FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Wyant, MC Bretherton, CS Bacmeister, JT Kiehl, JT Held, IM Zhao, M Klein, SA Soden, BJ AF Wyant, Matthew C. Bretherton, Christopher S. Bacmeister, Julio T. Kiehl, Jeffrey T. Held, Isaac M. Zhao, Ming Klein, Stephen A. Soden, Brian J. TI A comparison of low-latitude cloud properties and their response to climate change in three AGCMs sorted into regimes using mid-tropospheric vertical velocity SO CLIMATE DYNAMICS LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; LARGE-SCALE MODELS; COMMUNITY ATMOSPHERIC MODEL; RADIATION BUDGET EXPERIMENT; RELAXED ARAKAWA-SCHUBERT; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; STRATIFORM CLOUDS; MOIST CONVECTION; PART I; PARAMETERIZATION AB Low-latitude cloud distributions and cloud responses to climate perturbations are compared in near-current versions of three leading U.S. AGCMs, the NCAR CAM 3.0, the GFDL AM2.12b, and the NASA GMAO NSIPP-2 model. The analysis technique of Bony et al. (Clim Dyn 22:71-86, 2004) is used to sort cloud variables by dynamical regime using the monthly mean pressure velocity omega at 500 hPa from 30S to 30N. All models simulate the climatological monthly mean top-of-atmosphere longwave and shortwave cloud radiative forcing (CRF) adequately in all omega-regimes. However, they disagree with each other and with ISCCP satellite observations in regime-sorted cloud fraction, condensate amount, and cloud-top height. All models have too little cloud with tops in the middle troposphere and too much thin cirrus in ascent regimes. In subsidence regimes one model simulates cloud condensate to be too near the surface, while another generates condensate over an excessively deep layer of the lower troposphere. Standardized climate perturbation experiments of the three models are also compared, including uniform SST increase, patterned SST increase, and doubled CO2 over a mixed layer ocean. The regime-sorted cloud and CRF perturbations are very different between models, and show lesser, but still significant, differences between the same model simulating different types of imposed climate perturbation. There is a negative correlation across all general circulation models (GCMs) and climate perturbations between changes in tropical low cloud cover and changes in net CRF, suggesting a dominant role for boundary layer cloud in these changes. For some of the cases presented, upper-level clouds in deep convection regimes are also important, and changes in such regimes can either reinforce or partially cancel the net CRF response from the boundary layer cloud in subsidence regimes. This study highlights the continuing uncertainty in both low and high cloud feedbacks simulated by GCMs. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Div Atmospher Sci, Livermore, CA USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Meteorol & Phys Oceanog, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Wyant, MC (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Box 351640, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM mwyant@atmos.washington.edu RI Zhao, Ming/C-6928-2014; Klein, Stephen/H-4337-2016 OI Klein, Stephen/0000-0002-5476-858X NR 44 TC 73 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0930-7575 EI 1432-0894 J9 CLIM DYNAM JI Clim. Dyn. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 27 IS 2-3 BP 261 EP 279 DI 10.1007/s00382-006-0138-4 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 070CB UT WOS:000239496800009 ER PT J AU Levin, PS Holmes, EE Piner, KR Harvey, CJ AF Levin, Phillip S. Holmes, Elizabeth E. Piner, Kevin R. Harvey, Chris J. TI Shifts in a Pacific ocean fish assemblage: the potential influence of exploitation SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE body size spectrum; fisheries; marine conservation; overfishing; phase shift; rockfish; Sebastes ID BOTTOM TRAWL SURVEY; LIFE-HISTORY; CALIFORNIA CURRENT; EXTINCTION RISK; WORLD FISHERIES; REEF FISHES; POPULATIONS; MANAGEMENT; CONSERVATION; STABILITY AB As in many regions of the world, marine fishes and invertebrates along the Pacific coast of the United States have long been subjected to over exploitation. Despite this history, however, we lack basic information on the current status of many fishes along this coastline. We used data from a quarter century of fishery independent, coast-wide trawl surveys to study systematically the demersal fish assemblages along the US. Pacific coast. We documented fundamental shifts in this fish assemblage. Average fish size, across a diversity of species, has declined 45% in 21 years. There have been major shifts in the constituent species of the assemblage, with some species achieving annual population growth rates of > 10% and others declining in excess of 10% per year Annual rate of change in population size appeared to be a function of life history interacting with fishing pressure. Negative trends in population size were particularly apparent in rockfish (Sebastes spp.). However across all taxa examined, trends in population size were associated with size of maturity, maximum size, and growth rate. Trends in population size were associated inversely with harvest levels, but stocks that mature late tended to decline faster than would be predicted by catch rates alone. Our results are disquieting because they raise the possibility that fishing-induced phase shifts in fish communities may affect the recovery of fishes, even after the implementation of severe fishing restrictions. C1 NOAA, Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Levin, PS (reprint author), NOAA, Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM phil.levin@noaa.gov NR 49 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 20 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 20 IS 4 BP 1181 EP 1190 DI 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00400.x PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 070SX UT WOS:000239545500029 PM 16922234 ER PT J AU Edwards, KP Hare, JA Werner, FE Blanton, BO AF Edwards, K. P. Hare, J. A. Werner, F. E. Blanton, B. O. TI Lagrangian circulation on the southeast US continental shelf: implications for larval dispersal and retention SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID STREAM FRONTAL EDDY; NEAR-SURFACE CIRCULATION; NORTH-CAROLINA SHELF; EARLY-LIFE-HISTORY; GULF-STREAM; MARINE RESERVES; GEORGES BANK; DRIFTER OBSERVATIONS; PROPAGULE DISPERSAL; SPATIALLY-EXPLICIT AB Lagrangian characterization of continental shelf circulation provides estimates of the retention and transport of particulate and dissolved substances. In this paper, we quantify the retentive characteristics of the Southeast US Continental Shelf by comparing observed and numerical (modeled) drifters released throughout 2000 and 2001. Agreement between the observed and computed drifter trajectories shows that retention on this shelf can be up to 2 months at any point during the year. These results have important implications for ecological and fisheries applications and indicate that the populations of marine organisms in this region might be relatively closed (i.e., with weak exchange) during some periods of the year. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NOAA, NOS, NCCOS, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. NOAA, NMFS, NEFSC, Narragansett Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Edwards, KP (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. EM kpedwards@unc.edu NR 86 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 15 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 26 IS 12-13 BP 1375 EP 1394 DI 10.1016/j.csr.2006.01.020 PG 20 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 075NM UT WOS:000239891900003 ER PT J AU Chang, BC Shaw, JA Iadicola, MA AF Chang, Bi-Chiau Shaw, John A. Iadicola, Mark A. TI Thermodynamics of shape memory alloy wire: Modeling, experiments, and application SO CONTINUUM MECHANICS AND THERMODYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE shape memory alloy; martensitic transformation; strain gradient model; thermomechanical coupling; thermodynamics; localization; finite element analysis; actuator ID PHASE-TRANSFORMATION FRONTS; ROTOR BLADE TRACKING; THERMOMECHANICAL BEHAVIOR; POLYCRYSTALLINE NITI; DEFORMATION; CRYSTAL; TRANSITIONS; NUCLEATION; PLASTICITY; EVOLUTION AB A thermomechanical model for a shape memory alloy (SMA) wire under uniaxial loading is implemented in a finite element framework, and simulation results are compared with mechanical and infrared experimental data. The constitutive model is a one-dimensional strain-gradient continuum model of an SMA wire element, including two internal field variables, possible unstable mechanical behavior, and the relevant thermomechanical couplings resulting from latent heat effects. The model is calibrated to recent and new experiments of typical commercially available polycrystalline NiTi wire. The shape memory effect and pseudoelastic behaviors are demonstrated numerically as a function of applied displacement rate and environmental parameters, and the results compare favorably to experimental data. The model is then used to simulate a simple SMA actuator device, and its performance is assessed for different thermal boundary conditions. C1 Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Shaw, JA (reprint author), Univ Michigan, 1320 Beal Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM jashaw@engin.umich.edu NR 51 TC 90 Z9 93 U1 3 U2 34 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0935-1175 J9 CONTINUUM MECH THERM JI Continuum Mech. Thermodyn. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 18 IS 1-2 BP 83 EP 118 DI 10.1007/s00161-006-0022-9 PG 36 WC Thermodynamics; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Mechanics GA 063MA UT WOS:000239021100005 ER PT J AU Harvey, CJ Tolimieri, N Levin, PS AF Harvey, Chris J. Tolimieri, Nick Levin, Phillip S. TI Changes in body size, abundance, and energy allocation in rockfish assemblages of the Northeast Pacific SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE bioenergetics models; body size; community ecology; energy demand; fecundity; fisheries management; rockfish; Sebastes; spatial heterogeneity ID SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BIGHT; FISH COMMUNITIES; MARINE FISH; FISHERIES; SEBASTES; OCEAN; RECRUITMENT; POPULATIONS; PREDATION; DECLINES AB Fish body size, a key driver of many aspects of fish population biology and ecology, is affected by fisheries that deplete the largest individuals. Rockfish (genus Sebastes) are a diverse group that has been heavily fished on the U.S. West Coast in recent decades. We examined trawl survey data from 1980 to 2001 to determine spatial and temporal trends in body size and density of 16 shelf rockfish species, including six that are considered overfished. Mean individual mass-and maximum observed mass declined in the majority of species in one or more zoogeographic regions between central California and Washington. Density changes were far more variable in time and space, but in all regions, density declines were most often associated with large-bodied rockfish. We next estimated the impact of size and density changes on energy consumption and fecundity in a five-species rockfish assemblage that includes bocaccio (S. paucispinis), a large-bodied, overfished species. Indexes of both consumption and fecundity,by the assemblage increased in the southern portion of the study area between 1980 and 2001 but decreased in the northern portion. Allocation of energy and reproductive potential within the assemblage shifted dramatically: relative to bocaccio, total energy consumption and fecundity indexes for the other four species increased by orders of magnitude from 1980 to 2001. These changes in community structure may affect the ability of bocaccio and other large rockfish species to recover from overfishing, especially in light of long-term declines in zooplankton production that may also be affecting rockfish size and production. Addressing these issues may require a regional, multispecies management approach. C1 NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Harvey, CJ (reprint author), NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM Chris.Harvey@noaa.gov NR 44 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 14 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1051-0761 EI 1939-5582 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 16 IS 4 BP 1502 EP 1515 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[1502:CIBSAA]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 073EV UT WOS:000239726700021 PM 16937814 ER PT J AU Methratta, ET Link, JS AF Methratta, ET Link, JS TI Evaluation of quantitative indicators for marine fish communities SO ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS LA English DT Article DE marine ecosystems; vetting; fishery; exploitation; community dynamics; decision support tools; EBFM ID SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT; FISHERIES MANAGEMENT; SHELF ECOSYSTEM; PREDATORY FISH; SCOTIAN SHELF; SIZE SPECTRA; SEA; BIOMASS; DISCARDS; CRITERIA AB In the development of ecosystem-based fisheries management, the assessment of ecosystem status is a key element. There are many indicators that can be used to assess the status of an ecosystem that are representative of key ecosystem processes and properties. Yet, of the several hundred indicators available to evaluate marine ecosystems, which are the best to use? We evaluated multiple biotic indicators from the Northeast U.S. large marine ecosystem (LME) to determine their potential utility in assessing ecosystem status, with a particular emphasis on the fish community and fishing pressure. For those 26 indicators which met our selection criteria, we executed a multivariate ordination to evaluate how indicators group together, rank in terms of explanatory power, and are weighted relative to one another. The ordination procedure also revealed indicator redundancies. We recommend a set of eight candidate indicators for routine monitoring that are both representative of major processes and sensitive to fishing-related ecosystem changes. Finally, we briefly explore the role these indicators might have in ecosystem-based fishery management. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Food Web Dynam Program, Woods Hole, MA 02540 USA. RP Methratta, ET (reprint author), Univ Penn, Dept Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. EM methratt@sas.upenn.edu NR 59 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1470-160X J9 ECOL INDIC JI Ecol. Indic. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 6 IS 3 BP 575 EP 588 DI 10.1016/j.ecolind.2005.08.022 PG 14 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 053OZ UT WOS:000238315800010 ER PT J AU Millie, DF Weckman, GR Paerl, HW Pinckney, JL Bendis, BJ Pigg, RJ Fahnenstiel, GL AF Millie, David F. Weckman, Gary R. Paerl, Hans W. Pinckney, James L. Bendis, Brian J. Pigg, Ryan J. Fahnenstiel, Gary L. TI Neural net modeling of estuarine indicators: Hindcasting phytoplankton biomass and net ecosystem production in the Neuse (North Carolina) and Trout (Florida) Rivers, USA SO ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS LA English DT Article DE algae; estuary; neural networks; regression; ecosystem modeling ID NETWORK APPROACH; COASTAL EUTROPHICATION; BLOOM DYNAMICS; WATER-QUALITY; ALGAL BLOOMS; METABOLISM; LAKES; CONSEQUENCES; RESPIRATION; RESPONSES AB Phytoplankton biomass, as chlorophyll (Chl) a, and net ecosystem production (NEP), were modeled using artificial neural networks (ANNs). Chl a varied seasonally and along a saline gradient throughout the Neuse River (North Carolina). NEP was extremely dynamic in the Trout River (Florida), with phototrophic or heterotrophic conditions occurring over short-term intervals. Physical and chemical variables, arising from meteorological and hydrological conditions, created spatial and/or temporal gradients in both systems and served as interacting predictors for the trends/patterns of Chi a and NEP. ANNs outperformed comparable linear regression models and reliably modeled Chi a concentrations less than 20 mu g L-1 and NEP values, denoting the apparent non-linear interactions among abiotic and indicator variables. ANNs underestimated Chi a concentrations greater than 20 mu g L-1, likely due to the periodicity of data acquisition not being sufficient to generalize system variability, the designated 'lag' effect for variables not being adequate to portray estuarine flow dynamics, the exclusion of (one or more) variables that would have improved prediction, and/or an unrealistic expectation of network performance. Variables indicative of meteorological and hydrological forcing and/or proxy measurements of phytoplankton had the greatest relative impact on prediction of Chl a and NEP. Except for their predictive capability, ANNs might appear to be of limited value for ecological applications and problem solving; interpreting the absolute impact of and/or interacting relationships among network variables is intrinsically difficult. Statistical methods or 'rule extraction' algorithms that convey comprehensible network interpretation are needed prior to the routine use of ANNs in programs assessing and/or forecasting the response of biotic indicators to perturbation or for a means to discern estuarine function. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ S Florida, Florida Inst Oceanog, Fish & Wildlife Res Inst, Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Ohio Univ, Dept Ind & Mfg Syst Engn, Athens, OH 45701 USA. Univ N Carolina, Inst Marine Sci, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. Univ S Carolina, Dept Biol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. AMJ Equipment Corp, Lakeland, FL 33815 USA. Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, Fish & Wildlife Res Inst, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. NAtl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Lake Michigan Field Stn, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. RP Millie, DF (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Florida Inst Oceanog, Fish & Wildlife Res Inst, Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, Bayboro Campus,100 8th Ave SE, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. EM david.millie@myfwc.com NR 87 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1470-160X EI 1872-7034 J9 ECOL INDIC JI Ecol. Indic. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 6 IS 3 BP 589 EP 608 DI 10.1016/j.ecolind.2005.08.021 PG 20 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 053OZ UT WOS:000238315800011 ER PT J AU Biddanda, BA Coleman, DF Johengen, TH Ruberg, SA Meadows, GA Van Sumeren, HW Rediske, RR Kendall, ST AF Biddanda, Bopaiah A. Coleman, Dwight F. Johengen, Thomas H. Ruberg, Steven A. Meadows, Guy A. Van Sumeren, Hans W. Rediske, Richard R. Kendall, Scott T. TI Exploration of a submerged sinkhole ecosystem in Lake Huron SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE Laurentian Great Lakes Basin; submerged sinkholes; remotely operated vehicle; groundwater seep; nutrients; heterotrophic microbes; chemosynthesis; Lake Huron ID FRESH-WATER SEDIMENTS; HYDROTHERMAL VENTS; AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS; SULFATE REDUCTION; PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; ORGANIC-MATTER; UPPER OCEAN; METABOLISM; MICHIGAN; BACTERIA AB Dissolution of the Silurian-Devonian aquifer in the Lake Huron Basin has produced several karst formations in the bedrock (sinkholes), through which groundwater emerges onto the lake floor. During September 2003, we explored a recently discovered submerged sinkhole ecosystem (55 m x 40 m x similar to 1 m) located at a depth of 93 In with a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) equipped with a conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) system, an acoustic navigational system, a video camera, and a water sampling system. In addition to two morphotypes of benthic mats, a 1-2 m thick visibly cloudy near-bottom nepheloid-like layer (sinkhole plume) with a strong hydrogen sulfide odor prevailed just above the seepage area of clear water. Relative to lake water, water samples collected within the sinkhole plume were characterized by slightly higher (by 4 degrees C) temperatures, very high levels of chloride (up to 175 mg l(-1)) and conductivity (1,700 6 cm(-1)), as well as extremely high concentrations of sulfate (1,400 mg l(-1)), phosphorus (3 mg l(-1)) and particulate organic matter (400 mg C l(-1)). Compared to background lake water, sinkhole plume water was characterized by approximately twofold lower C:N ratios and tenfold higher levels of dissolved organic carbon, bacterial biomass as well as heterotrophic bacterial production. Significant uptake of C-14-bicarbonate in dark incubations provided preliminary evidence for occurrence of chemosynthesis, possibly mediated by specialized Bacteria and Archea present in this submerged sinkhole ecosystem in the Laurentian Great Lakes. C1 Grand Valley State Univ, Annis Water Resources Inst, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. Grand Valley State Univ, Lake Michigan Ctr, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. Inst Explorat, Mystic, CT 06355 USA. Univ Michigan, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Naval Architecture & Marine Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Biddanda, BA (reprint author), Grand Valley State Univ, Annis Water Resources Inst, 740 W Shoreline Dr, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. EM biddandb@gvsu.edu OI Ruberg, Steven/0000-0001-8809-5689 NR 70 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 3 U2 14 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1432-9840 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD AUG PY 2006 VL 9 IS 5 BP 828 EP 842 DI 10.1007/s10021-005-0057-y PG 15 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 088TA UT WOS:000240832800012 ER PT J AU Pothoven, SA Nalepa, TF Madenjian, CP Rediske, RR Schneeberger, PJ He, JX AF Pothoven, Steven A. Nalepa, Thomas F. Madenjian, Charles P. Rediske, Richard R. Schneeberger, Philip J. He, Ji X. TI Energy density of lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis in Lakes Huron and Michigan SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE calorimetry; condition; Great Lakes; lake whitefish ID GREAT-LAKES; FISHES; POPULATIONS; ENERGETICS; DYNAMICS; GROWTH; DIET; PREY AB We collected lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis off Alpena and Tawas City, Michigan, USA in Lake Huron and off Muskegon, Michigan USA in Lake Michigan during 2002-2004. We determined energy density and percent dry weight for lake whitefish from both lakes and lipid content for Lake Michigan fish. Energy density increased with increasing fish weight up to 800 g, and then remained relatively constant with further increases in fish weight. Energy density, adjusted for weight, was lower in Lake Huron than in Lake Michigan for both small (<= 800 g) and large fish (> 800 g). Energy density did not differ seasonally for small or large lake whitefish or between adult male and female fish. Energy density was strongly correlated with percent dry weight and percent lipid content. Based on data from commercially caught lake whitefish, body condition was lower in Lake Huron than Lake Michigan during 1981-2003, indicating that the dissimilarity in body condition between the lakes could be long standing. Energy density and lipid content in 2002-2004 in Lake Michigan were lower than data for comparable sized fish collected in 1969-1971. Differences in energy density between lakes were attributed to variation in diet and prey energy content as well as factors that affect feeding rates such as lake whitefish density and prey abundance. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Grand Valley State Univ, Annis Water Resources Inst, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. Michigan Dept Nat Resources, Marquette Fisheries Res Stn, Marquette, MI 49855 USA. Michigan Dept Nat Resources, Alpena Fisheries Res Stn, Fletcher Alpena, MI 49707 USA. RP Pothoven, SA (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 1431 Beach St, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. EM steve.pothoven@noaa.gov OI Pothoven, Steven/0000-0002-7992-5422 NR 25 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 13 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD AUG PY 2006 VL 76 IS 2-4 BP 151 EP 158 DI 10.1007/s10641-006-9017-4 PG 8 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 081KR UT WOS:000240317000004 ER PT J AU Aguilar, A AF Aguilar, Andres TI Analysis of F-ST outliers at allozyme loci in Pacific salmon: implications for natural selection SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE directional selection; neutrality; Oncorhynchus; population structure ID DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; SOCKEYE-SALMON; CHUM SALMON; POLYMORPHISM; GENE; POPULATIONS; DIVERGENCE; FISH; IDENTIFICATION; EXPRESSION AB Natural selection has been invoked to explain the observed geographic distribution of allozyme allele frequencies for a number of teleost species. The effects of selection on allozyme loci in three species of Pacific salmon were tested. A simulation-based approach to estimate the null distribution of population differentiation (F-ST) and test for F-ST outliers was used. This approach showed that a majority of allozyme loci conform to neutral expectations predicted by the simulation model, with relatively few F-ST outliers found. No consistent F-ST outlier loci were found across species. Analysis of population sub-groups based on geography and genetic identity reduced the number of outlier loci for some species, indicating that large geographic groups may include genetically divergent populations and/or that there is geographic heterogeneity in selection pressure upon allozyme loci. Two outlier allozyme loci found in this analysis, lactate dehydrogenase-B and malic enzyme, have been shown to be influenced by selection in other teleost species. This approach is also useful in identifying allozyme loci (or other genetic markers) that meet assumptions for population genetic study. C1 NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ocean Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Aguilar, A (reprint author), NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz Lab, 110 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM andres.aguilar@noaa.gov NR 30 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD AUG PY 2006 VL 76 IS 2-4 BP 329 EP 339 DI 10.1007/s10641-006-9037-0 PG 11 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 081KR UT WOS:000240317000017 ER PT J AU Bowker, GE Gillette, DA Bergametti, G Marticorena, B AF Bowker, George E. Gillette, Dale A. Bergametti, Gilles Marticorena, Beatrice TI Modeling flow patterns in a small vegetated area in the northern Chihuahuan Desert using QUIC (Quick Urban & Industrial Complex) SO ENVIRONMENTAL FLUID MECHANICS LA English DT Article DE Chihuahuan Desert; desert vegetation; mesquite; sand transport; wind modeling; wind steering ID WIND EROSION; UNITED-STATES; STOSS SLOPE; AIR-FLOW; FIELD; DRAG; TRANSPORT; THRESHOLD AB Sandstorms are frequent in the northern Chihuahuan Desert in New Mexico, an area characterized by open areas lacking vegetation, individual mesquite bushes, and mesquite coppice dunes. Field measurements of sand fluxes and wind velocities over a two year period provided a description of the area - suggesting that the "streets", the flat, elongated, non-vegetated areas aligned with the dominant wind directions are the principal sources of wind-dispersed soil and dust. However, since soil erosion and dust movement depend on the pattern, strength, and gradients in the wind field, modeling soil erosion and dust movement requires a continuous wind velocity field. Consequently, air flow patterns at this site were simulated using a semi-empirical mass-consistent diagnostic wind field model: QUIC version 3.5 (Quick Urban & Industrial Complex). Two hundred and fifty-one simulations were run encompassing several dust storms occurring in April 2003. Wind velocity vectors were compared between the model and field data at three heights for six locations and were found to correlate well for a majority of the situations suggesting that the flow patterns are consistent throughout the domain. In particular, good agreement was found for wind speeds at 0.75 m, the height for which the model was tuned. However, it overestimated velocities at 1.5 m (10%) and 3.15 m (13%). Generally, the model successfully identified locations of the highest wind velocities and wind stresses, predominately found in "streets" aligned with the driving wind, and locations of wake flow downwind of mesquite bushes where there was separation flow or otherwise shelter from the wind. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Atmospher Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Air Resources Lab, Air Surface Proc Modeling Branch, US Dept Commerce, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Paris 07, Lab Interuniv Syst Atmospher, CNRS, UMR 7583, Creteil, France. Univ Paris 12, Lab Interuniv Syst Atmospher, CNRS, UMR 7583, Creteil, France. RP Bowker, GE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Atmospher Modeling Div, MD-81, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM bowker.george@epa.gov NR 25 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1567-7419 J9 ENVIRON FLUID MECH JI Environ. Fluid Mech. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 6 IS 4 BP 359 EP 384 DI 10.1007/s10652-005-6021-8 PG 26 WC Environmental Sciences; Mechanics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mechanics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources GA 063DT UT WOS:000238997200004 ER PT J AU Balthis, WL Hyland, JL Bearden, DW AF Balthis, W. Leonard Hyland, Jeffrey L. Bearden, Daniel W. TI Ecosystem responses to extreme natural events: Impacts of three sequential hurricanes in fall 1999 on sediment quality and condition of benthic fauna in the Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE benthic macroinfauna; hurricane; Neuse River Estuary; sediment quality ID PAMLICO SOUND; TEMPORAL VARIATION; LAGOONAL ESTUARY; SOUTH-CAROLINA; WATER-QUALITY; PHYTOPLANKTON; COMMUNITIES; INDICATORS; HABITAT; MARINE AB A study was conducted in November 1999 to assess sediment quality and condition of benthic fauna in the Neuse River Estuary (NRE), North Carolina, USA, following the passage of three Atlantic hurricanes during the two months prior. Samples for analysis of macroinfauna (> 0.5 mm sieve size), chemical contamination of sediments, and other abiotic environmental variables (salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, depth, sediment granulometry) were collected at 20 sites from the mouth of the Neuse River at Pamlico Sound to approximately 90 km upstream. Results were compared to those obtained from the same area in July 1998 using similar protocols. Depressed salinity, caused by extreme rainfall and associated high freshwater flow, persisted throughout much of the estuary, which had experienced periods of water-column stratification and hypoxia of underlying waters. Fifteen of the 20 sites, representing 299 km(2) (76% of the survey area), also showed signs of benthic stress based on a multi-metric benthic index of biotic integrity (B-IBI). Benthic impacts included reductions in the abundance, diversity, and numbers of species and shifts in taxonomic composition, with a notable increase in dominance of the opportunistic polychaete Mediomastus ambiseta as other former dominant species declined. There was no significant increase in the extent of chemical contamination compared to pre-hurricane conditions. Storm-related reductions in dissoved oxygen and salinity were the more likely causes of the observed benthic impacts, though it was not possible, based on these results, to separate storm effects from seasonal changes in the benthos and annual episodes of summer anoxia and hypoxia. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Balthis, WL (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM len.balthis@noaa.gov NR 43 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 5 U2 24 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 119 IS 1-3 BP 367 EP 389 DI 10.1007/s10661-005-9031-6 PG 23 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 093LX UT WOS:000241170900021 PM 16741819 ER PT J AU Stapleton, HM Brazil, B Holbrook, RD Mitchelmore, CL Benedict, R Konstantinov, A Potter, D AF Stapleton, Heather M. Brazil, Brian Holbrook, R. David Mitchelmore, Carys L. Benedict, Rae Konstantinov, Alex Potter, Dave TI In vivo and in vitro debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) by juvenile rainbow trout and common carp SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS; THYROXINE 5'-MONODEIODINASE ACTIVITY; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; THYROID-HORMONES; FLAME RETARDANTS; CYPRINUS-CARPIO; HOUSE-DUST; LIVER; BIOTRANSFORMATION; DEIODINASE AB Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209), the major congener in the high volume industrial flame retardant mixture "DecaBDE", has recently been shown to be metabolized by carp. To further explore this phenomenon, juvenile rainbow trout were exposed to BDE 209 via the diet for a five month period. Analysis of the whole body homogenate, liver, serum, and intestinal tissues revealed that BDE 209 accumulated in rainbow trout tissues and was most concentrated in the liver. In addition to BDE 209, several hepta-, octa-, and nonaBDE congeners also accumulated in rainbow trout tissues over the same period as a result of BDE 209 debromination. Based on the total body burden of the hepta- through decaBDE congeners, uptake of BDE 209 was estimated at 3.2%. Congener profiles were different among whole body homogenate, liver, and serum, with the whole body homogenates having a greater contribution of the debrominated biotransformation products. Extracts of the rainbow trout whole body homogenates were compared with extracts from a previous experiment with common carp. This comparison revealed that BDE 202(2,2',3,3',5,5',6,6'-octabromodiphenyl ether) was a dominant debromination product in both studies. To determine whether the observed debromination was metabolically driven, liver microsomal fractions were prepared from both common carp and rainbow trout. Analysis of the microsomal fractions following incubation with BDE 209 revealed that rainbow trout biotransformed as much as 22% of the BDE 209 mass, primarily to octa- and nonaBDE congeners. In contrast, carp liver microsomes biotransformed up to 65% of the BDE 209 mass, primarily down to hexaBDE congeners. These microsomal incubations confirm a metabolic pathway for BDE 209 debromination. C1 Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC 27706 USA. Natl Ctr Cool & Cold Water Aquaculture, Dept Agr, Kearneysville, WV USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Ctr Environm Sci, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. Wellington Labs, Guelph, ON, Canada. RP Stapleton, HM (reprint author), Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC 27706 USA. EM heather.stapleton@duke.edu RI Mitchelmore, Carys/E-5278-2012 OI Mitchelmore, Carys/0000-0003-1373-4479 NR 32 TC 233 Z9 254 U1 4 U2 54 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD AUG 1 PY 2006 VL 40 IS 15 BP 4653 EP 4658 DI 10.1021/es060573x PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 069HS UT WOS:000239437600027 PM 16913120 ER PT J AU Moles, A Holland, L Andersson, O AF Moles, Adam Holland, Larry Andersson, Ole TI Assessment of the significance of direct and indirect pollution inputs to a major salmon-producing river using polyethylene membrane devices SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE polyethylene membrane devices; polycyclic hydrocarbons; monitoring ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; ONCORHYNCHUS-GORBUSCHA; CRUDE-OIL; SEDIMENTS; SURVIVAL; EXPOSURE AB Conventional passive sampling devices for monitoring pollution input often prove to be cost-prohibitive when assessing large spatial and temporal scales. The Kenai River, a major salmon-producing river in Alaska (USA), served as the perfect laboratory to test the utility of polyethylene membrane devices for assessing chronic nonpoint-source inputs to a large riverine watershed. Comparison of the relative levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at a large number of locations over time allowed us to assess the significance and potential source of these compounds in the river. Concentrations of PAH were greatest near urban areas and peaked during the late winter, when streams flows and dilution were low. Vessel activity and PAH levels peaked in July and were heaviest in the lower 16 km of the river, where fishing activity was concentrated. Nearly one-third of the vessels observed on the river were powered by two-stroke engines, which release a higher proportion of unburned fuel into the water than the cleaner burning four-stroke engines. The low concentrations of hydrocarbons upriver of the boat traffic suggest very little remote delivery of these contaminants to the watershed. Polyethylene strips proved to be an excellent, low-cost toot for determining the PAH patterns in a large watershed. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay, AK 99801 USA. Kenai Watershed Forum, Soldotna, AK 99669 USA. RP Moles, A (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 11305 Glacier Highway, Auke Bay, AK 99801 USA. EM adam.moles@noaa.gov NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 25 IS 8 BP 2011 EP 2017 DI 10.1897/05-654R.1 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 084AX UT WOS:000240505000007 PM 16916019 ER PT J AU Oh, SJ Park, J Lee, MJ Park, SY Lee, JH Choi, K AF Oh, Su Jin Park, Jeongim Lee, Min Jung Park, So Young Lee, Jong-Hyeon Choi, Kyungho TI Ecological hazard assessment of major veterinary benzimidazoles: Acute and chronic toxicities to aquatic microbes and invertebrates SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE veterinary; benzimidazole; Daphnia magna; Vibrio fischeri; toxicity ID DEPENDENT PAH TOXICITY; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; HYALELLA-AZTECA; ENVIRONMENT; MEDICINES; TIME; RATS AB Aquatic toxicities of six benzimidazole-based anthelmintics-namely, albendazole, thiabendazole, flubendazole, febantel, fenbendazole, and oxfendazole-were evaluated with a marine bacterium, Vibrio fischeri, and a freshwater invertebrate, Daphnia magna. Delayed and chronic toxicity tests using D. magna also were conducted for benzimidazoles with high acute toxicity. Vibrio fischeri was greater than 10-fold less sensitive to most of the benzimidazoles tested compared to daphnids. For D. magna, the most acutely toxic anthelmintic compound tested was fenbendazole (48-h median effective concentration [EC50s], 16.5 mu g/L), followed by flubendazole (48-h EC50, 66.5 mu g/L), albendazole (48-h EC50, 67.9 mu g/L), febantel (48-h EC50, 216.5 mu g/L), thiabendazole (48-h EC50, 843.6 mu g/L), and oxfendazole (48-h EC50, 1,168.4 mu g/L). The lipophilicity parameter, log K-ow explained the observed acute D. magna toxicity of the individual benzimidazoles (r = -0.91, p < 0.01). Delayed expression of toxicity observed for 21 d after 96-h exposure to fenbendazole and flubendazole was not notable, which might result from the relatively high elimination constants for the chemicals. With chronic exposure to fenbendazole, D. magna survival, reproduction, and growth were significantly impacted at 1.25 to 4.1 mu g/L (p < 0.05). Hazard quotients estimated for fenbendazole, albendazole, flubendazole, and febantel were 2.770, 9.7, 4, and 1.2, respectively, suggesting a need for further investigation and a potential for environmental concerns, particularly with fenbendazole. C1 Seoul Natl Univ, Inst Hlth & Environm, Sch Publ Hlth, Seoul 110799, South Korea. Korea Environm Inst, Seoul 122706, South Korea. Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Choi, K (reprint author), Seoul Natl Univ, Inst Hlth & Environm, Sch Publ Hlth, Seoul 110799, South Korea. EM kyungho@snu.ac.kr OI choi, kyungho/0000-0001-7460-792X NR 23 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 6 U2 31 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 25 IS 8 BP 2221 EP 2226 DI 10.1897/05-493R.1 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 084AX UT WOS:000240505000030 PM 16916042 ER PT J AU Verity, PG Alber, M Bricker, SB AF Verity, Peter G. Alber, Merryl Bricker, Suzanne B. TI Development of hypoxia in well-mixed subtropical estuaries in the southeastern USA SO ESTUARIES AND COASTS LA English DT Article ID NET ECOSYSTEM METABOLISM; ORGANIC-CARBON BALANCE; SKIDAWAY RIVER ESTUARY; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; MISSISSIPPI RIVER; CHESAPEAKE BAY; FOOD-WEB; RESPIRATION; NITROGEN; EUTROPHICATION AB Estuaries throughout much of the South Atlantic Bight (southeastern U.S.) have been considered to be relatively pristine, but are now experiencing elevated concentrations of both organic and inorganic nutrients. As is true in many parts of the world, this eutrophication is correlated with coastal population growth. These estuaries have been assumed to be immune from extended hypoxia, in large part because they are well mixed and do not generally exhibit the water column stratification that is traditionally associated with low concentrations of dissolved oxygen. Data presented here show long-term (19 yr) decreases in dissolved oxygen in surface waters of the Skidaway estuary, a pattern that is occurring throughout coastal Georgia. More limited data from bottom waters exhibit the same trend. The decreases in dissolved oxygen occurred at the same time as observed increases in inorganic and organic nutrients and in bacteria concentrations, implying an increase in heterotrophic activity. These observations suggest that traditional paradigms long applied to stratified estuaries, wherein the cycle that leads to hypoxia is initiated by the uptake of inorganic nutrients by autotrophs that are then decomposed below the pycnocline, may need revision for well-mixed estuaries. Heterotrophic community metabolism, stimulated by anthropogenic loading of organic and inorganic nutrients, can overwhelm even vigorous vertical mixing and horizontal exchange to gradually cause declining oxygen concentrations and eventually hypoxia. C1 Skidaway Inst Oceanog, Savannah, GA 31411 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Marine Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NOAA, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Natl Ocean Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Verity, PG (reprint author), Skidaway Inst Oceanog, 10 Ocean Sci Circle, Savannah, GA 31411 USA. EM peter.verity@skio.usg.edu NR 49 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 19 PU ESTUARINE RESEARCH FEDERATION PI PORT REPUBLIC PA 2018 DAFFODIL, PO BOX 510, PORT REPUBLIC, MD 20676 USA SN 1559-2723 J9 ESTUARIES COASTS JI Estuaries Coasts PD AUG PY 2006 VL 29 IS 4 BP 665 EP 673 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 085KB UT WOS:000240601900011 ER PT J AU Hyland, JL Balthis, WL Posey, M Hackney, CT Alphin, T AF Hyland, Jeffrey L. Balthis, W. Leonard Posey, Martin Hackney, Courtney T. Alphin, Troy TI The soft-bottom macrobenthos of North Carolina estuaries (vol 27, pg 501, 2006) SO ESTUARIES AND COASTS LA English DT Correction C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol Sci, Wilmington, NC 28409 USA. RP Hyland, JL (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU ESTUARINE RESEARCH FEDERATION PI PORT REPUBLIC PA 2018 DAFFODIL, PO BOX 510, PORT REPUBLIC, MD 20676 USA SN 1559-2723 J9 ESTUARIES COASTS JI Estuaries Coasts PD AUG PY 2006 VL 29 IS 4 BP 709 EP 710 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 085KB UT WOS:000240601900015 ER PT J AU Verbruggen, H De Clerck, O N'Yeurt, ADR Spalding, H Vroom, PS AF Verbruggen, Heroen De Clerck, Olivier N'Yeurt, Antoine D. R. Spalding, Heather Vroom, Peter S. TI Phylogeny and taxonomy of Halimeda incrassata, including descriptions of H-kanaloana and H-heteromorpha spp. nov (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta) SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Article DE anatomy; Halimeda incrassata; H. heteromorpha; H. kanaloana; H. melanesica; morphology; phylogeny; taxonomy ID RBCL SEQUENCE ANALYSES; MORPHOLOGICAL EVIDENCE; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCES; SPECIES BOUNDARIES; SPATIAL SCALES; GREEN-ALGAE; CORAL-REEFS; RHODOPHYTA; FISH; CAULERPALES AB The tropical green algal genus Halimeda is one of the best studied examples of pseudo-cryptic diversity within the algae. Previous molecular and morphometric studies revealed that within Halimeda section Rhipsalis, Halimeda incrassata included three pseudo-cryptic entities and that the morphological boundaries between H. incrassata and Halimeda melanesica were ill-defined. In this paper, the taxonomy of H. incrassata is revised: two pseudo-cryptic entities are described as new species, Halimeda kanaloana and Halimed heteromorpha, while H. incrassata is redefined to encompass a single, monophyletic entity. Similarities and differences between the three species and H. melanesica are discussed. Monophyly of H. heteromorpha, which was questioned in a former study, is reinvestigated using sets of 32 ITS1-ITS2 and 21 plastid rps3 sequences and various alignment and inference methods. The phylogenetic relationships within Halimeda section Rhipsalis are inferred from nuclear 18S-ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and concatenated plastid sequences (tufA & rpl5-rps8-infA) and interpreted in a biogeographic context. C1 Univ Ghent, Psychol Res Grp, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. Univ Ghent, Ctr Mol Phylogenet & Evolut, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. Univ Polynesie Francaise, Lab Terre Ocean Ecol Marine, Faaa 98702, Tahiti, Fr Polynesia. