catalysis, batteries and electrochromic windows or as gas sensors. A summary of the techniques for growing these novel materials and their various potential applications is provided. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Dillon, AC (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. EM anne_dillon@nrel.gov RI Lee, Sehee/A-5989-2011; Engtrakul, Chaiwat/H-5634-2011; Blackburn, Jeffrey/D-7344-2012 NR 13 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0040-6090 J9 THIN SOLID FILMS JI Thin Solid Films PD APR 20 PY 2006 VL 501 IS 1-2 BP 216 EP 220 DI 10.1016/j.tsf.2005.07.182 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 021JN UT WOS:000235979600052 ER PT J AU Chiodi, AM Harrison, DE AF Chiodi, AM Harrison, DE TI Summertime subtropical sea surface temperature variability SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID UPPER-OCEAN RESPONSE; INTRASEASONAL VARIABILITY; SOUTHERN-HEMISPHERE; MIXED-LAYER; SATELLITE; ANTICYCLONES; CLIMATOLOGY; PACIFIC; EVENTS AB This paper describes a new class of summertime subtropical sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies that have basin scale, amplitudes up to 3 degrees C and duration of up to 2 weeks. These have been discovered in the Microwave Imager (TMI) SST analyses. One-dimensional physics and numerical weather prediction operational air-sea fluxes are able to reproduce many aspects of the observations. The mechanism of creation of these summertime anomalies depends on the formation of shallow ocean mixed layer depths. Their persistence is controlled primarily by the duration of appropriate atmospheric conditions. Model studies also suggest that near synoptic scale surface flux variations, of the type considered here, cause significant warming of SST over monthly to seasonal timescales. C1 Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Ocean, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Chiodi, AM (reprint author), Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Ocean, Box 355351, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM chiodi@ocean.washington.edu RI Harrison, Don/D-9582-2013; Chiodi, Andrew/Q-7818-2016 NR 19 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 19 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 8 AR L08601 DI 10.1029/2005GL024524 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 039LT UT WOS:000237307900001 ER PT J AU Ishiwata, S Bos, JWG Huang, Q Cava, RJ AF Ishiwata, S Bos, JWG Huang, Q Cava, RJ TI Structure and magnetic properties of hollandite Ba1.2Mn8O16 SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article ID MANGANESE OXIDE; TRANSITION AB The synthesis, crystal structure and magnetic properties of Ba1.2Mn8O16, obtained using a KCl mineralizer, are reported. This material crystallizes in the monoclinic hollandite structure, containing Mn-O double chains (space group: 12/m, a = 10.052(1) angstrom, b = 2.8579(2) angstrom, c = 9.7627(10) angstrom, beta = 89.96(1)degrees), and undergoes a magnetic transition at 40 K with the magnetization having a small ferromagnetic component. The ordering temperature is nearly 10 times lower than expected from the Weiss temperature of -385 K, evidencing magnetic frustration. Preliminary neutron powder diffraction studies suggest a complex spin arrangement within the ac-plane (perpendicular to the chain axis). The resistivity is consistent with one-dimensional variable range hopping. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Waseda Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Tokyo 1698555, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ishiwata, S (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM ishiwata@htsc.sci.waseda.ac.jp RI Ishiwata, Shintaro/A-2637-2010; Bos, Jan-Willem/E-7648-2011 OI Ishiwata, Shintaro/0000-0003-1696-2514; Bos, Jan-Willem/0000-0003-3947-2024 NR 22 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 21 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-8984 J9 J PHYS-CONDENS MAT JI J. Phys.-Condes. Matter PD APR 19 PY 2006 VL 18 IS 15 BP 3745 EP 3752 DI 10.1088/0953-8984/18/15/019 PG 8 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 040WA UT WOS:000237410400024 ER PT J AU Brown, SS Neuman, JA Ryerson, TB Trainer, M Dube, WP Holloway, JS Warneke, C de Gouw, JA Donnelly, SG Atlas, E Matthew, B Middlebrook, AM Peltier, R Weber, RJ Stohl, A Meagher, JF Fehsenfeld, FC Ravishankara, AR AF Brown, SS Neuman, JA Ryerson, TB Trainer, M Dube, WP Holloway, JS Warneke, C de Gouw, JA Donnelly, SG Atlas, E Matthew, B Middlebrook, AM Peltier, R Weber, RJ Stohl, A Meagher, JF Fehsenfeld, FC Ravishankara, AR TI Nocturnal odd-oxygen budget and its implications for ozone loss in the lower troposphere SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; AIRCRAFT OBSERVATIONS; BOUNDARY-LAYER; AIR-QUALITY; O-3; NOX; CHEMISTRY; AEROSOLS; N2O5; OH AB Nitrogen oxides are important to the regulation of ozone throughout the Earth's atmosphere. Of particular interest for regional air quality is photochemical production and nocturnal destruction of O-3 in the lower troposphere in high NOx(= NO + NO2) environments. Nocturnal tropospheric odd oxygen (O-x), defined as O-3 + NO2 + 2NO(3) + 3N(2)O(5), is used to assess the impact of NOx emissions on nocturnal O-3 loss. Recent aircraft measurements of the components of O-x and HNO3 yield a detailed accounting of the nocturnal O-x budget in a regionally polluted environment. The analysis demonstrates the role of NO3 and N2O5 reactions in nocturnal O-3 destruction and shows that multiple factors, including timing of NOx emissions, hydrocarbon and aerosol loading, seasonality and atmospheric mixing, govern the impact of NOx emissions on regional-scale air quality. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA. Ft Hays State Univ, Dept Chem, Hays, KS 67601 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Marine & Atmospher Chem, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Norsk Inst Luftforskning, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO USA. RP Brown, SS (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM steven.s.brown@noaa.gov RI de Gouw, Joost/A-9675-2008; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; Brown, Steven/I-1762-2013; Ravishankara, Akkihebbal/A-2914-2011; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013; Atlas, Elliot/J-8171-2015; Stohl, Andreas/A-7535-2008; Neuman, Andy/A-1393-2009; Warneke, Carsten/E-7174-2010; Middlebrook, Ann/E-4831-2011; Holloway, John/F-9911-2012; Trainer, Michael/H-5168-2013; Ryerson, Tom/C-9611-2009; Dube, William/I-1658-2013 OI de Gouw, Joost/0000-0002-0385-1826; Stohl, Andreas/0000-0002-2524-5755; Neuman, Andy/0000-0002-3986-1727; Middlebrook, Ann/0000-0002-2984-6304; Holloway, John/0000-0002-4585-9594; Dube, William/0000-0003-1286-4087 NR 25 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 18 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 8 AR L08801 DI 10.1029/2006GL025900 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 039LR UT WOS:000237307700006 ER PT J AU Xavier, JH Sharma, S Seo, YS Isseroff, R Koga, T White, H Ulman, A Shin, K Satija, SK Sokolov, J Rafailovich, MH AF Xavier, JH Sharma, S Seo, YS Isseroff, R Koga, T White, H Ulman, A Shin, K Satija, SK Sokolov, J Rafailovich, MH TI Effect of nanoscopic fillers on dewetting dynamics SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID POLYMER-FILMS; THIN-FILMS; POLYSTYRENE; PARTICLES; MIXTURES; SURFACE; MODEL; GOLD AB We synthesized C-18-functionalized gold and palladium nanoparticles with average diameter size of 10 and 3 nm, respectively, and carried out a systematic study of the effect of nanoscale metallic fillers on the dewetting dynamics of PS/PMMA bilayer substrates. Optical and atomic force microscopies were used to study the hole growth and determine the viscosity of the films as a function of PS molecular weight, particle radius, and concentration. Neutron reflectivity was used to measure the effects of the nanoparticles on the tracer diffusion coefficient. X-ray reflectivity and TEM microscopy were used to study the distribution of the particles within the film and ensure that no segregation or clustering occurred. The results indicated that the dynamics are a sensitive function of the ratio between the filler radius, R-particle, and the polymer radius of gyration, R-g. The data were found to collapse on a universal curve where the relative velocity of the filled system was faster than that for the unfilled system when R-g/R-particle > 4 and slower when R-g/R-particle < 4. Shear modulation force microscopy method (SMFM) measurements were performed as a function of temperature and indicated that T-g was depressed by 12 degrees C relative to the bulk when R-g/R-particle > 4 and unchanged when Rg/R-particle < 4. The results were interpreted in terms of an increase in the local excluded volume and possible elastic distortions of the polymer matrix. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Polytech Univ, Dept Chem Engn & Chem, Brooklyn, NY 11201 USA. Gwanju Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Sci & Engn, Gwanju 500712, South Korea. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. EM jeanharry.xavier@gmail.com; mrafailovich@notes.cc.sunysb.edu RI Koga, Tadanori/A-4007-2010; Shin, Kwanwoo /C-4979-2012; OI Shin, Kwanwoo/0000-0002-7563-8581 NR 30 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 EI 1520-5835 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD APR 18 PY 2006 VL 39 IS 8 BP 2972 EP 2980 DI 10.1021/ma050454m PG 9 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 035JE UT WOS:000236996200034 ER PT J AU Silverstein, MS Bauer, BJ Hedden, RC Lee, HJ Landes, BG AF Silverstein, MS Bauer, BJ Hedden, RC Lee, HJ Landes, BG TI SANS and XRR porosimetry of a polyphenylene low-k dielectric SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; PORE-SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; PERCUS-YEVICK FLUID; X-RAY REFLECTIVITY; THIN-FILMS; STRUCTURAL-CHARACTERIZATION; ELLIPSOMETRIC POROSIMETRY; POSITRON-ANNIHILATION; POROSITY; DENSITY AB Nanometer scale porosity is introduced into low-dielectric constant ("low-k") materials to achieve permittivities less than 2.0. X-ray reflectivity (XRR) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) are complementary methods for characterizing pore size distributions (PSD). In this paper, the PSD in a polyphenylene low-k material is characterized via solvent vapor porosimetry experiments using both SANS and XRR to probe solvent permeation, and the significant differences in these techniques are described and discussed. Previous work assumed a single-mode PSD, but the solvent porosimetry measurements indicate the presence of a bimodal PSD. A PSD maximum is observed at about 5 angstrom via XRR porosimetry while SANS seems less sensitive to structure at high q (relatively small size scales). A sorption/desorption hysteresis suggests the presence of "ink-bottle" pores in which solvent-filled small pores block the desorption from large pores. A combination of these techniques is also able to describe the structure in a film with partially developed porosity that contains matrix, pores, and porogen. C1 Technion Israel Inst Technol, Dept Mat Engn, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Dow Chem Co USA, Midland, MI 48674 USA. RP Silverstein, MS (reprint author), Technion Israel Inst Technol, Dept Mat Engn, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel. EM michaels@tx.technion.ac.il; barry.bauer@nist.gov RI Hedden, Ronald/M-3909-2014 OI Hedden, Ronald/0000-0003-3571-1403 NR 46 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD APR 18 PY 2006 VL 39 IS 8 BP 2998 EP 3006 DI 10.1021/ma052395i PG 9 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 035JE UT WOS:000236996200037 ER PT J AU Egelhoff, WF McMichael, RD Dennis, CL Stiles, MD Shapiro, AJ Maranville, BB Powell, CJ AF Egelhoff, WF McMichael, RD Dennis, CL Stiles, MD Shapiro, AJ Maranville, BB Powell, CJ TI Suppression of orange-peel coupling in magnetic tunnel junctions by preoxidation SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TRANSITION-METAL BILAYERS; OXIDATION; SURFACE; OXYGEN AB We have found that preoxidation of the bottom Co electrode in magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) very effectively suppresses orange-peel coupling. The result is a free layer that is much softer. Work by others has demonstrated that preoxidation is compatible with high-quality MTJ fabrication. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Egelhoff, WF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM egelhoff@nist.gov RI McMichael, Robert/J-8688-2012; Stiles, Mark/K-2426-2012; OI Stiles, Mark/0000-0001-8238-4156; McMichael, Robert/0000-0002-1372-664X NR 11 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD APR 17 PY 2006 VL 88 IS 16 AR 162508 DI 10.1063/1.2198087 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 034ZL UT WOS:000236969300074 ER PT J AU Kee, TW Zhao, HX Cicerone, MT AF Kee, TW Zhao, HX Cicerone, MT TI One-laser interferometric broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID HIGH-SPECTRAL-RESOLUTION; CARS MICROSCOPY; SPECTROSCOPY; LIGHT AB We introduce an interferometric technique for eliminating the non-resonant background of broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy. CARS microscopy has been used for imaging a number of biological samples and processes, but the studies are mostly limited to detecting lipids in biological systems by probing the C-H stretch. Non-resonant background and incoherent noise sources can easily overwhelm less intense signals from other molecular vibrations. In this study, we demonstrate a one-laser broadband interferometric technique that separates the spontaneous Raman scattering-related component of the CARS signal from the non-resonant background using liquid benzonitrile as a model system. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kee, TW (reprint author), Univ Adelaide, Sch Chem & Phys, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. EM cicerone@nist.gov RI Kee, Tak/J-2137-2016 FU NIBIB NIH HHS [R21 EB002468] NR 23 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 9 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD APR 17 PY 2006 VL 14 IS 8 BP 3631 EP 3640 DI 10.1364/OE.14.003631 PG 10 WC Optics SC Optics GA 037KD UT WOS:000237144700060 PM 19516510 ER PT J AU Johnson, S Lowenstine, L Gulland, F Jang, S Imai, D Almy, F DeLong, R Gardner, I AF Johnson, S Lowenstine, L Gulland, F Jang, S Imai, D Almy, F DeLong, R Gardner, I TI Aerobic bacterial flora of the vagina and prepuce of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) and investigation of associations with urogenital carcinoma SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sea lion; bacteria; microbiology; Streptococcus phocae; urogenital carcinoma ID CERVICAL INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; METASTATIC CARCINOMA; PHOCAE INFECTIONS; MICROBIAL-FLORA; MARINE MAMMALS; BALTIC SEAS; FUR SEALS; IDENTIFICATION; NORTH AB To investigate the association between genital bacterial infection and urogenital carcinoma in California sea lions (Zalophus calfornianus), vaginal and preputial swabs for bacterial isolation were taken from 148 free-ranging and 51 stranded California sea lions including 16 animals with urogenital carcinoma. Cytological examination of vaginal or preputial smears showed a majority (65.5%, 57/87) of animals examined had mild or no inflammation. Aerobic bacteria were isolated from 116 (78.4%) wild sea lions and 100% of stranded animals. A total of 403 isolates were identified representing 51 unique bacterial species. The median number of isolates per animal increased with age in the wild group, but there was no difference in the number of isolates per animal between wild and stranded adults. The most common bacteria isolated from the wild sea lions were Psychrobacter phenylpyruvicus (39 isolates), non-hemolytic Streptococcus (35 isolates), Corynebacterium spp. (30 isolates), and Escherichia coli (20 isolates). More bacterial species were isolated from stranded animals than wild animals (33 versus 26) and there was significantly less growth of P. phenylpyruvicus, Corynebacterium spp., and Moraxella-like spp. in the stranded animals. Beta-hemolytic Streptococcus was the only bacterium significantly associated with urogenital carcinomas in California sea lions, but only in females. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Vet Med Teaching Hosp, Dept Pathol Microbiol & Immunol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Marine Mammal Ctr, Sausalito, CA 94965 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Sch Vet Med, Dept Med & Epidemiol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Johnson, S (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Wildlife Hlth Ctr, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM spjohnson@ucdavis.edu NR 36 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD APR 16 PY 2006 VL 114 IS 1-2 BP 94 EP 103 DI 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.045 PG 10 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA 032AH UT WOS:000236745800010 PM 16326045 ER PT J AU Bennett, LH Della Torre, E deWit, R Kahler, G Watson, RE AF Bennett, LH Della Torre, E deWit, R Kahler, G Watson, RE TI Field dependence of the barrier to magnetization reversal of a Stoner-Wohlfarth particle SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article AB It is well known that the energy barrier for magnetization reversal, E-B, varies quadratically with the magnetic field for the Stoner-Wohlfarth model. However, the enthalpy H (switching energy) required to reverse the magnetization is the sum of E-B and the work W-f done by the Neel fluctuation field. The sum of these two terms gives an enthalpy of reversal. If the fluctuation field is uniaxial and parallel to the holding field, then the enthalpy barrier for switching is linear in the holding field. The linearity is consistent with certain experimental results. If the fluctuation field is anisotropic, then for the same size field, the probability of the particle's switching will depend upon the direction of that field. The paper discusses the holding field variation of the energy barrier for different fluctuation field directions. (C) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 George Washington Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Washington, DC 20052 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Bennett, LH (reprint author), George Washington Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Washington, DC 20052 USA. EM lbennett@gwu.edu NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 99 IS 8 AR 08K507 DI 10.1063/1.2177139 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 040TV UT WOS:000237404200493 ER PT J AU Cheng, XM Nikitenko, VI Shapiro, AJ Shull, RD Chien, CL AF Cheng, X. M. Nikitenko, V. I. Shapiro, A. J. Shull, R. D. Chien, C. L. TI Unusual magnetization reversal in [Co/Pt](4) multilayers with perpendicular anisotropy SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID DOMAIN-STRUCTURE; THIN-FILMS AB Unusual magnetization reversal of [Co(4 angstrom)/Pt(10 angstrom)](4) multilayers with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy has been revealed macroscopically by magnetometry measurements and microscopically by magneto-optical Kerr effect microscopy and magnetic force microscopy (MFM) imaging. During the first-order reversal process, the magnetization first decreases, then reaches a plateau, and finally rises back to saturation, corresponding to expanding bubble domains, stationary domains, and fading contrast but unchanged boundary domains, respectively. MFM imaging reveals the existence of many submicron-scaled unreversed channels within the boundary of the "bubble" domains. The magnetization reversal behavior can be accounted for by the evolution of the unusual domain structures in different field regimes. (C) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Magnet Mat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cheng, XM (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. EM xmcheng@pha.jhu.edu RI Cheng, Xuemei/D-2388-2010; Shull, Robert/F-5971-2013 OI Cheng, Xuemei/0000-0001-6670-4316; NR 16 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 EI 1089-7550 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 99 IS 8 AR 08C905 DI 10.1063/1.2166608 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 040TV UT WOS:000237404200193 ER PT J AU dela Cruz, CR Yen, F Lorenz, B Park, S Cheong, SW Gospodinov, MM Ratcliff, W Lynn, JW Chu, CW AF dela Cruz, C. R. Yen, F. Lorenz, B. Park, S. Cheong, S. -W. Gospodinov, M. M. Ratcliff, W. Lynn, J. W. Chu, C. W. TI Evidence for strong spin-lattice coupling in multiferroic RMn2O5 (R=Tb,Dy,Ho) via thermal expansion anomalies SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article AB Thermal expansion measurements were done on single-crystal RMn2O5 (R=Tb,Dy,Ho) along the principal crystallographic axes. Distinctive anomalies were observed in the linear thermal expansivities at critical temperatures marking the onset of long-range antiferromagnetic order (T-N1), ferroelectricity (T-C1), as well as at temperatures when anomalous changes in the polarization, dielectric constant, and spin wave incommensurability have been previously reported. These observations suggest that the coupling between the magnetic orders and the dielectric properties is mediated by the lattice distortion. In particular, a possible scenario as to how ferroelectricity arises and subsequently is altered as a result of the subtle changes in the highly frustrated magnetic order, is discussed in the light of the strong spin-lattice coupling observed in these materials. Neutron diffraction measurements on HoMn2O5 show a spin reorientation at 23 K corresponding to a step-like anomaly in the dielectric constant. (C) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Houston, TCSUH, Houston, TX 77204 USA. Univ Houston, Dept Phys, Houston, TX 77204 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Rutgers Ctr Emergent Mat, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Bulgarian Acad Sci, Inst Solid State Phys, BU-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Hong Kong Univ Sci & Technol, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. RP dela Cruz, CR (reprint author), Univ Houston, TCSUH, Houston, TX 77204 USA. EM crdelacruz@uh.edu RI dela Cruz, Clarina/C-2747-2013; Yen, Fei/C-8713-2015 OI dela Cruz, Clarina/0000-0003-4233-2145; Yen, Fei/0000-0003-2295-3040 NR 10 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 99 IS 8 AR 08R103 DI 10.1063/1.2165586 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 040TV UT WOS:000237404200716 ER PT J AU El-Khatib, S Llobet, A Purwanto, A Robinson, RA Lee, SH Lynn, JW Chang, S Nakotte, H AF El-Khatib, S Llobet, A Purwanto, A Robinson, RA Lee, SH Lynn, JW Chang, S Nakotte, H TI Magnetic structures in UCuSn SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID UPDSN AB We report neutron-diffraction results on UCuSn which crystallizes in the orthorhombic P2(1)cn structure. This compound undergoes two magnetic transitions around T-N=62 K and T-M=25 K. At T=52 K, UCuSn exhibits a noncollinear arrangement of uranium moments of similar to 1.5 mu(B)/U-atom with components in all three principal directions. Our diffraction data provide further evidence that the transition around 25 K is indeed magnetic in origin, although our refinements did not lead to a conclusive answer on its exact nature. (C) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, LANSCE LC, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. BATAN, Neutron Scattering Lab, Serpong 15314, Tangerang, Indonesia. Australian Nucl Sci & Technol Org, Bragg Inst, Menai, NSW 2234, Australia. Univ Virginia, Dept Phys, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Phys, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP El-Khatib, S (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, LANSCE LC, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM selkhati@nmsu.edu RI Llobet, Anna/B-1672-2010; Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012 NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 99 IS 8 AR 08P704 DI 10.1063/1.2177409 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 040TV UT WOS:000237404200654 ER PT J AU Johnson, F Shull, RD AF Johnson, F Shull, RD TI Amorphous-FeCoCrZrB ferromagnets for use as high-temperature magnetic refrigerants SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article AB Magnetic metallic glasses, having large magnetic moments and high Curie temperatures (T-C), have not been widely studied as magnetic refrigerants. In this study, we report on the magnetocaloric effects of five FeCoCrZrB amorphous alloys [(FexCoyCrz)(91)Zr7B2, with Fe:Co:Cr ratios of 100:0:0, 90:15:5, 85:5:10, and 75:15:10] chosen for efficiently surveying the high T-C metallic glass composition surface. Magnetic isotherms were measured at 25 K intervals from 25 to 525 K. The entropy change (Delta S) due to the magnetocaloric effect was computed by integrating the magnetic isotherms. The refrigeration capacity (RC) was computed by Wood-Potter method. At 3979 kA/m (50 kOe) the FeCoCrZrB alloys have RC values of 240-320 J/kg; at 796 kA/m (10 kOe) the alloys have values of 32-54 J/kg. The RC values favorably compare with values reported for other refrigerant materials. The peak Delta S temperature depends strongly on composition, varying from 200 to 450 K. The wide flexibility in choosing amorphous alloy compositions allows them to be fine tuned for multistage high temperature refrigerators. The saturation magnetization at 25 and 300 K and Curie temperatures are also reported for the five alloys. (C) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Shull, RD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8552, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM shull@nist.gov RI Shull, Robert/F-5971-2013 NR 13 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 99 IS 8 AR 08K909 DI 10.1063/1.2172234 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 040TV UT WOS:000237404200508 ER PT J AU Kang, SS Jia, Z Zoto, I Reed, D Nikles, DE Harrell, JW Thompson, G Mankey, G Krishnamurthy, VV Porcar, L AF Kang, SS Jia, Z Zoto, I Reed, D Nikles, DE Harrell, JW Thompson, G Mankey, G Krishnamurthy, VV Porcar, L TI Sintering behavior of spin-coated FePt and FePtAu nanoparticles SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES AB FePt and [FePt](95)Au-5 nanoparticles with an average size of about 4 nm were chemically synthesized and spin coated onto silicon substrates. Samples were subsequently thermally annealed at temperatures ranging from 250 to 500 degrees C for 30 min. Three-dimensional structural characterization was carried out with small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and small-angle x-ray diffraction (SAXRD) measurements. For both FePt and [FePt](95)Au-5 particles before annealing, SANS measurements gave an in-plane coherence length parameter a=7.3 nm, while SAXRD measurements gave a perpendicular coherence length parameter c=12.0 nm. The ratio of c/a is about 1.64, indicating the as-made particle array has a hexagonal close-packed superstructure. For both FePt and FePtAu nanoparticles, the diffraction peaks shifted to higher angles and broadened with increasing annealing temperature. This effect corresponds to a shrinking of the nanoparticle array, followed by agglomeration and sintering of the nanoparticles, resulting in the eventual loss of positional order with increasing annealing temperature. The effect is more pronounced for FePtAu than for FePt. Dynamic coercivity measurements show that the FePtAu nanoparticles have both higher intrinsic coercivity and higher switching volume at the same annealing temperature. These results are consistent with previous studies that show that additive Au both lowers the chemical ordering temperature and promotes sintering. (C) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Alabama, Ctr Mat Informat Technol, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Ctr Neutron Scattering, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kang, SS (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Ctr Mat Informat Technol, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. EM skang@mint.ua.edu RI Kang, Shishou/E-5042-2010; Jia, Zhiyong/B-2143-2010; Mankey, Gary/G-9110-2011 OI Jia, Zhiyong/0000-0002-0116-7166; Mankey, Gary/0000-0003-3163-5159 NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 99 IS 8 AR 08N704 DI 10.1063/1.2165789 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 040TV UT WOS:000237404200613 ER PT J AU Kolesnik, S Dabrowski, B Wiren, ZQ Kepa, H Giebultowicz, TM Brown, CM Leao, J Furdyna, JK AF Kolesnik, S Dabrowski, B Wiren, ZQ Kepa, H Giebultowicz, TM Brown, CM Leao, J Furdyna, JK TI Determination of antiferromagnetic interactions in Zn(Mn)O, Zn(Co)O, and Zn(Mn)Te by inelastic neutron scattering SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID DILUTED MAGNETIC SEMICONDUCTORS; EXCHANGE; CLUSTERS; IONS AB The nearest-neighbor magnetic exchange interactions in Zn0.95Mn0.05O, Zn0.95Co0.05O, and Zn0.98Mn0.02Te were investigated by measuring inelastic neutron scattering from isolated exchange-coupled spin-spin pairs. The experiments on Zn0.98Mn0.02Te were carried out at atmospheric pressure and then at 4 kbar pressure in order to determine the dependence of the exchange parameter on the spin-spin distance. (C) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 No Illinois Univ, Dept Phys, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Phys, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. Warsaw Univ, Dept Phys, Warsaw, Poland. RP Kolesnik, S (reprint author), No Illinois Univ, Dept Phys, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA. EM tgiebult@physics.orst.edu RI Brown, Craig/B-5430-2009 OI Brown, Craig/0000-0002-9637-9355 NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 99 IS 8 AR 08M122 DI 10.1063/1.2173224\ PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 040TV UT WOS:000237404200531 ER PT J AU Lee, S Lee, YC Wallis, TM Moreland, J Kabos, P AF Lee, S Lee, YC Wallis, TM Moreland, J Kabos, P TI Near-field imaging of high-frequency magnetic fields with calorimetric cantilever probes SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MICROSCOPY AB Calorimetric probes for near-field imaging of high-frequency (1-20 GHz) magnetic fields were fabricated by depositing patterned metal structures on micromachined, dielectric multilayer cantilevers. In the presence of high-frequency magnetic fields, the metal structures are heated via the generation of eddy currents or via ferromagnetic resonance (FMR). Measurement of the resulting cantilever deflection as a function of probe position produces a map of the microwave power distribution. Comparative measurements from probes with 5 and 10 mu m Au rings show that the rings are the active area for eddy current generation. Probes with 10 mu m square permalloy patches function in both the eddy current and FMR imaging modes. (C) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Mech Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Lee, S (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Mech Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM mwallis@boulder.nist.gov NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 99 IS 8 AR 08H306 DI 10.1063/1.2167627 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 040TV UT WOS:000237404200420 ER PT J AU Maranville, BB McMichael, RD Kim, SA Johnson, WL Ross, CA Cheng, JY AF Maranville, BB McMichael, RD Kim, SA Johnson, WL Ross, CA Cheng, JY TI Characterization of magnetic properties at edges by edge-mode dynamics SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MAGNETOSTATIC WAVES; SPIN-WAVES; FILMS; FIELD; SCATTERING; ELEMENTS; SCALE AB We have used "trapped spin wave" or edge modes of magnetic precession to probe the magnetic environment near magnetic film edges magnetized perpendicular to the edge. Micromagnetic models of dynamics in stripes reveal that the edge mode frequency-field relationship depends on whether the edge surface is vertical or tapered, while the "bulk" modes are nearly unaffected. The models show the edge-mode frequency going to zero at the edge saturation field. This critical field becomes much less distinct for applied fields misaligned from the edge normal by as little as 1 degrees. Ferromagnetic-resonance and Brillouin light-scattering measurements of the edge modes in an array of 480-nm-widex12-nm-thick Ni80Fe20 stripes have a lower edge saturation field than the vertical edge models, but agree well with the model of 45 degrees-tapered edges. (C) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. MIT, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Maranville, BB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM bbm@nist.gov RI McMichael, Robert/J-8688-2012; OI McMichael, Robert/0000-0002-1372-664X NR 19 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 3 U2 18 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 99 IS 8 AR 08C703 DI 10.1063/1.2167633 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 040TV UT WOS:000237404200184 ER PT J AU Moyerman, S Eckert, JC Borchers, JA Perdue, KL Doucet, M Sparks, PD Carey, MJ AF Moyerman, S Eckert, JC Borchers, JA Perdue, KL Doucet, M Sparks, PD Carey, MJ TI Magnetic structure variations during giant magnetoresistance training in spin valves with picoscale antiferromagnetic layers SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID EXCHANGE BIAS AB Microscopic models of exchange bias focus on the formation of domains in the antiferromagnet or the ferromagnet, or on a small induced moment in the antiferromagnet. Previous giant magnetoresistance (GMR) measurements, however, reveal exchange bias and training effects in CoFe-based spin valves with antiferromagnetic IrMn layers as thin as 0.4 nm. Polarized neutron reflectometry studies of a related spin valve with a 1.6 nm IrMn layer were carried out for several points along the GMR hysteresis curve to probe separately the free and pinned CoFe layers. These measurements confirm that the two ferromagnetic CoFe layers are aligned in parallel in saturating fields. During the first field cyle, regions of high resistance correspond to an antiparallel alignment of the CoFe layers as expected. Significant changes in this antiparallel structure are observed during the second field sweep, and a magnetic spiral forms and persists in the pinned CoFe layer. High-field saturation seems to reduce the effectiveness of the pinning and thus gives rise to training. These results have implications for the origin of exchange bias in spin valves with thin antiferromagnetic layers. (C) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Harvey Mudd Coll, Claremont, CA 91711 USA. NIST, NCNR, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Hitachi Global Storage Technol, San Jose Res Ctr, San Jose, CA USA. RP Moyerman, S (reprint author), Harvey Mudd Coll, Claremont, CA 91711 USA. EM julie.borchers@nist.gov RI Doucet, Mathieu/A-5333-2010; Perdue, Katherine/D-4306-2013 OI Doucet, Mathieu/0000-0002-5560-6478; Perdue, Katherine/0000-0003-2846-3149 NR 8 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 99 IS 8 AR 08R505 DI 10.1063/1.2165607 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 040TV UT WOS:000237404200748 ER PT J AU Pasquale, M Celegato, F Coisson, M Magni, A Perero, S Kabos, P Teppati, V Han, SH Kim, J Lim, SH AF Pasquale, Massimo Celegato, Federica Coisson, Marco Magni, Alessandro Perero, Sergio Kabos, Pavel Teppati, Valeria Han, Suk Hee Kim, Jongryoul Lim, Sang Ho TI Structure, ferromagnetic resonance, and permeability of nanogranular Fe-Co-B-Ni films SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MAGNETOELASTIC DEVICE APPLICATIONS; THIN-FILMS AB The static and microwave magnetic properties of soft nanogranular (Fe(0.7)Co(0.3))(71)B(22)Ni films with a 2 T saturation magnetization are presented as functions of thickness, ranging from 136 to 235 nm. Microwave permeability values from 60 to 260 are measured and ferromagnetic resonance frequencies up to 6.8 GHz are found using a vector network analyzer, connected to coplanar/microstrip structures loaded with the ferromagnetic films. Topographic and magnetic structures down to 20-40 nm were observed by atomic/magnetic force microscopy. The combination of reasonable values of the permeability and high ferromagnetic resonance frequency makes these nanogranular materials useful in the development of inductive microwave components. (C) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Ist Elettrotecnico Nazl Galileo Ferraris, Dept Mat, I-10135 Turin, Italy. NIST, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Politecn Torino, DELEN, I-10129 Turin, Italy. Korea Inst Sci & Technol, Nano Device Res Ctr, Seoul 130650, South Korea. Hanyang Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Seoul 133791, South Korea. Korea Univ, Seoul 136701, South Korea. RP Pasquale, M (reprint author), Ist Elettrotecnico Nazl Galileo Ferraris, Dept Mat, Strada Cacce 91, I-10135 Turin, Italy. EM pasquale@ien.it RI Pasquale, Massimo/I-8390-2012; Magni, Alessandro/M-4260-2015; Coisson, Marco/M-6799-2015; Celegato, Federica/E-9135-2016; OI Pasquale, Massimo/0000-0002-8336-1391; Magni, Alessandro/0000-0002-7229-9369; Coisson, Marco/0000-0002-2978-7615; Celegato, Federica/0000-0002-7076-6234; Lim, Sang Ho/0000-0001-8471-5684 NR 10 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 99 IS 8 AR 08M303 DI 10.1063/1.2165926 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 040TV UT WOS:000237404200536 ER PT J AU Provenzano, V Baumgold, B Shull, RD Shapiro, AJ Koyama, K Watanabe, K Singh, NK Suresh, KG Nigam, AK Malik, SK AF Provenzano, V Baumgold, B Shull, RD Shapiro, AJ Koyama, K Watanabe, K Singh, NK Suresh, KG Nigam, AK Malik, SK TI Structure and magnetocaloric properties of the Fe-doped HoTiGe alloy SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; GD-5(SI2GE2) AB The structure and magnetocaloric properties of the Fe-doped HoTiGe compound were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, magnetometry, and calorimetry. As with the early studies on the undoped compound, the Fe-containing alloy exhibited an antiferromagnetic-to-paramagnetic transition and a magnetocaloric effect peak at 90 K. The magnetization (M) versus temperature (T) data showed peaks at 10 and 90 K, while M versus field (H) curves showed the presence of a field-induced transition for all T < 120 K; additionally, for all T < 60 K, open hysteresis loops at the magnetic transitions were observed. XRD measurements between 10 and 60 K under various magnetic fields up to 3184 kA/m (40 kOe) showed that the hysteresis was not accompanied by any change in crystallography. The magnetization derived entropy change -Delta S-m vs T plot also showed the presence of two peaks, at 20 and 90 K; but below 15 K, -Delta S-m increased steeply with decreasing temperature. It is believed that the minor phases in the Fe-doped alloy give rise to the magnetization-derived -Delta S-m peak at 20 K. The heat-capacity-derived -Delta S-m vs T plot for the Fe-doped alloy also showed the presence of two peaks at 20 and 90 K. However, the heat-capacity-derived -Delta S-m did not show a rapid rise with decreasing temperature below 15 K. (C) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Magnet Mat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Tohoku Univ, Inst Mat Res, Sendai, Miyagi 9808577, Japan. Indian Inst Technol, Dept Phys, Bombay 400076, Maharashtra, India. Tata Inst Fundamental Res, Bombay 400005, Maharashtra, India. RP Provenzano, V (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Magnet Mat Grp, 100 Bur Dr,MS-8552, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM virgil12@nist.gov RI Watanabe, Kazuo/C-2819-2011; Shull, Robert/F-5971-2013 NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 99 IS 8 AR 08K906 DI 10.1063/1.2159396 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 040TV UT WOS:000237404200505 ER PT J AU Shull, RD Provenzano, V Shapiro, AJ Fu, A Lufaso, MW Karapetrova, J Kletetschka, G Mikula, V AF Shull, RD Provenzano, V Shapiro, AJ Fu, A Lufaso, MW Karapetrova, J Kletetschka, G Mikula, V TI The effects of small metal additions (Co, Cu, Ga, Mn, Al, Bi, Sn) on the magnetocaloric properties of the Gd5Ge2Si2 alloy SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GD-5(SI2GE2) AB The structural and magnetic properties of arc-melted and homogenized (1300 degrees C, 1 h) alloys of Gd5Ge1.9Si2X0.1 (X=Cu, Co, Ga, Mn, Al, Bi, or Sn) were investigated by powder x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and magnetometry. The addition of Cu, Ga, Mn, and Al completely eliminated the large hysteresis losses present in the undoped Gd5Ge2Si2 alloy between 270 and 330 K, broadened the magnetic entropy change Delta Sm peak, and shifted its peak value from 275 to 305 K similar to that observed earlier for Gd5Ge1.9Si2Fe0.1. The addition of Bi or Sn had a negligible effect on either the alloy hysteresis losses or the characteristics of the Delta S-m vs T peak. The microstructure of the alloy doped with Cu, Co, Ga, Mn, or Al consisted of a majority phase (depleted of silicon) and a minor intergranular phase (rich in silicon and of the corresponding metal additive). For Bi or Sn doping, the microstructure consisted of only the Gd5Ge2Si2 phase. Low temperature x-ray diffraction data on an Fe-doped sample showed the same spectra at 245 and 300 K, consistent with the majority phase possessing an orthorhombic structure. Refrigeration capacity calculations show that Gd5Ge1.9Si2X0.1 (X=Fe,Cu,Co,Ga,Mn, or Al) alloys are superior magnetic refrigerants compared to the undoped Gd5Ge2Si2 alloy. (C) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ S Carolina, Dept Biochem & Chem, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Phys, Washington, DC 20064 USA. Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Geol, Prague, Czech Republic. RP Shull, RD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM robert.shull@nist.gov RI Kletetschka, Gunther/C-9996-2011; Shull, Robert/F-5971-2013; Lufaso, Michael/A-8400-2009 OI Kletetschka, Gunther/0000-0002-0645-9037; Lufaso, Michael/0000-0001-7842-6982 NR 7 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 19 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 99 IS 8 AR 08K908 DI 10.1063/1.2173632 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 040TV UT WOS:000237404200507 ER PT J AU Uhlig, WC Unguris, J AF Uhlig, WC Unguris, J TI Size-dependent transition from shape to exchange dominated magnetic nanostructure SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID REVERSAL AB In order to quantitatively investigate the interplay between shape anisotropy (magnetostatics) and exchange, patterned zigzag structures were prepared with sizes varying over two orders of magnitude. The magnetic state is a balance between shape anisotropy, which causes the magnetization to follow the serrated edge of the structure, and exchange, which prefers uniform magnetization. In intermediate-sized structures, we find that the magnetization along the center of the zigzag oscillates between approximately +/- 32 degrees and is relatively independent of the device size. As the dimensions are reduced to less than a critical length lambda(cr), the oscillation magnitude drops rapidly. On the other hand, the largest structures develop extended film properties such as multiple vortices and ripple. (C) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electron Phys Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Uhlig, WC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electron Phys Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM willard.uhlig@nist.gov RI Unguris, John/J-3989-2014 NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 99 IS 8 AR 08G302 DI 10.1063/1.2163274 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 040TV UT WOS:000237404200352 ER PT J AU Vajk, OP Kenzelmann, M Lynn, JW Kim, SB Cheong, SW AF Vajk, O. P. Kenzelmann, M. Lynn, J. W. Kim, S. B. Cheong, S. -W. TI Neutron-scattering studies of magnetism in multiferroic HoMnO3 (invited) SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID 2ND-HARMONIC GENERATION; HEXAGONAL MANGANITES; PHASE-DIAGRAM; POLARIZATION; MEMORY; YMNO3; FIELD; PR; SM AB Hexagonal HoMnO3 is a frustrated antiferromagnet (T-N=72 K) ferroelectric (T-C=875 K) with a rich magnetic phase diagram consisting of multiple temperature- and field-dependent phases. Previously observed anomalies in the dielectric constant at magnetic phase transitions indicate strong coupling between the ferroelectricity and magnetism. Neutron-diffraction measurements in a magnetic field reveal new intermediate-field phases at low temperatures. Inelastic neutron-scattering measurements are used to establish the primary magnetic interactions and demonstrate that the spin dynamics in HoMnO3 are well described by a simple two-dimensional nearest-neighbor Heisenberg antiferromagnetic exchange J=2.44 meV and a temperature-dependent anisotropy D. (C) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. ETH Honggerberg, Solid State Phys Lab, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. ETHZ, Neutron Scattering Lab, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland. Paul Scherrer Inst, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. RP Vajk, OP (reprint author), NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM owen.vajk@nist.gov RI Kenzelmann, Michel/A-8438-2008 OI Kenzelmann, Michel/0000-0001-7913-4826 NR 25 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 99 IS 8 AR 08E301 DI 10.1063/1.2162090 PG 6 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 040TV UT WOS:000237404200245 ER PT J AU Yu, W Bain, JA Uhlig, WC Unguris, J AF Yu, W Bain, JA Uhlig, WC Unguris, J TI The effect of stress-induced anisotropy in patterned FeCo thin-film structures SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article AB In this work, 1-mu m-thick FeCo films with -320 MPa compressive stress and FeCo/NiFe films with 600 MPa tensile stress were patterned into 5x20 mu m(2) elements. The stress anisotropy resulting from patterning was measured using x-ray diffraction to be 220 MPa for the tensile films and -170 MPa for the compressive films and is in agreement with finite element modeling. Scanning electron microscopy with spin-polarization analysis imaging shows that the domain structure of the elements was influenced by this stress-induced anisotropy. Calculations of the effect of stress anisotropy were performed on domain configurations for the patterned structures. Results indicate that tensile stresses should reinforce closure domains, while compressive stresses of magnitude greater than 50 MPa should result in an easy axis rotation, and are in agreement with the experimental results. (C) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Carnegie Mellon Univ, Ctr Data Storage Syst, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Yu, W (reprint author), Carnegie Mellon Univ, Ctr Data Storage Syst, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. EM winnie@cmu.edu RI Unguris, John/J-3989-2014; OI Bain, James/0000-0002-5355-5048 NR 9 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 99 IS 8 AR 08B706 DI 10.1063/1.2170066 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 040TV UT WOS:000237404200146 ER PT J AU Zhao, P Cullen, J Wuttig, M Kang, HJ Lynn, JW Lograsso, TA Moze, O AF Zhao, P Cullen, J Wuttig, M Kang, HJ Lynn, JW Lograsso, TA Moze, O TI Lattice and spin dynamics in bcc Fe, 10 at. % Be SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIC EXCITATIONS; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; PHONON-DISPERSION; GA ALLOYS; IRON; MAGNETOELASTICITY; MAGNETOSTRICTION; ELASTICITY; VIBRATIONS AB Body centered cubic Fe1-xBex alloys are known to display an enhanced tetragonal magnetostriction compared to Fe. In order to characterize the enhanced magnetoelasticity observed in this alloy system, we present detailed inelastic neutron scattering measurements of the phonon dispersion relations of a single crystal of bcc Fe, 10 at. % Be along the high symmetry directions [100], [110], and [111] at room temperature. We observe in particular that the frequency of transverse phonons propagating along the [110] direction with a [1 (1) over bar0] polarization at the zone boundary is reduced by 10% with respect to bcc Fe (the corresponding elastic shear constant c(')=1/2(c(11)-c(12)) associated with this mode is approximately 70% that of pure Fe). The dispersion of spin waves has also been determined for energy transfers up to 40 meV and is found to follow the isotropic dispersion relation E(q)=Dq(2), with D similar to 200 meV/A(2) [for Fe, E(q)=Dq(2), with D=280 meV/A(2)]. (C) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Modena & Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento Fis, CNR INFM Natl Res Ctr S3, I-41100 Modena, Italy. RP Zhao, P (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM moze.oscar@unimo.it NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 99 IS 8 AR 08R101 DI 10.1063/1.2150803 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 040TV UT WOS:000237404200714 ER PT J AU Zink, BL Irwin, KD Hilton, GC Ullom, JN Pappas, DP AF Zink, BL Irwin, KD Hilton, GC Ullom, JN Pappas, DP TI Erbium-doped gold sensor films for magnetic microcalorimeter x-ray detectors SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID RESOLUTION; SPECTROSCOPY; CALORIMETERS AB We briefly review the principles of a magnetic microcalorimeter x-ray detector and the requirements for fabricating an array of such sensors, which include a paramagnetic sensor fabricated with thin-film techniques. We discuss two methods for depositing an Er-doped Au sensor film and present magnetization measurements from 4 to 300 K in 5 T and near the detector's operating temperature and field. The properties of the deposited films that we have studied to date deviate from the expected behavior of bulk materials. (C) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Zink, BL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway MC 817-03, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM bzink@boulder.nist.gov OI Zink, Barry/0000-0001-7732-532X NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 99 IS 8 AR 08B303 DI 10.1063/1.2159207 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 040TV UT WOS:000237404200097 ER PT J AU Stouffer, RJ Yin, J Gregory, JM Dixon, KW Spelman, MJ Hurlin, W Weaver, AJ Eby, M Flato, GM Hasumi, H Hu, A Jungclaus, JH Kamenkovich, IV Levermann, A Montoya, M Murakami, S Nawrath, S Oka, A Peltier, WR Robitaille, DY Sokolov, A Vettoretti, G Weber, SL AF Stouffer, RJ Yin, J Gregory, JM Dixon, KW Spelman, MJ Hurlin, W Weaver, AJ Eby, M Flato, GM Hasumi, H Hu, A Jungclaus, JH Kamenkovich, IV Levermann, A Montoya, M Murakami, S Nawrath, S Oka, A Peltier, WR Robitaille, DY Sokolov, A Vettoretti, G Weber, SL TI Investigating the causes of the response of the thermohaline circulation to past and future climate changes SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID GLOBAL OCEAN CIRCULATION; NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN; SYSTEM MODEL; OVERTURNING CIRCULATION; INTERMEDIATE COMPLEXITY; HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE; ATMOSPHERE MODEL; PART I; VARIABILITY; SIMULATION AB The Atlantic thermohaline circulation (THC) is an important part of the earth's climate system. Previous research has shown large uncertainties in simulating future changes in this critical system. The simulated THC response to idealized freshwater perturbations and the associated climate changes have been intercompared as an activity of World Climate Research Program (WCRP) Coupled Model Intercomparison Project/Paleo-Modeling Intercomparison Project (CMIP/PMIP) committees. This intercomparison among models ranging from the earth system models of intermediate complexity (EMICs) to the fully coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) seeks to document and improve understanding of the causes of the wide variations in the modeled THC response. The robustness of particular simulation features has been evaluated across the model results. In response to 0.1-Sv (1 Sv equivalent to 10(6) ms(3) s(-1)) freshwater input in the northern North Atlantic, the multimodel ensemble mean THC weakens by 30% after 100 yr. All models simulate sonic weakening of the THC, but no model simulates a complete shutdown of the THC. The multimodel ensemble indicates that the surface air temperature could present a complex anomaly pattern with cooling south of Greenland and warming over the Barents and Nordic Seas. The Atlantic ITCZ tends to shift southward. In response to 1.0-Sv freshwater input, the THC switches off rapidly in all model simulations. A large cooling occurs over the North Atlantic. The annual mean Atlantic ITCZ moves into the Southern Hemisphere. Models disagree in terms of the reversibility of the THC after its shutdown. In general, the EMICs and AOGCMs obtain similar THC responses and climate changes with more pronounced and sharper patterns in the AOGCMs. C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08690 USA. Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08690 USA. Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res, Met Off, Exeter, Devon, England. Univ Reading, Dept Meteorol, Reading, Berks, England. Univ Victoria, Sch Earth & Ocean Sci, Victoria, BC, Canada. Canadian Ctr Climate Modelling & Anal, Victoria, BC, Canada. Univ Tokyo, Ctr Climate Syst Res, Tokyo, Japan. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Hamburg, Germany. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Potsdam Inst Climate Impact Res, Potsdam, Germany. Univ Complutense, Dept Astrophys & Atmospher Sci, E-28040 Madrid, Spain. Meteorol Res Inst, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan. Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON, Canada. Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst, NL-3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands. RP Stouffer, RJ (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08690 USA. EM ronald.stouffer@noaa.gov RI Levermann, Anders/G-4666-2011; Hu, Aixue/E-1063-2013; Eby, Michael/H-5278-2013; Weaver, Andrew/E-7590-2011; Flato, Gregory/K-6711-2015; Dixon, Keith/L-7120-2015; Gregory, Jonathan/J-2939-2016; Peltier, William/A-1102-2008 OI Levermann, Anders/0000-0003-4432-4704; Hu, Aixue/0000-0002-1337-287X; Dixon, Keith/0000-0003-3044-326X; Gregory, Jonathan/0000-0003-1296-8644; NR 72 TC 466 Z9 478 U1 15 U2 123 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 19 IS 8 BP 1365 EP 1387 DI 10.1175/JCLI3689.1 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 038MW UT WOS:000237227000001 ER PT J AU Yang, SC Cai, M Kalnay, E Rienecker, M Yuan, G Toth, Z AF Yang, SC Cai, M Kalnay, E Rienecker, M Yuan, G Toth, Z TI ENSO bred vectors in coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID NINO SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; PACIFIC COLD-TONGUE; ZEBIAK-CANE MODEL; EL-NINO; OPTIMAL-GROWTH; INITIAL CONDITIONS; SINGULAR VECTORS; TROPICAL OCEAN; PREDICTABILITY; DYNAMICS AB The breeding method has been implemented in the NASA Seasonal-to-Interannual Prediction Project (NSIPP) coupled general circulation model (CGCM) with the ultimate goal of improving operational seasonal to interannual climate predictions through ensemble forecasting and data assimilation. This is the first attempt to isolate the evolving ENSO instability and its corresponding global atmospheric response in a fully coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM. The results herein show that the growth rate of the coupled bred vectors (BVs) is sensitive to the ENSO phases of the evolving background flow and peaks about 3 months before an ENSO event. The structure of the dominant growing BV modes also evolves with the background ENSO and exhibits a larger amplitude in the eastern tropical Pacific, reflecting the natural dynamical sensitivity associated with the shallow thermocline at the eastern boundary. The key features of coupled bred vectors of the NSIPP CGCM are reproduced when using the NCEP CGCM, an independently developed coupled general circulation model. C1 Florida State Univ, Dept Meteorol, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Harvard Univ, Baur Ctr Genom Res, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NOAA, Environm Modeling Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Cai, M (reprint author), Florida State Univ, Dept Meteorol, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. EM cai@met.fsu.edu RI Kalnay, Eugenia/F-4393-2010; Toth, Zoltan/I-6624-2015; OI Toth, Zoltan/0000-0002-9635-9194; Kalnay, Eugenia/0000-0002-9984-9906 NR 47 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 19 IS 8 BP 1422 EP 1436 DI 10.1175/JCLI3696.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 038MW UT WOS:000237227000004 ER PT J AU Gnaeupel-Herold, T Prask, HJ Barker, J Biancaniello, FS Jiggetts, RD Matejicek, J AF Gnaeupel-Herold, T Prask, HJ Barker, J Biancaniello, FS Jiggetts, RD Matejicek, J TI Microstructure, mechanical properties, and adhesion in IN625 air plasma sprayed coatings SO MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Internal Stress and Thermo-Mechanical Behavior in Mult-Component Materials Systems held at the TMS Annual Meeting CY MAR 14-18, 2004 CL Charlotte, NC SP TMS ID RESIDUAL-STRESS; CERAMIC COATINGS; NEUTRON-DIFFRACTION; ELASTIC-CONSTANTS; DEPOSITS; POWDER; SUBSTRATE; STEEL; ANGLE AB The effects of feed stock particle size on the microstructure and the mechanical properties of IN625 air plasma sprayed coatings were investigated. It was found that the porosity increases with the particles size while the oxide content rises with decreasing particle size. Because of the lower velocity of large particles, these produce weakly bonded splats resulting in coatings with low elastic modulus, low residual stresses, small oxide content, and low hardness. The porosity is high and it is largely comprised of surface connected pores. Small particles produce splats that are bonded through oxide layers. Due to higher particle speed the porosity and the fraction of connected pores are low. The small porosity produces a relatively large value of Young's modulus and high residual stresses. The hardness increases as the porosity decreases and the oxide content increases. The coating adhesion exhibits a maximum at intermediate particle sizes. This is caused by the limiting effect of the oxide content for small particles and the limiting effect of low particle velocities for large particles. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Plasma Phys, CR-18211 Prague, Czech Republic. RP Gnaeupel-Herold, T (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Matejicek, Jiri/G-2313-2014; OI Matejicek, Jiri/0000-0001-8454-2808; Gnaupel-Herold, Thomas/0000-0002-8287-5091 NR 29 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0921-5093 J9 MAT SCI ENG A-STRUCT JI Mater. Sci. Eng. A-Struct. Mater. Prop. Microstruct. Process. PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 421 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 77 EP 85 DI 10.1016/j.msea.2005.10.003 PG 9 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 038QJ UT WOS:000237237700010 ER PT J AU Kim, MH Glinka, CJ AF Kim, MH Glinka, CJ TI Ultra small angle neutron scattering study of the nanometer to micrometer structure of porous Vycor SO MICROPOROUS AND MESOPOROUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE ultra small neutron scattering (USANS); SANS; contrast matching; porous Vycor glass; simulated 2D TEM ID DOUBLE-CRYSTAL DIFFRACTOMETER; MULTIPLE-SCATTERING; BINARY-FLUID; X-RAY; GLASS; ADSORPTION; WATER; DYNAMICS AB Ultra small angle neutron scattering (USANS) and SANS measurements, covering length scales from nanometers to micrometers, were made to investigate the structure of monolithic porous Vycor.(1) USANS from dry Vycor showed strong very low angle scattering below scattering vector q = 0.001 angstrom(-1) while SANS showed the typical inter-pore correlation peak at q = 0.023 angstrom(-1). When the sample was saturated with a 60/40 D2O/H2O vol/vol Mixture with a neutron scattering density matched to silica framework, the inter-pore correlation peak disappeared as expected confirming that all the nanopores are interconnected. However, the very low angle scattering related to micrometer structure remained prominent even in the contrast matched liquid. The origin of the residual low q scattering is discussed. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Kim, MH (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM man-ho.kim@nist.gov NR 25 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1387-1811 J9 MICROPOR MESOPOR MAT JI Microporous Mesoporous Mat. PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 91 IS 1-3 BP 305 EP 311 DI 10.1016/j.micromeso.2005.12.010 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 030TB UT WOS:000236656400043 ER PT J AU Akerib, DS Attisha, MJ Bailey, CN Baudis, L Bauer, DA Brink, PL Brusov, PP Bunker, R Cabrera, B Caldwell, DO Chang, CL Cooley, J Crisler, MB Cushman, P Denes, P Dragowsky, MR Duong, L Filippini, J Gaitskell, RJ Golwala, SR Grant, DR Hennings-Yeomans, R Holmgren, D Huber, ME Irwin, KD Lu, A Mahapatra, R Meunier, P Mirabolfathi, N Nelson, H Ogburn, RW Ramberg, E Reisetter, A Saab, T Sadoulet, B Sander, J Seitz, DN Serfass, B Schnee, RW Sundqvist, KM Thompson, JPF Yellin, S Yoo, J Young, BA AF Akerib, DS Attisha, MJ Bailey, CN Baudis, L Bauer, DA Brink, PL Brusov, PP Bunker, R Cabrera, B Caldwell, DO Chang, CL Cooley, J Crisler, MB Cushman, P Denes, P Dragowsky, MR Duong, L Filippini, J Gaitskell, RJ Golwala, SR Grant, DR Hennings-Yeomans, R Holmgren, D Huber, ME Irwin, KD Lu, A Mahapatra, R Meunier, P Mirabolfathi, N Nelson, H Ogburn, RW Ramberg, E Reisetter, A Saab, T Sadoulet, B Sander, J Seitz, DN Serfass, B Schnee, RW Sundqvist, KM Thompson, JPF Yellin, S Yoo, J Young, BA TI The SuperCDMS proposal for dark matter detection SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Workshop on Low-Temperature Detectors CY JUL 31-AUG 05, 2005 CL Univ Tokyo, Tokyo, JAPAN HO Univ Tokyo DE cold dark matter; underground astrophysics AB Presently the CDMS-II collaboration's Weakly Interacting Massive Particle (WIMP) search at the Soudan Underground Laboratory sets the most stringent exclusion limits of any WIMP cold dark matter direct-detection experiment. To extend our reach further, to WIMP-nucleon cross-sections in the range 10(-46) - 10(-44) cm(2), we propose SuperCDMS, which would take advantage of a very deep site. One promising site is the recently approved SNOLab facility in Canada. In this paper we will present our overall program and focus on phase A of SuperCDMS. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Phys, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Brown Univ, Dept Phys, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Phys, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Minnesota, Sch Phys & Astron, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Denver, CO 80217 USA. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Denver, CO 80217 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Santa Clara Univ, Dept Phys, Santa Clara, CA 95053 USA. RP Brink, PL (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM pbrink@stanford.edu RI Huber, Martin/B-3354-2011; Bailey, Catherine/C-6107-2009; OI Holmgren, Donald/0000-0001-6701-7737; Bunker, Raymond/0000-0003-2174-7632 NR 10 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 559 IS 2 BP 411 EP 413 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2005.12.025 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 035BL UT WOS:000236974700027 ER PT J AU Ullom, JN Beall, JA Doriese, WB Duncan, WD Ferreira, L Hilton, GC Irwin, KD O'Neil, GC Reintsema, CD Vale, LR Zink, BL AF Ullom, JN Beall, JA Doriese, WB Duncan, WD Ferreira, L Hilton, GC Irwin, KD O'Neil, GC Reintsema, CD Vale, LR Zink, BL TI Optimization of transition-edge calorimeter performance SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Workshop on Low-Temperature Detectors CY JUL 31-AUG 05, 2005 CL Univ Tokyo, Tokyo, JAPAN HO Univ Tokyo DE TES; transition-edge sensor; microcalorimeter; unexplained noise ID MICROCALORIMETER; RESOLUTION; BOLOMETER AB Calorimeters that exploit the superconducting-to-normal transition are used to detect individual photons from near-infrared to gamma-ray wavelengths. Across this wide range, absorption efficiency, speed, and energy resolution are key performance parameters. Here, we describe recent improvements in the resolution of X-ray and gamma-ray transition-edge sensors (TESs). Using the measured dependencies of the high-frequency unexplained noise in TESs, we have optimized the design of our TES X-ray sensors and achieved FWHM energy resolutions of 2.4 eV at 5.9 keV in Constellation-X style sensors and similar to 2.9 eV at 5.9 keV in larger sensors suitable for materials analysis. We have also achieved a FWHM energy resolution of 42 eV at 103 keV in a TES calorimeter optimized for the detection of hard X-rays and gamma-rays. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Ullom, JN (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM ullom@boulder.nist.gov OI Zink, Barry/0000-0001-7732-532X NR 9 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 559 IS 2 BP 422 EP 425 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2005.12.173 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 035BL UT WOS:000236974700030 ER PT J AU Bay, TJ Burney, JA Barral, J Brink, PL Cabrera, B Castle, JP Miller, AJ Nam, SW Romani, RW Tomada, A AF Bay, TJ Burney, JA Barral, J Brink, PL Cabrera, B Castle, JP Miller, AJ Nam, SW Romani, RW Tomada, A TI The optical imaging TES detector array: Considerations for a cryogenic imaging instrument SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Workshop on Low-Temperature Detectors CY JUL 31-AUG 05, 2005 CL Univ Tokyo, Tokyo, JAPAN HO Univ Tokyo DE superconducting transition edge sensor; spectrophotometer; cryogenic detectors AB A Stanford/NIST collaboration is developing an imaging detector suitable for IR/optical/UV astronomical observations based on the Transition Edge Sensor, a cryogenic quantum microcalorimeter. Currently, the 32 pixel detector can in time and energy resolve single photons with high event rates (Delta t < 1 mu s and Delta E-FWHM similar to 0.16 eV at 2.33 eV and more than 10kHz/pixel). We report on current progress with the first imaging TES instrument, focusing on recent advances in instrumentation including focusing, reflection masking and infrared filtering. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94306 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Bay, TJ (reprint author), Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94306 USA. EM tbay@stanford.edu RI Burney, Jennifer/C-6528-2015 OI Burney, Jennifer/0000-0003-3532-2934 NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 559 IS 2 BP 506 EP 508 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2005.12.086 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 035BL UT WOS:000236974700056 ER PT J AU Hilton, GC Beall, JA Doriese, WB Duncan, WD Ferreira, LS Irwin, KD Reintsema, CD Ullom, JN Vale, LR Xu, Y Zink, BL Parkes, W Bunting, AS Dunare, CC Gundlach, AM Stevenson, JTM Walton, A Schulte, E Corrales, E Sienicki, JP Bintley, D Ade, PAR Sudiwala, RV Woodcraft, AL Halpern, M Holland, W Audley, MD MacIntosh, M AF Hilton, GC Beall, JA Doriese, WB Duncan, WD Ferreira, LS Irwin, KD Reintsema, CD Ullom, JN Vale, LR Xu, Y Zink, BL Parkes, W Bunting, AS Dunare, CC Gundlach, AM Stevenson, JTM Walton, A Schulte, E Corrales, E Sienicki, JP Bintley, D Ade, PAR Sudiwala, RV Woodcraft, AL Halpern, M Holland, W Audley, MD MacIntosh, M TI Fabrication of prototype imaging arrays for SCUBA-2 SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Workshop on Low-Temperature Detectors CY JUL 31-AUG 05, 2005 CL Univ Tokyo, Tokyo, JAPAN HO Univ Tokyo DE transition edge sensor; SQUID multiplexer; imaging array ID MULTIPLEXER AB Prototype imaging subarrays for SCUBA-2 (the Submillimeter Common-User Bolometer Array) have been fabricated and tested. The pixel count (1280) of these wafer-scale imagers is significantly larger than any other low-temperature detectors produced to date, and represents a major step forward for the low-temperature detector community. These transition-edge-sensor (TES) based imagers utilize several innovations including in-focal-plane Superconducting quantum intereference device (SQUID) multiplexers, micromachined Si block absorbers, and superconducting wafer hybridization. In this paper, we review the fabrication processes developed for these imagers and present recent optical data from a prototype imaging subarray. (c) 2005 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Univ Edinburgh, Scottish Microelect Ctr, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. Focal Plane Engn Consultant, Santa Barbara, CA USA. Raytheon Vision Syst, Goleta, CA USA. Univ Cardiff Wales, Sch Phys & Astron, Cardiff, Wales. Univ British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. RP Hilton, GC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO USA. EM hilton@boulder.nist.gov RI Walton, Anthony/B-9108-2009; Bunting, Andrew/L-2357-2013; Walton, Anthony/A-1550-2010; OI Bunting, Andrew/0000-0001-5104-145X; Zink, Barry/0000-0001-7732-532X NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 559 IS 2 BP 513 EP 515 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2005.12.042 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 035BL UT WOS:000236974700058 ER PT J AU Schmidt, DR Duncan, WD Irwin, KD Lehnert, KW Miller, NA Ullom, JN AF Schmidt, DR Duncan, WD Irwin, KD Lehnert, KW Miller, NA Ullom, JN TI Normal metal-insulator-superconductor junction technology for bolometers SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Workshop on Low-Temperature Detectors CY JUL 31-AUG 05, 2005 CL Univ Tokyo, Tokyo, JAPAN HO Univ Tokyo DE NIS junction; bolometer ID ARRAYS AB Normal metal-insulator-superconductor tunnel junctions are candidates for large-format arrays of ultra-low noise equivalent power bolometers. Using a wafer scale process we have fabricated devices with the required sub mu m(3) volumes and ohmic superconductor-normal metal contacts for delivering power loads. Additionally, we demonstrate simultaneous tunnel junction thermometry and SQUID-based Johnson current noise thermometry. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Schmidt, DR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM dan.schmidt@nist.gov RI Tomlin, Nathan/A-4927-2009; Lehnert, Konrad/B-7577-2009 OI Tomlin, Nathan/0000-0002-8313-9045; Lehnert, Konrad/0000-0002-0750-9649 NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 559 IS 2 BP 516 EP 518 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2005.12.043 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 035BL UT WOS:000236974700059 ER PT J AU Burney, J Bay, TJ Barral, J Brink, PL Cabrera, B Castle, JP Miller, AJ Nam, S Rosenberg, D Romani, RW Tomada, A AF Burney, J Bay, TJ Barral, J Brink, PL Cabrera, B Castle, JP Miller, AJ Nam, S Rosenberg, D Romani, RW Tomada, A TI Transition-edge sensor arrays for UV-optical-IR astrophysics SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Workshop on Low-Temperature Detectors CY JUL 31-AUG 05, 2005 CL Univ Tokyo, Tokyo, JAPAN HO Univ Tokyo DE transition-edge sensor; cryogenic detector; spectrophotometer ID HIGH-SPEED AB Our research group has developed and characterized transition-edge sensor (TES) arrays for near IR-optical-near UV astrophysical observations. These detectors have a time-stamp accuracy of 0.3 mu s and an energy resolution of 0.16 eV for 2.33 eV photons at very high rates (30 kHz). We have installed a 6 x 6 array of these TESs in ail adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator equipped with windows for direct imaging. We discuss new instrumentation progress and current data in all aspects related to Successful operation of this camera system, including: detector and array performance, position dependence and cross-talk, low-temperature and readout electronics, quantum and system efficiency, I R filtering, and focus and imaging. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Burney, J (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM burney@stanford.edu RI Burney, Jennifer/C-6528-2015 OI Burney, Jennifer/0000-0003-3532-2934 NR 10 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 559 IS 2 BP 525 EP 527 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2005.12.060 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 035BL UT WOS:000236974700062 ER PT J AU Marriage, TA Chervenak, JA Doriese, WB AF Marriage, TA Chervenak, JA Doriese, WB TI Testing and assembly of the detectors for the Millimeter Bolometer Array Camera on ACT SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Workshop on Low-Temperature Detectors CY JUL 31-AUG 05, 2005 CL Univ Tokyo, Tokyo, JAPAN HO Univ Tokyo DE cosmology; Millimeter Wave Detector; Transition Edge Sensor; large array ID FABRICATION AB The Millimeter Bolometer Array Camera (MBAC) for the Atacama Cosmology Telescope consists of three Transition Edge Sensor (TES) arrays to make simultaneous observations of the Cosmic Microwave Background in three frequency bands. MBAC TESs are NASA Goddard Pop-Up Detectors (PUD) which are read-out by NIST time-domain multiplexers. MBAC is constructed by stacking I x 32 TES columns to form the 32 x 32 element arrays. The arrays are modular (connectorized) at the 1 x 32 column level such that array assembly is reversible and camera repair possible. Prior to assembly, each column is tested in a quick (2h) cyclin g He-4/He-3 adsorption refrigerator. Tests include measurements of TES current-voltage curves and TES complex impedance. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Natl Inst Stand, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Marriage, TA (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Washington Rd, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM marriage@princeton.edu NR 6 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 559 IS 2 BP 551 EP 553 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2005.12.068 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 035BL UT WOS:000236974700071 ER PT J AU Kuo, CL Ade, P Bock, JJ Day, P Goldin, A Golwala, S Halpern, M Hilton, G Holmes, W Hristov, V Irwin, K Jones, WC Kenyon, M Lange, AE LeDuc, HG MacTavish, C Montroy, T Netterfield, CB Rossinot, P Ruhl, J Vayonakis, A Wang, G Yun, M Zmuidzinas, J AF Kuo, CL Ade, P Bock, JJ Day, P Goldin, A Golwala, S Halpern, M Hilton, G Holmes, W Hristov, V Irwin, K Jones, WC Kenyon, M Lange, AE LeDuc, HG MacTavish, C Montroy, T Netterfield, CB Rossinot, P Ruhl, J Vayonakis, A Wang, G Yun, M Zmuidzinas, J TI Antenna-coupled TES bolometers for the SPIDER experiment SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Workshop on Low-Temperature Detectors CY JUL 31-AUG 05, 2005 CL Univ Tokyo, Tokyo, JAPAN HO Univ Tokyo DE cosmology; TES bolometers; polarization AB SPIDER is a proposed balloon-borne experiment designed to search for the imprints of gravity waves on the polarization of the cosmic microwave background radiation. The required wide frequency coverage. large number of sensitive detectors, and the stringent power constraints on a balloon are made possible by antenna-coupled TES bolometers. Several prototype devices have been fabricated and optically characterized. Their spectral and angular responses agree well with the theoretical expectations. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Wales Coll Cardiff, Cardiff CF24 3YB, S Glam, Wales. Univ British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada. Case Western Reserve Univ, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. RP Kuo, CL (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM clkuo@astro.caltech.edu NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 559 IS 2 BP 608 EP 610 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2005.12.092 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 035BL UT WOS:000236974700089 ER PT J AU Silverberg, RF Benford, DJ Chen, TC Chervenak, J Finkbeiner, F Moseley, SH Duncan, WD Miller, NA Schmidt, DR Ullom, JN AF Silverberg, RF Benford, DJ Chen, TC Chervenak, J Finkbeiner, F Moseley, SH Duncan, WD Miller, NA Schmidt, DR Ullom, JN TI Integrated NIS electron-tunnelling refrigerator/superconducting bolometer SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Workshop on Low-Temperature Detectors CY JUL 31-AUG 05, 2005 CL Univ Tokyo, Tokyo, JAPAN HO Univ Tokyo DE TES bolometer; NIS refrigerator; transition-edge sensor; TES bolometer array AB We describe progress in the development of a close-packed array of bolometers designed for use in photometric applications at millimeter wavelengths from ground-based telescopes. Each bolometer in the array will use a proximity-effect Transition Edge Sensor (TES) sensing element and each will have integrated Normal-Insulator-Superconductor (NIS) refrigerators to cool the bolometer below the thermal reservoir temperature. The NIS refrigerators and acoustic-phonon-mode-isolated bolometers are fabricated on silicon. The radiation absorbing element is mechanically suspended by four legs, whose dimensions are used to control and optimize the thermal conductance of the bolometer. Using the technology developed at NIST, we fabricate NIS refrigerators at the base of each of the suspension legs. The NIS refrigerators remove hot electrons by quantum-mechanical tunneling and are expected to cool the biased (10 pW) bolometers to < 170 mK while the bolometers are inside a pumped 3 He-cooled cryostat operating at similar to 280 mK. This significantly lower temperature at the bolometer allows the detectors to approach background-limited performance despite the simple cryogenic system. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Expt Cosmol, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Global Sci & Technol, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. SSAI, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Silverberg, RF (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Expt Cosmol, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM robert.silverberg@nasa.gov RI Tomlin, Nathan/A-4927-2009; Benford, Dominic/D-4760-2012; Moseley, Harvey/D-5069-2012 OI Tomlin, Nathan/0000-0002-8313-9045; Benford, Dominic/0000-0002-9884-4206; NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 559 IS 2 BP 630 EP 632 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2005.12.205 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 035BL UT WOS:000236974700096 ER PT J AU Miller, NA Duncan, WD Beall, JA Hilton, GC Irwin, KD Schmidt, DR Ullom, JN AF Miller, NA Duncan, WD Beall, JA Hilton, GC Irwin, KD Schmidt, DR Ullom, JN TI Development of a solid-state 100 mK refrigerator for user-supplied microelectronics SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Workshop on Low-Temperature Detectors CY JUL 31-AUG 05, 2005 CL Univ Tokyo, Tokyo, JAPAN HO Univ Tokyo DE micro-refrigerator; NIS junction; phonon cooling; refrigeration; tunneling ID ELECTRON-TUNNELING REFRIGERATORS AB Solid-state refrigerators based oil normal metal/insulator/superconductor (NIS) tunnel junctions are now a practical means of cooling from pumped He-3 bath temperatures to near 100 mK. While integration of NIS refrigerators with transition-edge sensors is underway, a more general-purpose cooling platform is desirable. We report on progress developing a NIS refrigerator designed to cool microelectronics devices oil separate chips. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Miller, NA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM nathan.miller@nist.gov RI Tomlin, Nathan/A-4927-2009 OI Tomlin, Nathan/0000-0002-8313-9045 NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 559 IS 2 BP 633 EP 635 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2005.12.089 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 035BL UT WOS:000236974700097 ER PT J AU Irwin, KD AF Irwin, KD TI Thermodynamics of nonlinear bolometers near equilibrium SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Workshop on Low-Temperature Detectors CY JUL 31-AUG 05, 2005 CL Univ Tokyo, Tokyo, JAPAN HO Univ Tokyo DE bolometers; microcalorimeters; nonlinear thermodynamics; nonequilibrium ID NOISE AB We present the first thermodynamically correct calculation of the noise in a simple nonlinear resistive bolometer or calorimeter operated out of equilibrium. The solution is rigorous only for first- and second-order deviations from equilibrium, and for the linear and quadratic terms of dissipative elements. In contrast, existing models of noise in resistive bolometers are based on the application of equilibrium theories to a system that is often nonlinear and out of equilibrium. We derive solutions applicable both in and out of steady state. The noise has power spectral density different from the equilibrium theory, and it has higher-order correlations and non-Gaussian characteristics. The results do not apply to non-Markovian hidden variables in the bolometer. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. EM irwin@boulder.nist.gov NR 7 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 EI 1872-9576 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 559 IS 2 BP 718 EP 720 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2005.12.115 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 035BL UT WOS:000236974700123 ER PT J AU Mazin, BA Day, PK Irwin, KD Reintsema, CD Zmuidzinas, J AF Mazin, BA Day, PK Irwin, KD Reintsema, CD Zmuidzinas, J TI Digital readouts for large microwave low-temperature detector arrays SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Workshop on Low-Temperature Detectors CY JUL 31-AUG 05, 2005 CL Univ Tokyo, Tokyo, JAPAN HO Univ Tokyo DE software radio; MKID; kinetic inductance; detector readout AB Over the last several years many different types of low-temperature detectors (LTDs) have been developed that use a microwave resonant circuit as part of their readout. These devices include microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKID), microwave SQUID readouts for transition edge sensors (TES), and NIS bolometers. Current readout techniques for these devices use analog frequency synthesizers and IQ mixers. While these components are available as microwave integrated circuits, one set is required for each resonator. We are exploring a new readout technique for this class of detectors based on a commercial-off-the-shelf technology called software defined radio (SDR). In this method a fast digital to analog (D/A) converter creates as many tones as desired in the available bandwidth. Our prototype system employs a 100MS/s 16-bit D/A to generate an arbitrary number of tones in 50 MHz of bandwidth. This signal is then mixed up to the desired detector resonant frequency (similar to 10GHz), sent through the detector, then mixed back down to baseband. The baseband signal is then digitized with a series of fast analog to digital converters (80 MS/s, 14-bit). Next, a numerical mixer in a dedicated integrated circuit or FPGA mixes the resonant frequency of a specified detector to 0 Hz, and sends the complex detector Output over a computer bus for processing and storage. In this paper we will report on Our results in using a prototype system to readout a MKID array, including system noise performance, X-ray pulse response, and cross-talk measurements. We will also discuss how this technique can be scaled to read out many thousands of detectors. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Mazin, BA (reprint author), NASA, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 169-506, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM bam@astro.caltech.edu RI Mazin, Ben/B-8704-2011 OI Mazin, Ben/0000-0003-0526-1114 NR 4 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 559 IS 2 BP 799 EP 801 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2005.12.208 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 035BL UT WOS:000236974700148 ER PT J AU Irwin, KD Beall, JA Doriese, WB Duncan, WD Hilton, GC Mates, JAB Reintsema, CD Schmidt, DR Ullom, JN Vale, LR Zink, BL Lehnert, KW AF Irwin, KD Beall, JA Doriese, WB Duncan, WD Hilton, GC Mates, JAB Reintsema, CD Schmidt, DR Ullom, JN Vale, LR Zink, BL Lehnert, KW TI Microwave SQUID multiplexers for low-temperature detectors SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Workshop on Low-Temperature Detectors CY JUL 31-AUG 05, 2005 CL Univ Tokyo, Tokyo, JAPAN HO Univ Tokyo ID INTERFERENCE DEVICE MULTIPLEXER; TRANSITION-EDGE SENSORS; ARRAYS AB We report on the development of a SQUID multiplexer operated at microwave frequencies. This multiplexer can accommodate any detector that can be read out with SQUIDs, including transition-edge sensors, magnetic calorimeters, and superconductor-insulator-superconductor tunnel junction detectors. The total bandwidth, which is set by the HEMT amplifier, can be as high as 5GHz, allowing the readout of 10(3)-10(4) low-bandwidth detectors into one coaxial cable. Alternatively, in a low-Q circuit each SQUID can have a bandwidth as high as 100-200 MHz, allowing multiplexing of high-bandwidth sensors, such as optical TES photon detectors and antenna-coupled hot-electron TES bolometers. Each SQUID must be flux biased at a sensitive point on its response curve. We describe a multiplexed flux biasing scheme that makes it possible to flux bias a large array of SQUIDs with only one additional coaxial cable. We further present a hybrid "TDMA" multiplexer optimized for the high dynamic range and slew rate of fast X-ray calorimeters. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO USA. RP Irwin, KD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO USA. EM irwin@boulder.nist.gov RI Lehnert, Konrad/B-7577-2009; OI Lehnert, Konrad/0000-0002-0750-9649; Zink, Barry/0000-0001-7732-532X NR 6 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 559 IS 2 BP 802 EP 804 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2005.12.144 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 035BL UT WOS:000236974700149 ER PT J AU Doriese, WB Beall, JA Duncan, WD Ferreira, L Hilton, GC Irwin, KD Reintsema, CD Ullom, JN Vale, LR Xu, Y AF Doriese, WB Beall, JA Duncan, WD Ferreira, L Hilton, GC Irwin, KD Reintsema, CD Ullom, JN Vale, LR Xu, Y TI Progress toward kilopixel arrays: 3.8 eV microcalorimeter resolution in 8-channel SQUID multiplexer SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Workshop on Low-Temperature Detectors CY JUL 31-AUG 05, 2005 CL Univ Tokyo, Tokyo, JAPAN HO Univ Tokyo DE SQUID; multiplexer; time division; time domain; transition-edge sensor; microcalorimeter ID SENSORS AB While multiplexed readout of large arrays of submillimeter-wave transition-edge sensors (TESs) has been successfully demonstrated, the development of multiplexed arrays of TES X-ray microcalorimeters is more challenging. Fast X-ray pulses place stringent demands on the multiplexer dynamic range and bandwidth. In this paper, we describe the ongoing development of a time-division multiplexer (TDM) intended specifically for X-ray microcalorimeters. We present data showing 3.74 +/- 0.12 eV resolution (FWHM), measured at 6 keV from a sub-150 mu s sensor in an 8-channel TDM. In addition, we calculate the number of detectors that can be multiplexed as a function of open-loop system bandwidth, amplifier noise, and detector time constant. We find that with achievable improvements, our architecture will allow readout of a square, kilopixel array of high-resolution microcalorimeters with time constants as low as 50 mu s. TDM is thus well-suited to the requirements of many proposed X-ray astronomy missions, including NASA's Constellation-X, ESA's XEUS, and ISAS/JAXA's NeXT. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway,MC 817-03, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM doriese@boulder.nist.gov NR 6 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 EI 1872-9576 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 559 IS 2 BP 808 EP 810 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2005.12.146 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 035BL UT WOS:000236974700151 ER PT J AU Miller, L Douglas, BC AF Miller, L Douglas, BC TI On the rate and causes of twentieth century sea-level rise SO PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT United Kingdom Sea Level Science Conference CY FEB 16-17, 2004 CL Royal Soc, Liverpool, ENGLAND SP Proudman Oceanog Lab, Dept Environm, Food & Rural Affairs HO Royal Soc DE sea-level rise; ocean thermal expansion; glacial isostatic adjustment; climate change ID GLACIAL ISOSTATIC-ADJUSTMENT; NORTH-AMERICA; RECORDS; VARIABILITY; SALINITY; HOLOCENE; MODELS; TRENDS; COAST; WATER AB Both the rate and causes of twentieth century global sea-level rise (GSLR) have been controversial. Estimates from tide-gauges range from less than one, to more than two millimetre yr(-1). In contrast, values based on the processes mostly responsible for GSLR-mass increase (from mountain glaciers and the great high latitude ice masses) and volume increase (expansion due to ocean warming)-fall below this range. Either the gauge estimates are too high, or one (or both) of the component estimates is too low. Gauge estimates of GSLR have been in dispute for several decades because of vertical land movements, especially due to glacial isostatic adjustment (CIA). More recently, the possibility has, been raised that coastal tide-gauges measure exaggerated rates of sea-level rise because of localized ocean warming. Presented here are two approaches to a resolution of these problems. The first is morphological, based on the limiting values of observed trends of twentieth century relative sea-level rise as a function of distance from the centres of the ice loads at last glacial maximum. This observational approach, which does not depend on a geophysical model of CIA, supports values of GSLR near 2 mm yr(-1). The second approach involves an analysis of long records of tide-gauge and hydrographic (in situ temperature and salinity) observations in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. It was found that sea-level trends from tide-gauges, which reflect both mass and volume change, are 2-3 times higher than rates based on hydrographic data which reveal only volume change. These results support those studies that put the twentieth century 1, ass increase plays a much larger role than rate near 2 mm yr(-1) thereby indicating that in, ocean warming in twentieth century GSLR. C1 Florida Int Univ, Lab Coastal Res, Miami, FL 33199 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Lab Satellite Altimetry, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Florida Int Univ, Lab Coastal Res, Miami, FL 33199 USA. EM bruced7082@aol.com RI Miller, Laury/B-8305-2011 OI Miller, Laury/0000-0003-3095-5804 NR 40 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 10 PU ROYAL SOC PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 1364-503X EI 1471-2962 J9 PHILOS T R SOC A JI Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A-Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 364 IS 1841 BP 805 EP 820 DI 10.1098/rsta.2006.1738 PG 16 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 025PJ UT WOS:000236278700005 PM 16537141 ER PT J AU Solomon, A AF Solomon, A TI Impact of latent heat release on polar climate SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID GREENLAND ICE-SHEET; POTENTIAL-VORTICITY; EXTRATROPICAL CYCLOGENESIS; BAROCLINIC INSTABILITY; CHANGE SIMULATION; MODEL; OCEAN; 20TH-CENTURY; ENVIRONMENT; TRANSPORTS AB In this study we use model output from a range of coupled climate models, as well as, focused AGCM experiments to support the hypothesis that in a warmer climate increased moisture availability will cause a warming of the Polar Regions through increased dynamical heat transports. Projections of climate change due to increased greenhouse gases predict significant warming of the Polar Regions. This change in polar temperatures has been primarily attributed to ice-albedo feedbacks. However, in this study we show that in our AGCM experiments the temporal and spatial coherence between developing extratropical cyclones and latent heat release causes a greater than 2 degrees C warming of the poles. C1 NOAA, Div Phys Sci, CIRES, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Solomon, A (reprint author), NOAA, Div Phys Sci, CIRES, Earth Syst Res Lab, Mail Code R-PSD1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM amy.solomon@noaa.gov RI Solomon, Amy/L-8988-2013 NR 26 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 14 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 7 AR L07716 DI 10.1029/2005GL025607 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 039DK UT WOS:000237281100004 ER PT J AU Cho, BM Carlsson, CF Jimenez, R AF Cho, BM Carlsson, CF Jimenez, R TI Photon echo spectroscopy of porphyrins and heme proteins: Effects of quasidegenerate electronic structure on the peak shift decay SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SUBSTITUTED CYTOCHROME-C; POLAR SOLVATION DYNAMICS; ULTRAFAST ENERGY-TRANSFER; ZINC TETRAPHENYLPORPHYRIN; NONLINEAR SPECTROSCOPIES; RHODOBACTER-SPHAEROIDES; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; ABSORPTION-SPECTRA; UNFOLDED STATES; MODEL COMPOUNDS AB Three pulse photon echo peak shift spectroscopy and transient grating measurements on Zn-substituted cytochrome c, Zn-tetraphenylporphyrin, and Zn-protoporphyrin IX are reported. The effects of protein conformation, axial ligation, and solvent are investigated. Numerical simulations of the peak shift and transient grating experiments are presented. The simulations employed recently derived optical response functions for square-symmetric molecules with doubly degenerate excited states. Simulations exploring the effects of excited-state energy splitting, symmetric and asymmetric fluctuations, and excited-state lifetime show that the time scales of the peak shift decay in the three-level system largely reflect the same dynamics as in the two-level system. However, the asymptotic peak shift, which is a clear indicator of inhomogeneous broadening in a two-level system, must be interpreted more carefully for three-level systems, as it is also influenced by the magnitude of the excited-state splitting. The calculated signals qualitatively reproduce the data. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Jimenez, R (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM rjimenez@jila.colorado.edu FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM65103] NR 82 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD APR 14 PY 2006 VL 124 IS 14 AR 144905 DI 10.1063/1.2186318 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 032TD UT WOS:000236796700073 PM 16626243 ER PT J AU Rah, K Freed, KF Dudowicz, J Douglas, JF AF Rah, K Freed, KF Dudowicz, J Douglas, JF TI Lattice model of equilibrium polymerization. V. Scattering properties and the width of the critical regime for phase separation SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID AQUEOUS-ELECTROLYTE SOLUTION; FIELD CRITICAL-BEHAVIOR; NONIONIC MICELLAR SOLUTIONS; RESTRICTED PRIMITIVE MODEL; ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; TERNARY LIQUID-MIXTURE; VAN-DER-WAALS; IONIC FLUIDS; MEAN-FIELD; LIVING POLYMERIZATION AB Dynamic clustering associated with self-assembly in many complex fluids can qualitatively alter the shape of phase boundaries and produce large changes in the scale of critical fluctuations that are difficult to comprehend within the existing framework of theories of critical phenomena for nonassociating fluids. In order to elucidate the scattering and critical properties of associating fluids, we consider several models of equilibrium polymerization that describe widely occurring types of associating fluids at equilibrium and that exhibit the well defined cluster geometry of linear polymer chains. Specifically, a Flory-Huggins-type lattice theory is used, in conjunction with the random phase approximation, to compute the correlation length amplitude xi(o) and the Ginzburg number Gi corresponding, respectively, to the scale of composition fluctuations and to a parameter characterizing the temperature range over which Ising critical behavior is exhibited. Our calculations indicate that upon increasing the interparticle association energy, the polymer chains become increasingly long in the vicinity of the critical point, leading naturally to a more asymmetric phase boundary. This increase in the average degree of polymerization implies, in turn, a larger xi(o) and a drastically reduced width of the critical region (as measured by Gi). We thus obtain insight into the common appearance of asymmetric phase boundaries in a wide range of "complex" fluids and into the observation of apparent mean field critical behavior even rather close to the critical point. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Chem, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. NIST, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. EM k-freed@uchicago.edu NR 104 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 EI 1089-7690 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD APR 14 PY 2006 VL 124 IS 14 AR 144906 DI 10.1063/1.2181138 PG 18 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 032TD UT WOS:000236796700074 PM 16626244 ER PT J AU Hudson, ER Lewandowski, HJ Sawyer, BC Ye, J AF Hudson, ER Lewandowski, HJ Sawyer, BC Ye, J TI Cold molecule spectroscopy for constraining the evolution of the fine structure constant SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID BEAM; OH AB We report precise measurements of ground-state, Lambda-doublet microwave transitions in the hydroxyl radical molecule (OH). Utilizing slow, cold molecules produced by a Stark decelerator we have improved over the precision of the previous best measurement 25-fold for the F-'=2 -> F=2 transition, yielding (1 667 358 996 +/- 4) Hz, and by tenfold for the F-'=1 -> F=1 transition, yielding (1 665 401 803 +/- 12) Hz. Comparing these laboratory frequencies to those from OH megamasers in interstellar space will allow a sensitivity of 1 ppm for Delta alpha/alpha over similar to 10(10) yr. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Hudson, ER (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM ehudson@jilau1.colorado.edu; ye@jila.colorado.edu RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011 NR 18 TC 197 Z9 197 U1 3 U2 19 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD APR 14 PY 2006 VL 96 IS 14 AR 143004 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.143004 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 032TI UT WOS:000236797200019 PM 16712070 ER PT J AU McClelland, JJ Hanssen, JL AF McClelland, JJ Hanssen, JL TI Laser cooling without repumping: A magneto-optical trap for erbium atoms SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SODIUM AB We report on a novel mechanism that allows for strong laser cooling of atoms that do not have a closed cycling transition. This mechanism is observed in a magneto-optical trap (MOT) for erbium, an atom with a very complex energy level structure with multiple pathways for optical-pumping losses. We observe surprisingly high trap populations of over 10(6) atoms and densities of over 10(11) atoms cm(-3), despite the many potential loss channels. A model based on recycling of metastable and ground state atoms held in the quadrupole magnetic field of the trap explains the high trap population, and agrees well with time-dependent measurements of MOT fluorescence. The demonstration of trapping of a rare-earth atom such as erbium opens a wide range of new possibilities for practical applications and fundamental studies with cold atoms. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Electron Phys Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP McClelland, JJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Electron Phys Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI McClelland, Jabez/A-2358-2015 OI McClelland, Jabez/0000-0001-5672-5965 NR 11 TC 111 Z9 114 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD APR 14 PY 2006 VL 96 IS 14 AR 143005 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.143005 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 032TI UT WOS:000236797200020 PM 16712071 ER PT J AU Buck, CS Landing, WM Resing, JA Lebon, GT AF Buck, CS Landing, WM Resing, JA Lebon, GT TI Aerosol iron and aluminum solubility in the northwest Pacific Ocean: Results from the 2002 IOC cruise SO GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE dissolved iron; aerosol iron; aerosol aluminum; atmospheric deposition; oceanography : biological and chemical : aerosols; oceanography : biological and chemical : trace elements ID CONTINENTAL-CRUST; ATMOSPHERIC IRON; MINERAL DUST; MODEL; DISTRIBUTIONS; DEPOSITION; SEAWATER; FERTILIZATION; PRODUCTIVITY; VARIABILITY AB Dust aerosol samples were collected across the western North Pacific Ocean during May-June 2002. Samples were analyzed for soluble aerosol Fe(II), Fe(II) + Fe(III), and Al as well as major cations and anions. The aerosol samples were leached using a 10 second exposure to either filtered surface seawater or ultrapure deionized water yielding a measure of the "instantaneous" soluble fraction. A variety of analytical methods were employed, including (57)Fe isotope dilution high-resolution ICP-MS, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence, graphite furnace AAS, ion chromatography, and the FeLume chemiluminescent technique. Fe was found to be more soluble in ultrapure deionized water leaches, especially during periods of higher dust concentrations. Fe solubility averaged 9 +/- 8% in ultrapure water leaches and 6 +/- 5% in seawater leaches. Significant correlations were found between both soluble aerosol Fe(T) and soluble Fe(II) concentrations and aerosol acidity; however, the percentages of soluble aerosol FeT and Fe(II) did not correlate with aerosol acidity We also did not observe significant correlations between total and soluble aerosol Fe concentrations and the concentrations of either particulate Fe or dissolved Fe in surface waters. C1 Florida State Univ, Dept Oceanog, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Ocean, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Buck, CS (reprint author), Florida State Univ, Dept Oceanog, 325 OSB, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. EM cbuck@ocean.fsu.edu RI Buck, Clifton/B-2887-2008; Buck, Clifton/F-5820-2010; Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011 OI Buck, Clifton/0000-0002-5691-9636; NR 41 TC 82 Z9 82 U1 3 U2 24 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1525-2027 J9 GEOCHEM GEOPHY GEOSY JI Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. PD APR 13 PY 2006 VL 7 AR Q04M07 DI 10.1029/2005GC000977 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 039DF UT WOS:000237280400001 ER PT J AU Orr, JW Busby, MS AF Orr, JW Busby, MS TI Revision of the snailfish genus Allocareproctus Pitruk & Fedorov (Teleostei : Liparidae), with descriptions of four new species from the Aleutian Islands SO ZOOTAXA LA English DT Article DE Liparidae; snailfishes; North Pacific Ocean; Aleutian Islands; taxonomy; morphology; new species; Allocareproctus jordani ID PUFFERFISH INFLATION; SCORPAENIFORMES; ALASKA AB Liparid fishes of the genus Allocareproctus Pitruk & Fedorov were collected throughout the Aleutian Islands during surveys conducted by the Alaska Fisheries Science Center, U. S. National Marine Fisheries Service, and represent the first documented records of this genus in North America. Based on this material, we revised the genus and recognized four new species described herein. Allocareproctus is distinguished from all other liparid genera by the following characters: anterior 4 - 8 dorsal- fin rays with tips exserted from the fin membrane, papillae associated with some pores of the cephalic lateralis system, and symplectic extending to the medial aspects of the quadrate and metapterygoid. Allocareproctus jordani ( Burke), the type species of the genus, is uniformly pink-red in coloration, with a dark peritoneum, simple teeth, a pigmented nasal papilla, and a single lobe on the orobuccal valve. It ranges from Sagami Bay, the type locality, north through the Kuril Islands, and east to Umnak Island of the Aleutian Islands, at depths of 75 to 495 m. Allocareproctus ungak n. sp. is most similar to A. jordani, differing in having trilobed teeth, an unpigmented nasal papilla, and higher counts of median-fin rays and vertebrae. It is found only between Seguam Pass and Samalga Pass in the east-central Aleutian Islands at depths of 318 to 461 m. Allocareproctus kallaion n. sp. is also known only from Seguam Pass and Samalga Pass at depths of 278 to 450 m and is distinguished from all other species of Allocareproctus by its blotchy red body color in life and dusky head coloration in life and in preservation, high gill raker count, high precaudal vertebrae count, and comb-like orobuccal valve. Allocareproctus tanix n. sp. is most similar to A. unangas n. sp. and is distinguished by its orange-peach coloration, pale peritoneum, absence of an interorbital papilla, and greater body depth. It is found only in the central Aleutians at depths of 104 to 650 m. Allocareproctus unangas n. sp. is also found only in the central Aleutians at similar depths of 210 to 465 m and is distinguished by its trilobed teeth, absence of a nasal papilla, and dark peritoneum. Based on our examination of holotypes, Careproctus pycnosoma Gilbert & Burke and C. curilanus Gilbert & Burke are valid species and not synonymous with A. jordani. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Orr, JW (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, 7600 Sand Point Way NE,Bldg 4, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM James.Orr@noaa.gov; Morgan.Busby@noaa.gov NR 29 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU MAGNOLIA PRESS PI AUCKLAND PA PO BOX 41383, AUCKLAND, ST LUKES 1030, NEW ZEALAND SN 1175-5326 EI 1175-5334 J9 ZOOTAXA JI Zootaxa PD APR 13 PY 2006 IS 1173 BP 1 EP 37 PG 37 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 032UH UT WOS:000236800300001 ER PT J AU Lopez, AM Stein, S Dixon, T Sella, G Calais, E Jansma, P Weber, J LaFemina, P AF Lopez, AM Stein, S Dixon, T Sella, G Calais, E Jansma, P Weber, J LaFemina, P TI Is there a northern Lesser Antilles forearc block? SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CARIBBEAN PLATE; RELATIVE MOTION; AMERICAN PLATES; DEFORMATION; SUBDUCTION; TECTONICS; MODEL AB A systematic discrepancy exists between slip vectors of thrust fault earthquakes at the Lesser Antilles trench (LAT) and the predicted direction of North American-Caribbean convergence. A possibility has been that the discrepancy resulted because neither was well constrained. Estimating Caribbean motion has been challenging owing to the limited data along the plate's complex boundaries. Similarly, earlier studies had few slip vectors because interplate thrust events are infrequent. To address these difficulties, we estimate a new Caribbean-North America Euler vector using recently available GPS data from sites in the presumably stable interior of the Caribbean, and compare the predicted velocities to a larger set of slip vectors. The discrepancy persists, suggesting the northern Lesser Antilles forearc (NLAF) moves as a distinct entity from both the Caribbean and North America. For simplicity, we treat its motion as a coherent block, but because GPS sites are not within the NLAF, distributed deformation is also possible. Although there is no geologic evidence for the boundaries of the presumed NLAF block, GPS data show that the motions of Martinique, Barbados, and Trinidad are similar to that of the Caribbean, suggesting that none are on the NLAF block, and the southern LAT is weakly coupled. C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Evanston, IL 60201 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47906 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Geosci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Grand Valley State Univ, Dept Geol, Allendale, MI 49401 USA. Natl Geodet Survey, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Lopez, AM (reprint author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Geol Sci, 1850 Campus Dr,Locy Hall, Evanston, IL 60201 USA. EM alberto@earth.northwestern.edu RI LaFemina, Peter/C-4233-2011; Calais, Eric/K-8219-2012 OI Calais, Eric/0000-0002-5935-8117 NR 25 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 12 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 7 AR L07313 DI 10.1029/2005GL025293 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 039DI UT WOS:000237280900004 ER PT J AU Whiteman, DN Russo, F Demoz, B Miloshevich, LM Veselovskii, I Hannon, S Wang, Z Vomel, H Schmidlin, F Lesht, B Moore, PJ Beebe, AS Gambacorta, A Barnet, C AF Whiteman, DN Russo, F Demoz, B Miloshevich, LM Veselovskii, I Hannon, S Wang, Z Vomel, H Schmidlin, F Lesht, B Moore, PJ Beebe, AS Gambacorta, A Barnet, C TI Analysis of Raman lidar and radiosonde measurements from the AWEX-G field campaign and its relation to Aqua validation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID WATER-VAPOR MEASUREMENTS; MICROWAVE RADIOMETER; TEMPERATURE; RETRIEVALS; HYGROMETER; PROFILES; HUMIDITY; PROJECT; LINE AB [1] Early work within the Aqua validation activity revealed there to be large differences in water vapor measurement accuracy among the various technologies in use for providing validation data. The validation measurements were made at globally distributed sites making it difficult to isolate the sources of the apparent measurement differences among the various sensors, which included both Raman lidar and radiosonde. Because of this, the AIRS Water Vapor Experiment - Ground (AWEX-G) was held in October-November 2003 with the goal of bringing validation technologies to a common site for intercomparison and resolving the measurement discrepancies. Using the University of Colorado Cryogenic Frostpoint Hygrometer (CFH) as the water vapor reference, the AWEX-G field campaign permitted correction techniques to be validated for Raman lidar, Vaisala RS80-H and RS90/92 that significantly improve the absolute accuracy of water vapor measurements from these systems particularly in the upper troposphere. Mean comparisons of radiosondes and lidar are performed demonstrating agreement between corrected sensors and the CFH to generally within 5% thereby providing data of sufficient accuracy for Aqua validation purposes. Examples of the use of the correction techniques in radiance and retrieval comparisons are provided and discussed. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Phys, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Atmospher Sci, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US DOE, Argonne Natl Lab, Chicago, IL USA. LJT & Associates, Wallops Isl, VA USA. SGT Inc, Greenbelt, MD USA. NOAA, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Whiteman, DN (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 613-1, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM david.n.whiteman@nasa.gov RI Gambacorta, Antonia/E-7937-2011; Wang, Zhien/F-4857-2011; Barnet, Christopher/F-5573-2010; Demoz, Belay/N-4130-2014; OI Gambacorta, Antonia/0000-0002-2446-9132; Lesht, Barry/0000-0003-0801-4290 NR 21 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 12 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D9 AR D09S09 DI 10.1029/2005JD006429 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 039DS UT WOS:000237282100001 ER PT J AU Stenchikov, G Hamilton, K Stouffer, RJ Robock, A Ramaswamy, V Santer, B Graf, HF AF Stenchikov, G Hamilton, K Stouffer, RJ Robock, A Ramaswamy, V Santer, B Graf, HF TI Arctic Oscillation response to volcanic eruptions in the IPCC AR4 climate models SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; STRATOSPHERIC WATER-VAPOR; SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; PINATUBO ERUPTION; EL-CHICHON; HEMISPHERE WINTER; AIR-TEMPERATURE; GREENHOUSE-GAS; ANNULAR MODE; TROPOSPHERE AB [1] Stratospheric sulfate aerosol particles from strong volcanic eruptions produce significant transient cooling of the troposphere and warming of the lower stratosphere. The radiative impact of volcanic aerosols also produces a response that generally includes an anomalously positive phase of the Arctic Oscillation (AO) that is most pronounced in the boreal winter. The main atmospheric thermal and dynamical effects of eruptions typical of the past century persist for about two years after each eruption. In this paper we evaluate the volcanic responses in simulations produced by seven of the climate models included in the model intercomparison conducted as part of the preparation of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). We consider global effects as well as the regional circulation effects in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere focusing on the AO responses forced by volcanic eruptions. Specifically we analyze results from the IPCC historical runs that simulate the evolution of the circulation over the last part of the 19th century and the entire 20th century using a realistic time series of atmospheric composition ( greenhouse gases and aerosols). In particular, composite anomalies over the two boreal winters following each of the nine largest low-latitude eruptions during the period 1860 - 1999 are computed for various tropospheric and stratospheric fields. These are compared when possible with observational data. The seven IPCC models we analyzed use similar assumptions about the amount of volcanic aerosols formed in the lower stratosphere following the volcanic eruptions that have occurred since 1860. All models produce tropospheric cooling and stratospheric warming as in observations. However, they display a considerable range of dynamic responses to volcanic aerosols. Nevertheless, some general conclusions can be drawn. The IPCC models tend to simulate a positive phase of the Arctic Oscillation in response to volcanic forcing similar to that typically observed. However, the associated dynamic perturbations and winter surface warming over Northern Europe and Asia in the post-volcano winters is much weaker in the models than in observations. The AR4 models also underestimate the variability and long-term trend of the AO. This deficiency affects high-latitude model predictions and may have a similar origin. This analysis allows us to better evaluate volcanic impacts in up-to-date climate models and to better quantify the model Arctic Oscillation sensitivity to external forcing. This potentially could lead to improving model climate predictions in the extratropical latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Univ Hawaii, Int Pacific Res Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Program Climate Model Diagnost & Intercomparison, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Univ Cambridge, Dept Geog, Cambridge CB2 3EN, England. RP Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, 14 Coll Farm Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. EM gera@envsci.rutgers.edu RI Santer, Benjamin/F-9781-2011; Robock, Alan/B-6385-2016; OI Robock, Alan/0000-0002-6319-5656 NR 74 TC 122 Z9 123 U1 6 U2 52 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 11 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D7 AR D07107 DI 10.1029/2005JD006286 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 039DO UT WOS:000237281600001 ER PT J AU Heh, D Young, CD Brown, GA Hung, PY Diebold, A Bersuker, G Vogel, EM Bernstein, JB AF Heh, D Young, CD Brown, GA Hung, PY Diebold, A Bersuker, G Vogel, EM Bernstein, JB TI Spatial distributions of trapping centers in HfO2/SiO2 gate stacks SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CHARGE-PUMPING TECHNIQUE; SILICON DIOXIDE BREAKDOWN; OXIDE; TRANSISTORS; INTERFACE; MOSFETS; IMPACT AB A methodology to analyze charge pumping (CP) data, which allows positions of probing traps in the dielectric to be identified, was applied to extract the spatial profile of traps in SiO2/HfO2 gate stacks. The results suggest that traps accessible by CP measurements in a wide frequency range, down to few kilohertz, are located within or near the interfacial SiO2 layer rather than in the bulk of the high-k film. C1 SEMATECH Inc, Austin, TX 78741 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Reliabil Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Heh, D (reprint author), SEMATECH Inc, Austin, TX 78741 USA. EM dawei.heh@sematech.org RI Vogel, Eric/A-7731-2008; Young, Chadwin/K-7326-2012 OI Vogel, Eric/0000-0002-6110-1361; Young, Chadwin/0000-0003-0690-7423 NR 20 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD APR 10 PY 2006 VL 88 IS 15 AR 152907 DI 10.1063/1.2195896 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 032TA UT WOS:000236796400062 ER PT J AU Miller, SD Hawkins, JD Lee, TF Turk, FJ Richardson, K Kuciauskas, AP Kent, J Wade, R Skupniewicz, CE Cornelius, J O'Neal, J Haggerty, P Sprietzer, K Legg, G Henegar, J Seaton, B AF Miller, S. D. Hawkins, J. D. Lee, T. F. Turk, F. J. Richardson, K. Kuciauskas, A. P. Kent, J. Wade, R. Skupniewicz, C. E. Cornelius, J. O'Neal, J. Haggerty, P. Sprietzer, K. Legg, G. Henegar, J. Seaton, B. TI MODIS provides a satellite focus on operation Iraqi freedom SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID FIRE; CLOUD AB Extreme weather conditions over southwest Asia posed significant challenges to military operations conducted during the 2003 Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) campaign. This paper describes an effort to provide improved environmental characterization by way of a suite of value-added satellite imagery tools leveraging moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. Available from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Terra and Aqua platforms, these research-grade data were made available to operational users in 2 to 3 hours turn-around time via a near real-time processing effort (NRTPE) interagency collaboration between the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NASA, and the Department of Defense (DoD). Derived products were packaged into a centralized online graphical user interface, Satellite Focus, which provided a one-stop resource for satellite information over the southwest Asia domain. A central goal of Satellite Focus was to expedite information gathering while augmenting the capabilities of users tasked to synthesize a wide variety of environmental information in support of time-critical decisions impacting operational safety and mission success. Presented herein are several examples illustrating the unprecedented capabilities available to Coalition Force users during OIF enabled by near real-time access to Terra/Aqua MODIS. C1 USN, Res Lab, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Mclean, VA 22102 USA. Fleet Numer Meteorol & Oceanog Ctr, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. Aerosp Corp, Los Angeles, CA 90009 USA. NOAA, Washington, DC 20230 USA. RP Miller, SD (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. EM miller@nrlmry.navy.mil NR 18 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 EI 1366-5901 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD APR 10 PY 2006 VL 27 IS 7 BP 1285 EP 1296 DI 10.1080/01431160500383772 PG 12 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 041IF UT WOS:000237447300002 ER PT J AU Li, SL Hoerling, MP Peng, SL AF Li, SL Hoerling, MP Peng, SL TI Coupled ocean-atmosphere response to Indian Ocean warmth SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; HEAT-FLUX ANOMALIES; CLIMATE-CHANGE; ARCTIC OSCILLATION; VARIABILITY; LATENT AB The coupled ocean-atmosphere response to Indian Ocean warmth is studied. It is shown with atmospheric models that Indian Ocean warmth forces a positive polarity phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), confirming results of previous studies. Coupled model experiments show that this NAO response forces a local air-sea feedback over the North Atlantic Ocean, which intensifies the NAO response. This enhancement is realized through a positive feedback between the NAO atmospheric circulation anomaly and a tripolar North Atlantic SST pattern, consistent with other studies on North Atlantic air-sea interactions. It is concluded that the North Atlantic and European climate response to Indian Ocean warming may be considerably greater than hitherto judged from the analyses of atmospheric model experiments alone. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Li, SL (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, R-CDC1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM martin.hoerling@noaa.gov RI Li, Shuanglin /D-5695-2013 OI Li, Shuanglin /0000-0002-4891-8561 NR 20 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 8 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 7 AR L07713 DI 10.1029/2005GL025558 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 033VL UT WOS:000236879100006 ER PT J AU Buitenhuis, E Le Quere, C Aumont, O Beaugrand, G Bunker, A Hirst, A Ikeda, T O'Brien, T Piontkovski, S Straile, D AF Buitenhuis, E Le Quere, C Aumont, O Beaugrand, G Bunker, A Hirst, A Ikeda, T O'Brien, T Piontkovski, S Straile, D TI Biogeochemical fluxes through mesozooplankton SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID MARINE PLANKTONIC COPEPODS; TROPICAL ATLANTIC-OCEAN; PHYTOPLANKTON GROWTH; OXYGEN-CONSUMPTION; EXPORT PRODUCTION; METABOLIC RATES; SWIMMING SPEED; FECAL PELLETS; GLOBAL RATES; FOOD WEBS AB [1] Mesozooplankton are significant consumers of phytoplankton, and have a significant impact on the oceanic biogeochemical cycles of carbon and other elements. Their contribution to vertical particle flux is much larger than that of microzooplankton, yet most global biogeochemical models have lumped these two plankton functional types together. In this paper we bring together several newly available data syntheses on observed mesozooplankton concentration and the biogeochemical fluxes they mediate, and perform data synthesis on flux rates for which no synthesis was available. We update the equations of a global biogeochemical model with an explicit representation of mesozooplankton ( PISCES). We use the rate measurements to constrain the parameters of mesozooplankton, and evaluate the model results with our independent synthesis of mesozooplankton concentration measurements. We also perform a sensitivity study to analyze the impact of uncertainty in the flux rates. The standard model run was parameterized on the basis of the data synthesis of flux rates. The results of mesozooplankton concentration in the standard run are slightly lower than the independent databases of observed mesozooplankton concentrations, but not significantly. This shows that structuring and parameterizing biogeochemical models on the basis of observations without tuning is a strategy that works. The sensitivity study showed that by using a maximum grazing rate of mesozooplankton that is only 30% higher than the poorly constrained fit to the observations, the model mesozooplankton concentration gets closer to the observations, but mesozooplankton grazing becomes higher than what is currently accounted for. This is an indication that food selection by mesozooplankton is not sufficiently quantified at present. Despite the amount of effort that is represented by the data syntheses of all relevant processes, the good results that were obtained for mesozooplankton indicate that this effort needs to be applied to all components of marine biogeochemistry. The development of ecosystem models that better represent key plankton groups and that are more closely based on observations should lead to better understanding and quantification of the feedbacks between marine ecosystems and climate. C1 Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, Jena, Germany. Univ Paris 06, Lab Oceanog Dynam & Climatol, F-75252 Paris, France. Sir Alistar Hardy Fdn, Plymouth, Devon, England. Heriot Watt Univ, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Midlothian, Scotland. British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Fisheries Sci, Plankton Lab, Hakodate, Hokkaido 0418611, Japan. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Univ Konstanz, Limnol Inst, D-78457 Constance, Germany. RP Buitenhuis, E (reprint author), Univ E Anglia, Dept Environm, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. EM martinburo@email.com RI Buitenhuis, Erik/A-7692-2012; Hirst, Andrew/A-6296-2013; Straile, Dietmar/A-4065-2008; Aumont, Olivier/G-5207-2016; Le Quere, Corinne/C-2631-2017 OI Buitenhuis, Erik/0000-0001-6274-5583; Straile, Dietmar/0000-0002-7441-8552; Aumont, Olivier/0000-0003-3954-506X; Le Quere, Corinne/0000-0003-2319-0452 NR 65 TC 81 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 22 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD APR 8 PY 2006 VL 20 IS 2 AR GB2003 DI 10.1029/2005GB002511 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 033VQ UT WOS:000236879700001 ER PT J AU Fan, SM Moxim, WJ Levy, H AF Fan, SM Moxim, WJ Levy, H TI Aeolian input of bioavailable iron to the ocean SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MINERAL DUST; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; DEPOSITION; PRECIPITATION; SOLUBILITY; SPECIATION; PARTICLES; MODEL; PHYTOPLANKTON; VARIABILITY AB Atmospheric deposition of mineral dust supplies much of the essential nutrient iron to the ocean. Presumably only the readily soluble fraction is available for biological uptake. Previous ocean models assumed this fraction was constant. Here the variable solubility of Fe in aerosols and precipitation is parameterized with a two-step mechanism, the development of a sulfate coating followed by the dissolution of iron (hydr) oxide on the dust aerosols. The predicted soluble Fe fraction increases with transport time from the source region and with the corresponding decrease in dust concentration. The soluble fraction is similar to 1 percent near sources, but often 10 - 40 percent farther away producing a significant increase in soluble Fe deposition in remote ocean regions. Our results may require more rapid biological and physicochemical scavenging of Fe than used in current ocean models. We further suggest that increasing SO2 emission alone could have caused significant Fe fertilization in the modern northern hemisphere oceans. C1 NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Fan, SM (reprint author), NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM Songmiao.Fan@noaa.gov NR 30 TC 95 Z9 97 U1 3 U2 19 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 7 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 7 AR L07602 DI 10.1029/2005GL024852 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 033VI UT WOS:000236878800001 ER PT J AU Pinker, RT Zhao, Y Akoshile, C Janowiak, J Arkin, P AF Pinker, RT Zhao, Y Akoshile, C Janowiak, J Arkin, P TI Diurnal and seasonal variability of rainfall in the sub-Sahel as seen from observations, satellites and a numerical model SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID AEROSOL OPTICAL DEPTH; UNITED-STATES; WEST-AFRICA; HURRICANES; MONSOON; AERONET AB Several climatic parameters are observed at the campus of the University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria in sub-Sahel Africa. This climatically important region is in the desert transition zone between the Sahara and the savanna of upper Nigeria and is influenced by the dusty Harmattan wind. It is characterized by persistent conditions with high aerosol loading as well as intense dust outbreaks that affect the local climate. The region is under the influence of the West African Monsoon (WAM) which has exhibited a dramatic change from wet conditions in the 50s and 60s to much drier conditions in the 70s, 80s and 90s. Observations at the Ilorin site were established to provide the Earth Observing System (EOS) Community with high quality climatic data, in particular, related to radiative fluxes and aerosols. The station is located in a region with extreme environmental conditions that are not common at other sites around the globe. For example, at Ilorin observed is the highest aerosol optical depth in the AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) and the site is frequented by biomass burning during the dry season, thus adding new radiative effects to the dust aerosols (Pinker et al., 2001; Pandithurai et al., 2001; Holben et al., 2001, Smirnov et al., 2002). Biomass burning in savanna and forest ecosystems over Africa is believed to contribute about 20% to the global biomass burning. Dynamical models to predict WAM are not accurate in West Africa and tropical Atlantic regions, and are unable to simulate fundamental characteristics of rainfall ( diurnal, seasonal and annual cycles). In this study we present an analysis of the diurnal and seasonal variability for several years of rainfall observations. Comparison is made with the output of a numerical model and satellite based estimates. It was found that two observed relative peaks in the annual rainfall distribution are seen in the satellite data but are not detected by the numerical model. It was also shown that the satellite data are able to correctly depict diurnal variability. Both the model predictions and the satellite estimates tend to overestimate the rainfall at this site. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Ilorin, Dept Phys, Ilorin, Nigeria. NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Natl Ctr Environm Predict Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Pinker, RT (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM pinker@atmos.umd.edu RI Arkin, Phillip/F-5808-2010; Pinker, Rachel/F-6565-2010 NR 20 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 7 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 7 AR L07806 DI 10.1029/2005GL025192 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 033VI UT WOS:000236878800003 ER PT J AU Tanner, D Helmig, D Hueber, J Goldan, P AF Tanner, D Helmig, D Hueber, J Goldan, P TI Gas chromatography system for the automated, unattended, and cryogen-free monitoring of C2 to C6 non-methane hydrocarbons in the remote troposphere SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE hydrocarbons; volatile organic compounds; ozone precursors; air analysis; instrumentation; environmental analysis ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; OZONE PRECURSOR HYDROCARBONS; TRACE GASES; AMBIENT AIR; FIELD AB An unattended, automated, on-line, cryogen-free, remotely controlled gas chromatography (GC) system was developed and has been deployed for more than 1 year for the continuous determination Of C-2 to C-6 hydrocarbons at an observatory located at 2225 m elevation, on the summit caldera of an inactive volcano on the island of Pico, Azores. The GC instrument is tailored to the measurement challenges at this remote and high altitude site. All consumable gases are prepared in situ. Total power use remains below 700 W at all times. Sample collection and analysis is performed without use of cryogen. Hydrocarbons are concentrated on a one-stage trapping/injection system consisting of a Peltier-cooled multi-bed solid adsorbent trap. Analytes are detected after thermal desorption and separation on an alumina-PLOT (porous-layer open tubular) column by flame ionization detection (FID). Sample focusing, desorption, separation and detection parameters were thoroughly investigated to ensure quantitative collection and subsequent injection onto the GC system. GC operation is controlled remotely and data are downloaded daily. Sample volumes (600 and 3000 ml) are alternated for analysis Of C-2 to C-3 and C-3 to C-6 hydrocarbons, respectively. Detection limits are in the low parts per trillion by volume (pptv) range, sufficient for quantification of the compounds of interest at their central North Atlantic lower free troposphere background concentrations. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, ATOC, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Helmig, D (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM Detlev.Helmig@colorado.edu RI Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 NR 30 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 4 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD APR 7 PY 2006 VL 1111 IS 1 BP 76 EP 88 DI 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.01.100 PG 13 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 027TT UT WOS:000236439200009 PM 16497314 ER PT J AU Nalli, NR Clemente-Colon, P Minnett, PJ Szczodrak, M Morris, V Joseph, E Goldberg, MD Barnet, CD Wolf, WW Jessup, A Branch, R Knuteson, RO Feltz, WF AF Nalli, NR Clemente-Colon, P Minnett, PJ Szczodrak, M Morris, V Joseph, E Goldberg, MD Barnet, CD Wolf, WW Jessup, A Branch, R Knuteson, RO Feltz, WF TI Ship-based measurements for infrared sensor validation during Aerosol and Ocean Science Expedition 2004 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETER; EMITTED RADIANCE INTERFEROMETER; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; PATMOS CLIMATE DATASET; SUN PHOTOMETERS; SOUNDER AIRS; RETRIEVAL; AIRS/AMSU/HSB; DUST; CALIBRATION AB [1] This paper describes a unique validation data set acquired from a marine intensive observing period (IOP) conducted on board the NOAA Ship Ronald H. Brown (RHB) during the 2004 Aerosol and Ocean Science Expedition (AEROSE) in the tropical North Atlantic Ocean from 29 February to 26 March 2004. The radiometric and in situ data complement includes marine observations of the Saharan air layer ( SAL), including two significant Saharan dust outbreaks over the Atlantic Ocean. Because the impact of tropospheric dust aerosols on satellite infrared (IR) radiometric observations has not yet been fully characterized, the AEROSE data are particularly valuable for IR sensor validation. Shipboard radiometric data germane to satellite validation include observations from a Marine Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (M-AERI), a Calibrated Infrared In situ Measurement System (CIRIMS), and Microtops handheld sunphotometers. Among other things, these data provide, for the first time, coincident IR spectra of the dry, dusty SAL from both the uplooking M-AERI and the downlooking Atmospheric Infrared Sounder ( AIRS) on board the Aqua satellite. In situ data collected throughout the cruise include Vaisala RS80/90 radiosondes, launched similar or equal to 3-hourly to include Aqua overpass times. The Aqua matchup profiles provide data for validation of AIRS in the presence of high dust loading, along with temperature and water vapor profile retrievals of the SAL. The frequency of sonde launches also enables validation of coincident uplooking M-AERI boundary layer profile retrievals. Preliminary analyses of the AEROSE data are presented here. Focused AEROSE validation studies are the subjects of separate papers. C1 NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. QSS Grp Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Howard Univ, NOAA Ctr Atmospher Sci, Washington, DC 20059 USA. Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Nalli, NR (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, E-RA1, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM nick.nalli@noaa.gov RI Nalli, Nicholas/F-6731-2010; Clemente-Colon, Pablo/F-5581-2010; Goldberg, Mitch/F-5589-2010; Wolf, Walter/E-7935-2011; Barnet, Christopher/F-5573-2010 OI Nalli, Nicholas/0000-0002-6914-5537; Wolf, Walter/0000-0002-2102-8833; NR 37 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 7 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D9 AR D09S04 DI 10.1029/2005JD006385 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 033WB UT WOS:000236881300002 ER PT J AU Motoyama, EM Mang, PK Petitgrand, D Yu, G Vajk, OP Vishik, IM Greven, M AF Motoyama, EM Mang, PK Petitgrand, D Yu, G Vajk, OP Vishik, IM Greven, M TI Magnetic field effect on the superconducting magnetic gap of Nd1.85Ce0.15CuO4 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTOR; ANTIFERROMAGNETIC ORDER; SPIN; FLUCTUATIONS; LA2-XSRXCUO4; DEPENDENCE; VORTICES; VORTEX AB Inelastic neutron-scattering measurements on the archetypical electron-doped material Nd1.85Ce0.15CuO4 up to a high relative magnetic-field strength, H/H-c2 similar to 50%, reveal a simple linear magnetic-field effect on the superconducting magnetic gap and the absence of field-induced in-gap states. The extrapolated gap-closing field value is consistent with the upper critical field H-c2, and the high-field response resembles that of the paramagnetic normal state. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. CEA Saclay, Lab Leon Brillouin, CNRS, CEA, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. RP Motoyama, EM (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RI Yu, Guichuan/K-4025-2014 NR 31 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD APR 7 PY 2006 VL 96 IS 13 AR 137002 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.137002 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 030DB UT WOS:000236612400056 PM 16712023 ER PT J AU Baker, ET Resing, JA Walker, SL Martinez, F Taylor, B Nakamura, K AF Baker, ET Resing, JA Walker, SL Martinez, F Taylor, B Nakamura, K TI Abundant hydrothermal venting along melt-rich and melt-free ridge segments in the Lau back-arc basin SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID EAST PACIFIC RISE; APPARENT MAGMATIC BUDGET; SEISMIC STRUCTURE; SPREADING CENTER; MIDOCEAN RIDGE; FUCA RIDGE; PLUMES; WATER; JUAN AB The relationship between the spatial density of hydrothermal venting (p(h)) and spreading rate ( us) is undefined along back-arc ridges. Here we report a continuous survey of hydrothermal plumes along the similar to 400-km-long Eastern Lau Spreading Center. The mean p(h)/u(s) ratio for each of three tectonic segments followed the global midocean ridge trend, with p(h) doubling as us increased northward from 39 to 96 mm/yr. However, we found little correlation between p(h) and the previously imaged distribution of axial melt lenses, which are near-continuous along the southern two segments but wholly absent along the northernmost segment. We infer that venting on the southern segments is melt driven, whereas venting on the northern ELSC is entirely powered with heat extracted by deep circulation through hot rock. This segment may be a rare example of an entire fast-spreading segment where hydrothermal convection cells are powered by downward-migrating cracking fronts. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, JISAO, NOAA, PMEL, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan. RP Baker, ET (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM edward.baker@noaa.gov NR 27 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 6 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 7 AR L07308 DI 10.1029/2005GL025283 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 033VH UT WOS:000236878600003 ER PT J AU Sun, DZ Zhang, T AF Sun, DZ Zhang, T TI A regulatory effect of ENSO on the time-mean thermal stratification of the equatorial upper ocean SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PACIFIC DECADAL VARIABILITY; 1986-87 EL-NINO; AMPLITUDE; MODEL AB To investigate the role of ENSO in regulating the time-mean thermal stratification of the equatorial Pacific, perturbation experiments are conducted in pairs with a coupled model. In one experiment, ENSO is turned off while in the other experiment ENSO is kept on. Perturbations are introduced through either enhancing tropical heating or increasing subtropical cooling. In the absence of ENSO, the time-mean difference between the warm-pool SST (Tw) and the characteristic temperature of the equatorial thermocline (Tc) responds sensitively to either enhanced tropical heating or enhanced subtropical cooling. In the presence of ENSO, such a sensitivity to destabilizing forcing disappears. The lack of sensitivity in the response of Tw-Tc is linked to a stronger ENSO in response to the destabilizing forcing. ENSO in the model acts as a basin-scale heat "mixer" that enables surface heat to be transported to the depths of the equatorial thermocline. The study raises the question whether models with poor simulations of ENSO can give reliable predictions of the response of the time-mean climate to global warming. C1 NOAA, Div Phys Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Sun, DZ (reprint author), NOAA, Div Phys Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM dezheng.sun@noaa.gov NR 17 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 6 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 7 AR L07710 DI 10.1029/2005GL025296 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 033VH UT WOS:000236878600004 ER PT J AU Divakarla, MG Barnet, CD Goldberg, MD McMillin, LM Maddy, E Wolf, W Zhou, LH Liu, XP AF Divakarla, MG Barnet, CD Goldberg, MD McMillin, LM Maddy, E Wolf, W Zhou, LH Liu, XP TI Validation of Atmospheric Infrared Sounder temperature and water vapor retrievals with matched radiosonde measurements and forecasts SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID TERRESTRIAL MATERIALS; AIRS/AMSU/HSB; EMISSIVITY; PARAMETERS; PRODUCTS; WINDOW; AIRS AB [1] An evaluation of the temperature and moisture profile retrievals from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder ( AIRS) data is performed using more than 2 years of collocated data sets. The Aqua-AIRS retrievals, global radiosonde (RAOB) measurements, forecast data from the National Center for Environmental Prediction Global Forecasting System (NCEP_GFS), the European Center for Medium Range Forecast (ECMWF), and the operational retrievals from the NOAA 16 satellite Advanced TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (ATOVS) instrument are used in this validation. Using RAOB observations as the reference, bias and RMS differences are computed for "sea,'' "land,'' and "all'' categories for the AIRS retrievals and other collocated data sets. The results of the intercomparison reveal that temperature and water vapor retrievals from the AIRS are in very good agreement with the RAOBs. The RMS difference for clear-only cases over "sea'' and "all'' categories is close to the expected goal accuracies, namely, 1 degrees K in 1 km layers for the temperature and better than 15% in 2-km layers for the water vapor in the troposphere. The overall RMS difference for the cloud-cleared cases is also close to the expected product goal accuracy except for a slight degradation at the surface. When AIRS and ATOVS retrievals are compared with the RAOBs, the AIRS temperature retrievals show an improvement over ATOVS of at least 0.5 degrees K for all the accepted cases. Both the ECMWF and the NCEP_GFS forecasts match the RAOB temperatures within 1 degrees K and water vapor within 14%. With respect to biases, the AIRS final retrieval shows a larger bias with the RAOBs relative to ATOVS, NCEP_GFS, and ECMWF. The bias is highly influenced by a larger bias contribution from "land'' samples and shows a month-to-month and annual variation that correlates with the CO2 variations. This coupling suggests a need to include CO2 and possibly other trace gas climatologies in the AIRS initial guess to partially mitigate the effects in the final physical retrieval. C1 STG Inc, Reston, VA USA. Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, NOAA, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. QSS Grp Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. RP Divakarla, MG (reprint author), STG Inc, 11710 Plaza Amer Dr, Reston, VA USA. EM murty.divakarla@noaa.gov; chris.barnet@noaa.gov; mitch.goldberg@noaa.gov; larry.mcmillin@noaa.gov; eric.maddy@noaa.gov; walter.wolf@noaa.gov; lihang.zhou@noaa.gov; xingpin.liu@noaa.gov RI Maddy, Eric/G-3683-2010; Goldberg, Mitch/F-5589-2010; Barnet, Christopher/F-5573-2010; Divakarla, Murty/E-7936-2011; Wolf, Walter/E-7935-2011; Zhou, Lihang/E-7938-2011 OI Maddy, Eric/0000-0003-1151-339X; Divakarla, Murty/0000-0002-0399-3381; Wolf, Walter/0000-0002-2102-8833; Zhou, Lihang/0000-0001-6232-2871 NR 31 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 4 U2 19 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 6 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D9 AR D09S15 DI 10.1029/2005JD006116 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 033WA UT WOS:000236881100001 ER PT J AU Blomquist, BW Fairall, CW Huebert, BJ Kieber, DJ Westby, GR AF Blomquist, BW Fairall, CW Huebert, BJ Kieber, DJ Westby, GR TI DMS sea-air transfer velocity: Direct measurements by eddy covariance and parameterization based on the NOAA/COARE gas transfer model SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID BULK PARAMETERIZATION; WIND-SPEED; FLUX; EXCHANGE; OCEAN AB Estimates of the DMS sea-air transfer velocity (k(DMS)) derived from direct flux measurements are poorly modeled by parameterizations based solely on wind speed and Schmidt number. DMS and CO2 flux measurements show k(CO2) to be a stronger function of wind speed than k(DMS). The NOAA/COARE gas flux parameterization, incorporating the bubble-mediated gas transfer theory of Woolf ( 1997), appears to do a better job reproducing the observations for both gases, illustrating the importance of trace gas solubility in sea-air exchange. The development of gas transfer parameterizations based on physical principles is still in its infancy, but recent advances in direct flux measurement methods provide an opportunity to evaluate the success of various modeling approaches for this critical geophysical process. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Phys Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Dept Chem, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. RP Blomquist, BW (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Oceanog, 1000 Pope Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM blomquis@hawaii.edu; chris.fairall@noaa.gov; huebert@hawaii.edu; djkieber@esf.edu; george@lunamuse.com NR 20 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 4 U2 13 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 5 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 7 AR L07601 DI 10.1029/2006GL025735 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 033VF UT WOS:000236878400009 ER PT J AU Zhou, LX White, JWC Conway, TJ Mukai, H MacClune, K Zhang, XC Wen, YP Li, JL AF Zhou, LX White, JWC Conway, TJ Mukai, H MacClune, K Zhang, XC Wen, YP Li, JL TI Long-term record of atmospheric CO2 and stable isotopic ratios at Waliguan Observatory: Seasonally averaged 1991-2002 source/sink signals, and a comparison of 1998-2002 record to the 11 selected sites in the Northern Hemisphere SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID AIR-SAMPLING-NETWORK; CARBON-DIOXIDE; DISCRIMINATION; METHANE; JAPAN; ABUNDANCES; FLUXES; FOREST; CHINA; MODEL AB This paper investigates seasonally averaged atmospheric CO2 source or sink signals observed at Waliguan Baseline Observatory (WLG, 36 degrees 17'N, 100 degrees 54'E, 3816 m asl) in western China from 1991 to 2002. Both linear and geometric mean regressions as well as statistical significance test were performed between detrended CO2 and stable isotope monthly data by means of Keeling Model and Miller-Tans Model. The estimated slope Delta delta(13)C/Delta CO2 due to the seasonality in CO2 and delta(13)C is (-0.050 +/-\ 0.004)% ppm(-1), the mean source/sink isotopic signatures delta(s) (i.e., delta(13)C(s) and delta(18)O(s)) are (-26.159 +/- 1.924)% and (-7.662 +/- 2.113)%, respectively, and the mean atmospheric delta(13)C discrimination delta(dis) (i.e., delta(s) minus delta(bg)) where the delta(bg) is the isotopic value of the background atmosphere was (-18.174 +/- 1.959)% by the Keeling Model, in agreement with results from other continental background sites in the Northern Hemisphere. We suggest that exchange with terrestrial biosphere dominates the observed CO2, delta(13)C and delta(18)O seasonal cycles at WLG. In addition, atmospheric CO2 and delta(13)C data from 11 selected NH sites in the NOAA ESRL air sampling network from 1998 to 2002 were analyzed and compared to the WLG data for the same period to better address common and specific features observed in this region. The annual cycle amplitude differences, secular and seasonal Delta delta(13)C/Delta CO2 discrepancies among sites will be useful to better understand carbon uptake and release especially on the Eurasian continent. The estimated delta s during certain times at each specific site could possibly provide useful information on CO2 fluxes. C1 China Meteorol Adm, Chinese Acad Meteorol Sci, Ctr Atmosphere Watch & Serv, Key Lab Atmospher Chem, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Global Monitoring Div, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Inst Environm Studies, Ctr Global Environm Res, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058506, Japan. Peking Univ, Sch Environm Sci, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China. RP Zhou, LX (reprint author), China Meteorol Adm, Chinese Acad Meteorol Sci, Ctr Atmosphere Watch & Serv, Key Lab Atmospher Chem, 46 Zhong Guan Cun S St, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. EM zhoulx@cams.cma.gov.cn RI White, James/A-7845-2009 OI White, James/0000-0001-6041-4684 NR 36 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD APR 5 PY 2006 VL 20 IS 2 AR GB2001 DI 10.1029/2004GB002431 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 033VO UT WOS:000236879500001 ER PT J AU Bauer, BJ Hobbie, EK Becker, ML AF Bauer, BJ Hobbie, EK Becker, ML TI Small-angle neutron scattering from labeled single-wall carbon nanotubes SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID DISPERSION; SEPARATION AB Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is used with the "high-concentration" method to extract single-particle scattering from single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). The SWNT material was labeled by covalently attaching -C4H9 or -C4D9 groups by use of free radical chemistry. Mixtures of SWNT-C4H9 and SWNT-C4D9 were dispersed in D2O containing 1% sodium lauryl sulfate-d(23) (SLS) by use of sonication. SLS matches the neutron contrast of D2O so that all of the SANS is due to the labeled SWNT. Thermogravinietric analysis shows that mass fractions of butyl groups attached to the SWNT-C4H9 and the SWNT-C4D9 were well matched. The scattering had a power law of -2.5, which is characteristic of a "particle" made of clustered SWNTs. The clustering seen in SWNT scattering is due to collections of SWNTs that do not exchange in a dynamic equilibrium with other nanotubes. C1 Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Polymers Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bauer, BJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Polymers Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM barry.bauer@nist.gov RI Hobbie, Erik/C-8269-2013 NR 14 TC 61 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD APR 4 PY 2006 VL 39 IS 7 BP 2637 EP 2642 DI 10.1021/ma0527303 PG 6 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 029OZ UT WOS:000236574400032 ER PT J AU Gilbert, KEH Lehman, JH Dillon, AC Blackburn, JL AF Gilbert, KEH Lehman, JH Dillon, AC Blackburn, JL TI Toward rapid and inexpensive identification of bulk carbon nanotubes SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SPECTROSCOPY; PURITY AB The volume fraction of metallic and semiconducting carbon single-wall nanotubes (SWNTs) has been estimated for purified laser vaporization SWNTs, from an effective medium approximation and the measured spectral responsivity of a LiTaO3 pyroelectric detector covered with SWNT "bucky" paper. The detector spectral responsivity from 600 to 2000 nm is proportional to the expected absorption coefficient of the SWNTs, and variations near 700, 950, and 1750 nm correlate with characteristic interband transitions and proportions of SWNTs consistent with 20% metal and 80% semiconductor materials. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Lehman, JH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM lehman@boulder.nist.gov RI Blackburn, Jeffrey/D-7344-2012 NR 13 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD APR 3 PY 2006 VL 88 IS 14 AR 143122 DI 10.1063/1.2193797 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 030CX UT WOS:000236612000096 ER PT J AU Beirle, S Spichtinger, N Stohl, A Cummins, KL Turner, T Boccippio, D Cooper, OR Wenig, M Grzegorski, M Platt, U Wagner, T AF Beirle, S Spichtinger, N Stohl, A Cummins, KL Turner, T Boccippio, D Cooper, OR Wenig, M Grzegorski, M Platt, U Wagner, T TI Estimating the NO(x) produced by lightning from GOME and NLDN data: a case study in the Gulf of Mexico SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL TRANSIENT DETECTOR; DISPERSION MODEL FLEXPART; BOREAL FOREST-FIRES; GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION; TROPOSPHERIC NO2; UNITED-STATES; TRANSPORT; NITROGEN; OZONE; DISTRIBUTIONS AB Nitrogen oxides ( NO(x) = NO+ NO(2)) play an important role in tropospheric chemistry, in particular in catalytic ozone production. Lightning provides a natural source of nitrogen oxides, dominating the production in the tropical upper troposphere, with strong impact on tropospheric ozone and the atmosphere's oxidizing capacity. Recent estimates of lightning produced NO(x) (LNO(x)) are of the order of 5 Tg [N] per year with still high uncertainties in the range of one order of magnitude. The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) on board the ESA-satellite ERS-2 allows the retrieval of tropospheric column densities of NO(2) on a global scale. Here we present the GOME NO(2) measurement directly over a large convective system over the Gulf of Mexico. Simultaneously, cloud-to-ground (CG) flashes are counted by the U. S. National Lightning Detection Network ( NLDN(TM)), and extrapolated to include intra-cloud (IC)+CG flashes based on a climatological IC: CG ratio derived from NASA's space-based lightning sensors. A series of 14 GOME pixels shows largely enhanced column densities over thick and high clouds, coinciding with strong lightning activity. The enhancements can not be explained by transport of anthropogenic NO(x) and must be due to fresh production of LNO(x). A quantitative analysis, accounting in particular for the visibility of LNO(x) from satellite, yields a LNO(x) production of 90 ( 32 - 240) moles of NO(x), or 1.3 ( 0.4 - 3.4) kg [ N], per flash. If simply extrapolated, this corresponds to a global LNOx production of 1.7 ( 0.6 - 4.7) Tg [N]/yr. C1 Univ Heidelberg, Inst Umweltphys, D-6900 Heidelberg, Germany. Tech Univ Munich, Dept Ecol, D-8000 Munich, Germany. Norsk Inst Luftforskning NILU, Kjeller, Norway. Vaisala, Tucson, AZ USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Global Hydrol & Climate Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Beirle, S (reprint author), Univ Heidelberg, Inst Umweltphys, D-6900 Heidelberg, Germany. EM beirle@iup.uni-heidelberg.de RI Stohl, Andreas/A-7535-2008; Wenig, Mark/K-7279-2012; Cooper, Owen/H-4875-2013; OI Stohl, Andreas/0000-0002-2524-5755; Cummins, Kenneth/0000-0001-9871-691X NR 56 TC 38 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 8 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PD APR 3 PY 2006 VL 6 BP 1075 EP 1089 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 029HH UT WOS:000236552100001 ER PT J AU McCabe, DC Smith, IWM Rajakumar, B Ravishankara, AR AF McCabe, DC Smith, IWM Rajakumar, B Ravishankara, AR TI Rate coefficients for the relaxation of OH (nu=1) by O-2 at temperatures from 204-371 K and by N2O from 243-372 K SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID COLLISIONAL ENERGY-TRANSFER; VIBRATIONAL-RELAXATION; O(1D2); CO2; HYDROCARBONS; DEPENDENCE; N-2 AB We report rate coefficients for the relaxation of OH(v = 1) by O-2 and N2O as a function of temperature. The rate coefficients for relaxation (in units of 10(-13) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1)) can be fit by the following expressions: for OH(v = 1) + O-2 between 204 and 371 K:k = (0.50 +/- 0.06)exp((342 +/- 32)/T); for OH(v = 1) +N2O between 243 and 372 K:k = (1.08 +/- 0.08)exp((162 +/- 22)/T). The results are discussed in terms of the possible mechanisms for relaxation, especially the influence of the weak chemical interaction between OH radicals and O-2. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Cambridge, Chem Lab, Dept Chem, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England. NOAA, Earth Sci Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Smith, IWM (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Chem Lab, Dept Chem, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England. EM i.w.m.smith@bham.ac.uk; vishankara@noaa.gov RI B, Rajakumar/H-3479-2011; Ravishankara, Akkihebbal/A-2914-2011; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 NR 26 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2614 J9 CHEM PHYS LETT JI Chem. Phys. Lett. PD APR 3 PY 2006 VL 421 IS 1-3 BP 111 EP 117 DI 10.1016/j.cplett.2006,01.037 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 030VG UT WOS:000236662600023 ER PT J AU Eidelman, N Tsutsumi, N Chiang, CK AF Eidelman, N Tsutsumi, N Chiang, CK TI Micro FTIR mapping of nanometer ferroelectric polymer films SO MACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE crystalline copolymers; electronic materials; FTIR microspectroscopy; nanothin films; vinyidene fluoride and; trifluoroethylene ID THIN-FILMS; VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE; ULTRATHIN FILMS; ORIENTATION; COPOLYMER; BEHAVIOR; FIELD AB Highly crystalline ferroelectric polymer films [vinyidene fluoride and trifluoroethylene, beta-P(VDF-TrFE), 260-15 nm thick] were characterized with FTIR reflectance-transmission microspectroscopy (FTIR-RTM) mapping technique (400 pm x 400 mu m spatial resolution). The amorphous and crystalline fractions were identified locally. FTIR-RTM maps (1 cm(2) area) provided a unique in-depth view of the ultrathin films. Lower film thickness suppressed growth of the crystalline phase. Increased content of amorphous phase lead to non-uniform films with degraded ferroelectric behavior. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Kyoto Inst Technol, Dept Polymer Sci & Engn, Kyoto 606, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Eidelman, N (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM naomi.eidelman@nist.gov NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 5 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1022-1336 J9 MACROMOL RAPID COMM JI Macromol. Rapid Commun. PD APR 3 PY 2006 VL 27 IS 7 BP 558 EP 562 DI 10.1002/marc.200500874 PG 5 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 032WK UT WOS:000236806700012 ER PT J AU Beversluis, MR Novotny, L Stranick, SJ AF Beversluis, MR Novotny, L Stranick, SJ TI Programmable vector point-spread function engineering SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID SINGLE MOLECULES; POLARIZED-LIGHT; BEAMS; FIELD; MICROSCOPE; GENERATION AB We use two nematic liquid crystal spatial light modulators (SLM's) to control the vector point spread function (VPSF) of a 1.3 numerical aperture (NA) microscope objective. This is achieved by controlling the polarization and relative phase of the electric field in the objective's pupil. We measure the resulting VPSF's for several different pupil field polarization states. By using single fluorescent molecules as local field probes, we are able to map out the focal field distributions and polarization purity of the synthesized fields. We report the achieved field purity and address the experimental issues that currently limit it. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America C1 Univ Rochester, Inst Opt, Rochester, NY 14627 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Beversluis, MR (reprint author), Univ Rochester, Inst Opt, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14627 USA. EM stranick@nist.gov NR 22 TC 70 Z9 72 U1 2 U2 14 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD APR 3 PY 2006 VL 14 IS 7 BP 2650 EP 2656 DI 10.1364/OE.14.002650 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA 029HO UT WOS:000236552800012 PM 19516396 ER PT J AU Upmanyu, M Srolovitz, DJ Lobkovsky, AE Warren, JA Carter, WC AF Upmanyu, M Srolovitz, DJ Lobkovsky, AE Warren, JA Carter, WC TI Simultaneous grain boundary migration and grain rotation SO ACTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE grain boundary migration; grain rotation; boundary energy anisotropy; molecular dynamics; phase field ID 001 TWIST BOUNDARIES; PHASE FIELD MODEL; MISORIENTATION TEXTURE; GROWTH; ENERGY; SIMULATION; MOBILITY; GOLD; DISLOCATIONS; COALESCENCE AB The energy of a polycrystalline network can be reduced by both grain boundary migration and grain rotation. We perform a series of molecular dynamics (M D) simulations of a circular grain embedded in an otherwise single-crystal matrix and monitor both the grain size and the misorientation of the two grains as a function of time. The MID simulations show that grain boundary migration and grain rotation Occur simultaneously. The grains rotate toward local minima or cusps in the grain boundary energy versus misorientation plots. The rate of rotation decreases with increasing grain size. The boundary migration rate is a maximum at the orientations corresponding to cusps in the boundary energy. We use the MD results to fit parameters in a sharp interface limit of a phase field model of simultaneous grain boundary migration and grain rotation. With this parameterization, the phase field model is able to reproduce simultaneously the time dependence of the grain size and misorientation of the initially circular grain. The MID simulations are consistent with the phase field prediction of the grain size dependence of the rotation rate. The implications of the results for grain growth are discussed. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevicr Ltd on behalf of Acta Materialia Inc. C1 Colorado Sch Mines, Div Engn, Mat Sci Program, StAMP, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. NIST, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. MIT, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Upmanyu, M (reprint author), Colorado Sch Mines, Div Engn, Mat Sci Program, StAMP, 325 Brown Bldg,1610 Illinois St, Golden, CO 80401 USA. EM mupmanyu@mines.edu RI Carter, W/K-2406-2012; Warren, James/B-1698-2008 OI Warren, James/0000-0001-6887-1206 NR 40 TC 74 Z9 75 U1 7 U2 58 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6454 J9 ACTA MATER JI Acta Mater. PD APR PY 2006 VL 54 IS 7 BP 1707 EP 1719 DI 10.1016/j.actamat.2005.11.036 PG 13 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 034RQ UT WOS:000236948700001 ER PT J AU Bentz, DP AF Bentz, DP TI Lithium, potassium and sodium additions to cement pastes SO ADVANCES IN CEMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID PORTLAND-CEMENT; HYDRATION; ALKALI; SILICATE; ASR AB In the present study the influence of three alkali cations, namely lithium, potassium and sodium, on the hydration rates and the developing capillary pore structures of hydrating cement pastes was investigated. A quantitative examination of these effects was obtained by applying a set of experimental techniques that included isothermal calorimetry, loss-on-ignition measurements and low temperature calorimetry. Low temperature calorimetry was used specifically to assess the percolation (connectivity) of pore networks with various size entryways. Differences amongst the influences of the alkalis are highlighted and discussed in terms of their intrinsic atomic characteristics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bentz, DP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 19 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 9 PU THOMAS TELFORD PUBLISHING PI LONDON PA THOMAS TELFORD HOUSE, 1 HERON QUAY, LONDON E14 4JD, ENGLAND SN 0951-7197 J9 ADV CEM RES JI Adv. Cem. Res. PD APR PY 2006 VL 18 IS 2 BP 65 EP 70 DI 10.1680/adcr.2006.18.2.65 PG 6 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science GA 047BY UT WOS:000237856000003 ER PT J AU Coplen, TB Brand, WA Gehre, M Groning, M Meijer, HAJ Toman, B Verkouteren, RM AF Coplen, TB Brand, WA Gehre, M Groning, M Meijer, HAJ Toman, B Verkouteren, RM TI New guidelines for delta C-13 measurements SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC REFERENCE MATERIALS; ISOTOPE MEASUREMENTS; CARBON AB Consistency of delta C-13 measurements can be improved 39-47% by anchoring the delta C-13 scale with two isotopic reference materials differing substantially in C-13/C-12. It is recommended that delta C-13 values of both organic and inorganic materials be measured and expressed relative to VPDB (Vienna Peedee belemnite) on a scale normalized by assigning consensus values of -46.6 parts per thousand to L-SVEC lithium carbonate and +1.95 parts per thousand to NBS 19 calcium carbonate. Uncertainties of other reference material values on this scale are improved by factors up to two or more, and the values of some have been notably shifted: the delta C-13 of NBS 22 oil is -30.03 parts per thousand. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07701 Jena, Germany. UFZ Helmholtz Ctr Environm Res, Lab Stabile Isotope, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany. IAEA, Isotope Hydrol Lab, A-1400 Vienna, Austria. Univ Groningen, CIO, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Coplen, TB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 431 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM tbcoplen@usgs.gov RI Meijer, Harro/A-5787-2012; Brand, Willi/D-2043-2009 NR 19 TC 304 Z9 311 U1 6 U2 72 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD APR 1 PY 2006 VL 78 IS 7 BP 2439 EP 2441 DI 10.1021/ac052027c PG 3 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 031EJ UT WOS:000236686600053 PM 16579631 ER PT J AU Coady, AM Murray, AL Elliott, DG Rhodes, LD AF Coady, AM Murray, AL Elliott, DG Rhodes, LD TI Both msa genes in Renibacterium salmoninarum are needed for full virulence in bacterial kidney disease SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INSERTION-DUPLICATION MUTAGENESIS; IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY ELISA; SPRING CHINOOK SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; SURFACE PROTEIN; BROTH MEDIA; PATHOGEN; FISH; PREVALENCE; EXPRESSION AB Renibacterium salmoninarum, a gram-positive diplococcobacillus that causes bacterial kidney disease among salmon and trout, has two chromosomal loci encoding the major soluble antigen (msa) gene. Because the MSA protein is widely suspected to be an important virulence factor, we used insertion-duplication mutagenesis to generate disruptions of either the msa1 or msa2 gene. Surprisingly, expression of MSA protein in broth cultures appeared unaffected. However, the virulence of either mutant in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) by intraperitoneal challenge was severely attenuated, suggesting that disruption of the msa1 or msa2 gene affected in vivo expression. C1 NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Rhodes, LD (reprint author), NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. EM linda.rhodes@noaa.gov OI Rhodes, Linda/0000-0003-4995-9426 NR 46 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD APR PY 2006 VL 72 IS 4 BP 2672 EP 2678 DI 10.1128/AEM.72.4.2672-2678.2006 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 032BR UT WOS:000236749400051 PM 16597972 ER PT J AU Parrish, DD AF Parrish, DD TI Critical evaluation of US on-road vehicle emission inventories SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE carbon monoxide; nitrogen oxides; NOx; hydrocarbons; VOC ID COAST AIR BASIN; OZONE AB US Environmental Protection Agency estimates of on-road vehicle emissions are compared with ambient measurements and a fuel-based emission inventory. Several significant weaknesses and strengths are identified. (1) The emission estimates have varied considerably over the past 15 years and are not clearly converging to progressively more accurate and certain results. (2) The most recent emissions estimate accurately captures the rapid decrease in carbon monoxide (CO) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions, but overestimates the magnitude of CO emissions by about a factor of two. (3) The oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emission estimates for the mid to late 1990s are reasonably accurate, but NO, emissions have increased through that decade rather than decreased as indicated in emission estimates. (4) The most recent emissions estimate more accurately apportions NO, emissions between diesel and gasoline fueled vehicles than did earlier reports. (5) The ratio of two specific VOC species that has been characterized by ambient measurements suggests that the inventory speciation of the VOCs is inaccurate by factors of 3-4. These tests lead to the derivation of "inferred emissions" for CO and NO, from the US on-road vehicle fleet that are consistent with all information used in these tests. Finally, it is shown that the international picture of US emissions has significant inaccuracies and inconsistencies. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, ESRL, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Parrish, DD (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, ESRL, Div Chem Sci, 325 Broadway R-CSD7, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Parrish, David/E-8957-2010; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Parrish, David/0000-0001-6312-2724; NR 20 TC 139 Z9 141 U1 6 U2 49 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD APR PY 2006 VL 40 IS 13 BP 2288 EP 2300 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.11.033 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 032KJ UT WOS:000236773000006 ER PT J AU Yoon, SC Kim, SW Kim, J Sohn, BJ Jefferson, A Choi, SJ Cha, DH Lee, DK Anderson, TL Doherty, SJ Weber, RJ AF Yoon, SC Kim, SW Kim, J Sohn, BJ Jefferson, A Choi, SJ Cha, DH Lee, DK Anderson, TL Doherty, SJ Weber, RJ TI Enhanced water vapor in Asian dust layer: Entrainment processes and implication for aerosol optical properties SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE entrainment process of water vapor; Asian dust; PSU/NCAR MM5; aerosol light scattering hygroscopic growth; water-soluble submicron pollution aerosols ID ACE-ASIA; APRIL 1998; EAST-ASIA; MODEL; TRANSPORT; POLLUTION; CHINA; KOREA; VALIDATION; SIMULATION AB The entrainment process of water vapor into the dust layer during Asian dust events and the effect of water vapor associated with the Asian dust layer (ADL) on aerosol hygroscopic properties are investigated. The entrainment processes of water vapor into the ADL is examined by using a PSU/NCAR MM5 together with the backward trajectory model, radiosonde data, and remotely sensed aerosol vertical distribution data. Two dust events in the spring of 1998 and 2001 are examined in detail. The results reveal that the water vapor mixing ratio (WVMR) derived by the MM5 fits in well with the WVMR observed by radiosonde, and is well coincident with the aerosol extinction coefficient (sigma(ep)) measured by the micropulse lidar. The temporal evolution of the vertical distributions of WVMR and sigma(ep) exhibited similar features. On the basis of a well simulation of the enhanced water vapor within the dust layer by the MM5, we trace the dust storms to examine the entraimnent mechanism. The enhancement of WVMR within the ADL was initiated over the mountainous areas. The relatively moist air mass in the well-developed mixing layer over the mountainous areas is advected upward from the boundary layer by an ascending motion. However, a large portion of the water vapor within the ADL is enhanced over the edge of a highland and the plains in China. This is well supported by the simulated WVMR and the wind vectors. Aircraft-based in situ measurements of the chemical and optical properties of aerosol enable a quantitative estimation of the effect of the enhanced WVMR on the aerosol hygroscopic properties. The submicron aerosol accompanied by the dust storm caused an increase of aerosol scattering through water uptakes during the transport. This increase could be explained by the chemical fact that water-soluble submicron pollution aerosols are enriched in the ADL. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Seoul 151747, South Korea. Korea Meteorol Adm, Meteorol Res Inst, Seoul, South Korea. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Kim, SW (reprint author), Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Mail Stop NS80,San 56-1, Seoul 151747, South Korea. EM kimsw@air.snu.ac.kr RI Jefferson, Anne/K-4793-2012; Doherty, Sarah/D-5592-2015; Cha, Dong-Hyun/F-4901-2015 OI Doherty, Sarah/0000-0002-7796-6968; Cha, Dong-Hyun/0000-0001-5053-6741 NR 32 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD APR PY 2006 VL 40 IS 13 BP 2409 EP 2421 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.12.018 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 032KJ UT WOS:000236773000016 ER PT J AU Waliser, D Weickmann, K Dole, R Schubert, S Alves, O Jones, C Newman, M Pan, HL Roubicek, A Saha, S Smith, C van den Dool, H Vitart, F Wheeler, M Whitaker, J AF Waliser, D Weickmann, K Dole, R Schubert, S Alves, O Jones, C Newman, M Pan, HL Roubicek, A Saha, S Smith, C van den Dool, H Vitart, F Wheeler, M Whitaker, J TI The experimental MJO prediction project SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NOAA, Div Phys Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. NASA, Global Model & Assimilat Off, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Bur Meteorol Res Ctr, Ocean & Marine Forecasting Grp, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Computat Earth Syst Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, NCEP, Environm Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. NOAA, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England. Bur Meteorol Res Ctr, Climate Forecasting Grp, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. RP Waliser, D (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, MS 183-505,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM duane.waliser@jpl.nasa.gov RI Newman, Matthew /F-8336-2010; Wheeler, Matthew/C-9038-2011; Smith, Catherine/H-5055-2016; OI Newman, Matthew /0000-0001-5348-2312; Wheeler, Matthew/0000-0002-9769-1973; Smith, Catherine/0000-0003-2687-6046; Jones, Charles/0000-0003-4808-6977 NR 8 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD APR PY 2006 VL 87 IS 4 BP 425 EP 431 DI 10.1175/BAMS-87-4-425 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 036CT UT WOS:000237049200015 ER PT J AU Lewis, JM Maddox, RA Crisp, CA AF Lewis, JM Maddox, RA Crisp, CA TI Architect of severe storm forecasting - Colonel Robert C. Miller SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB The career of severe storm forecaster and teacher Colonel Robert Miller (1920-98) is historically reviewed and evaluated. His pathway to the position of recognized authority in severe storm forecasting is examined in light of his early education at Occidental College, his experiences as a weather officer in the Pacific Theatre during World War II (WWII), and his part in the bold and successful tornado forecast at Tinker Air Force Base in 1948. We pay particular attention to Miller's development of a three-dimensional view of the severe storm environment in the pre-computer age of the late 1940s-a viewpoint that remains central to current operational practice. This conceptual view led Miller and commander Ernest Fawbush to establish empirical criteria/ rules that became the foundation of operational prediction at the military's Severe Weather Warning Center (SWWC). The success at the SWWC placed pressure on its civilian counterpart, the Severe Weather Unit (SWU) [later renamed the Severe Local Storms (SELS) unit] of the U.S. Weather Bureau. As part of our historical study, we explore and examine the circumstances that led to the spirit of competitiveness between these groups. Finally, Miller's approach to forecaster training is discussed by reliance on reminiscences from his proteges. In the epilogue, we grapple with important issues related to forecaster education and training in light of Miller's philosophy. C1 Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89512 USA. Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Lewis, JM (reprint author), Desert Res Inst, 2215 Raggio Pkwy, Reno, NV 89512 USA. EM jlewis@dri.edu NR 55 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD APR PY 2006 VL 87 IS 4 BP 447 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-87-4-447 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 036CT UT WOS:000237049200017 ER PT J AU Stensrud, DJ Yussouf, N Baldwin, ME McQueen, JT Du, J Zhou, BB Ferrier, B Manikin, G Ralph, FM Wilczak, JM White, AB Djlalova, I Bao, JW Zamora, RJ Benjamin, SG Miller, PA Smith, TL Smirnova, T Barth, MF AF Stensrud, DJ Yussouf, N Baldwin, ME McQueen, JT Du, J Zhou, BB Ferrier, B Manikin, G Ralph, FM Wilczak, JM White, AB Djlalova, I Bao, JW Zamora, RJ Benjamin, SG Miller, PA Smith, TL Smirnova, T Barth, MF TI The New England high-resolution temperature program SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION; MODEL AB The New England High-Resolution Temperature Program seeks to improve the accuracy of summertime 2-m temperature and dewpoint temperature forecasts in the New England region through a collaborative effort between the research and operational components of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The four main components of this program are 1) improved surface and boundary layer observations for model initialization, 2) special observations for the assessment and improvement of model physical process parameterization schemes, 3) using model forecast ensemble data to improve upon the operational forecasts for near-surface variables, and 4) transfering knowledge gained to commercial weather services and end users. Since 2002 this program has enhanced surface temperature observations by adding 70 new automated Cooperative Observer Program (COOP) sites, identified and collected data from over 1000 non-NOAA mesonet sites, and deployed boundary layer profilers and other special instrumentation throughout the New England region to better observe the surface energy budget. Comparisons of these special datasets with numerical model forecasts indicate that near-surface temperature errors are strongly correlated to errors in the model-predicted radiation fields. The attenuation of solar radiation by aerosols is one potential source of the model radiation bias. However, even with these model errors, results from bias-corrected ensemble forecasts are more accurate than the operational model output statistics (MOS) forecasts for 2-m temperature and dewpoint temperature, while also providing reliable forecast probabilities. Discussions with commerical weather vendors and end users have emphasized the potential economic value of these probabilistic ensemble-generated forecasts. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Environm Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO USA. NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Stensrud, DJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM david.stensrud@noaa.gov RI Smith, Tracy/C-7619-2015; Benjamin, Stan/C-5818-2015; OI Smith, Tracy/0000-0002-7189-4027; Benjamin, Stan/0000-0002-5751-8236; Yussouf, Nusrat/0000-0003-4998-1770 NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD APR PY 2006 VL 87 IS 4 BP 491 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-87-4-491 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 036CT UT WOS:000237049200020 ER PT J AU Stensrud, DJ AF Stensrud, DJ TI NEHRTP workshop - Improving weather forecast services used by the electric utility industry SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Stensrud, DJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 2 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD APR PY 2006 VL 87 IS 4 BP 499 EP 501 DI 10.1175/BAMS-87-4-499 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 036CT UT WOS:000237049200021 ER PT J AU Bunnell, DB Madenjian, CP Croley, TE AF Bunnell, DB Madenjian, CP Croley, TE TI Long-term trends of bloater (Coregonus hoyij) recruitment in Lake Michigan: evidence for the effect of sex ratio SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID POPULATION-CYCLES; PACIFIC SALMON; FISH COMMUNITY; EGG SIZE; DYNAMICS; TEMPERATURE; FECUNDITY; CLIMATE; GROWTH; HURON AB Long-term population trends are generally explained by factors extrinsic (e.g., climate, predation) rather than intrinsic (e.g., genetics, maternal effects) to the population. We sought to understand the Iona-term population dynamics of an important native Lake Michigan prey fish, the bloater Coregonus hoyi. Over a 38-year time series, three 10- to 15-year phases occurred (poor, excellent, and then poor recruitment) without high interannual variability within a particular phase. We used dynamic linear models to determine whether extrinsic (winter and spring temperature, alewife predator densities) or intrinsic factors (population egg production, adult condition, adult sex ratio) explained variation in recruitment. Models that included population egg production, sex ratio, winter and spring temperature, and adult bloater condition explained the most variation. Of these variables, sex ratio, which ranged from 47% to 97% female across the time series, consistently had the greatest effect: recruitment declined with female predominance. Including biomass of adult alewife predators in the models did not explain additional variation. Overall our results indicated that bloater recruitment is linked to its sex ratio, but understanding the underlying mechanisms will require additional efforts. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Bunnell, DB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM dbunnell@usgs.gov OI Bunnell, David/0000-0003-3521-7747 NR 58 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 9 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 65 AURIGA DR, SUITE 203, OTTAWA, ON K2E 7W6, CANADA SN 0706-652X EI 1205-7533 J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD APR PY 2006 VL 63 IS 4 BP 832 EP 844 DI 10.1139/FO5-271 PG 13 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 038EJ UT WOS:000237201300011 ER PT J AU Nalepa, TF Fanslow, DL Iii, AJF Lang, GA Eadie, BJ Quigley, MA AF Nalepa, TF Fanslow, DL Iii, AJF Lang, GA Eadie, BJ Quigley, MA TI Continued disappearance of the benthic amphipod Diporeia spp. in Lake Michigan: is there evidence for food limitation? SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID LONG-TERM CHANGES; MONOPOREIA-AFFINIS LINDSTROM; LAURENTIAN GREAT-LAKES; NORTHERN BALTIC SEA; PONTOPOREIA-HOYI; LIPID-CONTENT; POPULATION FLUCTUATIONS; DREISSENA-POLYMORPHA; ONTARIO; GROWTH AB Benthic surveys were conducted in the southern basin of Lake Michigan and throughout the lake to assess trends in benthic populations, emphasizing recent changes in densities of the benthic amphipod Diporeia spp. and dreissenid mussels. In the southern basin, Diporeia populations declined 89%, 91%, and 45% between 1993 and 2002 at sites < 30, 31-50, and 51-90 m, respectively. Lakewide, the population declined 65% between 1994-1995 and 2000. Over the same time period, dreissenid densities, particularly Dreissena bugensis, increased. Intensive studies at 45 m sites in the southeastern region examined changes in lipid content, age structure, and benthic food inputs relative to the hypothesis that food limitation was a factor in Diporeia's disappearance. As Diporeia densities declined to zero, length-weight remained unchanged, and lipid content generally increased. Recruitment still occurred, but the young did not survive to become adults. Based on organic carbon, biogenic silica, and chlorophyll collected in sediment traps and found in the upper sediments, pelagic inputs to the benthic region still occurred. Our field observations and laboratory experiments did not disprove the hypothesis that food limitation from dreissenid filtering activities was the cause of the decline, but direct relationships between the loss of Diporeia and indicators of food availability were difficult to establish. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Michigan, Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48104 USA. RP Nalepa, TF (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM thomas.nalepa@noaa.gov NR 62 TC 65 Z9 66 U1 3 U2 20 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD APR PY 2006 VL 63 IS 4 BP 872 EP 890 DI 10.1139/F05-262 PG 19 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 038EJ UT WOS:000237201300014 ER PT J AU Madenjian, CP Pothoven, SA Dettmers, JM Holuszko, JD AF Madenjian, CP Pothoven, SA Dettmers, JM Holuszko, JD TI Changes in seasonal energy dynamics of alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) in Lake Michigan after invasion of dreissenid mussels SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID FISHES; RECRUITMENT; ENERGETICS; DENSITY; SIZE; POPULATIONS; PREDATION; ONTARIO; GROWTH; MODEL AB The dreissenid mussel invasion of Lake Michigan during the 1990s has been linked to a concomitant decrease in the abundance of the amphipod Diporeia. We tracked the seasonal energy dynamics of alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) in Lake Michigan during 2002-2004 and compared our findings with previously published results for years 1979-1981. Adult alewife energy density exhibited a pronounced seasonal cycle during both the pre-invasion and post-invasion periods, with energy density in October or November nearly twice as high as that in early summer. However, on average, adult alewife energy density was 23% lower during the post-invasion period compared with the preinvasion period. This significant decline in energy density was attributable to decreased importance of Diporeia in adult alewife diet. In contrast, energy density of juvenile alewives did not significantly differ between the pre-invasion and post-invasion periods. To attain a weight of 8 kg by age 4, bioenergetics modeling indicated that a Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in Lake Michigan would have to consume 22.1% more alewives during the post-invasion period compared with the pre-invasion period. C1 US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. Illinois Nat Hist Survey, Lake Michigan Biol Stn, Zion, IL 60099 USA. RP Madenjian, CP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM cmadenjian@usgs.gov OI Pothoven, Steven/0000-0002-7992-5422 NR 43 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 15 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD APR PY 2006 VL 63 IS 4 BP 891 EP 902 DI 10.1139/F06-017 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 038EJ UT WOS:000237201300015 ER PT J AU Li, Z Gray, A Love, M Asahida, T Gharrett, A AF Li, Z Gray, A Love, M Asahida, T Gharrett, A TI Phylogeny of members of the rockfish (Sebastes) subgenus Pteropodus and their relatives SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID 3 COLOR MORPHOTYPES; GENUS SEBASTES; RESTRICTION DATA; SCORPAENIDAE; IDENTIFICATION; INERMIS AB The Sebastes Cuvier, 1829 subgenus Pteropodus Eigenmann and Beeson, 1893 includes six species from the northeastern Pacific Ocean (NEP) and four species from the northwestern Pacific Ocean (NWP). Several NEP species assigned to other subgenera are similar to NEP Pteropodus species. Restriction site variation in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3 and 4 genes and the 12S and 16S ribosomal RNA genes were used to evaluate their relationships. Phylogenetic reconstruction showed that six NEP species of Pteropodus formed a monophyletic group that also included three NEP species currently assigned to other subgenera: Sebastes atrovirens (Jordan and Gilbert, 1880) (subgenus Mebarus Matsubara, 1943) and Sebastes auriculatus Girard, 1854 and Sebastes dalli (Eigenmann and Beeson, 1894) (both subgenus Auctospina (Eigenmann and Beeson, 1894)). The small average nucleotide divergence (0.0124 per nucleotide) observed among members of this group of species was similar to that observed among species of the monophyletic subgenus Sebastomus Gill, 1864 (0.0089 per nucleotide). The NWP species of Pteropodus did not cluster with their NEP consubgeners but, generally, were similar to other NWP species. We recommend that S. atrovirens, S. auriculatus, and S. dalli be included in subgenus Pteropodus with the other NEP species and that the NWP species of Pteropodus be removed from the subgenus. Our results indicate that the morphological characteristics used to distinguish species often may not be useful for phylogenetic analysis. C1 Univ Alaska, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Juneau Ctr, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Kitasato Univ, Sch Fisheries Sci, Ofunato, Iwate 0220101, Japan. RP Li, Z (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM ffajg@uaf.edu NR 34 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 7 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD APR PY 2006 VL 84 IS 4 BP 527 EP 536 DI 10.1139/Z06-022 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 054DF UT WOS:000238356300005 ER PT J AU van Leeuwen, DA Martin, AF Przybocki, MA Bouten, JS AF van Leeuwen, DA Martin, AF Przybocki, MA Bouten, JS TI NIST and NFI-TNO evaluations of automatic speaker recognition SO COMPUTER SPEECH AND LANGUAGE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Speaker and Language Recognition Workshop (Odyssey 2004) CY MAY 31-JUN 03, 2004 CL Toledo, SPAIN AB In the past years, several text-independent speaker recognition evaluation campaigns have taken place. This paper reports on results of the NIST evaluation of 2004 and the NFI-TNO forensic speaker recognition evaluation held in 2003, and reflects on the history of the evaluation campaigns. The effects of speech duration, training handsets, transmission type, and gender mix show expected behaviour on the DET curves. New results on the influence of language show an interesting dependence of the DET curves on the accent of speakers. We also report on a number of statistical analysis techniques that have recently been introduced in the speaker recognition community, as well as a new application of the analysis of deviance analysis. These techniques are used to determine that the two evaluations held in 2003, by NIST and NFI-TNO, are of statistically different difficulty to the speaker recognition systems. (c) 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 TNO Human Factors, NL-3769 ZG Soesterberg, Netherlands. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Netherlands Forens Inst, The Hague, Netherlands. RP van Leeuwen, DA (reprint author), TNO Human Factors, Postbus 23, NL-3769 ZG Soesterberg, Netherlands. EM david.vanleeuwen@tno.nl; alvin.martin@nist.gov; mark.przybocki@nist.gov; j.bouten@nfi.minjus.nl NR 15 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0885-2308 J9 COMPUT SPEECH LANG JI Comput. Speech Lang. PD APR-JUL PY 2006 VL 20 IS 2-3 BP 128 EP 158 DI 10.1016/j.csl.2005.07.001 PG 31 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA 003SF UT WOS:000234701200002 ER PT J AU Waples, RS AF Waples, RS TI A bias correction for estimates of effective population size based on linkage disequilibrium at unlinked gene loci SO CONSERVATION GENETICS LA English DT Article DE computer simulations; mating systems; non-ideal populations; precision; sample size; temporal method ID TEMPORAL-CHANGES; SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION; ALLELE FREQUENCIES; DRIFT; LIKELIHOOD; SELECTION; MODEL AB Analysis of linkage disequilibrium ((r) over cap (2)= mean squared correlation of allele frequencies at different gene loci) provides a means of estimating effective population size (N-e) from a single sample, but this method has seen much less use than the temporal method ( which requires at least two samples). It is shown that for realistic numbers of loci and alleles, the linkage disequilibrium method can provide precision comparable to that of the temporal method. However, computer simulations show that estimates of Ne based on (r) over cap (2) for unlinked, diallelic gene loci are sharply biased downwards ((N) over cap (e)/ N < 0: 1 in some cases) if sample size (S) is less than true N-e. The bias is shown to arise from inaccuracies in published formula for E((r) over cap (2)) when S and/or N-e are small. Empirically derived modifications to E((r) over cap (2)) for two mating systems (random mating and lifetime monogamy) effectively eliminate the bias (residual bias in (N) over cap (e) < 5% in most cases). The modified method also performs well in estimating Ne in non-ideal populations with skewed sex ratio or non-random variance in reproductive success. Recent population declines are not likely to seriously affect (N) over cap (e), but if N has recently increased from a bottleneck (N) over cap (e) can be biased downwards for a few generations. These results should facilitate application of the disequilibrium method for estimating contemporary Ne in natural populations. However, a comprehensive assessment of performance of (r) over cap (2) with highly polymorphic markers such as microsatellites is needed. C1 Univ Grenoble 1, LECA, Grenoble, France. RP Waples, RS (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. EM robin.waples@noaa.gov RI Waples, Robin/K-1126-2016 NR 49 TC 314 Z9 319 U1 3 U2 63 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1566-0621 J9 CONSERV GENET JI Conserv. Genet. PD APR PY 2006 VL 7 IS 2 BP 167 EP 184 DI 10.1007/s10592-005-9100-y PG 18 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Genetics & Heredity SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Genetics & Heredity GA 049OQ UT WOS:000238026300001 ER PT J AU Kogan, I Paull, CK Kuhnz, LA Burton, EJ Von Thun, S Greene, HG Barry, JP AF Kogan, I Paull, CK Kuhnz, LA Burton, EJ Von Thun, S Greene, HG Barry, JP TI ATOC/Pioneer Seamount cable after 8 years on the seafloor: Observations, environmental impact SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE submarine cables; benthic biota; environmental impact; ATOC; continental margin; sediments ID NATIONAL-MARINE-SANCTUARY; SHELF AB A study was conducted on the impacts of the presence of the Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate (ATOC)/Pioneer Seamount cable on the benthos from nearshore waters adjacent to its origin at Pillar Point Air Force Station in Half Moon Bay, California to its terminus 95 km along its length on Pioneer Seamount. The coaxial Type SD cable was installed, unburied on the scafloor in 1995. Thirteen sites along the cable route were surveyed using the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) ROVs Ventana and Tiburon equipped with cable-tracking tools. Quantitative comparisons of biological communities and seafloor features between cable and control sites were performed at nine stations. Forty-two hours of video footage and 138 push cores were collected over 15.1 km of seafloor. Approximately 12.1 km of the cable was observed (13% of the cable route). This study documents the appearance and condition of the cable and the underlying seafloor, and the effects of the cable on biological communities along its route. Limited self-burial of the cable has occurred during the 8-year deployment, particularly over the continental shelf and upper slope. Cable strumming by nearshore wave action has incised rocky siltstone outcrops. Several observations of kinks and snags in the cable on the upper slope (similar to 240 m depth) suggest contact with trawling gear. Few changes in the abundance or distribution of benthic fauna were detectable from video observations (epifaunal) and sediment core samples (infauna). Of 17 megafaunal groups and 19 infaunal taxa, no tests evaluating the overall effect of the cable were statistically significant. While these results indicate that the biological impacts of the cable are minor at most, three megafaunal groups exhibited cable-related changes at one or more stations. Actiniarians (sea anemones) colonized the cable when it was exposed on the seafloor, and were therefore generally more abundant on the cable than in surrounding, sediment-dominated seafloor habitats. Some fishes were also more abundant near the cable, apparently due to the higher habitat complexity provided by the cable. The study also documents general changes in the benthos across the Central California continental margin. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. Monterey Bay Natl Marine Sanctuary, Monterey, CA 93940 USA. RP Paull, CK (reprint author), Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, 7700 Sandholdt Rd, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. EM paull@mbari.org RI Langhamer, Olivia/J-3425-2012 NR 26 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 21 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD APR PY 2006 VL 26 IS 6 BP 771 EP 787 DI 10.1016/j.csr.2006.01.010 PG 17 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 045DW UT WOS:000237723800006 ER PT J AU Overland, JE Percival, DB Mofjeld, HO AF Overland, JE Percival, DB Mofjeld, HO TI Regime shifts and red noise in the North Pacific SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS LA English DT Article ID DECADAL VARIABILITY; PHASE-TRANSITIONS; CLIMATE-CHANGE; OCEAN; OSCILLATION; CIRCULATION; DYNAMICS; IMPACTS AB Regimes and regime shifts are important concepts for understanding decadal variability in the physical system of the North Pacific because of the potential for an ecosystem to reorganize itself in response to such shifts. There are two prevalent senses in which these concepts are taken in the literature. The first is a formal definition and posits multiple stable states and rapid transitions between these states. The second is more data-oriented and identifies local regimes based on differing average climatic levels over a multi-annual duration, i.e. simply interdecadal fluctuations. This second definition is consistent with realizations from stochastic red noise processes to a degree that depends upon the particular model. Even in 100 year long records for the North Pacific a definition of regimes based solely on distinct multiple stable states is difficult to prove or disprove, while on interdecadal scales there are apparent local step-like features and multi-year intervals where the state remains consistently above or below the long-term mean. The terminologies climatic regime shift, statistical regime shift or climatic event are useful for distinguishing this second definition from the first. To illustrate the difficulty of advocating one definition over the other based upon a relatively short time series, we compare three simple models for the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). The 104-year PDO record is insufficient to statistically distinguish a single preference between a square wave oscillator consistent with the formal definition for regime shifts, and two red noise models that are compatible with climatic regime shifts. Because of the inability to distinguish between underlying processes based upon data, it is necessary to entertain multiple models and to consider how each model would impact resource management. In particular the persistence in the fitted models implies that certain probabilistic statements can be made regarding climatic regime shifts, but we caution against extrapolation to future states based on curve fitting techniques. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Overland, JE (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM james.e.overland@noaa.gov NR 34 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0637 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT I JI Deep-Sea Res. Part I-Oceanogr. Res. Pap. PD APR PY 2006 VL 53 IS 4 BP 582 EP 588 DI 10.1016/j.dsr.2005.12.011 PG 7 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 053LZ UT WOS:000238307900002 ER PT J AU Corliss, BH Sun, X Brown, CW Showers, WJ AF Corliss, B. H. Sun, X. Brown, C. W. Showers, W. J. TI Influence of seasonal primary productivity on delta C-13 of North Atlantic deep-sea benthic foraminifera SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS LA English DT Article DE benthic; foraminifera; deep-sea; paleoceanography; North Atlantic ID STABLE ISOTOPIC COMPOSITIONS; OCEAN; CARBON; FLOOR; WUELLERSTORFI; DISTRIBUTIONS AB The stable isotopic composition of benthic foraminifera has been widely used to reconstruct deep-ocean circulation, but questions have been raised about the influence of organic carbon flux on the carbon isotopic composition of deep-sea taxa. We show that annual and seasonality of primary productivity in the North Atlantic do not affect delta C-13 of Planulina wuellerstorfi, but that the intermittency or seasonality of primary production has a significant effect (0.9%. change over 60 degrees latitude) on delta C-13 of Epistominella exigua, reflecting the influence of pelagic-benthic coupling and microhabitat preferences on test geochemistry. These results support the use of delta C-13 of p. wuellerstorfi in paleocirculation studies and suggest that the delta C-13 of E exigua can be used to reconstruct seasonality of productivity. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Duke Univ, Div Earth & Ocean Sci, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA. NOAA, Off Res & Applicat, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. RP Corliss, BH (reprint author), Duke Univ, Div Earth & Ocean Sci, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Box 90227, Durham, NC 27708 USA. EM bruce.corliss@duke.edu RI Brown, Christopher/B-8213-2008 OI Brown, Christopher/0000-0002-9905-6391 NR 26 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0637 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT I JI Deep-Sea Res. Part I-Oceanogr. Res. Pap. PD APR PY 2006 VL 53 IS 4 BP 740 EP 746 DI 10.1016/j.dsr.2006.01.006 PG 7 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 053LZ UT WOS:000238307900013 ER PT J AU Boland, EJ MacDougall, M Carnes, DL Dickens, SH AF Boland, EJ MacDougall, M Carnes, DL Dickens, SH TI In vitro cytotoxicity of a remineralizing resin-based calcium phosphate cement SO DENTAL MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE cytotoxicity; dental material; dimethacrylate resin; Ca-PO4 cement; dental cell sensitivity ID DENTAL MATERIALS; TOXICITY; FIBROBLASTS; BIOCOMPATIBILITY; COMPONENTS; CERAMICS; CULTURES; ESTERS; MODELS AB Recently, a resin-based calcium phosphate cement (RCPC) has been reported as a remineralizing pulp-capping or lining cement. RCPC consists mainly of tetracalcium and dicalcium phosphates, ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate and pyromellitic glycerol dimethacrylate monomers and photo- and chemical initiators. Objectives. Here, the cytotoxic effects of RCPC were evaluated. The hypothesis was that RCPC induced only minor cytotoxic response in immortalized murine odontoblast and pulp cells, comparable to that produced by similar dimethacrylates due to unpolymerized dimethacrylate monomer present after curing. Methods. Cytotoxicity was determined following the changes in cell succinate dehydrogenase activity after 24 h exposure to the cement components and after a 24 h recovery period. A fourfold range of concentrations was tested of the monomers, the eluate of cured RCPC leached in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, and crushed cured cement in dimethyl sulfoxide. Results. The monomers themselves had cytotoxicities similar to those reported for other dimethacrylates, although they are significantly less. toxic than Bis-GMA. Differential cell sensitivity was demonstrated, with the pulp cells having greater sensitivity to the unpolymerized monomer than the odontobtast-like cells. The leached components have cytotoxicity similar to that of the free monomers. The crushed material demonstrated no apparent cytotoxicity at the dilutions tested. Significance. These data demonstrate that RCPC has an in vitro cytotoxicity that is comparable to other materials containing dimethacrylate monomers and suggest that the material may be suitable for use in dental restorations. The data also indicate that the pulp cells appear more sensitive to dimethacrylates than the odontoblasts. (c) 2005 Academy of Dental Materials. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pediat Dent, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Periodont, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA. RP Dickens, SH (reprint author), NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8546, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM sabine.dickens@nist.gov FU NIDCR NIH HHS [DE13298] NR 29 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0109-5641 J9 DENT MATER JI Dent. Mater. PD APR PY 2006 VL 22 IS 4 BP 338 EP 345 DI 10.1016/j.dental.2005.05.004 PG 8 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Materials Science GA 033GE UT WOS:000236834200006 PM 16087229 ER PT J AU Lindberg, WJ Frazer, TK Portier, KM Vose, F Loftin, J Murie, DJ Mason, DM Nagy, B Hart, MK AF Lindberg, WJ Frazer, TK Portier, KM Vose, F Loftin, J Murie, DJ Mason, DM Nagy, B Hart, MK TI Density-dependent habitat selection and performance by a large mobile reef fish SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Review DE artificical reefs; colonization; density-dependant habitat selection (DDHS); essential fish habitat (EFH); gag; habitat patchiness; habitat quality; Mycteroperca microlepis; residency; shelter ID COD GADUS-MORHUA; GULF-OF-MEXICO; IDEAL-FREE DISTRIBUTION; MYCTEROPERCA-MICROLEPIS PISCES; L DIPTERA-SCATOPHAGIDAE; ARTIFICIAL REEFS; LIFE-HISTORY; INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION; SEXUAL SELECTION; STOCK DYNAMICS AB Many exploited reef fish ire vulnerable to overfishing because they concentrate over hard-bottom patchy habitats. How mobile reef fish use patchy habitat, and the potential consequences oil demographic parameters, must be known for spatially explicit population dynamics modeling, for discriminating essential fish habitat (EFH), and for effectively planning conservation measures (e.g., marine protected areas, stock enhancement, and artificial reefs). Gag, Mycteroperca microlepis, is an ecologically and economically important warm-temperate grouper in the southeastern United States, with behavioral and life history traits conducive to large-scale field experiments. The Suwannee Regional Reef System (SRRS) was built of standard habitat units (SHUs) in 1991-1993 to manipulate and control habitat patchiness and intrinsic habitat quality, and thereby test predictions from habitat selection theory. Colonization of the SRRS by gag over the first six years showed significant interactions of SHU size, spacing, and reef age; with trajectories modeled using a quadratic function for closely spaced SHUs (25 in) and a linear model for widely spaced SH Us (225 in), with larger SHUs (16 standardized cubes) accumulating significantly more gag faster than smaller 4-cube SHUs (mean = 72.5 gag/16-cube SHU at 225-m spacing by year 6, compared to 24.2 gag/4-cube SHU for same spacing and reef age). Residency times (mean = 9.8 mo), indicative of choice and measured by ultrasonic telemetry (1995-1998), showed significant interaction of SHU size and spacing consistent with colonization trajectories. Average relative weight (W-r) and incremental growth were greater oil smaller than larger SHUs (mean W, = 104.2 vs. 97.7; incremental growth differed by 15%), contrary to patterns of abundance and residency. Experimental manipulation of shelter on a subset of SRRS sites (2000-2001) confirmed our hypothesis that shelter limits local densities of gag, which, in turn, regulates their growth and condition. Density-dependent habitat selection for shelter and individual growth dynamics were therefore interdependent ecological processes that help to explain how patchy reef habitat sustains gag production. Moreover, gag selected shelter at the expense of maximizing their growth. Thus, mobile reef fishes Could experience density-dependent effects on growth, survival, and/or reproduction (i.e., demographic parameters) despite reduced stock sizes as a consequence of fishing. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Fisheries & Aquat Sci, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. Univ Florida, IFAS, Dept Stat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Univ Florida, Dept Fisheries & Aquat Sci, 7922 NW 71st St, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. EM wjl@ufl.edu OI Mason, Doran/0000-0002-6017-4243 NR 121 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 26 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1051-0761 EI 1939-5582 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD APR PY 2006 VL 16 IS 2 BP 731 EP 746 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[0731:DHSAPB]2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 036DW UT WOS:000237052200026 PM 16711059 ER PT J AU Mangel, M Levin, P Patil, A AF Mangel, M Levin, P Patil, A TI Using life history and persistence criteria to prioritize habitats for management and conservation SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE conservation; commercial; harvested fish; density dependence; eigenvalues; elasticity; essentia fish habitat; life history; persistence; population growth rate; Sebastes spp; stochastic iteration; stochasticity ID TRADE-OFFS; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; ELASTICITY ANALYSIS; NATURAL MORTALITY; MARINE RESERVES; LINKING HABITAT; LARVAL GROWTH; FISH HABITAT; TIME-SCALES; REEF FISH AB In many marine and terrestrial systems, individuals of a focal species may be found in habitats that are neither essential nor of particular concern for conservation. For example, finding fish in a location does not make that location essential. This recognition begs the question of how one identifies the most important habitats for a particular species. We introduce new tools for use when prioritizing habitats for conservation and management, with application to Essential Fish Habitat (EFH). If density-dependent effects can be ignored, then elasticities of population growth rate with respect to adult survival, fecundity, and juvenile survival provide a means of identifying how susceptible the growth rate of the population is to perturbations in vital rates of particular life stages. We develop such a theory and apply it to 16 species of commercially harvested Sebastes rockfishes. We also show that the conclusions may differ significantly depending upon the estimate of mortality rate that is used. This suggests that although estimating mortality rates of fish in the field is difficult, it is crucial to do so. When density-dependent effects are important, we use a stochastic life history model to compute the moderate-term persistence of the stock, an important metric of population biology, as a function of the demographic parameters determined by the habitat. Although developed with fish in mind, the ideas here also apply to other taxa and systems. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Appl Math & Stat, Ctr Stock Assessment Res, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Mangel, M (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Appl Math & Stat, Ctr Stock Assessment Res, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. EM msmangel@ams.ucsc.edu NR 75 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 3 U2 18 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 EI 1939-5582 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD APR PY 2006 VL 16 IS 2 BP 797 EP 806 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[0797:ULHAPC]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 036DW UT WOS:000237052200030 PM 16711063 ER PT J AU Estrada, JA Rice, AN Natanson, LJ Skomal, GB AF Estrada, JA Rice, AN Natanson, LJ Skomal, GB TI Use of isotopic analysis of vertebrae in reconstructing ontogenetic feeding ecology in white sharks SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Carcharodon carcharias; conservation tool; diet history; elasmobranch; feeding ecology; onlogeny; stable isotope analysis; trophic shift; vertebrae; white shark ID STABLE-ISOTOPES; TROPHIC POSITION; NORTH-ATLANTIC; NITROGEN; DIET; DELTA-N-15; CARBON; FISH; ANIMALS; TISSUES AB We conducted stable C-13 and N-15 analysis on white shark vertebrae and demonstrated that incremental analysis of isotopes along the radius of a vertebral centrum produces a chronological record of dietary information, allowing for reconstruction of an individual's trophic history. Isotopic data showed significant enrichments ill N-15 with increasing sampling distance from the centrum center, indicating a correlation between body size and trophic level. Additionally, isotopic values verified two distinct ontogenctic trophic shifts in the white shark: one following parturition, marking a dietary switch from yolk to fish; and one at a total length of > 341 cm, representing a known diet shift from fish to marine mammals. Retrospective trophic-level reconstruction using vertebral tissue will have broad applications in future studies on the ecology of threatened, endangered, or extinct species to determine life-long feeding patterns, which would be impossible through other methods. C1 Massachusetts Div Marine Fisheries, Marthas Vineyard Res Stn, Vineyard Haven, MA 02568 USA. Univ New England, Dept Biol Sci, Biddeford, ME 04004 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Organismal Biol & Anat, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Field Museum Nat Hist, Dept Zool, Div Fishes, Chicago, IL 60605 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Skomal, GB (reprint author), Massachusetts Div Marine Fisheries, Marthas Vineyard Res Stn, Vineyard Haven, MA 02568 USA. EM gregory.skomal@state.ma.us RI Rice, Aaron/A-1292-2007; OI Rice, Aaron/0000-0002-8598-9705 NR 49 TC 78 Z9 84 U1 3 U2 38 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD APR PY 2006 VL 87 IS 4 BP 829 EP 834 DI 10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[829:UOIAOV]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 033QF UT WOS:000236863200005 PM 16676526 ER PT J AU Shin, MG Levin, BC Kim, HJ Kim, HR Lee, IK Cho, D Kee, SJ Shin, JH Suh, SP Ryang, DW AF Shin, MG Levin, BC Kim, HJ Kim, HR Lee, IK Cho, D Kee, SJ Shin, JH Suh, SP Ryang, DW TI Profiling of length heteroplasmies in the human mitochondrial DNA control regions from blood cells in the Korean population SO ELECTROPHORESIS LA English DT Article DE blood cells; Korean population; length heteroplasmy; mtDNA ID MTDNA CONTROL REGION; SEQUENCE HETEROGENEITY; MONONUCLEOTIDE REPEAT; MUTATIONS; IDENTIFICATION; SEGREGATION; CARCINOMA; DISEASE; LOOP AB The length heteroplasmies. in the hypervariable (HV) regions of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from blood cells were examined in 57 healthy Korean donors. Interestingly, all the healthy Korean subjects displayed length heteroplasmies in both the HV1 and HV2 regions. Closer examination of the HV2 length heteroplasmies indicated that most of these donors (84%) exhibited a minimal 303-315 homopolymeric C (poly-C) tract frameshift of 1 bp (mixture of one major and minor mtDNA type). Sixteen percent of the donors however had poly-C tract frameshifts of 2 bp or more. The donor group with major length variants (two or more frameshifts) had about a two-fold decrease in mtDNA copy number compared with the group exhibiting only a 1 bp frameshift. This result supports the possibility that a severe frameshift in the 303-315 poly-C tract may also cause the impairment of mtDNA replication in hematopoietic tissue. C1 Chonnam Natl Univ, Dept Lab Med, Sch Med, Hwasuneup 519809, Jeollanam Do, South Korea. Chonnam Natl Univ, Hwasun Hosp, Hwasun, South Korea. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD USA. Chonnam Natl Univ, Genome Res Ctr Hematopoiet Dis, Sch Med, Hwasun, South Korea. RP Shin, MG (reprint author), Chonnam Natl Univ, Dept Lab Med, Sch Med, 160 Iisimri, Hwasuneup 519809, Jeollanam Do, South Korea. EM mgshin@chonnam.ac.kr NR 23 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0173-0835 J9 ELECTROPHORESIS JI Electrophoresis PD APR PY 2006 VL 27 IS 7 BP 1331 EP 1340 DI 10.1002/elps.200500551 PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 033KL UT WOS:000236845800007 PM 16502464 ER PT J AU Peck, MA Buckley, LJ Bengtson, DA AF Peck, MA Buckley, LJ Bengtson, DA TI Effects of temperature and body size on the swimming speed of larval and juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua): Implications for individual-based modelling SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE Gadus morhua; swimming; temperature; body size; individual-based models ID HADDOCK MELANOGRAMMUS-AEGLEFINUS; GEORGES-BANK; CLASS STRENGTH; FISH LARVAE; GROWTH-RATE; BEHAVIOR; METABOLISM; SURVIVAL; ENVIRONMENTS; PERFORMANCE AB The routine swimming speed (S) of three groups of 4, 9 and 32 cm total length (L-T) juvenile cod (Gadus morhua) was quantified in the laboratory at 6 - 10 different temperatures (T) between 3.2 and 16.7 degrees C. At temperatures between 5 and 15 degrees C, mean group S increased exponentially with increasing T (S= a e(bT)) and the effect of temperature (b= 0.082, Q(10)= 2.27) was not significantly different among the groups (over the 8-fold difference in fish sizes of early- and post- settlement juveniles). Differences in mean S among individuals within each group were quite large ( coefficient of variation= 40-80%). Swimming data for juveniles and those collected for groups of 0.4, 0.7 and 0.9 cm standard length (LS) larvae were combined to assess the effect of body size on S. At 8 degrees C, S (mm s(-1)) increased with L-S (mm) according to: S= 0.26L(S) (Phi) -5.28L(S)(-1), where Phi= 1.55L(S)(-0.08). Relative S (body lengths s(-1)) was related to L-S by a dome-shaped relationship having a maximum value (0.49 body lengths s(-1)) at 18.5 - 19 mm L-S corresponding to the sizes of fish at the end of larval-juvenile metamorphosis. Previous larval cod IBM's using a cruise-predator mode likely overestimated rates of foraging (prey searching and encounters) by a factor of similar to 2, whereas foraging rates in pause-travel models are closer to estimates of swimming velocities obtained in this and other laboratory studies. C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, URI NOAA CMER Program, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Fisheries Anim & vet Sci, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. Univ Hamburg, Inst Hydrobiol & Fisheries Sci, D-22767 Hamburg, Germany. RP Peck, MA (reprint author), Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, URI NOAA CMER Program, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM myron.peck@uni-hamburg.de RI Peck, Myron/H-6164-2011 NR 46 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 16 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD APR PY 2006 VL 75 IS 4 BP 419 EP 429 DI 10.1007/s10641-006-0031-3 PG 11 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 059OB UT WOS:000238741000007 ER PT J AU Hall, AJ McConnell, BJ Rowles, TK Aguilar, A Borrell, A Schwacke, L Reijnders, PJH Wells, RS AF Hall, Ailsa J. McConnell, Bernie J. Rowles, Teri K. Aguilar, Alex Borrell, Asuncion Schwacke, Lori Reijnders, Peter J. H. Wells, Randall S. TI Individual-based model framework to assess population consequences of polychlorinated biphenyl exposure in bottlenose dolphins SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Ecological Relevance of Chemical-Induced Endocrine Disruption in Wildlife CY JUL, 2004 CL Univ Exeter, Exeter, ENGLAND HO Univ Exeter DE calf survival; endocrine disruption; risk assessment ID LAWRENCE BELUGA WHALES; TURSIOPS-TRUNCATUS; MARINE MAMMALS; ORGANOCHLORINE CONTAMINANTS; COASTAL WATERS; SEALS; PCBS; REPRODUCTION; PORPOISES; RESPONSES AB Marine mammals are susceptible to the effects of anthropogenic contaminants. Here we examine the effect of different polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) accumulation scenarios on potential population growth rates using, as an example, data obtained for the population of bottlenose dolphins from Sarasota Bay, Florida. To achieve this goal, we developed an individual-based model framework that simulates the accumulation of PCBs in the population and modifies first-year calf survival based on maternal blubber PCB levels. In our example the current estimated annual PCB accumulation rate for the Sarasota Bay dolphin population might be depressing the potential population growth rate. However, our predictions are limited both by model naivety and parameter uncertainty. We emphasize the need for more data collection on the relationship between maternal blubber PCB levels and calf survivorship, the annual accumulation of PCBs in the blubber of females, and the transfer of PCBs to the calf through the placenta and during lactation. Such data require continued efforts directed toward long-term studies of known individuals in wild and semi-wild populations. C1 Univ St Andrews, Sea Mammal Res Unit, Gatty Marine Lab, St Andrews KY16 8LB, Fife, Scotland. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Silver Spring, MD USA. Univ Barcelona, Dept Anim Biol, Barcelona, Spain. Univ Barcelona, GRUMM, Barcelona, Spain. Chicago Zool Soc, Mote Marine Lab, Sarasota, FL USA. Alterra Marine & Coastal Zone Res, Den Burg, Netherlands. RP Hall, AJ (reprint author), Univ St Andrews, Sea Mammal Res Unit, Gatty Marine Lab, St Andrews KY16 8LB, Fife, Scotland. EM ajh7@st-andrews.ac.uk RI Borrell, Asuncion/B-8257-2009; Hall, Ailsa/E-1596-2011; Aguilar, Alex/L-1283-2014 OI Borrell, Asuncion/0000-0002-6714-0724; Aguilar, Alex/0000-0002-5751-2512 NR 38 TC 41 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 11 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD APR PY 2006 VL 114 SU 1 BP 60 EP 64 DI 10.1289/ehp.8053 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 153ZB UT WOS:000245475500009 PM 16818247 ER PT J AU Schuler, LJ Landrum, PF Lydy, MJ AF Schuler, Lance J. Landrum, Peter F. Lydy, Michael J. TI Comparative toxicity of fluoranthene and pentachlorobenzene to three freshwater invertebrates SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE aquatic invertebrates; fluoranthene; pentachlorobenzene; lethal body residue; time-dependent toxicity ID DEPENDENT PAH TOXICITY; HYALELLA-AZTECA; BODY RESIDUES; AQUATIC ORGANISMS; TOXICOKINETICS; TIME; BURDENS; CHLOROBENZENES; ECOTOXICOLOGY; BIOASSAYS AB This study examined the temporal component of pentachlorobenzene lethal body residues among three freshwater invertebrates. Also, using previous fluoranthene data allowed a more detailed examination of the role of biotransformation in lethal body residues and comparisons of lethal residues across chemical classes. Time-dependent toxicity of fluoranthene and pentachlorobenzene were compared among Hyalella azteca, Chironomus tentans, and Diporeia spp. Lethal body residues required for 50% mortality (LR50) were not constant and decreased with exposure time for all species. Fluoranthene was most toxic to C. tentans with LR50 values of 0.38 mu mol(.)g(-1) at 2 d to 0.15 mu mol(.)g(-1) at 10 d and least toxic to Diporeia spp. with values of 9.97 mu mol(.)g(-1) at 10 d to 3.67 mu mol(.)g(-1) at 28 d. The LR50 values for H. azteca were intermediate and ranged from 2.25 mu mol(.)g(-1) at 5 d to 0.56 l,Lmol(.)g(-1) at 28 d. Pentachlorobenzene LR50 values were less variable among species and ranged from 1.20 [mu mol(.)g(-1) at 4 d to 0.81 mu mol(.)g(-1) at 10 d for C. tentans, 5.0 mu mol(.)g(-1) at 20 d and 2.75 mu mol-g-1 at 28 d for Diporeia spp., and 1.51 mu mol(.)g(-1) at 4 d and 0.71 mu mol(.)g(-1) at 28 d for H. azteca. When LR50 values for fluoranthene and pentachlorobenzene were compared at steady state, the lethai residues for the amphipod species were within the range expected for nonpolar narcotic chemicals (anesthetics); however, C. tentans was more sensitive to fluoranthene than pentachlorobenzene, confirming our previous hypothesis that biotransformation of fluoranthene likely produces a metabolite(s) acting by some specific mechanism of action. The information collected from this study allows a greater understanding of residue-response relationships, specifically relative species sensitivities. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. So Illinois Univ, Illinois Aquaculture Ctr, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. So Illinois Univ, Dept Zool, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. RP Landrum, PF (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM peter.landrum@noaa.gov NR 25 TC 17 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 11 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD APR PY 2006 VL 25 IS 4 BP 985 EP 994 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 066TQ UT WOS:000239253400010 PM 16629137 ER PT J AU King, SP Sheridan, P AF King, Seth P. Sheridan, P. TI Nekton of new seagrass habitats colonizing a subsided salt marsh in Galveston Bay, Texas SO ESTUARIES AND COASTS LA English DT Article ID LAGUNA-MADRE; STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY; HALODULE-WRIGHTII; BROWN SHRIMP; FLORIDA; GROWTH; FISH; COMMUNITIES; DENSITIES; BEDS AB Subsidence and erosion of intertidal salt marsh at Galveston Island State Park, Texas, created new areas of subtidal habitat that were colonized by seagrasses beginning in 1999. We quantified and compared habitat characteristics and nekton densities in monospecific beds of stargrass Halophila engelmanni and shoalgrass Halodule wrightii as well as adjacent nonvegetated substrates. We collected 10 replicates per habitat type during April, July, October, and December 2001. Most habitat characteristics varied with season. Water temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen were similar among habitat types. Turbidity and depth were greatest in H. engelmanni beds and least in H. wightii beds. H. engelmanni exhibited shorter leaves and higher shoot density and biomass core(-1) than H. wrightii. Densities of almost all dominant species of nekton (fishes and decapods) were seasonally variable, all were higher in seagrass habitats than in nonvegetated habitats, and most were higher in one seagrass species than the other. Naked goby Gobiosoma bosc, code goby Gobiosoma robustum, bigclaw snapping shrimp Alpheus heterochaelis, and blue crab Callinectes sapidus were most abundant in H. engelmanni. Brown shrimp Farfantepenaeus aztecus, brackish grass shrimp Palaemonetes intermedius, and daggerblade grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio were most abundant in H. wrightii. Pinfish Lagodon rhomboides and pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus duorarum were equally abundant in either seagrass. Most dominant nekton varied in size by month, but only two (L. rhomboides and C sapidus) exhibited habitat-related differences in size. Nekton densities in these new seagrass habitats equaled or exceeded densities associated with historical and current intertidal smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora marsh. Continued seagrass expansion and persistence should ensure ecosystem productivity in spite of habitat change. C1 SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. RP Sheridan, P (reprint author), SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 3500 Delwood Beach Rd, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. EM pete.sheridan@noaa.gov NR 51 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 13 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1559-2723 J9 ESTUAR COAST JI Estuaries Coasts PD APR PY 2006 VL 29 IS 2 BP 286 EP 296 DI 10.1007/BF02781997 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 054AE UT WOS:000238346900011 ER PT J AU Rozas, LP Minello, TJ AF Rozas, LP Minello, TJ TI Nekton use of Vallisneria americana Michx. (wild celery) beds and adjacent habitats in coastal Louisiana SO ESTUARIES AND COASTS LA English DT Article ID SUBMERGED AQUATIC VEGETATION; CRABS CALLINECTES-SAPIDUS; FRESH-WATER; SALT-MARSHES; DECAPOD CRUSTACEANS; LAKE PONTCHARTRAIN; FISH COMMUNITIES; ESTUARINE FISH; SEAGRASS BEDS; ABUNDANCE AB We compared nekton use of Vallisneria americana Michx. (submerged aquatic vegetation, SAV) with marsh shoreline vegetation and subtidal nonvegetated bottom (SNB) using a 1-m(2) drop sampler in the oligohaline area of Barataria Bay, Louisiana. Mean densities of most abundant species were significantly different among six habitat types. Harris mud crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii, Ohio shrimp Macrobrachium ohione, blue crab Callinectes sapidus, daggerblade grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio, white shrimp Litopenaeus setiferus (fall), rainwater killifish Lucania parva, naked goby Gobiosoma bosc, code goby Gobiosoma robustum (fall), speckled worm eel Myrophis punctatus (fall), and gulf pipefish Syngnathus scovelli (spring), were much more abundant, and species richness also was greater, in Vallisneria than over SNB. Vallisneria supported densities of most species that were similar to those in marsh vegetation, although naked goby and gulf pipefish were more abundant in Vallisneria, and speckled worm eel and saltmarsh topminnow Fundulus jenkinsi were more abundant in marsh. Within the Vallisneria bed, densities of Harris mud crab, rainwater killifish, and speckled worm eel were higher at sites near the marsh (SAV Inside Edge) than at sites more distant from the marsh (SAV Outside Edge), and Ohio shrimp (fall) densities were higher in the interior of the bed than along the edges. The mean size of blue crab was larger in marsh than Vallisneria and larger in Vallisneria than SNB. White shrimp did not differ in size among habitat types. Vallisneria beds may provide an important nursery habitat for young blue crab and white shrimp that use oligohaline estuarine areas. These SAV beds can provide an alternative structural habitat to emergent vegetation during periods of low water, because Vallisneria occurs in the subtidal and generally persists throughout the year on the Gulf coast. Species whose young thrive in low-salinity waters and also depend on structure would benefit most from Vallisneria habitat in estuaries. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, NMFS, Estuarine Habitats & Coastal Fisheries Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, NMFS, Galveston Lab, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. RP Rozas, LP (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, NMFS, Estuarine Habitats & Coastal Fisheries Ctr, 646 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. EM lawrence.rozas@noaa.gov NR 53 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 17 PU ESTUARINE RESEARCH FEDERATION PI PORT REPUBLIC PA 2018 DAFFODIL, PO BOX 510, PORT REPUBLIC, MD 20676 USA SN 1559-2723 J9 ESTUARIES COASTS JI Estuaries Coasts PD APR PY 2006 VL 29 IS 2 BP 297 EP 310 DI 10.1007/BF02781998 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 054AE UT WOS:000238346900012 ER PT J AU Hendrickson, LC Hart, DR AF Hendrickson, LC Hart, DR TI An age-based cohort model for estimating the spawning mortality of semelparous cephalopods with an application to per-recruit calculations for the northern shortfin squid, Illex illecebrosus SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Cephalopod Stock Assessment Workshop CY AUG 30-31, 2004 CL Imperial Coll, London, ENGLAND SP CEPHSTOCK HO Imperial Coll DE semelparous; cephalopod; spawning; natural mortality; Illex illecebrosus; maturity; eggs-per-recruit; model ID LOLIGO-VULGARIS REYNAUDII; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; FORBESI CEPHALOPODA; SOUTHWEST ATLANTIC; NATURAL MORTALITY; DEPLETION METHODS; FALKLAND ISLANDS; STOCK ASSESSMENT; ENGLISH-CHANNEL; SCOTTISH WATERS AB Semelparity is a common life history characteristic of squids and other cephalopod species, yet most cephalopod stock assessment models assume a constant natural mortality rate that does not account for post-spawning mortality. Since older individuals are more likely to spawn, natural mortality is likely to increase with age. We provide a method of estimating the spawning mortality rate of adult semelparous cephalopods, using Illex illecebrosus as an example. The model estimates the rates of maturation and spawning mortality as a continuous function of age for an unfished cohort of females. Model estimates of natural mortality were much higher than those typically assumed for semelparous cephalopod stocks under a constant natural mortality rate (0.02-0.06 week(-1)). Maturation and spawning mortality rates from the model were incorporated into per-recruit models designed to account for the semelparous life history of cephalopods to illustrate the effects of these parameters on biological reference point estimates. Biological reference point estimates were fairly insensitive to the assumed level of non-spawning natural mortality. However, neglecting to account for ageing error in natural mortality rate estimates resulted in a substantial underestimation of reference points. The model produces biologically plausible results and should be applicable to a wide range of semelparous cephalopod stocks. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Hendrickson, LC (reprint author), NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM Lisa.Hendrickson@noaa.gov NR 45 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD APR PY 2006 VL 78 IS 1 BP 4 EP 13 DI 10.1016/j.fishres.2005.12.005 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 029PB UT WOS:000236574600002 ER PT J AU Tissot, BN Yoklavich, MM Love, MS York, K Amend, M AF Tissot, BN Yoklavich, MM Love, MS York, K Amend, M TI Benthic invertebrates that form habitat on deep banks off southern California, with special reference to deep sea coral SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID CONTINENTAL-SHELF; SUBMARINE-CANYON; ASSOCIATIONS; ALASKA; GULF; FISH; ABUNDANCE; REFUGE; REEF AB There is increasing interest in the potential impacts that fishing activities have on megafaunal benthic invertebrates occurring in continental shelf and slope ecosystems. We examined how the structure, size, and high-density aggregations of invertebrates provided structural relief for fishes in continental shelf and slope ecosystems off southern California. We made 112 dives in a submersible at 32-320 m water depth, surveying a variety of habitats from high-relief rock to flat sand and mud. Using quantitative video transect methods, we made 12,360 observations of 15 structure-forming invertebrate taxa and 521,898 individuals. We estimated size and incidence of epizoic animals on 9105 sponges, black corals, and gorgonians. Size variation among structure-forming invertebrates was significant and 90% of the individuals were < 0.5 m high. Less than 1% of the observations of organisms actually sheltering in or located on invertebrates involved fishes. From the analysis of spatial associations between fishes and large invertebrates, six of 108 fish species were found more often adjacent to invertebrate colonies than the number of fish predicted by the fish-density data from transects. This finding indicates that there may be spatial associations that do not necessarily include physical contact with the sponges and corals. However, the median distances between these six fish species and the invertebrates were not particularly small (1.0-5.5 m). Thus, it is likely that these fishes and invertebrates are present together in the same habitats but that there is not necessarily a functional relationship between these groups of organisms. Regardless of their associations with fishes, these invertebrates provide structure and diversity for continental shelf ecosystems off southern California and certainly deserve the attention of scientists undertaking future conservation efforts. C1 Washington State Univ, Program Environm Sci & Reg Planning, Vancouver, WA 98686 USA. NOAA, Fisheries Ecol Div, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Tissot, BN (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Program Environm Sci & Reg Planning, 14204 NE Salmon Creek Ave, Vancouver, WA 98686 USA. EM tissot@vancouverwsu.edu NR 30 TC 52 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 18 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 EI 1937-4518 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD APR PY 2006 VL 104 IS 2 BP 167 EP 181 PG 15 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 038XC UT WOS:000237261800002 ER PT J AU Davis, ML Berkson, J Kelly, M AF Davis, ML Berkson, J Kelly, M TI A production modeling approach to the assessment of the horseshoe crab (Limulds polyphemus) population in Delaware Bay SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID CONTRADICTORY DATA SOURCES; STOCK ASSESSMENT; ABUNDANCE; ERROR; BLOOD AB Horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) is harvested commercially, used by the biomedical industry, and provides food for migrating shorebirds, particularly in Delaware Bay. Recently, decreasing crab population trends in this region have raised concerns that the stock may be insufficient to fulfill the needs of these diverse user groups. To assess the Delaware Bay horseshoe crab population, we used surplus production models (programmed in ASPIC), which incorporated data from fishery-independent surveys, fishery-dependent catch-per-unit-of-effort data, and regional harvest. Results showed a depleted population (B-2003/B-MSY=0.03-0.71) and high relative fishing mortality (F-2002/F-MSY=0.9-9.5). Future harvest strategies for a 15-year period were evaluated by using population projections with ASPICP software. Under 2003 harvest levels (1356 t), population recovery to B-MSY would take at least four years, and four of the seven models predicted that the population would not reach B-MSY within the 15-year period. Production models for horseshoe crab assessment provided management benchmarks for a species with limited data and no prior stock assessment. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Tech, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, RTR Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Davis, ML (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, 210 Cheatham Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM midavisl@vt.edu RI Berkson, Jim/A-7588-2009; Kelly, Marcella/B-4891-2011 NR 23 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD APR PY 2006 VL 104 IS 2 BP 215 EP 225 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 038XC UT WOS:000237261800006 ER PT J AU Hoff, GR AF Hoff, GR TI Biodiversity as an index of regime shift in the eastern Bering Sea SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID CLIMATE-CHANGE; NORTH-PACIFIC; VARIABILITY; ECOSYSTEM; REORGANIZATION; RECRUITMENT; RESOURCES; EVENNESS AB Data collected from an annual groundfish survey of the eastern Bering Sea shelf from 1975 to 2002 were used to estimate biomass and biodiversity indexes for two fish guilds: flatfish and roundfish. Biomass estimates indicated that several species of flatfish (particularly rock sole, arrowtooth flounder, and flathead sole), several large sculpins (Myoxocephalus spp.), bigmouth (Hemitripterus bolini), and skates (Bathyraja spp.) had increased. Declining species included several flatfish species and many smaller roundfish species of sculpins, eel-pouts (Lycodes spp.), and sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria). Biodiversity indexes were calculated by using biomass estimates for both guilds from 1975 through 2002 within three physical domains on the eastern Bering Sea shelf. Biodiversity trends were found to be generally declining within the roundfish guild and generally increasing within the flatfish guild and varied between inner, middle, and outer shelf domains. The trends in biodiversity indexes from this study correlated strongly with the regime shift reported for the late 1970s and 1980s. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Hoff, GR (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM jerry.hoff@noaa.gov RI Bizzarro, Joseph/A-2988-2012 NR 28 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 7 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD APR PY 2006 VL 104 IS 2 BP 226 EP 237 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 038XC UT WOS:000237261800007 ER PT J AU Pietsch, TW Orr, JW AF Pietsch, TW Orr, JW TI Triqlops dorothy, a new species of sculpin (Teleostei : Scorpaeniformes : Cottidae) from the southern Sea of Okhotsk SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID KURIL ARCHIPELAGO; SYSTEMATICS AB A new species of the cottid genus Triglops Reinhardt is described on the basis of 21 specimens collected in Aniva Bay, southern Sakhalin Island, Russia, and off Kitami, on the northern coast of Hokkaido, Japan, at depths of 73-117 m. Of the ten species of Triglops now recognized, the new species, Triglops dorothy, is most similar to T. pingeli Reinhardt, well known from the North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans and throughout coastal waters of the Arctic. The new species differs from T pingeli in a combination of morphometric and meristic characters that includes most importantly the number of dorsolateral scales; the number of oblique, scaled dermal folds below the lateral line; and the number of gill rakers. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Coll Ocean & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Pietsch, TW (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Coll Ocean & Fishery Sci, Campus Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM twp@u.washington.edu NR 36 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD APR PY 2006 VL 104 IS 2 BP 238 EP 246 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 038XC UT WOS:000237261800008 ER PT J AU Walsh, HJ Marancik, KE Hare, JA AF Walsh, HJ Marancik, KE Hare, JA TI Juvenile fish assemblages collected on unconsolidated sediments of the southeast United States continental shelf SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID REMOTELY OPERATED VEHICLE; NORTH-CAROLINA ESTUARY; NEW-YORK BIGHT; ATLANTIC BIGHT; MARINE RESERVES; REEF FISH; HABITAT UTILIZATION; NURSERY HABITATS; PROTECTED AREAS; LIFE-HISTORY AB Patterns were investigated in juvenile fish use of unconsolidated sediments on the southeast United States continental shelf off Georgia. Juvenile fish and environmental data were sampled at ten stations along a 110-km cross-shelf transect, including four stations surrounding Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary (Grays Reef NMFS). Cross-shelf stations were sampled approximately quarterly from spring 2000 to winter 2002. Additional stations were sampled on three transects inshore of Gray's Reef NMS and four transects offshore of the Sanctuary during three cruises to investigate along-shelf patterns in the juvenile fish assemblages. Samples were collected in beam trawls, and 121 juvenile taxa, of which 33 were reef-associated species, were identified. Correspondence analysis on untransformed juvenile fish abundance indicated a cross-shelf gradient in assemblages, and the station groupings and assemblages varied seasonally. During the spring, fall, and winter, three cross-shelf regions were identified: inner-shelf, mid-shelf, and outer-shelf regions. In the summer, the shelf consisted of a single-juvenile fish assemblage. Water depth was the primary environmental variable correlated with cross-shelf assemblages. However, salinity, density, and water column stratification also correlated with the distribution of assemblages during the spring, fall, and winter, and along with temperature likely influenced the distribution of juvenile fish. No along-shelf spatial patterns were found in the juvenile fish assemblages, but the along-shelf dimension sampled was small (similar to 60 km). Our results revealed that a number of commercially and recreationally important species used unconsolidated sediments on the shelf off Georgia as juvenile habitat. We conclude that management efforts would be improved through a greater recognition of the importance of these habitats to fish production and the interconnectedness of multiple habitats in the southeast U.S. continental shelf ecosystem. C1 NOAA, NOS, NCCOS, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Walsh, HJ (reprint author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Biol Dept MS 50, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM hwalsh@whoi.edu NR 78 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD APR PY 2006 VL 104 IS 2 BP 256 EP 277 PG 22 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 038XC UT WOS:000237261800010 ER PT J AU Hurton, L Berkson, J AF Hurton, L Berkson, J TI Potential causes of mortality for horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus) during the biomedical bleeding process SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID DELAWARE BAY; BLOOD C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Horseshoe Crab Res Ctr, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Tech, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, RTR Unit Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Hurton, L (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Horseshoe Crab Res Ctr, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM Jim.Berkson@noaa.gov RI Berkson, Jim/A-7588-2009 NR 21 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 14 U2 41 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD APR PY 2006 VL 104 IS 2 BP 293 EP 298 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 038XC UT WOS:000237261800012 ER PT J AU Kimura, DK Dorn, MW AF Kimura, DK Dorn, MW TI Parameterizing probabilities for estimating age-composition distributions for mixture models SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID LENGTH; PACIFIC C1 Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Kimura, DK (reprint author), Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM Dan.Kimura@noaa.gov NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD APR PY 2006 VL 104 IS 2 BP 303 EP 305 PG 3 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 038XC UT WOS:000237261800014 ER PT J AU Anderson, EC Garza, JC AF Anderson, EC Garza, JC TI The power of single-nucleotide polymorphisms for large-scale parentage inference SO GENETICS LA English DT Article ID GENEALOGY RECONSTRUCTION; LINKAGE-DISEQUILIBRIUM; PAIRWISE RELATIONSHIPS; NATURAL-POPULATIONS; PATERNITY ANALYSIS; EXCLUSION; PROBABILITY; MICROSATELLITES; IDENTIFICATION; INDIVIDUALS AB Likelihood-based parentage inference depends on the distribution of a likelihood-ratio statistic, which, in most cases of interest, cannot be exactly determined, but only approximated by Monte Carlo simulation. We provide importance-sampling algorithms for efficiently approximating very small tail probabilities in the distribution of the likelihood-ratio statistic. These importance-sampling methods allow the estimation of sin all false-positive rates and hence permit likelihood-based inference of parentage in large studies involving a great number of potential parents and many potential offspring. We investigate the performance of these importance-sampling algorithms in the context of parentage inference using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data and find that they may accelerate the computation of tail probabilities > 1 millionfold. We subsequently use the importance-sampling algorithms to calculate the power available with SNPs for largescale parentage studies, paying particular attention to the effect of genotyping errors and the occurrence of related individuals among the members of the putative mother-father-offspring trios. These simulations show that 60-100 SNPs may allow accurate pedigree reconstruction, even in situations involving thousands of potential mothers, fathers, and offspring. In addition, we compare the power of exclusion-based parentage inference to that of the likelihood-based method. Likelihood-based inference is much more powerful under many conditions; exclusion-based inference would require 40% more SNP loci to achieve the same accuracy as the likelihood-based approach in one common scenario. Our results demonstrate that SNPs are a powerful tool for parentage inference in large managed and/or natural populations. C1 SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz Lab, Fisheries Ecol Div, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Anderson, EC (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz Lab, Fisheries Ecol Div, 110 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM eric.anderson@noaa.gov NR 47 TC 106 Z9 115 U1 6 U2 50 PU GENETICS PI BALTIMORE PA 428 EAST PRESTON ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21202 USA SN 0016-6731 J9 GENETICS JI Genetics PD APR PY 2006 VL 172 IS 4 BP 2567 EP 2582 DI 10.1534/genetics.105.048074 PG 16 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 038ML UT WOS:000237225800045 PM 16387880 ER PT J AU Hsia, MH Morton, SL Smith, LL Beauchesne, KR Huncik, KM Moeller, PDR AF Hsia, MH Morton, SL Smith, LL Beauchesne, KR Huncik, KM Moeller, PDR TI Production of goniodomin A by the planktonic, chain-forming dinoflagellate Alexandrium monilatum (Howell) Balech isolated from the Gulf Coast of the United States SO HARMFUL ALGAE LA English DT Article DE Alexandrium spp.; dinoflagellate; goniodomin A; icthyotoxic; macrolide toxin; red-tide ID GONYAULAX-MONILATA; ACTOMYOSIN ATPASE; SPECTROSCOPY; MODULATION; TOXICITY AB The chain-forming, dinoflagellate Alexandrium monilatum has been reported to be associated with widespread discolored water and increased fish mortality in the Mississippi Sound and off the eastern and western coasts of Florida. Previous studies over the last 60-70 years have determined that A. monilatum produces a harmful substance(s) that is predominantly contained in the cell mass as exhibited by apparent increased toxicity when the organism cytolyses. The current research in our lab corroborated earlier research demonstrating that A. monilatum produces a lipophilic toxin, unlike its Alexandrium relatives noted for their production of saxitoxin-like toxins. Using sophisticated chemical, chromatographic, and analytical techniques, we have successfully purified and identified the molecular structure Of the toxin produced by A. monilatum. We utilized a 500 MHz NMR to carry out a number of experiments (i.e., H-1, C-13, COSY, HSQC, and HMBC) to unambiguously determine the molecular structure of the toxin. In addition, we report mass analysis of the toxin utilizing clectrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-lime of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), and Q-TOF mass spectral techniques. The toxin is representative of a polyether macrolide with an empirical formula of C43H60O12. This toxic compound is shown to be identical to a Japanese tidepool toxin identified as goniodomin A, which is produced by another Alexandrium species. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Natl Ocean Serv, Hollings Marine Lab, Marine Biotoxins Program, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Med Univ S Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. RP Moeller, PDR (reprint author), Natl Ocean Serv, Hollings Marine Lab, Marine Biotoxins Program, 331 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM Peter.Moeller@noaa.gov NR 24 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 4 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1568-9883 EI 1878-1470 J9 HARMFUL ALGAE JI Harmful Algae PD APR PY 2006 VL 5 IS 3 BP 290 EP 299 DI 10.1016/j.hal.2005.08.004 PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 029ZV UT WOS:000236603800007 ER PT J AU Kotrappa, P Stieff, LR Mengers, TF Shull, RD AF Kotrappa, P Stieff, LR Mengers, TF Shull, RD TI Performance of electret ionization chambers in magnetic field SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE electrets; magnetic fields; radiation, alpha; radiation, beta ID ION CHAMBERS AB Electret ionization chambers are widely used for measuring radon and radiation. The radiation measured includes alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. These detectors do not have any electronics and as such can be introduced into magnetic field regions. It is of interest to study the effect of magnetic fields on the performance of these detectors. Relative responses are measured with and without magnetic fields present. Quantitative responses are measured as the magnetic field is varied from 8 kA/m to 716 kA/m (100 to 9,000 gauss). No significant effect is observed for measuring alpha radiation and gamma radiation. However, a significant systematic effect is observed while measuring beta radiation from a Sr-90-Y source. Depending upon the field orientation, the relative response increased from 1.0 to 2.7 (vertical position) and decreased from 1.0 to 0.60 (horizontal position). This is explained as due to the setting up of a circular motion for the electrons by the magnetic field, which may increase or decrease the path length in air depending upon the experimental configuration. It is concluded that these ionization chambers can be used for measuring alpha (and hence radon) and gamma radiation in the range of magnetic fields studied. However, caution must be exercised if measuring beta radiation. C1 Rad Elec Inc, Frederick, MD 21704 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kotrappa, P (reprint author), Rad Elec Inc, 5714-C Ind Lane, Frederick, MD 21704 USA. EM PKotrappa@aol.com RI Shull, Robert/F-5971-2013 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD APR PY 2006 VL 90 IS 4 BP 386 EP 389 DI 10.1097/01.HP.0000186324.14827.53 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 024JY UT WOS:000236192500009 PM 16538144 ER PT J AU De Robertis, A Wilson, CD AF De Robertis, A Wilson, CD TI Walleye pollock respond to trawling vessels SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE acoustic; trawl; vessel avoidance; walleye pollock ID TARGET-STRENGTH; AVOIDANCE; FISH; ACOUSTICS; FISHERIES AB The potential for fish to avoid survey vessels is a major source of uncertainty in stock-assessment surveys. Although walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) are the subject of a substantial commercial fishery in the North Pacific, their behavioural responses to approaching survey vessels remain poorly understood. As a first step in an effort to determine if walleye pollock avoid survey vessels engaged in trawling operations, we made pairwise comparisons of acoustic backscatter recorded by survey vessels while free-running and while trawling. Results are presented of acoustic backscatter recorded from NOAA's RV "Miller Freeman", which used a midwater trawl during the 1996-2002 eastern Bering Sea surveys, and a chartered commercial fishing vessel, which used a bottom trawl during a survey in 2003 in the Gulf of Alaska. In both cases, average backscatter from a vessel-mounted echosounder was significantly higher when free-running than when trawling. These decreases in backscatter are consistent with increased vessel avoidance while trawling. There were no differences in the vertical distribution of backscatter when free-running and trawling, indicating that pollock do not exhibit elevated diving responses when approached by a trawling vessel rather than by a free-running vessel. Although the study indicates that pollock respond to trawling vessels, the nature of the behavioural response cannot be determined with the methods used in this study. Future work should evaluate potential stimuli produced by trawlers to which pollock may react, and should document changes in behaviour that may occur in their presence. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP De Robertis, A (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM alex.derobertis@noaa.gov NR 26 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD APR PY 2006 VL 63 IS 3 BP 514 EP 522 DI 10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.08.014 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 025NC UT WOS:000236272000012 ER PT J AU Cypher, D Chevrollier, N Montavont, N Golmie, N AF Cypher, D Chevrollier, N Montavont, N Golmie, N TI Prevailing over wires in healthcare environments: Benefits and challenges SO IEEE COMMUNICATIONS MAGAZINE LA English DT Article ID BLUETOOTH AB The objectives of this article are to survey the benefits and challenges posed by the deployment and operation of wireless communications in support of healthcare networks. While the main advantage of wireless communications remains to provide ubiquitous connectivity, thus allowing greater physical mobility and interoperability, a number of engineering issues need to be addressed before this vision is realized. Our intent in this article is to explore some of these issues, including deployment, interference, and mobility, and provide insights for potential solutions. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Adv Networking Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. ENST Bretagne, Rennes, France. RP Cypher, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Adv Networking Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM nicolas.montavont@enst-bretagne.fr NR 15 TC 68 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0163-6804 J9 IEEE COMMUN MAG JI IEEE Commun. Mag. PD APR PY 2006 VL 44 IS 4 BP 56 EP 63 DI 10.1109/MCOM.2006.1632650 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 032AI UT WOS:000236745900007 ER PT J AU Calder, B AF Calder, Brian TI On the uncertainty of archive hydrographic data sets SO IEEE JOURNAL OF OCEANIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE hydrographic data archives; kriging; multibeam bathymetry; uncertainty estimation ID BATHYMETRIC DATA AB As the international hydrographic community continues to address the question of irreducible uncertainty in modern surveys, a similar question must be asked of archived vertical beam echosounder (VBES) and leadline data sets. The Office of Naval Research funded STRATAFORM project surveyed an area of the New Jersey shelf around 39 degrees 12'N 72 degrees 50'W using an EM1000 multibeam echosounder (MBES). This area is also covered by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration surveys from 1936 to 1938 (from early visual indicating fathometers) and 1975-1976 (YBES). The analysis shows that the earlier data are biased in deeper water, most probably because of "hydrographic rounding" or instrument limitations, and may be unrecoverable, but that the VBES data appear approximately unbiased. Estimates of uncertainty for a surface model generated from the archive data are constructed, taking into account measurement, interpolation, and hydrographic uncertainty (addressing the problems of unobserved areas and surface reconstruction stability). Comparison of predicted depths against the MBES data shows that the VBES-derived surface is consistent given the quoted uncertainty and that the uncertainty corresponds with appropriate hydrographic survey standards. However, spatial aliasing of the VBES surface is observed, which may be the limiting factor in the applicability of this data. C1 Univ New Hampshire, Joint Hydrograph Ctr, Ctr Coastal & Ocean Mapping, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ New Hampshire, NOAA, Joint Hydrograph Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Calder, B (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Joint Hydrograph Ctr, Ctr Coastal & Ocean Mapping, Durham, NH 03824 USA. EM brc@ccom.unh.edu NR 40 TC 14 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 6 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0364-9059 J9 IEEE J OCEANIC ENG JI IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. PD APR PY 2006 VL 31 IS 2 BP 249 EP 265 DI 10.1109/JOE.2006.872215 PG 17 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Ocean; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 096SP UT WOS:000241397400002 ER PT J AU Linder, CA Gawarkiewicz, GG Taylor, M AF Linder, Chistopher A. Gawarkiewicz, Glen G. Taylor, Maureen TI Climatological estimation of environmental uncertainty over the middle Atlantic bight shelf and slope SO IEEE JOURNAL OF OCEANIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE climatology; environmental uncertainty; physical oceanography; shelfbreak fronts; surface ducts; thermohaline ID ACOUSTIC PROPAGATION; NEW-ENGLAND; PRIMER EXPERIMENT; WAVE-PACKETS; FRONT; WATER; SOUTH; VARIABILITY; SOLITONS AB Historical hydrographic data are used to determine the spatial and seasonal patterns of uncertainty in thermohaline and sound-speed fields in a well-sampled region, the continental shelf and slope in the Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB). Several different historical databases are combined to produce two-dimensional (2-D) plan view and cross-shelf fields of temperature, salinity, and sound speed in two separate regions, the New England shelf and the shelf off Delaware and Maryland. In addition, spatial maps of the sound-speed fields reveal that the maximum variance of the sound speed occurs at the edge of the continental shelf in the vicinity of the shelfbreak front. The standard deviation of the sound speed was largest during the spring and summer, with magnitudes as large as 14 m/s in a narrow band coinciding with the mean position of the shelfbreak front. During spring the peak in variance was located near the surface outcrop of the front, but during summer the maximum variance was centered at a depth of 30 m, immediately beneath the seasonal thermocline. Comparisons with both synoptic measurements from the Shelfbreak PRIMER experiment as well as moored time series from the Nantucket Shoals Flux Experiment confirm that the shelf-break front is a "hotspot" of uncertainty (maximum variance), and that the vertical structure of the peak variance is dependent on the presence or,absence of the seasonal thermocline. C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Linder, CA (reprint author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM clinder@whoi.edu NR 24 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0364-9059 J9 IEEE J OCEANIC ENG JI IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. PD APR PY 2006 VL 31 IS 2 BP 308 EP 324 DI 10.1109/JOE.2006.877145 PG 17 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Ocean; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 096SP UT WOS:000241397400006 ER PT J AU Godin, OA Zavorotny, VU Voronovich, AG Goncharov, VV AF Godin, Oleg A. Zavorotny, Valery U. Voronovich, Alexander G. Goncharov, Valeriy V. TI Refraction of sound in a horizontally inhomogeneous, time-dependent ocean SO IEEE JOURNAL OF OCEANIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE horizontal refraction; perturbation theory; random media ID INTERNAL WAVE-FIELDS; ACOUSTIC PROPAGATION; SHALLOW-WATER; TRAVEL-TIME; RANDOM-MEDIA; SEA; TRANSMISSION; COHERENCE; SOLITONS AB Measurements of the three-dimensional (3-D) structure of a sound-speed field in the ocean with the spatial and temporal resolution required for prediction of acoustic fields are extremely demanding in terms of experimental assets, and they are rarely available in practice. In this study, a simple analytic technique is developed within the ray approximation to quantify the uncertainty in acoustic travel time and propagation direction that results from an incomplete knowledge or purely statistical characterization of sound-speed variability in the horizontal plane. Variation of frequency of an acoustic wave emitted by a narrowband source due to a temporal variation of environmental parameters is considered for deterministic and random media. In a random medium with locally statistically homogeneous, time-dependent 3-D fluctuations of the sound speed, calculation of the signal frequency and bearing angle variances as well as the travel-time bias due to horizontal refraction is approximately reduced to integration of respective statistical parameters of the environmental fluctuations along a ray in a background, range-dependent, deterministic medium. The technique is applied to acoustic transmissions in a coastal ocean, where tidally generated nonlinear internal waves are the prevailing source of sound-speed fluctuations, and in a deep ocean, where the fluctuations are primarily due to spatially diffuse internal waves with the Garrett-Munk spectrum. The significance of 3-D and four-dimensional (4-D) acoustic effects in deep and shallow water is discussed. C1 Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Russian Acad Sci, PP Shirshov Oceanog Inst, Acoust Waves Propagat Lab, Moscow 117851, Russia. RP Godin, OA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM oleg.godin@noaa.gov RI Godin, Oleg/E-6554-2011 OI Godin, Oleg/0000-0003-4599-2149 NR 46 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0364-9059 J9 IEEE J OCEANIC ENG JI IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. PD APR PY 2006 VL 31 IS 2 BP 384 EP 401 DI 10.1109/JOE.2004.838690 PG 18 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Ocean; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 096SP UT WOS:000241397400011 ER PT J AU Souryal, MR Vojcic, BR Pickholtz, RL AF Souryal, MR Vojcic, BR Pickholtz, RL TI Adaptive modulation in ad hoc DS/CDMA packet radio networks SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Global Telecommunication Conference (GLOBCOM 03) CY DEC 01-05, 2003 CL San Francisco, CA SP IEEE, ICC, IEEE Commun Soc DE adaptive modulation; cochannel interference; code-division multiaccess; packet radio ID OPTIMUM TRANSMISSION RANGES; WIRELESS NETWORKS; PERFORMANCE; CHANNELS AB This paper investigates the benefit of adaptive modulation based on channel state information (CSI) in direct-sequence/ code-division multiple-access (DS/CDMA) multihop packet radio networks. By exploiting varying channel conditions, adaptive modulation can be used in ad hoc networks to provide upper layers with higher capacity links over which to relay traffic. Using the alpha-stable interference model, the distribution of the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) is obtained for a slotted system of randomly, uniformly distributed nodes using multilevel coherent modulation schemes. Performance is evaluated in terms of the information efficiency, which is a new progress-related measure for multihop networks. Three types of adaptivity are analyzed, differing in the level of CSI available: 1) full knowledge of the SIR at the receiver; 2) knowledge of only the signal attenuation due to fading; and 3) knowledge of only the slow fading component of the signal attenuation. The effect of imperfect channel information is also investigated. Sample results are given for interference-limited networks experiencing fourth-power path loss with distance, Ricean fading, and lognormal shadowing. C1 George Washington Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Washington, DC 20052 USA. RP Souryal, MR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Wireless Commun Technol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM souryal@nist.gov; vojcic@gwu.edu; pickholt@gwu.edu NR 23 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0090-6778 J9 IEEE T COMMUN JI IEEE Trans. Commun. PD APR PY 2006 VL 54 IS 4 BP 714 EP 725 DI 10.1109/TCOMM.2006.873092 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 037AJ UT WOS:000237118800018 ER PT J AU Aldridge, BM Bowen, L Smith, BR Antonelis, GA Gulland, F Stott, JL AF Aldridge, BM Bowen, L Smith, BR Antonelis, GA Gulland, F Stott, JL TI Paucity of class I MHC gene heterogeneity between individuals in the endangered Hawaiian monk seal population SO IMMUNOGENETICS LA English DT Article DE major histocompatibility complex; Hawaiian monk seal; endangered species; immunogenetics; immunology ID MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; GRADIENT GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; LION ZALOPHUS-CALIFORNIANUS; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; MASS MORTALITY; SELECTION; POLYMORPHISM; VARIABILITY; DIVERSITY; MONACHUS AB The Hawaiian monk seal population has experienced precipitous declines in the last 50 years. In this study, we provide evidence that individuals from remaining endangered population exhibit alarming uniformity in class I major histocompatibility (MHC) genes. The peripheral blood leukocyte-derived mRNA of six captive animals rescued from a stranding incident on the French frigate shoals in the Hawaiian archipelago was used to characterize genes in the monk seal class I MHC gene family, from which techniques for genotyping the broader population were designed using degenerate primers designed for the three major established human MHC class I loci (HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C), and by sequencing multiple clones, six unique full-length classical MHC class I gene transcripts were identified among the six animals, three of which were only found in single individuals. Since The low degree of sequence variation between these transcripts and the similarity of genotype between individuals provided preliminary evidence for low class I MHC variability in the population. The sequence information from the class I transcripts from these six animals was used to design several primer sets for examining the extent of MHC variability in the remaining population using a combination of polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Several DGGE assays, each one amplifying subtly different class I MHC gene combinations, were designed to compare exons encoding the highly polymorphic domains of the putative peptide-binding region of MHC class I. In combination, these assays failed to show interindividual variability at any of the class I MHC gene loci examined in either the six captive seals or in 80 free-ranging animals (similar to 6.7% of the estimated population) representing all six major subpopulations of Hawaiian monk seal. C1 Univ London Royal Vet Coll, N Mymms AL97TA, Herts, England. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Pathol Microbiol & Immunol, Lab Marine Mammal Immunol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. GGNRA, Marine Mammal Ctr TMMC, Sausalito, CA USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Honolulu, HI USA. RP Aldridge, BM (reprint author), Univ London Royal Vet Coll, Hawkshead Lane, N Mymms AL97TA, Herts, England. EM baldridge@rvc.ac.uk NR 37 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 11 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0093-7711 J9 IMMUNOGENETICS JI Immunogenetics PD APR PY 2006 VL 58 IS 2-3 BP 203 EP 215 DI 10.1007/s00251-005-0069-y PG 13 WC Genetics & Heredity; Immunology SC Genetics & Heredity; Immunology GA 028PQ UT WOS:000236500700013 PM 16528500 ER PT J AU Gierczak, T Burkholder, JB Ravishankara, AR AF Gierczak, T Burkholder, JB Ravishankara, AR TI Rate coefficients for the reaction of OH with OClO between 242 and 392 K SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL KINETICS LA English DT Article ID MECHANISM; KINETICS; HO2NO2; YIELDS AB Rate coefficients are reported for the gas phase reaction of OH with OCIO over the temperature range 242-392 K at 25, 50, and 100 Torr (He). Kinetic measurements were made using pulsed laser photolysis with laser induced fluorescence detection of the OH radical. The measured rate coefficients were independent of pressure and are well represented by k(I) (T) = (1.43 +/- 0.3) x 10(-12) exp(597 +/- 36/T) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) (k(I) (298 K) = 1.06 x 10(-11) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1)). The quoted uncertainties are 2 sigma (95% confidence level) and include estimated systematic errors. Discrepancies with the previous OH + OCIO rate coefficient measurement by Poulet et al. (Int J Chem Kinet 1986, 18, 847-859) are discussed. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Burkholder, JB (reprint author), NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM James.B.Burkholder@noaa.gov RI Burkholder, James/H-4914-2013; Ravishankara, Akkihebbal/A-2914-2011; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0538-8066 J9 INT J CHEM KINET JI Int. J. Chem. Kinet. PD APR PY 2006 VL 38 IS 4 BP 234 EP 241 DI 10.1002/kin.20158 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 025CB UT WOS:000236241800002 ER PT J AU Okin, GS Gillette, DA Herrick, JE AF Okin, GS Gillette, DA Herrick, JE TI Multi-scale controls on and consequences of aeolian processes in landscape change in arid and semi-arid environments SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Landscape Linkages and Cross Scale Interactions in the Chihuahuan Desert held at the 6th Symposium on Natural Resources of the Chiluahuan CY OCT, 2004 CL Alpine, TX SP Chihuahuan Desert Res Inst DE Aeolian processes; desertification; dust emission; landscape change; wind erosion ID WIND EROSION PREDICTION; SOUTHERN NEW-MEXICO; ATMOSPHERIC DUST CYCLE; MINERAL AEROSOL; SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; ROUGH SURFACES; DRAG PARTITION; UNITED-STATES; MOJAVE DESERT; IN-SOURCE AB Aeolian processes are tightly linked to soil and vegetation change in arid and semi-arid systems at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Wind influences patterns of vegetation and soil within the landscape, and these patterns control wind erosion at patch to landscape scales. Aggregated at larger scales, patterns in soil and vegetation distributions influence global distributions of dust and its biogeochemical impacts. Understanding the controls on aeolian processes is therefore important not only in understanding the biogeochemistry and land cover patterns in dryland environments, but also in understanding global land cover, climate, and biogeochemistry. Although the microscopic physics that control aeolian processes are well understood, the controls on these processes in real landscapes are poorly constrained, particularly for structurally complex plant communities such as shrub-invaded grasslands. This paper reviews the controls on aeolian processes and their consequences at plant-interspace, patch-landscape, and regional-global scales. Based on this review, we define the requirements for a cross-scale model of wind erosion in structurally complex arid and semi-arid ecosystems. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. NOAA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Okin, GS (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. EM okin@virginia.edu NR 90 TC 113 Z9 125 U1 3 U2 54 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD APR PY 2006 VL 65 IS 2 BP 253 EP 275 DI 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2005.06.029 PG 23 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 030OZ UT WOS:000236645400006 ER PT J AU Burguera, EF Xu, HHK Weir, MD AF Burguera, EF Xu, HHK Weir, MD TI Injectable and rapid-setting calcium phosphate bone cement with dicalcium phosphate dihydrate SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART B-APPLIED BIOMATERIALS LA English DT Article DE calcium phosphate cement; hydroxyapatite; injectability; rapid setting; bone repair ID 3-DIMENSIONAL FABRICATION TECHNIQUES; HYDROXYAPATITE CEMENT; POROUS HYDROXYAPATITE; TETRACALCIUM PHOSPHATE; TISSUE-RESPONSE; APATITE CEMENT; IN-VIVO; CERAMICS; PERFORMANCE; COMPOSITE AB Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) sets in situ with intimate adaptation to the contours of defect surfaces, and forms an implant having a structure and composition similar to hydroxyapatite, the putative mineral in teeth and bones. The objective of the present study was to develop an injectable CPC using dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) with a high solubility for rapid setting. Two agents were incorporated to impart injectabillity and fast-hardening to the cement: a hardening accelerator (sodium phosphate) and a gelling agent (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, HPMC). The cement with DCPD was designated as CPCD, and the conventional cement was referred to as CPCA. Using water without sodium phosphate, CPCA had a setting time of 82 6 min. In contrast, CPCD exhibited rapid setting with a time of 17 +/- 1 min. At 0.2 mol/L sodium phosphate, setting time for CPCD was 15 1 min, significantly faster than 40 2 min for CPCA (Tukey's at 0.95). Sodium phosphate decreased the paste injectability (measured as the paste mass extruded from the syringe divided by the original paste mass inside the syringe). However, the addition of HPMC dramatically increased the paste injectability. For CPCD, the injectability was increased from 65% +/- 12% without HPMC to 98% +/- 1% with 1% HPMC. Injectability of CPCA was also doubled to 99% +/- 1%. The injectable and rapid-setting CPC, possessed flexural strength and elastic modulus values overlapping the reported values for sintered porous hydroxyapatite implants and cancellous bone. In summary, the rapid setting and relatively high strength and elastic modulus of CPCD should help the graft to quickly attain strength and geometrical integrity within a short period of time postoperatively. Furthermore, the injectability of CPCD may have potential for procedures involving defects with limited accessibility or narrow cavities, when there is a need for precise placement of the paste, and when using minimally invasive surgical techniques. (c) 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Santiago de Compostela, Inst Ceram Galicia, Santiago De Compostela 15782, Spain. RP Xu, HHK (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM hockin.xu@nist.gov RI Weir, Michael/M-7729-2013 OI Weir, Michael/0000-0002-7961-3787 FU NIDCR NIH HHS [R01 DE14190] NR 54 TC 51 Z9 57 U1 2 U2 25 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 1552-4973 J9 J BIOMED MATER RES B JI J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B PD APR PY 2006 VL 77B IS 1 BP 126 EP 134 DI 10.1002/jbm.b.30403 PG 9 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 025JO UT WOS:000236262000018 PM 16184538 ER PT J AU Tewari, YB Phinney, KW Liebman, JF AF Tewari, YB Phinney, KW Liebman, JF TI A thermodynamic study of ketoreductase-catalyzed reactions - 2. Reduction of cycloalkanones in non-aqueous solvents SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE acetone; cycloalkanol; cycloalkanone; equilibrium constant; ketoreductase; 2-propanol; supercritical carbon dioxide; thermodynamics ID ORGANIC-SOLVENTS; EQUILIBRIUM-CONSTANTS; BUTYL ACETATE; LIPASE; TRANSESTERIFICATION; ESTERIFICATION; ACID; (-)-MENTHOL; OXIDATION; ALCOHOLS AB The equilibrium constants for the ketoreductase-catalyzed reactions (cycloalkanone + 2-propanol = cycloalkanol + acetone) have been measured in n-hexane, n-pentane, and supercritical carbon dioxide SCCO2 (pressure = (8.0 to 12.0) MPa). The cycloalkanones included in this study were: cyclobutanone, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, cycloheptanone, and cyclooctanone. The equilibrium constants for the reactions involving cyclobutanone and cyclohexanone were measured in n-hexane over the range T = (288.35 to 308.05) K. The thermodynamic quantities at T = 298.15 K are: K = (0.763 +/- 0.001); A(r)G(m)(o) = (0.670 +/- 0.002) kJ . mol(-1); Delta H-r(m)o = -(1.09 +/- 0.11) kJ . mol(-1), and Delta S-r(m)o = -(5.9 +/- 0.4) J . K-1 . mol(-1) for the reaction involving cyclobutanone; and (15.7 +/- 0.2); Delta(r)G(m)(o) = -(6.82 +/- 0.02) kJ . mol(-1); Delta H-r(m)o = -(4.6 +/- 1.0) kJ . mol(-1), and Delta S-r(m)o = (7.4 +/- 3.3) J . K-1 . mol(-1) for the reaction involving cyclohexanone, respectively. An inspection of the equilibrium constants for these reactions in n-hexane, n-pentane, and SCCO2 shows that solvent dependence is not significant. The equilibrium constants of cycloalkanones decrease with increasing value of the number of carbons, N-c with the exception of cyclohexanone. The cyclohexanol, which adopts a nearly strainless, idealized tetrahedral conformation around each carbon, is thermodynamically favored and more stable compared to other cycloalkanol rings, and this is reflected in the significantly higher value of the equilibrium constant obtained for this reaction. Comparisons with results obtained by using two independent thermochemical routes are also made. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Chem, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. RP Tewari, YB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM yadu.tewari@nist.gov NR 29 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0021-9614 J9 J CHEM THERMODYN JI J. Chem. Thermodyn. PD APR PY 2006 VL 38 IS 4 BP 388 EP 395 DI 10.1016/j.jct.2005.06.005 PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA 032PL UT WOS:000236786600005 ER PT J AU Fan, Y Van den Dool, HM Lohmann, D Mitchell, K AF Fan, Y Van den Dool, HM Lohmann, D Mitchell, K TI 1948-98 US hydrological reanalysis by the Noah land data assimilation system SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SOIL-MOISTURE; UNITED-STATES; SURFACE; MODEL; PRECIPITATION; PREDICTION; CLIMATE; TEMPERATURE; NCEP/NCAR; WETNESS AB Land surface variables, such as soil moisture, are among the most important components of memory for the climate system. A more accurate and long time series of land surface data is very important for real-time drought monitoring, for understanding land surface-atmosphere interaction, and for improving weather and climate prediction. Thus, the ultimate goal of the present work is to produce a long-term "land reanalysis" with 1) retrospective and 2) real-time update components that are both generated in a manner that remains temporally homogeneous throughout the record. As the first step of the above goal, the retrospective component is reported here. Specifically, a 51-yr (1948-98) set of hourly land surface meteorological forcing is produced and used to execute the Noah land surface model, all on the 1/8 degrees grid of the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS). The surface forcing includes air temperature, air humidity, surface pressure, wind speed, and surface downward shortwave and longwave radiation. all derived from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction-National Center For Atmospheric Research (NCEP-NCAR) Global Reanalysis. Additionally, a newly improved precipitation analysis is used to provide realistic hourly precipitation forcing on the NLDAS grid. Some unique procedures are described and applied to yield retroactive forcing that is temporally homogeneous over the 51 yr at the spatial and temporal resolution, including a terrain height adjustment that accounts for the terrain differences between the global reanalysis and the NLDAS. The land model parameters and fixed fields are derived from existing high-resolution datasets of vegetation, soil, and orography. The land reanalysis output from the Noah land surface model consists of eight energy balance components and skin temperature, which are output at 3-hourly intervals, and 15 other variables (i.e., water balance components, surface state variables, etc.), which are output at daily intervals for the period of I January 1948 through 31 December 1998. Using soil moisture observations throughout Illinois over 1984-98 as validation, an improvement in the simulated soil moisture (of the Noah model versus a forerunner leaky bucket model) is illustrated in terms of an improved annual cycle (much better phasing) and somewhat higher anomaly correlation for the anomalies, especially in central and southern Illinois. Nonetheless, considerable room for model improvement remains. For example, the simulated anomalies are overly uniform in the vertical compared to the observations, and some likely routes for model improvement in this aspect are proposed. C1 NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, NCEP, NWS, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RS Informat Syst Inc, Mclean, VA USA. NOAA, Environm Modeling Ctr, NCEP, NWS, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, NCEP, NWS, 5200 Auth Rd,Rm 806, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM yun.fan@noaa.gov NR 45 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD APR 1 PY 2006 VL 19 IS 7 BP 1214 EP 1237 DI 10.1175/JCLI3681.1 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 038MU UT WOS:000237226700012 ER PT J AU Bertness, KA Sanford, NA Barker, JM Schlager, JB Roshko, A Davydov, AV Levin, I AF Bertness, KA Sanford, NA Barker, JM Schlager, JB Roshko, A Davydov, AV Levin, I TI Catalyst-free growth of GaN nanowires SO JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC MATERIALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 47th Electronic Materials Conference CY JUN, 2005 CL Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA HO Univ Calif Santa Barbara DE gallium nitride; molecular beam epitaxy (MBE); nanostructures; nanotechnology ID MOLECULAR-BEAM EPITAXY; NANOSTRUCTURES AB We have grown GaN and AlGaN nanowires on Si (111) substrates with gas-source molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). No metal catalysts were used. The nanowires displayed a number of interesting materials properties, including room-temperature luminescence intensity greater than that of free-standing HYPE-grown GaN, relaxed lattice parameters, and the tendency of nanowires dispersed in solvents to align in response to electric fields. The wires were well separated, 50-250 nm in diameter, and grew to lengths ranging from 2 mu m to 7 mu m. Transmission electron microscopy indicated that the wires were free of defects, unlike the surrounding matrix layer. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bertness, KA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM bertness@boulder.nist.gov RI Davydov, Albert/F-7773-2010; Levin, Igor/F-8588-2010 OI Davydov, Albert/0000-0003-4512-2311; NR 15 TC 67 Z9 69 U1 1 U2 24 PU MINERALS METALS MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0361-5235 J9 J ELECTRON MATER JI J. Electron. Mater. PD APR PY 2006 VL 35 IS 4 BP 576 EP 580 DI 10.1007/s11664-006-0102-4 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA 036UQ UT WOS:000237101800013 ER PT J AU Gall, K Liu, YP Routkevitch, D Finch, DS AF Gall, K Liu, YP Routkevitch, D Finch, DS TI Instrumented microindentation of nanoporous alumina films SO JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article DE electrochemical synthesis; ceramic; porosity; scanning electron microscopy (SEM); hardness; nanoscale ID POROUS ANODIC ALUMINA; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; PHASE-SINTERED ALUMINA; HERTZIAN CONTACT; ELASTIC-MODULUS; ELECTROCHEMICAL FABRICATION; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; OXIDE PORES; INDENTATION; ARRAYS AB We examine the mechanical behavior of anodic alumina thin films with organized nanometer-scale porosity The cylindrical pores in the alumina film are arranged perpendicular to the film thickness in a near-perfect triangular lattice. The films used in this work had pore diameters ranging from 35 to 75 rim, and volume fractions ranging from 10% to 45%. Films with both amorphous and crystalline structures were considered. Mechanical properties of the thin films were studied using an instrumented indentor to measure the force-depth response of the films during indentation or the,force-deflection response of micromachined beams in bending. The films showed increasing hardness/ modulus with a decrease in pore volume fraction or transformation from amorphous to a polycrystalline alpha-alumina phase. The asymmetric films show higher hardness and modulus on their barrier side (with closed pores) relative to their open pore side. The force-depth response, measured with a spherical ball indentor, demonstrates fairly good agreement with an elastic Hertzian contact solution. The force-depth response, measured with a sharp Vickers indentor, shows an elastoplastic response. Microcracking at the corners of sharp indentations was not observed in amorphous nanoporous films, and rarely in harder; crystalline nanoporous films. High-resolution scanning electron microscopy revealed a collapse of the nanoporous structure beneath the indentor tip during sharp indentation. The results are discussed in light of continuum-based models for the elastic properties of porous solids. In general, the models are not capable of predicting the change in modulus of the films, given pore volume fraction and the properties of bulk crystalline alumina. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Mech Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Nanomat Res LLC, Longmont, CO 80501 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Reliabil Div 853, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Gall, K (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Mech Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 46 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 4 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0094-4289 J9 J ENG MATER-T ASME JI J. Eng. Mater. Technol.-Trans. ASME PD APR PY 2006 VL 128 IS 2 BP 225 EP 233 DI 10.1115/1.2172626 PG 9 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 028ZC UT WOS:000236526300013 ER PT J AU Dienstfrey, A Huang, JF AF Dienstfrey, A Huang, JF TI Integral representations for elliptic functions SO JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE elliptic functions; eisenstein series; planewave expansions; lattice sums ID MULTIPOLE ALGORITHM; ZETA-FUNCTIONS; LATTICE SUMS AB We derive new integral representations for constituents of the classical theory of elliptic functions: the Eisenstein series, and Weierstrass' sigma and zeta functions. The derivations proceed from the Laplace-Mellin representation of multipoles, and an elementary lemma on the summation of 2D geometric series. In addition, we present results concerning the analytic continuation of the Eisenstein series to an entire function in the complex plane, and the value of the conditionally convergent series, denoted by (E) over tilde2 below, as a function of summation over increasingly large rectangles with arbitrary fixed aspect ratio.(1) Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Dienstfrey, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM andrewd@boulder.nist.gov NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-247X J9 J MATH ANAL APPL JI J. Math. Anal. Appl. PD APR 1 PY 2006 VL 316 IS 1 BP 142 EP 160 DI 10.1016/j.jmaa.2005.04.058 PG 19 WC Mathematics, Applied; Mathematics SC Mathematics GA 018JQ UT WOS:000235760900011 ER PT J AU Lovas, FJ Groner, P AF Lovas, FJ Groner, P TI Microwave spectra of mono-C-13 substituted acetone, (CH3)(2)CO SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE acetone isotopic species; Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy; internal rotation; rotational spectrum; structure; radio astronomy ID TORSIONAL GROUND-STATE; INTERNAL-ROTATION; INTERSTELLAR ACETONE; GHZ; PREDICTIONS; ASSIGNMENTS; MOLECULES AB The microwave spectra of the two mono-C-13 isotopic forms of acetone are reported for the first time. Measurements were carried out from 11 to 25 GHz with a pulsed-beam Fourier-transform microwave spectrometer. Because overall rotation interacts with the internal rotations of the methyl groups, the spectra were analyzed with an effective rotational Hamiltonian for molecules with two periodic large-amplitude internal motions. In acetone-2-C-13, the methyl groups are equivalent; in acetone-1-C-13, they are not. The molecular structure has been re-examined by including rotational constant data on other isotopic forms reported previously. An equilibrium structure for acetone has been derived from the observed rotational constants and vibration-rotation constants calculated from ab initio force fields. (C) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Chem, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Groner, P (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Chem, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA. EM gronerp@umkc.edu NR 25 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2852 J9 J MOL SPECTROSC JI J. Mol. Spectrosc. PD APR PY 2006 VL 236 IS 2 BP 173 EP 177 DI 10.1016/j.jms.2006.01.009 PG 5 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 036LH UT WOS:000237072100004 ER PT J AU Kattner, UR AF Kattner, UR TI Efficient phase diagram information and computational thermodynamics SO JOURNAL OF PHASE EQUILIBRIA AND DIFFUSION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on User Aspects of Phase Diagrams, Material Solutions Conference and Exposition CY OCT 18-20, 2004 CL Columbus, OH SP ASM DE computational thermodynamics; data storage; graphical representation; materials properties; special task; software ID MULTICOMPONENT ALLOYS; SOLIDIFICATION; SOFTWARE; BEHAVIOR; MODEL AB Industries that process and use metals, from microelectronics to aerospace, can use phase equilibria data for designing and processing complex alloys (three or more components) and diffusion data for controlling the formation and dissolution of precipitate phases within a matrix or at an interface. The number of images or data tables that would be needed for the graphic representation of such data is prohibitively large for systems with a large number of components. Databases that store thermodynamic and diffusion data as analytical functions provide a compact, retrievable storage method. They also permit the extrapolation of properties from binary and ternary systems to higher-order systems based on a physical model. Special task software that allows the nonexpert to extract the required information has been developed for the casting of superalloys and the solidification of Pb-free solders. Examples of user-friendly data representation and data utilization in advanced applications are presented. C1 NIST, Met Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kattner, UR (reprint author), NIST, Met Div, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8555, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM ursula.kattner@nist.gov NR 30 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU ASM INTERNATIONAL PI MATERIALS PARK PA SUBSCRIPTIONS SPECIALIST CUSTOMER SERVICE, MATERIALS PARK, OH 44073-0002 USA SN 1547-7037 J9 J PHASE EQUILIB DIFF JI J. Phase Equilib. Diffus. PD APR PY 2006 VL 27 IS 2 BP 126 EP 132 DI 10.1361/1540306X97146 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 027QM UT WOS:000236430200003 ER PT J AU Lindeberg, M Lindstrom, S Saupe, S AF Lindeberg, M. Lindstrom, S. Saupe, S. TI www.seaweedsofalaska.com - A photorich portal to the taxonomy of Alaskan seaweeds and their habitats SO JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Bot, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA NMFS, Auke Bay Labs, Juneau, AK USA. Cook Inlet Reg Citizens Advisory Council, Kenai, AK USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-3646 J9 J PHYCOL JI J. Phycol. PD APR PY 2006 VL 42 SU 1 MA 133 BP 41 EP 42 PG 2 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 161HH UT WOS:000246004900134 ER PT J AU Triemer, R Bennett, M Zimba, P Moeller, P Beauchesne, K AF Triemer, R. Bennett, M. Zimba, P. Moeller, P. Beauchesne, K. TI A novel pigment biomarker for identification of some euglenophyceae SO JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Plant Biol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. USDA, Agr Res Serv, Stoneville, MS USA. Natl Ocean Serv, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-3646 J9 J PHYCOL JI J. Phycol. PD APR PY 2006 VL 42 SU 1 MA 139 BP 43 EP 43 PG 1 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 161HH UT WOS:000246004900140 ER PT J AU Tribollet, A Langdon, C Golubic, S Atkinson, M AF Tribollet, A Langdon, C Golubic, S Atkinson, M TI Endolithic microflora are major primary producers in dead carbonate substrates of Hawaiian coral reefs SO JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Article DE coral reefs; endolithic phototrophs; epilithic phototrophs; Hawaii, primary production; shoreward-seaward transect ID EPILITHIC ALGAL COMMUNITY; CURACAO NETHERLANDS-ANTILLES; GREAT-BARRIER-REEF; FRENCH-POLYNESIA; BENTHIC ALGAE; KANEOHE BAY; MICROBIAL ENDOLITHS; OSTREOBIUM SP; MICROBORERS; BIOEROSION AB To quantify the contribution of endolithic phototrophs to primary production of dead carbonate substrates, experimental blocks of cleaned Porites lobata Dana skeleton were placed at three different sites in Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii: inshore, lagoonal, and oceanic. After 6 months of exposure, experimental blocks were colonized by communities characteristic of their estuarine (inshore, lagoonal) and oceanic (ocean) environments. Blocks were sub-sampled; net photosynthesis (NP) and chl a concentrations of the whole blocks (epi- and endoliths) and scrapped blocks (only endoliths) were quantified. Green turf algae colonized predominantly inshore and lagoonal blocks, while encrusting corallines were the dominant epiliths colonizing oceanic blocks. Four main species of endolithic phototrophs were identified in all blocks: Mastigocoleus testarum Lagerheim, Plectonema terebrans Bornet and Flahault (cyanobacteria), Phaeophila dendroides Crouan and Crouan, and Ostreobium quekettii Bornet and Flahault (Chlorophytes). While epiliths were very different between sites, NP rates and chl a concentration of endoliths did not vary significantly and were positively correlated (191 +/- 25 mmol C.m(-2).day(-1) and 590 +/- 150 mg chl a.m(-2) of reef, respectively). Assimilation numbers for whole communities, including both epilithic and endolithic communities, were similar to those measured for endolithic communities alone (average of 0.3 g C.g chl a.h(-1)). Under experimental conditions, the contribution of endolithic phototrophs to community NP rates of blocks ranged from 56% to 81%, and under natural conditions, we estimated that this contribution ranged between 32% and 46%. Thus, we showed that the endolithic phototrophs are one of the major primary producers in dead coral substrates in a wide range of coral reef environments. C1 Columbia Univ, Biosphere Ctr 2, New York, NY 10027 USA. Hawaii Inst Marine Biol, Kaneohe, HI 96744 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Boston Univ, Dept Biol, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RP Tribollet, A (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, CRED, 1125B Ala Maona Blvd, Honolulu, HI 96816 USA. EM aline@hawaii.edu NR 60 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 19 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-3646 J9 J PHYCOL JI J. Phycol. PD APR PY 2006 VL 42 IS 2 BP 292 EP 303 DI 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2006.00198.x PG 12 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 029GO UT WOS:000236549100004 ER PT J AU Millie, DF Weckman, GR Pigg, RJ Tester, PA Dyble, J Litaker, RW Carrick, HJ Fahnenstiel, GL AF Millie, DF Weckman, GR Pigg, RJ Tester, PA Dyble, J Litaker, RW Carrick, HJ Fahnenstiel, GL TI Modeling phytoplankton abundance in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron: Using artificial neural networks to discern functional influence of environmental variables and relevance to a great lakes observing system SO JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Article DE algae; chl; ecosystem modeling; Laurentian Great Lakes; phytoplankton ID MUSSEL DREISSENA-POLYMORPHA; EPISODIC SEDIMENT RESUSPENSION; ZEBRA MUSSELS; MICHIGAN PHYTOPLANKTON; NUTRIENT LIMITATION; OCEAN OBSERVATIONS; CHLOROPHYLL-A; WATER-QUALITY; ALGAL BLOOMS; FOOD-WEB AB Phytoplankton abundance, as chl a, in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron was modeled using artificial neural networks. Suites of abiotic variables served as predictors for the trends/patterns in chl a concentrations. Spatial and temporal gradients of sampling stations throughout the bay were evident, with physical/chemical differences arising from hydrological/meteorological forcing and zebra mussel recruitment. Chlorophyll a concentrations displayed corresponding disparities; concentrations differed between the inner and outer bays and varied intra- and inter-annually. Trained networks reproduced the intrinsic variance and magnitude of chl a dynamics. Modeled-measured concentrations best approximated a 1:1 relationship in a hybrid network incorporating both supervised and unsupervised training whereas concentrations greater than 15 mu g/L were underestimated in networks utilizing only supervised training, likely because of inadequate training data. Variables indicative of phytoplankton nutrition, acting as proxy measurements of algal biomass, and/or corresponding to descriptors of hydrological and meteorological forcing had the greatest influence upon modeled concentrations. A conjunctive decision tree and a novel sensitivity analysis provided rule-based information and comprehensible interpretation of relationships among multiple predictor variables. From this, the "knowledge" embedded in trained networks proved extractable and usable for ecological theory generation and/or decision making within water-quality problem solving. Forecasting initiatives within the developing Great Lakes Observing System may be best served by embedding neural networks in mechanistic models to quantitatively initialize variables, qualitatively delineate conditions for projecting ecological structure, and/or estimate deviations from predictability within mechanistic simulations. C1 Univ S Florida, Florida Inst Oceanog, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, Florida Wildlife Res Inst, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Ohio Univ, Dept Ind & Mfg Syst Engn, Athens, OH 45701 USA. Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Penn State Univ, Sch Forest Resources Fisheries & Wildlife, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Lake Michigan Field Stn, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. RP Millie, DF (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Florida Inst Oceanog, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. EM david.millie@myfwc.com NR 88 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 6 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-3646 J9 J PHYCOL JI J. Phycol. PD APR PY 2006 VL 42 IS 2 BP 336 EP 349 DI 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2006.00209.x PG 14 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 029GO UT WOS:000236549100008 ER PT J AU Han, WQ Shinoda, T Fu, LL McCreary, JP AF Han, Weiqing Shinoda, Toshiaki Fu, Lee-Lueng McCreary, Julian P. TI Impact of atmospheric intraseasonal oscillations on the Indian Ocean dipole during the 1990s SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; 1997-98 EL-NINO; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; EQUATORIAL; DYNAMICS; CONVECTION; PACIFIC; MONSOON; ANOMALIES AB Effects of atmospheric intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs) on the Indian Ocean zonal dipole mode (IOZDM) are investigated by analyzing available observations and a suite of solutions to an ocean general circulation model, namely, the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM). Data and model solutions for the period 1991-2000 are analyzed, a period that includes two strong IOZDM events, during 1994 and 1997, and a weak one, in 1991. Both the data analysis and model results suggest that atmospheric ISOs play a significant role in causing irregularity of the two strong IOZDM events and the premature termination of the weak one. Of particular interest is a basinwide, wind-driven oceanic resonance with a period near 90 days, involving the propagation of equatorial Kelvin and first-meridional-mode Rossby waves across the basin. Before the onset of the strong 1997 dipole, wind variability had significant power near 90 days, and the resonance was strongly excited. Associated with the resonance was a deepened thermocline in the eastern basin during August and early September, which reduced the upwelling in the eastern antinode region of the IOZDM, thereby delaying the reversal of the equatorial zonal SST gradient-an important indicator of a strong IOZDM-by over a month. A similar deepened thermocline in the eastern basin also contributed to the premature termination of the weak 1991 dipole. During the 1994 IOZDM, the winds had little power near 90 days, and the resonant mode was not prominent. The ISOs influenced the IOZDM through both surface fluxes and thermocline variability. They enhanced warming in the western antinode region during October, the peak phase of the IOZDM, intensifying its strength. During November, strong winds significantly cooled the western and central basin through upwelling and surface fluxes, cooling SST there and contributing to the early and quick termination of the 1994 event. C1 Univ Colorado, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Int Pacific Res Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Han, WQ (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, UCB 311, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM whan@enso.colorado.edu RI Shinoda, Toshiaki/J-3745-2016 OI Shinoda, Toshiaki/0000-0003-1416-2206 NR 57 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 EI 1520-0485 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD APR PY 2006 VL 36 IS 4 BP 670 EP 690 DI 10.1175/JPO2892.1 PG 21 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 047NX UT WOS:000237887100007 ER PT J AU Johnson, GC AF Johnson, GC TI Generation and initial evolution of a mode water theta-S anomaly SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID DENSITY RATIO; PACIFIC; SALINITY; SOUTH; OCEANS; TEMPERATURE; CIRCULATION; SPICINESS; TRACER AB Generation and evolution of an isopycnal potential temperature-salinity (theta-S), or spiciness, anomaly is studied around 20 degrees-23 degrees S, 110 degrees W in the austral winter of 2004. Two profiling CTD floats deployed in the region in January 2004 provide the observations. The anomaly (defined as relative to water properties of the preceding summer) is very large (initially about 0.35 in S and about 0.9 degrees C in theta). It is associated with the winter ventilation of a thick, low-potential-vorticity layer known as South Pacific Eastern Subtropical Mode Water. Regional lateral theta and S distributions at the surface predispose the ocean to formation of this water mass and allow significant anomalies to be generated there with relative ease. The water mass is potentially important for climate in that, after northwestward advection in the South Equatorial Current, it contributes to the Equatorial Undercurrent and eventually resurfaces in the cold tongue of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. The anomaly studied is strong enough to predispose a portion of the water column to salt fingering, increasing vertical mixing. Although lateral processes are no doubt important in evolution of the anomaly, the vertical mixing appears to be sufficiently vigorous to reduce it significantly within 6 months after its formation by spreading it to denser horizons through diapycnal fluxes. By that time the anomaly is most likely sufficiently diffuse so that subsequent evolution from diapycnal fluxes is significantly reduced as it makes its way toward the equator. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Johnson, GC (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE,Bldg 3, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM gregory.c.johnson@noaa.gov RI Johnson, Gregory/I-6559-2012 OI Johnson, Gregory/0000-0002-8023-4020 NR 28 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD APR PY 2006 VL 36 IS 4 BP 739 EP 751 DI 10.1175/JPO2895.1 PG 13 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 047NX UT WOS:000237887100011 ER PT J AU Meyer, C Pascui, O Reichert, D Sander, LC Wise, SA Albert, K AF Meyer, C Pascui, O Reichert, D Sander, LC Wise, SA Albert, K TI Conformational temperature dependence of a poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) stationary phase investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and liquid chromatography SO JOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE carotenoids; poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) stationary phase; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; shape selectivity; solid-state and suspended-state NMR spectroscopy ID SOLID-STATE NMR; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; HYDROPHOBIC INTERACTION CHROMATOGRAPHY; BLOCK-LIKE SOLUTES; SHAPE SELECTIVITY; CAROTENOID ISOMERS; MOLECULAR THEORY; CHAIN ORDER; SEPARATION; RETENTION AB A polymer-based RP sorbent was prepared by immobilizing a poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) copolymer with an acid mass fraction of 5% on silica by using a 3-glycidoxypropyl linkage. C-13 cross-polarization/magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy of the sorbent, either in the dry state or suspended in the mobile phase, showed an increase in mobility at elevated temperatures. Alkyl chain segments with gauche conformations were More mobile than chain segments with trans conformations. The strength of the C-13-H-1 dipolar couplings in the alkyl chains was measured using the constant time dipolar and chemical shift pulse sequence, revealing less molecular motion for the trans conformation. Non-linear van't Hoff plots were observed for separations of shape-constrained solutes (such as geometric beta-carotene isomers and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). At higher temperatures, the retention behavior was similar to that of monomeric C-18 sorbents, whereas at ambient and lower temperatures, enhanced shape-selective properties were exhibited similar to those of polymeric C-30 sorbents. C1 Univ Tubingen, Inst Organ Chem, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany. Univ Halle, Dept Phys, NMR & Biophys Grp, Halle, Germany. NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Analyt Chem Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Albert, K (reprint author), Univ Tubingen, Inst Organ Chem, Morgenstelle 18, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany. EM klaus.albert@uni-tuebingen.de NR 62 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 7 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1615-9306 J9 J SEP SCI JI J. Sep. Sci. PD APR PY 2006 VL 29 IS 6 BP 820 EP 828 DI 10.1002/jssc.200500376 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 037QP UT WOS:000237162300011 PM 16830494 ER PT J AU Hart, DR AF Hart, DR TI Rotational management of the United States Atlantic Sea scallop fishery SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NOAA, Northeast Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI GROTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, UNIV CONNECTICUT, 1080 SHENNECOSSETT RD, GROTON, CT 06340 USA SN 0730-8000 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD APR PY 2006 VL 25 IS 1 BP 285 EP 285 PG 1 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 037LX UT WOS:000237149500060 ER PT J AU Hart, DR AF Hart, DR TI Effects of sea star and crab predators on sea scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) recruitment in the Mid-Atlantic Bight (USA). SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NOAA, Northeast Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI GROTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, UNIV CONNECTICUT, 1080 SHENNECOSSETT RD, GROTON, CT 06340 USA SN 0730-8000 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD APR PY 2006 VL 25 IS 1 BP 285 EP 285 PG 1 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 037LX UT WOS:000237149500059 ER PT J AU Hartman, MR Brady, SK Berliner, R Conradi, MS AF Hartman, MR Brady, SK Berliner, R Conradi, MS TI The evolution of structural changes in ettringite during thermal decomposition SO JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE thermal treatment; neutron powder diffraction; spectroscopy; physical properties; calcium aluminate cement; ettringite ID MAGNETIC-RESONANCE RELAXATION; MODEL-FREE APPROACH; NUCLEAR; MACROMOLECULES; NMR AB The thermal decomposition of ettringite, Ca-6[Al(OH)(6)](2)(SO4)(3) center dot similar to 26H(2)O, was studied with pulsed neutron time-of-flight diffraction combined with Rietveld Structure refinement. Like prior investigations, transition from a crystalline to amorphous state Occurred following the loss of similar to 20 water molecules. In contrast to earlier investigations, which relied upon indirect measurements of water and hydroxyl occupancies, the present study inferred the occupancies directly from Rietveld crystal structure refinement of the diffraction data. The decomposition pathway was shown to be more complex than previously envisioned, involving the simultaneous loss Of hydroxyl and water molecules. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy studies of the rigid lattice lineshapes of fully and partially hydrated ettringite were performed and confirmed Our decomposition model. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Washington Univ, Dept Phys, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. RP Hartman, MR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8562, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM michael.hartman@nist.gov NR 25 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-4596 J9 J SOLID STATE CHEM JI J. Solid State Chem. PD APR PY 2006 VL 179 IS 4 BP 1259 EP 1272 DI 10.1016/j.jssc.2006.01.038 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 028PW UT WOS:000236501300040 ER PT J AU Godin, OA AF Godin, OA TI Calculation of amplitudes of acoustic normal modes from the reciprocity principle SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article AB Recently, J. D. Achenbach [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 116, 1481-1487 (2004)] put forward, on heuristic grounds, an elegant technique to calculate amplitudes of guided waves in an elastic solid. The technique is based on application of the reciprocity principle. In this article, the technique is applied to acoustic waveguides. A mathematical justification of the technique is obtained. The technique is extended to enable calculation of excitation coefficients of modes of both discrete and continuous spectra by a given sound. source. The results are shown to be identical to those derived with the traditional methods that rely on integral transforms. (c) 2006 Acoustical Society of America. C1 Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, DSRC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Godin, OA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CIRES, Mail Code R-PSD,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM oleg.godin@noaa.gov RI Godin, Oleg/E-6554-2011 OI Godin, Oleg/0000-0003-4599-2149 NR 10 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD APR PY 2006 VL 119 IS 4 BP 2096 EP 2100 DI 10.1121/1.2167148 PG 5 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 033SG UT WOS:000236868900024 PM 16642823 ER PT J AU Voronovich, AG Ostashev, VE AF Voronovich, AG Ostashev, VE TI Mean field of a low-frequency sound wave propagating in a fluctuating ocean SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article AB Statistical characteristics of low-frequency sound waves propagating over long distances in a fluctuating ocean are important for many practical problems. In this paper, using the theory of multiple scattering, the mean field of a low-frequency sound wave was analytically calculated. In these calculations, the ratio of the sound wavelength and the scale of random inhomogeneities can be arbitrary. Furthermore, the correlation function of inhomogeneities is expressed in terms of a modal spectrum (e.g., internal waves modes). The obtained mean sound field is expressed as a sum of normal modes that attenuate exponentially. It is shown that the extinction coefficients of the modes are linearly related to the spectrum of random inhomogeneities in the ocean. Measurements of the extinction coefficients can therefore be used for retrieving this spectrum. The mean sound field is calculated for both 3D and 2D geometries of sound propagation. The results obtained can be used to study the range of applicability of the 2D propagation model. (c) 2006 Acoustical Society of America. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Voronovich, AG (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM atexander.voronovich@noaa.gov NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD APR PY 2006 VL 119 IS 4 BP 2101 EP 2105 DI 10.1121/1.2177591 PG 5 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 033SG UT WOS:000236868900025 PM 16642824 ER PT J AU Coniglio, MC Stensrud, DJ Wicker, LJ AF Coniglio, MC Stensrud, DJ Wicker, LJ TI Effects of upper-level shear on the structure and maintenance of strong quasi-linear mesoscale convective systems SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID LIVED SQUALL LINES; DENSITY CURRENTS; LEADING PRECIPITATION; ENVIRONMENTAL SHEAR; UNITED-STATES; WARM-SEASON; PART I; MODEL; SIMULATION; EVOLUTION AB Recent observational studies have shown that strong midlatitude mesoscale convective systems (MCSS) tend to decay as they move into environments with less instability and smaller deep-layer vertical wind shear. These observed shear profiles that contain significant upper-level shear are often different from the shear profiles considered to be the most favorable for the maintenance of strong, long-lived convective systems in some past idealized simulations. Thus, to explore the role of upper-level shear in strong MCS environments, a set of two-dimensional (2D) simulations of density currents within a dry, statically neutral environment is used to quantify the dependence of lifting along an idealized cold pool on the upper-level shear. A set of three-dimensional (3D) simulations of MCSs is produced to gauge the effects of the upper-level shear in a more realistic framework. Results from the 2D experiments show that the addition of upper-level shear to a wind profile with weak to moderate low-level shear increases the vertical displacement of parcels despite a decrease in the vertical velocity along the cold pool interface. Parcels that are elevated above the surface (1-2 km) overturn and are responsible for the deep lifting in the deep-shear environments, while the surface-based parcels typically are lifted through the cold pool region in a rearward-sloping path. This deep overturning helps to maintain the leading convection and greatly increases the size and total precipitation output of the convective systems in more complex 3D simulations, even in the presence of 3D structures. These results show that the shear profile throughout the entire troposphere must be considered to gain a more complete understanding of the structure and maintenance of strong midlatitude MCSs. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Coniglio, MC (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM Michael.Coniglio@noaa.gov NR 52 TC 58 Z9 60 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD APR PY 2006 VL 63 IS 4 BP 1231 EP 1252 DI 10.1175/JAS3681.1 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 038CY UT WOS:000237197300007 ER PT J AU Ming, Y Ramaswamy, V Donner, LJ Phillips, VTJ AF Ming, Y Ramaswamy, V Donner, LJ Phillips, VTJ TI A new parameterization of cloud droplet activation applicable to general circulation models SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID KINETIC LIMITATIONS; AEROSOL; ALBEDO; PREDICTION; SULFATE; GROWTH; NUMBER AB A new parameterization is proposed to link the droplet number concentration to the size distribution and chemical composition of aerosol and updraft velocity. Except for an empirical assumption of droplet growth, the parameterization is formulated almost entirely on first principles to allow for satisfactory performance under a variety of conditions. For a series of updraft velocity ranging from 0.03 to 10.0 m s(-1), the droplet number concentrations predicted with the parameterization are in good agreement with the detailed parcel model simulations with an average error of -4 +/- 26% (one standard deviation). The accuracy is comparable to or better than some existing parameterizations. The parameterization is able to account for the effects of droplet surface tension and mass accommodation coefficient on activation without adjusting the empirical parameter. These desirable attributes make the parameterization suitable for being used in the prognostic determination of the cloud droplet number concentration in general circulation models (GCMs). C1 Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Ming, Y (reprint author), Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM Yi.Ming@noaa.gov RI Ming, Yi/F-3023-2012 NR 22 TC 77 Z9 77 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD APR PY 2006 VL 63 IS 4 BP 1348 EP 1356 DI 10.1175/JAS3686.1 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 038CY UT WOS:000237197300014 ER PT J AU Gerginov, V Knappe, S Shah, V Schwindt, PDD Hollberg, L Kitching, J AF Gerginov, V Knappe, S Shah, V Schwindt, PDD Hollberg, L Kitching, J TI Long-term frequency instability of atomic frequency references based on coherent population trapping and microfabricated vapor cells SO JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B-OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SEMICONDUCTOR-LASERS; CLOCK; MODULATION; STABILITY; VCSEL AB We present an evaluation of the long-term frequency instability and enviromnental sensitivity of a chip-scale atomic clock based on coherent population trapping, particularly as affected by the light-source subassembly. The long-term frequency stability of this type of device can be dramatically improved by judicious choice of operating parameters of the light-source subassembly. We find that the clock frequency is influenced by the laser-injection current, the laser temperature, and the rf modulation index. The sensitivity of the clock frequency to changes in the laser-injection current or the substrate temperature can be significantly reduced through adjustment of the rf modulation index. This makes the requirements imposed on the laser-temperature stabilization, in order to achieve a given frequency stability, less severe. The clock-frequency instability due to variations in local oscillator power is shown to be reduced through the choice of an appropriate light intensity inside the cell. The importance of these parameters with regard to the long-term stability of such systems is discussed. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America. C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Gerginov, V (reprint author), Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. EM gerginov@boulder.nist.gov NR 25 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 7 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0740-3224 J9 J OPT SOC AM B JI J. Opt. Soc. Am. B-Opt. Phys. PD APR PY 2006 VL 23 IS 4 BP 593 EP 597 DI 10.1364/JOSAB.23.000593 PG 5 WC Optics SC Optics GA 031CM UT WOS:000236681700001 ER PT J AU Mandelbaum, I Bolshtyansky, M Heinz, TF Walker, ARH AF Mandelbaum, I Bolshtyansky, M Heinz, TF Walker, ARH TI Method for measuring the Raman gain tensor in optical fibers SO JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B-OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SCATTERING; SPECTRUM; SILICA AB We present a technique to measure the tensor components of the Raman gain spectrum in a short piece of optical fiber. Using this approach, we obtain results for the frequency dependence of the Raman gain tensor in a silica-based fiber for Raman shifts from less than 1 to over 15 THz. We compare these data with measurements of spontaneous Raman scattering in bulk silica and find good agreement for the depolarization ratio, including in the low-frequency regime. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. JDS Uniphase Corp, W Trenton, NJ 08638 USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Phys, New York, NY 10514 USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Elect Engn, New York, NY 10514 USA. RP Mandelbaum, I (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM idan.mandelbaum@nist.gov RI Heinz, Tony/K-7797-2015; Hight Walker, Angela/C-3373-2009 OI Heinz, Tony/0000-0003-1365-9464; Hight Walker, Angela/0000-0003-1385-0672 NR 11 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0740-3224 J9 J OPT SOC AM B JI J. Opt. Soc. Am. B-Opt. Phys. PD APR PY 2006 VL 23 IS 4 BP 621 EP 627 DI 10.1364/JOSAB.23.000621 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA 031CM UT WOS:000236681700004 ER PT J AU Murthy, AV Fraser, GT DeWitt, DP AF Murthy, AV Fraser, GT DeWitt, DP TI Experimental in-cavity radiative calibration of high-heat-flux meters SO JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS AND HEAT TRANSFER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA 38th Thermophysics Conference CY JUN 06-09, 2005 CL Toronto, CANADA SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut ID SENSOR CALIBRATION AB The accuracy of the "in-cavity" calibration of heat-flux meters up to 500 kW. m(-2) irradiance levels by insertion into the cavity of a high-temperature blackbody is examined. The experimental study consists of measurements on two thermopile heat-flux meters using two graphite-tube variable-temperature blackbodies. To provide a baseline comparison, the meters were first calibrated up to 50 kW . m(-2) outside the blackbody cavity with the irradiance level determined using a well-characterized electrical substitution radiometer. In contrast,to the outside calibration method, in-cavity calibration covers the full heat-flux range of the meters. The measured radiance distribution along the cavity axis, corroborated by Monte Carlo simulations, shows that the optimum location for the meter is approximately one cavity radius from the closed end of the cavity. The in-cavity measured responsivity values corrected for the effective emissivity agree with the outside-cavity values within the measurement uncertainty. The results demonstrate the feasibility of using in-cavity techniques to calibrate heat-flux meters at high irradiance, levels, limited primarily by the blackbody operating temperature. C1 Aerotech Inc, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Murthy, AV (reprint author), Aerotech Inc, 53 Sanlun Lakes Dr, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. NR 23 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 6 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0887-8722 J9 J THERMOPHYS HEAT TR JI J. Thermophys. Heat Transf. PD APR-JUN PY 2006 VL 20 IS 2 BP 327 EP 335 DI 10.2514/1.16296 PG 9 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA 039TR UT WOS:000237330600017 ER PT J AU Goldstein, JD Reese, E Reif, JS Varela, RA McCulloch, SD Defran, RH Fair, PA Bossart, GD AF Goldstein, Juli D. Reese, Eric Reif, John S. Varela, Rene A. McCulloch, Stephen D. Defran, R. H. Fair, Patricia A. Bossart, Gregory D. TI Hematologic, biochemical, and cytologic findings from apparently healthy Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) inhabiting the Indian River Lagoon, Florida, USA SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE bottlenose dolphin; cytology; haematology; Indian River Lagoon; serum analyte; Tursiops truncatus AB The objective of this study was to establish reference baseline data for hematologic, biochemical, and cytologic findings in apparently healthy Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) inhabiting the Indian River Lagoon, Florida, USA. Sixty-two dolphins were captured, examined, and released during June 2003 and June 2004. Mean, standard deviation, and range were calculated for each parameter, and values for which published data were available, were close to or within the ranges previously reported for free-ranging bottlenose dolphins. No pathologic abnormalities were found in fecal and blowhole cytologic specimens. However, 24% (7/29) of the dolphins examined in 2003 had evidence of gastritis, which was graded as severe in 14% (4/29) of the cases. In 2004, only 4% (1/24) of dolphins sampled had evidence of mild or moderate gastritis; no severe inflammation was present. Dolphins with evidence of gastritis were 8 yr of age or older and predominantly male. Several statistically significant differences were found between males and females, between pregnant and nonpregnant animals, and between juveniles (< 6 yr) and adults However, the values remained within (< 6 yr) the established ranges for this species, and the differences were not likely to be of clinical significance. C1 Harbor Branch Oceanog Inst Inc, Div Marine Mammal Res & Conservat, Ft Pierce, FL 34946 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Environm & Radiol Hlth Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, NOS Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Goldstein, JD (reprint author), Harbor Branch Oceanog Inst Inc, Div Marine Mammal Res & Conservat, 5600 Old Dixie Highway, Ft Pierce, FL 34946 USA. EM jgoldstein@hboi.edu NR 17 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD APR PY 2006 VL 42 IS 2 BP 447 EP 454 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 071EC UT WOS:000239580000031 PM 16870874 ER PT J AU Aguilar-Islas, AM Resing, JA Bruland, KW AF Aguilar-Islas, Ana M. Resing, Joseph A. Bruland, Kenneth W. TI Catalytically enhanced spectrophotometric determination of manganese in seawater by flow-injection analysis with a commercially available resin for on-line preconcentration SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY-METHODS LA English DT Article ID PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY; EAST PACIFIC RISE; CHELATING RESIN; ONLINE PRECONCENTRATION; HYDROTHERMAL PLUMES; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; WATER; IRON; SEA; CD AB The sensitive, laboratory- and ship-based, flow-injection ( FI) method for the determination of dissolved manganese in seawater developed by Resing and Mottl ( Anal. Chem. 1992; 64: 2682-2687) has been significantly modified and improved by incorporating five significant changes. The three major changes are the use of a commercially available iminodiacetate ( IDA) resin ( Toyopearl AF-chelate 650M) in place of 8-hydroxyquinoline for on-line preconcentration of manganese and matrix removal, the addition of nitrilotriacetic acid as an activator ligand which increases sensitivity by a factor of 7 and decreases the limit of detection, and the on-line buffering of acidified samples before column loading. Two minor improvements include use of the more soluble sodium periodate in place of potassium periodate and elimination of Brij-35 surfactant. To accommodate these changes, the pH of samples was adjusted to 8.5 ( vs. 7.8), a higher acid concentration was required to elute the Mn from the IDA resin, and stronger reaction buffer was required to neutralize the acid. The accuracy of the method was evaluated with the use of NASS-4 standard seawater and by a comparison study of samples from the California coast that were analyzed by this method and an FI method coupled to inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectrometry detection. The detection limit and precision of the method depend on the amount of sample preconcentrated onto the column. By preconcentrating 1.6 mL of sample, a detection limit of 0.03 nM ( 3 times the standard deviation of a blank) and precision of 3.2% ( as percent relative standard deviation) were obtained. The method was used on board ship to determine dissolved manganese in coastal waters off Oregon and Washington. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Univ Washington, NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. JISAO, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Aguilar-Islas, AM (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. NR 31 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 1541-5856 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR-METH JI Limnol. Oceanogr. Meth. PD APR PY 2006 VL 4 BP 105 EP 113 DI 10.4319/lom.2006.4.105 PG 9 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 055FY UT WOS:000238436700004 ER PT J AU Barlow, J AF Barlow, J TI Cetacean abundance in Hawaiian waters estimated from a summer/fall survey in 2002 SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cetacean; dolphin; whale; abundance; density; Lagenodelphis hosei; line-transect survey; multiple covariates; Hawaii; Pacific ID WHALES MEGAPTERA-NOVAEANGLIAE; PACIFIC; OCEAN AB Cetacean abundance is estimated for the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) around the Hawaiian Islands based on a ship line-transect survey from August to November, 2002. Sighting detection functions are estimated from this and other NOAA research Surveys from 1986 to 2002 using a new, multiple-covariate approach. Twenty-four species were seen on this Survey, including two species (Fraser's dolphin [Lagenodelphis hosei] and sei whale [Balaenoptera borealis]) that had not been previously documented to Occur in Hawaiian wavers. The most abundant large whales are sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) and Bryde's whales (Balaenoptera edeni). The most abundant delphinids are pilot whales (Globicepbala macrorhynchus), rough-toothed dolphins (Steno bredanensis), Fraser's dolphins, spotted dolphins (Stenella attenuata), and striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba). Dwarf and pygmy sperm whales (Kogia sima and Kogia breviceps) and Cuvier's beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) are also estimated to be quite abundant. Some of the migratory baleen whales (fin whales [Balaenoptera physalus], sei whales, minke whales [B. acutorostratal], and humpback whales [Megaptera novaeangliae]) were seen only late in the survey. Abundance is estimated for 19 cetacean species. The overall density of cetaceans is low in the study area, especially for delphinids. The precision of density and abundance estimates is generally low for all species because of the low number of sightings. C1 NOAA SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Barlow, J (reprint author), NOAA SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shore Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM jay.barlow@noaa.gov NR 39 TC 55 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 21 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD APR PY 2006 VL 22 IS 2 BP 446 EP 464 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2006.00032.x PG 19 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 028ZS UT WOS:000236527900014 ER PT J AU Goldstein, T Gulland, FMD Braun, RC Antonelis, GA Kashinsky, L Rowles, TK Mazet, JAK Dalton, LM Aldridge, BM Stott, JL AF Goldstein, T Gulland, FMD Braun, RC Antonelis, GA Kashinsky, L Rowles, TK Mazet, JAK Dalton, LM Aldridge, BM Stott, JL TI Molecular identification of a novel gamma herpesvirus in the endangered Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi) SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PACIFIC HARBOR SEALS; PHOCA-VITULINA-RICHARDSII; CALIFORNIA; INFECTION; MORTALITY; OUTBREAK C1 Marine Mammal Ctr, Sausalito, CA 95965 USA. Pacific Isl Fisheries Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Off Protected Resources, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Sea World Texas, San Antonio, TX 78251 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Pathol Microbiol & Immunol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Goldstein, T (reprint author), Marine Mammal Ctr, 1065 Fort Cronkhite,Golden Gate Recreat Area, Sausalito, CA 95965 USA. EM goldsteint@tmmc.org RI Mazet, Jonna/B-4811-2012 NR 18 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 5 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD APR PY 2006 VL 22 IS 2 BP 465 EP 471 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2006.00025.x PG 7 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 028ZS UT WOS:000236527900015 ER PT J AU Towell, RG Ream, RR York, AE AF Towell, RG Ream, RR York, AE TI Decline in northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) pup production on the Pribilof Islands SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Towell, RG (reprint author), Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM rod.towell@noaa.gov NR 11 TC 56 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 12 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD APR PY 2006 VL 22 IS 2 BP 486 EP 491 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2006.00026.x PG 6 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 028ZS UT WOS:000236527900018 ER PT J AU Hellou, J Leonard, J Collier, TK Ariese, F AF Hellou, J. Leonard, J. Collier, T. K. Ariese, F. TI Assessing PAH exposure in feral finfish from the Northwest Atlantic SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE bioaccumulation; PAH; finfish; assessment; pools; Northwest Atlantic ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; CRUDE-OIL; FISH; BIOACCUMULATION; METABOLITES; ORGANISMS; PETROLEUM; BIOCONCENTRATION; SEDIMENTS; FLATFISH AB Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations were examined in small finfish (< 30 cm) represented by capelin, sand lance, American plaice, yellowtail flounder and herring collected opportunistically in various NAFO divisions. Analyses were performed on whole fish and in a portion of the samples; concentrations in internal organs were compared to the rest of the carcass. The effect of pool size, size differences within and between species, lipid content and location were examined to interpret PAH concentrations. Measurements were carried out before the development of the Hibernia oil fields and represent baseline levels for future comparison. Limits in assessing future risk that could be due to discharges of produced water or accidental oil spills are also discussed. Increasing knowledge on the bioaccumulation of PAH, on the production of bile metabolites, the formation of DNA-adducts and of the potential toxic effects associated with PAH will lead to better ecosystem management and protection for future generations. Crown Copyright (c) 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Bedford Inst Oceanog, Marine Chem Sect, Marine Environm Sci Div, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Dept Analyt Chem & Appl Spect, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands. RP Hellou, J (reprint author), Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Bedford Inst Oceanog, Marine Chem Sect, Marine Environm Sci Div, POB 1006, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. EM Hellouj@mar.dfo-mpo.ge.ca OI Ariese, Freek/0000-0002-8756-7223 NR 43 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 20 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD APR PY 2006 VL 52 IS 4 BP 433 EP 441 DI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.11.012 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 048JZ UT WOS:000237944700020 PM 16364371 ER PT J AU Minniti, R Chen-Mayer, H Seltzer, SM Huq, MS Bryson, L Slowey, T Micka, JA DeWerd, LA Wells, N Hanson, WF Ibbott, GS AF Minniti, R Chen-Mayer, H Seltzer, SM Huq, MS Bryson, L Slowey, T Micka, JA DeWerd, LA Wells, N Hanson, WF Ibbott, GS TI The US radiation dosimetry standards for Co-60 therapy level beams, and the transfer to the AAPM accredited dosimetry calibration laboratories SO MEDICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE air kerma; dosimetry; primary standard; secondary standard; Co-60 gamma ray ID GAMMA-RAY BEAMS; IONIZATION CHAMBERS; AIR KERMA; NIST AB This work reports the transfer of the primary standard for air kerma from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to the secondary laboratories accredited by the American Association of Physics in Medicine (AAPM). This transfer, performed in August of 2003, was motivated by the recent revision of the NIST air-kerma standards for Co-60 gamma-ray beams implemented on July 1, 2003. The revision involved a complete recharacterization of the two NIST therapy-level Co-60 gamma-ray beam facilities, resulting in new values for the air-kerma rates disseminated by the NIST. Some of the experimental aspects of the determination of the new air-kerma rates are briefly summarized here; the theoretical aspects have been described in detail by Seltzer and Bergstrom ["Changes in the U.S. primary standards for the air-kerma from gamma-ray beams," J. Res. Nat]. Inst. Stand. Technol. 108, 359-381 (2003)]. The standard was transferred to reference-class chambers submitted by each of the AAPM Accredited Dosimetry Calibration Laboratories (ADCLs). These secondary-standard instruments were then used to characterize the Co-60 gamma-ray beams at the ADCLs. The values of the response (calibration coefficient) of the ADCL secondary-standard ionization chambers are reported and compared to values obtained prior to the change in the NIST air-kerma standards announced on July 1, 2003. The relative change is about 1.1% for all of these chambers, and this value agrees well with the expected change in chambers calibrated at the NIST or at any secondary-standard laboratory traceable to the new NIST standard. (c) 2006 American Association of Physicists in Medicine. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Inst Canc, Dept Radiat Oncol, Pittsburgh, PA 15232 USA. K&S Associates, Nashville, TN 37210 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Radiat Calibrat Lab, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Radiat Phys, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Minniti, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM rminniti@nist.gov NR 19 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0094-2405 J9 MED PHYS JI Med. Phys. PD APR PY 2006 VL 33 IS 4 BP 1074 EP 1077 DI 10.1118/1.2184442 PG 4 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 035YS UT WOS:000237038300030 PM 16696484 ER PT J AU Devic, S Seuntjens, J Abdel-Rahman, W Evans, M Olivares, M Podgorsak, EB Vuong, T Soares, CG AF Devic, S Seuntjens, J Abdel-Rahman, W Evans, M Olivares, M Podgorsak, EB Vuong, T Soares, CG TI Accurate skin dose measurements using radiochromic film in clinical applications SO MEDICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE clinical dosimetry; skin dose; surface dose; radiochromic film ID PARALLEL IONIZATION-CHAMBER; HIGH-ENERGY PHOTON; X-RAY-BEAMS; ELECTRON-BEAMS; THERMOLUMINESCENT DOSIMETERS; LINEAR-ACCELERATOR; BUILDUP REGION; IN-VIVO; SURFACE; RADIOTHERAPY AB Megavoltage x-ray beams exhibit the well-known phenomena of dose buildup within the first few millimeters of the incident phantom surface, or the skin. Results of the surface dose measurements, however, depend vastly on the measurement technique employed. Our goal in this study was to determine a correction procedure in order to obtain an accurate skin dose estimate at the clinically relevant depth based on radiochromic film measurements. To illustrate this correction, we have used as a reference point a depth of 70 mu. We used the new GAFCHROMIC (R) dosimetry films (HS, XR-T, and EBT) that have effective points of measurement at depths slightly larger than 70 mu. In addition to films, we also used an Attix parallel-plate chamber and a home-built extrapolation chamber to cover tissue-equivalent depths in the range from 4 mu, to 1 mm of water-equivalent depth. Our measurements suggest that within the first millimeter of the skin region, the PDD for a 6 MV photon beam and field size of 10 X 10 cm 2 increases from 14% to 43%. For the three GAFCHROMIC (R) dosimetry film models, the 6 MV beam entrance skin dose measurement corrections due to their effective point of measurement are as follows: 15% for the EBT, 15% for the HS, and 16% for the XR-T model GAFCHROMICO films. The correction factors for the exit skin dose due to the build-down region are negligible. There is a small field size dependence for the entrance skin dose correction factor when using the EBT GAFCHROMICO film model. Finally, a procedure that uses EBT model GAFCHROMICO film for an accurate measurement of the skin dose in a parallel-opposed pair 6 MV photon beam arrangement is described. (c) 2006 American Association of Physicists in Medicine. C1 McGill Univ, Ctr Hlth, Dept Phys Med, Montreal, PQ, Canada. McGill Univ, Ctr Hlth, Dept Radiat Oncol, Montreal, PQ, Canada. NIST, Div Ionizing Radiat, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Devic, S (reprint author), McGill Univ, Montreal Gen Hosp, Dept Med Phys, 1650 Ave Cedar,L5-112, Montreal, PQ H3G 1A4, Canada. EM devic@medphys.mcgill.ca NR 39 TC 96 Z9 100 U1 3 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0094-2405 J9 MED PHYS JI Med. Phys. PD APR PY 2006 VL 33 IS 4 BP 1116 EP 1124 DI 10.1118/1.2179169 PG 9 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 035YS UT WOS:000237038300035 PM 16696489 ER PT J AU Carter, AC Datla, RU Jung, TM Smith, AW Fedchak, JA AF Carter, AC Datla, RU Jung, TM Smith, AW Fedchak, JA TI Low-background temperature calibration of infrared blackbodies SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on New Developments and Applications in Optical Radiometry (NEWRAD 2005) CY OCT 16-19, 2005 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND ID ABSOLUTE CRYOGENIC RADIOMETER; NATIONAL-INSTITUTE; STANDARDS; NIST; DETECTOR AB The Low Background Infrared (LBIR) facility at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has performed ten radiance temperature calibrations of low-background blackbodies since 2001, when both the calibration facility and method of calibrating blackbodies were significantly improved. Data from nine of these blackbody calibrations are presented, showing a surprisingly large spread in blackbody performance. While some blackbodies performed relatively well, in no case did the measured radiance temperature agree with the temperature sensors in the blackbody core to within 0.3 K over the entire operating temperature range of the blackbody. Of the nine blackbodies reported, five showed temperature errors greater than 1 K at some point in their operating temperature range. The various sources of uncertainty, such as optical geometry and detector standard uncertainty, are presented with examples to support the stated calibration accuracy. Generic blackbody cavity design features, such as cavity thermal mass, cavity volume and defining aperture placement are discussed and correlated with blackbody performance. Data are also presented on the performance of the absolute cryogenic radiometers (ACRs) that are used as detector standards in the calibration of blackbodies. Recent intercomparisons of all the LBIR ACRs with a trap detector calibrated against the NIST primary optical power measurement standard show that ACRs used to calibrate blackbodies are suitable detector standards and contribute less than 0.02% uncertainty (k = 1) to radiance temperature measurements of the blackbody cavities. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Jung Res & Dev Corp, Washington, DC USA. RP Carter, AC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 13 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD APR PY 2006 VL 43 IS 2 SI SI BP S46 EP S50 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/43/2/S10 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 041ZU UT WOS:000237497200011 ER PT J AU Castelletto, S Degiovanni, IP Schettini, V Migdall, A AF Castelletto, S. Degiovanni, I. P. Schettini, V. Migdall, A. TI Optimizing single-photon-source heralding efficiency and detection efficiency metrology at 1550 nm using periodically poled lithium niobate SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on New Developments and Applications in Optical Radiometry (NEWRAD 2005) CY OCT 16-19, 2005 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND ID ENTANGLED PHOTONS; MODE AB We explore the feasibility of using high conversion-efficiency periodically-poled crystals to produce photon pairs for photon-counting detector calibrations at 1550 nm. The goal is the development of an appropriate parametric down-conversion (PDC) source at telecom wavelengths meeting the requirements of high-efficiency pair production and collection in single spectral and spatial modes (single-mode fibres). We propose a protocol to optimize the photon collection, noise levels and the uncertainty evaluation. This study ties together the results of our efforts to model the single-mode heralding efficiency of a two-photon PDC source and to estimate the heralding uncertainty of such a source. C1 INRIM, I-10135 Turin, Italy. NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Castelletto, S (reprint author), INRIM, I-10135 Turin, Italy. RI Castelletto, Stefania/C-7177-2011; castelletto, stefania/G-1516-2011; Degiovanni, Ivo Pietro/F-2140-2013; OI Degiovanni, Ivo Pietro/0000-0003-0332-3115; Castelletto, Stefania/0000-0002-8675-2291 NR 16 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 EI 1681-7575 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD APR PY 2006 VL 43 IS 2 SI SI BP S56 EP S60 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/43/2/S12 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 041ZU UT WOS:000237497200013 ER PT J AU Fedchak, JA Carter, AC Raju, D AF Fedchak, JA Carter, AC Raju, D TI Measurement of small apertures SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on New Developments and Applications in Optical Radiometry (NEWRAD 2005) CY OCT 16-19, 2005 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND ID NIST AB The Low Background Infrared calibration facility at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is developing an instrument to measure the relative areas of apertures with diameters ranging from 5 mm to 0.05 mm. NIST already has the capability of determining the absolute area of apertures with diameters larger than 0.35 mm. Our goal is to measure the area or radius of a 0.05 mm diameter aperture to a standard uncertainty of better than 0.1%. We report on the current status of this effort and plans for improvement. We are near the goal for apertures larger than 0.350 mm. C1 Jung Res & Dev Corp, Washington, DC 20009 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Fedchak, JA (reprint author), Jung Res & Dev Corp, 1706 U St NW,Apt 204, Washington, DC 20009 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD APR PY 2006 VL 43 IS 2 SI SI BP S41 EP S45 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/43/2/S09 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 041ZU UT WOS:000237497200010 ER PT J AU Houston, JM Rice, JP AF Houston, JM Rice, JP TI NIST reference cryogenic radiometer designed for versatile performance SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on New Developments and Applications in Optical Radiometry (NEWRAD 2005) CY OCT 16-19, 2005 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND ID IRRADIANCE AB We describe the concept of modularity and versatility in the construction of a new cryogenic radiometer developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. We address the benefits of the modular design In the construction and development and discuss some of the device characterizations and results of a cryogenic radiometer intercomparison. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Houston, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD APR PY 2006 VL 43 IS 2 SI SI BP S31 EP S35 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/43/2/S07 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 041ZU UT WOS:000237497200008 ER PT J AU Larason, T Ohno, Y AF Larason, T Ohno, Y TI Calibration and characterization of UV sensors for water disinfection SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on New Developments and Applications in Optical Radiometry (NEWRAD 2005) CY OCT 16-19, 2005 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND ID IRRADIANCE AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), USA is participating in a project with the American Water Works Association Research Foundation (AwwaRF) to develop new guidelines for ultraviolet (UV) sensor characteristics to monitor the performance of UV water disinfection plants. The current UV water disinfection standards, ONORM M5873-1 and M5873-2 (Austria) and DVGW W294 3 (Germany), on the requirements for UV sensors for low-pressure mercury (LPM) and medium-pressure mercury (MPM) lamp systems have been studied. Additionally, the characteristics of various types of UV sensors from several different commercial vendors have been measured and analysed. This information will aid in the development of new guidelines to address issues such as sensor requirements, calibration methods, uncertainty and traceability. Practical problems were found in the calibration methods and evaluation of spectral responsivity requirements for sensors designed for MPM lamp systems. To solve the problems, NIST is proposing an alternative sensor calibration method for MPM lamp systems. A future calibration service is described for UV sensors intended for low- and medium-pressure mercury lamp systems used in water disinfection applications. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Larason, T (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD APR PY 2006 VL 43 IS 2 SI SI BP S151 EP S156 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/43/2/S30 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 041ZU UT WOS:000237497200031 ER PT J AU Rice, JP Brown, SW Johnson, BC Neira, JE AF Rice, JP Brown, SW Johnson, BC Neira, JE TI Hyperspectral image projectors for radiometric applications SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on New Developments and Applications in Optical Radiometry (NEWRAD 2005) CY OCT 16-19, 2005 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND AB We describe a Calibrated Hyperspectral Image Projector (CHIP) intended for radiometric testing of instruments ranging from complex hyperspectral or multispectral imagers to simple filter radiometers. The CHIP, based on the same digital mirror arrays used in commercial Digital Light Processing(1) (DLP) displays, is capable of projecting any combination of as many as approximately one hundred different arbitrarily programmable basis spectra per frame into each pixel of the instrument under test (IUT). The resulting spectral and spatial content of the image entering the IUT can simulate, at typical video frame rates and integration times, realistic scenes to which the IUT will be exposed during use, and its spectral radiance can be calibrated with a spectroradiometer. Use of such generated scenes in a controlled laboratory setting would alleviate expensive field testing, allow better separation of environmental effects from instrumental effects and enable system-level performance testing and validation of space-flight instruments prior to launch. Example applications are system-level testing of complex hyperspectral imaging instruments and algorithms with realistic scenes and testing the performance of first-responder cameras under simulated adverse conditions. We have built and tested a successful prototype of the spectral engine, a primary component of the CHIP, that generates arbitrary, programmable spectra in the 1000 nm to 2500 nm spectral range. We have also built a spectral engine operating at visible wavelengths to be discussed in a separate publication. Here we present an overview of this technology and its applications and discuss experimental performance results of our prototype infrared spectral engine. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rice, JP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 6 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD APR PY 2006 VL 43 IS 2 SI SI BP S61 EP S65 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/43/2/S13 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 041ZU UT WOS:000237497200014 ER PT J AU Sasajima, N Yoon, HW Gibson, CE Khromchenko, V Sakuma, F Yamada, Y AF Sasajima, N Yoon, HW Gibson, CE Khromchenko, V Sakuma, F Yamada, Y TI The NIST eutectic project: Construction of Co-C, Pt-C and Re-C fixed-point cells and their comparison with the NMIJ SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on New Developments and Applications in Optical Radiometry (NEWRAD 2005) CY OCT 16-19, 2005 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has initiated a project on novel high-temperature fixed-points by use of metal (carbide)-carbon eutectics to lower uncertainties in thermodynamic temperature measurement. As the first stage of the NIST eutectic project, a comparison of Co-C, Pt-C and Re-C eutectic fixed-point cells was conducted between the NIST and the National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ) at the NIST to verify the quality of the NIST eutectic cells in addition to checking for possible furnace and radiation thermometer effects on the eutectic fixed-point realizations. In the comparison, two high-ternperature furnaces, two radiation thermometers and one gold-point blackbody were used. A Nagano M furnace and a Linear Pyrometer 3 radiation thermometer were transferred from NMIJ and were used in conjunction with a Thermo Gauge furnace and an Absolute Pyrometer 1 radiation thermometer of NIST to check the dependence on the measurement equipment. The results showed that Co-C cells agreed to 73 mK. The melting temperature of the NIST Pt-C cell was approximately 270 mK lower than that of the NMIJ cell, with a comparison uncertainty of roughly 110 mK (k = 2), due to the poor purity of Pt powder. Although the Re-C comparison showed instability of the comparison system, they agreed within 100 mK. Though further improvement is necessary for the Pt-C cell, such as the use of higher purity Pt, the filling and measuring technique has been established at the NIST. C1 AIST, Natl Metrol Inst Japan, Radiat Thermometry Sect, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058563, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sasajima, N (reprint author), AIST, Natl Metrol Inst Japan, Radiat Thermometry Sect, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058563, Japan. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD APR PY 2006 VL 43 IS 2 SI SI BP S109 EP S114 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/43/2/S22 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 041ZU UT WOS:000237497200023 ER PT J AU Vest, RE Hill, SB Grantham, S AF Vest, RE Hill, SB Grantham, S TI Saturation effects in solid-state photodiodes and impact on EUVL pulse energy measurements SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on New Developments and Applications in Optical Radiometry (NEWRAD 2005) CY OCT 16-19, 2005 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND ID CALIBRATION FACILITY; ULTRAVIOLET; REFLECTOMETRY; REGION AB With the advent of extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) it is becoming increasingly important to understand the response of solid-state photodiodes to pulsed radiation where the peak power incident on the device may be quite high even when the average power is modest. The high peak power causes the photodiode signal to saturate and can create errors in the measurement of pulse energy unless the saturation effect is corrected. We have used 532 nm radiation from a frequency-doubled, Q-switched Nd: YAG laser as a proxy for the 13.5 nm radiation used in EUVL and have studied the saturation behaviour of Si photodiodes at peak power densities from less than 0.1 W mm(-2) to over 2 x 10(6) W mm(-2). Here we test a previously reported model of saturation at pulse lengths from 8 ns to 1 mu s and examine the effect of power density (illumination area) on the saturation behaviour. The saturation parameters measured at 532 nm are used as inputs to the model, and the calibration of a filter radiometer in pulsed 13.5 nm radiation is corrected for saturation effects. The corrected result agrees with the value expected from individual component calibrations, but the uncorrected data differ by more than the combined uncertainty. This result supports the hypothesis that 532 nm radiation is a valid proxy for 13.5 nm radiation when studying saturation behaviour. Finally, we derive quantitative limits imposed by the saturation effects on the use of Si photodiodes in EUVL applications. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Vest, RE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD APR PY 2006 VL 43 IS 2 SI SI BP S84 EP S88 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/43/2/S17 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 041ZU UT WOS:000237497200018 ER PT J AU Yoon, HW AF Yoon, HW TI The realization and the dissemination of thermodynamic temperature scales SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on New Developments and Applications in Optical Radiometry (NEWRAD 2005) CY OCT 16-19, 2005 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND ID RANGE AB Since the establishment of the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90), much progress has been made in the development of radiometers and blackbody sources. Cryogenic electrical-substitution radiometry is widely used in detector and radiometer calibrations, and stable, high-temperature metal-carbon eutectic blackbodies are under development. Radiation thermometers can be calibrated for absolute radiance responsivity, and blackbody temperatures determined from the amount of optical power without the use of any fixed points to directly measure thermodynamic temperatures. These thermodynamic temperatures can be measured with lower final uncertainties than the ITS-90 derived temperatures, and these developments will directly impact future international temperature scales. RP Yoon, HW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD APR PY 2006 VL 43 IS 2 SI SI BP S22 EP S26 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/43/2/S05 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 041ZU UT WOS:000237497200006 ER PT J AU Aguilar, A Garza, JC AF Aguilar, A Garza, JC TI A comparison of variability and population structure for major histocompatibility complex and microsatellite loci in California coastal steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE F-ST outlier; major histocompatibility complex (MHC); microsatellites; selection; steelhead ID SALMON SALMO-SALAR; CROSS-SPECIES AMPLIFICATION; EWENS SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION; QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; ATLANTIC SALMON; CHINOOK SALMON; RAINBOW-TROUT; MHC GENES; NATURAL-SELECTION; EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS AB The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) contains genes integral to immune response in vertebrates. MHC genes have been shown to be under selection in a number of vertebrate taxa, making them intriguing for population genetic studies. We have conducted a survey of genetic variation in an MHC class II gene for steelhead trout from 24 sites in coastal California and compared this variation to that observed at 16 presumably neutral microsatellite loci. A high amount of allelic variation was observed at the MHC when compared to previously published studies on other Pacific salmonids. Elevated nonsynonymous substitutions, relative to synonymous substitutions, were detected at the MHC gene, indicating the signature of historical balancing selection. The MHC data were tested for correlations to and deviations from the patterns found with the microsatellite data. Estimates of allelic richness for the MHC gene and for the microsatellites were positively correlated, as were estimates of population differentiation (F-ST). An analysis for F-ST outliers indicates that the MHC locus has an elevated F-ST relative to the neutral expectation, although a significant result was found for only one particular geographical subgroup. Relatively uniform allele frequency distributions were detected in four populations, although this finding may be partially due to recent population bottlenecks. These results indicate that, at the scale studied here, drift and migration play a major role in the observed geographical variability of MHC genes in steelhead, and that contemporary selection is relatively weak and difficult to detect. C1 NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ocean Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Aguilar, A (reprint author), NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 110 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM andres.aguilar@noaa.gov NR 69 TC 60 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 23 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD APR PY 2006 VL 15 IS 4 BP 923 EP 937 DI 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02843.x PG 15 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 021MG UT WOS:000235986700004 PM 16599957 ER PT J AU Pearse, DE Arndt, AD Valenzuela, N Miller, BA Cantarelli, V Sites, JW AF Pearse, DE Arndt, AD Valenzuela, N Miller, BA Cantarelli, V Sites, JW TI Estimating population structure under nonequilibrium conditions in a conservation context: continent-wide population genetics of the giant Amazon river turtle, Podocnemis expansa (Chelonia; Podocnemididae) SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Review DE conservation; phylogeography; Podocnemis; population genetics; South America ID EVOLUTIONARILY-SIGNIFICANT-UNITS; NORTHERN SOUTH-AMERICA; ALLELE FREQUENCY DATA; MULTILOCUS GENOTYPES; MICROSATELLITE LOCI; BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY; EMPIRICAL-EVALUATION; MULTIPLE PATERNITY; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; COMPUTER-PROGRAM AB Giant Amazon river turtles, Podocnemis expansa, are indigenous to the Amazon, Orinoco, and Essequibo River basins, and are distributed across nearly the entire width of the South American continent. Although once common, their large size, high fecundity, and gregarious nesting, made P. expansa especially vulnerable to over-harvesting for eggs and meat. Populations have been severely reduced or extirpated in many areas throughout its range, and the species is now regulated under Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. Here, we analyse data from mitochondrial DNA sequence and multiple nuclear microsatellite markers with an array of complementary analytical methods. Results show that concordance from multiple data sets and analyses can provide a strong signal of population genetic structure that can be used to guide management. The general lack of phylogeographic structure but large differences in allele and haplotype frequencies among river basins is consistent with fragmented populations and female natal-river homing. Overall, the DNA data show that P. expansa populations lack a long history of genetic differentiation, but that each major tributary currently forms a semi-isolated reproductive population and should be managed accordingly. C1 Brigham Young Univ, Dept Integrat Biol, Provo, UT 84602 USA. Brigham Young Univ, Dept Mol Biol & Microbiol, Provo, UT 84602 USA. Univ Coll Fraser Valley, Dept Biol, Abbotsford, BC V2S 7M8, Canada. Iowa State Univ, Dept Ecol Evolut & Organismal Biol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Sao Paulo, Interunidades Ecol Agroecossistemas, Programa Pos Grad, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. RP Pearse, DE (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 110 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM devon.pearse@noaa.gov OI Valenzuela, Nicole/0000-0003-1148-631X NR 128 TC 49 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 23 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD APR PY 2006 VL 15 IS 4 BP 985 EP 1006 DI 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02869.x PG 22 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 021MG UT WOS:000235986700009 PM 16599962 ER PT J AU Bao, JW Michelson, SA Neiman, PJ Ralph, FM Wilczak, JM AF Bao, JW Michelson, SA Neiman, PJ Ralph, FM Wilczak, JM TI Interpretation of enhanced integrated water vapor bands associated with extratropical cyclones: Their formation and connection to tropical moisture SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID LAGRANGIAN-BASED ANALYSIS; WESTERN UNITED-STATES; PACIFIC-OCEAN; CALIFORNIA; CALJET; ENSO; PRECIPITATION; FREQUENCY; RAINFALL; FRONTS AB Trajectory analysis using a weather prediction model is performed for five cases to interpret the formation of enhanced bands of vertically integrated water vapor (IWV) in the central and eastern Pacific that are frequently seen in satellite images from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager. The connection of these enhanced bands with poleward water vapor transport from the Tropics is also examined. It is shown that the leading end of the enhanced IWV bands (defined as the most eastward and poleward end) is the manifestation of moisture convergence in the warm conveyor bell associated with extratropical cyclones, while the bands away from the leading end result mainly from moisture convergence along the trailing cold fronts. There is evidence that some enhanced IWV bands may be associated with a direct poleward transport of tropical moisture along the IWV bands from the Tropics all the way to the extratropics. The trajectory analysis, together with the seasonal mean sea level pressure analysis, indicates that a favorable condition for the occurrence of a direct, along-IWV band transport of tropical (defined as south of 23.5 degrees N) moisture to the U.S. West Coast in the eastern Pacific is a weakened subtropical ridge in the central Pacific with an enhanced southwesterly low-level flow. The authors hypothesize that the direct poleward transport of tropical moisture within an enhanced IWV band in the eastern Pacific is most possible in the neutral El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phase and is least possible in the El Nino phase. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Bao, JW (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jian-wen.bao@noaa.gov NR 23 TC 95 Z9 96 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD APR PY 2006 VL 134 IS 4 BP 1063 EP 1080 DI 10.1175/MWR3123.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 035SU UT WOS:000237022800002 ER PT J AU Willoughby, HE Darling, RWR Rahn, ME AF Willoughby, HE Darling, RWR Rahn, ME TI Parametric representation of the primary hurricane vortex. Part II: A new family of sectionally continuous profiles SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID WIND; VORTICES; MODEL; EYE AB For applications such as windstorm underwriting or storm-surge forecasting, hurricane wind profiles are often approximated by continuous functions that are zero at the vortex center, increase to a maximum in the eyewall, and then decrease asymptotically to zero far from the center. Comparisons between the most commonly used functions and aircraft observations reveal systematic errors. Although winds near the peak are too strong, they decrease too rapidly with distance away from the peak. Pressure-wind relations for these profiles typically overestimate maximum winds. A promising alternative is a family of sectionally continuous profiles in which the wind increases as a power of radius inside the eye and decays exponentially outside the eye after a smooth polynomial transition across the eyewall. Based upon a sample of 493 observed profiles, the mean exponent for the power law is 0.79 and the mean decay length is 243 km. The database actually contains 606 aircraft sorties, but 113 of these failed quality-control screening. Hurricanes stronger than Saffir-Simpson category 2 often require two exponentials to match the observed rapid decrease of wind with radius just outside the eye and slower decrease farther away. Experimentation showed that a fixed value of 25 km was satisfactory for the faster decay length. The mean value of the slower decay length was 295 km. The mean contribution of the faster exponential to the outer profile was 0.10, but for the most intense hurricanes it sometimes exceeded 0.5. The power-law exponent and proportion of the faster decay length increased with maximum wind speed and decreased with latitude, whereas the slower decay length decreased with intensity and increased with latitude, consistent with the qualitative observation that more intense hurricanes in lower latitudes usually have more sharply peaked wind profiles. C1 Florida Int Univ, Int Hurricane Res Ctr, Miami, FL 33199 USA. Natl Secur Agcy, Ft George G Meade, MD USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Willoughby, HE (reprint author), Florida Int Univ, Int Hurricane Res Ctr, 360 MARC Bldg,Univ Pk Campus, Miami, FL 33199 USA. EM hugh.willoughby@fiu.edu NR 18 TC 79 Z9 83 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD APR PY 2006 VL 134 IS 4 BP 1102 EP 1120 DI 10.1175/MWR3106.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 035SU UT WOS:000237022800004 ER PT J AU Fortier, TM Bartels, A Diddams, SA AF Fortier, TM Bartels, A Diddams, SA TI Octave-spanning Ti : sapphire laser with a repetition rate > 1 GHz for optical frequency measurements and comparisons SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID GENERATION AB We demonstrate a self-referenced, octave-spanning, mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser with a scalable repetition rate (550 MHz-1.35 GHz). We use the frequency comb output of the laser, without additional broadening in optical fiber, for simultaneous measurements against atomic optical standards at 534, 578, 563, and 657 nm and to stabilize the laser offset frequency. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Phys Div P23, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Gigaopt GmbH, D-78462 Constance, Germany. NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Diddams, SA (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Phys Div P23, MS H803, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM sdiddams@boulder.nist.gov RI Bartels, Albrecht/B-3456-2009; Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013 NR 9 TC 108 Z9 111 U1 1 U2 17 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD APR 1 PY 2006 VL 31 IS 7 BP 1011 EP 1013 DI 10.1364/OL.31.001011 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 026QV UT WOS:000236358100053 PM 16599240 ER PT J AU Kearsley, AJ AF Kearsley, AJ TI Matrix-free algorithm for the large-scale constrained trust-region subproblem SO OPTIMIZATION METHODS & SOFTWARE LA English DT Article DE regularization; constrained quadratic optimization; trust region; Lanczos method ID TWINNED-MARTENSITE INTERFACE; OPTIMIZATION; MINIMIZATION; STEP AB A new 'matrix-free' algorithm for the solution of linear inequality constrained, large-scale trust-region subproblems is presented. The matrix-free nature of the algorithm eliminates the need for any matrix factorizations and only requires matrix - vector products. Numerical results that demonstrate the viability of the approach are included. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kearsley, AJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM ajk@cam.nist.gov NR 25 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1055-6788 J9 OPTIM METHOD SOFTW JI Optim. Method Softw. PD APR PY 2006 VL 21 IS 2 BP 233 EP 245 DI 10.1080/10556780500094754 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics, Applied SC Computer Science; Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics GA 002TH UT WOS:000234633900004 ER PT J AU Chen, QJ Regal, CA Greiner, M Jin, DS Levin, K AF Chen, QJ Regal, CA Greiner, M Jin, DS Levin, K TI Understanding the superfluid phase diagram in trapped Fermi gases SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article AB Trapped ultracold Fermi gases provide a system that can be tuned between the BCS and Bose-Einstein condensation regimes by means of a magnetic-field Feshbach resonance. Condensation of fermionic atom pairs in a K-40 gas was demonstrated experimentally by a sweep technique that pairwise projects fermionic atoms onto molecules. In this paper, we examine previous data obtained with this technique that probed the phase boundary in the temperature-magnetic field plane. Comparison of the K-40 data to a theoretically computed phase diagram demonstrates good agreement between the two. C1 Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Phys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Quantum Phys Div, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Chen, QJ (reprint author), Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, 5640 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. RI Greiner, Markus/A-8502-2010; Chen, Qijin/A-7798-2009 OI Chen, Qijin/0000-0002-7168-162X NR 25 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD APR PY 2006 VL 73 IS 4 AR 041601 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.73.041601 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 037LG UT WOS:000237147700018 ER PT J AU Kotochigova, S Tiesinga, E AF Kotochigova, S Tiesinga, E TI Controlling polar molecules in optical lattices SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID ATOMS; SPECTROSCOPY; GAS AB We theoretically investigate the interaction of polar molecules with optical lattices and microwave fields. We demonstrate the existence of frequency windows in the optical domain where the complex internal structure of the molecule does not influence the trapping potential of the lattice. In such frequency windows the Franck-Condon factors are so small that near-resonant interaction of vibrational levels of the molecule with the lattice fields have a negligible contribution to the polarizability, and light-induced decoherences are kept to a minimum. In addition, we show that microwave fields can induce a tunable dipole-dipole interaction between ground-state rotationally symmetric (J=0) molecules. A combination of a carefully chosen lattice frequency and microwave-controlled interaction between molecules will enable trapping of polar molecules in a lattice and possibly realize molecular quantum logic gates. Our results are based on ab initio relativistic electronic structure calculations of the polar KRb and RbCs molecules combined with calculations of their rovibrational motion. C1 Temple Univ, Dept Phys, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kotochigova, S (reprint author), Temple Univ, Dept Phys, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA. NR 28 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD APR PY 2006 VL 73 IS 4 AR 041405 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.73.041405 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 037LG UT WOS:000237147700015 ER PT J AU Nygaard, N Schneider, BI Julienne, PS AF Nygaard, N Schneider, BI Julienne, PS TI Two-channel r-matrix analysis of magnetic-field-induced Feshbach resonances SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID NUCLEAR REACTIONS; UNIFIED THEORY; COLLISIONS; ATOMS; FORMULATION; SCATTERING; MOLECULES; CROSSOVER AB A Feshbach resonance arises in cold atom scattering due to the complex interplay between several coupled channels. However, the essential physics of the resonance may be encapsulated in a simplified model consisting of just two coupled channels. In this paper we describe in detail how such an effective Feshbach model can be constructed from knowledge of a few key parameters, characterizing the atomic Born-Oppenheimer potentials and the low energy scattering near the resonance. These parameters may be obtained either from experiment or full coupled-channel calculations. Using R-matrix theory we analyze the bound state spectrum and the scattering properties of the two-channel model, and find it to be in good agreement with exact calculations. C1 Aarhus Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Danish Natl Res Fdn Ctr Quantum Opt, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. Natl Sci Fdn, Div Phys, Arlington, VA 22230 USA. NIST, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Nygaard, N (reprint author), Aarhus Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Danish Natl Res Fdn Ctr Quantum Opt, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. EM nygaard@phys.au.dk; bschneid@nsf.gov; paul.julienne@nist.gov RI Nygaard, Nicolai/B-4664-2009; OI Julienne, Paul/0000-0002-5494-1442 NR 37 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD APR PY 2006 VL 73 IS 4 AR 042705 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.73.042705 PG 10 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 037LG UT WOS:000237147700073 ER PT J AU Stalnaker, JE Budker, D Freedman, SJ Guzman, JS Rochester, SM Yashchuk, VV AF Stalnaker, JE Budker, D Freedman, SJ Guzman, JS Rochester, SM Yashchuk, VV TI Dynamic Stark effect and forbidden-transition spectral line shapes SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID PARITY NONCONSERVATION; ATOMIC YTTERBIUM; PRECISION-MEASUREMENT; CESIUM; POLARIZABILITIES; LIFETIMES; FIELDS; 6S(2) AB We report on an experimental and theoretical study of the dynamic (ac) Stark effect on a forbidden transition. A general framework for parametrizing and describing off-resonant ac-Stark shifts is presented. A model is developed to calculate spectral line shapes resulting from resonant excitation of atoms in an intense standing light wave in the presence of off-resonant ac-Stark shifts. The model is used in the analysis and interpretation of a measurement of the ac-Stark shifts of the static-electric-field-induced 6s(2) S-1(0)-> 5d6s(3)D(1) transition at 408 nm in atomic Yb. The results are in agreement with estimates of the ac-Stark shift of the transition under the assumption that the shift is dominated by that of the 6s(2) S-1(0) ground state. A detailed description of the experiment and analysis is presented. A biproduct of this work is an independent determination (from the saturation behavior of the 408-nm transition) of the Stark transition polarizability, which is found to be in agreement with our earlier measurement. This work is part of the ongoing effort aimed at a precision measurement of atomic parity-violation effects in Yb. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Nucl Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Adv Light Source Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Stalnaker, JE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 S Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM budker@socrates.berkeley.edu RI Budker, Dmitry/F-7580-2016 OI Budker, Dmitry/0000-0002-7356-4814 NR 28 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD APR PY 2006 VL 73 IS 4 AR 043416 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.73.0433416 PG 13 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 037LG UT WOS:000237147700103 ER PT J AU Fitzsimmons, MR Park, S Dumesnil, K Dufour, C Pynn, R Borchers, JA Rhyne, JJ Mangin, P AF Fitzsimmons, MR Park, S Dumesnil, K Dufour, C Pynn, R Borchers, JA Rhyne, JJ Mangin, P TI Vector magnetization depth profile of a Laves-phase exchange-coupled superlattice obtained using a combined approach of micromagnetic simulation and neutron reflectometry SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID THIN-FILMS; GD/FE MULTILAYERS; SPRING MAGNET; SCATTERING; BEHAVIOR; ANISOTROPY AB Owing to the coexistence of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic exchange coupling in an exchange-coupled Laves-phase superlattice composed of DyFe2 and YFe2 layers, the field dependence of the magnetization depth profile is complex. Using an approach that combines micromagnetic simulation and analysis of neutron scattering data, we have obtained the depth dependence of magnetization across the DyFe2/YFe2 interfaces. We find that the exchange interaction across the interface is reduced compared to the exchange interaction of the constituent layers, thereby compromising the ability of this system to resist magnetization reversal in large applied fields. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ H Poincare Nancy 1, Phys Mat Lab, F-54506 Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. CEA Saclay, CNRS, UMR 12, Leon Brillouin Lab, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. RP Fitzsimmons, MR (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RI Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012; OI DUMESNIL, Karine/0000-0002-2304-4490 NR 38 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD APR PY 2006 VL 73 IS 13 AR 134413 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.73.134413 PG 9 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 037NN UT WOS:000237153800067 ER PT J AU Snyder, KA Kirkpatrick, TR AF Snyder, KA Kirkpatrick, TR TI Energy transport along Fermi-Pasta-Ulam chains containing binary isotopic disorder: Zero-temperature systems SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID ONE-DIMENSIONAL LATTICES; THERMAL-CONDUCTIVITY; ANHARMONIC LATTICES; HARMONIC LATTICES; HEAT-CONDUCTION; 1D LATTICES; LOCALIZATION; CRYSTAL; EQUIPARTITION; OSCILLATORS AB Energy transport in binary isotopically disordered (BID) Fermi-Pasta-Ulam chains is characterized by dissipation from harmonic energy eigenstates. Using a continuum analog for the corresponding harmonic portion of the Hamiltonian, the time-independent wave amplitude is calculated for a plane wave that is incident upon the disorder and the solution is mapped onto the discrete chain. Anderson localization causes the initial energy to be localized near the incident end of the chain, and in the absence of anharmonicity the wave amplitude is stationary in time. For sufficient anharmonicity, however, mode transitions lead to dissipation. Energy transport along the chain is quantified using both the second moment of the site energy and the number of masses contributing to transport, estimated from the localization parameter. Over the time scales studied, the second moment of the site energy increased linearly in time, yielding an effective transport coefficient. At low and intermediate impurity concentrations, the transport coefficient can be characterized by a competition between impurity scattering and diffusion over a distance comparable to the localization length. At the highest concentrations, the localization parameter indicates that there is significant mode transition suppression in BID systems and the transport coefficient is proportional to the initial localization length. This result suggests that vibrational energy transitions in strongly localized modes retain the spatial extent of the interacting modes. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Snyder, KA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 48 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD APR PY 2006 VL 73 IS 13 AR 134204 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.73.134204 PG 13 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 037NN UT WOS:000237153800050 ER PT J AU Abdurashitov, JN Gavrin, VN Girin, SV Gorbachev, VV Gurkina, PP Ibragimova, TV Kalikhov, AV Khairnasov, NG Knodel, TV Matveev, VA Mirmov, IN Shikhin, AA Veretenkin, EP Vermul, VM Yants, VE Zatsepin, GT Bowles, TJ Elliott, SR Teasdale, WA Cleveland, BT Haxton, WC Wilkerson, JF Nico, JS Suzuki, A Lande, K Khomyakov, YS Poplavsky, VM Popov, VV Mishin, OV Petrov, AN Vasiliev, BA Voronov, SA Karpenko, AI Maltsev, VV Oshkanov, NN Tuchkov, AM Barsanov, VI Janelidze, AA Korenkova, AV Kotelnikov, NA Markov, SY Selin, VV Shakirov, ZN Zamyatina, AA Zlokazov, SB AF Abdurashitov, JN Gavrin, VN Girin, SV Gorbachev, VV Gurkina, PP Ibragimova, TV Kalikhov, AV Khairnasov, NG Knodel, TV Matveev, VA Mirmov, IN Shikhin, AA Veretenkin, EP Vermul, VM Yants, VE Zatsepin, GT Bowles, TJ Elliott, SR Teasdale, WA Cleveland, BT Haxton, WC Wilkerson, JF Nico, JS Suzuki, A Lande, K Khomyakov, YS Poplavsky, VM Popov, VV Mishin, OV Petrov, AN Vasiliev, BA Voronov, SA Karpenko, AI Maltsev, VV Oshkanov, NN Tuchkov, AM Barsanov, VI Janelidze, AA Korenkova, AV Kotelnikov, NA Markov, SY Selin, VV Shakirov, ZN Zamyatina, AA Zlokazov, SB TI Measurement of the response of a Ga solar neutrino experiment to neutrinos from a Ar-37 source SO PHYSICAL REVIEW C LA English DT Article ID ORBITAL-ELECTRON-CAPTURE; INNER BREMSSTRAHLUNG; CROSS-SECTIONS; GALLIUM; DECAY; CHLORINE; NUCLEI AB An intense source of Ar-37 was produced by the (n,alpha) reaction on Ca-40 by irradiating 330 kg of calcium oxide in the fast neutron breeder reactor at Zarechny, Russia. The Ar-37 was released from the solid target by dissolution in acid, collected from this solution, purified, sealed into a small source, and brought to the Baksan Neutrino Observatory where it was used to irradiate 13 tonnes of gallium metal in the Russian-American gallium solar neutrino experiment SAGE. Ten exposures of the gallium to the source, whose initial strength was 409 +/- 2kCi, were carried out during the period April to September 2004. The Ge-71 produced by the reaction Ga-71(nu(e),e(-))Ge-71 was extracted, purified, and counted. The measured production rate was 11.0(-0.9)(+1.0) (stat)+/- 0.6 (syst) atoms of Ge-71/d, which is 0.79(-0.10)(+0.09) of the theoretically calculated production rate. When all neutrino source experiments with gallium are considered together, there is an indication the theoretical cross section has been overestimated. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Inst Nucl Res, RU-117312 Moscow, Russia. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Phys, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Tohoku Univ, Res Ctr Neutrino Sci, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan. Univ Penn, Dept Phys & Astron, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. OKB Mech Engn, RU-603074 Nizhnii Novgorod, Russia. Beloyarsk Nucl Power Plant, RU-624250 Zarechnyi, Sverdlovsk, Russia. Inst Nucl Mat, RU-624250 Zarechnyi, Sverdlovsk, Russia. RP Abdurashitov, JN (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Inst Nucl Res, RU-117312 Moscow, Russia. RI Abdurashitov, Dzhonrid/B-2206-2014; Yants, Viktor/C-1038-2014 OI Abdurashitov, Dzhonrid/0000-0002-1577-1364; NR 31 TC 136 Z9 137 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0556-2813 J9 PHYS REV C JI Phys. Rev. C PD APR PY 2006 VL 73 IS 4 AR 045805 DI 10.1103/PhysRevC.73.045805 PG 12 WC Physics, Nuclear SC Physics GA 037OV UT WOS:000237157300085 ER PT J AU Dewey, MS Kessler, EG Deslattes, RD Borner, HG Jentschel, M Doll, C Mutti, P AF Dewey, MS Kessler, EG Deslattes, RD Borner, HG Jentschel, M Doll, C Mutti, P TI Precision measurement of the Si-29, S-33, and Cl-36 binding energies SO PHYSICAL REVIEW C LA English DT Article ID FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS; CODATA RECOMMENDED VALUES; THERMAL-NEUTRON CAPTURE; UPDATED EDLEN EQUATION; LATTICE-PARAMETERS; REFRACTIVE-INDEX; SILICON; EXPANSION; ISOTOPES; CRYSTAL AB The binding energies of Si-29, S-33, and Cl-36 have been measured with a relative uncertainty of < 0.59x10(-6) using a flat-crystal spectrometer. The unique features of these measurements are (1) nearly perfect crystals whose lattice spacing is known in meters, (2) a highly precise angle scale that is derived from first principles, and (3) a gamma-ray measurement facility that is coupled to a high-flux reactor with near-core source capability. The binding energy is obtained by measuring all gamma-rays in a cascade scheme connecting the capture and ground states. The measurements require the extension of precision flat-crystal diffraction techniques to the 5- to 6-MeV energy region, a significant precision measurement challenge. The binding energies determined from these gamma-ray measurements are consistent with recent highly accurate atomic-mass measurements within a relative uncertainty of 4.3x10(-7). The gamma-ray measurement uncertainties are the dominant contributors to the uncertainty of this consistency test. The measured gamma-ray energies are in agreement with earlier precision gamma-ray measurements. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Inst Laue Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble, France. RP Dewey, MS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM maynard.dewey@nist.gov; ernest.kessler@nist.gov NR 33 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0556-2813 J9 PHYS REV C JI Phys. Rev. C PD APR PY 2006 VL 73 IS 4 AR 044303 DI 10.1103/PhysRevC.73.044303 PG 11 WC Physics, Nuclear SC Physics GA 037OV UT WOS:000237157300015 ER PT J AU Roura, A Brill, DR Hu, BL Misner, CW Phillips, WD AF Roura, A Brill, DR Hu, BL Misner, CW Phillips, WD TI Gravitational wave detectors based on matter wave interferometers (MIGO) are no better than laser interferometers (LIGO) SO PHYSICAL REVIEW D LA English DT Article ID QUANTUM-MECHANICS; GENERAL-RELATIVITY; INTERSECTION; INTERFERENCE; FIELDS AB We show that a recent claim that matter wave interferometers have a much higher sensitivity than laser interferometers for a comparable physical setup is unfounded. We point out where the mistake in the earlier analysis is made. We also disprove the claim that only a description based on the geodesic deviation equation can produce the correct physical result. The equations for the quantum dynamics of nonrelativistic massive particles in a linearly perturbed spacetime derived here are useful for treating a wider class of related physical problems. A general discussion on the use of atom interferometers for the detection of gravitational waves is also provided. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Roura, A (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 18 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 3 U2 9 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1550-7998 J9 PHYS REV D JI Phys. Rev. D PD APR PY 2006 VL 73 IS 8 AR 084018 DI 10.1103/PhysRevD.73.084018 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA 037PQ UT WOS:000237159600058 ER PT J AU Rogers-Dakin, EA Garcia-Ojalvo, J DeShazer, DJ Roy, R AF Rogers-Dakin, EA Garcia-Ojalvo, J DeShazer, DJ Roy, R TI Synchronization and symmetry breaking in mutually coupled fiber lasers SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E LA English DT Article ID POLARIZATION DYNAMICS; RING LASER AB We experimentally study the synchronization and the emergence of leader-follower dynamics in two time-delayed mutually coupled fiber ring lasers. We utilize spatiotemporal representations of time series to establish the roles of leader and follower in the synchronized dynamics. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Inst Res Elect & Appl Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis Engn Nucl, Terrassa 08222, Spain. Dow Corning Corp, Adv Technol & Venture Busines, Midland, MI 48686 USA. Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Rogers-Dakin, EA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electron Phys Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM rogerse@glue.umd.edu RI Garcia-Ojalvo, Jordi/A-4574-2009; Roy, Rajarshi/F-1898-2017 OI Garcia-Ojalvo, Jordi/0000-0002-3716-7520; Roy, Rajarshi/0000-0002-2381-829X NR 10 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1539-3755 J9 PHYS REV E JI Phys. Rev. E PD APR PY 2006 VL 73 IS 4 AR 045201 DI 10.1103/PhysRevE.73.045201 PN 2 PG 4 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 037KX UT WOS:000237146800003 PM 16711866 ER PT J AU Gilman, JW Harris, RH Shields, JR Kashiwagi, T Morgan, AB AF Gilman, JW Harris, RH Shields, JR Kashiwagi, T Morgan, AB TI A study of the flammability reduction mechanism of polystyrene-layered silicate nanocomposite: layered silicate reinforced carbonaceous char SO POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES LA English DT Article DE clay; layered silicate; nanocomposites; polystyrene; flammability ID THERMAL-DEGRADATION; CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES; POLYMER AB Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites (PLSNs) have been shown to have significantly reduced flammability. Based upon numerous studies to date, the proposed mechanism by which flammability reduction occurs is through formation of a silicate-reinforced char layer that protects the underlying polymer. To further understand this condensed phase phenomena, polystyrene (PS) PLSN was studied during various states of decomposition. The materials were exposed to non-oxidizing pyrolysis conditions using the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) gasification apparatus. Samples were exposed for a range of pyrolysis times. The resulting partially decomposed PS PLSNs were analyzed by wide angle X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Sampling was done at different depths in each sample. The results show that as the PLSN was heated, the PS in the layered silicate galleries decomposed and volatilized, resulting in a collapse of the layer spacing, which yielded a stable silicate-carbon char layer. This layered silicate or clay appears to catalyze formation of carbonaceous char which yields a clay reinforced carbon char layer with a d-spacing of 1.3 nm; this unique structure forms quickly under pyrolysis conditions, and is stable even after extended pyrolysis times. TGA data suggest that there are two types of carbonaceous materials formed in the carbon phase of the clay-carbon char; a carbon that can be decomposed and volatilized by heating in nitrogen, and a second fraction of material which requires more aggressive conditions, that is, heating (>700 degrees C) in the presence of air. Copyright (C) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Sci Div, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Dayton, Res Inst, Nonmet Mat Div, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. RP Gilman, JW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Sci Div, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jeffrey.gilman@nist.gov RI Morgan, Alexander/A-9672-2009 NR 21 TC 79 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 11 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 1042-7147 J9 POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL JI Polym. Adv. Technol. PD APR PY 2006 VL 17 IS 4 BP 263 EP 271 DI 10.1002/pat.682 PG 9 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 046UW UT WOS:000237837600008 ER PT J AU Muralikrishnan, B Stone, JA Stoup, JR AF Muralikrishnan, B Stone, JA Stoup, JR TI Fiber deflection probe for small hole metrology SO PRECISION ENGINEERING-JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETIES FOR PRECISION ENGINEERING AND NANOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE coordinate metrology; small hole; microfeature metrology; fiber probe AB This paper presents the development of a new probing method for coordinate measuring machines (CMM) to inspect the diameter and form of small holes. The technique, referred to as fiber deflection probing (FDP), can be used for holes of approximately 100 mu m nominal diameter. The expanded uncertainty obtained using this method is 0.07 mu m (k = 2) on diameter. The probing system consists of a transversely illuminated fiber (with a ball mounted on the end) whose shadows are imaged using a camera. We can infer the deflection of the probe from the motion of the image seen by the camera, and we infer the position of the measured surface by adding the fiber deflection along x- and y-directions to the machine scale readings. The advantage of this technique is the large aspect ratio attainable (5 mm deep for a 100 mu m diameter hole). Also, by utilizing the fiber as a cylindrical lens, we obtain sharp crisp images of the fiber position, thus enabling high resolution for measured probe deflection. Another potential advantage of the probe is that it exerts an exceptionally low force (ranging from a few micronewtons down to hundreds of nanonewtons). Furthermore, the probe is relatively robust, capable of surviving more than 1 mm over-travel, and the probe should be inexpensive to replace if it is broken. In this paper, we describe the measurement principle and provide an analysis of the imaging process. Subsequently, we discuss data obtained from characterization and validation experiments. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of this technique for small hole metrology by measuring the internal geometry of a 129 mu m diameter fiber ferrule and conclude with an uncertainty budget. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Mech Engn & Engn Sci, Charlotte, NC 28223 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Precis Engn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Muralikrishnan, B (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Mech Engn & Engn Sci, Charlotte, NC 28223 USA. EM balam@nist.gov NR 17 TC 44 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0141-6359 J9 PRECIS ENG JI Precis. Eng.-J. Int. Soc. Precis. Eng. Nanotechnol. PD APR PY 2006 VL 30 IS 2 BP 154 EP 164 DI 10.1016/j.precisioneng.2005.07.004 PG 11 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Manufacturing; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 030KZ UT WOS:000236634700005 ER PT J AU Deshayes, L Rigal, JF Play, D AF Deshayes, L. Rigal, J-F Play, D. TI Proposed methodology for optimizing grooving operations of ferrous sintered material SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PART B-JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING MANUFACTURE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Integrated Design and Manufacturing in Mechanical Engineering CY APR, 2004 CL Univ Bath, Bath, ENGLAND HO Univ Bath DE sintered steels; cutting; surface integrity; wear; couple workpiece-tool AB Nowadays, powder metallurgy technology is increasingly used for the production of components with complex prismatic geometries. On account of the sintering process, machining operations have to be used for obtaining the final workpiece. Cutting operations are the limitation processes for sintered product owing to the weak machinability of sintered materials. Design has to consider such limitations early in the product development for reducing cost and enabling powder technology to compete with other technologies. This goal can be achieved only if cutting operations are well optimized through a unified methodology. In this paper, 'couple workpiece-tool' (CWT) methodology is used to optimize the machining of sintered steels. The study case used in this paper consists in determining optimal cutting conditions for an external grooving operation on sintered tooth sprockets on the basis of results obtained with continuous grooving operations. The influence of cutting parameters on machined surface and quality indices of the process, such as burr height, tool wear, and surface integrity, is studied. Results, based on experiments, are used to propose recommendations and new criteria to consider in CWT methodology for intermittent and continuous cutting of sintered steels. C1 Inst Natl Sci Appl, Lamcos, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France. Inst Natl Sci Appl, Dept Genie Ind, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France. RP Deshayes, L (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, MSID, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM laurent.deshayes@nist.gov NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING PUBLISHING LTD PI WESTMINISTER PA 1 BIRDCAGE WALK, WESTMINISTER SW1H 9JJ, ENGLAND SN 0954-4054 J9 P I MECH ENG B-J ENG JI Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part B-J. Eng. Manuf. PD APR PY 2006 VL 220 IS 4 BP 555 EP 569 DI 10.1243/095440505X32959 PG 15 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 071GK UT WOS:000239586800013 ER PT J AU Frehlich, R AF Frehlich, Rod TI Adaptive data assimilation including the effect of spatial variations in observation error SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE ensemble forecasts; turbulence ID ENSEMBLE KALMAN FILTER; COHERENT DOPPLER LIDAR; ATMOSPHERIC DATA ASSIMILATION; NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION; VELOCITY STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS; WIND-FIELD; STATISTICAL-INTERPOLATION; 2-DIMENSIONAL TURBULENCE; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; ENERGY-SPECTRUM AB An optimal adaptive data assimilation algorithm is derived using the maximum likelihood method based on a conditional Gaussian probability density function for the first-guess and direct observations of the state variables but including local estimates of the observation and first-guess error statistics. An interpolation of the first-guess field to the observation coordinates is not required under the assumption of locally homogeneous statistics for the random atmosphere. However, the definition of observation error requires a definition of model 'truth' which is defined as a spatial average of the continuous random atmospheric variables. Then the total observation error consists of two independent components: an instrument error and an observation sampling error defined by the spatial average of the observation and the statistics of the local turbulence. Estimates of the observation sampling error statistics are determined from an ensemble of background or first-guess fields or from the analysis of the raw data from instrumented aircraft, Doppler lidars, or radar profilers. The spatial variations of the sampling error are referenced to the local turbulence conditions at each analysis coordinate and therefore each observation can have a different observation error for each nearby analysis coordinate. The extension of the adaptive assimilation concept to include the spatial variations in observation error for statistical interpolation, 3D-Var, 4D-Var, extended Kalman filtering, and ensemble Kalman filtering is also presented for the traditional meaning of observation error, i.e. each observation is assigned a single error. The conditional analysis error is derived for a single observation at the analysis coordinate and multiple observations around the analysis point. Example calculations of the conditional analysis error are presented for a few simple set of observation and measurement geometries to demonstrate the impact of the spatially variable observation errors. For rawinsonde observations, the observation sampling error is an important contribution to optimal adaptive data assimilation. Observations performed as a spatial average along a line, such as aircraft, radar profiler and Doppler lidar measurements, have smaller sampling errors than rawinsonde observations and therefore reduce the analysis error if the instrument error is sufficiently low. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Frehlich, R (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Campus 216, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM rgf@cires.colorado.edu NR 68 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 5 PU ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI READING PA 104 OXFORD ROAD, READING RG1 7LJ, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0035-9009 J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD APR PY 2006 VL 132 IS 617 BP 1225 EP 1257 DI 10.1256/qj.05.146 PN B PG 33 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 068TU UT WOS:000239398100011 ER PT J AU Jones, KM Tiesinga, E Lett, PD Julienne, PS AF Jones, Kevin M. Tiesinga, Eite Lett, Paul D. Julienne, Paul S. TI Ultracold photoassociation spectroscopy: Long-range molecules and atomic scattering SO REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE; GROUND-STATE MOLECULES; LASER-COOLED ATOMS; 2-COLOR PHOTOASSOCIATION; ASSOCIATIVE IONIZATION; FESHBACH RESONANCE; POTENTIAL CURVES; COLD ATOMS; DISPERSION COEFFICIENTS; HYPERFINE-STRUCTURE AB Photoassociation is the process in which two colliding atoms absorb a photon to form an excited molecule. The development of laser-cooling techniques for producing gases at ultracold (< 1 mK) temperatures allows photoassociation spectroscopy to be performed with very high spectral resolution. Of particular interest is the investigation of molecular states whose properties can be related, with high precision, to the properties of their constituent atoms with the "complications" of chemical binding accounted for by a few parameters. These include bound long-range or purely long-range vibrational states in which two atoms spend most or all of their time at large internuclear separations. Low-energy atomic scattering states also share this characteristic. Photoassociation techniques have made important contributions to the study of all of these. This review describes what is special about photoassociation spectroscopy at ultracold temperatures, how it is performed, and a sampling of results including the determination of scattering lengths, their control via optical Feshbach resonances, precision determinations of atomic lifetimes from molecular spectra, limits on photoassociation rates in a Bose-Einstein condensate, and briefly, production of cold molecules. Discussions are illustrated with examples on alkali-metal atoms as well as other species. Progress in the field is already past the point where this review can be exhaustive, but an introduction is provided on the capabilities of photoassociation spectroscopy and the techniques presently in use. C1 Williams Coll, Dept Phys, Williamstown, MA 01267 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jones, KM (reprint author), Williams Coll, Dept Phys, 33 Lab Campus Dr, Williamstown, MA 01267 USA. RI Julienne, Paul/E-9378-2012 OI Julienne, Paul/0000-0002-5494-1442 NR 169 TC 487 Z9 492 U1 8 U2 54 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0034-6861 EI 1539-0756 J9 REV MOD PHYS JI Rev. Mod. Phys. PD APR-JUN PY 2006 VL 78 IS 2 BP 483 EP 535 DI 10.1103/RevModPhys.78.483 PG 53 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 058YC UT WOS:000238699500005 ER PT J AU Curtius, J Lovejoy, ER Froyd, KD AF Curtius, J. Lovejoy, E. R. Froyd, K. D. TI Atmospheric ion-induced aerosol nucleation SO SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE ion-induced nucleation; aerosol; clusters ions; particles; atmosphere; sulfuric acid ID COSMIC-RAYS; HSO4-(H2SO4)(X)(HNO3)(Y); H2SO4; H2O AB Ion-induced nucleation has been suggested to be a potentially important mechanism for atmospheric aerosol formation. Ions are formed in the background atmosphere by galactic cosmic rays. A possible connection between galactic cosmic rays and cloudiness has been However, the predictions of current atmospheric nucleation models are highly uncertain because the models are usually based on the liquid drop model that estimates cluster thermodynamics based on bulk properties (e.g., liquid drop density and surface tension). Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and water are assumed to be the most important nucleating agents in the free troposphere. Measurements of the molecular thermodynamics for the growth and evaporation of cluster ions containing H2SO4 and H2O were performed using a temperature-controlled laminar flow reactor coupled to a linear quadrupole mass spectrometer as well as a temperature-controlled ion trap mass spectrometer. The measurements were complemented by quantum chemical calculations of the cluster ion structures. The analysis yielded a complete set of H2SO4 and H2O binding thermodynamics extending from molecular cluster ions to the bulk, based on experimental thermodynamics for the small clusters. The data were incorporated into a kinetic aerosol model to yield quantitative predictions of the rate of ion-induced nucleation for atmospheric conditions. The model predicts that the negative ion-H2SO4-H2O nucleation mechanism is an efficient source of new particles in the middle and upper troposphere. C1 Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Phys Atmosphare, D-6500 Mainz, Germany. NOAA ESRL, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA. RP Curtius, J (reprint author), Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Phys Atmosphare, D-6500 Mainz, Germany. EM curtius@mail.uni-mainz.de RI Curtius, Joachim/A-2681-2011; Froyd, Karl/H-6607-2013; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Curtius, Joachim/0000-0003-3153-4630; NR 21 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 3 U2 20 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0038-6308 EI 1572-9672 J9 SPACE SCI REV JI Space Sci. Rev. PD APR PY 2006 VL 125 IS 1-4 BP 159 EP 167 DI 10.1007/s11214-006-9054-5 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 139RF UT WOS:000244449400014 ER PT J AU Kopycinska-Muller, M Geiss, RH Hurley, DC AF Kopycinska-Muller, M Geiss, RH Hurley, DC TI Contact mechanics and tip shape in AFM-based nanomechanical measurements SO ULTRAMICROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE atomic force microscopy (AFM); contact mechanics; elastic modulus; tip characterization ID FORCE MICROSCOPE CANTILEVERS; ACOUSTIC MICROSCOPY; ENERGY-DISSIPATION; ELASTIC PROPERTIES; FREQUENCY; LOAD; CALIBRATION; POLYMER AB Stiffness-load curves obtained in quantitative atomic force acoustic microscopy (AFAM) measurements depend on both the elastic properties of the sample and the geometry of the atomic force microscope (AFM) tip. The geometry of silicon AFM tips changes when used in contact mode, affecting measurement accuracy. To study the influence of tip geometry, we subjected ten AFM tips to the same series of AFAM measurements. Changes in tip shape were observed in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) between individual AFAM tests. Because all of the AFAM measurements were performed on the same sample, variations in AFAM stiffness-load curves were attributed to differences in tip geometry. Contact-mechanics models that assumed simple tip geometries were used to analyze the AFAM data, but the calculated values for tip dimensions did not agree with those provided by SEM images. Therefore, we used a power-law approach that allows for a nonspherical tip geometry. We found that after several AFAM measurements, the geometry of the tips at the very end is intermediate between those of a flat punch and a hemisphere. These results indicate that the nanoscale tip-sample contact cannot easily be described in terms of simple, ideal geometries. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Kopycinska-Muller, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM kopycins@boulder.nist.gov OI Kopycinska-Mueller, Malgorzata/0000-0001-7033-3095 NR 29 TC 58 Z9 61 U1 4 U2 31 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3991 J9 ULTRAMICROSCOPY JI Ultramicroscopy PD APR PY 2006 VL 106 IS 6 BP 466 EP 474 DI 10.1016/j.ultramic.2005.12.006 PG 9 WC Microscopy SC Microscopy GA 041XX UT WOS:000237491600003 PM 16448755 ER PT J AU Holbrook, RD Wagner, MS Mahoney, CM Wight, SA AF Holbrook, RD Wagner, MS Mahoney, CM Wight, SA TI Investigating activated sludge flocs using microanalytical techniques: Demonstration of environmental scanning electron Microscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry for wastewater applications SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE activated sludge; microanalysis; environmental scanning electron microscopy; time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry; principal-component analysis; imaging; characterization ID EXTRACELLULAR POLYMERS; MULTIVARIATE-ANALYSIS; TOF-SIMS; S-SIMS; BIOFLOCCULATION; NITROGEN; REMOVAL; MODEL; MICROORGANISMS; SPECTROSCOPY AB Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) were demonstrated to be useful analytical tools for investigating surface and bulk components of individual floe particles from both full- and bench-scale activated sludge systems. Detailed surface imaging of various hydrated biological floe particles by ESEM revealed substantial differences in surface features between treatment systems, while EDS identified spatial differences in the iron and the aluminum distributions. The ToF-SIMS spectra had signature fragments of protein and polysaccharide material from the floc surface, suggesting that this technique is capable of surface profiling extracellular polymeric substances. Principal-component analysis of the positive ion ToF-SIMS spectra from the mixed-liquor-suspended solid (MLSS) samples and reference aquatic organic materials found slight differences between the full- and bench-scale MLSS surface properties but substantial differences among MLSS and treated effluent from the same facility. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Holbrook, RD (reprint author), 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8371, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dave.holbrook@nist.gov NR 60 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 WYTHE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1994 USA SN 1061-4303 J9 WATER ENVIRON RES JI Water Environ. Res. PD APR PY 2006 VL 78 IS 4 BP 381 EP + DI 10.2175/106143005X90092 PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 044JE UT WOS:000237667600006 PM 16749306 ER PT J AU Kain, JS Weiss, SJ Levit, JJ Baldwin, ME Bright, DR AF Kain, JS Weiss, SJ Levit, JJ Baldwin, ME Bright, DR TI Examination of convection-allowing configurations of the WRF model for the prediction of severe convective weather: The SPC/NSSL Spring Program 2004 SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID CLOUD MODEL; ETA-MODEL; FORECASTS; LONGWAVE; LINES; RRTM AB Convection-allowing configurations of the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model were evaluated during the 2004 Storm Prediction Center-National Severe Storms Laboratory Spring Program in a simulated severe weather forecasting environment. The utility of the WRF forecasts was assessed in two different ways. First, WRF output was used in the preparation of daily experimental human forecasts for severe weather. These forecasts were compared with corresponding predictions made without access to WRF data to provide a measure of the impact of the experimental data on the human decision-making process. Second, WRF output was compared directly with output from current operational forecast models. Results indicate that human forecasts showed a small, but measurable, improvement when forecasters had access to the high-resolution WRF output and, in the mean, the WRF output received higher ratings than the operational Eta Model on subjective performance measures related to convective initiation, evolution, and mode. The results suggest that convection-allowing models have the potential to provide a value-added benefit to the traditional guidance package used by severe weather forecasters. C1 NSSL, NOAA, OAR, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NOAA, NWS, Storm Predict Ctr, Norman, OK USA. NOAA, NWS, Storm Predict Ctr, Norman, OK USA. RP Kain, JS (reprint author), NSSL, NOAA, OAR, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM Jack.Kain@noaa.gov NR 39 TC 92 Z9 95 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD APR PY 2006 VL 21 IS 2 BP 167 EP 181 DI 10.1175/WAF906.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 038CB UT WOS:000237194800003 ER PT J AU Escudero, M Stein, A Draxler, RR Querol, X Alastuey, A Castillo, S Avila, A AF Escudero, M Stein, A Draxler, RR Querol, X Alastuey, A Castillo, S Avila, A TI Determination of the contribution of northern Africa dust source areas to PM10 concentrations over the central Iberian Peninsula using the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model (HYSPLIT) model SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID RURAL MEDITERRANEAN SITE; LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT; FIRED POWER-STATION; SAHARAN DUST; PRECIPITATION CHEMISTRY; MINERAL DUST; NORTHEASTERN SPAIN; TROPICAL ATLANTIC; CANARY-ISLANDS; DRY DEPOSITION AB A source apportionment methodology has been implemented to estimate the contribution from different arid geographical areas to the levels of measured atmospheric particulate matter with diameters less than 10 mm (PM10). Toward that end, the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model (HYSPLIT) has been used to quantify the proportions of mineral dust originated from specific geographical areas in northern Africa. HYSPLIT simulates the transport, dispersion, and deposition of dust plumes as they travel from the source areas to the receptors. This model has been configured to reproduce high daily ambient PM10 levels recorded at three Spanish EMEP (Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-Range Transmission of Air pollutants in Europe) regional background monitoring stations, located over the central Iberian Peninsula, during a North African dust outbreak from 12 to 15 March 2003. Different model setups have been utilized to determine the best suite of parameters needed to better represent the observed concentrations. Once the simulation has been configured, the model has been run for individual scenarios which include eight specific source areas over northern Africa considered as possible contributors to the PM10 levels measured at the monitoring stations. One additional run has been carried out to account for the rest of the dust sources in northern Africa. Furthermore, the fractional contribution to the PM10 air concentrations at the receptors from each run has been used to estimate the source apportionment. According to these calculations, the contribution from each area to the PM10 recorded over central Iberia for the March 2003 episode can be detailed as follows: 20-30% of the PM10 dust originated in Mauritania and the western Sahara, 15-20% from Mali, Mauritania and the western flanks of the Ahaggar Mountains, and 55-60% from other northwestern African sources within the rest of the desert source area. C1 CSIC, Inst Earth Sci Jaume Almera, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain. Autonomous Univ Barcelona, Ctr Ecol Res & Forestry Applicat, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain. Fdn Ctr Estudios Ambientales Mediterraneo, E-46980 Valencia, Spain. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Escudero, M (reprint author), CSIC, Inst Earth Sci Jaume Almera, C Luis Sole i Sabaris S-N, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain. EM m.escudero@creaf.uab.es RI Stein, Ariel/G-1330-2012; Alastuey, Andres/E-1706-2014; Querol, Xavier/E-2800-2014; Stein, Ariel F/L-9724-2014 OI Escudero Tellechea, Miguel/0000-0001-8227-5689; Avila, Anna/0000-0002-4137-0839; Alastuey, Andres/0000-0002-5453-5495; Querol, Xavier/0000-0002-6549-9899; Stein, Ariel F/0000-0002-9560-9198 NR 76 TC 42 Z9 45 U1 3 U2 23 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 31 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D6 AR D06210 DI 10.1029/2005JD006395 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 031UT UT WOS:000236730500003 ER PT J AU Wollheim, WM Voosmarty, CJ Peterson, BJ Seitzinger, SP Hopkinson, CS AF Wollheim, WM Voosmarty, CJ Peterson, BJ Seitzinger, SP Hopkinson, CS TI Relationship between river size and nutrient removal SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID NITROGEN-RETENTION; WATERSHEDS; STREAMS; FLUXES; OCEAN AB We present a conceptual approach for evaluating the biological and hydrological controls of nutrient removal in different sized rivers within an entire river network. We emphasize a per unit area biological parameter, the nutrient uptake velocity (nu(f)), which is mathematically independent of river size in benthic dominated systems. Standardization of biological parameters from previous river network models to nu(f) reveals the nature of river size dependant biological activity in these models. We explore how geomorphic, hydraulic, and biological factors control the distribution of nutrient removal in an idealized river network, finding that larger rivers within a basin potentially exert considerable influence over nutrient exports. C1 Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, NOAA CMER Program, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. RP Wollheim, WM (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA. EM wil.wollheim@unh.edu NR 16 TC 96 Z9 102 U1 8 U2 51 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 30 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 6 AR L06410 DI 10.1029/2006GL025845 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 031UK UT WOS:000236729500008 ER PT J AU Wang, MY Overland, JE Percival, DB Mofjeld, HO AF Wang, MY Overland, JE Percival, DB Mofjeld, HO TI Change in the arctic influence on Bering Sea climate during the twentieth century SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bering Sea; Arctic; climate change; fisheries; air temperatures AB Surface air temperatures (SAT) from three Alaskan weather stations in a north-south section (Barrow, Nome, and St. Paul) show that on a decadal scale, the correlation among the stations changed during the past century. Before the 1960s, Barrow and Nome were dominated by Arctic air masses and St. Paul was dominated by North Pacific maritime air masses. After the 1960s, the SAT correlation in winter between Barrow and St. Paul increased from 0.2 to 0.7 and between Nome and St. Paul from 0.4 to 0.8, implying greater north-south penetration of both air masses. The correlation change in the winter of the Barrow-St. Paul pair is significant at a 95% confidence level. The Nome-St. Paul pair in spring also shows some of this characteristic change in correlation. Relatively stable, high correlations are found among the stations in the fall; correlations are low in the summer. Our Study shows a change in the climatological structure of the Bering Sea in the late twentieth century, at present of unknown origin and occurring earlier than the well-known 1976/1977 shift. These climatological results further support the concept that the southeast Bering Sea ecosystem may have been dominated by Arctic species for most of the century, with a gradual replacement by sub-Arctic species in the last 30 years. Copyright (C) 2005 Royal Meteorological Society. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, JISAO, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Overland, JE (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM James.E.Overland@noaa.gov RI Wang, Muyin/K-4006-2014 NR 8 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0899-8418 J9 INT J CLIMATOL JI Int. J. Climatol. PD MAR 30 PY 2006 VL 26 IS 4 BP 531 EP 539 DI 10.1002/joc.1278 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 030HE UT WOS:000236624400007 ER PT J AU Wang, CZ Wang, WQ Wang, DX Wang, Q AF Wang, CZ Wang, WQ Wang, DX Wang, Q TI Interannual variability of the South China Sea associated with El Nino SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID SURFACE TEMPERATURE; ATMOSPHERIC BRIDGE; OCEAN CIRCULATION; OSCILLATION; ENSO; DYNAMICS AB Interannual sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the South China Sea (SCS) are largely influenced by El Nino through El Nino-driven atmospheric and oceanic changes. This paper discovers a new observed feature of the SCS SST anomalies: a double-peak evolution following an El Nino event. The first and second peaks occur around February and August, respectively, in the subsequent year of the El Nino year (denoted by February [+1] and August [+1]). During and after the mature phase of El Nino, a change of atmospheric circulation alters the local SCS near-surface air temperature, humidity, cloudiness, and monsoon wind. These factors influence surface heat fluxes and oceanic flows over the SCS that can either warm or cool the SCS depending upon stages of SST anomaly evolution. The shortwave radiation and latent heat flux anomalies are major contributions to the first peak of the SCS SST anomalies, although the geostrophic heat advections warm the western boundary region of the SCS. After the first peak of February [+1], both the Ekman and geostrophic heat advections, assisted with a reduction of the net heat flux anomalies, cool the SCS SST anomalies. In August [+1], the mean meridional geostrophic heat advection makes the SCS SST anomalies peak again. Then, the latent heat flux anomalies (mainly attributed to anomalous air-sea difference in specific humidity) and the mean zonal geostrophic heat advection take over for the cooling of the SCS after the second peak. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Phys Oceanog Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Chinese Acad Sci, S China Sea Inst Oceanol, Key Lab Trop Marine Environm Dynam, Guangzhou 510301, Peoples R China. Ocean Univ China, Dept Meteorol, Phys Oceanog Lab, Qingdao 266003, Peoples R China. RP Wang, CZ (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Phys Oceanog Div, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM chunzai.wang@noaa.gov RI Wang, Chunzai /C-9712-2009; Wang, Weiqiang/B-1776-2013; WANG, DongXiao/B-4445-2012 OI Wang, Chunzai /0000-0002-7611-0308; Wang, Weiqiang/0000-0003-2146-4210; NR 20 TC 95 Z9 106 U1 0 U2 22 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD MAR 30 PY 2006 VL 111 IS C3 AR C03023 DI 10.1029/2005JC003333 PG 19 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 031VC UT WOS:000236731400003 ER PT J AU Schaake, J Duan, QY AF Schaake, J Duan, QY TI The model parameter estimation experiment (MOPEX) - Preface SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol Dev, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Energy & Environm Directorate, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Schaake, J (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol Dev, 1325 EW Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM john.schaake@noaa.gov; qduan@llml.gov RI Duan, Qingyun/C-7652-2011 OI Duan, Qingyun/0000-0001-9955-1512 NR 1 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD MAR 30 PY 2006 VL 320 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 1 EP 2 DI 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.07.054 PG 2 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 027WY UT WOS:000236448000001 ER PT J AU Duan, Q Schaake, J Andreassian, V Franks, S Goteti, G Gupta, HV Gusev, YM Habets, F Hall, A Hay, L Hogue, T Huang, M Leavesley, G Liang, X Nasonova, ON Noilhan, J Oudin, L Sorooshian, S Wagener, T Wood, EF AF Duan, Q Schaake, J Andreassian, V Franks, S Goteti, G Gupta, HV Gusev, YM Habets, F Hall, A Hay, L Hogue, T Huang, M Leavesley, G Liang, X Nasonova, ON Noilhan, J Oudin, L Sorooshian, S Wagener, T Wood, EF TI Model Parameter Estimation Experiment (MOPEX): An overview of science strategy and major results from the second and third workshops SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd MOPEX Workshop CY JUL, 2003 CL Sapporo, JAPAN SP MOPEX DE MOPEX; a priori parameter estimation; model calibration; rainfall-runoff modeling; regionalization; uncertainty analysis ID GLOBAL OPTIMIZATION; MULTICRITERIA METHODS; HYDROLOGIC-MODELS; RIVER-BASIN; LAND; UNCERTAINTY; SCHEMES; PRECIPITATION; SENSITIVITY; PREDICTION AB The Model Parameter Estimation Experiment (MOPEX) is an international project aimed at developing enhanced techniques for the a priori estimation of parameters in hydrologic models and in land surface parameterization schemes of atmospheric models. The MOPEX science strategy involves three major steps: data preparation, a priori parameter estimation methodology development, and demonstration of parameter transferability. A comprehensive MOPEX database has been developed that contains historical hydrometeorological data and land surface characteristics data for many hydrologic basins in the United States (US) and in other countries. This database is being continuously expanded to include more basins in all parts of the world. A number of international MOPEX workshops have been convened to bring together interested hydrologists and land surface modelers from all over world to exchange knowledge and experience in developing a priori parameter estimation techniques. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Energy & Environm Directorate, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol Dev, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Cemagref, Grp Hydrol, Antony, France. Univ Newcastle, Dept Civil Surveying & Environm Engn, Callaghan, NSW, Australia. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Water Problems, Moscow, Russia. Meteo France, Toulouse, France. GEWEX, Water Resources Appl Project, Cooma, Australia. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Los Angeles, CA USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Irvine, CA USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Duan, Q (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Energy & Environm Directorate, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM qduan@llnl.gov RI Andreassian, Vazken/B-6226-2008; Wagener, Thorsten/C-2062-2008; Gupta, Hoshin/D-1642-2010; sorooshian, soroosh/B-3753-2008; Franks, Stewart/C-6502-2013; Nasonova, Olga/B-6093-2014; Duan, Qingyun/C-7652-2011; gusev, yugeniy/G-4711-2014; Huang, Maoyi/I-8599-2012; OI Wagener, Thorsten/0000-0003-3881-5849; Gupta, Hoshin/0000-0001-9855-2839; sorooshian, soroosh/0000-0001-7774-5113; Duan, Qingyun/0000-0001-9955-1512; gusev, yugeniy/0000-0003-3886-2143; Huang, Maoyi/0000-0001-9154-9485; Habets, Florence/0000-0003-1950-0921 NR 46 TC 221 Z9 230 U1 4 U2 56 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD MAR 30 PY 2006 VL 320 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 3 EP 17 DI 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.07.031 PG 15 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 027WY UT WOS:000236448000002 ER PT J AU Anderson, RM Koren, VI Reed, SM AF Anderson, RM Koren, VI Reed, SM TI Using SSURGO data to improve Sacramento Model a priori parameter estimates SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd MOPEX Workshop CY JUL, 2003 CL Sapporo, JAPAN SP MOPEX DE SSURGO dam; STATSGO data; a priori parameter estimation; sacramento hydrologic model; calibration; distributed modeling; flash flood forcasting AB As it transitions to smaller scale, distributed hydrologic modeling approaches, the National Weather Service (NWS) is improving methods of estimating parameters for the Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting model (SAC-SMA). This is the major hydrologic model used for flood forecasting at most of the 13 river forecasting centers throughout the United States. A physically based approach based on the nationally available State Soil Geographic Database (STATSGO) has been developed (Koren, V.I., Smith, M., Wang, D., Zhang, Z., 2000. Use of soil property data in the derivation of conceptual rainfall-runoff model parameters. Proceedings of the 15th Conference on Hydrology, AMS, Long Beach, CA, pp. 103-106; Koren, V., Smith, M., Duan, Q., 2003. Use of a priori parameter estimates in the derivation of spatially consistent parameter sets of rainfall-runoff models. In: Duan, Q., Sorooshian, S., Gupta, H., Rosseau, H., Turcotte, H. (Eds.), Calibration of Watershed Models, Water Science and Applications 6, AGU, pp. 239-254), leading to objective, spatially consistent parameter estimates. This paper shows that a better representation of basin physical properties and potential improvements in hydrologic simulation performance can be obtained by basing parameter estimates on a finer-scale database of soils data, the Soil Survey Geographic Database (SSURGO), combined with high-resolution land use/land cover data. Results also suggest that an intermediate level of improvement may be obtained by combining detailed land cover data with STATSGO to refine current parameter estimates. This latter finding is significant because the SSURGO data are not yet available for the entire country. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol Dev, Hydrol Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20912 USA. RP NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol Dev, Hydrol Lab, 1325 EW Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20912 USA. EM randerso@oce.usda.gov NR 21 TC 50 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 EI 1879-2707 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD MAR 30 PY 2006 VL 320 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 103 EP 116 DI 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.07.020 PG 14 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 027WY UT WOS:000236448000007 ER PT J AU Moreda, F Koren, V Zhang, ZY Reed, S Smith, M AF Moreda, F Koren, V Zhang, ZY Reed, S Smith, M TI Parameterization of distributed hydrological models: learning from the experiences of lumped modeling SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd MOPEX Workshop CY JUL, 2003 CL Sapporo, JAPAN SP MOPEX DE CONT-API; distributed model; a priori parameters ID RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS; UNGAUGED CATCHMENTS; PRECIPITATION; SYSTEM; SHE; EUROPEEN; RADAR AB The Hydrology Lab (HL) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service (NOAA/NWS), Office of Hydrologic Development (OHD) is currently developing and testing the HL Research Modeling System (HL-RMS). Currently, the system has one snow model (SNOW-17) and two runoff models: the Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting (SAC-SMA) and the Continuous Antecedent Precipitation Index (CONT-API). The NWS lumped CONT-API model is operational in one of the NWS River Forecasting Centers (RFCs), the Middle Atlantic RFC (MARFC) in the United States. This study deals with the derivation of a priori distributed parameters for the CONT-API model. In our strategy, initial distributed parameters based on the calibrated lumped CONT-API parameters of 67 basins in the Susquehanna River Basin are derived. This study shows that the CONT-API model six-hourly calibrated parameters can be used in an one-hourly lumped model with only minor changes in total runoff volume (less than 5%). However, to obtain the timing of simulated hydrographs, appropriate one-hourly unit hydrographs need to be derived. A priori-distributed model parameters were based on relationships between soil properties and calibrated lumped CONT-API parameters. Multiple linear regressions with coefficients of determination ranging from 0.39 to 0.63 were obtained for 10 lumped model parameters. Using these predicted parameters, the lumped model produced simulations having Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency, N-eff, statistics ranging from 0.69 to 0.78 for five of the 67 basins. These are commensurate with goodness-of-fit statistics from lumped model calibrations. Furthermore, application of the method in deriving a priori parameters gave a promising result in distributed model simulations. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol Dev, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Moreda, F (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol Dev, 1325 EW Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM fekadu.moreda@noaa.gov NR 41 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD MAR 30 PY 2006 VL 320 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 218 EP 237 DI 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.07.014 PG 20 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 027WY UT WOS:000236448000014 ER PT J AU Polk, BJ Stelzenmuller, A Mijares, G MacCrehan, W Gaitan, M AF Polk, BJ Stelzenmuller, A Mijares, G MacCrehan, W Gaitan, M TI Ag/AgCl microelectrodes with improved stability for microfluidics SO SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL LA English DT Article DE micro-reference electrode; reference electrode; microelectrode; Ag/AgCl; microfluidics ID SILVER-CHLORIDE ELECTRODE; GLUCOSE SENSOR; CHIP; VOLTAMMETRY; IMPEDANCE; LAYER AB A method for fabricating Ag/AgCl planar microelectrodes for microfluidic applications is presented. Micro-reference electrodes enable accurate potentiometric measurements with miniaturized chemical sensors, but such electrodes often exhibit very limited lifetimes. Our goal is to construct Ag/AgCl microelectrodes reliably with improved potential stability that are compatible with surface mounted microfluidic channels. Electrodes with geometric surface areas greater than or equal to 100 mu m(2) were fabricated individually and in an array format by electroplating silver, greater than 1 mu m thickness, onto photolithographically patterned thin-film metal electrodes. The surface of the electroplated silver was chemically oxidized to silver chloride to form Ag/AgCl micro-reference electrodes. Characterization results showed that Ag/AgCl microelectrodes produced by this fabrication method exhibit increased stability compared with many devices previously reported. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy allowed device specific parameters to be extracted from an equivalent circuit model, and these parameters were used to describe the performance of the microelectrodes in a microfluidic channel. Thus, stable Ag/AgCl microelectrodes, fabricated with a combination of photolithographic techniques and electroplating, were demonstrated to have utility for electrochemical analysis within microfluidic systems. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Polk, BJ (reprint author), NIST, Div Semicond Elect, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8120, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM brian.polk@nist.gov NR 24 TC 98 Z9 100 U1 8 U2 63 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0925-4005 J9 SENSOR ACTUAT B-CHEM JI Sens. Actuator B-Chem. PD MAR 30 PY 2006 VL 114 IS 1 BP 239 EP 247 DI 10.1016/j.snb.2005.03.121 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Electrochemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 021TS UT WOS:000236009300033 ER PT J AU Carlton, AG Turpin, BJ Lim, HJ Altieri, KE Seitzinger, S AF Carlton, AG Turpin, BJ Lim, HJ Altieri, KE Seitzinger, S TI Link between isoprene and secondary organic aerosol (SOA): Pyruvic acid oxidation yields low volatility organic acids in clouds SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DILUTE AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; DICARBOXYLIC-ACIDS; CARBOXYLIC-ACIDS; ATMOSPHERIC PHOTOOXIDATION; MARINE ATMOSPHERE; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; LAW CONSTANTS; OXALIC-ACID; MECHANISM; DEGRADATION AB Aqueous-phase oxidation (in clouds and aerosols) is a potentially important source of organic aerosol and could explain the atmospheric presence of oxalic acid. Methylglyoxal, a water-soluble product of isoprene, oxidizes further in the aqueous phase to pyruvic acid. Discrepancies in the literature regarding the aqueous-phase oxidation of pyruvic acid create large uncertainties in the in-cloud yields of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and oxalic acid. Resolving the fate of aqueous-phase pyruvic acid is critical to understanding SOA formation through cloud processing of water-soluble products of isoprene, other alkenes and aromatics. In this work, aqueous-phase photochemical reactions of pyruvic acid and hydrogen peroxide at pH values typical of clouds were conducted and demonstrated that photochemical oxidation of pyruvic acid yields glyoxylic, oxalic, acetic and formic acids. Oxalic and glyoxylic acids remain mostly in the particle phase upon droplet evaporation. Thus isoprene is an important precursor of in-cloud SOA formation. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Kyungpook Natl Univ, Dept Environm Engn, Taegu 702701, South Korea. Rutgers State Univ, Rutgers NOAA CMER Program, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. RP Carlton, AG (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, 14 Coll Farm Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. EM turpin@aesop.rutgers.edu RI Turpin, Barbara /D-8346-2012; Carlton, Annmarie/A-7867-2011; Altieri, Katye/M-5231-2014 OI Carlton, Annmarie/0000-0002-8574-1507; Altieri, Katye/0000-0002-6778-4079 NR 23 TC 147 Z9 148 U1 8 U2 56 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 29 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 6 AR L06822 DI 10.1029/2005GL025374 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 031UI UT WOS:000236729300006 ER PT J AU Cakmur, RV Miller, RL Perlwitz, J Geogdzhayev, IV Ginoux, P Koch, D Kohfeld, KE Tegen, I Zender, CS AF Cakmur, RV Miller, RL Perlwitz, J Geogdzhayev, IV Ginoux, P Koch, D Kohfeld, KE Tegen, I Zender, CS TI Constraining the magnitude of the global dust cycle by minimizing the difference between a model and observations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; AEROSOL OPTICAL DEPTH; SKY RADIANCE MEASUREMENTS; SAHARAN DUST; MINERAL DUST; RELATIVE IMPORTANCE; DESERT DUST; LAND-USE; GODDARD INSTITUTE; TROPICAL ATLANTIC AB Current estimates of global dust emission vary by over a factor of two. Here, we use multiple data types and a worldwide array of stations combined with a dust model to constrain the magnitude of the global dust cycle for particles with radii between 0.1 and 8 mm. An optimal value of global emission is calculated by minimizing the difference between the model dust distribution and observations. The optimal global emission is most sensitive to the prescription of the dust source region. Depending upon the assumed source, the agreement with observations is greatest for global, annual emission ranging from 1500 to 2600 Tg. However, global annual emission between 1000 and 3000 Tg remains in agreement with the observations, given small changes in the method of optimization. Both ranges include values that are substantially larger than calculated by current dust models. In contrast, the optimal fraction of clay particles (whose radii are less than 1 mm) is lower than current model estimates. The optimal solution identified by a combination of data sets is different from that identified by any single data set and is more robust. Uncertainty is introduced into the optimal emission by model biases and the uncertain contribution of other aerosol species to the observations. C1 Natl Acad Sci, Washington, DC 20418 USA. NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Appl Math, New York, NY 10025 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Columbia Univ, Ctr Climate Syst Res, New York, NY USA. CUNY Queens Coll, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Flushing, NY 11367 USA. Leibniz Inst Tropospher Res, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Phys Sci Res Facil 205, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. RP Natl Acad Sci, 2101 Constitut Ave Nw, Washington, DC 20418 USA. EM rcakmur@giss.nasa.gov; rlm15@columbia.edu; jp544@columbia.edu; igeogdzhayev@giss.nasa.gov; paul.ginoux@noaa.gov; dkoch@giss.nasa.gov; kek@qc.edu; itegen@tropos.de; zender@uci.edu RI Zender, Charles/D-4485-2012; Miller, Ron/E-1902-2012; Ginoux, Paul/C-2326-2008 OI Zender, Charles/0000-0003-0129-8024; Ginoux, Paul/0000-0003-3642-2988 NR 77 TC 95 Z9 96 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 29 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D6 AR D06207 DI 10.1029/2005JD005791 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 031US UT WOS:000236730400003 ER PT J AU Jones, RM AF Jones, RM TI Minimum and maximum propagation frequencies for internal gravity waves SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID DISPERSION-RELATION; WIND SHEAR; AIRCRAFT; MECHANICS; ZONE; FLOW; OCEAN AB Estimates of the effects of vorticity, baroclinicity, and rate of strain on the minimum and maximum propagation frequencies of gravity waves are given using a general dispersion relation for internal waves in the atmosphere and ocean. Rotating the coordinate axes to eliminate from the dispersion relation cross terms in the wavenumber makes it much easier to determine the minimum and maximum frequencies for which gravity waves can propagate. Corrections to the minimum frequency from breakdown of the WKB approximation are included. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Jones, RM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM michael.jones@colorado.edu OI JONES, RICHARD MICHAEL/0000-0002-9493-7456 NR 44 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 29 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D6 AR D06109 DI 10.1029/2005JD006189 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 031US UT WOS:000236730400005 ER PT J AU Miller, RL Cakmur, RV Perlwitz, J Geogdzhayev, IV Ginoux, P Koch, D Kohfeld, KE Prigent, C Ruedy, R Schmidt, GA Tegen, I AF Miller, RL Cakmur, RV Perlwitz, J Geogdzhayev, IV Ginoux, P Koch, D Kohfeld, KE Prigent, C Ruedy, R Schmidt, GA Tegen, I TI Mineral dust aerosols in the NASA goddard institute for Space Sciences ModelE atmospheric general circulation model SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID WIND-SPEED VARIABILITY; LAND-USE; RELATIVE IMPORTANCE; TURBULENT PBL; RADIATIVE PROPERTIES; OPTICAL-THICKNESS; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; REFRACTIVE-INDEX; SAHARAN DUST; SOURCE AREAS AB We describe an updated model of the dust aerosol cycle embedded within the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies 'ModelE' atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM). The model dust distribution is compared to observations ranging from aerosol optical thickness and surface concentration to deposition and size distribution. The agreement with observations is improved compared to previous distributions computed by either an older version of the GISS AGCM or an offline tracer transport model. The largest improvement is in dust transport over the Atlantic due to increased emission over the Sahara. This increase comes from subgrid wind fluctuations associated with dry convective eddies driven by intense summertime heating. Representation of 'preferred sources' of soil dust particles is also fundamental to the improvement. The observations suggest that deposition is too efficient in the model, partly due to AGCM rainfall errors. C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Appl Math, New York, NY 10025 USA. NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. Natl Acad Sci, Washington, DC 20418 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Columbia Univ, Ctr Climate Syst Res, New York, NY USA. CUNY Queens Coll, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Flushing, NY 11367 USA. Observ Paris, CNRS, Lab Etud Rayonnement & Mat Astrophys, F-75014 Paris, France. Leibniz Inst Tropospher Res, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany. RP Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Appl Math, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025 USA. EM rlm15@columbia.edu; rcakmur@giss.nasa.gov; jp544@columbia.edu; igeogdzhayev@giss.nasa.gov; paul.ginoux@noaa.gov; dkoch@giss.nasa.gov; kek@qc.edu; catherine.prigent@obspm.fr; rruedy@giss.nasa.gov; gschmidt@giss.nasa.gov; itegen@tropos.de RI Schmidt, Gavin/D-4427-2012; Miller, Ron/E-1902-2012; Ginoux, Paul/C-2326-2008 OI Schmidt, Gavin/0000-0002-2258-0486; Ginoux, Paul/0000-0003-3642-2988 NR 86 TC 86 Z9 88 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 29 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D6 AR D06208 DI 10.1029/2005JD005796 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 031US UT WOS:000236730400004 ER PT J AU Zhao, CL Tans, PP AF Zhao, CL Tans, PP TI Estimating uncertainty of the WMO mole fraction scale for carbon dioxide in air SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article AB The current WMO CO2 Mole Fraction Scale consists of a set of 15 CO2-in-air primary standard calibration gases ranging in CO2 mole fraction from 250 to 520 mu mol mol(-1). Since the WMO CO2 Expert Group transferred responsibility for maintaining the WMO Scale from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) to the Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL) in 1995, the 15 WMO primary standards have been calibrated, first at SIO and then at regular intervals, between 1 and 2 years, by the CMDL manometric system. The uncertainty of the 15 primary standards was estimated to be 0.069 mu mol mol(-1) (one-sigma) in the absolute sense. Manometric calibrations results indicate that there is no evidence of overall drift of the Primaries from 1996 to 2004. In order to lengthen the useful life of the Primary standards, CMDL has always transferred the scale via NDIR analyzers to the secondary standards. The uncertainties arising from the analyzer random error and the propagation error due to the uncertainty of the reference gas mole fraction are discussed. Precision of NDIR transfer calibrations was about 0.014 mu mol mol(-1) from 1979 to present. Propagation of the uncertainty was calculated theoretically. In the case of interpolation the propagation error was estimated to be between 0.06 and 0.07 mu mol mol(-1) when the Primaries were used as the reference gases via NDIR transfer calibrations. The CMDL secondary standard calibrations are transferred via NDIR analyzers to the working standards, which are used routinely for measuring atmospheric CO2 mole fraction in the WMO Global Atmosphere Watch monitoring program. The uncertainty of the working standards was estimated to be 0.071 mu mol mol(-1) in the one-sigma absolute scale. Consistency among the working standards is determined by the random errors of downward transfer calibrations at each level and is about 0.02 mu mol mol(-1). For comparison with an independent absolute scale, the five gravimetric standards from the National Institute for the Environmental Studies (NIES) in Tsukuba, Japan, ranging in CO2 mole fraction from 350 to 390 mu mol mol(-1) have been calibrated relative to the CMDL secondary standards. The average and standard deviation of the differences between the NIES gravimetric and CMDL analyzed CO2 mole fraction are 0.004 +/- 0.03 mu mol mol(-1). C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Zhao, CL (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM conglong.zhao@noaa.gov NR 11 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 3 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 29 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D8 AR D08S09 DI 10.1029/2005JD006003 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 031UW UT WOS:000236730800002 ER PT J AU Zheng, WZ Zou, CZ AF Zheng, WZ Zou, CZ TI An improved algorithm for atmospheric wind retrievals from satellite soundings over the polar regions SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article AB [1] In this study, an improved algorithm to retrieve atmospheric winds from satellite temperature soundings over the polar region is developed. The algorithm utilizes a thermal wind relationship plus a planetary boundary layer parameterization to represent the basic atmospheric dynamics over the polar regions. With given temperature profiles, a first-guess wind profile is derived from the basic dynamics. Lagrange multipliers in a variational formalism are then used to force the first-guess wind to conserve mass. To estimate the algorithm accuracy, wind retrievals based on temperature profiles from the Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) are compared with the wind observations from 13 radiosonde stations around the Antarctic coast. The results demonstrate that the wind retrievals exhibit mean absolute errors about 1 m sec(-1) for the 13 stations in the troposphere and the root-mean-square errors are greater than the GDAS assimilated winds by about 0.5 m sec(-1). C1 QSS Grp Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Ctr Sci, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Zheng, WZ (reprint author), QSS Grp Inc, 4501 Forbes Blvd Suite 200, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. EM weizhong.zheng@noaa.gov; cheng-zhi.zou@noaa.gov RI Zou, Cheng-Zhi/E-3085-2010 NR 5 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 28 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 6 AR L06820 DI 10.1029/2005GL025197 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 031UH UT WOS:000236729200004 ER PT J AU Danshita, I Yokoshi, N Kurihara, S AF Danshita, I Yokoshi, N Kurihara, S TI Phase dependence of phonon tunnelling in bosonic superfluid-insulator-superfluid junctions SO NEW JOURNAL OF PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE; COLLECTIVE EXCITATIONS; GAS; INTERFERENCE; LANDAU AB We consider the tunnelling of phonon excitations across a potential barrier spatially separating two condensates with different macroscopic phases. We analyse the relation between the phase difference. of the two condensates and the transmission coefficient T by solving the Bogoliubov equations. It is found that T strongly depends on phi, and that the perfect transmission of low-energy excitations disappears when the phase difference reaches the critical value which gives the maximum supercurrent of the condensate. We also discuss the feasibility of observing the phase differences in experiments. C1 Waseda Univ, Dept Phys, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1698555, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Danshita, I (reprint author), Waseda Univ, Dept Phys, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1698555, Japan. EM danshita@nist.gov NR 37 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1367-2630 J9 NEW J PHYS JI New J. Phys. PD MAR 28 PY 2006 VL 8 AR 44 DI 10.1088/1367-2630/8/3/044 PG 19 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 026LS UT WOS:000236341000001 ER PT J AU Edgar, R McKinstry, M Hwang, J Oppenheim, AB Fekete, RA Giulian, G Merril, C Nagashima, K Adhya, S AF Edgar, R McKinstry, M Hwang, J Oppenheim, AB Fekete, RA Giulian, G Merril, C Nagashima, K Adhya, S TI High-sensitivity bacterial detection using biotin-tagged phage and quantum-dot nanocomplexes SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE bacteriophage T7; BirA; Escherichia coli; water sample ID FLUORESCENT-BACTERIOPHAGE ASSAY; ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; IN-VIVO; CELLS; IDENTIFICATION; BIOTINYLATION; TUBERCULOSIS; PROTEINS AB With current concerns of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and biodefense, it has become important to rapidly identify infectious bacteria. Traditional technologies involving isolation and amplification of the pathogenic bacteria are time-consuming. We report a rapid and simple method that combines in vivo biotinylation of engineered host-specific bacteriophage and conjugation of the phage to streptavidin-coated quantum dots. The method provides specific detection of as few as 10 bacterial cells per milliliter in experimental samples, with an approximate to 100-fold amplification of the signal over background in 1 In. We believe that the method can be applied to any bacteria susceptible to specific phages and would be particularly useful for detection of bacterial strains that are slow growing, e.g., Mycobacterium, or are highly infectious, e.g., Bacillus anthracis. The potential for simultaneous detection of different bacterial species in a single sample and applications in the study of phage biology are discussed. C1 NCI, Mol Biol Lab, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Hadassah Med Sch, Dept Mol Genet & Biotechnol, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel. Ambion Inc, Austin, TX 78744 USA. NCI, SAIC Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. RP Adhya, S (reprint author), NCI, Mol Biol Lab, 37 Convent Dr,Bldg 37,Room 5138, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. EM sadhya@helix.nih.gov FU Intramural NIH HHS NR 18 TC 196 Z9 211 U1 9 U2 74 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD MAR 28 PY 2006 VL 103 IS 13 BP 4841 EP 4845 DI 10.1073/pnas.0601211103 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 028FO UT WOS:000236472500012 PM 16549760 ER PT J AU Sander, LC Sharpless, KE Wise, SA AF Sander, LC Sharpless, KE Wise, SA TI Dietary supplement Standard Reference Materials SO LIFE SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Natureceuticals, Nutraceuticals, Herbal Botanicals, and Psychoactives - Drug Discovery and Drug-Drug Interactions CY NOV 05-07, 2004 CL Baltimore, MD SP Natl Inst Drug Abuse, Amer Assoc Pharmaceut Sci DE Standard Reference Material; SRM; dietary supplement; botanical; Ephedra AB A new category of Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) based on dietary supplements is under development by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), with certified values for organic constituents and selected trace elements. These materials are provided primarily for use in method development and as control materials. The SRMs will assist manufacturers of dietary supplements in characterizing raw materials for potency, authenticity, and contamination or adulteration. In addition, the SRMs will assist in assessment of consistency and quality in finished products. The goal of this ongoing effort is to provide tools to the dietary supplement industry and measurement communities that will lead to improved quality of dietary supplements, and ultimately reduce public health risks that could potentially be associated with these products. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Analyt Chem Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sander, LC (reprint author), Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Analyt Chem Div, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8392, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM lane.sander@nist.gov OI Sharpless, Katherine/0000-0001-6569-198X NR 7 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0024-3205 J9 LIFE SCI JI Life Sci. PD MAR 27 PY 2006 VL 78 IS 18 BP 2044 EP 2048 DI 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.12.037 PG 5 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 027XC UT WOS:000236448400005 PM 16457853 ER PT J AU Amis, EJ Beers, KL Hudson, SD AF Amis, Eric J. Beers, Kathryn L. Hudson, Steven D. TI High throughput approaches to analysis of complex mixtures SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM eric.amis@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 99-COLL PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125903099 ER PT J AU Antonucci, J Icenogle, TB Regnault, WF Liu, DW O'Donnell, JNR Skrtic, D AF Antonucci, J. Icenogle, Tonya B. Regnault, William F. Liu, Da-Wei O'Donnell, Justin N. R. Skrtic, Drago TI Polymerization shrinkage and stress development in bioactive urethane acrylic resin composites SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. US FDA, Ctr Devices & Radiol Hlth, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. EM joseph.antonucci@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 339-POLY PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125909849 ER PT J AU Becker, ML Gallant, ND Amis, EJ AF Becker, Matthew L. Gallant, Nathan D. Amis, Eric J. TI A universal substrate for bio-functionalization SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mlbecker@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 265-COLL PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125903265 ER PT J AU Becker, ML Joralemon, MJ Wooley, KL AF Becker, Matthew L. Joralemon, Maisie J. Wooley, Karen L. TI Nanoparticles decorated for development as synthetic vaccines SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Washington Univ, Dept Chem, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. Washington Univ, Ctr Mat Innovat, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. EM mlbecker@nist.gov; klwooley@artsci.wustl.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 88-PMSE PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125909086 ER PT J AU Benkoski, JJ Jones, RL Douglas, JF Karim, A AF Benkoski, Jason J. Jones, Ronald L. Douglas, Jack F. Karim, Alamgir TI Competition of forces driving assembly in nanoscale building blocks SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jason.benkoski@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 3-PMSE PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125909003 ER PT J AU Brown, SS Dube, WP Ryerson, TB Wollny, AG Brock, CA Peltier, RE Sullivan, AP Weber, RJ Trainer, MK Meagher, JF Fehsenfeld, FC Ravishankara, AR AF Brown, Steven S. Dube, William P. Ryerson, Thomas B. Wollny, Adam G. Brock, Charles A. Peltier, Richard E. Sullivan, Amy P. Weber, Rodney J. Trainer, Michael K. Meagher, James F. Fehsenfeld, Frederick C. Ravishankara, A. R. TI Heterogeneous chemistry and regional air quality: Determination of reactive uptake coefficients for N2O5 on aerosol from in-situ measurements SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. EM steven.s.brown@noaa.gov RI Brock, Charles/G-3406-2011; Trainer, Michael/H-5168-2013; Dube, William/I-1658-2013; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013 OI Brock, Charles/0000-0002-4033-4668; Dube, William/0000-0003-1286-4087; NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 25-PHYS PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125908140 ER PT J AU Burkey, TJ To, TT Gittermann, S Duke, CB AF Burkey, Theodore J. To, Tung T. Gittermann, Shannon Duke, Charles B., III TI Studies of tricarbonyl(methylcyclopentadienyl)manganese side-chain derivatives that undergo ultrafast chelation SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Univ Memphis, Dept Chem, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Techol Div, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD USA. EM tburkey@memphis.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 426-INOR PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125905423 ER PT J AU Cheng, G Dennis, CL Shull, RD Walker, ARH AF Cheng, Guangjun Dennis, Cindi L. Shull, Robert D. Walker, Angela R. Hight TI Magnetic properties of cobalt nanoparticles in a colloidal solution SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Tech Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM guangjun.cheng@nist.gov RI Shull, Robert/F-5971-2013; Hight Walker, Angela/C-3373-2009 OI Hight Walker, Angela/0000-0003-1385-0672 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 423-INOR PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125905420 ER PT J AU Chin, JW Forster, AL Rice, K AF Chin, Joannie W. Forster, Amanda L. Rice, Kirk TI Temperature and humidity aging of poly (p-phenylene benzobisoxazole) fibers SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM joannie.chin@nist.gov RI Rice, Kirk/E-5775-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 275-POLY PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125909785 ER PT J AU Chirico, RD Frenkel, M Diky, VV Dong, Q Marsh, KN Dymond, JH Wakeham, WA Stein, SE Koenigsberger, E Goodwin, ARH AF Chirico, Robert D. Frenkel, Michael Diky, Vladimir V. Dong, Qian Marsh, Kenneth N. Dymond, John H. Wakeham, William A. Stein, Stephen E. Koenigsberger, Erich Goodwin, Anthony R. H. TI ThermoML: New IUPAC standard for thermodynamic data storage and exchange SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Glasgow, Dept Chem, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland. Univ Southampton, Sch Engn Sci, Southampton SO9 5NH, Hants, England. NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Murdoch Univ, Sch Math & Phys Sci, Div Sci & Engn, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia. EM chirico@boulder.nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 31-CINF PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125902732 ER PT J AU Curtis, JE Ratcliff, W Krueger, S AF Curtis, Joseph E. Ratcliff, William, II Krueger, Susan TI Computational methods for the analysis of small angle scattering spectra SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, Condensed Matter Sci Grp, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM joseph.curtis@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 153-COMP PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125903689 ER PT J AU DeLongchamp, DM Fischer, DA Vogel, BM Kline, RJ Jung, Y Gurau, M Richter, LJ Lin, EK AF DeLongchamp, Dean M. Fischer, Daniel A. Vogel, Brandon M. Kline, R. Joseph Jung, Youngsuk Gurau, Marc Richter, Lee J. Lin, Eric K. TI Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy as a characterization tool for organic semiconductors SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Mat Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, MSEL, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dean.delongchamp@nist.gov RI Kline, Regis/B-8557-2008; Vogel, Brandon/H-9834-2013; Richter, Lee/N-7730-2016 OI Vogel, Brandon/0000-0002-7370-9577; Richter, Lee/0000-0002-9433-3724 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 323-POLY PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125909833 ER PT J AU Diky, V AF Diky, Vladimir TI Software infrastructure for ThermoML-based data exchange process: Guided data capture SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Thermodynam Res Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM diky@boulder.nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 32-CINF PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125902733 ER PT J AU Dong, Q AF Dong, Qian TI The design and implementation of IUPAC ionic liquids database SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM qian.dong@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 40-CINF PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125902741 ER PT J AU Dong, Q Muzny, CD Chirico, RD Widegren, J Diky, VV Magee, JW Marsh, KN Frenkel, M AF Dong, Qian Muzny, Chris D. Chirico, Robert D. Widegren, Jason Diky, Vladimir V. Magee, Joseph W. Marsh, Kenneth N. Frenkel, Michael TI A web research tool for ionic liquids: ILThermo SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM qian.dong@nist.gov RI Magee, Joseph/A-8496-2009 OI Magee, Joseph/0000-0002-9312-8593 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 247-IEC PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125904832 ER PT J AU Draxler, AFJ Sherrell, RM Wieczorek, D LaVigne, MG AF Draxler, Andrew F. J. Sherrell, Robert M. Wieczorek, Daniel LaVigne, Michele G. TI Effect of eutrophication biogeochemistry on American lobsters (Homarus americanus) including accumulation of manganese as an indicator of exposure to hypoxia SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NOAA, Howard Marine Sci Lab, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA. EM andrew.draxler@noaa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 38-GEOC PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125904465 ER PT J AU Forster, AL Chin, JW Gundlach, M AF Forster, Amanda L. Chin, Joannie W. Gundlach, Maureen TI Effect of bending and mechanical damage on the physical properties of poly(p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole)(PBO) fiber SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. SUNY Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902 USA. EM amanda.forster@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 274-POLY PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125909784 ER PT J AU Fox, DM Green, JM Bellayer, S Gilman, JW Phillips, DM Mantz, RA Trulove, PC De Long, HC AF Fox, Douglas M. Green, John Marshall, III Bellayer, Severine Gilman, Jeffrey W., Sr. Phillips, David M. Mantz, Robert A. Trulove, Paul C. De Long, Hugh C. TI The preparation of Bombyx Mori silk nanocomposites using room temperature ionic liquids SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 USN Acad, Dept Chem, Annapolis, MD 21402 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD USA. USAF, Res Lab, MLBT, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. USAF, Off Sci Res, Directorate Chem & Life Sci, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM dfox@usna.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 109-IEC PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125904695 ER PT J AU Frenklach, M Packard, A Djurisic, ZM Golden, DM Bowman, CT Green, WH McRae, GJ Allison, TC Rosasco, GJ Pilling, MJ AF Frenklach, Michael Packard, Andrew Djurisic, Zoran M. Golden, David M. Bowman, Craig T. Green, William H., Jr. McRae, Gregory J. Allison, Thomas C. Rosasco, Gregory J. Pilling, Michael J. TI Process informatics model (PrIMe): A customer for ThermoML SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mech Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. MIT, Dept Chem Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Computat Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Leeds, Sch Chem, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. EM myf@me.berkeley.edu RI Green, William/C-9684-2012 OI Green, William/0000-0003-2603-9694 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 36-CINF PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125902737 ER PT J AU Gilman, JW Fox, DM Trulove, PC De Long, HC Stenger-Smith, JD AF Gilman, Jeffrey W., Sr. Fox, Douglas M. Trulove, Paul C. De Long, Hugh C. Stenger-Smith, John D. TI Flammability properties of ionic liquids SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USN Acad, Dept Chem, Annapolis, MD 21402 USA. NAWCWD, China Lake, CA 93555 USA. EM jeffrey.gilman@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 12-IEC PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125904598 ER PT J AU Holstrom, NM Ranasinghe, AD Orazem, EL Lowman, GM Jennings, TL Strouse, GF Buratto, SK AF Holstrom, Nicole M. Ranasinghe, Asanga D. Orazem, Erin L. Lowman, Geoffrey M. Jennings, Travis L. Strouse, Geoffrey F. Buratto, Steven K. TI Energy transfer studies of polyelectrolyte-CdSe nanoparticle heterostructures SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem & Biochem, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Florida State Univ, Dept Chem, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. EM coles@umail.ucsb.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 245-PMSE PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125909242 ER PT J AU Jones, R Kim, S Karim, A Briber, RM Kim, HC AF Jones, Ronald Kim, Sangcheol Karim, Alamgir Briber, Robert M. Kim, Ho-Cheol TI Orientation of block copolymer phases within confined environments SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM ronald.jones@nist.gov RI Briber, Robert/A-3588-2012 OI Briber, Robert/0000-0002-8358-5942 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 112-PMSE PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125909110 ER PT J AU Jopp, R Roth, A Linstrom, PJ Kramer, GW AF Jopp, Ronny Roth, Alexander Linstrom, Peter J. Kramer, Gary W. TI Incorporating Units Markup Language (UnitsML) into AnIML (Analytical Information Markup Language) SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM ronny.jopp@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 57-CINF PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125902758 ER PT J AU Kinsinger, CR Irikura, KK AF Kinsinger, Christopher R. Irikura, Karl K. TI Modeling fragmentation reactions of gas-phase peptide-ions SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Computat Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM christopher.kinsinger@nist.gov RI Irikura, Karl/A-4266-2009 OI Irikura, Karl/0000-0001-7515-6761 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 343-COMP PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125903878 ER PT J AU Kline, PC Bunk, DM Arsene, C Henrion, A Burkitt, W O'Connor, G AF Kline, Paul C. Bunk, David M. Arsene, Christian Henrion, Andre Burkitt, William O'Connor, Gavin TI Improving the repeatability of proteolytic digestion with trypsin SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Middle Tennessee State Univ, Dept Chem, Murfreesboro, TN 37132 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM pkline@mtsu.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 59-MEDI PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125906277 ER PT J AU Krueger, S Majkrzak, CF AF Krueger, Susan Majkrzak, Charles F. TI Neutron reflectometry for biology and biotechnology SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Condensed Matter Sci Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM susan.krueger@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 108-PHYS PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125908223 ER PT J AU Lin, EK Prabhu, VM Vogt, BD Kang, SH Rao, A Satija, SK Wu, WL Turnquest, K AF Lin, Eric K. Prabhu, Vivek M. Vogt, Bryan D. Kang, Shuhui Rao, Ashwin Satija, Sushil K. Wu, Wen-li Turnquest, Karen TI Measurements towards the materials sources of line-edge roughness in chemically amplified photoresists SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Int SEMATECH, Lithog Dept, Austin, TX USA. EM eric.lin@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 267-POLY PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125909777 ER PT J AU Lin, EK AF Lin, Eric K. TI Advancing nanofabrication with small angle scattering and reflectivity measurements SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, Div Polymers, MSEL, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 64-COLL PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125903064 ER PT J AU Lin, EK AF Lin, Eric K. TI Developing metrology to enable the realization of organic electronics devices SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, Div Polymers, MSEL, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 165-IEC PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125904751 ER PT J AU Lin-Gibson, S Landis, FA Stafford, CM AF Lin-Gibson, Sheng Landis, Forrest A. Stafford, Christopher M. TI Polymerization shrinkage measurements of photocross-linked dimethacrylate films SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 340-POLY PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125909850 ER PT J AU Lo, CS Chaka, AM Tanwar, K Trainor, TP AF Lo, Cynthia S. Chaka, Anne M. Tanwar, Kunaljeet Trainor, Thomas P. TI Adsorption of Pb(II) to alpha-Fe2O3 and alpha-Al2O3, studied via density functional theory SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, Computat Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Chem & Biochem, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM cynthia.lo@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 62-GEOC PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125904489 ER PT J AU Muzny, CD AF Muzny, Chris D. TI Building ThermoML based bridges between thermophysical property packages and engineering applications: ThermoData Engine SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM chris.muzny@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 35-CINF PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125902736 ER PT J AU Nanda, H Losche, M White, SH Tobias, DJ AF Nanda, Hirsh Losche, Mathias White, Stephen H. Tobias, Douglas J. TI Investigation the structure and dynamics of neuralpeptide Y at a DPPC lipid monolayer interface by molecular dynamics SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Natl Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Biophys, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. EM hirsh.nanda@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 553-PHYS PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125908670 ER PT J AU Nesbitt, DJ Perkins, BG Dagdigian, PJ Zolot, A AF Nesbitt, David J. Perkins, Bradford G., Jr. Dagdigian, Paul J. Zolot, Alex TI Collisions at gas-liquid interfaces: "Splashing" molecules with quantum state resolution SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Chem, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. EM djn@jila.colorado.edu RI Zolot, Alexander/C-7450-2013 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 132-PHYS PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125908247 ER PT J AU Obrzut, J AF Obrzut, Jan TI Nonlinear charge transport in semiconducting polythiophene SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jan.obrzut@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 168-IEC PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125904754 ER PT J AU Rimmer, CA Lippa, KA Sander, LC AF Rimmer, Catherine A. Lippa, Katrice A. Sander, Lane C. TI Structure and function of chromatographic surfaces SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Analyt Chem Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM catherine.rimmer@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 308-ANYL PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125900415 ER PT J AU Roth, A Jopp, R Linstrom, PJ Kramer, GW AF Roth, Alexander Jopp, Ronny Linstrom, Peter J. Kramer, Gary W. TI Ensuring the interoperability of the Analytical Information Markup Language (AnIML) SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM alexander.roth@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 56-CINF PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125902757 ER PT J AU Satija, SK Karim, A Duangrut, J AF Satija, Sushil K. Karim, Alamgir Duangrut, Julthongpiput TI Tuning interface potential for block copolymer thin film ordering SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20854 USA. NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20854 USA. EM satija@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 333-POLY PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125909843 ER PT J AU Schmidt, G Loizou, E Weisser, JT Dundigalla, A Porcar, L Wilker, J AF Schmidt, Gudrun Loizou, Elena Weisser, Jaime T. Dundigalla, Avinash Porcar, Lionel Wilker, Jonathan TI Structural effects of cross-linking a biopolymer hydrogel derived from a marine mussel protein SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Louisiana State Univ, Dept Chem, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Chem, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD USA. EM gudrun@lsu.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 236-COLL PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125903236 ER PT J AU Schmidt, G Stefanescu, E Loizou, E Porcar, L Ferreiro, V Negulescu, II Dundigalla, A AF Schmidt, Gudrun Stefanescu, Eduard Loizou, Elena Porcar, Lionel Ferreiro, Vincent Negulescu, Ioan I. Dundigalla, Avinash TI Structure development in nanocomposite multilayered films made from solution SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Louisiana State Univ, Dept Chem, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Lille, Lille, France. Louisiana State Univ, Sch Human Ecol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. EM gudrun@lsu.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 18-COLL PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125903018 ER PT J AU Schultz, ZD Gurau, M DeLongchamp, DM Vogel, BM Kline, RJ Jung, Y Lin, EK Richter, LJ AF Schultz, Zachary D. Gurau, Marc DeLongchamp, Dean M. Vogel, Brandon M. Kline, R. Joseph Jung, Youngsuk Lin, Eric K. Richter, Lee J. TI Nonlinear spectroscopic characterization of polymer thin films SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM zachary.schultz@nist.gov RI Kline, Regis/B-8557-2008; Vogel, Brandon/H-9834-2013; Schultz, Zachary/L-5724-2013; Richter, Lee/N-7730-2016 OI Vogel, Brandon/0000-0002-7370-9577; Schultz, Zachary/0000-0003-1741-8801; Richter, Lee/0000-0002-9433-3724 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 324-POLY PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125909834 ER PT J AU Soles, C Ro, HW Ding, YF Jones, RL Hines, D Lin, EK Karim, A AF Soles, Christopher Ro, Hyun Wook Ding, Yifu Jones, Ronald L. Hines, Daniel Lin, Eric K. Karim, Alamgir TI Stability and processing induced residual stress in imprinted polymer nanostructures SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Lab Phys Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM csoles@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 341-POLY PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125909851 ER PT J AU Soles, C AF Soles, Christopher TI X-ray reflectivity as an effective interface metrology for nanotechnology SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM csoles@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 334-POLY PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125909844 ER PT J AU Stefanescu, E Loizou, E Porcar, L Ferreiro, V Dundigalla, A Negulescu, II Schmidt, G AF Stefanescu, Eduard Loizou, Elena Porcar, Lionel Ferreiro, Vincent Dundigalla, Avinash Negulescu, Ioan I. Schmidt, Gudrun TI Supramolecular structures in nanocomposite multilayered films made from solutions SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Louisiana State Univ, Dept Chem, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD USA. Univ Lille, Lille, France. EM estefa1@lsu.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 238-COLL PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125903238 ER PT J AU To, TT Burkey, TJ Heilweil, EJ AF To, Tung T. Burkey, Theodore J. Heilweil, Edwin J. TI Study of tricarbonyl manganese cyclopentadienyl sulfides using time-resolved infrared spectroscopy: Solvation effects on chelation SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Univ Memphis, Dept Chem, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM tungto@memphis.edu; edwin.heilweil@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 290-PHYS PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125908407 ER PT J AU To, TT Burkey, TJ Heilweil, EJ AF To, Tung T. Burkey, Theodore J. Heilweil, Edwin J. TI Time-resolved infrared absorption study of cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl derivatives: Chelation with pendant sulfides in acetonitrile SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Tech Div, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Memphis, Dept Chem, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. EM tung.to@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 809-INOR PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125906200 ER PT J AU Tuck, AF Hovde, SJ AF Tuck, Adrian F. Hovde, Susan J. TI Molecules to meteorology: What is atmospheric temperature? SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NOAA Earth Syst Res Lab, Meteorol Chem Program, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM adrian.f.tuck@noaa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 247-PHYS PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125908361 ER PT J AU Xu, C Wu, T Beers, KL AF Xu, Chang Wu, Tao Beers, Kathryn L. TI Patterned polymer brushes from surface-initiated polymerization inside a microchannel SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM chang.xu@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 197-PMSE PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125909194 ER PT J AU Zachariah, MR Kim, SH AF Zachariah, Michael R. Kim, Soo-Hyung TI Quantifying the role of metals in the carbon based nanostructures: From soot to carbon nanotubes SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, College Pk, MD 20754 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20754 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mrz@umd.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 26 PY 2006 VL 231 MA 38-FUEL PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 050YE UT WOS:000238125904294 ER PT J AU Liu, QH Weng, FZ AF Liu, QH Weng, FZ TI Detecting the warm core of a hurricane from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID AMSU AB [ 1] Warm core is a typical structure of hurricanes and typhoons. It is a result of huge release of latent heat from the warm and moist inflow near the surface to form clouds and precipitation during the upward movement. The anomalistic high temperature to the ambient environment and the area of warm core correlate to the precipitation of hurricanes. The larger area and the higher temperature anomaly of the warm core is, the more precipitation from hurricanes is produced. This study uses the fourth channel of the Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder ( SSMIS) onboard the U. S. Defense Meteorological Satellite Program ( DMSP) F16 satellite to study the warm core of hurricanes Katrina and Rita which occurred in the fall of 2005. The channel is sensitive to the atmospheric layer between upper and middle troposphere and the brightness temperature from this channel reflects the effective layer temperature there. By investigating a time series of the satellite observations for hurricanes Katrina and Rita, we show that the warm core strengthens when the hurricanes reach maturity and that the warm core spreads and weakens after the landfall of the hurricanes. C1 Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. QSS Grp Inc, Camp Springs, MD USA. NOAA, Off Res & Applicat, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Liu, QH (reprint author), Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, 5200 Auth Rd,Room 7042, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM quanhua.liu@noaa.gov; fuzhong.weng@noaa.gov RI Liu, Quanhua/B-6608-2008; Weng, Fuzhong/F-5633-2010 OI Liu, Quanhua/0000-0002-3616-351X; Weng, Fuzhong/0000-0003-0150-2179 NR 7 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 25 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 6 AR L06817 DI 10.1029/2005GL025246 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 026NH UT WOS:000236345200005 ER EF