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Bot, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Hawaii, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Corp Res,CRED, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr,NOAA Fisheries & Ec, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. RP Verbruggen, H (reprint author), Univ Ghent, Psychol Res Grp, Krijgslaan 281 S8, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. EM heroen.verbruggen@ugent.be RI Verbruggen, Heroen/C-6951-2009; De Clerck, Olivier/A-9083-2010 OI Verbruggen, Heroen/0000-0002-6305-4749; De Clerck, Olivier/0000-0002-3699-8402 NR 64 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0967-0262 J9 EUR J PHYCOL JI Eur. J. Phycol. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 41 IS 3 BP 337 EP 362 DI 10.1080/09670260600709315 PG 26 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 087PU UT WOS:000240755200008 ER PT J AU Kramida, AE Buchet-Poulizac, MC AF Kramida, A. E. Buchet-Poulizac, M. -C. TI Energy levels and spectral lines of NeVIII SO EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL D LA English DT Article ID HIGHLY IONIZED NEON; LITHIUM ISOELECTRONIC SEQUENCE; CONFIGURATION-INTERACTION CALCULATIONS; GRAZING INCIDENCE SPECTRA; HELIUM-LIKE IONS; K AUGER-SPECTRA; N = 2; IONIZATION-POTENTIALS; LIFETIME MEASUREMENTS; CRITICAL COMPILATION AB All experimental data on the valence-shell-excited and core-excited spectra of Li-like neon, including previously unpublished beam-foil spectroscopy data, have been compiled and critically evaluated. Seventeen spectral lines have been newly identified. Sets of recommended energy levels have been derived from the total list of observed lines and from selected results of theoretical and semi-empirical calculations. An accurate value of the ionization potential has been derived from existing theoretical calculations. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Lyon 1, UMR 5579, CNRS, Spectrometrie Ion & Mol Lab, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France. RP Kramida, AE (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Alexander.kramida@nist.gov OI Kramida, Alexander/0000-0002-0788-8087 NR 75 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1434-6060 J9 EUR PHYS J D JI Eur. Phys. J. D PD AUG PY 2006 VL 39 IS 2 BP 173 EP 188 DI 10.1140/epjd/e2006-00122-3 PG 16 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 063FC UT WOS:000239002100003 ER PT J AU Reichle, R Leibfried, D Blakestad, RB Britton, J Jost, JD Knill, E Langer, C Ozeri, R Seidelin, S Wineland, DJ AF Reichle, R. Leibfried, D. Blakestad, R. B. Britton, J. Jost, J. D. Knill, E. Langer, C. Ozeri, R. Seidelin, S. Wineland, D. J. TI Transport dynamics of single ions in segmented microstructured Paul trap arrays SO FORTSCHRITTE DER PHYSIK-PROGRESS OF PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE transport; quantum information processing; ion traps; segmented Paul trap ID DETERMINISTIC QUANTUM TELEPORTATION; DEPENDENT HARMONIC-OSCILLATORS; HEISENBERG-PICTURE APPROACH; IMPLEMENTATION; ENTANGLEMENT; MOTION; ROBUST; SYSTEM; STATE AB It was recently proposed to use small groups of trapped ions as qubit carriers in miniaturized electrode arrays that comprise a large number of individual trapping zones, between which ions could be moved [1, 2]. This approach might be scalable for quantum information processing with a large numbers of qubits. Processing of quantum information is achieved by transporting ions to and from separate memory and qubit manipulation zones in between quantum logic operations. The transport of ion groups in this scheme plays a major role and requires precise experimental control and fast transport times. In this paper we introduce a theoretical framework to study ion transport in external potentials that might be created by typical miniaturized Paul trap electrode arrays. In particular we discuss the relationship between classical and quantum descriptions of the transport and study the energy transfer to the oscillatory motion during near-adiabatic transport. Based on our findings we suggest a numerical method to find electrode potentials as a function of time to optimize the local potential an ion experiences during transport. We demonstrate this method for one specific electrode geometry that should closely represent the situation encountered in realistic trap arrays. C1 Univ Ulm, D-89069 Ulm, Germany. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Reichle, R (reprint author), Univ Ulm, Albert Einstein Allee 11, D-89069 Ulm, Germany. EM rainer.reichle@uni-ulm.de RI Jost, John/F-4701-2010; OI Britton, Joe/0000-0001-8103-7347 NR 36 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA POSTFACH 101161, 69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0015-8208 EI 1521-3978 J9 FORTSCHR PHYS JI Fortschritte Phys.-Prog. Phys. PD AUG-OCT PY 2006 VL 54 IS 8-10 BP 666 EP 685 DI 10.1002/prop.200610326 PG 20 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 080IV UT WOS:000240242000004 ER PT J AU De Carlo, EH Solomon, R Ostrander, C McManus, M Mackenzie, FT Chung, MF DeGelleke, L Sabine, C Feely, R AF De Carlo, Eric Heinen Solomon, Rachel Ostrander, Chris McManus, Margaret Mackenzie, Fred T. Chung, MungFa DeGelleke, Laura Sabine, Chris Feely, Richard TI Productivity and CO2 exchange between the ocean and atmosphere in Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii, a subtropical coastal embayment SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 16th Annual V M Goldschmidt Conference CY AUG-SEP -, 2006 CL Melbourne, AUSTRALIA C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM edecarlo@soest.hawaii.edu RI Ostrander, Chris/B-2890-2009 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD AUG-SEP PY 2006 VL 70 IS 18 SU S BP A135 EP A135 DI 10.1016/j.gca.2006.06.286 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 096JU UT WOS:000241374200280 ER PT J AU De Ronde, CEJ Baker, ET Massoth, GJ Lupton, JE Wright, IC Sparks, RJ Walker, SL Greene, RR Bannister, C Reyners, ME Ishibashi, J Faure, K Resing, JA Lebon, GT AF De Ronde, C. E. J. Baker, E. T. Massoth, G. J. Lupton, J. E. Wright, I. C. Sparks, R. J. Walker, S. L. Greene, R. R. Bannister, C. Reyners, M. E. Ishibashi, J. Faure, K. Resing, J. A. Lebon, G. T. TI Submarine hydrothermal activity along the mid-Kermadec arc, New Zealand: Large-scale effects on venting SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 16th Annual V M Goldschmidt Conference CY AUG-SEP -, 2006 CL Melbourne, AUSTRALIA C1 GNS Sci, Lower Hutt, New Zealand. NOAA PMEL, Seattle, WA USA. NOAA PMEL, Newport, OR USA. NIWA, Wellington, New Zealand. Kyushu Univ, Fukuoka 812, Japan. EM cornel.deronde@gns.cri.nz; edward.baker@noaa.gov; John.E.Lupton@noaa.gov; i.wright@niwa.cri.nz; ishi@geo.kyushu-u.acjp RI Wright, Ian/B-9643-2008 OI Wright, Ian/0000-0002-6660-0493 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD AUG-SEP PY 2006 VL 70 IS 18 SU S BP A136 EP A136 DI 10.1016/j.gca.2006.06.288 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 096JU UT WOS:000241374200282 ER PT J AU Embley, RW AF Embley, R. W. CA Submarine Ring of Fire Investigat TI Recent explorations of submarine volcanoes along the mariana and kermadee arcs - new windows of opportunity for studying active volcanic and hydrothermal processes SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 16th Annual V M Goldschmidt Conference CY AUG-SEP -, 2006 CL Melbourne, AUSTRALIA C1 Oregon State Univ, NOAA PMEL, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM robert.w.embley@noaa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD AUG-SEP PY 2006 VL 70 IS 18 SU S BP A160 EP A160 DI 10.1016/j.gca.2006.06.1387 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 096JU UT WOS:000241374200331 ER PT J AU Rehkamper, M Nielsen, SG Teagle, DAH Alt, JC Butterfield, DA AF Rehkamper, M. Nielsen, S. G. Teagle, D. A. H. Alt, J. C. Butterfield, D. A. TI Thallium isotope constraints on the water fluxes of ridge flank hydrothermal systems SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 16th Annual V M Goldschmidt Conference CY AUG-SEP -, 2006 CL Melbourne, AUSTRALIA C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Earth Sci & Engn, London SW7 2AZ, England. Macquarie Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, GEMOC, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. Univ Southampton, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci, Natl Oceanog Ctr, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England. Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA USA. NOAA, Seattle, WA USA. RI Butterfield, David/H-3815-2016 OI Butterfield, David/0000-0002-1595-9279 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD AUG-SEP PY 2006 VL 70 IS 18 SU S BP A524 EP A524 DI 10.1016/j.gca.2006.06.964 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 096JU UT WOS:000241374201295 ER PT J AU Russell, JL Dixon, KW Gnanadesikan, A Toggweiler, JR Stouffer, RJ AF Russell, J. L. Dixon, K. W. Gnanadesikan, A. Toggweiler, J. R. Stouffer, R. J. TI The once and future battles between thor and the midgard serpent: The Southern Hemisphere Westerlies and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 16th Annual V M Goldschmidt Conference CY AUG-SEP -, 2006 CL Melbourne, AUSTRALIA C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Tucson, AZ USA. NOAA, GFDL, Princeton, NJ USA. EM jrussell@geo.arizona.edu RI Gnanadesikan, Anand/A-2397-2008; Dixon, Keith/L-7120-2015 OI Gnanadesikan, Anand/0000-0001-5784-1116; Dixon, Keith/0000-0003-3044-326X NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD AUG-SEP PY 2006 VL 70 IS 18 SU S BP A547 EP A547 DI 10.1016/j.gca.2006.06.1010 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 096JU UT WOS:000241374201342 ER PT J AU Trainor, TP Eng, PJ Chaka, AM Lo, CS Tanwar, KS Ghose, S Petitto, SC AF Trainor, T. P. Eng, P. J. Chaka, A. M. Lo, C. S. Tanwar, K. S. Ghose, S. Petitto, S. C. TI Structure of the iron-oxide-aqueous solution interface: Surface X-ray diffraction and density functional theory studies SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 16th Annual V M Goldschmidt Conference CY AUG-SEP -, 2006 CL Melbourne, AUSTRALIA ID REACTIVITY C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Chem & Biochem, Fairbanks, AK USA. Consortium Adv Radiat Source, Chicago, IL USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM fftpt@uaf.edu NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD AUG-SEP PY 2006 VL 70 IS 18 SU S BP A655 EP A655 DI 10.1016/j.gca.2006.06.1221 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 096JU UT WOS:000241374201556 ER PT J AU Lema, SC AF Lema, Sean C. TI Population divergence in plasticity of the AVT system and its association with aggressive behaviors in a Death Valley pupfish SO HORMONES AND BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article DE phenotypic plasticity; aggression; social behavior; vasotocin; vasopressin; development; evolutionary endocrinology; osmoregulation; evolution; fish ID ALTERNATIVE REPRODUCTIVE TACTICS; CIRCULATING ARGININE VASOTOCIN; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; GILL RESPIRATORY CELLS; RAINBOW-TROUT; SOCIAL-BEHAVIOR; NEUROHYPOPHYSEAL HORMONES; IMMUNOREACTIVE NEURONS; CYPRINODON-NEVADENSIS; DICENTRARCHUS-LABRAX AB Behavioral differences can evolve rapidly in allopatry, but little is known about the neural bases of such changes. Allopatric populations of Amargosa pupfish (Cyprinodon nevadensis) vary in aggression and courtship behaviors in the wild. Two of these wild populations were recently found to differ in brain expression of arginine vasotocin (AVT)-a peptide hormone shown previously to modulate aggression in pupfish. These populations have been isolated for less than 4000 years, so it remained unclear whether the differences in behavior and neural AVT phenotype were evolved changes or plastic responses to ecologically dissimilar habitats. Here, I tested whether these population differences have a genetic basis by examining how aggressive behavior and neural AVT phenotype responded to ecologically relevant variation in salinity (0.4 ppt or 3 ppt) and temperature (stable or daily fluctuating). Pupfish from Big Spring were more aggressive than pupfish from the Amargosa River when bred and reared under common laboratory conditions. Morphometric analysis of preoptic AVT immunoreactivity showed that the populations differed in how the AVT system responded to salinity and temperature conditions, and revealed that this plasticity differed between parvocellular and magnocellular AVT neuron groups. Both populations also showed relationships between neural AVT phenotype and aggression in the rearing environment, although populations differed in how aggression related to variation in magnocellular AVT neuron size. Together, these results demonstrate that the pupfish populations have diverged in how physical and social conditions affect the AVT system, and provide evidence that the AVT system can evolve quickly to ecologically dissimilar environments. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Anim Behav, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sect Neurobiol Physiol & Behav, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Lema, SC (reprint author), NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Physiol & Endocrinol Program, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. EM sean.lema@noaa.gov FU NIDCD NIH HHS [DC 03174] NR 53 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 17 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0018-506X J9 HORM BEHAV JI Horm. Behav. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 50 IS 2 BP 183 EP 193 DI 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.02.010 PG 11 WC Behavioral Sciences; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Behavioral Sciences; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 065SI UT WOS:000239179200002 PM 16624314 ER PT J AU Walterscheid, RL Schubert, G AF Walterscheid, Richard L. Schubert, Gerald TI A tidal explanation for the Titan haze layers SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE Titan; tides; atmospheric; atmospheres; dynamics; Satellites of Saturn ID WINDS; ATMOSPHERE; THERMOSPHERE; PROFILE; TIDES AB Though Titan is in synchronous rotation around Saturn, it experiences gravitational tides as a consequence of its eccentric orbit. It is proposed that the vertical transport of aerosols by these tides produces the haze layers in Titan's upper atmosphere. Analysis shows that the zonal winds in Titan's superrotating atmosphere have a profound influence on which tidal components are effective in establishing the multiple detached-haze layers. If the Huygens Doppler winds are representative of the equatorial global superrotation, then the westward propagating s = 2 mode is the responsible tidal component even though its forcing is significantly weaker than that of the s = 0 and eastward s = 2 components. The eastward s = 2 tidal mode is eliminated by critical levels while the s = 0 mode is viscously damped in the strong high altitude winds. At polar latitudes, however, the gravest s = 0 mode is the one most likely to produce layering. It is also suggested that the atmospheric gravitational tides could be responsible for decelerating the superrotating atmosphere as seen in the Huygens Doppler wind velocity profile at about 80 knit altitude. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Aerosp Corp, Los Angeles, CA 90009 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Schubert, G (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIA, EUMETSAT, Am Kvalleriensand 31, D-64295 Darmstadt, Germany. EM schubert@ucla.edu NR 25 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD AUG PY 2006 VL 183 IS 2 BP 471 EP 478 DI 10.1016/j.icarus.2006.03.001 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 067WB UT WOS:000239332200017 ER PT J AU Luukanen, A Grossman, EN Miller, AJ Helisto, P Penttila, JS Sipola, H Seppa, H AF Luukanen, Arttu Grossman, Eria N. Miller, Aaron J. Helisto, Panu Penttila, Jari S. Sipola, Hannu Seppa, Heikki TI An ultra-low noise superconducting antenna-coupled microbolometer with a room-temperature read-out SO IEEE MICROWAVE AND WIRELESS COMPONENTS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE bolometers; concealed weapons detection; superconducting detectors; THz detectors; THz imaging ID ELECTROTHERMAL FEEDBACK AB In this letter, we report the electrical and optical characteristics of a superconducting vacuum-bridge microbolometer with an electrical noise equivalent power of 26 fW root Hz and an effective time constant of 380 ns, when operated at a bath temperature of 4 K. We employ a novel room temperature external negative feedback readout architecture, that allows for noise matching to the device without bulky stepup transformers or cooled electronics. Both the detector and the readout lend themselves to be scaled to imaging arrays. The directly measured noise equivalent temperature difference over a 100-1000-GHz bandwidth is 125 mK in a 30-ms integration time. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. VTT Tech Res Ctr, MilliLab, FIN-02044 Espoo, Finland. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Luukanen, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM arttu.luukanen@vtt.fi NR 9 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 9 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1531-1309 J9 IEEE MICROW WIREL CO JI IEEE Microw. Wirel. Compon. Lett. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 16 IS 8 BP 464 EP 466 DI 10.1109/LMWC.2006.879483 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 068FA UT WOS:000239356700010 ER PT J AU Zhang, P Li, J Olson, E Schmit, TJ Li, JL Menzel, WP AF Zhang, Peng Li, Jun Olson, Erik Schmit, Timothy J. Li, Jinlong Menzel, W. Paul TI Impact of point spread function on infrared radiances from geostationary satellites SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE ensquared energy (EE); geostationary satellite (GEO); infrared (IR) radiances; point spread function (PSF) AB The blurring from diffraction for the infrared (IR) radiances on a geostationary satellite (GEO) e.g., the next generation of Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES-R) was simulated by using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Airborne Simulator data and the point spread function (PSF) model for an unobscured telescope. The portion of the total radiance contributed from each nearby geometrical field of view (GFOV) was calculated. For 90% ensquared energy (EE) (equivalent to 10% of the energy coming from outside the footprint), the closest GFOVs contribute 7%; the contribution from the closest GFOVs increases to 22% for 70% EE. The increased portion from the nearby GFOVs causes larger blurring and degrades the pixel-based retrieval product accuracy. Radiance contamination from the nearby field for the GEO IR radiances with 90%, 80%, and 70% EE causes 0.2-, 0.3-, and 0.4-K blurring errors, respectively, in the 12-mu m IR longwave window band in clear 300-K scenes. The blurring error is doubled in cloudy 230-K scenes. For the 13.8-mu m absorption band, the blurring error will be smaller than that of the 12-mu m band because the atmospheric layer where the temperature sensitivity peaks for the 13.8 mu m is more uniform than the surface where the 12 mu m is most sensitive. This indicates that the PSF has a greater impact on a heterogeneous surface. Similar blurring errors occur at both 4- and 10-km spatial resolution IR sensors. The blurring error is not random, and it varies spectrally. These conclusions are very relevant to the design of a cost-effective GEO IR sounder that meets the science requirements. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satllite Studies, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Off Res & Applicat, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Zhang, P (reprint author), Chinese Meteorol Adm, Key Lab Radiometr Calibrat & Validat Environm Stu, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. EM zhangp@nsmc.cma.gov.cn RI Menzel, W. Paul/B-8306-2011; Schmit, Timothy/F-5624-2010; Li, Jun/H-3579-2015 OI Menzel, W. Paul/0000-0001-5690-1201; Li, Jun/0000-0001-5504-9627 NR 10 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 5 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD AUG PY 2006 VL 44 IS 8 BP 2176 EP 2183 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2006.872096 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 068WA UT WOS:000239404000016 ER PT J AU Bergman, DI Stenbakken, GN AF Bergman, David I. Stenbakken, Gerard N. TI Phase-plane-derived distortion modeling of a fast, and accurate digitizing sampler SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 22nd IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference CY MAY 17-19, 2005 CL Ottawa, CANADA SP IEEE Instrumentat & Measurement Soc DE analog-to-digital conversion; data models; error compensation; nonlinear distortion; signal sampling AB Continued efforts to model the distortion behavior of custom-designed digitizing samplers for accurate measurement of dynamic signals are reported. This work is part of ongoing efforts at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to, advance the state of the art in waveform sampling metrology. In this paper, an analytic error model for a sampler having a -3-dB 6-GHz bandwidth is described. The model is derived from examination of the, sampler's error behavior in the phase plane. The model takes as inputs the per-sample estimates of signal amplitude, first derivative, and second derivative, where the derivatives are with respect to time. The model's analytic form consists of polynomials in these terms, which are chosen from consideration of the voltage dependence of the digitizer input capacitance and the previously studied error behavior in a predecessor digitizer. At 1 GHz, an improvement in total harmonic distortion from -32 to -46 dB is obtained when model-generated sample corrections are applied to the waveform. The effect of timebase distortion in the sampling system is also accounted for and corrected. The inclusion of second-derivative dependence in the model is shown to improve the model's fit to the measured data by providing fine temporal adjustment of the fitted waveform. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bergman, DI (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dbergman@nist.gov NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9456 J9 IEEE T INSTRUM MEAS JI IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 55 IS 4 BP 1094 EP 1100 DI 10.1109/TIM.2006.876534 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 065UI UT WOS:000239184900010 ER PT J AU Carvalho, NB Remley, KA Root, DE AF Carvalho, Nuno Borges Remley, Kate A. Root, David E. TI Mini-special issue on large-signal characterization and modeling of nonlinear analog devices, circuits, and systems SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Aveiro, Inst Telecommun, P-3810193 Aveiro, Portugal. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Agilent Technol, Santa Rosa, CA USA. RP Carvalho, NB (reprint author), Univ Aveiro, Inst Telecommun, P-3810193 Aveiro, Portugal. RI Carvalho, Nuno/A-8645-2008 OI Carvalho, Nuno/0000-0002-7402-2099 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9480 J9 IEEE T MICROW THEORY JI IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 54 IS 8 BP 3161 EP 3162 DI 10.1109/TMTT.2006.879178 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 072XO UT WOS:000239706600001 ER PT J AU Clement, TS Hale, PD Williams, DF Wang, CM Dienstfrey, A Keenan, DA AF Clement, Tracy S. Hale, Paul D. Williams, Dylan F. Wang, C. M. Dienstfrey, Andrew Keenan, Darryl A. TI Calibration of sampling oscilloscopes with high-speed photodiodes SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article DE high-speed photodiode; impulse response; mismatch correction; oscilloscope calibration; sampling oscilloscope; uncertainty ID DISTORTION; UNCERTAINTY; SIGNALS; SYSTEM AB We calibrate the magnitude and phase response of equivalent-time sampling oscilloscopes to 110 GHz. We use a photodiode that has been calibrated with our electrooptic sampling system as a reference input pulse source to the sampling oscilloscope. We account for the impedance of the oscilloscope and the reference photodiode and correct for electrical reflections and distortions due to impedance mismatch. We also correct for time-base imperfections such as drift, time-base distortion, and jitter. We have performed a rigorous uncertainty analysis, which includes a Monte Carlo simulation of time-domain error sources combined with error sources from the deconvolution of the photodiode pulse, from the mismatch correction, and from the jitter correction. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Clement, TS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM clementt@boulder.nist.gov RI Clement, Tracy/A-8885-2008; Hale, Paul/B-1737-2013 NR 31 TC 51 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 6 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9480 J9 IEEE T MICROW THEORY JI IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 54 IS 8 BP 3173 EP 3181 DI 10.1109/TMTT.2006.879135 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 072XO UT WOS:000239706600003 ER PT J AU Dienstfrey, A Hale, PD Keenan, DA Clement, TS Williams, DF AF Dienstfrey, Andrew Hale, Paul D. Keenan, Darryl A. Clement, Tracy S. Williams, Dylan F. TI Minimum-phase calibration of sampling oscilloscopes SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article DE Hilbert transform; Kramers-Kronig relation; linear response functions; minimum phase; mismatch correction; oscilloscopes AB We describe an algorithm for determining the minimum phase of a linear time-invariant response function from its magnitude. The procedure is based on Kramers-Kronig relations in combination with auxiliary direct measurements of the desired phase response. We demonstrate that truncation of the Hilbert transform gives rise to large errors in estimated phase, but that these errors may be approximated using a small number of basis functions. As an example, we obtain a minimum-phase calibration of a sampling oscilloscope in the frequency domain. This result rests on data obtained by an electrooptic sampling (EOS) technique in combination with a swept-sine calibration procedure. The EOS technique yields magnitude and phase information over a broad bandwidth, yet has degraded uncertainty estimates from dc to approximately 1 GHz. The swept-sine procedure returns only the magnitude of the oscilloscope response function, yet may be performed on a fine frequency grid from about 1 MHz to several gigahertz. The resulting minimum-phase calibration spans frequencies from dc to 110 GHz, and is traceable to fundamental units. The validity of the minimum-phase character of the oscilloscope response function at frequencies common to both measurements is determined as part of our analysis. A full uncertainty analysis is provided. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Dienstfrey, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM andrewd@boulder.nist.gov; hale@boulder.nist.gov RI Clement, Tracy/A-8885-2008; Hale, Paul/B-1737-2013 NR 23 TC 15 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 5 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9480 J9 IEEE T MICROW THEORY JI IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 54 IS 8 BP 3197 EP 3208 DI 10.1109/TMTT.2006.879167 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 072XO UT WOS:000239706600006 ER PT J AU Eichler, T Rind, D Zebiak, S AF Eichler, Timothy Rind, David Zebiak, Stephen TI Impact of global warming on ENSO variability using the coupled GISS GCM/ZC model SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE El Nino; STC; teleconnections; dynamical thermostat; upwelling; global warming; SST; equilibrium climate ID NINO-SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE MODEL; CLIMATE SYSTEM MODEL; EL-NINO; TROPICAL PACIFIC; INCREASED CO2; DECADAL VARIABILITY; GODDARD-INSTITUTE AB This study uses a hybrid coupled model (referred to as the general-circulation model (GCM)/Zebiak/Cane (ZC) model), which consists of the Goddard Institute for Space Studies' (GISS) Atmospheric general-circulation model (AGCM) coupled to the oceanic component of the ZC intermediate model to assess the impact of global warming on El Nino behavior, with and without the influence of heat introduced from the subtropical Pacific (via subtropical cell (STC) pathway). The baseline GCM/ZC model produces El Nino variability with a two year periodicity and an amplitude of approximately half the magnitude of observed El Nino. The GCM/ZC model also produces an appropriate atmospheric global response to El Nino/southern oscillation (ENSO) as shown by composites of 500 hPa heights, sea-level pressure (SLP), 200 hPa wind, and precipitation during El Nino and La Nina periods. To evaluate the importance of global warming on ENSO variability, 2x CO2 and 4x CO2 transient simulations were done increasing the atmospheric CO2 one percent per year, then extending the runs for an additional 70 years to obtain equilibrium climates for each run. An additional set of global-warming simulations was run after including a STC parameterization generated by computing 5-year running means of the sea-surface temperature (SST) difference between a transient run and the 1 x CO2 GCM/ZC run at the anticipated subduction zones (160-130 degrees W, 20-40 degrees N and 20-44 degrees S, 160-130 degrees W) and adding it to the base of the equatorial mixed-layer of the ZC model with a time lag of 15 years. This effectively alters the vertical temperature gradient of the ZC model, which affects SST via upwelling. Two features of the GCM/ZC response to global warming are emphasized. Firstly, the inclusion of the STC results in a major redistribution of heat across the equatorial Pacific, leading to an El Nino-like response in the final equilibrium solution with less variability about the mean. The global warming aspect due to the El Nino-like response results in a positive feedback on global warming, which causes a higher global surface-air temperature (SAT) than identical transient simulations without inclusion of the STC. Secondly, including the STC effect produces a far greater magnitude of global ENSO-like impact because of the reduction of, or even the reversal of, the equatorial Pacific longitudinal SST gradient. The implications of such an extreme climate scenario are discussed. Copyright (C) 2006 Royal Meteorological Society. C1 NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. RP Eichler, T (reprint author), NOAA, OAR, 1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM tim.eichler@noaa.gov RI Eichler, Timothy/A-5040-2015 OI Eichler, Timothy/0000-0003-0342-9681 NR 56 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 3 U2 10 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0899-8418 J9 INT J CLIMATOL JI Int. J. Climatol. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 26 IS 10 BP 1283 EP 1314 DI 10.1002/joc.1308 PG 32 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 072JP UT WOS:000239670000001 ER PT J AU Whiting, RC Rainosek, A Buchanan, RL Miliotis, M LaBarre, D Long, W Ruple, A Schaub, S AF Whiting, R. C. Rainosek, A. Buchanan, R. L. Miliotis, M. LaBarre, D. Long, W. Ruple, A. Schaub, S. TI Determining the microbiological criteria for lot rejection from the performance objective or food safety objective SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE risk analysis; risk assessment; attribute testing AB The Microbiological Criteria (MC) is a set of parameters used to determine whether a specific lot of food is acceptable or not. These parameters are the microbial test protocol and its sensitivity, the confidence level that an unacceptable lot will be detected, the number of samples to be taken and the number of positive samples that are allowed before rejecting the lot. Determining the microbiological criteria begins with knowledge of the distribution of contamination from samples within a lot, particularly within a lot that is just at the unacceptable level of the microbial hazard. The just unacceptable lot can be defined by the Food Safety Objective (FSO) or Performance Objectives (PO), the small fraction of samples that can exceed these values and the standard deviation of the samples from the lot. With this information, a microbial test protocol is chosen to have a sensitivity level that would detect between approximately 15% and 45% of the samples. A confidence level for the MC and the number of positive samples that would be acceptable (c value which is usually zero) are also chosen. With this information the number of samples (n) required can be calculated. A critical factor in setting the microbiological criteria is the sensitivity of the microbiological test (m value). The sample size (weight) and sampling procedure can affect the standard deviation of the samples, particularly foods with non-homogeneous distribution and low numbers of microorganisms. Sampling, sample preparation and analytical procedures that reduce the variation between the samples will affect the choice of m value and maximum lot mean that meets the MC. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. Univ S Alabama, Dept Math & Stat, Mobile, AL 36688 USA. USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Washington, DC 20520 USA. Natl Oceanog & Atmospher Adm, Pascagoula, MS 39568 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Whiting, RC (reprint author), US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. EM chard.whiting@fda.hhs.gov NR 9 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1605 J9 INT J FOOD MICROBIOL JI Int. J. Food Microbiol. PD AUG 1 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 3 BP 263 EP 267 DI 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.04.038 PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA 076DE UT WOS:000239936400009 PM 16784791 ER PT J AU Liu, CK Lee, S Sung, LP Nguyen, T AF Liu, Chien-Kuo Lee, Sanboh Sung, Li-Piin Nguyen, Tinh TI Load-displacement relations for nanoindentation of viscoelastic materials SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID DEPTH-SENSING INDENTATION; ELASTIC-MODULUS; HARDNESS; CREEP; SUBSTRATE; BEHAVIOR; FILMS; SIZE AB A model based on the Burgers viscoelastic concept has been developed to describe the nanoindentation behaviors of polymeric materials. An analytical solution of displacement at the indenter tip has been derived based on the analog of the governing equation of elasticity in the time coordinate system to the governing equation of the viscoelastic model in Laplace transform coordinate system. The solution consists of the elastic, viscous, and plastic displacements during loading and unloading. Nanoindentation experiments have been conducted for poly ( methyl methacrylate ), polycarbonate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate copolymer, amorphous syndiotactic polystyrene, and fast-cure acrylic polymers to provide data for validating the model. The results show excellent agreement between experimental load-displacement data and model prediction for both the loading and unloading before the contact area decreases for all five polymers. The viscosity decreases but the hardness increases with increasing loading rate. Young's moduli of the interior material obtained by the present study are close to those reported in the literature. Additional analysis showed that the prediction by both the Kelvin and Maxwell viscoelastic models does not agree with the experimental data generated in this study. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Liu, CK (reprint author), Natl Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan. EM sblee@mx.nthu.edu.tw NR 35 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 24 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD AUG 1 PY 2006 VL 100 IS 3 AR 033503 DI 10.1063/1.2220649 PG 9 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 073SY UT WOS:000239764100018 ER PT J AU Davies-Jones, RP Wood, VT AF Davies-Jones, Robert P. Wood, Vincent T. TI Simulated Doppler velocity signatures of evolving tornado-like vortices SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RADAR OBSERVATIONS; DETECTION ALGORITHM; VORTEX; WSR-88D; RESOLUTION; SUPERCELL; CITY AB Exact solutions of the Navier-Stokes or Euler equations of motion and the continuity equation in cylindrical coordinates for 3D, axisymmetric, inviscid, or laminar flows are utilized to represent evolving vortices that roughly model tornado cyclones or misocyclones contracting to tornadoes. These solutions are unsteady versions of the diffusive Burgers-Rott vortex and the inviscid Rankine-combined vortex. They satisfy the free-slip condition at the ground. Different vortices are obtained by choosing different values of the constant eddy viscosity and uniform horizontal convergence while holding the circulation at infinity constant. A simulated Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) is employed to generate time-varying Doppler velocity signatures in uniform reflectivity of these analytical vortices at ranges of 25 and 50 km from the radar. Mean Doppler velocities are determined by computing 3D integrals over effective resolution volumes. Magnitudes of Doppler vortex signatures at different times in the evolution of the stationary vortices are computed for effective beamwidths of 1.02 and 1.39, which correspond to azimuthal sampling intervals of 0.5 and 1.0, respectively. Four tornado predictors-rotational velocity, shear, excess rotational kinetic energy, and circulation - are examined. Results of the simulations show that for smaller effective beamwidths, Doppler vortex signatures are stronger and exceed fixed threshold values of rotational velocity and shear earlier. With finer azimuthal resolution, tornado cyclone, misocyclone, or tornado signatures switch to tornadic vortex signatures later. Circulations of the vortex signatures give good estimates of the circulations of the simulated tornadoes and tornado cyclones with relative insensitivity to range, effective beamwidth, and stage of evolution. High circulation and convergence values of a rotation signature reveal the potential for a tornado earlier than all the other predictors, which increase significantly during tornadogenesis. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Davies-Jones, RP (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM bob.davies-jones@noaa.gov NR 42 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 23 IS 8 BP 1029 EP 1048 DI 10.1175/JTECH1903.1 PG 20 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 076TF UT WOS:000239979900002 ER PT J AU Kita, K Morino, Y Kondo, Y Komazaki, Y Takegawa, N Miyazaki, Y Hirokawa, J Tanaka, S Thompson, TL Gao, RS Fahey, DW AF Kita, Kazuyuki Morino, Yu Kondo, Yutaka Komazaki, Yuichi Takegawa, Nobuyuki Miyazaki, Yuzo Hirokawa, Jun Tanaka, Shigeru Thompson, Thomas L. Gao, Ru-Shan Fahey, David W. TI A chemical ionization mass spectrometer for ground-based measurements of nitric acid SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS; DIFFUSION SCRUBBER; LOWER STRATOSPHERE; MEASUREMENT SYSTEM; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; HNO3; AEROSOL; PACIFIC; NITRATE; GAS AB A chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) instrument has been developed for high-precision measurements of gaseous nitric acid (HNO(3)) specifically under high- and variable-humidity conditions in the boundary layer. The instrument's background signals (i.e., signals detected when HNO(3)-free air is measured), which depend on the humidity and HNO(3) concentration of the sample air, are the most important factor affecting the limit of detection (LOD). A new system to provide HNO3-free air without changing both the humidity and the pressure of the sampled air was developed to measure the background level accurately. The detection limit was about 23 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) for 50-s averages. Field tests, including an intercomparison with the diffusion scrubber technique, were carried out at a surface site in Tokyo, Japan, in October 2003 and June 2004. A comparison between the measured concentrations of HNO(3) and particulate nitrate indicated that the interference from particulate nitrate was not detectable (i.e., less than about 1%). The intercomparison indicated that the two independent measurements of HNO3 agreed to within the combined uncertainties of these measurements. This result demonstrates that the CIMS instrument developed in this study is capable of measuring HNO(3) mixing ratios with the precision, accuracy, and time resolution required for atmospheric science. C1 Ibaraki Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Environm Sci, Mito, Ibaraki 3108512, Japan. Univ Tokyo, Res Ctr Adv Sci & Technol, Tokyo, Japan. Hokkaido Univ, Fac Sci & Technol, Dept Appl Chem, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Kita, K (reprint author), Ibaraki Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Environm Sci, 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki 3108512, Japan. EM kita@mx.ibaraki.ac.jp RI Kondo, Yutaka/D-1459-2012; Hirokawa, Jun/H-8018-2012; Gao, Ru-Shan/H-7455-2013; Fahey, David/G-4499-2013; Miyazaki, Yuzo/C-6920-2010; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Fahey, David/0000-0003-1720-0634; NR 32 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 23 IS 8 BP 1104 EP 1113 DI 10.1175/JTECH1900.1 PG 10 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 076TF UT WOS:000239979900007 ER PT J AU Sachidananda, M Zrnic, DS AF Sachidananda, M. Zrnic, Dusan S. TI Ground clutter filtering dual-polarized, staggered PRT sequences SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SPECTRAL MOMENT ESTIMATION; DOPPLER WEATHER RADARS AB A procedure to filter the ground clutter from a dual-polarized, staggered pulse repetition time (PRT) sequence and recover the complex spectral coefficients of the weather signal is presented. While magnitude spectra are sufficient for estimation of the spectral moments from staggered PRT sequences, computation of differential phase in dual-polarized radars requires recovery of the complex spectra. Herein a method is given to recover the complex spectral coefficients after the ground clutter is filtered. Under the condition of "narrow" spectra, it is possible to recover the differential phase, Phi(DP), and the copolar correlation coefficient, rho(hv), accurately, in addition to the differential reflectivity, Z(DR). The technique is tested on simulated time series and on actual radar data. The efficacy of the method is demonstrated on plan position indicator (PPI) plots of polarimetric variables. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Indian Inst Technol, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India. RP Zrnic, DS (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM Dusan.Zrnic@noaa.gov RI tsunoda, masashi/F-9946-2010 NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 23 IS 8 BP 1114 EP 1130 DI 10.1175/JTECH1904.1 PG 17 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 076TF UT WOS:000239979900008 ER PT J AU Hiscox, AL Nappo, CJ Miller, DR AF Hiscox, April L. Nappo, Carmen J. Miller, David R. TI On the use of lidar images of smoke plumes to measure dispersion parameters in the stable boundary layer SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GRAVITY-WAVES; TURBULENCE; FOREST; CANOPIES AB In this note a methodology is presented for measuring dispersion parameters based on lidar images, which can be used as an efficient way to remotely monitor time variations of plume dispersion parameters. Lidar images of a smoke plume cross section over a forest canopy during nighttime conditions are analyzed to estimate vertical dispersion parameters and vertical meander of the plume centerline in the near field. Dispersion parameters 60 m downwind are found to have a median value of 2.31 m, with values ranging from a minimum of 0.56 m to a maximum of 5.45 m. Measurements of these parameters have not previously been made outside the restraints of a wind tunnel experiment. C1 Univ Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN USA. RP Hiscox, AL (reprint author), Univ Connecticut, 1376 Storrs Rd, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. EM april@ieee.org RI Hiscox, April/C-2509-2008 OI Hiscox, April/0000-0001-8791-1488 NR 17 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 23 IS 8 BP 1150 EP 1154 DI 10.1175/JTECH1896.1 PG 5 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 076TF UT WOS:000239979900010 ER PT J AU Cherng, AM Takagi, S Chow, L AF Cherng, Aishuan Maria Takagi, Shozo Chow, Laurence TI Reduction in dentin permeability using a slurry containing dicalcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART B-APPLIED BIOMATERIALS LA English DT Article DE calcium phosphate; slurry; obturation; dentin permeability; hydraulic conductance; dentin hypersensitivity ID FLUORIDE; HYPERSENSITIVITY; INVITRO AB Treatments that obdurate dentin tubules have been used for reducing dentin hypersensitivity. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a treatment with a slurry of micron sized calcium phosphate on the hydraulic conductance (L-p) of etched dentin discs in vitro. The treatment slurry was prepared by mixing a powder mixture of dicalcium phosphate anhydrous and calcium hydroxide with a solution that contained sodium fluoride and carboxymethyl cellulose. The mean baseline L-p (in mL cm(-2) s(-1) H2O cm(-1)) was 2.07 +/- 1.45 (mean +/- SD; n = 13)). After one treatment and 2, 4, and 7 days of incubation in a protein-free saliva-like solution (SLS), the mean relative L-p, presented as % of baseline, were 65 +/- 16, 42 +/- 27, 36 +/- 26, and 33 +/- 27 (n = 13), respectively. The L-p values of the baseline and treatment after incubation in the SLS were significantly (P <= 0.05) different. Scanning electron microscopic examination showed partial obturation of dentin tubules in the treated dentin. X-ray diffraction and chemical analyses indicated the major product formed from the slurry was a fluoride-containing hydroxyapatite. Treatment appeared effective in further reducing L-p of dentin discs after incubation in the SLS. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 NIST, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cherng, AM (reprint author), NIST, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM maria.cherng@nist.gov FU NIDCR NIH HHS [DE05354] NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 1552-4973 J9 J BIOMED MATER RES B JI J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B PD AUG PY 2006 VL 78B IS 2 BP 291 EP 295 DI 10.1002/jbm.b.30486 PG 5 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 067KF UT WOS:000239300000011 PM 16906596 ER PT J AU Saha, S Nadiga, S Thiaw, C Wang, J Wang, W Zhang, Q Van den Dool, HM Pan, HL Moorthi, S Behringer, D Stokes, D Pena, M Lord, S White, G Ebisuzaki, W Peng, P Xie, P AF Saha, S. Nadiga, S. Thiaw, C. Wang, J. Wang, W. Zhang, Q. Van den Dool, H. M. Pan, H. -L. Moorthi, S. Behringer, D. Stokes, D. Pena, M. Lord, S. White, G. Ebisuzaki, W. Peng, P. Xie, P. TI The NCEP Climate Forecast System SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE MODEL; DATA ASSIMILATION SYSTEM; IMPROVED COUPLED MODEL; ENSO PREDICTION; SEA-LEVEL; EL-NINO; PARAMETERIZATION; REANALYSIS; INITIALIZATION; PRECIPITATION AB The Climate Forecast System (CFS), the fully coupled ocean - land - atmosphere dynamical seasonal prediction system, which became operational at NCEP in August 2004, is described and evaluated in this paper. The CFS provides important advances in operational seasonal prediction on a number of fronts. For the first time in the history of U. S. operational seasonal prediction, a dynamical modeling system has demonstrated a level of skill in forecasting U. S. surface temperature and precipitation that is comparable to the skill of the statistical methods used by the NCEP Climate Prediction Center (CPC). This represents a significant improvement over the previous dynamical modeling system used at NCEP. Furthermore, the skill provided by the CFS spatially and temporally complements the skill provided by the statistical tools. The availability of a dynamical modeling tool with demonstrated skill should result in overall improvement in the operational seasonal forecasts produced by CPC. The atmospheric component of the CFS is a lower-resolution version of the Global Forecast System (GFS) that was the operational global weather prediction model at NCEP during 2003. The ocean component is the GFDL Modular Ocean Model version 3 (MOM3). There are several important improvements inherent in the new CFS relative to the previous dynamical forecast system. These include (i) the atmosphere - ocean coupling spans almost all of the globe ( as opposed to the tropical Pacific only); (ii) the CFS is a fully coupled modeling system with no flux correction ( as opposed to the previous uncoupled "tier-2" system, which employed multiple bias and flux corrections); and (iii) a set of fully coupled retrospective forecasts covering a 24-yr period ( 1981 - 2004), with 15 forecasts per calendar month out to nine months into the future, have been produced with the CFS. These 24 years of fully coupled retrospective forecasts are of paramount importance to the proper calibration ( bias correction) of subsequent operational seasonal forecasts. They provide a meaningful a priori estimate of model skill that is critical in determining the utility of the real-time dynamical forecast in the operational framework. The retrospective dataset also provides a wealth of information for researchers to study interactive atmosphere - land - ocean processes. C1 NOAA, NWS, NCEP,DOC, Environm Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NOAA, NWS, NCEP,DOC, Climat Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Saha, S (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, NCEP,DOC, Environm Modeling Ctr, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Suranjana.Saha@noaa.gov NR 69 TC 575 Z9 605 U1 11 U2 61 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 19 IS 15 BP 3483 EP 3517 DI 10.1175/JCLI3812.1 PG 35 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 076FT UT WOS:000239943100002 ER PT J AU Lau, NC Leetmaa, A Nath, MJ AF Lau, Ngar-Cheung Leetmaa, Ants Nath, Mary Jo TI Attribution of atmospheric variations in the 1997-2003 period to SST anomalies in the Pacific and Indian ocean basins SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURES; ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; ENSO TELECONNECTIONS; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; GLOBAL ATMOSPHERE; BOREAL SUMMER; EL-NINO; CIRCULATION AB The individual impacts of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the deep tropical eastern - central Pacific (DTEP) and Indo-western-central Pacific (IWP) on the evolution of the observed global atmospheric circulation during the 1997 - 2003 period have been investigated using a new general circulation model. Ensemble integrations were conducted with monthly varying SST conditions being prescribed separately in the DTEP sector, the IWP sector, and throughout the World Ocean. During the 1998 - 2002 subperiod, when prolonged La Nina conditions occurred in DTEP and the SST in IWP was above normal, the simulated midlatitude atmospheric responses to SST forcing in the DTEP and IWP sectors reinforced each other. The anomalous geopotential height ridges at 200 mb in the extratropics of both hemispheres exhibited a distinct zonal symmetry. This circulation change was accompanied by extensive dry and warm anomalies in many regions, including North America. During the 1997 - 98 and 2002 - 03 El Nino events, the SST conditions in both DTEP and IWP were above normal, and considerable cancellations were simulated between the midlatitude responses to the oceanic forcing from these two sectors. The above findings are contrasted with those for the 1953 - 58 and 1972 - 77 periods, which were characterized by analogous SST developments in DTEP, but by cold conditions in IWP. It is concluded that a warm anomaly in IWP and a cold anomaly in DTEP constitute the optimal SST configuration for generating zonally elongated ridges in the midlatitudes. Local diagnoses indicate that the imposed SST anomaly alters the strength of the zonal flow in certain longitudinal sectors, which influences the behavior of synoptic-scale transient eddies farther downstream. The modified eddy momentum transports in the regions of eddy activity in turn feed back on the local mean flow, thus contributing to its zonal elongation. These results are consistent with the inferences drawn from zonal mean analyses, which accentuate the role of the eddy-induced circulation on the meridional plane. C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Lau, NC (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Forrestal Campus,POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM gabriel.lau@noaa.gov NR 49 TC 37 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 19 IS 15 BP 3607 EP 3628 DI 10.1175/JCLI3813.1 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 076FT UT WOS:000239943100007 ER PT J AU Sears-Collins, AL Schultz, DM Johns, RH AF Sears-Collins, Addison L. Schultz, David M. Johns, Robert H. TI Spatial and temporal variability of nonfreezing drizzle in the United States and Canada SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEI; MARINE STRATOCUMULUS; GLOBAL PRECIPITATION; THUNDERSTORM FREQUENCIES; DIURNAL-VARIATIONS; FREEZING DRIZZLE; STRATUS CLOUD; RAIN; MICROPHYSICS; CLIMATOLOGY AB A climatology of nonfreezing drizzle is created using surface observations from 584 stations across the United States and Canada over the 15-yr period 1976 - 90. Drizzle falls 50 - 200 h a year in most locations in the eastern United States and Canada, whereas drizzle falls less than 50 h a year in the west, except for coastal Alaska and several western basins. The eastern and western halves of North America are separated by a strong gradient in drizzle frequency along roughly 100 W, as large as about an hour a year over 2 km. Forty percent of the stations have a drizzle maximum from November to January, whereas only 13% of stations have a drizzle maximum from June to August. Drizzle occurrence exhibits a seasonal migration from eastern Canada and the central portion of the Northwest Territories in summer, equatorward to most of the eastern United States and southeast Canada in early winter, to southeastern Texas and the eastern United States in late winter, and back north to eastern Canada in the spring. The diurnal hourly frequency of drizzle across the United States and Canada increases sharply from 0900 to 1200 UTC, followed by a steady decline from 1300 to 2300 UTC. Diurnal drizzle frequency is at a maximum in the early morning, in agreement with other studies. Drizzle occurs during a wide range of atmospheric conditions at the surface. Drizzle has occurred at sea level pressures below 960 hPa and above 1040 hPa. Most drizzle, however, occurs at higher than normal sea level pressure, with more than 64% occurring at a sea level pressure of 1015 hPa or higher. A third of all drizzle falls when the winds are from the northeast quadrant (360 degrees - 89 degrees), suggesting that continental drizzle events tend to be found poleward of surface warm fronts and equatorward of cold-sector surface anticyclones. Two-thirds of all drizzle occurs with wind speeds of 2.0 - 6.9 m s(-1), with 7.6% in calm wind and 5% at wind speeds >= 10 m s(-1). Most drizzle (61%) occurs with visibilities between 1.5 and 5.0 km, with only about 20% occurring at visibilities less than 1.5 km. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Oklahoma Weather Ctr Res Experiences Undergrad, Norman, OK USA. Univ Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA. RP Schultz, DM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM david.schultz@noaa.gov RI Schultz, David M./A-3091-2010 OI Schultz, David M./0000-0003-1558-6975 NR 34 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 19 IS 15 BP 3629 EP 3639 DI 10.1175/JCLI3796.1 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 076FT UT WOS:000239943100008 ER PT J AU Mo, KC Schemm, JE Kim, H Higgins, WR AF Mo, Kingtse C. Schemm, J. E. Kim, H. Higgins, W. R. TI Influence of initial conditions on summer precipitation simulations over the United States and Mexico SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SURFACE-HYDROLOGY MODEL; SOIL-MOISTURE; GAUGE OBSERVATIONS; TEMPERATURE; PREDICTION; REANALYSIS; CLIMATE; SYSTEM; PARAMETERIZATION; PREDICTABILITY AB The impact of initial conditions on summer precipitation over North America for July - September was examined by comparing long-term simulations of the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project ( AMIP) runs with the ensemble simulations (SIMUs) initialized at the end of June each year. Both types of simulations use the observed SSTs as boundary conditions, and hence, the differences are a result of the initial conditions. Experiments were performed using the NCEP Global Forecast System (GFS) T126L28 model with 28 vertical levels. Over the monsoon core region, the model has the correct relationship between evaporation ( E) and soil moisture and the T126 model has enough horizontal resolution to simulate the moisture transport from the Gulf of California. Over the Great Plains, the model has dry and warm biases. These biases are larger in the AMIP runs in comparison with the SIMU. Two major model errors contribute to the biases: 1) the deep soil layer ( 10 - 200 cm) is far too dry and does not have enough variability; and 2) the model does not have the correct relationship between E and soil moisture at the top level 10 cm (SM10cm). The linear E - SM10cm relationship in the model has a large slope in spring and early summer. Evaporation tends to drop too sharply and too quickly during the model dry periods; it does increase during rainfall periods, but the model still has an overall deficit in E. The SIMU runs have better estimated E values supplied by the initial conditions and the surface conditions deteriorate slow enough to have better seasonal mean summer E and precipitation than the AMIP runs. The results here may be model dependent. For the GFS model, the initial conditions supply better estimates of soil moisture and surface fluxes at the beginning of a simulation, which compensates for model errors. C1 NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Climat Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Mo, KC (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Climat Predict Ctr, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM kingtse.mo@noaa.gov NR 30 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 19 IS 15 BP 3640 EP 3658 DI 10.1175/JCLI3795.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 076FT UT WOS:000239943100009 ER PT J AU Brasseur, GP Schultz, M Granier, C Saunois, M Diehl, T Botzet, M Roeckner, E Walters, S AF Brasseur, Guy P. Schultz, Martin Granier, Claire Saunois, Marielle Diehl, Thomas Botzet, Michael Roeckner, Erich Walters, Stacy TI Impact of climate change on the future chemical composition of the global troposphere SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-COMPOUND EMISSIONS; SURFACE OZONE; NOX EMISSIONS; MODEL; TRANSPORT; METHANE; SIMULATIONS; SENSITIVITY; EVOLUTION; FOREST AB A global chemical transport model of the atmosphere [the Model for Ozone and Related Tracers, version 2 (MOZART-2)] driven by prescribed surface emissions and by meteorological fields provided by the ECHAM5/Max Planck Institute Ocean Model (MPI-OM-1) coupled atmosphere-ocean model is used to assess how expected climate changes (2100 versus 2000 periods) should affect the chemical composition of the troposphere. Calculations suggest that ozone changes resulting from climate change only are negative in a large fraction of the troposphere because of enhanced photochemical destruction by water vapor. In the Tropics, increased lightning activity should lead to larger ozone concentrations. The magnitude of the climate-induced ozone changes in the troposphere remains smaller than the changes produced by enhanced anthropogenic emissions when the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) A2P is adopted to describe the future evolution of these emissions. Predictions depend strongly on future trends in atmospheric methane levels, which are not well established. Changes in the emissions of NOx by bacteria in soils and of nonmethane hydrocarbons by vegetation associated with climate change could have a significant impact on future ozone levels. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Hamburg, Germany. IPSL, Serv Aeron, Paris, France. NOAA, CIRES, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Brasseur, GP (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM brasseur@ucar.edu RI Granier, Claire/D-5360-2013; Schultz, Martin/I-9512-2012; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Granier, Claire/0000-0001-7344-7995; Schultz, Martin/0000-0003-3455-774X; NR 55 TC 53 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 19 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 19 IS 16 BP 3932 EP 3951 DI 10.1175/JCLI3832.1 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 080DT UT WOS:000240228000010 ER PT J AU Hoerling, M Hurrell, J Eischeid, J Phillips, A AF Hoerling, Martin Hurrell, James Eischeid, Jon Phillips, Adam TI Detection and attribution of twentieth-century northern and southern African rainfall change SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SURFACE CIRCULATION PATTERNS; SAHARAN WEATHER ANOMALIES; TROPICAL ATLANTIC SECTOR; SAHEL RAINFALL; CLIMATE-CHANGE; AIR-TEMPERATURE; INDIAN-OCEAN; VARIABILITY; MODEL; PACIFIC AB The spatial patterns, time history, and seasonality of African rainfall trends since 1950 are found to be deducible from the atmosphere's response to the known variations of global sea surface temperatures (SSTs). The robustness of the oceanic impact is confirmed through the diagnosis of 80 separate 50-yr climate simulations across a suite of atmospheric general circulation models. Drying over the Sahel during boreal summer is shown to be a response to warming of the South Atlantic relative to North Atlantic SST, with the ensuing anomalous interhemispheric SST contrast favoring a more southern position of the Atlantic intertropical convergence zone. Southern African drying during austral summer is shown to be a response to Indian Ocean warming, with enhanced atmospheric convection over those warm waters driving subsidence drying over Africa. The ensemble of greenhouse-gas-forced experiments, conducted as part of the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, fails to simulate the pattern or amplitude of the twentieth-century African drying, indicating that the drought conditions were likely of natural origin. For the period 2000-49, the ensemble mean of the forced experiments yields a wet signal over the Sahel and a dry signal over southern Africa. These rainfall changes are physically consistent with a projected warming of the North Atlantic Ocean compared with the South Atlantic Ocean, and a further warming of the Indian Ocean. However, considerable spread exists among the individual members of the multimodel ensemble. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Hoerling, M (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, R-PSD1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM martin.hoerling@noaa.gov NR 40 TC 234 Z9 238 U1 6 U2 45 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 19 IS 16 BP 3989 EP 4008 DI 10.1175/JCLI3842.1 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 080DT UT WOS:000240228000013 ER PT J AU Sun, DZ Zhang, T Covey, C Klein, SA Collins, WD Hack, JJ Kiehl, JT Meehl, GA Held, IM Suarez, M AF Sun, D. -Z. Zhang, T. Covey, C. Klein, S. A. Collins, W. D. Hack, J. J. Kiehl, J. T. Meehl, G. A. Held, I. M. Suarez, M. TI Radiative and dynamical feedbacks over the equatorial cold tongue: Results from nine atmospheric GCMs SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID CLIMATE SYSTEM MODEL; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; 1986-87 EL-NINO; WATER-VAPOR; CUMULUS CONVECTION; CLOUD FEEDBACK; PART I; OCEAN; TEMPERATURE; GREENHOUSE AB The equatorial Pacific is a region with strong negative feedbacks. Yet coupled general circulation models (GCMs) have exhibited a propensity to develop a significant SST bias in that region, suggesting an unrealistic sensitivity in the coupled models to small energy flux errors that inevitably occur in the individual model components. Could this "hypersensitivity" exhibited in a coupled model be due to an underestimate of the strength of the negative feedbacks in this region? With this suspicion, the feedbacks in the equatorial Pacific in nine atmospheric GCMs (AGCMs) have been quantified using the interannual variations in that region and compared with the corresponding calculations from the observations. The nine AGCMs are the NCAR Community Climate Model version 1 (CAM1), the NCAR Community Climate Model version 2 (CAM2), the NCAR Community Climate Model version 3 (CAM3), the NCAR CAM3 at T85 resolution, the NASA Seasonal-to-Interannual Prediction Project (NSIPP) Atmospheric Model, the Hadley Centre Atmospheric Model (HadAM3), the Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL) model (LMDZ4), the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) AM2p10, and the GFDL AM2p12. All the corresponding coupled runs of these nine AGCMs have an excessive cold tongue in the equatorial Pacific. The net atmospheric feedback over the equatorial Pacific in the two GFDL models is found to be comparable to the observed value. All other models are found to have a weaker negative net feedback from the atmosphere - a weaker regulating effect on the underlying SST than the real atmosphere. Except for the French (IPSL) model, a weaker negative feedback from the cloud albedo and a weaker negative feedback from the atmospheric transport are the two leading contributors to the weaker regulating effect from the atmosphere. The underestimate of the strength of the negative feedbacks by the models is apparently linked to an underestimate of the equatorial precipitation response. All models have a stronger water vapor feedback than that indicated in Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) observations. These results confirm the suspicion that an underestimate of the regulatory effect from the atmosphere over the equatorial Pacific region is a prevalent problem. The results also suggest, however, that a weaker regulatory effect from the atmosphere is unlikely solely responsible for the hypersensitivity in all models. The need to validate the feedbacks from the ocean transport is therefore highlighted. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. NASA, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Sun, DZ (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM dezheng.sun@noaa.gov RI Collins, William/J-3147-2014; Klein, Stephen/H-4337-2016 OI Collins, William/0000-0002-4463-9848; Klein, Stephen/0000-0002-5476-858X NR 54 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 19 IS 16 BP 4059 EP 4074 DI 10.1175/JCLI3835.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 080DT UT WOS:000240228000017 ER PT J AU Levenson, DH Ponganis, PJ Crognale, MA Deegan, JF Dizon, A Jacobs, GH AF Levenson, David H. Ponganis, Paul J. Crognale, Michael A. Deegan, Jess F., II Dizon, Andy Jacobs, Gerald H. TI Visual pigments of marine carnivores: pinnipeds, polar bear, and sea otter SO JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY A-NEUROETHOLOGY SENSORY NEURAL AND BEHAVIORAL PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE pinnipeds; polar bear; sea otter; visual pigments; opsins ID SENSITIVE CONE PIGMENTS; GREEN COLOR-VISION; SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY; MOLECULAR-GENETICS; PHOCA-VITULINA; COTTOID FISH; LAKE BAIKAL; EVOLUTION; VERTEBRATES; MAMMALS AB Rod and cone visual pigments of 11 marine carnivores were evaluated. Rod, middle/long-wavelength sensitive (M/L) cone, and short-wavelength sensitive (S) cone opsin (if present) sequences were obtained from retinal mRNA. Spectral sensitivity was inferred through evaluation of known spectral tuning residues. The rod pigments of all but one of the pinnipeds were similar to those of the sea otter, polar bear, and most other terrestrial carnivores with spectral peak sensitivities (lambda(max)) of 499 or 501 nm. Similarly, the M/L cone pigments of the pinnipeds, polar bear, and otter had inferred lambda(max) of 545 to 560 nm. Only the rod opsin sequence of the elephant seal had sensitivity characteristic of adaptation for vision in the marine environment, with an inferred lambda(max) of 487 nm. No evidence of S cones was found for any of the pinnipeds. The polar bear and otter had S cones with inferred lambda(max) of similar to 440 nm. Flicker-photometric ERG was additionally used to examine the in situ sensitivities of three species of pinniped. Despite the use of conditions previously shown to evoke cone responses in other mammals, no cone responses could be elicited from any of these pinnipeds. Rod photoreceptor responses for all three species were as predicted by the genetic data. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NMFS, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Psychol, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Calif State Univ, Dept Psychol, Bakersfield, CA USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Neurosci Res Inst, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Levenson, DH (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM dlevenson@ucsd.edu RI Crognale, Michael/K-4462-2012 FU NEI NIH HHS [EY002052] NR 56 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 4 U2 36 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0340-7594 J9 J COMP PHYSIOL A JI J. Comp. Physiol. A -Neuroethol. Sens. Neural Behav. Physiol. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 192 IS 8 BP 833 EP 843 DI 10.1007/s00359-006-0121-x PG 11 WC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences; Physiology; Zoology SC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences & Neurology; Physiology; Zoology GA 066RP UT WOS:000239248100008 PM 16572322 ER PT J AU Xu, HHK Sun, L Weir, MD Antonucci, JM Takagi, S Chow, LC Peltz, M AF Xu, H. H. K. Sun, L. Weir, M. D. Antonucci, J. M. Takagi, S. Chow, L. C. Peltz, M. TI Nano DCPA-whisker composites with high strength and Ca and PO4 release SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE dental resin composite; nano particles; whiskers; strength; Ca and PO4 ion release ID CALCIUM-PHOSPHATE CEMENTS; DENTAL RESIN COMPOSITES; FILLED RESINS; CONVERSION; FLUORIDE; ENAMEL; WATER AB The main challenges facing composite restorations are secondary caries and bulk fracture. The objective of this study was to develop nano DCPA (dicalcium phosphate anhydrous)-whisker composites with high strength and Ca and PO4 ion release to combat caries. Flexural strength for the nano DCPA-whisker composites at a nano DCPA:whisker mass ratio of 1:2 ranged from (148 +/- 9) MPa to (167 +/- 23) MPa, significantly higher than the (103 +/- 32) MPa of an inlay/onlay commercial control composite without Ca-PO4 release. The nano DCPA-whisker composite released PO4 to a concentration of (1.95 +/- 0.13) mmol/L and Ca of (0.68 +/- 0.05) mmol/L. Compared with previous conventional Ca- and PO4-releasing composites, the nano DCPA-whisker composites had strengths two-fold higher, and released comparable or higher levels of Ca and PO4. In conclusion, combining nano-DCPA with whiskers yielded novel composites that released high levels of Ca and PO4 requisite for remineralization. These high-strength composites may provide a unique combination of stress-bearing and caries-inhibiting capabilities. C1 Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Xu, HHK (reprint author), Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Bldg 224,Room A-153,Stop 8546, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM hockin.xu@nist.gov RI Weir, Michael/M-7729-2013 OI Weir, Michael/0000-0002-7961-3787 FU NIDCR NIH HHS [R01 DE014190-01A2, R01 DE014190, R01 DE14190] NR 30 TC 65 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 8 PU INT AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCHI A D R/A A D R PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-3406 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 85 IS 8 BP 722 EP 727 PG 6 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 073XK UT WOS:000239775800007 PM 16861289 ER PT J AU Sigler, MF Hulbert, LB Lunsford, CR Thompson, NH Burek, K O'Corry-Crowe, G Hirons, AC AF Sigler, M. F. Hulbert, L. B. Lunsford, C. R. Thompson, N. H. Burek, K. O'Corry-Crowe, G. Hirons, A. C. TI Diet of Pacific sleeper shark, a potential Steller sea lion predator, in the north-east Pacific Ocean SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE diet; predation; sea lion; sleeper shark ID SOMNIOSUS-PACIFICUS; STOMACH CONTENTS; ALASKA; ISOTOPES; BEHAVIOR; DNA; ONCORHYNCHUS; ANIMALS; SALMON; GULF AB Pacific sleeper sharks Somniosus pacificus were captured near Steller sea lion Eumetopias jubatus rookeries during the period when Steller sea lion pups are most vulnerable to Pacific sleeper shark predation (first water entrance and weaning). Analysis of stomach contents revealed that teleosts were the dominant prey in August and cephalopods were the dominant prey in May (n = 198). Marine mammals were found in 15% of stomachs regardless of season, but no Steller sea lion tissues were detected. Molecular genetic analysis identified grey whale Eschrichtius robustus and harbour seal Phoca vitulina remains in some Pacific sleeper shark stomachs. Most mammals were cetacean and at least 70% of the cetaceans were probably scavenged. Although Pacific sleeper shark and Steller sea lion ranges overlapped, so predation could potentially occur, the diet study suggested that predation on Steller sea lions is unlikely, at least when pups first enter the water or during weaning. Harbour seals were infrequent prey and may have been consumed alive. Pacific sleeper sharks consume fast-swimming prey like Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus sp., most likely live animals rather than scavenged animals. Pacific sleeper sharks appeared to be opportunistic consumers of the available prey and carrion, feeding both on the bottom and in the water column, and their diet shifted to teleosts and cetacean carrion as the fish grew larger. (c) 2006 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles (No claim to original US government works) C1 NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Bartlett Reg Hosp, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Alaska Vet Pathol Serv, Eagle River, AK 99577 USA. SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Marine Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Sigler, MF (reprint author), NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM mike.sigler@noaa.gov NR 29 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 4 U2 27 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 69 IS 2 BP 392 EP 405 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2006.01096.x PG 14 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 076MF UT WOS:000239961700005 ER PT J AU Hulbert, LB Sigler, MF Lunsford, CR AF Hulbert, L. B. Sigler, M. F. Lunsford, C. R. TI Depth and movement behaviour of the Pacific sleeper shark in the north-east Pacific Ocean SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Alaska; foraging behaviour; movements; Pacific sleeper shark; satellite tagging; Somniosus pacificus ID STELLER SEA LIONS; SOMNIOSUS-MICROCEPHALUS; GREENLAND SHARKS; VERTICAL MOVEMENTS; SWIMMING BEHAVIOR; SIPHONOSTOMATOIDA; LERNAEOPODIDAE; ONCORHYNCHUS; CALIFORNIA; ATTACHMENT AB Satellite-linked radio telemetry was used to study the geographic movements and vertical movement behaviour of the Pacific sleeper shark Somniosus pacificus. The fish were tagged near Steller sea lion Eumetopias jubatus rookeries in the Gulf of Alaska during periods when Steller sea lions pups were most vulnerable to predation; when Steller sea lion pups first enter the water (July to August) and when Steller sea lion pups are weaned (April to May). Final locations recovered from most Pacific sleeper sharks (76%) were within 100 km of release locations, 16% were within 100-250 km and 8% were within 250-500 km. The most striking behavioural feature was their extensive, nearly continuous vertical movements. Median daily depth range was 184 m; the most time (61%) was spent between 150 and 450 m, but ascents above 100 m were common (58% of days). Median vertical movement rate was 6 km day(-1) and steady. The longest period of continuous vertical movement (> 60 m h(-1)) was 330 h. Systematic vertical oscillations were most common (60%), followed by diet vertical migrations (25%) and irregular vertical movements (15%). The Pacific sleeper sharks travelled below the photic zone during the day and approached the surface at night. Pacific sleeper sharks appear to employ a stealth and ambush hunting strategy that incorporates slow vertical oscillations to search for prey, and cryptic colouration and cover of darkness to avoid detection by potential prey. The depth and geographic range of Pacific sleeper shark and Steller sea lions overlap near four important Steller sea lion rookeries in the northern Gulf of Alaska, so the potential exists for predation to occur. None of the tissues in the stomachs of the 198 Pacific sleeper sharks collected during a companion diet study, however, were identified as Steller sea lion. 0 2006 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles (No claim to original US government works) C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Hulbert, LB (reprint author), Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Commercial Fisheries Div, POB 115526,1255 W 8th St, Juneau, AK 99811 USA. EM Lee_Hulbert@fishgame.state.ak.us NR 33 TC 32 Z9 37 U1 4 U2 29 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 69 IS 2 BP 406 EP 425 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2006.01175.x PG 20 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 076MF UT WOS:000239961700006 ER PT J AU McClure, MM McIntyre, PB McCune, AR AF McClure, M. M. McIntyre, P. B. McCune, A. R. TI Notes on the natural diet and habitat of eight danionin fishes, including the zebrafish Danio rerio SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Danio; Devario; diet; habitat; stable isotopes ID STABLE-ISOTOPE RATIOS; MODEL SYSTEM; SRI-LANKA; PRESERVATION; NITROGEN; CARBON; CYPRINIDAE; STREAMS; GENUS; DELTA-N-15 AB The diet and habitat of eight danionin species (Danio and Devario) from 18 sites in India and Thailand are reported. At every site, habitat characteristics, including pH, light penetration, water temperature, current speed, stream dimensions, canopy cover and substratum type, were recorded. Danionins were found primarily in warm (24-35 degrees C), moving water of moderate clarity and pH (6.6-8.2) and there were significant differences among species in water temperature, pH and current speed. Deep-bodied Devario species were generally associated with faster water currents than more slender-bodied Danio species. Gut content analyses of 327 individuals representing 17 populations showed that insects were the primary food resource for the eight Danio and Devario species. Crustaceans, fish scales, algae and detritus were also important supplements for particular species. Stable isotope data from syntopic species indicated long-term differences in consumption of terrestrial v. aquatic insects in one of two population pairs. (c) 2006 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles (No claim to original US government works) C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP McClure, MM (reprint author), NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM michelle.mcclure@noaa.gov RI McClure, Michelle/O-7853-2015 OI McClure, Michelle/0000-0003-4791-8719 NR 46 TC 58 Z9 58 U1 5 U2 29 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 69 IS 2 BP 553 EP 570 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2006.01125.x PG 18 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 076MF UT WOS:000239961700015 ER PT J AU Dwyer, JT Picciano, MF Betz, JM Fisher, KD Saldanha, LG Yetley, EA Coates, PM Radimer, K Bindewald, B Sharpless, KE Holden, J Andrews, K Zhao, CW Harnly, J Wolff, WR Perry, CR AF Dwyer, JT Picciano, MF Betz, JM Fisher, KD Saldanha, LG Yetley, EA Coates, PM Radimer, K Bindewald, B Sharpless, KE Holden, J Andrews, K Zhao, CW Harnly, J Wolff, WR Perry, CR TI Progress in development of an integrated dietary supplement ingredient database at the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements SO JOURNAL OF FOOD COMPOSITION AND ANALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT United States National Nutrient Databank Conference CY JUN 23-26, 2004 CL Univ, Iowa, Iowa Memorial Union, Iowa City, IA HO Univ, Iowa, Iowa Memorial Union DE dietary supplements; analytical substantiation; dietary supplement composition; dietary supplement ingredient database; NHANES; DSID; dietary supplement labels; certified reference materials; standard reference materials ID AMERICA-NHANES; EAT; HEALTH; FOOD AB Several activities of the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health involve enhancement of dietary supplement databases. These include an initiative with US Department of Agriculture to develop an analytically substantiated dietary supplement ingredient database (DSID) and collaboration with the National Center for Health Statistics to enhance the dietary supplement label database in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The many challenges that must be dealt with in developing an analytically supported DSID include categorizing product types in the database, identifying nutrients, and other components of public health interest in these products and prioritizing which will be entered in the database first. Additional tasks include developing methods and reference materials for quantifying the constituents, finding qualified laboratories to measure the constituents, developing appropriate sample handling procedures, and finally developing representative sampling plans. Developing the NHANES dietary supplement label database has other challenges such as collecting information on dietary supplement use from NHANES respondents, constant updating and refining of information obtained, developing default values that can be used if the respondent cannot supply the exact supplement or strength that was consumed, and developing a publicly available label database. Federal partners and the research community are assisting in making an analytically supported dietary supplement database a reality. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 NIH, Off Dietary Supplements, US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIH, Dietary Supplement Methods & Reference Mat Progra, Off Dietary Supplements, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Ctr Dis Control, US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Natl Hlth & Nutr Examinat Survey, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USDA ARS, Nutr Data Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD USA. USDA ARS, Food Composit Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD USA. USDA ARS, Div Res & Dev, Fairfax, VA USA. RP Dwyer, JT (reprint author), NIH, Off Dietary Supplements, US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. EM dwyerj1@od.nih.gov OI Dwyer, Johanna/0000-0002-0783-1769; Sharpless, Katherine/0000-0001-6569-198X FU NIH HHS [Y01 OD001298-01] NR 21 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0889-1575 J9 J FOOD COMPOS ANAL JI J. Food Compos. Anal. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 19 SU S BP S108 EP S114 DI 10.1016/j.jfca.2005.09.001 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 053IV UT WOS:000238299700018 PM 25309034 ER PT J AU Avedisian, CT Cavicchi, RE Tarlov, MJ AF Avedisian, C. Thomas Cavicchi, Richard E. Tarlov, Michael J. TI Nanosecond Imaging of bubble nucleation on a microheater SO JOURNAL OF HEAT TRANSFER-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT News Item C1 Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Avedisian, CT (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0022-1481 J9 J HEAT TRANS-T ASME JI J. Heat Transf.-Trans. ASME PD AUG PY 2006 VL 128 IS 8 BP 734 EP 734 DI 10.1115/1.2220645 PG 1 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA 077EF UT WOS:000240009900002 ER PT J AU Koster, RD Guo, ZC Dirmeyer, PA Bonan, G Chan, E Cox, P Davies, H Gordon, CT Kanae, S Kowalczyk, E Lawrence, D Liu, P Lu, CH Malyshev, S McAvaney, B Mitchell, K Mocko, D Oki, T Oleson, KW Pitman, A Sud, YC Taylor, CM Verseghy, D Vasic, R Xue, YK Yamada, T AF Koster, Randal D. Guo, Zhichang Dirmeyer, Paul A. Bonan, Gordon Chan, Edmond Cox, Peter Davies, Harvey Gordon, C. T. Kanae, Shinjiro Kowalczyk, Eva Lawrence, David Liu, Ping Lu, Cheng-Hsuan Malyshev, Sergey McAvaney, Bryant Mitchell, Ken Mocko, David Oki, Taikan Oleson, Keith W. Pitman, Andrew Sud, Y. C. Taylor, Christopher M. Verseghy, Diana Vasic, Ratko Xue, Yongkang Yamada, Tomohito TI GLACE: The Global Land-Atmosphere Coupling Experiment. Part I: Overview SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; ENERGY BALANCE COMPLEXITY; SCHUBERT SCHEME MCRAS; SURFACE SCHEME; SOIL-MOISTURE; TROPICAL DEFORESTATION; CLIMATE MODEL; PRECIPITATION; GCM; SIMULATIONS AB The Global Land-Atmosphere Coupling Experiment ( GLACE) is a model intercomparison study focusing on a typically neglected yet critical element of numerical weather and climate modeling: land atmosphere coupling strength, or the degree to which anomalies in land surface state ( e. g., soil moisture) can affect rainfall generation and other atmospheric processes. The 12 AGCM groups participating in GLACE performed a series of simple numerical experiments that allow the objective quantification of this element for boreal summer. The derived coupling strengths vary widely. Some similarity, however, is found in the spatial patterns generated by the models, with enough similarity to pinpoint multimodel "hot spots" of land-atmosphere coupling. For boreal summer, such hot spots for precipitation and temperature are found over large regions of Africa, central North America, and India; a hot spot for temperature is also found over eastern China. The design of the GLACE simulations are described in full detail so that any interested modeling group can repeat them easily and thereby place their model's coupling strength within the broad range of those documented here. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Ctr Ocean Land Atmosphere Studies, Calverton, MD USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Meteorol Serv Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada. Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Dorset, England. CSIRO, Atmospher Res, Aspendale, Vic 3195, Australia. Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. Res Inst Human & Nat, Kyoto, Japan. Univ Reading, Reading, Berks, England. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Beltsville, MD USA. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD USA. Princeton Univ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Bur Meteorol Res Ctr, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. Univ Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. Macquarie Univ, N Ryde, NSW, Australia. Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Wallingford, Oxon, England. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. RP Koster, RD (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 610-1, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM randal.d.koster@nasa.gov RI Oleson, Keith/A-9328-2008; Oki, Taikan/E-5778-2010; Lawrence, David/C-4026-2011; Pitman, Andrew/A-7353-2011; Koster, Randal/F-5881-2012; Taylor, Chris/K-2319-2012; Kanae, Shinjiro/E-5606-2010; Dirmeyer, Paul/B-6553-2016; Cox, Peter/B-3299-2012 OI Oki, Taikan/0000-0003-4067-4678; Lawrence, David/0000-0002-2968-3023; Pitman, Andrew/0000-0003-0604-3274; Koster, Randal/0000-0001-6418-6383; Taylor, Chris/0000-0002-0120-3198; Kanae, Shinjiro/0000-0002-3176-4957; Dirmeyer, Paul/0000-0003-3158-1752; NR 57 TC 302 Z9 303 U1 7 U2 61 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X EI 1525-7541 J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 7 IS 4 BP 590 EP 610 DI 10.1175/JHM510.1 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 086DO UT WOS:000240653900002 ER PT J AU Guo, ZC Dirmeyer, PA Koster, RD Bonan, G Chan, E Cox, P Gordon, CT Kanae, S Kowalczyk, E Lawrence, D Liu, P Lu, CH Malyshev, S McAvaney, B McGregor, JL Mitchell, K Mocko, D Oki, T Oleson, KW Pitman, A Sud, YC Taylor, CM Verseghy, D Vasic, R Xue, YK Yamada, T AF Guo, Zhichang Dirmeyer, Paul A. Koster, Randal D. Bonan, Gordon Chan, Edmond Cox, Peter Gordon, C. T. Kanae, Shinjiro Kowalczyk, Eva Lawrence, David Liu, Ping Lu, Cheng-Hsuan Malyshev, Sergey McAvaney, Bryant McGregor, J. L. Mitchell, Ken Mocko, David Oki, Taikan Oleson, Keith W. Pitman, Andrew Sud, Y. C. Taylor, Christopher M. Verseghy, Diana Vasic, Ratko Xue, Yongkang Yamada, Tomohito TI GLACE: The Global Land-Atmosphere Coupling Experiment. Part II: Analysis SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; SOIL-MOISTURE; SURFACE SCHEMES; BOUNDARY-LAYER; ANNUAL CYCLE; CLIMATE; VARIABILITY; VEGETATION; GCM AB The 12 weather and climate models participating in the Global Land-Atmosphere Coupling Experiment ( GLACE) show both a wide variation in the strength of land-atmosphere coupling and some intriguing commonalities. In this paper, the causes of variations in coupling strength-both the geographic variations within a given model and the model-to-model differences-are addressed. The ability of soil moisture to affect precipitation is examined in two stages, namely, the ability of the soil moisture to affect evaporation, and the ability of evaporation to affect precipitation. Most of the differences between the models and within a given model are found to be associated with the first stage-an evaporation rate that varies strongly and consistently with soil moisture tends to lead to a higher coupling strength. The first-stage differences reflect identifiable differences in model parameterization and model climate. Intermodel differences in the evaporation-precipitation connection, however, also play a key role. C1 Ctr Ocean Land Atmosphere Studies, Calverton, MD 20705 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Meteorol Serv Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada. Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Dorset, England. Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. Res Inst Human & Nat, Kyoto, Japan. CSIRO, Atmosphere Res, Aspendale, Vic, Australia. Univ Reading, Reading, Berks, England. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Beltsville, MD USA. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD USA. Princeton Univ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Bur Meteorol, Res Ctr, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. Univ Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. Macquarie Univ, N Ryde, NSW, Australia. Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Wallingford, Oxon, England. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. RP Guo, ZC (reprint author), Ctr Ocean Land Atmosphere Studies, 4041 Powder Mill Rd,Suite 302, Calverton, MD 20705 USA. EM guo@cola.iges.org RI Oleson, Keith/A-9328-2008; Oki, Taikan/E-5778-2010; Lawrence, David/C-4026-2011; Pitman, Andrew/A-7353-2011; McGregor, John/C-6646-2012; Koster, Randal/F-5881-2012; Taylor, Chris/K-2319-2012; Kanae, Shinjiro/E-5606-2010; Dirmeyer, Paul/B-6553-2016; Cox, Peter/B-3299-2012 OI Oki, Taikan/0000-0003-4067-4678; Lawrence, David/0000-0002-2968-3023; Pitman, Andrew/0000-0003-0604-3274; Koster, Randal/0000-0001-6418-6383; Taylor, Chris/0000-0002-0120-3198; Kanae, Shinjiro/0000-0002-3176-4957; Dirmeyer, Paul/0000-0003-3158-1752; NR 19 TC 178 Z9 180 U1 1 U2 35 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 7 IS 4 BP 611 EP 625 DI 10.1175/JHM511.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 086DO UT WOS:000240653900003 ER PT J AU Farrell, DF Ijiri, Y Kelly, CV Borchers, JA Rhyne, JJ Ding, Y Majetich, SA AF Farrell, D. F. Ijiri, Y. Kelly, C. V. Borchers, J. A. Rhyne, J. J. Ding, Y. Majetich, S. A. TI Small angle neutron scattering study of disordered and crystalline iron nanoparticle assemblies SO JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Symposium on Physics of Magnetic Materials CY SEP 13-16, 2005 CL Singapore, SINGAPORE DE magnetic nanoparticle; small angle neutron scattering; small angle X-ray scattering; self-assembled array; nanoparticle crystal ID MAGNETIC PARTICLES; ARRAYS; FE; SUPERLATTICES; CO AB Monodisperse surfactant-coated iron nanoparticles are used to form both disordered nanoparticle assemblies and ordered face-centered cubic nanoparticle crystals. The structural order is probed by small angle X-ray scattering, and the magnetic scattering is studied using small angle neutron scattering. The magnetic scattering corresponding to different length scales is interpreted in terms of collective correlations among the particles within the assemblies. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Phys, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. UCL, Dept Phys, London WC1E 7HN, England. Oberlin Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, Oberlin, OH 44074 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Majetich, SA (reprint author), Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Phys, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. EM sm70@andrew.cmu.edu RI Kelly, Christopher/J-1206-2014; Majetich, Sara/B-1022-2015 OI Kelly, Christopher/0000-0003-0886-8691; Majetich, Sara/0000-0003-0848-9317 NR 27 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 3 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-8853 J9 J MAGN MAGN MATER JI J. Magn. Magn. Mater. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 303 IS 2 SI SI BP 318 EP 322 DI 10.1016/j.jmmm.2006.01.219 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 049CF UT WOS:000237992400010 ER PT J AU Fett, T Guin, JP Wiederhorn, SM AF Fett, Theo Guin, J. P. Wiederhorn, Sheldon M. TI Estimation of ion exchange layers for soda-lime-silicate glass from curvature measurements SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CRACK-GROWTH; FATIGUE C1 Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Inst Mat Forsch 2, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Fett, T (reprint author), Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Inst Mat Forsch 2, Postfach 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. EM theo.fett@ikm.uni-karlsruhe.de RI guin, jean-pierre/A-5969-2009 OI guin, jean-pierre/0000-0003-2480-5893 NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0022-2461 J9 J MATER SCI JI J. Mater. Sci. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 41 IS 15 BP 5006 EP 5010 DI 10.1007/s10853-006-0120-x PG 5 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 070XF UT WOS:000239559100048 ER PT J AU Heron, SF Metzger, EJ Skirving, WJ AF Heron, SF Metzger, EJ Skirving, WJ TI Seasonal variations of the ocean surface circulation in the vicinity of Palau SO JOURNAL OF OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE ocean surface circulation; seasonal variation; western equatorial Pacific; Palau ID EQUATORIAL PACIFIC-OCEAN; MINDANAO CURRENT; TROPICAL PACIFIC; WESTERN BOUNDARY; CURRENTS; SEA; FLUCTUATIONS; VARIABILITY; MODEL AB The surface circulation in the western equatorial Pacific Ocean is investigated with the aim of describing intra-annual variations near Palau (134 degrees 30' E, 7 degrees 30' N). In situ data and model output from the Ocean Surface Currents Analysis-Real-time, TRIangle Trans-Ocean buoy Network, Naval Research Laboratory Layered Ocean Model and the Joint Archive for Shipboard ADCP are examined and compared. Known major currents and eddies of the western equatorial Pacific are observed and discussed, and previously undocumented features are identified and named (Palau Eddy, Caroline Eddy, Micronesian Eddy). The circulation at Palau follows a seasonal variation aligned with that of the Asian monsoon (December-April; July-October) and is driven by the major circulation features. From December to April, currents around Palau are generally directed northward with speeds of approximately 20 cm/s, influenced by the North Equatorial Counter-Current and the Mindanao Eddy. The current direction turns slightly clockwise through this boreal winter period, due to the northern migration of the Mindanao Eddy. During April-May, the current west of Palau is reduced to 15 cm/s as the Mindanao Eddy weakens. East of Palau, a cyclonic eddy (Palau Eddy) forms producing southward flow of around 25 cm/s. The flow during the period July to September is disordered with no influence from major circulation features. The current is generally northward west of Palau and southward to the east, each with speeds on the order of 5 cm/s. During October, as the Palau Eddy reforms, the southward current to the east of Palau increases to 15 cm/s. During November, the circulation transitions to the north-directed winter regime. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, ORA, Coral Reef Watch, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. USN, Res Lab, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Heron, SF (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, ORA, Coral Reef Watch, E-RA 31,SSMCI,1335 E W Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM Scott.Heron@noaa.gov RI Heron, Scott/E-7928-2011; Skirving, William/E-7927-2011 OI Skirving, William/0000-0003-0167-6427 NR 22 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 7 PU TERRA SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PI TOKYO PA 2003 SANSEI JIYUGAOKA HAIMU, 5-27-19 OKUSAWA, SETAGAYA-KU, TOKYO, 158-0083, JAPAN SN 0916-8370 J9 J OCEANOGR JI J. Oceanogr. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 62 IS 4 BP 413 EP 426 DI 10.1007/s10872-006-0065-3 PG 14 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 059BQ UT WOS:000238708700002 ER PT J AU Steidinger, KA Landsberg, JH Mason, PL Vogelbein, WK Tester, PA Litaker, RW AF Steidinger, Karen A. Landsberg, Jan H. Mason, Patrice L. Vogelbein, Wolfgang K. Tester, Patricia A. Litaker, R. Wayne TI Cryptoperidiniopsis brodyi gen. et sp nov (Dinophyceae), a small lightly armored dinoflagellate in the Pfiesteriaceae SO JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cryptoperidiniopsis brodyi sp nov; Cryptoperidiniopsis gen nov; dinoflagellate; Pfiesteria; Pfiesteriaceae; southeast USA ID APHANOMYCES-INVADANS; ULCERATIVE MYCOSIS; ATLANTIC MENHADEN; LIFE-CYCLE; PISCICIDA DINOPHYCEAE; TOXIC DINOFLAGELLATE; BREVOORTIA-TYRANNUS; ESTUARINE FISH; SKIN ULCERS; PCR ASSAYS AB A new genus and species of heterotrophic dinoflagellate, Cryptoperidiniopsis brodyi gen. et sp. nov., are described. This new species commonly occurs in estuaries from Florida to Maryland, and is often associated with Pfiesteria piscicida Steidinger et Burkholder, Pseudopfiesteria shumwayae (Glasgow et Burkholder) Litaker et al., and Karlodinium veneficum (Ballantine) J. Larsen, as well as other small (< 20 mu m) heterotrophic and mixotrophic dinoflagellates. C. brodyi gen. et sp. nov. feeds myzocytotically on pigmented microalgae and other microorganisms. The genus and species have the enhanced Kofoidian plate formula of Po, cp, X, 5', 0a, 6', 6c, PC, 5+s, 5'', 0p, and 2'' and are assigned to the order Peridiniales and the family Pfiesteriaceae. Because the Pfiesteriaceae comprise small species and are difficult to differentiate by light microscopy, C. brodyi gen. et sp. nov. can be easily misidentified. C1 Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, Florida Inst Oceanog, Fish & Wildlife Res Inst, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Coll William & Mary, Dept Environm & Aquat Anim Hlth, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Steidinger, KA (reprint author), Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, Florida Inst Oceanog, Fish & Wildlife Res Inst, 100 8th Ave SE, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. EM karen.steidinger@myFWC.com NR 48 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-3646 J9 J PHYCOL JI J. Phycol. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 42 IS 4 BP 951 EP 961 DI 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2006.00248.x PG 11 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 066VR UT WOS:000239258900019 ER PT J AU Kurosaki, H Chang, D Inn, KGW AF Kurosaki, H. Chang, D. Inn, K. G. W. TI In search of higher sensitivity: Pu isotopic analysis SO JOURNAL OF RADIOANALYTICAL AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on Nuclear Analytical Methods in the Life Sciences (NAMLS-8) CY APR 17-22, 2005 CL Rio de Janeiro, BRAZIL SP Univ Sao Paulo, CENA, Soc Brasileira Metrol ID IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; PLUTONIUM; BIOASSAY; SAMPLES AB Thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) is an effective method for isotopic and ultra-sensitivity determination of plutonium. This project aims at improving the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) TIMS system sensitivity for the analysis of plutonium from environmental samples. The TIMS detection limits for direct, electrodeposition, and resin bead source loading techniques were determined by systematically varying the amount of plutonium loaded on the rhenium filament. It has been shown in our preliminary work that the resin bead could produce a stable TIMS ion beam for as long as 6 h period with approximate to 10(8) Pu atoms loaded onto a single resin bead. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Duke Univ, Durham, NC 27708 USA. RP Kurosaki, H (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8462, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM hiromu.kurosaki@nist.gov NR 10 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0236-5731 J9 J RADIOANAL NUCL CH JI J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 269 IS 2 BP 279 EP 281 DI 10.1007/s10967-006-0379-z PG 3 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 076LX UT WOS:000239960900006 ER PT J AU Zeisler, R Mackey, EA Lamaze, GP Stover, TE Spatz, RO Greenberg, RR AF Zeisler, R. Mackey, E. A. Lamaze, G. P. Stover, T. E. Spatz, R. Oflaz Greenberg, R. R. TI NAA methods for determination of nanogram amounts of arsenic in biological samples SO JOURNAL OF RADIOANALYTICAL AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on Nuclear Analytical Methods in the Life Sciences (NAMLS-8) CY APR 17-22, 2005 CL Rio de Janeiro, BRAZIL SP Univ Sao Paulo, CENA, Soc Brasileira Metrol ID NEUTRON-ACTIVATION ANALYSIS; STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIAL; TIME CORRECTION; SPECTROSCOPY AB The determination of arsenic at natural levels in biological materials remains difficult. Many analytical techniques cannot detect the low levels present in typical biological tissues and other techniques suffer from interferences. This paper reviews uses of neutron activation analysis (NAA) at NIST to determine nanogram amounts of arsenic in biological reference materials with radiochemical (RNAA) or instrumental (INAA) procedures. INAA is compromised by high activities from Na-24, Br-82, and P-32 that may be formed during irradiation of biological tissues, and result in detection limits as high as 0.1 mu g. Lower detection limits have been achieved using state-of-the-art gamma-ray spectrometry systems in INAA and a variety of procedures in RNAA. These techniques and procedures were applied recently at NIST to the determination of arsenic in urine, nutritional supplements, and total diet samples. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zeisler, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM rolf.zeisler@nist.gov NR 9 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0236-5731 J9 J RADIOANAL NUCL CH JI J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 269 IS 2 BP 291 EP 296 DI 10.1007/s10967-006-0381-5 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 076LX UT WOS:000239960900008 ER PT J AU Inn, KGW Outola, I Nour, S Kurosaki, H Albin, L Berne, A AF Inn, K. G. W. Outola, I. Nour, S. Kurosaki, H. Albin, L. Berne, A. TI Radioanalytical emergency response exercise SO JOURNAL OF RADIOANALYTICAL AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on Nuclear Analytical Methods in the Life Sciences (NAMLS-8) CY APR 17-22, 2005 CL Rio de Janeiro, BRAZIL SP Univ Sao Paulo, CENA, Soc Brasileira Metrol AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST Radiochemistry Intercomparison Program [NRIP]) and the Environmental Measurements Laboratory (EML Performance Testing [PT] 0904) recently conducted two separate radiological emergency preparedness exercises to evaluate participating radioanalytical laboratories' capability of making measurements under a short time constraint. Results of the exercises demonstrated that radioanalytical laboratories can respond within eight hours to better than a factor of two, laboratories need to do a better job of estimating uncertainties of their measurements, the quality of the laboratory capabilities must be appropriate and demonstrated prior to real emergencies, and exercises will help laboratories and consequence managers be prepared for the real event. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Dept Homeland Secur, Environm Measurements Lab, New York, NY USA. Washington State Dept Hlth, Olympia, WA USA. RP Inn, KGW (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8462, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM kenneth.inn@nist.gov NR 5 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0236-5731 J9 J RADIOANAL NUCL CH JI J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 269 IS 2 BP 351 EP 360 DI 10.1007/s10967-006-0391-3 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 076LX UT WOS:000239960900018 ER PT J AU La Rosa, JJ Motabar, P Inn, KGW Ziegler, H AF La Rosa, J. J. Motabar, P. Inn, K. G. W. Ziegler, H. TI Development of a radioanalytical emergency procedures manual database (REPMD) SO JOURNAL OF RADIOANALYTICAL AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on Nuclear Analytical Methods in the Life Sciences (NAMLS-8) CY APR 17-22, 2005 CL Rio de Janeiro, BRAZIL SP Univ Sao Paulo, CENA, Soc Brasileira Metrol AB A Radioanalytical Emergency Procedures Manual Database (REPMD) will be an important tool to assist laboratories preparing for emergency response to a sudden release of radioactivity into the environment. The collection and systematic organization of existing sampling, screening and radioanalytical methods will enable laboratories to assess the appropriate methodologies for their use. REPMD is intended to be flexible, searchable, and interactive to accommodate a wide range of available techniques while being protected from unauthorized modifications. Website access by the world-wide scientific community will make the database a foundation for international comparison. The information in the database will also serve as a comprehensive and periodically updated source of methods and procedures suitable for training programs and rapid reference. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. CertusSoft Ltd, Brentwood CM14 4DJ, Essex, England. RP La Rosa, JJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8462, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jerome.larosa@nist.gov NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0236-5731 J9 J RADIOANAL NUCL CH JI J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 269 IS 2 BP 361 EP 364 DI 10.1007/s10967-006-0392-2 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 076LX UT WOS:000239960900019 ER PT J AU Becker, DA AF Becker, D. A. TI Reflections on 35 years of biological SRM production and analyses SO JOURNAL OF RADIOANALYTICAL AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on Nuclear Analytical Methods in the Life Sciences (NAMLS-8) CY APR 17-22, 2005 CL Rio de Janeiro, BRAZIL SP Univ Sao Paulo, CENA, Soc Brasileira Metrol ID HOMOGENEITY; REACTOR AB During the author's 39 years with the National Bureau of Standards (NBS)/National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) as an employee, and since then as Guest Researcher, he has been intimately involved with biological Standard Reference Material (SRM) production and analyses. His involvement with biological reference materials started with the very first biological certified reference material (CRM), the SRM 1571, Orchard Leaves, initiated in 1968 and issued in 1971, through the latest material (SRM 1575a, Pine Needles - renewal), issued in 2003. In addition, for more than 20 years he was Technical Coordinator for botanical SRMs for the NBS/NIST Analytical Chemistry Division. This paper contains his historical reflections and highlights from those years, and includes the techniques used to obtain and process these materials, new developments and procedures that resulted in vastly improved reference materials, the application of high accuracy neutron activation analysis to the certification of these standards, and the trace element quality assurance vital to the accuracy of these standards. C1 NIST, Silver Spring, MD USA. EM dbecker99@isp.com NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0236-5731 J9 J RADIOANAL NUCL CH JI J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 269 IS 2 BP 365 EP 369 DI 10.1007/s10967-006-0393-1 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 076LX UT WOS:000239960900020 ER PT J AU Stevens, BG AF Stevens, Bradley G. TI Embryo development and morphometry in the blue king crab Paralithodes platypus studied by using image and cluster analysis SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE king crab; development; hatching; incubation; embryo; morphometry; image analysis ID REPRODUCTIVE-CYCLE; SPERM MORPHOMETRY; PRIBILOF-ISLANDS; SNOW CRAB; DECAPODA; LARVAL; ALASKA; TEMPERATURE; CRUSTACEA; BRACHYURA AB In this paper the embryonic development of laboratory-reared blue king crab, Paralithodes platypus, from the Pribilof Islands in the eastern Bering Sea is described. Developing embryos were removed from a female crab at various intervals, digitally photographed under a compound microscope and analyzed using Image-Pro Plus. Nine morphometric parameters were used, including seven measurements (total area, yolk area, embryo length and width, average diameter, eye length and width) and two calculated indices (percent yolk and elongation). First cell division was not apparent until day 4, after which divisions occurred daily until the blastopore appeared at day 28. A "V"-shaped embryo became apparent on day 114, followed by rapid appendage development. The eyes became pigmented by day 192. Hatching occurred from day 381 to day 409, and required at least 33 d to complete. Embryo area declined from an initial value of 0.95 mm(2) on day 1-0.83 mm(2) on day 72 and then increased to 1.28 mm(2) on day 388. Growth of all characters reached a plateau between days 240 and 353, and then increased rapidly until the middle of hatching (day 390). Visual examination was better at defining early changes, but cluster analysis of morphometric measurements was a better technique for defining middle and later stages. Both techniques resulted in an optimum selection of 12 developmental stages. Embryonic development has been described for few decapod crustaceans, and no standard exists for defining developmental stages. Multivariate analysis of morphometric measurements may lead to improved understanding of crustacean embryogenesis, allow standardization of staging and enable studies of environmental influence on development. The technique also has applications in the aquaculture industry. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. RP Stevens, BG (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, POB 1638, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. EM bradley.g.stevens@noaa.gov RI cao, ziqiang/L-3929-2014 OI cao, ziqiang/0000-0003-4851-9779 NR 22 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI GROTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, UNIV CONNECTICUT, 1080 SHENNECOSSETT RD, GROTON, CT 06340 USA SN 0730-8000 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 25 IS 2 BP 569 EP 576 DI 10.2983/0730-8000(2006)25[569:EDAMIT]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 071OI UT WOS:000239611100024 ER PT J AU Zhang, Q Rao, GH Huang, Q Feng, XM Ouyang, ZW Liu, GY Toby, BH Liang, JK AF Zhang, Q. Rao, G. H. Huang, Q. Feng, X. M. Ouyang, Z. W. Liu, G. Y. Toby, B. H. Liang, J. K. TI Selective substitution of vanadium for molybdenum in Sr-2(Fe-1-V-x(x))MoO6 double perovskites SO JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE crystal and magnetic structures; preferential site occupation; neutron powder diffraction; double perovskites ID NEUTRON POWDER DIFFRACTION; MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; SR2FEMOO6; MAGNETORESISTANCE; TRANSPORT; SIMULATION; DISORDER; SITE; FE AB The crystal and magnetic structures of Sr-2(Fe1-xVx)MoO6 (0.03 <= x <= 0.1) compounds are refined by alternately using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and neutron powder diffraction (NPD) data collected at room temperature. The refinement results reveal that the V atoms selectively occupy the Mo sites instead of the Fe sites for x <= 0.1. The 3d/4d cation ordering decreases with the increase of the V content. Slight distortions in the lattice and metal octahedra are shown at 300K, and the distortions increase at 4K. The magnetic structure at 4 K can be modeled equally well with the moments aligning along [001], [110] or [111] directions. The total moments derived from the NPD data for the [110] and [111] direction models agree well with the magnetic measurements, whereas the [001] model leads to a smaller total moment. Bond valence analysis indicates that Sr ions are properly located in the structure and Mo ions are compatible with both the Fe sites and the Mo sites. The electronic effects are suggested to be responsible for the selective occupation of the V on the Mo sites due to the different distortions of the FeO6 and MoO6 octahedra. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Beijing Natl Lab Condensed Matter Phys, Inst Phys, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Nanjing Univ Aeronaut & Astronaut, Inst Mat Sci & Technol, Nanjing 210016, Peoples R China. RP Rao, GH (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Beijing Natl Lab Condensed Matter Phys, Inst Phys, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China. EM ghrao@aphy.iphy.ac.cn RI Toby, Brian/F-3176-2013 OI Toby, Brian/0000-0001-8793-8285 NR 28 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-4596 J9 J SOLID STATE CHEM JI J. Solid State Chem. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 179 IS 8 BP 2458 EP 2465 DI 10.1016/j.jssc.2006.05.001 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 071YK UT WOS:000239639600025 ER PT J AU Miller, CA Hidy, G Hales, J Kolb, CE Werner, AS Haneke, B Parrish, D Frey, HC Rojas-Bracho, L Deslauriers, M Pennell, B Mobley, JD AF Miller, C. Andrew Hidy, George Hales, Jeremy Kolb, Charles E. Werner, Arthur S. Haneke, Bernd Parrish, David Frey, H. Christopher Rojas-Bracho, Leonora Deslauriers, Marc Pennell, Bill Mobley, J. David TI Air emission inventories in North America: A critical assessment SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Review ID VEHICLE EXHAUST EMISSIONS; ON-ROAD MEASUREMENT; DISPERSIVE ABSORPTION-SPECTROSCOPY; CARBON-MONOXIDE EMISSION; UTILITY NOX EMISSIONS; POINT SOURCES; UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS; GLOBAL INVENTORY; UNITED-STATES; MODEL AB Although emission inventories are the foundation of air quality management and have supported substantial improvements in North American air quality, they have a number of shortcomings that can potentially lead to ineffective air quality management strategies. Major reductions in the largest emissions sources have made accurate inventories of previously minor sources much more important to the understanding and improvement of local air quality. Changes in manufacturing processes, industry types, vehicle technologies, and metropolitan infrastructure are occurring at an increasingly rapid pace, emphasizing the importance of inventories that reflect current conditions. New technologies for measuring source emissions and ambient pollutant concentrations, both at the point of emissions and from remote platforms, are providing novel approaches to collecting data for inventory developers. Advances in information technologies are allowing data to be shared more quickly, more easily, and processed and compared in novel ways that can speed the development of emission inventories. Approaches to improving quantitative measures of inventory uncertainty allow air quality management decisions to take into account the uncertainties associated with emissions estimates, providing more accurate projections of how well alternative strategies may work. This paper discusses applications of these technologies and techniques to improve the accuracy, timeliness, and completeness of emission inventories across North America and outlines a series of eight recommendations aimed at inventory developers and air quality management decision-makers to improve emission inventories and enable them to support effective air quality management decisions for the foreseeable future. C1 US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Envair Aerochem, Placitas, NM USA. Envair, Pasco, WA USA. Aerodyne Res Inc, Billerica, MA 01821 USA. MACTEC Fed Programs Inc, Durham, NC USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Civil Construct & Environm Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Direcc Gen Invest Sobre Contaminac Urbana, Inst Nacl Ecol, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Environm Canada, Criteria Air Contaminants, Gatineau, PQ, Canada. Columbia Res & Educ Associates, NARSTO, Pasco, WA USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Miller, CA (reprint author), US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, E305-01, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM miller.andy@epa.gov RI Kolb, Charles/A-8596-2009; Miller, Andrew/C-5777-2011; Parrish, David/E-8957-2010; OI Parrish, David/0000-0001-6312-2724; Frey, Henry/0000-0001-9450-0804 NR 121 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 3 U2 25 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1096-2247 EI 2162-2906 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 56 IS 8 BP 1115 EP 1129 PG 15 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 070WJ UT WOS:000239556300007 PM 16933644 ER PT J AU Bentz, DP AF Bentz, Dale P. TI Capillary porosity depercolation/repercolation in hydrating cement pastes via low-temperature calorimetry measurements and CEMHYD3D modeling SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ELEVATED-TEMPERATURES; SILICA FUME; PERCOLATION AB Capillary porosity percolation in a hydrating cement paste has a large influence on transport properties and durability. Percolation can be examined using low-temperature calorimetry and using microstructure models. In this paper, the two approaches are compared for cement pastes with different water-to-cement ratios and exposed to various curing conditions. The influence of sealed curing is seen to be particularly important, as cement pastes that initially hydrate to depercolate the capillary pores may later undergo self-desiccation and aging that repercolates them. Model predictions of the degree of hydration and the percolated capillary porosity volume fraction compare favorably with experiments. C1 Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bentz, DP (reprint author), Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dale.bentz@nist.gov NR 26 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 89 IS 8 BP 2606 EP 2611 DI 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2006.01102.x PG 6 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 063GI UT WOS:000239005900037 ER PT J AU Xu, HHK Takagi, S Sun, LM Hussain, L Chow, LC Guthrie, WF Yen, JH AF Xu, Hockin H. K. Takagi, Shozo Sun, Limin Hussain, Latiff Chow, Laurence C. Guthrie, William F. Yen, James H. TI Development of a nonrigid, durable calcium phosphate cement for use in periodontal bone repair SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DENTAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE periodontal bone repair; calcium phosphate cement; nanohydroxyapatite crystals; nonrigidity ID HYDROXYAPATITE CEMENT; REGENERATION; REINFORCEMENT; COMPOSITES AB Background. Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) hardens in situ to form hydroxyapatite and has been used in dental and craniofacial restorative apply cations. However, when CPC was used in periodontal osseous repair, tooth mobility resulted in the fracture and exfoliation of the brittle CPC implant. The objective of the authors' study was to develop a strong and nonrigid CPC to provide compliance for tooth mobility without fracturing the implant. Methods. The authors used tetracalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate anhydrous and biopolymer chitosan to develop a strong and nonrigid CPC. They used a powder:liquid ratio of 2:1, compared with the 1:1 ratio of a previously developed nonrigid CPC control. Specimens were characterized using a flexural test; scanning electron microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction. Results. After 28 days of immersion, the new cement had a flexural strength (mean standard deviation; n = 6) of 5.2 +/- 1.0 megapascals; higher than 1.8 +/- 1.5 MPa for the control (P < .05) and overlapping the reported strengths of sintered hydroxyapatite implants and cancellous bone. This cement showed a high ductility with a strain at peak load of 6.5 +/- 1.3 percent, compared with 4.4 +/- 1.9 percent for the control; both were 20-fold higher than the 0.2 percent of the conventional CPC. Nanosized hydroxyapatite crystals, similar to those in teeth and bones, were formed in the, cements. Conclusions. The new nonrigid cement, containing nanohydroxyapatite crystals, possessed a high ductility and superior fracture resistance. This strong, tough and nonrigid CPC may be useful in periodontal repair to provide compliance for tooth mobility without fracture. Clinical Implications. The results of this study may yield the first selfhardening and nonrigid hydroxyapatite composite with high strength and durability and large deformation capability to be useful in the regeneration of periodontal osseous defects. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Paffenberg Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Xu, HHK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Paffenberg Res Ctr, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8546, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM hockin.xu@nist.gov FU NIDCR NIH HHS [R01 DE14190, DE11789] NR 32 TC 15 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER DENTAL ASSN PI CHICAGO PA 211 E CHICAGO AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60611 USA SN 0002-8177 J9 J AM DENT ASSOC JI J. Am. Dent. Assoc. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 137 IS 8 BP 1131 EP 1138 PG 8 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 076CT UT WOS:000239935300021 PM 16873330 ER PT J AU Zurita-Gotor, P Lindzen, RS AF Zurita-Gotor, Pablo Lindzen, Richard S. TI A generalized momentum framework for looking at baroclinic circulations SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SHEAR FLOWS; EQUILIBRATION; INSTABILITY; TROPOSPHERE; BALANCE; ENERGY; WAVES; MAINTENANCE; DISSIPATION; PLANE AB This paper introduces the concept of potential momentum, which is a nonlocal measure of the thermal structure that has momentum units. Physically, it may be interpreted as the zonal momentum that the flow would realize through an adiabatic redistribution of mass that made the isentropic thickness uniform poleward of a reference latitude. At the surface, a poleward temperature gradient is equivalent to an easterly reservoir of potential momentum. Potential momentum gives a global picture of the thermal field that also takes into account the meridional structure. When the mean flow is redefined in terms of the total momentum ( the standard zonal momentum plus this newly defined potential momentum), the mean-flow response to the eddy forcing can be formulated locally. This allows one to relate in equilibrium the eddy absorption and the restoration of the mean flow. Using the concept of potential momentum, vertical propagation can be related to thermal forcing by means of an equation analogous to the relation between meridional propagation and surface friction. Based on these ideas, it is argued that the time-mean eddy propagation is largely constrained by the strength and structure of the forcing. The new formalism is applied to a forced-dissipative two-layer model to study the dependence of meridional and vertical propagation and of the global circulation on changes in the diabatic and frictional forcing time scales. It is found that baroclinic adjustment, in the form of a fixed potential vorticity ( PV) gradient, is a good approximation because the intensity of the circulation only depends weakly on the forcing time scale. Another remarkable result is that, owing to the robustness of this PV gradient, thermal homogenization is always enhanced with stronger friction. C1 GFDL, UCAR Visiting Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. MIT, Program Atmospheres Oceansd & Climate, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Zurita-Gotor, P (reprint author), GFDL, UCAR Visiting Sci Program, Rm 237,Princeton Forrestal Campus,US Route 1, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM pzurita@alum.mit.edu RI Zurita-Gotor, Pablo/A-5045-2008 OI Zurita-Gotor, Pablo/0000-0002-6873-7645 NR 27 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 63 IS 8 BP 2036 EP 2055 DI 10.1175/JAS3737.1 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 071KA UT WOS:000239599800006 ER PT J AU Sasso, CR Witzell, WN AF Sasso, Christopher R. Witzell, Wayne N. TI Diving behaviour of an immature Kemp's ridley turtle (Lepidochelys kempii) from Gullivan Bay, ten thousand Islands, south-west Florida SO JOURNAL OF THE MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM LA English DT Article ID GREEN TURTLES; LOGGERHEAD TURTLES; ASCENSION ISLAND; CARETTA-CARETTA; DIVE PROFILES; PATTERNS; MIGRATION; MOVEMENTS; HABITAT AB We report on the first successfully deployed time-depth recorder on an immature Kemp's ridley turtle in a coastal foraging habitat in south-west Florida. The turtle exhibited three distinct dive patterns interpreted as: post release stress (26 h) post release transition (8 h) and normal (> 34 h). The normal pattern consists of short periods on the surface followed by longer periods on the bottom in 2-3 in of water which we speculate is foraging behaviour. Overall, the turtle spent 94% of the time submerged during the normal period. The turtle spent significantly more time submerged at night than during the day, suggesting the turtle was resting. Night dives were consistently longer than dawn, day or dusk dives. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Sasso, CR (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM chris.sasso@noaa.gov NR 19 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 3 U2 8 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 0025-3154 J9 J MAR BIOL ASSOC UK JI J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 86 IS 4 BP 919 EP 925 DI 10.1017/S0025315406013877 PG 7 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 068JQ UT WOS:000239370300035 ER PT J AU Croll, DA Demer, DA Hewitt, RP Jansen, JK Goebel, ME Tershy, BR AF Croll, D. A. Demer, D. A. Hewitt, R. P. Jansen, J. K. Goebel, M. E. Tershy, B. R. TI Effects of variability in prey abundance on reproduction and foraging in chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica) SO JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article DE penguin; foraging; Antarctica; krill; seabird ID KRILL EUPHAUSIA-SUPERBA; GUILLEMOTS URIA-AALGE; DIVING BEHAVIOR; ELEPHANT-ISLAND; TARGET-STRENGTH; PARENTAL EFFORT; FOOD; PERFORMANCE; SEABIRD; ATTACHMENT AB Life-history theory predicts that adults of long-lived species such as seabirds should optimally balance investment in current and future offspring. However, when trying to optimize investment in offspring provisioning, the most energetically costly component of seabird parental care, adults need to contend with large interannual fluctuations in prey availability and hence the cost of chick provisioning. Adults faced with this uncertainty can mechanistically balance parental care by adopting a strategy somewhere along the continuum between maintaining constant investment in foraging effort between years and letting chick provisioning fluctuate or holding chick provisioning constant and varying investment in foraging effort. Using ship-based hydroacoustic assessment of prey, time-depth recorders attached to penguins and land-based observations at the breeding colony, we examined how foraging and reproductive effort in breeding chinstrap penguins Pygoscelis antarctica responded to interannual variation in the abundance of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba in the vicinity of Seal Island, South Shetland Islands, 1990-1992. Regional measures of krill density varied by a factor of 2.5 (47.0, 23.8 and 61.2 g m(-2) in 1990, 1991 and 1992, respectively) and was correlated with annual measures of breeding adult body weight and reproductive performance (breeding population size, duration of chick rearing, chick growth, breeding success and fledgling weight). In contrast, measures of penguin foraging effort (dive depth, dive duration, number of trips day(-1), trip duration, number of dives trip(-1) and dive rate) did not differ between years. We conclude that chinstrap penguins reduce reproductive success rather than increase foraging effort in response to decreases in prey abundance in a manner consistent with predictions of life-history strategies for long-lived seabirds. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Croll, DA (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, 100 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM croll@biology.ucsc.edu NR 53 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 4 U2 15 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0952-8369 J9 J ZOOL JI J. Zool. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 269 IS 4 BP 506 EP 513 DI 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00090.x PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 063HP UT WOS:000239009600014 ER PT J AU Chittaro, PM Hogan, JD Gagnon, J Fryer, BJ Sale, PF AF Chittaro, P. M. Hogan, J. D. Gagnon, J. Fryer, B. J. Sale, P. F. TI In situ experiment of ontogenetic variability in the otolith chemistry of Stegastes partitus SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CORAL-REEF FISH; ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION; BICOLOR DAMSELFISH; MARINE FISH; JUVENILE; RECRUITMENT; LARVAE; GROWTH; MICROCHEMISTRY; POPULATIONS AB Otolith chemistry can be used to assess pelagic larval fish connectivity by comparing spatially variable otolith edge chemistry (corresponding to the site of collection) to otolith core chemistry (corresponding to the site of hatching). However, because the otolith's edge and core represent different life stages, the deposition of elements may differ, thus complicating direct comparisons of edge and core chemistry to investigate connectivity. Here we present data from a field experiment in which otoliths from embryos (3 days post-fertilization) and juveniles of Stegastes partitus were collected at the same site and time, and chemically analyzed to assess whether elemental concentrations of otoliths vary ontogenetically. Separate multivariate analyses, each investigating the spatial/temporal variability in the chemistry of either embryo otoliths or the edges of juvenile otoliths, revealed significant differences, suggesting an environmental influence to the chemical signals of otoliths. A nested multivariate analysis assessing whether otolith chemistry varied with life history stage (i.e., ontogenetic variability) indicated that elemental concentrations of embryo otoliths were significantly greater than that of juvenile otolith edges. Specifically, embryo elemental concentrations of Mn, Zn, Sn, Ba, Ce, and Pb were between 2 and 163 times greater than those of the corresponding juvenile otoliths, and thus the environment was not the primary determinant of embryo otolith chemistry. Consequently, caution is warranted when interpreting environmental patterns of otolith cores, particularly when using them as a proxy for natal signatures. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. Univ Windsor, Dept Biol Sci, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada. Univ Windsor, Great Lakes Inst Environm Res, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada. RP Chittaro, PM (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. EM Paul.Chittaro@noaa.gov RI Hogan, J. Derek/C-2730-2008 NR 56 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0025-3162 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 149 IS 5 BP 1227 EP 1235 DI 10.1007/s00227-006-0280-x PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 067SF UT WOS:000239322200022 ER PT J AU Baena, AMRY Miquel, JC Masque, P Povinec, PP La Rosa, J AF Rodriguez Y Baena, Alessia M. Miquel, Juan Carlos Masque, Pere Povinec, Pavel P. La Rosa, Jerome TI A single vs. double spike approach to improve the accuracy of Th-234 measurements in small-volume seawater samples SO MARINE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on the Future Applications of 234th in Aquatic Ecosystems (FATE) CY AUG, 2004 CL Woods Hole, MA SP Natl Sci Fdn Chem Oceanog Program, Sci Comm Oceanogr Res DE Th-234; extraction chromatography; beta-counting; alpha-spectrometry; DYFAMED ID EXPORT; OCEAN; DISEQUILIBRIUM; RADIONUCLIDES; EXTRACTION; PACIFIC; SERIES; WATER; PB; TH AB Th-234 is a particle-reactive radionuclide widely used to trace biogeochemical oceanic processes occurring over short timescales. During the last few years, small-volume techniques based on the co-precipitation of Th-234 with MnO2 coupled with beta-counting have been developed as an alternative to large volume gamma-spectrometric techniques. Here a procedure has been developed to enhance quantitative measurement of Th-234 in MnO2 precipitates. The main objectives were to obtain a purified Th fraction for beta-counting and to determine the chemical recovery of Th-234 using Th spikes and alpha-spectrometry as an alternative to ICP-MS based methods. Two variations of the procedure are presented. In the first "1 spike" method a Th-230 tracer is added to the sample prior to precipitation of MnO2, and UTEV (R) extraction chromatography is used to obtain a NdF3(Th) purified source that can be used for both beta-counting of Th-234 and alpha-spectrometry of Th-230. In the "2 spike" method a Th-230 spike is added and the MnO2(Th) precipitate is directly beta-counted 'for Th-234 and subsequently spiked with Th-228 or Th-229 prior to UTEVA purification and alpha-spectrometry. The results confirm the need to process small-volume seawater samples for Th-234 measurement in presence of a yield tracer, and show that both the I spike and 2 spike methods allow an accurate and precise determination of Th-234 (relative percent difference, RPD, between expected and mean measured value < 1%; CV between replicate samples < 3%). Our work also suggests that, although the combined analytical uncertainty on total Th-234 measurements accomplished with both versions of the NdF3 procedure is promising (similar to 6% for 2-L samples), the precision of the Th-234 flux estimation will ultimately depend on the degree of disequilibrium between Th-234 and U-238. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Genoa, Dip Te Ris, I-16132 Genoa, Italy. Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Dept Fis, Inst Ciencia & Tecnol Ambientals, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain. IAEA, Marine Environm Lab, MC-98000 Monaco, Monaco. RP La Rosa, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM aryb@yahoo.com; j.c.miquel@iaea.org; pere.masque@uab.es; jerome.larosa@nist.gov RI Masque, Pere/B-7379-2008; OI Masque, Pere/0000-0002-1789-320X; Povinec, Pavel/0000-0003-0275-794X NR 25 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4203 EI 1872-7581 J9 MAR CHEM JI Mar. Chem. PD AUG 1 PY 2006 VL 100 IS 3-4 BP 269 EP 281 DI 10.1016/j.marchem.2005.10.015 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Chemistry; Oceanography GA 049LC UT WOS:000238016800007 ER PT J AU Garboczi, EJ Douglas, JF Bohn, RB AF Garboczi, EJ Douglas, JF Bohn, RB TI A hybrid finite element-analytical method for determining the intrinsic elastic moduli of particles having moderately extended shapes and a wide range of elastic properties SO MECHANICS OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE elasticity; intrinsic moduli; finite element; Pade approximant; composite; rectangular parallelepiped; dilute limit ID ELLIPSOIDAL INCLUSIONS; POROUS MATERIALS; POISSON RATIOS; COMPOSITE; MICROSTRUCTURE; TENSOR; MEDIA AB The presence of a low (dilute) concentration of particulate inclusions having any shape and any property mismatch with the matrix in which they are placed, influences the elasticity of the resulting composite material. This influence is via the intrinsic moduli, which characterize the first-order term in an expansion of the effective properties in terms of the volume fraction of inclusions. The intrinsic moduli have only been solved exactly for general property mismatch in the case of ellipsoidal particles, and are analytically intractable for more general geometries. The problem of computing intrinsic elastic moduli for general geometries is approached by combining exact information that is known from analytical theory with numerical finite element computations to obtain an approximate analytical description of the intrinsic bulk (K) and shear (G) moduli of the particles as a function of shape and matrix and inclusion elastic properties. The approximant analytical equations are developed for a wide range of isotropic elastic property (K, G, and Poisson's ratio) mismatch with the matrix and a modest range in shape, so that these approximants should be useful in characterizing property changes in real composite materials (e.g., concrete and polymer nanocomposites) to which a dilute concentration of particles have been added. Particular emphasis is given in this initial study to particles having a rectangular parallelepiped shape. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Garboczi, EJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, 100 Bur Dr Mail Stop 8615, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM edward.garboczi@nist.gov NR 28 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6636 J9 MECH MATER JI Mech. Mater. PD AUG-OCT PY 2006 VL 38 IS 8-10 BP 786 EP 800 DI 10.1016/j.mechmat.2005.06.012 PG 15 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics SC Materials Science; Mechanics GA 041PC UT WOS:000237467100009 ER PT J AU Howe, DA AF Howe, D. A. TI TheoH: a hybrid, high-confidence statistic that improves on the Allan deviation SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID TERM FREQUENCY STABILITY; DEAD-TIME; VARIANCE; CLOCK; NIST-F1; NOISE; ESTIMATORS; STANDARDS; IMPACT AB Theo1' (short terminology for 'theoretical variance # 1') is derived based on psi(2)(y)(tau(s), tau), a variance that separates the Allan variance's averaging time ( t) from its sampling interval ( ts), also called 'stride', as applied to normalized fractional-frequency y(t). The tau-length average of y(t) is denoted (tau)(y) over bar (t), and every permissible squared difference of (tau)(y) over bar (t)-values in psi(2)(y) y (tau(s), tau) is averaged in m tau(0) segments of y(t) to compute Theo1(m, tau(0)). Although biased relative to the Allan variance, Theo1( m, t0) mimics all statistical properties of the Allan variance and works to very long stride. Its estimator (Theo1) over cap( ts) has substantially better confidence compared with the best Allan estimator (sigma) over cap (sigma) over cap (2)(y) (tau(s)), called 'Avar'. To make an Allan-compatible statistic, a novel 'bias-removed' version of (Theo1) over cap variance, called ('TheoBR') over cap variance, yields TheoH variance ('H' to indicate high confidence and/or hybrid Allan and (TheoBR) over cap functions). (TheoH) over cap deviation combines the Allan deviation in short term and (TheoBR) over cap deviation in long term, reporting very long-term frequency stability 50% beyond that possible using the Allan deviation alone and with excellent confidence. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Howe, DA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 45 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD AUG PY 2006 VL 43 IS 4 SI SI BP S322 EP S331 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/43/4/S20 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 072WK UT WOS:000239703500021 ER PT J AU Kacker, R Toman, B Huang, D AF Kacker, Raghu Toman, Blaza Huang, Ding TI Comparison of ISO-GUM, draft GUM Supplement 1 and Bayesian statistics using simple linear calibration SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article AB We compare three approaches for quantifying uncertainty through a measurement equation: the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM), draft GUM Supplement 1 and Bayesian statistics. For illustration, we use a measurement equation for simple linear calibration that includes both Type A and Type B input variables. We consider three scenarios: (i) the measurement equation is linear with one Type B input variable having a normal distribution, (ii) the measurement equation is non-linear with two Type B input variables each having a normal distribution and (iii) the measurement equation is non-linear with two Type B input variables each having a rectangular distribution. We consider both small and large uncertainties for the Type B input variables. We use each of the three approaches to quantify the uncertainty in measurement for each of the three scenarios. Then we discuss the merits and limitations of each approach. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Navy Metrol Engn & Calibrat Program, Patuxent River, MD USA. RP Kacker, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM raghu.kacker@nist.gov NR 10 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 EI 1681-7575 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD AUG PY 2006 VL 43 IS 4 SI SI BP S167 EP S177 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/43/4/S02 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 072WK UT WOS:000239703500003 ER PT J AU Kessel, R Kacker, R Berglund, M AF Kessel, Ruediger Kacker, Raghu Berglund, Michael TI Coefficient of contribution to the combined standard uncertainty SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article AB The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) describes a generic procedure for determining an estimate for the value of the measurand and its associated combined standard uncertainty from the estimates and their associated standard uncertainties for various input quantities. A user of the ISO-GUM who is interested in understanding, managing or improving the measurement procedure needs the details, usually expressed as an uncertainty budget, on how the estimate for the value of the measurand and its associated combined standard uncertainty were calculated. In particular, a user may be interested in quantifying the degrees of contribution to the combined standard uncertainty from its components. When the measurement equation is a linear function of uncorrelated input variables, the contribution from a component is usually quantified by the product of the component of uncertainty and its sensitivity coefficient. This paper introduces a coefficient of contribution that is suitable for both uncorrelated and correlated input variables. The proposed coefficient of contribution is useful for a variety of measurement equations. Correlations between input variables can significantly alter the relative importance of the contributions to the combined standard uncertainty from its components. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Metrodata GmbH, D-79576 Weil Rheim, Germany. Inst Reference Mat & Measurements, EC JRC, B-2440 Geel, Belgium. RP Kessel, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM r.kessel@metrodata.de; raghu.kacker@nist.gov; michael.berglund@cec.eu.int NR 11 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 EI 1681-7575 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD AUG PY 2006 VL 43 IS 4 SI SI BP S189 EP S195 DI 10.1088/0029-1394/43/4/S04 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 072WK UT WOS:000239703500005 ER PT J AU Zhang, NF AF Zhang, Nien Fan TI Calculation of the uncertainty of the mean of autocorrelated measurements SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS; KEY COMPARISONS; LINEAR TRENDS; LIKELIHOOD AB When repeated measurements are autocorrelated, it is not appropriate to use the traditional approach to calculate the uncertainty of the average of the measurements, which assumes that the measurements are statistically independent. In this paper, we propose a practical approach to calculate the corresponding uncertainty and the confidence interval when the data are from a stationary process. For illustration, the approach is applied to two examples: linewidth measurements made by a scanning electron microscope and weight measurements. The results are also extended to the general case in which both Type A and Type B uncertainty components are presented and to the case of weighted means. C1 NIST, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zhang, NF (reprint author), NIST, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 20 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 5 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD AUG PY 2006 VL 43 IS 4 SI SI BP S276 EP S281 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/43/4/S15 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 072WK UT WOS:000239703500016 ER PT J AU Salcedo, JA Liou, JJ Afridi, MY Hefner, AR AF Salcedo, Javier A. Liou, Juin J. Afridi, Muhammad Y. Hefner, Allen R., Jr. TI On-chip electrostatic discharge protection for CMOS gas sensor systems-on-a-chip (SoC) SO MICROELECTRONICS RELIABILITY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Reliability of Compound Semiconductors (ROCS) CY OCT 30, 2005 CL Palm Springs, CA SP JEDEC JC 14 7 ID ESD PROTECTION; SCR; VOLTAGE; DEVICES AB An on-chip electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection scheme is demonstrated for an emerging technology of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)-based embedded sensor (ES) system-on-a-chip (SoC). The ESD protection scheme is implemented using ground-referenced multifinger thyristor-type devices optimized for (1) the input/output (I/O) protection, (2) the power supply clamp, and (3) the internal sensors' electrodes during the micromachining process. The ESD structure developed demonstrates a leakage current below 10(-10) A, high on-state conductance, and high level of human body model (HBM) immunity. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Cent Florida, ECE Dept, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Liou, JJ (reprint author), Univ Cent Florida, ECE Dept, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. EM liou@pegasus.cc.ucf.edu NR 12 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0026-2714 J9 MICROELECTRON RELIAB JI Microelectron. Reliab. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 46 IS 8 BP 1285 EP 1294 DI 10.1016/j.microrel.2005.12.002 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 081AI UT WOS:000240289200010 ER PT J AU Colgan, CS Adkins, J AF Colgan, Charles S. Adkins, Jefferey TI Hurricane damage to the ocean economy in the US gulf region in 2005 SO MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW LA English DT Article AB Counties and parishes of the gulf coast ocean economy affected by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita saw the greatest insured dollar losses in 1 year from suchlike catastrophes in U.S. history; the region has vet to recover fully a year after the maelstrom. C1 Univ So Maine, Muskie Sch Publ Serv, Natl Ocean Econ Program, Portland, ME 04103 USA. NOAA, Coastal Serv, Natl Ocean Edonom Program, Charleston, SC USA. RP Colgan, CS (reprint author), Univ So Maine, Muskie Sch Publ Serv, Natl Ocean Econ Program, Portland, ME 04103 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 0098-1818 J9 MON LABOR REV JI Mon. Labor Rev. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 129 IS 8 BP 76 EP 78 PG 3 WC Industrial Relations & Labor SC Business & Economics GA 174YZ UT WOS:000246980100007 ER PT J AU Brennan, MJ Lackmann, GM AF Brennan, Michael J. Lackmann, Gary M. TI Observational diagnosis and model forecast evaluation of unforecasted incipient precipitation during the 24-25 January 2000 East Coast cyclone SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID CONDITIONAL SYMMETRIC INSTABILITY; LATENT-HEAT RELEASE; LOW-LEVEL JET; QE-II STORM; POTENTIAL-VORTICITY; EXTRATROPICAL CYCLOGENESIS; MESOSCALE PREDICTABILITY; CUMULUS CONVECTION; FRONTAL RAINBANDS; ANALYSIS SYSTEM AB Previous research has shown that a lower-tropospheric diabatically generated potential vorticity (PV) maximum associated with an area of incipient precipitation (IP) was critical to the moisture transport north of the PV maximum into the Carolinas and Virginia during the 24 - 25 January 2000 East Coast cyclone. This feature was almost entirely absent in short-term ( e. g., 6 - 12 h) forecasts from the 0000 UTC 24 January 2000 operational runs of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) North American Mesoscale (NAM, formerly Eta) and Global Forecast System (GFS, formerly AVN) models, even though it occurred over land within and downstream of a region of relatively high data density. Observations and model analyses are used to document the forcing for ascent, moisture, and instability ( elevated gravitational and/or symmetric) associated with the IP, and the evolution of the IP formation is documented with radar and satellite imagery with the goal of understanding the fundamental nature of this precipitation feature and the models' inability to predict it. Results show that the IP formed along a zone of lower-tropospheric frontogenesis in a region of strong synoptic-scale forcing for ascent downstream of an approaching upper trough and jet streak. The atmosphere above the frontal inversion was characterized by a mixture of gravitational conditional instability and conditional symmetric instability over a deep layer, and this instability was likely released when air parcels reached saturation as they ascended the frontal surface. The presence of elevated convection is suggested by numerous surface reports of thunder and the cellular nature of radar echoes in the region. Short-term forecasts from the Eta and AVN models failed to capture the magnitude of the frontogenesis, upper forcing, or elevated instability in the region of IP formation. These findings suggest that errors in the initial condition analyses, particularly in the water vapor field, in conjunction with the inability of model physics schemes to generate the precipitation feature, likely played a role in the operational forecast errors related to inland quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs) later in the event. A subsequent study will serve to clarify the role of initial conditions and model physics in the representation of the IP by NWP models. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Brennan, MJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Trop Predict Ctr, 11691 SW 17th St, Miami, FL 33165 USA. EM michael.j.brennan@noaa.gov NR 57 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 EI 1520-0493 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 134 IS 8 BP 2033 EP 2054 DI 10.1175/MWR3184.1 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 070WM UT WOS:000239556600001 ER PT J AU Chelton, DB Freilich, MH Sienkiewicz, JM Von Ahn, JM AF Chelton, Dudley B. Freilich, Michael H. Sienkiewicz, Joseph M. Von Ahn, Joan M. TI On the use of QuikSCAT scatterometer measurements of surface winds for marine weather prediction SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID SATELLITE MEASUREMENTS; ASSIMILATION SYSTEM; TROPICAL CYCLONES; OPERATIONAL ECMWF; TEMPERATURE; IMPACT; PACIFIC; RAIN; STRESS; FIELDS AB The value of Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) measurements of 10-m ocean vector winds for marine weather prediction is investigated from two Northern Hemisphere case studies. The first of these focuses on an intense cyclone with hurricane-force winds that occurred over the extratropical western North Pacific on 10 January 2005. The second is a 17 February 2005 example that is typical of sea surface temperature influence on low-level winds in moderate wind conditions in the vicinity of the Gulf Stream in the western North Atlantic. In both cases, the analyses of 10-m winds from the NCEP and ECMWF global numerical weather prediction models considerably underestimated the spatial variability of the wind field on scales smaller than 1000 km compared with the structure determined from QuikSCAT observations. The NCEP and ECMWF models both assimilate QuikSCAT observations. While the accuracies of the 10-m wind analyses from these models measurably improved after implementation of the QuikSCAT data assimilation, the information content in the QuikSCAT data is underutilized by the numerical models. QuikSCAT data are available in near - real time in the NOAA/NCEP Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System (N-AWIPS) and are used extensively in manual analyses of surface winds. The high resolution of the QuikSCAT data is routinely utilized by forecasters at the NOAA/NCEP Ocean Prediction Center, Tropical Prediction Center, and other NOAA weather forecast offices to improve the accuracies of wind warnings in marine forecasts. C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Cooperat Inst Oceanog Satellite Studies, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NOAA, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Ocean Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Chelton, DB (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, 104 COAS Adm Bldg, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM chelton@coas.oregonstate.edu NR 50 TC 78 Z9 80 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 134 IS 8 BP 2055 EP 2071 DI 10.1175/MWR3179.1 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 070WM UT WOS:000239556600002 ER PT J AU Kingsmill, DE Neiman, PJ Ralph, FM White, AB AF Kingsmill, David E. Neiman, Paul J. Ralph, F. Martin White, Allen B. TI Synoptic and topographic variability of northern California precipitation characteristics in landfalling winter storms observed during CALJET SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID MID-LATITUDE CYCLONES; SUPERCOOLED LIQUID WATER; COLD-FRONTAL RAINBANDS; SIERRA-NEVADA; MICROSCALE STRUCTURE; MELTING LAYER; RADAR OBSERVATIONS; WSR-88D DATA; WARM SECTOR; AIR MOTIONS AB Observations from northern California during the California Landfalling Jets (CALJET) experiment are used to examine the mean characteristics of precipitation and their variances as functions of synoptic and topographic regimes. Ten cases involving the landfall of extratropical cyclones are analyzed with radar and rain gauge data collected at two sites: one in the coastal mountains north of San Francisco (CZD) and the other in the Central Valley just west of Sacramento (KDAX). Aside from the melting-layer bright band, the most striking feature in the 10-case composite vertical profile of radar reflectivity at CZD was a distinct change in slope about 2.5 km above the bright band. This "shoulder" is thought to represent a change in the growth rate of hydrometeors. Although the bright band was quite distinct, about one-third of the profiles in the composite did not exhibit this feature. These nonbrightband (NBB) profiles had a low-level slope where reflectivity increased with decreasing altitude, a structure suggesting that collision - coalescence was the primary growth process. The relationship between surface rainfall rate and low-level radar reflectivity implies that all profiles were composed of larger numbers of small drops than expected from a Marshall Palmer drop size distribution, a trend that was especially apparent for NBB profiles. Synoptic variability of precipitation characteristics at CZD were examined by identifying five distinct regimes ( cold sector, warm front, warm sector, cold front, and cool sector) based on a simplified conceptual model. The shoulder remained approximately 2.5 km above the bright band in each regime. Rainfall intensity was highest during the cold-frontal regime and NBB rainfall was most common during the warm-frontal, warm-sector, and cool-sector regimes. Topographic variability of precipitation characteristics was investigated by comparing results at CZD and KDAX. A shoulder structure located about 2.5 km above the bright band was also evident in the KDAX profiles, suggesting that this feature is related to large-scale dynamic, thermodynamic, and microphysical processes rather than orographic effects. The relationship between surface rainfall rate and low-level radar reflectivity near KDAX closely followed a trend expected for a Marshall - Palmer drop size distribution, implying the presence of relatively larger raindrops than observed at CZD and indicating that NBB rainfall occurs less frequently near KDAX. C1 Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Kingsmill, DE (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CIRES, UCB 216, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM david.kingsmill@colorado.edu RI White, Allen/A-7946-2009 NR 63 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 134 IS 8 BP 2072 EP 2094 DI 10.1175/MWR3166.1 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 070WM UT WOS:000239556600003 ER PT J AU Whitaker, JS Wei, X Vitart, F AF Whitaker, Jeffrey S. Wei, Xue Vitart, Frederic TI Improving week-2 forecasts with multimodel reforecast ensembles SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID CLIMATE FORECASTS; SEASONAL CLIMATE; WEATHER; REANALYSIS; SKILL; NCEP AB It has recently been demonstrated that model output statistics (MOS) computed from a long retrospective dataset of ensemble "reforecasts" from a single model can significantly improve the skill of probabilistic week-2 forecasts ( with the same model). In this study the technique is extended to a multimodel reforecast dataset consisting of forecasts from ECMWF and NCEP global models. Even though the ECMWF model is more advanced than the version of the NCEP model used ( it has more than double the horizontal resolution and is about five years newer), the forecasts produced by the multimodel MOS technique are more skillful than those produced by the MOS technique applied to either the NCEP or ECMWF forecasts alone. These results demonstrate that the MOS reforecast approach yields benefits for week-2 forecasts that are just as large for high-resolution state-of-the-art models as they are for relatively low resolution out-of-date models. Furthermore, operational forecast centers can benefit by sharing both retrospective reforecast datasets and real-time forecasts. C1 NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. ECMWF, Seasonal Forecasting Grp, Reading, Berks, England. RP Whitaker, JS (reprint author), NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, 325 Broadway,R-CDC1, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jeffrey.s.whitaker@noaa.gov NR 14 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 134 IS 8 BP 2279 EP 2284 DI 10.1175/MWR3175.1 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 070WM UT WOS:000239556600016 ER PT J AU Warren, J AF Warren, James TI Dendritic crystals - Rule of thumb breaks down SO NATURE MATERIALS LA English DT News Item ID GROWTH C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Warren, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jwarren@nist.gov RI Warren, James/B-1698-2008 OI Warren, James/0000-0001-6887-1206 NR 5 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 12 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1476-1122 J9 NAT MATER JI Nat. Mater. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 5 IS 8 BP 595 EP 596 DI 10.1038/nmat1702 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 069CP UT WOS:000239423200008 PM 16880799 ER PT J AU Levine, LE Larson, BC Yang, W Kassner, ME Tischler, JZ Delos-Reyes, MA Fields, RJ Liu, WJ AF Levine, Lyle E. Larson, Bennett C. Yang, Wenge Kassner, Michael E. Tischler, Jonathan Z. Delos-Reyes, Michael A. Fields, Richard J. Liu, Wenjun TI X-ray microbeam measurements of individual dislocation cell elastic strains in deformed single-crystal copper SO NATURE MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID RANGE INTERNAL-STRESSES; STRUCTURAL MICROSCOPY; PLASTIC-DEFORMATION; FLOW-STRESS; METALS; DIFFRACTION; RESOLUTION; DYNAMICS; FCC AB The distribution of elastic strains ( and thus stresses) at the submicrometre length scale within deformed metal single crystals has remarkably broad implications for our understanding of important physical phenomena. These include the evolution of the complex dislocation structures that govern mechanical behaviour within individual grains(1-3), the transport of dislocations through such structures(4-6), changes in mechanical properties that occur during reverse loading(7-9) ( for example, sheet-metal forming and fatigue), and the analyses of diffraction line profiles for microstructural studies of these phenomena(10-15). We present the first direct, spatially resolved measurements of the elastic strains within individual dislocation cells in copper single crystals deformed in tension and compression along < 001 > axes. Broad distributions of elastic strains are found, with important implications for theories of dislocation structure evolution(3,16-20), dislocation transport(4-6), and the extraction of dislocation parameters from X-ray line profiles(10-15,21-24). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Mat Sci & Technol Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, HPCAT Carnegie Inst Washington, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Aerosp & Mech Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. RP Levine, LE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Lyle.Levine@nist.gov RI Yang, Wenge/H-2740-2012 NR 33 TC 89 Z9 89 U1 3 U2 40 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1476-1122 J9 NAT MATER JI Nat. Mater. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 5 IS 8 BP 619 EP 622 DI 10.1038/nmat1698 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 069CP UT WOS:000239423200016 PM 16845413 ER PT J AU Lazur, A Early, S Jacobs, JM AF Lazur, Andrew Early, Steve Jacobs, John M. TI Acute toxicity of 5% rotenone to northern snakeheads SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article AB The confirmation of northern snakeheads Channa argus caught by an angler in a private pond in Maryland resulted in significant media attention and generated numerous resources for risk identification and the development of action plans to prevent the introduction of this normative species into state waters. Rotenone was selected as an eradication option, and a bioassay was conducted with captured northern snakehead juveniles to determine toxicity and application dose. The lowest rotenone concentration evaluated, 0.075 mg of active ingredient per liter of water, resulted in 100% mortality within 1 h. Pond treatment was highly successful; 8 adult and 834 juvenile snakeheads were recovered. Study results show that northern snakeheads are susceptible to normal doses of rotenone and that standard pond treatment techniques are effective in eradicating this invasive species. C1 Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Horn Point Lab, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA. Maryland Dept Nat Resources, Dept Fisheries, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Cooperat Oxford Lab, Oxford, MD 21654 USA. RP Lazur, A (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Horn Point Lab, POB 775, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA. EM alazur@hpl.umces.edu NR 5 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 26 IS 3 BP 628 EP 630 DI 10.1577/MO5-074.1 PG 3 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 087PI UT WOS:000240753900015 ER PT J AU Thunberg, EM Fulcher, CM AF Thunberg, Eric M. Fulcher, Charles M. TI Testing the stability of recreational fishing participation probabilities SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID CONSTRAINTS; LEISURE AB Forecasts of recreational fishing participation enable managers to anticipate changes in the number of anglers and future demand for fishing opportunities. Projections of recreational fishing participation have typically been calculated by estimating participation probabilities for cohorts of a given population and then applying those probabilities to forecasted changes in population size and demographic composition. The resulting predictions rely on the assumption that the estimated participation probabilities within each demographic cohort are constant over time. We tested this assumption using replicated surveys of marine recreational fishing participation that were conducted in 1994 and again in 2002-2003 for the northeastern U.S. coastal population from Maine to Virginia. Participation probabilities and forecasts obtained from the 1994 survey were compared with both actual participation rates and the estimated participation probabilities in the 2002-2003 survey. Results suggest that participation probabilities among demographic cohorts are not stable over time. Additional avenues for research are identified that could improve predictions of the changing demand for recreational fishing resources. C1 NOAA, Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Social Sci Branch, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Thunberg, EM (reprint author), NOAA, Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Social Sci Branch, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM eric.thunberg@noaa.gov NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 26 IS 3 BP 636 EP 644 DI 10.1577/M05-122.1 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 087PI UT WOS:000240753900017 ER PT J AU Newman, KB Lindley, ST AF Newman, Ken B. Lindley, Steven T. TI Accounting for demographic and environmental stochasticity, observation error, and parameter uncertainty in fish population dynamics models SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID MONTE-CARLO METHODS; SALMON; FRAMEWORK; CATCH; VARIABILITY; RECOVERY; SURVIVAL AB Bayesian hierarchical state-space models are a means of modeling fish population dynamics while accounting for both demographic and environmental stochasticity, observation noise, and parameter uncertainty. Sequential importance sampling can be used to generate posterior distributions for parameters, unobserved states, and random effects for population models with realistic dynamics and error distributions. Such a state-space model was fit to the Sacramento River winter-run Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha population, where a key objective was to develop a tool for predicting juvenile out-migration based on multiple sources of data. One-year-ahead 90% prediction intervals based on 1992-2003 data, while relatively wide, did include the estimated values for 2004. Parameter estimates for the juvenile production function based on the state-space model formulation differed appreciably from Bayesian estimates that ignored autocorrelation and observation noise. C1 Univ St Andrews, Ctr Res Ecol & Environm Modelling, St Andrews KY16 9LZ, Fife, Scotland. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Santa Cruz Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Newman, KB (reprint author), Univ St Andrews, Ctr Res Ecol & Environm Modelling, Buchanan Gardens, St Andrews KY16 9LZ, Fife, Scotland. EM ken@mcs.st-and.ac.uk RI Lindley, Steven/G-3997-2014 OI Lindley, Steven/0000-0001-9556-0411 NR 43 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 26 IS 3 BP 685 EP 701 DI 10.1577/M05-009.1 PG 17 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 087PI UT WOS:000240753900023 ER PT J AU Burke, BJ Jepson, MA AF Burke, Brian J. Jepson, Michael A. TI Performance of passive integrated transponder tags and radio tags in determining dam passage behavior of adult chinook salmon and steelhead SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID COLUMBIA RIVER; SNAKE RIVERS; MIGRATION; RATES; HYDROSYSTEM; SYSTEM; BASIN AB Passage of adult Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. and steelhead O. mykiss at dams in the Columbia River basin has historically been determined by visual fish counts and radiotelemetry. Increasingly, however, passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags are being used for adult salmonid research and monitoring. Although both radiotelemetry and PIT tag technology provide accurate and cost-effective data under certain circumstances, neither alone meets all needs, and managers need to understand the strengths, weaknesses, and biases of each method. To evaluate the two tagging methods, we tagged over 3,200 adult Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha and steelhead during 2002 and 2003 with both a radio transmitter and a PIT tag as the fish migrated upstream past Bonneville Dam. We compared their performance in measuring upstream passage and fallback (i.e., downstream passage) behavior at each of four main-stem hydropower dams. Counts of fish passage at dams based on data from double-tagged fish were similar between methods (largest difference was 5.1%), but the two methods produced less consistent results for fallback behavior. Visual count escapement estimates based on PIT tags were 1% higher on average than those based on radio tags, suggesting there would be little impact on the management of salmonid populations with a switch from radiotelemetry to PIT tag systems as the primary data source. We also analyzed a broader group of PIT-tagged (but not radio-tagged) fish to simulate the analysis one could expect from PIT tag data without radiotelemetry validation. When compared with PIT tag data from double-tagged fish, data from the PIT tag-only fish showed slight differences in the timing of peak passage. These differences were due, at least in part, to the fact that the fish in each group comprised differing proportions of fish from multiple populations, highlighting the importance of having representative stocks of fish PIT-tagged as juveniles. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fish Ecol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. RP Burke, BJ (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fish Ecol Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM brian.burke@noaa.gov NR 22 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 26 IS 3 BP 742 EP 752 DI 10.1577/M05-138.1 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 087PI UT WOS:000240753900027 ER PT J AU Hanson, PJ Vaughan, DS Narayan, S AF Hanson, Peter J. Vaughan, Douglas S. Narayan, Sridhar TI Forecasting annual harvests of Atlantic and Gulf Menhaden SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID ARTIFICIAL NEURAL-NETWORKS; STOCK-RECRUITMENT; FISH; CATCH; SARDINE; MODELS AB Continuous records of annual landings and fishing effort exist in the Atlantic purse-seine fishery for Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus since 1940 and the Gulf of Mexico fishery for Gulf menhaden B. patronus since 1946. Currently, year-ahead forecasts of landings from these species-specific fisheries separated by the Florida peninsula are provided to the industry by means of multiple-linear-regression models that relate landings and effort over the data series. Here, we compare three methods for this purpose-multiple regression, time series, and artificial neural networks-to determine whether forecast accuracy can be increased. Best-fit models were developed with each method for each fishery, and then 10-year retrospective analyses of 1-year-ahead catch forecasts were compared among the three methods. In general, multiple-regression and artificial neural network models were similar in their fit to the data series and both were better than time series models, judging from the Akaike information criterion, the correlation between observed and predicted catches, the mean prediction error, and the root mean square error of prediction. A 10-year retrospective analysis (1993-2002) of 1-year-ahead catch forecasts indicates that the three methods provided similar within-stock mean absolute forecast errors (19-21% in the Atlantic and 15-20% in the Gulf), with generally better forecasts for the Gulf fishery. Overall, multiple-regression and artificial neural network models provide lower average catch forecast errors and better fits to the fishery data, whereas similar forecast errors are provided by a univariate time series model (autoregressive integrated moving average model) in the Atlantic and a multivariate time series model (state space model) in the Gulf. C1 NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Comp Sci, Wilmington, NC 28403 USA. RP Hanson, PJ (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM peter.hanson@noaa.gov NR 45 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 26 IS 3 BP 753 EP 764 DI 10.1577/M04-096.1 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 087PI UT WOS:000240753900028 ER PT J AU Schiesari, L Peacor, SD Werner, EE AF Schiesari, Luis Peacor, Scott D. Werner, Earl E. TI The growth-mortality tradeoff: evidence from anuran larvae and consequences for species distributions SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE allocation; resource gradients; levels of biological organization; Rana sylvatica; Rana pipiens ID SHADE TOLERANCE; INTERSPECIFIC VARIATION; RESOURCE GRADIENT; INTRINSIC GROWTH; FOREST CANOPY; BODY-SIZE; DAPHNIA; RATES; SURVIVORSHIP; PERFORMANCE AB A tradeoff affecting the ability to grow under high versus low resource levels has been commonly hypothesized to influence species distributions across resource gradients in a wide variety of taxa. This influence is dependent on individual growth being proportional to traits that affect demographic processes such as mortality. However, data on how individual growth scales with demographic performance are rare. We conducted a mesocosm experiment, and re-analyzed data from a similarly designed field experiment, to examine the relationship between growth and mortality in two tadpole species that segregate across a resource gradient. Overall, environmental conditions leading to faster growth also lead to lower mortality rates. However, species differed in this relationship. Leopard frogs achieved faster growth than wood frogs, but their absolute mortality was greater and increased steeply as growth decreased. Conversely, absolute mortality of wood frogs was lower and less strongly dependent on growth. These interspecific differences suggest a second tradeoff, that between maximizing growth rates or minimizing mortality, with potentially important demographic consequences. Leopard frogs grow faster than wood frogs in productive ponds, but are excluded from unproductive ponds dominated by wood frogs due to accelerating mortality rates with declining realized growth. A review of the literature suggests that in diverse taxa, including plants, microcrustaceans and drosophilids, patterns in mortality are consistent with this tradeoff indicating that the mechanism we demonstrate could be a link between individual performance and demographic rates influencing species distributions in other systems. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Schiesari, L (reprint author), Univ Sao Paulo, Sch Arts Sci & Humanities, EACH, Av Arlindo Betio 1000,Parque Ecol Tiete, BR-03828080 Sao Paulo, Brazil. EM lschiesa@usp.br RI Schiesari, Luis/E-8624-2012 OI Schiesari, Luis/0000-0003-0814-591X NR 43 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 12 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD AUG PY 2006 VL 149 IS 2 BP 194 EP 202 DI 10.1007/s00442-006-0440-1 PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 073ID UT WOS:000239735300002 PM 16685509 ER PT J AU Agishev, R Gross, B Moshary, F Gilerson, A Ahmed, S AF Agishev, R Gross, B Moshary, F Gilerson, A Ahmed, S TI Simple approach to predict APD/PMT lidar detector performance under sky background using dimensionless parametrization SO OPTICS AND LASERS IN ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE laser remote sensing; lidar; photodetector; PMT; APD; sky background radiation; dimensionless parametrization AB In this paper, we developed a simple approach to predict the APD/PMT (avalanche photodiode/photomultiplier) lidar detector performance in the presence of residual skylight background. By normalizing all relevant photodetector noise sources to the quantum noise, we obtain quantitative expressions for the degradation of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the increasing threshold sensitivity of and decreasing lidar operation range. To apply the formalism to any lidar photodetectors operating in the ultra violet, visible and near-infrared spectral regions and to perform a comparative analysis of PMT and APD capabilities as the best photodetectors for ultra-violet (UV), visible (Vis) and near infra-red (NIR) lidar, we utilize a set of spectral characteristics that are built from an envelope of individual PMT and APD component responses. On this basis, the general analysis of system performance under intense background conditions is developed, and practical recommendations on detector use for each spectral region are given. The dimensionless formalism and the generalized detector spectral models used allows our analysis to be applied to nearly any lidar receiver operating over very different signal/background situations. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Kazan State Tech Univ, Kazan 420111, Tatarstan, Russia. CUNY City Coll, NOAA CREST Ctr, New York, NY 10031 USA. RP Agishev, R (reprint author), Kazan State Tech Univ, 10 K Marx St, Kazan 420111, Tatarstan, Russia. EM ravil_agishev@mail.ru NR 16 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-8166 J9 OPT LASER ENG JI Opt. Lasers Eng. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 44 IS 8 BP 779 EP 796 DI 10.1016/j.optlaseng.2005.07.010 PG 18 WC Optics SC Optics GA 045EV UT WOS:000237726300003 ER PT J AU Shah, V Knappe, S Schwindt, PDD Gerginov, V Kitching, J AF Shah, V. Knappe, S. Schwindt, P. D. D. Gerginov, V. Kitching, J. TI Compact phase delay technique for increasing the amplitude of coherent population trapping resonances in open Lambda systems SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DARK RESONANCES; ATOMIC CLOCK; CONTRAST; TRANSITIONS; LINE AB We propose and demonstrate a novel technique for increasing the amplitude of coherent population trapping (CPT) resonances in open A systems. The technique requires no complex modifications to the conventional CPT setup and is compatible with standard microfabrication processes. The improvement in the CPT resonance amplitude as a function of intensity of the excitation light agrees well with the theory based on ideal open and closed A systems. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. RP Shah, V (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM vshah@boulder.nist.gov NR 22 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 4 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD AUG 1 PY 2006 VL 31 IS 15 BP 2335 EP 2337 DI 10.1364/OL.31.002335 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 065QB UT WOS:000239173300031 PM 16832477 ER PT J AU Kramida, AE Brown, CM Feldman, U Reader, J AF Kramida, A. E. Brown, C. M. Feldman, U. Reader, J. TI Extended EUV and UV spectrum of NeII SO PHYSICA SCRIPTA LA English DT Article ID ENERGY-LEVELS; PLATINUM; NEON AB Spectra of Ne emitted by a Penning discharge were recorded in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) on a 10.7m grazing-incidence spectrograph with phosphor image plates. The spectra provided 75 new lines of Ne II between 286 and 325 angstrom, from which 35 new energy levels of Ne II could be established. With these new levels, 86 unidentified lines from the NIST Pt-Ne atlas (Sansonetti J E et al 1992 J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 97 1) could be classified. The identifications of two existing levels of Ne II were revised. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20889 USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Artep Inc, Ellicott, MD 21042 USA. RP Kramida, AE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20889 USA. EM alexander.kramida@nist.gov OI Kramida, Alexander/0000-0002-0788-8087 NR 30 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU ROYAL SWEDISH ACAD SCIENCES PI STOCKHOLM PA BOX 50005, S-104 05 STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN SN 0031-8949 J9 PHYS SCRIPTA JI Phys. Scr. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 74 IS 2 BP 156 EP 167 DI 10.1088/0031-8949/74/2/003 PG 12 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 085RE UT WOS:000240620700003 ER PT J AU Bratschitsch, R Chen, Z Cundiff, ST Yakovlev, DR Karczewski, G Wojtowicz, T Kossut, J AF Bratschitsch, R. Chen, Z. Cundiff, S. T. Yakovlev, D. R. Karczewski, G. Wojtowicz, T. Kossut, J. TI Electron spin dephasing in n-doped CdTe/(Cd, Mg)Te quantum wells SO PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI B-BASIC SOLID STATE PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Workshop on Nonlinear Optics and Excitation Kinetics In Semiconductors (NOEKS 8) CY FEB 20-24, 2006 CL Munster, GERMANY ID MEMORY AB We measure the spin dephasing time, T-2(*), of electrons in CdTe/(Cd, Mg)Te single quantum wells with various levels of n-doping using the time-resolved Kerr rotation technique. The formation of negatively charged trions causes strong spin polarization of the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG). We find the maximum spin dephasing time in the quantum well with a 2DEG density of 8 x 10(10) cm(-2). (c) 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Dortmund, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany. Polish Acad Sci, Inst Phys, Warsaw, Poland. RP Bratschitsch, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM Rudolf.Bratschitsch@uni-konstanz.de RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009; Kossut, Jacek/K-9481-2016; Bratschitsch, Rudolf/C-9027-2009; Wojtowicz, Tomasz/A-2887-2017 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197; Kossut, Jacek/0000-0001-6165-3169; Bratschitsch, Rudolf/0000-0002-2368-2548; NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0370-1972 J9 PHYS STATUS SOLIDI B JI Phys. Status Solidi B-Basic Solid State Phys. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 243 IS 10 BP 2290 EP 2292 DI 10.1002/pssb.200668015 PG 3 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 076BP UT WOS:000239932300014 ER PT J AU Ciurylo, R Tiesinga, E Julienne, PS AF Ciurylo, R. Tiesinga, E. Julienne, P. S. TI Stationary phase approximation for the strength of optical Feshbach resonances SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID POTENTIAL-ENERGY CURVES; AB-INITIO CALCULATION; COLLISIONS; COLD; PHOTOASSOCIATION; MOLECULES; SPECTROSCOPY; SCATTERING; STATES; LIGHT AB Analytic expressions for the width and shift of a photoassociative resonance or an optically induced Feshbach resonance in ultracold collisions are derived using the quasi-classical stationary phase approximation. This approach for the width is applicable over a wider range of cases than the reflection approximation. Possible applications for optical Feshbach resonances between ultracold alkaline-earth-metal atoms, such as Ca and Sr, are discussed. Our approach also applies to photoassociation in gases of heteronuclear alkali-metal atoms. C1 Uniwersytet Mikolaja Kopernika, Inst Fizki, PL-87100 Torun, Poland. NIST, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ciurylo, R (reprint author), Uniwersytet Mikolaja Kopernika, Inst Fizki, Ul Grudziadzka 5-7, PL-87100 Torun, Poland. RI Ciurylo, Roman/G-8680-2014; Julienne, Paul/E-9378-2012 OI Julienne, Paul/0000-0002-5494-1442 NR 47 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD AUG PY 2006 VL 74 IS 2 AR 022710 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.74.022710 PG 9 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 080HK UT WOS:000240238300071 ER PT J AU Hoefer, MA Ablowitz, MJ Coddington, I Cornell, EA Engels, P Schweikhard, V AF Hoefer, M. A. Ablowitz, M. J. Coddington, I. Cornell, E. A. Engels, P. Schweikhard, V. TI Dispersive and classical shock waves in Bose-Einstein condensates and gas dynamics SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID KORTEWEG-DEVRIES EQUATION; ASYMPTOTIC SOLUTIONS; LIMIT; LIGHT AB A Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) is a quantum fluid that gives rise to interesting shock-wave nonlinear dynamics. Experiments depict a BEC that exhibits behavior similar to that of a shock wave in a compressible gas, e.g., traveling fronts with steep gradients. However, the governing Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) equation that describes the mean field of a BEC admits no dissipation, hence classical dissipative shock solutions do not explain the phenomena. Instead, wave dynamics with small dispersion is considered and it is shown that this provides a mechanism for the generation of a dispersive shock wave (DSW). Computations with the GP equation are compared to experiment with excellent agreement. A comparison between a canonical one-dimensional (1D) dissipative and dispersive shock problem shows significant differences in shock structure and shock-front speed. Numerical results associated with the three-dimensional experiment show that three- and two-dimensional approximations are in excellent agreement and 1D approximations are in good qualitative agreement. Using 1D DSW theory, it is argued that the experimentally observed blast waves may be viewed as dispersive shock waves. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Appl Math, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Quantum Phys Div, Boulder, CO USA. RP Hoefer, MA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Appl Math, Campus Box 526, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM hoefer@boulder.nist.gov OI HOEFER, MARK/0000-0001-5883-6562 NR 38 TC 124 Z9 124 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD AUG PY 2006 VL 74 IS 2 AR 023623 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.74.023623 PG 24 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 080HK UT WOS:000240238300120 ER PT J AU Wakimoto, S Samara, GA Grubbs, RK Venturini, EL Boatner, LA Xu, G Shirane, G Lee, SH AF Wakimoto, S. Samara, G. A. Grubbs, R. K. Venturini, E. L. Boatner, L. A. Xu, G. Shirane, G. Lee, S. -H. TI Dielectric properties and lattice dynamics of Ca-doped K0.95Li0.05TaO3 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID INELASTIC-NEUTRON-SCATTERING; RAMAN-SCATTERING; PHASE-TRANSITION; LI; K1-XLIXTAO3; KTAO3 AB Relaxor behavior and lattice dynamics have been studied by employing dielectric measurements and neutron-scattering methods for a single crystal of K1-xLixTaO3 (x=0.05), where a small amount of a Ca impurity (similar to 15 ppm) was incorporated during the single-crystal growth procedure. The dielectric constant epsilon(')(omega,T) shows qualitatively similar behavior to that of Ca-free KLT with x=0.043 with both compositions exhibiting relaxational properties with no evidence for a ferroelectric transition. The absolute value of epsilon(')(omega,T=0) for the present crystal is larger by an order of magnitude than that of the Ca-free sample due to charge carriers induced by the Ca doping. This large value is shown to be due to a Maxwell-Wagner relaxation process associated with the low temperature (< 8 K) activation of frozen electronic carriers. The dielectric loss tangent tan delta reveals three Debye-type relaxations with Arrhenius activation energies of 80, 135, and 240 meV that are assigned to Li+ dipoles, Ca2+-related relaxation, and the Li+-Li+ dipolar pairs, respectively. In the neutron scattering results, diffuse scattering ridges appear around the nuclear Bragg peaks along the [100] direction below similar to 150 K and phonon line broadening features start to appear at even higher temperatures suggesting that polar nanoregions (PNRs) start to form at these temperatures. These results are supported by the dielectric data that reveal relaxor behavior starting at similar to 200 K on cooling. From analyses of the diffuse intensities at different zones, we have derived atomic displacements in the PNRs. The results suggest that the displacements include a uniform phase shift of all of the atoms in addition to the atomic displacements corresponding to a polarization vector of the transverse-optic soft-ferroelectric-mode, a finding that is analogous to that in the prototypical relaxor material Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O-3. C1 Japan Atom Energy Agcy, Quantum Beam Sci Directorate, Tokai, Ibaraki 3191195, Japan. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Phys, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. RP Wakimoto, S (reprint author), Japan Atom Energy Agcy, Quantum Beam Sci Directorate, Tokai, Ibaraki 3191195, Japan. EM wakimoto.shuichi@jaea.go.jp RI Xu, Guangyong/A-8707-2010; Boatner, Lynn/I-6428-2013 OI Xu, Guangyong/0000-0003-1441-8275; Boatner, Lynn/0000-0002-0235-7594 NR 38 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD AUG PY 2006 VL 74 IS 5 AR 054101 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.74.054101 PG 12 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 080HL UT WOS:000240238400017 ER PT J AU Cotrell, DL McFadden, GB AF Cotrell, David L. McFadden, G. B. TI Axial flow effects on the stability of circular Couette flow with viscous heating SO PHYSICS OF FLUIDS LA English DT Article ID RADIAL TEMPERATURE-GRADIENT; SPIRAL POISEUILLE FLOW; ROTATING CYLINDERS; LINEAR-STABILITY; THERMAL SENSITIVITY; VARIABLE DENSITY; FLUID; INSTABILITY; CENTRIFUGAL; MOTION AB We consider flow between concentric circular cylinders driven jointly by a constant axial pressure gradient and rotation of one or both cylinder walls. In this work we account for viscous heating effects with a temperature-dependent viscosity, and have computed critical values with a radius ratio eta equivalent to R-i/R-o=0.827 and rotation rate ratio kappa equivalent to Omega(o)/Omega(i)=0 as used in the recent zero axial flow experiments of White and Muller [J. Fluid Mech. 462, 133 (2002)], where R-i and R-o are the inner and outer cylinder radii, respectively, and Omega(i) and Omega(o) are the corresponding (signed) angular velocities. The effects of gravity are neglected, whereas conductivity, the volumetric coefficient of thermal expansion, density, and constant pressure specific heat are taken to be constant. The analysis extends previous results with no axial flow, and accounts for arbitrary disturbances of infinitesimal amplitude. Results show that over the entire range of axial flow rates considered, stability boundaries differ significantly from those found for the zero axial flow case. Consistent with the isothermal results of Cotrell, Rani, and Pearlstein [J. Fluid Mech. 509, 353 (2004)] and the nonisothermal results of Cotrell and McFadden [Physics of Fluids 17, 114102 (2005)], the critical disturbance is axisymmetric only over a finite range of Reynolds numbers beginning at zero, beyond which the critical disturbance becomes nonaxisymmetric. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cotrell, DL (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RI McFadden, Geoffrey/A-7920-2008 OI McFadden, Geoffrey/0000-0001-6723-2103 NR 39 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 1070-6631 J9 PHYS FLUIDS JI Phys. Fluids PD AUG PY 2006 VL 18 IS 8 AR 084106 DI 10.1063/1.2210938 PG 21 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA 080HB UT WOS:000240237400026 ER PT J AU Kasianowicz, JJ Nguyen, TL Stanford, VM AF Kasianowicz, John J. Nguyen, Tam L. Stanford, Vincent M. TI Enhancing molecular flux through nanopores by means of attractive interactions SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Editorial Material ID ANTHRAX TOXIN; PROTEIN TRANSLOCATION; PROTECTIVE ANTIGEN; BACILLUS-ANTHRACIS; MEMBRANE CHANNEL; SINGLE-CHANNEL; PORE; TRANSPORT; CONDUCTANCE; SELECTIVITY C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NCI, Target Struct Based Drug Discovery Grp, SAIC Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. NIST, Informat Technol Lab, Informat Access Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kasianowicz, JJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM john.kasianowicz@nist.gov NR 35 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD AUG 1 PY 2006 VL 103 IS 31 BP 11431 EP 11432 DI 10.1073/pnas.0603951103 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 071QJ UT WOS:000239616400001 PM 16868083 ER PT J AU Hubbell, JH Lebedev, AN Tamm, EI Tsarev, VA AF Hubbell, John H. Lebedev, Andrey N. Tamm, Eugeny I. Tsarev, Vladimir A. TI International conference "P.A. Cherenkov and modern physics" SO RADIATION PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Lebedev Inst, Moscow, Russia. RP Hubbell, JH (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0969-806X J9 RADIAT PHYS CHEM JI Radiat. Phys. Chem. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 75 IS 8 BP 793 EP 794 DI 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2005.12.023 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 075KU UT WOS:000239884700001 ER PT J AU Matei, GA Thoreson, EJ Pratt, JR Newell, DB Burnham, NA AF Matei, G. A. Thoreson, E. J. Pratt, J. R. Newell, D. B. Burnham, N. A. TI Precision and accuracy of thermal calibration of atomic force microscopy cantilevers SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID SPRING CONSTANT AB To have confidence in force measurements made with atomic force microscopes (AFMs), the spring constant of the AFM cantilevers should be known with good precision and accuracy, a topic not yet thoroughly treated in the literature. In this study, we compared the stiffnesses of uncoated tipless uniform rectangular silicon cantilevers among thermal, loading, and geometric calibration methods; loading was done against an artifact from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The artifact was calibrated at NIST using forces that were traceable to the International System of units. The precision and accuracy of the thermal method were found to be 5% and 10%, respectively. Force measurements taken with different cantilevers can now be meaningfully compared. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Wayne State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. Worcester Polytech Inst, Dept Phys, Worcester, MA 01609 USA. NIST, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Matei, GA (reprint author), Wayne State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. RI Burnham, Nancy/A-5210-2013 NR 18 TC 66 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 30 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 77 IS 8 AR 083703 DI 10.1063/1.2336115 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 077NH UT WOS:000240035800043 ER PT J AU Verkouteren, RM Gillen, G Taylor, DW AF Verkouteren, R. Michael Gillen, Greg Taylor, David W. TI Piezoelectric trace vapor calibrator SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID THERMAL-DECOMPOSITION; IMPACT AB The design and performance of a vapor generator for calibration and testing of trace chemical sensors are described. The device utilizes piezoelectric ink-jet nozzles to dispense and vaporize precisely known amounts of analyte solutions as monodisperse droplets onto a hot ceramic surface, where the generated vapors are mixed with air before exiting the device. Injected droplets are monitored by microscope with strobed illumination, and the reproducibility of droplet volumes is optimized by adjustment of piezoelectric wave form parameters. Complete vaporization of the droplets occurs only across a 10 degrees C window within the transition boiling regime of the solvent, and the minimum and maximum rates of trace analyte that may be injected and evaporated are determined by thermodynamic principles and empirical observations of droplet formation and stability. By varying solution concentrations, droplet injection rates, air flow, and the number of active nozzles, the system is designed to deliver-on demand-continuous vapor concentrations across more than six orders of magnitude (nominally 290 fg/l to 1.05 mu g/l). Vapor pulses containing femtogram to microgram quantities of analyte may also be generated. Calibrated ranges of three explosive vapors at ng/l levels were generated by the device and directly measured by ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). These data demonstrate expected linear trends within the limited working range of the IMS detector and also exhibit subtle nonlinear behavior from the IMS measurement process. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. MicroFab Technol Inc, Plano, TX 75074 USA. RP Verkouteren, RM (reprint author), NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 13 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 77 IS 8 AR 085104 DI 10.1063/1.2236109 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 077NH UT WOS:000240035800027 ER PT J AU Strum, M Cook, R Thurman, J Ensley, D Pope, A Palma, T Mason, R Michaels, H Shedd, S AF Strum, Madeleine Cook, Rich Thurman, James Ensley, Darrell Pope, Anne Palma, Ted Mason, Richard Michaels, Harvey Shedd, Stephen TI Projection of hazardous air pollutant emissions to future years SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE hazardous air pollutants; air toxics; emission inventory; emission projections AB Projecting a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) emission inventory to future years can provide valuable information for air quality management activities such as prediction of program successes and helping to assess future priorities. We have projected the 1999 National Emission Inventory for HAPs to numerous future years up to 2020 using the following tools and data: . the Emissions Modeling System for Hazardous Air Pollutants (EMS-RAP) . the National Mobile Inventory Model (NMIM) . emission reduction information resulting from national standards and economic growth data. This paper discusses these projection tools, the underlying data, limitations and the results. The results presented include total HAP emissions (sum of pollutants) and toxicity-weighted HAP emissions for cancer and respiratory noncancer effects. Weighting emissions by toxicity does not consider fate, transport, or location and behavior of receptor populations and can only be used to estimate relative risks of direct emissions. We show these projections, along with historical emission trends. The data show that stationary source programs under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 and mobile source programs which reduce hydrocarbon and particulate matter emissions, as well as toxic emission performance standards for reformulated gasoline, have contributed to and are expected to continue to contribute to large declines in air toxics emissions, in spite of economic and population growth. We have also analyzed the particular HAPs that dominate the source sectors to better understand the historical and future year trends and the differences across sectors. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Off Air Qual Planning & Stan, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NC, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Off Transportat & Air Qual, Ann Arbor, MI USA. Comp Sci Corp, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Strum, M (reprint author), US EPA, Off Air Qual Planning & Stan, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM strum.madeleine@epa.gov NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD AUG 1 PY 2006 VL 366 IS 2-3 BP 590 EP 601 DI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.11.026 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 075IF UT WOS:000239877400015 PM 16448686 ER PT J AU Chai, H Lawn, BR AF Chai, Herzl Lawn, Brian R. TI Failure of brittle layers on polymeric substrates from Vickers indentation SO SCRIPTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE Vickers indentation; median cracks; brittle coatings; glass; bilayers ID COMPETING FRACTURE MODES; LIQUID ENVIRONMENTS; MATERIALS SUBJECT; CYCLIC FATIGUE; CERAMICS; DAMAGE; CONTACT; GLASS; COMPOSITES; STRENGTH AB A study is made of median crack evolution in brittle coatings subjected to sharp contacts. A model bilayer system consisting of a glass plate bonded to a polycarbonate base, with a Vickers pyramid as indenter, is used to demonstrate the evolution in situ. The cracks undergo a phase of stable downward growth with increasing load. Beyond the coating mid-plane, flexural stresses (coupled with the local contact field) elongate and accelerate the median cracks through the plate to failure. Critical loads corresponding to this failure state diminish with decreasing layer thickness until, at small thicknesses, failure occurs spontaneously at initiation. Published by Elsevier Ltd. on behalf of Acta Materialia Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Solid Mech Mat & Syst, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. RP Lawn, BR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM brian.lawn@nist.gov NR 32 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6462 J9 SCRIPTA MATER JI Scr. Mater. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 55 IS 4 BP 335 EP 338 DI 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2006.04.034 PG 4 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 060QD UT WOS:000238815800014 ER PT J AU Chai, H Lawn, BR AF Chai, Herzl Lawn, Brian R. TI Hydraulically pumped cone fracture in bilayers with brittle coatings SO SCRIPTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE bilayers; brittle coatings; cyclic contact; hydraulic pumping; inner cone cracks ID HERTZIAN FRACTURE; LIQUID ENVIRONMENTS; MATERIALS SUBJECT; FATIGUE; MODES; CONTACT; CERAMICS; SPHERES; CRACKS AB An earlier finite element modeling analysis of inner cone cracks in monolithic brittle solids subject to cyclic indentation in liquids is extended to include the case of a brittle layer bonded to a compliant substrate, using a model glass/polycarbonate bilayer system as an illustrative case study. Provision is made for incorporation of plate flexure stresses, along with hydraulic pumping stresses, into the Hertzian contact field. Tensile flexure stresses ultimately accelerate inner cone cracks through the lower halves of the glass plates to unstable failure. The analysis accounts for the experimentally observed trends in the inner cone crack evolution in cyclic contact fatigue. (c) 2006 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Dept Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Solid Mech Mat & Syst, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. RP Lawn, BR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Dept Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM brian.lawn@nist.gov NR 15 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6462 J9 SCRIPTA MATER JI Scr. Mater. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 55 IS 4 BP 343 EP 346 DI 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2006.04.035 PG 4 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 060QD UT WOS:000238815800016 ER PT J AU Tronvig, K AF Tronvig, Kristen TI Expanding the use of navigational tools and products - Applying tides and geodetic datums to wetlands restoration and coastal resource management SO SEA TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 NOAA, Program Coastal Oceanog Applicat & Serv Tides & L, Ctr Operat Oceanog Prod & Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Tronvig, K (reprint author), NOAA, Program Coastal Oceanog Applicat & Serv Tides & L, Ctr Operat Oceanog Prod & Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU COMPASS PUBLICATIONS, INC PI ARLINGTON PA 1501 WILSON BLVD., STE 1001, ARLINGTON, VA 22209-2403 USA SN 0093-3651 J9 SEA TECHNOL JI Sea Technol. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 47 IS 8 BP 25 EP 28 PG 4 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA 078SP UT WOS:000240124000004 ER PT J AU Lew, DK Larson, DM AF Lew, Daniel K. Larson, Douglas M. TI Valuing beach recreation and amenities in San Diego County - What are they worth? Economic values from a recreation demand study SO SEA TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Lew, DK (reprint author), NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. OI Lew, Daniel/0000-0002-3394-138X NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPASS PUBLICATIONS, INC PI ARLINGTON PA 1501 WILSON BLVD., STE 1001, ARLINGTON, VA 22209-2403 USA SN 0093-3651 J9 SEA TECHNOL JI Sea Technol. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 47 IS 8 BP 39 EP + PG 5 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA 078SP UT WOS:000240124000006 ER PT J AU Bond, NA Dierking, CF Doyle, JD AF Bond, Nicholas A. Dierking, Carl F. Doyle, James D. TI Research aircraft and wind profiler observations in Gastineau Channel during a Taku wind event SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID TURBULENCE CLOSURE-MODEL; DOWNSLOPE WINDSTORM; CASCADE MOUNTAINS; SIMULATIONS; PREDICTION; ALASKA; FLOWS; WAVE; LEE AB The flow in Gastineau Channel near Juneau, Alaska, during the moderate Taku wind event of 18 October 2004 is examined using observations from the University of Wyoming's King Air research aircraft, two wind profilers, and surface weather stations. These data sources reveal low-level winds directed down the central portion of Gastineau Channel, that is, gap flow. Farther down the channel, and above this gap flow, the winds were strongly cross channel in association with the downslope flow that characterizes Taku events. The transition region between these two flows included strong vertical wind shear and severe turbulence; measurements from the King Air indicate turbulent kinetic energy locally exceeding 50 m(2) s(-2). A high-resolution simulation of this case using the Naval Research Laboratory's Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System reproduced the observed character of the mean flow. This case illustrates the hazard to aviation posed by even a moderate Taku wind event and shows the value of a wind profiler for monitoring the vertical wind shear responsible for the hazard. C1 Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Washington, DC USA. NWS Forecast Off, Juneau, AK USA. USN, Res Lab, Monterey, CA USA. RP Bond, NA (reprint author), 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM nicholas.bond@noaa.gov NR 22 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 21 IS 4 BP 489 EP 501 DI 10.1175/WAF932.1 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 078TG UT WOS:000240125900004 ER PT J AU Zhao, QY Cook, J Xu, Q Harasti, PR AF Zhao, Qingyun Cook, John Xu, Qin Harasti, Paul R. TI Using radar wind observations to improve mesoscale numerical weather prediction SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID SINGLE-DOPPLER RADAR; FORECAST DEMONSTRATION PROJECT; SIMPLE ADJOINT RETRIEVALS; MODEL INITIAL FIELDS; MICROBURST WINDS; SUPERCELL THUNDERSTORM; VELOCITY RETRIEVAL; PART II; ASSIMILATION; COVARIANCES C1 USN, Res Lab, Marine Meteorol Div, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Corp Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO USA. RP Zhao, QY (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Marine Meteorol Div, Mail Stop 2,7 Grace Hopper Ave, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. EM zhao@nrlmry.navy.mil NR 33 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 21 IS 4 BP 502 EP 522 DI 10.1175/WAF936.1 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 078TG UT WOS:000240125900005 ER PT J AU Von Ahn, JM Sienkiewicz, JM Chang, PS AF Von Ahn, Joan M. Sienkiewicz, Joseph M. Chang, Paul S. TI Operational impact of QuikSCAT winds at the NOAA Ocean Prediction Center SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; SCATTEROMETER DATA; SEAWINDS; RAIN; PACIFIC; NMC AB The NASA Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) has revolutionized the analysis and short-term forecasting of winds over the oceans at the NOAA Ocean Prediction Center (OPC). The success of QuikSCAT in OPC operations is due to the wide 1800-km swath width, large retrievable wind speed range ( 0 to in excess of 30 m s(-1)), ability to view QuikSCAT winds in a comprehensive form in operational workstations, and reliable near-real-time delivery of data. Prior to QuikSCAT, marine forecasters at the OPC made warning and forecast decisions over vast ocean areas based on a limited number of conventional observations or on the satellite presentation of a storm system. Today, QuikSCAT winds are a heavily used tool by OPC forecasters. Approximately 10% of all short-term wind warning decisions by the OPC are based on QuikSCAT winds. When QuikSCAT is available, 50%-68% of all weather features on OPC surface analyses are placed using QuikSCAT. QuikSCAT is the first remote sensing instrument that can consistently distinguish extreme hurricane force conditions from less dangerous storm force conditions in extratropical cyclones. During each winter season (October-April) from 2001 to 2004, 15-23 extratropical cyclones reached hurricane force intensity over both the North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans. Due to QuikSCAT, OPC forecasters are now more likely to anticipate the onset of hurricane force conditions. QuikSCAT has also revealed significant wind speed gradients in the vicinity of strong sea surface temperature (SST) differences near the Gulf Stream and shelfbreak front of the western North Atlantic. These wind speed gradients are most likely due to changes in low-level stability of the boundary layer across the SST gradients. OPC forecasters now use a variety of numerical guidance based tools to help predict boundary layer stability and the resultant near-surface winds. C1 STG Inc, Camp Springs, MD USA. NOAA, NESDIS, ORA, Camp Springs, MD USA. NOAA, NWS, NCEP, OPC, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Von Ahn, JM (reprint author), 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM joan.vonahn@noaa.gov RI Chang, Paul/F-5580-2010 OI Chang, Paul/0000-0001-5113-0938 NR 27 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 21 IS 4 BP 523 EP 539 DI 10.1175/WAF934.1 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 078TG UT WOS:000240125900006 ER PT J AU Roberts, RD Burgess, D Meister, M AF Roberts, Rita D. Burgess, Donald Meister, Matthew TI Developing tools for nowcasting storm severity SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID FORECAST DEMONSTRATION PROJECT; DOPPLER RADAR OBSERVATIONS; LAYER CONVERGENCE LINES; ENSEMBLE KALMAN FILTER; MODEL INITIAL FIELDS; DATA ASSIMILATION; MICROPHYSICAL RETRIEVAL; THUNDERSTORM INITIATION; SUPERCELL THUNDERSTORM; ADJOINT TECHNIQUE AB A conceptual model is presented for developing a new tool for nowcasting severe thunderstorms using existing operational data. Selected output from two operational, automated, weather detection and forecasting systems have been combined together within a fuzzy logic-based, data fusion system to test the concept and produce 15-min nowcasts of severe weather. The NCAR Auto-Nowcast System provides information and nowcasts on the evolving boundary layer and storm initiation, growth, and decay. The National Severe Storms Laboratory Warning Decision Support System (WDSS) identifies severe weather attributes within storms and provides storm-centric and specific detections of strong winds, mesocyclones, tornadoes, and probabilities of hail and severe hail. A modified version of the Auto-Nowcast System is employed as the engine for combining the Auto-Nowcast gridded output with the object-based WDSS output. Severe thunderstorm nowcasts are compared with available spotter reports for a multicellular, hail-producing squall-line event and a tornadic supercell event. Proof of concept is demonstrated and the results are encouraging as some skill is observed with the 15-min nowcasts. Many challenges still exist in producing a robust tool and these challenges are discussed. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. KRDO TV News 13, Colorado Springs, CO USA. RP Roberts, RD (reprint author), NCAR Res Applicat Program, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM rroberts@ucar.edu NR 42 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 21 IS 4 BP 540 EP 558 DI 10.1175/WAF930.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 078TG UT WOS:000240125900007 ER PT J AU Heinselman, PL Schultz, DM AF Heinselman, Pamela L. Schultz, David M. TI Intraseasonal variability of summer storms over central Arizona during 1997 and 1999 SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID SOUTHWESTERN UNITED-STATES; NORTH-AMERICAN MONSOON; MARITIME TROPICAL AIR; GULF-OF-CALIFORNIA; DIURNAL-VARIATIONS; OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS; SOUTHEAST ARIZONA; MEXICAN MONSOON; RADAR DATA; PRECIPITATION AB Although previous climatologies over central Arizona show a summer diurnal precipitation cycle, on any given day precipitation may differ dramatically from this climatology. The purpose of this study is to investigate the intraseasonal variability of diurnal storm development over Arizona and explore the relationship to the synoptic-scale flow and Phoenix soundings during the 1997 and 1999 North American monsoons. Radar reflectivity mosaics constructed from Phoenix and Flagstaff Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler reflectivity data reveal six repeated storm development patterns or regimes. The diurnal evolution of each regime is illustrated by computing frequency maps of 25 dBZ and greater reflectivity during 3-h periods. These regimes are named to reflect their regional and temporal characteristics: dry regime, eastern mountain regime, central-eastern mountain regime, central-eastern mountain and Sonoran-isolated regime, central-eastern mountain and Sonoran regime, and nondiurnal regime. Composites constructed from the NCEP-NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project data show that regime occurrence is related to the north-south location of the 500-hPa geopotential height ridge axis of the Bermuda high and the east-west location of the 500-hPa monsoon boundary, a boundary between dry air to the west and moist air to the east. Consequently, precipitable water from the 1200 UTC Phoenix soundings is the best parameter for discriminating the six regimes. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Heinselman, PL (reprint author), NSSL, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM pam.heinselman@noaa.gov RI Schultz, David M./A-3091-2010 OI Schultz, David M./0000-0003-1558-6975 NR 52 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 21 IS 4 BP 559 EP 578 DI 10.1175/WAF929.1 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 078TG UT WOS:000240125900008 ER PT J AU Jones, TA Cecil, D DeMaria, M AF Jones, Thomas A. Cecil, Daniel DeMaria, Mark TI Passive-microwave-enhanced statistical hurricane intensity prediction scheme SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL CYCLONE INTENSITY; WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC; PRECIPITATION CHARACTERISTICS; ICE-SCATTERING; ATLANTIC; SHIPS AB The formulation and testing of an enhanced Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction Scheme (SHIPS) using new predictors derived from passive microwave imagery is presented. Passive microwave imagery is acquired for tropical cyclones in the Atlantic and eastern North Pacific basins between 1995 and 2003. Predictors relating to the inner-core (within 100 km of center) precipitation and convective characteristics of tropical cyclones are derived. These predictors are combined with the climatological and environmental predictors used by SHIPS in a simple linear regression model with change in tropical cyclone intensity as the predictand. Separate linear regression models are produced for forecast intervals of 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 h from the time of a microwave sensor overpass. Analysis of the resulting models indicates that microwave predictors, which provide an intensification signal to the model when above-average precipitation and convective signatures are present, have comparable importance to vertical wind shear and SST-related predictors. The addition of the microwave predictors produces a 2%-8% improvement in performance for the Atlantic and eastern North Pacific tropical cyclone intensity forecasts out to 72 h when compared with an environmental-only model trained from the same sample. Improvement is also observed when compared against the current version of SHIPS. The improvement in both basins is greatest for substantially intensifying or weakening tropical cyclones. Improvement statistics are based on calculating the forecast error for each tropical cyclone while it is held out of the training sample to approximate the use of independent data. C1 Univ Alabama, Dept Atmospher Sci, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Jones, TA (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Dept Atmospher Sci, Rm 4015,320 Sparkman Dr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. EM tjones@nsstc.uah.edu RI DeMaria, Mark/F-5583-2010 NR 27 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 21 IS 4 BP 613 EP 635 DI 10.1175/WAF941.1 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 078TG UT WOS:000240125900011 ER PT J AU Baldwin, ME Kain, JS AF Baldwin, Michael E. Kain, John S. TI Sensitivity of several performance measures to displacement error, bias, and event frequency SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID PRECIPITATION FORECASTS; SKILL SCORES; VERIFICATION; PREDICTION; QUALITY AB The sensitivity of various accuracy measures to displacement error, bias, and event frequency is analyzed for a simple hypothetical forecasting situation. Each measure is found to be sensitive to displacement error and bias, but probability of detection and threat score do not change as a function of event frequency. On the other hand, equitable threat score, true skill statistic, and odds ratio skill score behaved differently with changing event frequency. A newly devised measure, here called the bias-adjusted threat score, does not change with varying event frequency and is relatively insensitive to bias. Numerous plots are presented to allow users of these accuracy measures to make quantitative estimates of sensitivities that are relevant to their particular application. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. NOAA, OAR, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK USA. RP Baldwin, ME (reprint author), OU CIMMS, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM mbaldwin@ou.edu NR 29 TC 38 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 21 IS 4 BP 636 EP 648 DI 10.1175/WAF933.1 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 078TG UT WOS:000240125900012 ER PT J AU Zimmerman, NM Fujiwara, A Inokawa, H Takahashi, Y AF Zimmerman, Neil M. Fujiwara, Akira Inokawa, Hiroshi Takahashi, Yasuo TI Electrostatically gated Si devices: Coulomb blockade and barrier capacitance SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SINGLE-ELECTRON TRANSISTOR AB Using a device resembling a nano-charge-coupled-device and measuring the Coulomb blockade, we show how the Coulomb blockade degrades with increasing barrier conductance. To explain this behavior, we identify a new parameter, the "barrier capacitance." This parameter can be used to elucidate information about the energy barrier under a gate with a size of a few tens of nanometers. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Nippon Telegraph & Tel Corp, Basic Res Labs, Wakayama, Atsugi 2430198, Japan. RP Zimmerman, NM (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM neilz@mailaps.org RI Inokawa, Hiroshi/E-6924-2011; Takahashi, Yasuo/H-4799-2011; Fujiwara, Akira/A-6648-2012 OI Inokawa, Hiroshi/0000-0002-8647-3524; NR 9 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 EI 1077-3118 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JUL 31 PY 2006 VL 89 IS 5 AR 052102 DI 10.1063/1.2240600 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 070KH UT WOS:000239520200043 ER PT J AU Lehto, J Salminen, S Jaakkola, T Outola, I Pulli, S Paatero, J Tarvainen, M Ristonmaa, S Zilliacus, R Ossintsev, A Larin, V AF Lehto, J. Salminen, S. Jaakkola, T. Outola, I. Pulli, S. Paatero, J. Tarvainen, M. Ristonmaa, S. Zilliacus, R. Ossintsev, A. Larin, V. TI Plutonium in the air in Kurchatov, Kazakhstan SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE plutonium; airborne; doses; resuspension; semipalatinsk test site ID BEHAVIOR; PB-210; BE-7 AB Weekly air samples of 25 000 m(3) volume were taken with two air samplers over a period of one year in 2000-2001 in the town of Kurchatov in Kazakhstan. For another three-month period in 2001, the samplers were run in the city of Astana, about 500 km west of Kurchatov. Cs-137, Pu and U concentrations were determined from the filters. Pu activities in Kurchatov varied in a 100-fold range; median Pu-239,Pu-240 activities were 100 nBq/m(3) and Pu-238 activities 34 nBq/m(3). The corresponding values for Astana were considerably lower: 29 and 9 nBq/m(3), respectively, and in half of the filters the Pu-238 activity was below the detection limit. Plutonium concentration correlated with the amount of dust retained on the filters only at the highest dust loads. Also no correlation between wind speed and the plutonium activity in the filters was observed. Thus, resuspension does not seem to be the mechanism responsible for the airborne plutonium. No clear seasonal variation of Pu air concentration was observed, though levels were somewhat elevated in February to April. There was no correlation between the plutonium and Cs-137 concentrations. In most of the filters the cesium concentration was below the detection limit, but in those filters where it could be detected the cesium concentration was practically constant at 3.9 +/- 1.6 mu Bq/m(3). Dose estimation for the inhalation of the airborne plutonium gave a low value of 0.018 mu Sv/a for the inhabitants in Kurchatov, which is about a thousand times lower than the dose caused by the naturally occurring Po-210. Air parcel trajectory analysis indicated that the observed Pu activities in the air could not unambiguously be attributed to the most contaminated areas at the Semipalatinsk Test Site. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Helsinki, Lab Radiochem, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD USA. Fortum Power & Heat Loviisa Nucl Power Plant, Lovisa, Finland. Finnish Meteorol Inst, Helsinki, Finland. Finnish Author Nucl & Radiat Safety, Helsinki, Finland. IAEA, Vienna, Austria. Tech Res Ctr Finland, Espoo, Finland. Inst Radiat Safety & Ecol, Kurchatov, Kazakhstan. RP Lehto, J (reprint author), Univ Helsinki, Lab Radiochem, POB 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. EM jukka.lehto@helsinki.fi OI Salminen-Paatero, Marke Susanna/0000-0001-5667-8329 NR 20 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD JUL 31 PY 2006 VL 366 IS 1 BP 206 EP 217 DI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.08.012 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 070CZ UT WOS:000239499200021 PM 16197982 ER PT J AU Mahoney, CM Fahey, AJ Gillen, G Xu, C Batteas, JD AF Mahoney, Christine M. Fahey, Albert J. Gillen, Greg Xu, Chang Batteas, James D. TI Temperature-controlled depth profiling in polymeric materials using cluster secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) SO APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Conference on Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS XV) CY SEP 12-16, 2005 CL Univ Manchester, Manchester, ENGLAND HO Univ Manchester DE depth profiles; SIMS; TOF; cluster; SF5+; AFM; XPS; polymers; poly(methyl methacrylate); PMMA; temperature; poly(lactic acid); PLA; polystyrene; PS; glass transition ID TOF-SIMS; FILMS AB Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) employing an SF5+ polyatomic primary ion source was used to depth profile through poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA), poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and polystyrene (PS) thin films at a series of temperatures from -125 degrees C to 150 degrees C. It was found that for PMMA, reduced temperature analysis produced depth profiles with increased secondary ion stability and reduced interfacial widths as compared to analysis at ambient temperature. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images indicated that this improvement in interfacial width may be related to a decrease in sputter-induced topography. Depth profiling at higher temperatures was typically correlated with increased sputter rates. However, the improvements in interfacial widths and overall secondary ion stability were not as prevalent as was observed at low temperature. For PLA, improvements in signal intensities were observed at low temperatures, yet there was no significant change in secondary ion stability, interface widths or sputter rates. High temperatures yielded a significant decrease in secondary ion stability of the resulting profiles. PS films showed rapid degradation of characteristic secondary ion signals under all temperatures examined. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mahoney, CM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8371, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM christine.mahoney@nist.gov RI Fahey, Albert/C-5611-2015; Batteas, James/D-4144-2015 OI Batteas, James/0000-0002-6244-5000 NR 12 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 3 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4332 J9 APPL SURF SCI JI Appl. Surf. Sci. PD JUL 30 PY 2006 VL 252 IS 19 SI SI BP 6502 EP 6505 DI 10.1016/j.apsusc.2006.02.078 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 085ND UT WOS:000240609900027 ER PT J AU Gillen, G Batteas, J Michaels, CA Chi, P Small, J Windsor, E Fahey, A Verkouteren, J Kim, KJ AF Gillen, Greg Batteas, James Michaels, Chris A. Chi, Peter Small, John Windsor, Eric Fahey, Albert Verkouteren, Jennifer Kim, K. J. TI Depth profiling using C60+SIMS - Deposition and topography development during bombardment of silicon SO APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Conference on Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS XV) CY SEP 12-16, 2005 CL Univ Manchester, Manchester, ENGLAND HO Univ Manchester DE fullerene ion source; cluster bombardment; depth profiling; secondary ion mass spectrometer ID PRIMARY ION-BEAMS AB A C-60(+) primary ion source has been coupled to an ion microscope secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) instrument to examine sputtering of silicon with an emphasis on possible application of C-60(+) depth profiling for high depth resolution SIMS analysis of silicon semiconductor materials. Unexpectedly, C-60(+) SIMS depth profiling of silicon was found to be complicated by the deposition of an amorphous carbon layer which buries the silicon substrate. Sputtering of the silicon was observed only at the highest accessible beam energies (14.5 keV impact) or by using oxygen backfilling. C-60(+) SIMS depth profiling of As delta-doped test samples at 14.5 keV demonstrated a substantial (factor of 5) degradation in depth resolution compared to Cs+ SIMS depth profiling. This degradation is thought to result from the formation of an unusual platelet-like grain structure on the SIMS crater bottoms. Other unusual topographical features were also observed on silicon substrates after high primary ion dose C-60(+) bombardment. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Korea Res Inst Stand & Sci, Taejon 305600, South Korea. RP Gillen, G (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Greg.gillen@nist.gov RI Fahey, Albert/C-5611-2015; Batteas, James/D-4144-2015 OI Batteas, James/0000-0002-6244-5000 NR 4 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4332 J9 APPL SURF SCI JI Appl. Surf. Sci. PD JUL 30 PY 2006 VL 252 IS 19 SI SI BP 6521 EP 6525 DI 10.1016/j.apsusc.2006.02.234 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 085ND UT WOS:000240609900032 ER PT J AU Gillen, G Fahey, A Wagner, M Mahoney, C AF Gillen, Greg Fahey, Albert Wagner, Matt Mahoney, Christine TI 3D molecular imaging SIMS SO APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Conference on Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS XV) CY SEP 12-16, 2005 CL Univ Manchester, Manchester, ENGLAND HO Univ Manchester DE beam-induced damage; cluster bombardment; depth profile; secondary ion mass spectrometry ID ION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; FILMS; SF5+ AB Thin monolayer and bilayer films of spin cast poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA), poly(lactic) acid (PLA) and PLA doped with several pharmaceuticals have been analyzed by dynamic SIMS using SF5+ polyatomic primary ion bombardment. Each of these systems exhibited minimal primary beam-induced degradation under cluster ion bombardment allowing molecular depth profiles to be obtained through the film. By combing secondary ion imaging with depth profiling, three-dimensional molecular image depth profiles have been obtained from these systems. In another approach, bevel cross-sections are cut in the samples with the SF5+ primary ion beam to produce a laterally magnified cross-section of the sample that does not contain the beam-induced damage that would be induced by conventional focussed ion beam (FIB) cross-sectioning. The bevel surface can then be examined using cluster SIMS imaging or other appropriate microanalysis technique. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gillen, G (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Greg.gillen@nist.gov RI Fahey, Albert/C-5611-2015 NR 11 TC 70 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4332 J9 APPL SURF SCI JI Appl. Surf. Sci. PD JUL 30 PY 2006 VL 252 IS 19 SI SI BP 6537 EP 6541 DI 10.1016/j.apsusc.2006.02.235 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 085ND UT WOS:000240609900036 ER PT J AU Mahoney, CM Patwardhan, DV McDermott, MK AF Mahoney, Christine M. Patwardhan, Dinesh V. McDermott, M. Ken TI Characterization of drug-eluting stent (DES) materials with cluster secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) SO APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Conference on Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS XV) CY SEP 12-16, 2005 CL Univ Manchester, Manchester, ENGLAND HO Univ Manchester DE depth profile; SIMS; stents; coronary; drug-eluting; DES; Biomaterials; cluster; SIMS; SP5+; polymers; temperature; paclitaxel AB Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) employing an SF5+ polyatomic primary ion source was utilized to analyze several materials commonly used in drug-eluting stents (DES). Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (PEVA), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and various poly(urethanes) were successfully depth profiled using SF5+ bombardment. The resultant molecular depth profiles obtained from these polymeric films showed very little degradation in molecular signal as a function of increasing SF5+ primary ion dose when experiments were performed at low temperatures (signal was maintained for doses up to similar to 5 x 10(15) ions/cm(2)). Temperature was determined to be an important parameter in both the success of the depth profiles and the mass spectral analysis of the polymers. In addition to the pristine polymer films, paclitaxel (drug released in Taxus (TM) stent) containing PLGA films were also characterized, where it was confirmed that both drug and polymer signals could be monitored as a function of depth at lower paclitaxel concentrations (10 wt%). Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. US FDA, Ctr Devices & Radiol Hlth, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. RP Mahoney, CM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8371, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM christine.mahoney@nist.gov NR 9 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4332 J9 APPL SURF SCI JI Appl. Surf. Sci. PD JUL 30 PY 2006 VL 252 IS 19 SI SI BP 6554 EP 6557 DI 10.1016/j.apsusc.2006.02.107 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 085ND UT WOS:000240609900040 ER PT J AU Mahoney, CM Yu, JX Fahey, A Gardella, JA AF Mahoney, Christine M. Yu, Jinxiang Fahey, Albert Gardella, Joseph A., Jr. TI SIMS depth profiling of polymer blends with protein based drugs SO APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Conference on Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS XV) CY SEP 12-16, 2005 CL Univ Manchester, Manchester, ENGLAND HO Univ Manchester DE ToF-SIMS; drug delivery; AD-XPS; depth profiling; PLLA; pluronic ID ION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; COPOLYMERS; FILMS; DEGRADATION; MORPHOLOGY; BLOCK; THIN AB We report the results of the surface and in-depth characterization of two component blend films Of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and Pluronic surfactant [poly(ethylene oxide) (A) poly(propylene oxide) (B) ABA block copolymer]. These blend systems are of particular importance for protein drug delivery, where it is expected that the Pluronic surfactant will retain the activity of the protein drug and enhance the biocompatibility of the device. Angle dependant X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) employing an SF5+ polyatomic primary ion source were both used for monitoring the surfactant's concentration as a function of depth. The results show an increased concentration of surfactant at the surface, where the surface segregation initially increases with increasing bulk concentration and then remains constant above 5% (w/w) Pluronic. This surface segregated region is immediately followed by a depletion region with a homogeneous mixture in the bulk of the film. These results suggest the selection of the surfactant bulk concentration of the thin film matrices for drugs/proteins delivery should achieve a relatively homogeneous distribution of stabilizer/protein in the PLLA matrix. Analysis of three component blends of PLLA, Pluronic and insulin are also investigated. In the three component blends, ToF-SIMS imaging shows the spatial distribution of surfactant/protein mixtures. These data are reported also as depth profiles. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 SUNY Buffalo, Univ Buffalo, Dept Chem, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Analyt Microscopy Grp, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gardella, JA (reprint author), SUNY Buffalo, Univ Buffalo, Dept Chem, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. EM gardella@acsu.buffalo.edu RI Fahey, Albert/C-5611-2015 NR 14 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4332 J9 APPL SURF SCI JI Appl. Surf. Sci. PD JUL 30 PY 2006 VL 252 IS 19 SI SI BP 6609 EP 6614 DI 10.1016/j.apsusc.2006.02.251 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 085ND UT WOS:000240609900053 ER PT J AU Simons, D Kim, K Benbalagh, R Bennett, J Chew, A Gehre, D Hasegawa, T Hitzman, C Ko, J Lindstrom, R MacDonald, B Magee, C Montgomery, N Peres, P Ronsheim, P Yoshikawa, S Schuhmacher, M Stockwell, W Sykes, D Tomita, A Toujou, F Won, J AF Simons, D. Kim, K. Benbalagh, R. Bennett, J. Chew, A. Gehre, D. Hasegawa, T. Hitzman, C. Ko, J. Lindstrom, R. MacDonald, B. Magee, C. Montgomery, N. Peres, P. Ronsheim, P. Yoshikawa, S. Schuhmacher, M. Stockwell, W. Sykes, D. Tomita, A. Toujou, F. Won, J. TI Round-robin study of arsenic implant dose measurement in silicon by SIMS SO APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Conference on Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS XV) CY SEP 12-16, 2005 CL Univ Manchester, Manchester, ENGLAND HO Univ Manchester DE arsenic; INAA; LEXES; matrix normalization; SIMS AB An international round-robin study was undertaken under the auspices of ISO TC201/SC6 to determine the best analytical conditions and the level of interlaboratory agreement for the determination of the implantation dose of arsenic in silicon by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Fifteen SIMS laboratories, as well as two laboratories that performed low energy electron-induced X-ray emission spectrometry (LEXES) and one that made measurements by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) were asked to determine the implanted arsenic doses in three unknown samples using as a comparator NIST Standard Reference Material((R)) 2134. The use of a common reference material by all laboratories resulted in better interlaboratory agreement than was seen in a previous round-robin that lacked a common comparator. The relative standard deviation among laboratories was less than 4% for the medium-dose sample, but several percent larger for the low- and high-dose samples. The high-dose sample showed a significant difference between point-by-point and average matrix normalization because the matrix signal decreased in the vicinity of the implant peak, as observed in a previous study. The dose from point-by-point normalization was in close agreement with that determined by INAA. No clear difference in measurement repeatability was seen when comparing Si-2(-) and Si-3(-) as matrix references with AsSi-. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Korea Res Inst Stand & Sci, Taejon, South Korea. Cameca SA, Courbevoie, France. ATDF, Austin, TX USA. Loughborough Surface Anal Ltd, Loughborough, Leics, England. AMD, Dresden, Germany. Toray Res Ctr Ltd, Shiga, Japan. Full Wafer Anal, Santa Clara, CA USA. Hynix Semicond Inc, Ichon, South Korea. Spansion, Sunnyvale, CA USA. Evans E, E Windsor, NJ USA. Cascade Sci, Uxbridge, Middx, England. IBM Microelect, Hopewell Jct, NY USA. Matsushita Elect Ind Co, Osaka, Japan. Toshiba Co Ltd, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan. Samsung Adv Inst Technol, Yongin, South Korea. RP Simons, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM david.simons@nist.gov NR 3 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4332 J9 APPL SURF SCI JI Appl. Surf. Sci. PD JUL 30 PY 2006 VL 252 IS 19 SI SI BP 7232 EP 7235 DI 10.1016/j.apsusc.2006.02.152 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 085ND UT WOS:000240609900194 ER PT J AU Fahey, AJ Gillen, G Chi, P Mahoney, CM AF Fahey, Albert J. Gillen, Greg Chi, Peter Mahoney, Christine M. TI Performance of a C-60(+) ion source on a dynamic SIMS instrument SO APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Conference on Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS XV) CY SEP 12-16, 2005 CL Univ Manchester, Manchester, ENGLAND HO Univ Manchester DE buckminsterfullerene; ion source; SIMS ion source; cluster ion beams ID MASS-SPECTROMETRY AB An IonOptika(1) C-60(+) ion source has been fitted onto a CAMECA(1) ims-4f. Stable ion beams of C-60(+) and C-60(2+) have been obtained with typical currents approaching 20 nA under conditions that allow for several days of source operation. The beam has been able to be focussed into a spot size of similar to 3 mu m with an anode voltage of 10 keV and scanning ion images have been acquired. We have performed analyses to characterize the performance of C-60(+) and C-60(2+). Depth profiles of a Cr-Ni multi-layer and polymer films with C-60(+) have produced excellent results. We have discovered that, under bombardment energies of < 12 keVon Si, C-60(+) Will sputter material from the sample but will also produce deposition at a rate that exceeds the sputter rate. The performance of the source and our experiences with its operation will be discussed and some characteristic analysis data will be shown. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Fahey, AJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8371, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM albert.fahey@nist.gov RI Fahey, Albert/C-5611-2015 NR 5 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4332 J9 APPL SURF SCI JI Appl. Surf. Sci. PD JUL 30 PY 2006 VL 252 IS 19 SI SI BP 7312 EP 7314 DI 10.1016/j.apsusc.2006.02.263 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 085ND UT WOS:000240609900216 ER PT J AU Somma, R Barnum, H Knill, E Ortiz, G Viola, L AF Somma, Rolando Barnum, Howard Knill, Emanuel Ortiz, Gerardo Viola, Lorenzo TI Generalized entanglement and quantum phase transitions SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Conference on Recent Progress in Many-Body Theories CY AUG 23-27, 2004 CL Santa Fe, NM DE entanglement; quantum information science; quantum phase transitions ID MODEL AB Quantum phase transitions in matter are characterized by qualitative changes in some correlation functions of the system, which are ultimately related to entanglement. In this work, we study the second-order quantum phase transitions present in models of relevance to condensed-matter physics by exploiting the notion of generalized entanglement (Barnum et al., Phys. Rev. A 68, 032308 (2003)]. In particular, we focus on the illustrative case of a one-dimensional spin-1/2 Ising model in the presence of a transverse magnetic field. Our approach leads to tools useful for distinguishing between the ordered and disordered phases in the case of broken-symmetry quantum phase transitions. Possible extensions to the study of other kinds of phase transitions as well as of the relationship between generalized entanglement and computational efficiency are also discussed. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NIST, Math & Computat Sci Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Dartmouth Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. RP Somma, R (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM somma@lanl.gov; barnum@lanl.gov; knill@boulder.nist.gov; ortiz@viking.lanl.gov; Lorenza.Viola@Dartmouth.EDU NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA 5 TOH TUCK LINK, SINGAPORE 596224, SINGAPORE SN 0217-9792 J9 INT J MOD PHYS B JI Int. J. Mod. Phys. B PD JUL 30 PY 2006 VL 20 IS 19 BP 2760 EP 2769 DI 10.1142/S0217979206035266 PG 10 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 075GQ UT WOS:000239872800025 ER PT J AU Gourley, JJ Vieux, BE AF Gourley, Jonathan J. Vieux, Baxter E. TI A method for identifying sources of model uncertainty in rainfall-runoff simulations SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE modeling; radar; ensemble forecasting; uncertainty estimation; distributed hydrology ID SYSTEME HYDROLOGIQUE EUROPEEN; MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS; GLOBAL OPTIMIZATION; PERTURBATIONS; CALIBRATION; PREDICTION; FORECASTS; FLOW; SHE AB A major goal in environmental modeling is identifying and quantifying sources of uncertainty in the modeling process. A forecast ensemble is developed in this study for a rainfall-runoff simulation system. This ensemble includes several quantitative precipitation estimates that serve as inputs to the Vflo (TM) hydrologic model. The rainfall estimates are derived from rain gauges, radar, satellite, and combinations, and their probability distribution is assumed to encompass the true, but unknown, rainfall. Sensitive model parameters in the model are also perturbed within their physical bounds to create a combined input-parameter ensemble. If all major sources of uncertainty are accounted for, then observations of river discharge should fall within simulation bounds. Otherwise, there may be additional errors that lie within the model structure. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Dept Civil Engn & Environm Sci, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Gourley, JJ (reprint author), Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM jj.gourley@noaa.gov RI Gourley, Jonathan/C-7929-2016; OI Gourley, Jonathan/0000-0001-7363-3755; Vieux, Baxter/0000-0001-8814-4380 NR 35 TC 32 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD JUL 30 PY 2006 VL 327 IS 1-2 BP 68 EP 80 DI 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.11.036 PG 13 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 072KG UT WOS:000239671700006 ER PT J AU Bindlish, R Jackson, TJ Gasiewski, AJ Klein, M Njoku, EG AF Bindlish, Rajat Jackson, Thomas J. Gasiewski, Albin J. Klein, Marian Njoku, Eni G. TI Soil moisture mapping and AMSR-E validation using the PSR in SMEX02 SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE microwave remote sensing; soil moisture; AMSR; PSR ID MICROWAVE EMISSION; WATER-CONTENT; RETRIEVAL; SOYBEANS; CORN; GHZ AB Field experiments (SMEX02) were conducted to evaluate the effects of dense agricultural crop conditions on soil moisture retrieval using passive microwave remote sensing. Aircraft observations were collected using a new version of the Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer (PSR) that provided four C band and four X band frequencies. Observations were also available from the Aqua satellite Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E) at these same frequencies. SMEX02 was conducted over a three-week period during the summer near Ames, Iowa. Corn and soybeans dominate the region. During the study period the corn was approaching its peak water content state and the soybeans were at the mid point of the growth cycle. Aircraft observations are compared to ground observations. Subsequently models are developed to describe the effects of corn and soybeans on soil moisture retrieval. Multiple altitude aircraft brightness temperatures were compared to AMSR-E observations to understand brightness temperature scaling and provide validation. The X-band observations from the two sensors were in reasonable agreement. The AMSR-E C-band observations were contaminated with anthropogenic RFI, which made comparison to the PSR invalid. Aircraft data along with ancillary data were used in a retrieval algorithm to map soil moisture. The PSR estimated soil moisture retrievals on a field-by-field comparison had a standard error of estimate (SEE) of 5.5%. The error reduced when high altitude soil moisture estimates were aggregated to 25 km resolution (same as AMSR-E EASE grid product resolution) (SEE similar to 2.85%). These soil moisture products provide a validation of the AMSR retrievals. PSR/CX soil moisture images show spatial and temporal patterns consistent with meteorological and soil conditions. The dynamic range of the PSR/CX observations indicates that reasonable soil moisture estimates can be obtained from AMSR, even in areas of high vegetation biomass content (similar to 4-8 kg/m2). (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, ARS, SSAI, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Bindlish, R (reprint author), USDA, ARS, SSAI, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, 104 Bldg,007 BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM bindlish@hydrolab.arsusda.gov RI Xie, Xingmei/G-7311-2011 NR 20 TC 68 Z9 77 U1 2 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD JUL 30 PY 2006 VL 103 IS 2 BP 127 EP 139 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2005.02.003 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 068ID UT WOS:000239366000001 ER PT J AU Chand, TRK Badarinath, KV Prasad, VK Murthy, MSR Elvidge, CD Tuttle, BT AF Chand, T. R. Kiran Badarinath, K. V. S. Prasad, V. Krishna Murthy, M. S. R. Elvidge, Chris D. Tuttle, Benjamin T. TI Monitoring forest fires over the Indian region using Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-Operational Linescan System nighttime satellite data SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE forest fires; monitoring; DMSP-OLS nighttime data; active fire detection ID EMISSIONS; MODIS; VEGETATION AB Monitoring and management of forest fires is very important in countries like India where 55% of the total forest cover is prone to fires annually. The present study aims at effective monitoring of forest fires over the Indian region using Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-Operational Linescan System (DMSP-OLS) nighttime satellite data and to evaluate the active fire detection capabilities of the sensor. Nightly DMSP-OLS fire products were generated from February to May 2005 (peak fire season) and analyzed to study the occurrence and behavior of fires over different forest physiognomies in Indian region. Fire products generated from DMSP-OLS were validated with ground observations of fire records from state forest departments to evaluate the accuracy of fire products. Further, inter-comparison of the DMSP-OLS derived fire products with contemporary fire products from Moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) (both daytime and nighttime products) in addition to fires and burnt areas derived from Indian Remote sensing Satellite (IRS-P6) Advanced Wide Field Sensor (AWiFS) data has been done to analyze spatial agreement of fire locations given by the above sensors. Results from the DMSP-OLS fire products (derived from February to May 2005) over Indian region showed high forest fires in southern dry deciduous forests during February-March; central Indian dry and mixed deciduous forests during March-April; northeastern tropical forests during February-April and northern pine forests during May. Spatial pattern in fires showed a typical seasonal shift in fire activity from the southern dry deciduous forests to the northern pine forests and temperate forests as the fire season progressed. Statistical evaluation of DMSP-OLS fire products with ground observations showed an over all accuracy of 98%. Comparison of DMSP-OLS derived fires with consecutive MODIS and AWiFS derived fires for individual days indicated that 69% of the fires continued from current day (DMSP-OLS pass around similar to 7pm to similar to 10pm local time) to the next day (MODIS and AWiFS pass similar to 10:30am local time). Comparison of DMSP-OLS derived fires with burnt areas estimated from AWiFS showed that 98% of DMSP-OLS derived fires on the current day fell within the burnt area of AWiFS on subsequent day. Since the worst forest fires are those that extend from the current to the consecutive days, DMSP-OLS derived fires provide a valuable augmentation to the fires derived from other sensors operating in daytime. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Remote Sensing Agcy, Dept Space, Govt India, Forestry & Ecol Div, Hyderabad 500037, Andhra Pradesh, India. NOAA, NESDIS Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Ohio State Univ, Agro Ecosyst Management Program, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Chand, TRK (reprint author), Natl Remote Sensing Agcy, Dept Space, Govt India, Forestry & Ecol Div, Hyderabad 500037, Andhra Pradesh, India. EM trkchand@yahoo.co.in; badrinath_kvs@nrsa.gov.in RI Elvidge, Christopher/C-3012-2009 NR 27 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD JUL 30 PY 2006 VL 103 IS 2 BP 165 EP 178 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2006.03.010 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 068ID UT WOS:000239366000004 ER PT J AU Zangmeister, RA Park, JJ Rubloff, GW Tarlov, MJ AF Zangmeister, Rebecca A. Park, Jung J. Rubloff, Gary W. Tarlov, Michael J. TI Electrochemical study of chitosan films deposited from solution at reducing potentials SO ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE chitosan; electrochemistry; ion diffusion; anion exchange; biosensing ID POLYMER-MODIFIED ELECTRODES; METAL SACCHARIDE CHEMISTRY; MICROFLUIDIC CHANNELS; PATTERNED SURFACE; HYDROGEL PLUGS; GEL; IMMOBILIZATION; VOLTAMMETRY; COMPLEXES; TRANSPORT AB We report the electrochemical characterization of chitosan films deposited at gold electrodes from an acidic solution at reducing potentials. Cyclic voltammetry was used to characterize the deposition and electroactivity of chitosan coated gold electrodes. Chitosan films were found to deposit at gold electrodes at potentials more negative than -1.0 V versus Ag/AgCl, a potential associated with the onset of water reduction and increase in pH near the electrode. The chitosan films are electrochemically inactive; similar background charging currents are observed at bare gold and chitosan coated electrodes. The chitosan films are permeable to both cationic [Ru(NH3)(6)(3+/2+)] and anionic [Fe(CN)(6)(3-/4-)] redox couples, but anionic complexes are retained in the chitosan film. Semiintegral analysis was used to examine adsorbed redox species at the chitosan coated electrode surface. Electrochemical parameters, including apparent diffusion coefficients for the redox probes at the electrodeposited chitosan modified electrodes are presented and are comparable to values reported for cast chitosan films. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Syst Res Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Zangmeister, RA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM razang@nist.gov RI Park, Jung Jin/C-7627-2011; Rubloff, Gary/D-4142-2009; Zangmeister, Rebecca/D-6641-2017 OI Rubloff, Gary/0000-0002-1901-3982; Zangmeister, Rebecca/0000-0002-0540-6240 NR 45 TC 58 Z9 60 U1 3 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0013-4686 J9 ELECTROCHIM ACTA JI Electrochim. Acta PD JUL 28 PY 2006 VL 51 IS 25 BP 5324 EP 5333 DI 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.02.003 PG 10 WC Electrochemistry SC Electrochemistry GA 077JV UT WOS:000240026500012 ER PT J AU Johnson, GC Doney, SC AF Johnson, Gregory C. Doney, Scott C. TI Recent western south Atlantic bottom water warming SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID BRAZIL BASIN; HEAT UPTAKE; OCEAN; VARIABILITY; CHANNEL; FLOW AB Potential temperature differences are computed from hydrographic sections transiting the western basins of the South Atlantic Ocean from 60 degrees S to the equator in 2005/ 2003 and 1989/1995. While warming is observed throughout much of the water column, the most statistically significant warming is about + 0.04 degrees C in the bottom 1500 dbar of the Brazil Basin, with similar ( but less statistically significant) warming signals in the abyssal Argentine Basin and Scotia Sea. These abyssal waters of Antarctic origin spread northward in the South Atlantic. The observed abyssal Argentine Basin warming is of a similar magnitude to that previously reported between 1980 and 1989. The Brazil Basin abyssal warming is similar in size to and consistent in timing with previously reported changes in abyssal southern inflow and northern outflow. The temperature changes reported here, if they were to hold throughout the abyssal world ocean, would contribute substantially to global ocean heat budgets. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Marine Chem & Geochem, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Johnson, GC (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Bldg 3, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM gregory.c.johnson@noaa.gov RI Doney, Scott/F-9247-2010; Johnson, Gregory/I-6559-2012 OI Doney, Scott/0000-0002-3683-2437; Johnson, Gregory/0000-0002-8023-4020 NR 24 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 28 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 14 AR L14614 DI 10.1029/2006GL026769 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 069ZN UT WOS:000239489300007 ER PT J AU Hobbie, EK Obrzut, J Kharchenko, SB Grulke, EA AF Hobbie, E. K. Obrzut, J. Kharchenko, S. B. Grulke, E. A. TI Charge transport in melt-dispersed carbon nanotubes SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID COMPOSITES AB We investigate the effect of interfacial stabilizer on charge transport in polymer-dispersed carbon nanotubes. Despite mechanical contact, samples with dispersant show poor conductivity, which we attribute to a robust interfacial layer between contacted nanotubes. In comparison, results obtained when nanotubes are mechanically mixed into polymer melts without dispersant show much better conductivity. The difference is striking; at comparable loading, neat melt composites have resistivities five orders of magnitude smaller than those containing interfacial stabilizer. Our results highlight a fundamental issue for the engineering of conducting carbon nanotube composites; dispersion stability will typically be achieved at the expense of conductivity. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. RP Hobbie, EK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM erik.hobbie@nist.gov RI Hobbie, Erik/C-8269-2013 NR 17 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD JUL 28 PY 2006 VL 125 IS 4 AR 044712 DI 10.1063/1.2221689 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 069CS UT WOS:000239423600052 PM 16942179 ER PT J AU Collins, WD Ramaswamy, V Schwarzkopf, MD Sun, Y Portmann, RW Fu, Q Casanova, SEB Dufresne, JL Fillmore, DW Forster, PMD Galin, VY Gohar, LK Ingram, WJ Kratz, DP Lefebvre, MP Li, J Marquet, P Oinas, V Tsushima, Y Uchiyama, T Zhong, WY AF Collins, W. D. Ramaswamy, V. Schwarzkopf, M. D. Sun, Y. Portmann, R. W. Fu, Q. Casanova, S. E. B. Dufresne, J. -L. Fillmore, D. W. Forster, P. M. D. Galin, V. Y. Gohar, L. K. Ingram, W. J. Kratz, D. P. Lefebvre, M. -P. Li, J. Marquet, P. Oinas, V. Tsushima, Y. Uchiyama, T. Zhong, W. Y. TI Radiative forcing by well-mixed greenhouse gases: Estimates from climate models in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; CARBON-DIOXIDE; COOLING RATES; CODES; OZONE; ABSORPTION; ALGORITHM; AEROSOLS AB The radiative effects from increased concentrations of well-mixed greenhouse gases (WMGHGs) represent the most significant and best understood anthropogenic forcing of the climate system. The most comprehensive tools for simulating past and future climates influenced by WMGHGs are fully coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs). Because of the importance of WMGHGs as forcing agents it is essential that AOGCMs compute the radiative forcing by these gases as accurately as possible. We present the results of a radiative transfer model intercomparison between the forcings computed by the radiative parameterizations of AOGCMs and by benchmark line-by-line (LBL) codes. The comparison is focused on forcing by CO2, CH4, N2O, CFC-11, CFC-12, and the increased H2O expected in warmer climates. The models included in the intercomparison include several LBL codes and most of the global models submitted to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). In general, the LBL models are in excellent agreement with each other. However, in many cases, there are substantial discrepancies among the AOGCMs and between the AOGCMs and LBL codes. In some cases this is because the AOGCMs neglect particular absorbers, in particular the near-infrared effects of CH4 and N2O, while in others it is due to the methods for modeling the radiative processes. The biases in the AOGCM forcings are generally largest at the surface level. We quantify these differences and discuss the implications for interpreting variations in forcing and response across the multimodel ensemble of AOGCM simulations assembled for the IPCC AR4. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Climate & Global Dynam Div, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Natl Climate Ctr, CMA, Lab Climate Change, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Reading, Dept Meteorol, Reading RG6 6BB, Berks, England. UPMC, CNRS, IPSL, LMD, F-75252 Paris 05, France. Lab Sci Climat & Environm, Gif Sur Yvette, France. Univ Leeds, Sch Earth & Environm, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Numer Math, Moscow 117333, Russia. Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Clarendon Lab, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. NASA, Climate Sci Branch, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Univ Victoria, Canadian Ctr Climate Modeling & Anal, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada. CNRM, Meteo France, F-31057 Toulouse 01, France. NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. Japan Agcy Marine Earth Sci & Technol, Frontier Res Ctr Global Change, Kanazawa Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2360001, Japan. Meteorol Res Inst, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050052, Japan. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Phys, Space & Atmospher Phys Grp, London SW7 2BW, England. RP Collins, WD (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Climate & Global Dynam Div, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM wcollins@ucar.edu; v.ramaswamy@noaa.gov; dan.schwarzkopf@noaa.gov; sunying@cma.gov.cn; robert.w.portmann@noaa.gov; qfu@atmos.washington.edu; s.e.b.casanova@reading.ac.uk; jean-louis.dufresne@lmd.jussieu.fr; david.fillmore@cea.fr; p.forster@see.leeds.ac.uk; galin@inm.ras.ru; sws01lkg@met.reading.ac.uk; ingram@atm.ox.ac.uk; david.p.kratz@nasa.gov; marie-pierre.lefebvre@lmd.jussieu.fr; jiangnan.li@ec.gc.ca; pascal.marquet@meteo.fr; voinas@giss.nasa.gov; tsussi@jamstec.go.jp; tuchiyam@mri-jma.go.jp; w.zhong@imperial.ac.uk RI Portmann, Robert/C-4903-2009; Collins, William/J-3147-2014; Dufresne, Jean-Louis/I-5616-2015; Li, Jiangnan/J-6262-2016; Forster, Piers/F-9829-2010; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Portmann, Robert/0000-0002-0279-6087; Collins, William/0000-0002-4463-9848; Dufresne, Jean-Louis/0000-0003-4764-9600; Forster, Piers/0000-0002-6078-0171; NR 45 TC 127 Z9 131 U1 3 U2 33 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL 28 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D14 AR D14317 DI 10.1029/2005JD006713 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 069ZT UT WOS:000239490100001 ER PT J AU Murakami, I Kato, T Kato, D Safronova, UI Cowan, TE Ralchenko, Y AF Murakami, I. Kato, T. Kato, D. Safronova, U. I. Cowan, T. E. Ralchenko, Yu TI Large-scale calculation of dielectronic recombination parameters for Mg-like Fe SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID NA-LIKE IONS; RATE COEFFICIENTS; EXCITED-STATES; OSCILLATOR-STRENGTHS; CONFIGURATION-INTERACTION; SATELLITE LINES; ATOMIC DATA; XV; EXCITATION; ENERGIES AB Energy levels, radiative transition probabilities and autoionization rates for 1s(2)2s(2)2p(6)3l'nl (n = 3-12, l <= n-1) and 1s(2)2s(2)2p(6)4l'nl (n = 4-7, l <= n-1) states in Mg-like iron (Fe14+) are calculated by the Hartree-Fock-relativistic method (Cowan code) and the relativistic many-body perturbation theory method (RMBPT code). Autoionizing levels above three thresholds 1s(2)2s(2)2p(6)3s, 1s(2)2s(2)2p(6)3p and 1s(2)2s(2)2p(6)3d are considered. It is found that configuration mixings [3sns + 3pnp + 3dnd] and [3snp + 3pns + 3pnd + 3dnp] play an important role for all atomic characteristics. Branching ratios relative to the first threshold and intensity factors are calculated for satellite lines, and dielectronic recombination (DR) rate coefficients are determined for the excited 444 odd-parity and 419 even-parity states. It is shown that the contribution of the highly-excited states is very important for calculation of total DR rates. Contributions from the excited 1s(2)2s(2)2p(6)3l'nl states with n >= 12 and 1s(2)2s(2)2p(6)4l'nl states with n >= 7 to DR rate coefficients are estimated by extrapolation of all atomic parameters. The total DR rate coefficient is derived as a function of electron temperature. C1 Natl Inst Fus Sci, Gifu 5095292, Japan. Univ Nevada, Dept Phys, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Murakami, I (reprint author), Natl Inst Fus Sci, Gifu 5095292, Japan. EM usafrono@nd.edu RI Ralchenko, Yuri/E-9297-2016; Cowan, Thomas/A-8713-2011 OI Ralchenko, Yuri/0000-0003-0083-9554; Cowan, Thomas/0000-0002-5845-000X NR 26 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-4075 J9 J PHYS B-AT MOL OPT JI J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys. PD JUL 28 PY 2006 VL 39 IS 14 BP 2917 EP 2937 DI 10.1088/0953-4075/39/14/001 PG 21 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 070GN UT WOS:000239508600006 ER PT J AU Pittler, J Bu, W Vaknin, D Travesset, A McGillivray, DJ Loesche, M AF Pittler, J. Bu, W. Vaknin, D. Travesset, A. McGillivray, D. J. Loesche, M. TI Charge inversion at minute electrolyte concentrations SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SURFACE MONOLAYERS; INTERFACES; MEMBRANES; IONS AB Anionic dimyristoylphosphatidic acid monolayers spread on LaCl3 solutions reveal strong cation adsorption and a sharp transition to surface overcharging at unexpectedly low bulk salt concentrations. We determine the surface accumulation of La3+ with anomalous x-ray reflectivity and find that La3+ compensates the lipid surface charge by forming a Stern layer with approximate to 1 La3+ ion per 3 lipids below a critical bulk concentration, c(t)approximate to 500 nM. Above c(t), the surface concentration of La3+ increases to a saturation level with approximate to 1 La3+ per lipid, thus implying that the total electric charge of the La3+ exceeds the surface charge. This overcharge is observed at approximate to 4 orders of magnitude lower concentration than predicted in ion-ion correlation theories. We suggest that transverse electrostatic correlations between mobile ions and surface charges (interfacial Bjerrum pairing) may contribute to the charge inversion. C1 Univ Leipzig, Inst Expt Phys 1, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany. Iowa State Univ, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NIST, CNBT Consortium, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Phys, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RP Pittler, J (reprint author), Univ Leipzig, Inst Expt Phys 1, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany. RI Losche, Mathias/J-2986-2013; McGillivray, Duncan/B-9819-2009; Vaknin, David/B-3302-2009; Bu, Wei/Q-1390-2016 OI Losche, Mathias/0000-0001-6666-916X; McGillivray, Duncan/0000-0003-2127-8792; Vaknin, David/0000-0002-0899-9248; Bu, Wei/0000-0002-9996-3733 NR 21 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 17 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 EI 1079-7114 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JUL 28 PY 2006 VL 97 IS 4 AR 046102 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.046102 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 068MF UT WOS:000239377500042 PM 16907594 ER PT J AU Riggleman, RA Yoshimoto, K Douglas, JF de Pablo, JJ AF Riggleman, Robert A. Yoshimoto, Kenji Douglas, Jack F. de Pablo, Juan J. TI Influence of confinement on the fragility of antiplasticized and pure polymer films SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID GLASS-TRANSITION TEMPERATURE; RELAXATION; DEPENDENCE; DYNAMICS; BEHAVIOR; LIQUIDS; ENERGY; MOTION; MELT AB We investigate by molecular dynamics simulation how thin film confinement modifies the fragility of a model glass-forming liquid characterized previously in the bulk. Film confinement is found to reduce the relative fragility of the polymer fluid, leading to effects similar to simulations of the addition of an antiplasticizer additive. A reduction of fragility is not observed for the antiplasticized polymer film. These effects are interpreted in terms of variation in the string (cooperatively moving segments) concentration with film confinement and the addition of antiplasticizing additives. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol & Chem Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Riggleman, RA (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol & Chem Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 21 TC 110 Z9 110 U1 6 U2 42 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JUL 28 PY 2006 VL 97 IS 4 AR 045502 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.045502 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 068MF UT WOS:000239377500036 PM 16907588 ER PT J AU Landsea, CW Harper, BA Hoarau, K Knaff, JA AF Landsea, Christopher W. Harper, Bruce A. Hoarau, Karl Knaff, John A. TI Can we detect trends in extreme tropical cyclones? SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID HURRICANE INTENSITY; METEOROLOGY C1 NOAA, Natl Hurricane Ctr, Miami, FL 33165 USA. Syst Engn Australia Pty Ltd, Bridgeman Downs, Qld 4035, Australia. Cergy Pontoise Univ, F-95011 Cergy Pontoise, France. NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Landsea, CW (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Hurricane Ctr, Miami, FL 33165 USA. EM chris.landsea@noaa.gov RI Knaff, John /F-5599-2010 OI Knaff, John /0000-0003-0427-1409 NR 23 TC 230 Z9 240 U1 3 U2 51 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUL 28 PY 2006 VL 313 IS 5786 BP 452 EP 454 DI 10.1126/science.1128448 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 067MZ UT WOS:000239308600027 PM 16873634 ER PT J AU Zobrist, B Marcolli, C Koop, T Luo, BP Murphy, DM Lohmann, U Zardini, AA Krieger, UK Corti, T Cziczo, DJ Fueglistaler, S Hudson, PK Thomson, DS Peter, T AF Zobrist, B. Marcolli, C. Koop, T. Luo, B. P. Murphy, D. M. Lohmann, U. Zardini, A. A. Krieger, U. K. Corti, T. Cziczo, D. J. Fueglistaler, S. Hudson, P. K. Thomson, D. S. Peter, T. TI Oxalic acid as a heterogeneous ice nucleus in the upper troposphere and its indirect aerosol effect SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SOLUBLE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; DICARBOXYLIC-ACIDS; PHASE-TRANSITIONS; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; MINERAL DUST; (NH4)(2)SO4-H2O PARTICLES; SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; CLOUD FORMATION; CIRRUS CLOUDS; NUCLEATION AB Heterogeneous ice freezing points of aqueous solutions containing various immersed solid dicarboxylic acids (oxalic, adipic, succinic, phthalic and fumaric) have been measured with a differential scanning calorimeter. The results show that only the dihydrate of oxalic acid (OAD) acts as a heterogeneous ice nucleus, with an increase in freezing temperature between 2 and 5K depending on solution composition. In several field campaigns, oxalic acid enriched particles have been detected in the upper troposphere with single particle aerosol mass spectrometry. Simulations with a microphysical box model indicate that the presence of OAD may reduce the ice particle number density in cirrus clouds by up to similar to 50% when compared to exclusively homogeneous cirrus formation without OAD. Using the ECHAM4 climate model we estimate the global net radiative effect caused by this heterogeneous freezing to result in a cooling as high as -0.3 Wm(-2). C1 ETH, Inst Atmospher & Climate Sci, Zurich, Switzerland. Univ Bielefeld, Dept Chem, D-4800 Bielefeld, Germany. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Zobrist, B (reprint author), ETH, Inst Atmospher & Climate Sci, Zurich, Switzerland. EM zobrist@env.ethz.ch RI Koop, Thomas/B-7861-2008; Corti, Thierry/C-6332-2008; Murphy, Daniel/J-4357-2012; Fueglistaler, Stephan/I-5803-2013; Krieger, Ulrich/E-2916-2016; Lohmann, Ulrike/B-6153-2009 OI Koop, Thomas/0000-0002-7571-3684; Murphy, Daniel/0000-0002-8091-7235; Krieger, Ulrich/0000-0003-4958-2657; Lohmann, Ulrike/0000-0001-8885-3785 NR 54 TC 80 Z9 82 U1 1 U2 33 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PD JUL 27 PY 2006 VL 6 BP 3115 EP 3129 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 067PC UT WOS:000239314100001 ER PT J AU Smirnov, A Holben, BN Sakerin, SM Kabanov, DM Slutsker, I Chin, M Diehl, TL Remer, LA Kahn, R Ignatov, A Liu, L Mishchenko, M Eck, TF Kucsera, TL Giles, D Kopelevich, OV AF Smirnov, A. Holben, B. N. Sakerin, S. M. Kabanov, D. M. Slutsker, I. Chin, M. Diehl, T. L. Remer, L. A. Kahn, R. Ignatov, A. Liu, L. Mishchenko, M. Eck, T. F. Kucsera, T. L. Giles, D. Kopelevich, O. V. TI Ship-based aerosol optical depth measurements in the Atlantic Ocean: Comparison with satellite retrievals and GOCART model SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL; SUN PHOTOMETER; WIND-SPEED; VALIDATION; THICKNESS; AERONET; DUST AB Aerosol optical depth measurements were made in October - December 2004 onboard the R/V Akademik Sergey Vavilov. The cruise area included an Atlantic transect from North Sea to Cape Town and then a crossing in the South Atlantic to Argentina. In the open oceanic areas not influenced by continental sources aerosol optical depth values were close to background oceanic conditions (tau(a) similar to 0.06 - 0.08). Spectral dependence, especially in the high latitude Southern Atlantic, can be considered as quasi-neutral ( Angstrom parameter a was less than 0.4). Back-trajectory analysis allowed statistical division of the aerosol optical parameters and showed similar properties for the North Atlantic polar marine, South Atlantic subtropical marine and South Atlantic polar marine air. Ship-borne aerosol optical depth comparisons to GOCART model and satellite retrievals revealed systematic biases. Satellite retrieved optical depths are generally higher by 0.02 - 0.07 ( depending on the sensor), especially in low tau(a) conditions. GOCART model simulated optical depths correlate well with the ship measurements and, despite overall bias and a notable disparity with the observations in a number of cases, about 30% agree within +/- 0.01. C1 Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Siberian Branch, Inst Atmospher Opt, Tomsk, Russia. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. NOAA NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD USA. Columbia Univ, New York, NY USA. NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Oceanol, Moscow, Russia. RP Smirnov, A (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. EM asmirnov@ltpmail.gsfc.nasa.gov; bholben@pop900.gsfc.nasa.gov; sms@iao.ru; ralph.kahn@jpl.nasa.gov; alex.ignatov@noaa.gov; lliu@giss.nasa.gov; mmishchenko@giss.nasa.gov; dgiles@ltpmailx.gsfc.nasa.gov; oleg@manta.sio.rssi.ru RI Ignatov, Alexander/F-5594-2010; Smirnov, Alexander/C-2121-2009; ECK, THOMAS/D-7407-2012; Chin, Mian/J-8354-2012; Kopelevich, Oleg/G-2248-2014; Kahn, Ralph/D-5371-2012; Mishchenko, Michael/D-4426-2012 OI Ignatov, Alexander/0000-0002-7463-5944; Smirnov, Alexander/0000-0002-8208-1304; Kopelevich, Oleg/0000-0002-3697-3387; Kahn, Ralph/0000-0002-5234-6359; NR 26 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 27 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 14 AR L14817 DI 10.1029/2006GL026051 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 069ZM UT WOS:000239489200003 ER PT J AU Huang, XL Ramaswamy, V Schwarzkopf, MD AF Huang, Xianglei Ramaswamy, V. Schwarzkopf, M. Daniel TI Quantification of the source of errors in AM2 simulated tropical clear-sky outgoing longwave radiation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY EXPERIMENT; BUDGET EXPERIMENT; CIRRUS CLOUDS; MODEL; EARTH; SPECTRA; CLIMATE; FLUXES; VARIABILITY; VALIDATION AB [ 1] The global and tropical means of clear-sky outgoing longwave radiation ( hereinafter OLRc) simulated by the new GFDL atmospheric general circulation model, AM2, tend to be systematically lower than ERBE observations by about 4 W m(-2), even though the AM2 total-sky radiation budget is tuned to be consistent with these observations. Here we quantify the source of errors in AM2-simulated OLRc over the tropical oceans by comparing the synthetic outgoing IR spectra at the top of the atmosphere on the basis of AM2 simulations to observed IRIS spectra. After the sampling disparity between IRIS and AM2 is reduced, AM2 still shows considerable negative bias in the simulated monthly mean OLRc over the tropical oceans. Together with other evidence, this suggests that the influence of spatial sampling disparity, although present, does not account for the majority of the bias. Decomposition of OLRc shows that the negative bias comes mainly from the H2O bands and can be explained by a too humid layer around 6 - 9 km in the model. Meanwhile, a positive bias exists in channels sensitive to near-surface humidity and temperature, which implies that the boundary layer in the model might be too dry. These facts suggest that the negative bias in the simulated OLRc can be attributed to model deficiencies, especially the large-scale water vapor transport. We also find that AM2-simulated OLRc has similar to 1 W m(-2) positive bias originating from the stratosphere; this positive bias should exist in simulated total-sky OLR as well. C1 Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Huang, XL (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, 300 Forrestal Rd,Sayre Hall,POB CN710, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM xianglei.huang@noaa.gov RI Huang, Xianglei/G-6127-2011 OI Huang, Xianglei/0000-0002-7129-614X NR 27 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL 26 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D14 AR D14107 DI 10.1029/2005JD006576 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 069ZR UT WOS:000239489700003 ER PT J AU Sharma, S Andrews, E Barrie, LA Ogren, JA Lavoue, D AF Sharma, S. Andrews, E. Barrie, L. A. Ogren, J. A. Lavoue, D. TI Variations and sources of the equivalent black carbon in the high Arctic revealed by long-term observations at Alert and Barrow: 1989-2003 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; ABSORPTION-MEASUREMENTS; ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; REGRESSION-MODELS; AIR-POLLUTION; ALASKA; TRENDS; AETHALOMETER; VARIABILITY AB [ 1] Fifteen years of "equivalent'' black carbon (EBC) measurements ( derived from aethalometer measurements of light absorption) made at Alert in Nunavut, Canada, and Point Barrow in Alaska, United States, were compared for the long-term trends and seasonal cycle. Over the 15-year period from 1989 to 2003, the results revealed a downward trend in EBC concentrations by as much as 54% at Alert and 27% at Barrow for the all-year data, by 49% at Alert and 33% at Barrow for the winter data, and by 53% at Alert for the summer. It was difficult to quantify if there was a decline during the summer for Barrow since there was no clear trend. The difference in trends might be related to changes in circulation in the Arctic, variable source contribution, and/or scavenging of particles. The results revealed that EBC concentrations were 40% higher during the positive phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation than during the negative phase. The source contributions at the two sites were determined by using trajectory analysis techniques, which revealed that Alert came under the influence of Siberia/Europe transport while Barrow showed influence from Siberian and Pacific/Asian transport. C1 Environm Canada, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Sharma, S (reprint author), Environm Canada, 4905 Dufferin St, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. EM sangeeta.sharma@ec.gc.ca RI Ogren, John/M-8255-2015 OI Ogren, John/0000-0002-7895-9583 NR 34 TC 91 Z9 100 U1 4 U2 27 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL 26 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D14 AR D14208 DI 10.1029/2005JD006581 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 069ZR UT WOS:000239489700004 ER PT J AU Yamaura, K Huang, QZ Zhang, LQ Takada, K Baba, Y Nagai, T Matsui, Y Kosuda, K Takayama-Muromachi, E AF Yamaura, Kazunari Huang, Qingzhen Zhang, Lianqi Takada, Kazunori Baba, Yuji Nagai, Takuro Matsui, Yoshio Kosuda, Kosuke Takayama-Muromachi, Eiji TI Spinel-to-CaFe2O4-type structural transformation in LiMn2O4 under high pressure SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIC CHARACTERIZATION; CAMN2O4; LI2MNO3 AB A new form of LiMn2O4 is reported. The structure is the CaFe2O-type and 6% denser than the spinel. The structure transformation was achieved by heating at 6 GPa. Analysis of the neutron diffraction pattern confirmed an average of the structure; the unit cell was orthorhombic at a = 8.8336(5) angstrom, b = 2.83387(18) angstrom, and c = 10.6535(7) angstrom (Pnma). Electron diffraction patterns indicated an order of superstructure 3a x b x c, which might be initiated by Li vacancies. The exact composition is estimated at Li0.92Mn2O4 from the structure analysis and quantity of intercalated Li. The polycrystalline CaFe2O4-type compound showed semiconducting-like characters over the studied range above 5 K. The activation energy was reduced to similar to 0.27 eV from similar to 0.40 eV at the spinel form, suggesting a possible enhancement of hopping mobility. Magnetic and specific-heat data indicated a magnetically glassy transition at similar to 10 K. As the CaFe2O4-type transition was observed for the mineral MgAl2O4, hence the new form of the lithium manganese oxide would provide valuable opportunities to study not only the magnetism of strongly correlated electrons but also the thermodynamics of the phase transition in the mantle. C1 Natl Inst Mat Sci, Adv Nano Mat Lab, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050044, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Mat Sci, Nanoscale Mat Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050044, Japan. Natl Inst Mat Sci, Adv Nano Characterizat Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050044, Japan. Natl Inst Mat Sci, Mat Anal Stn, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050044, Japan. RP Yamaura, K (reprint author), Natl Inst Mat Sci, Adv Nano Mat Lab, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050044, Japan. EM YAMAURA.Kazunari@nims.go.jp RI NAGAI, Takuro/H-2630-2011 NR 29 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 40 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD JUL 26 PY 2006 VL 128 IS 29 BP 9448 EP 9456 DI 10.1021/ja0612302 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 064WL UT WOS:000239120700060 PM 16848482 ER PT J AU Maus, S Rother, M Stolle, C Mai, W Choi, S Luhr, H Cooke, D Roth, C AF Maus, S. Rother, M. Stolle, C. Mai, W. Choi, S. Luehr, H. Cooke, D. Roth, C. TI Third generation of the Potsdam Magnetic Model of the Earth (POMME) SO GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE core field; crustal field; geomagnetic field; magnetospheric field; geomagnetism and paleomagnetism : spatial variations attributed to seafloor spreading (3005); geomagnetism and paleomagnetism : satellite magnetics : main field, crustal field, external field; geomagnetism and paleomagnetism : spatial variations : all harmonics and anomalies ID GEOMAGNETIC-FIELD; CHAMP SATELLITE AB The Potsdam Magnetic Model of the Earth (POMME) is a geomagnetic field model providing an estimate of the Earth's core, crustal, magnetospheric, and induced magnetic fields. The internal field is represented to spherical harmonic (SH) degree 90, while the secular variation and acceleration are given to SH degree 16. Static and time-varying magnetospheric fields are parameterized in Geocentric Solar-Magnetospheric (GSM) and Solar-Magnetic (SM) coordinates and include Disturbance Storm-Time (Dst index) and Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF-By) dependent contributions. The model was estimated from five years of CHAMP satellite magnetic data. All measurements were corrected for ocean tidal induction and night-side ionospheric F-region currents. The model is validated using an independent model from a combined data set of Orsted and SAC-C satellite measurements. For the core field to SH degree 13, the root mean square (RMS) vector difference between the two models at the center of the model period is smaller than 4 nT at the Earth's surface. The RMS uncertainty increases to about 100 nT for the predicted field in 2010, as inferred from the difference between the two models. C1 Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. NOAA EGC1, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. USAF, Res Lab, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. AER Radex Inc, Lexington, MA 02421 USA. RP Maus, S (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. EM stefan.maus@noaa.gov; rother@gfz-potsdam.de NR 18 TC 84 Z9 85 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1525-2027 J9 GEOCHEM GEOPHY GEOSY JI Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. PD JUL 25 PY 2006 VL 7 AR Q07008 DI 10.1029/2006GC001269 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 069ZG UT WOS:000239488400001 ER PT J AU Andreas, EL Claffey, KJ Jordan, RE Fairall, CW Guest, PS Persson, POG Grachev, AA AF Andreas, Edgar L. Claffey, Kerry J. Jordan, Rachel E. Fairall, Christopher W. Guest, Peter S. Persson, P. Ola G. Grachev, Andrey A. TI Evaluations of the von Karman constant in the atmospheric surface layer SO JOURNAL OF FLUID MECHANICS LA English DT Review ID GEOSTROPHIC DRAG COEFFICIENTS; STABLE BOUNDARY-LAYER; DRIFTING STATION DATA; KANSAS MAST INFLUENCE; WESTERN WEDDELL SEA; TURBULENT PIPE-FLOW; VON KARMAN CONSTANT; VONKARMAN CONSTANT; SONIC ANEMOMETER; SCALAR TRANSFER AB The von Karman constant k relates the flow speed profile in a wall-bounded shear flow to the stress at the surface. Recent laboratory studies in aerodynamically smooth flow report k values that cluster around 0.42-0.43 and around 0.37-0.39. Recent data from the atmospheric boundary layer, where the flow is usually aerodynamically rough, are similarly ambiguous: k is often reported to be significantly smaller than the canonical value 0.40, and two recent data sets suggest that k decreases with increasing roughness Reynolds number Re-*. To this discussion, we bring two large atmospheric data sets that suggest k is constant, 0.387 +/- 0.003, for 2 <=(*) Re. <= 100. The data come from our yearlong deployment on Arctic sea ice during SHEBA, the experiment to study the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean, and from over 800h of observations over Antarctic sea ice on Ice Station Weddell (ISW). These were superb sites for atmospheric boundary-layer research; they were horizontally homogeneous, uncomplicated by topography, and unobstructed and uniform for hundreds of kilometres in all directions. During SHEBA, we instrumented a 20 m tower at five levels between 2 and 18 m with identical sonic anemometer/thermometers and, with these, measured hourly averaged values of the wind speed U(z) and the stress tau(z) at each tower level z. On ISW. we measured the wind-speed profile with propeller anemometers at four heights between 0.5 and 4 m and measured T with a sonic anemometer/thermometer at one height. On invoking strict quality controls, we gleaned 453 hourly U(z) profiles from the SHEBA set and 100 from the ISW set. All of these profiles reflect near-neutral stratification, and each exhibits a logarithmic layer that extends over all sampling heights. By combining these profiles and our measurements of tau, we made 553 independent determinations of k. This is, thus, the largest, most comprehensive atmospheric data set ever used to evaluate the von Karman constant. C1 USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Phys Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. USN, Postgrad Sch, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Andreas, EL (reprint author), USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, 72 Lyme Rd, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. OI GRACHEV, ANDREY/0000-0002-7143-0820 NR 108 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 3 U2 17 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 0022-1120 EI 1469-7645 J9 J FLUID MECH JI J. Fluid Mech. PD JUL 25 PY 2006 VL 559 BP 117 EP 149 DI 10.1017/S0022112006000164 PG 33 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA 074SP UT WOS:000239832400006 ER PT J AU Stafford, CM Vogt, BD Harrison, C Julthongpiput, D Huang, R AF Stafford, Christopher M. Vogt, Bryan D. Harrison, Christopher Julthongpiput, Duangrut Huang, Rui TI Elastic moduli of ultrathin amorphous polymer films SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID GLASS-TRANSITION TEMPERATURE; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; THIN-FILMS; POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE); BRILLOUIN-SCATTERING; POLYSTYRENE FILMS; SURFACE; SIMULATION; SUBSTRATE; NANOINDENTATION AB The elastic moduli of ultrathin poly(styrene) (PS) and poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) films of thickness ranging from 200 nm to 5 nm were investigated using a buckling-based metrology. Below 40 nm, the apparent modulus of the PS and PMMA films decreases dramatically, with an order of magnitude decrease compared to bulk values for the thinnest films measured. We can account for the observed decrease in apparent modulus by applying a composite model based on the film having a surface layer with a reduced modulus and of finite thickness. The observed decrease in the apparent modulus highlights issues in mechanical stability and robustness of sub-40 nm polymer films and features. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Aerosp Engn & Engn Mech, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Stafford, CM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM chris.stafford@nist.gov RI Huang, Rui/B-1627-2008 OI Huang, Rui/0000-0003-0328-3862 NR 41 TC 212 Z9 213 U1 10 U2 102 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD JUL 25 PY 2006 VL 39 IS 15 BP 5095 EP 5099 DI 10.1021/ma060790i PG 5 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 064JW UT WOS:000239086200024 ER PT J AU Roytburd, AL Slutsker, J AF Roytburd, Alexander L. Slutsker, Julia TI Thermodynamics of polydomain ferroelectric bilayers and graded multilayers SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DIELECTRIC-PROPERTIES; FILMS; LAYER AB The equilibrium domain structure and its evolution under an electric field in ferroelectric bilayers and graded multilayers are considered. The equilibrium bilayer is self-poled and contains single-domain and polydomain (with 180 degrees domains) layers. The polarization of a graded multilayer proceeds by movement of wedge-like domains as a result of progressive transformation of polydomain layers to a single-domain state. The theory provides the principal explanation of dielectric behavior of graded ferroelectric films. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Roytburd, AL (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM roytburd@wam.umd.edu NR 27 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JUL 24 PY 2006 VL 89 IS 4 AR 042907 DI 10.1063/1.2220487 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 068LV UT WOS:000239376500090 ER PT J AU Rosenbluh, M Shah, V Knappe, S Kitching, J AF Rosenbluh, Michael Shah, Vishal Knappe, Svenja Kitching, John TI Differentially detected coherent population trapping resonances excited by orthogonally polarized laser fields SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID ELECTROMAGNETICALLY INDUCED TRANSPARENCY; DARK RESONANCES; PHASE; VAPOR; TRANSITIONS; LINE; CONTRAST; SYSTEMS; NOISE AB We demonstrate the excitation and low-noise differential detection of a coherent population trapping ( CPT) resonance with two modulated optical fields with orthogonal circular polarizations. When a microwave phase delay of lambda/4 is introduced in the optical path of one of the fields, the difference in the power transmitted through the cell in each polarization shows a narrow, dispersive resonance. The differential detection allows a high degree of suppression of laser-induced noise and will enable nearly shot-noise-limited operation of atomic frequency references and magnetometers based on CPT. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America. C1 Bar Ilan Univ, Dept Phys, IL-52900 Ramat Gan, Israel. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Time & Frequency Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Rosenbluh, M (reprint author), Bar Ilan Univ, Dept Phys, IL-52900 Ramat Gan, Israel. OI Rosenbluh, Michael/0000-0002-9150-4129 NR 28 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 9 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD JUL 24 PY 2006 VL 14 IS 15 BP 6588 EP 6594 DI 10.1364/OE.14.006588 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA 067ZW UT WOS:000239342300001 PM 19516838 ER PT J AU Vintzileos, A Thiaw, WM AF Vintzileos, Augustin Thiaw, Wassila M. TI On the forecast of cumulative precipitation at subseasonal time-scales over the Sahel SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID WEST-AFRICAN MONSOON; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; GLOBAL PRECIPITATION; EASTERLY JET; RAINFALL; VARIABILITY; DYNAMICS; CLIMATE; SUMMER; MODEL AB The Sahel, which is considered to be amongst the climate sensitive regions for its history of droughts and famine, and excessive precipitation and disease, is also a source for easterly waves, which upon encountering favorable conditions over the Atlantic Ocean, transform into hurricanes. Benefits from the successful forecast of key variables at subseasonal time scales are obvious. We demonstrate the capacity of the current operational version of the Climate Forecasting System (CFS) of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) to provide skillful forecasts of cumulative precipitation at subseasonal time- scales over the Sahel region. For this we use the database of subseasonal-to-seasonal retrospective forecasts conducted at NCEP for the period from 1982 to 2004. Both measures of deterministic and probabilistic scores are used. C1 NOAA, NCEP, NWS, Environm Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Univ Corp Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO USA. NOAA, NCEP, NWS, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Vintzileos, A (reprint author), NOAA, NCEP, NWS, Environm Modeling Ctr, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM augustin.vintzileos@noaa.gov NR 25 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 22 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 14 AR L14703 DI 10.1029/2006GL026663 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 071DI UT WOS:000239577800007 ER PT J AU Li, XF Zhang, SL Zhang, DL AF Li, Xiaofan Zhang, Shunli Zhang, Da-Lin TI Thermodynamic, cloud microphysics, and rainfall responses to initial moisture perturbations in the tropical deep convective regime SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID MICROWAVE SOUNDING UNIT; PRECIPITATION EFFICIENCY; MICROSCALE STRUCTURE; DIURNAL-VARIATIONS; FRONTAL RAINBANDS; RESOLVING MODEL; SQUALL LINES; LIQUID WATER; PHASE-III; SIMULATION AB [ 1] In this study, the precipitable water (PW) and ice water path (IWP) simulated by the Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) are compared to those observed by NOAA's Microwave Surface and Precipitation Products System. Results show small root-mean-square (RMS) differences in PW but large RMS differences in IWP between the two data sets, indicating the existence of model errors in reproducing clouds. To examine the possible linkage between the small PW and large IWP differences, three experiments are conducted with a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model in which the observed zonal wind and the GDAS-derived large-scale vertical velocity are imposed. The model initial conditions of PW are perturbed by +/- 10% in the first two experiments, respectively, while treating the third one without any perturbation as a control simulation. Thermodynamic, cloud microphysics, and precipitation budgets are then calculated from the zonally averaged and vertically integrated data at hourly intervals from these experiments. Results show the generation of larger differences in the cloud hydrometeors and surface rain rates, with the given PW perturbations. This indicates that the model-simulated clouds and precipitation are extremely sensitive to the initial errors in PW, primarily through the biased condensation process. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, ORA, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Camp Springs, MD USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Li, XF (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, ORA, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, 5200 Auth Rd,Room 712, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM xiaofan.li@noaa.gov RI Zhang, Da-Lin/F-2634-2010; Li, Xiaofan/F-5605-2010; Li, Xiaofan/G-2094-2014 OI Zhang, Da-Lin/0000-0003-1725-283X; NR 39 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL 22 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D14 AR D14207 DI 10.1029/2005JD006968 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 071DV UT WOS:000239579200005 ER PT J AU Parr, RL Maki, J Reguly, B Dakubo, GD Aguirre, A Wittock, R Robinson, K Jakupciak, JP Thayer, RE AF Parr, Ryan L. Maki, Jennifer Reguly, Brian Dakubo, Gabriel D. Aguirre, Andrea Wittock, Roy Robinson, Kerry Jakupciak, John P. Thayer, Robert E. TI The pseudo-mitochondrial genome influences mistakes in heteroplasmy interpretation SO BMC GENOMICS LA English DT Article ID HUMAN NUCLEAR GENOME; DNA MUTATIONS; ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE; PROSTATE-CANCER; POPULATION-GENETICS; POINT MUTATIONS; MTDNA DATA; SEQUENCE; DEPLETION; CELLS AB Background: Nuclear mitochondrial pseudogenes (numts) are a potential source of contamination during mitochondrial DNA PCR amplification. This possibility warrants careful experimental design and cautious interpretation of heteroplasmic results. Results: Here we report the cloning and sequencing of numts loci, amplified from human tissue and rho-zero (. 0) cells ( control) with primers known to amplify the mitochondrial genome. This paper is the first to fully sequence 46 paralogous nuclear DNA fragments that represent the entire mitochondrial genome. This is a surprisingly small number due primarily to the primer sets used in this study, because prior to this, BLAST searches have suggested that nuclear DNA harbors between 400 to 1,500 paralogous mitochondrial DNA fragments. Our results indicate that multiple numts were amplified simultaneously with the mitochondrial genome and increased the load of pseudogene signal in PCR reactions. Further, the entire mitochondrial genome was represented by multiple copies of paralogous nuclear sequences. Conclusion: These findings suggest that mitochondrial genome disease-associated biomarkers must be rigorously authenticated to preclude any affiliation with paralogous nuclear pseudogenes. Importantly, the common perception that mitochondrial template "swamps" numts loci precluding detectable amplification, depends on the region of the mitochondrial genome targeted by the PCR reaction and the number of pseudogene loci that may co-amplify. Cloning and relevant sequencing data will facilitate the correct interpretation. This is the first complete, wet-lab characterization of numts that represent the entire mitochondrial genome. C1 Genesis Genom Inc, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5Z5, Canada. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Parr, RL (reprint author), Genesis Genom Inc, 1294 Balmoral St, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5Z5, Canada. EM Ryan.Parr@genesisgenomics.com; Jennifer.Maki@genesisgenomics.com; Brian.Reguly@genesisgenomics.com; Gabriel.Dakubo@genesisgenomics.com; Andrea.Aguirre@genesisgenomics.com; Roy.Wittock@genesisgenomics.com; Kerry.Robinson@genesisgenomics.com; john.jakupciak@nist.gov; Robert.Thayer@genesisgenomics.com NR 67 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 8 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD PI LONDON PA MIDDLESEX HOUSE, 34-42 CLEVELAND ST, LONDON W1T 4LB, ENGLAND SN 1471-2164 J9 BMC GENOMICS JI BMC Genomics PD JUL 21 PY 2006 VL 7 AR 185 DI 10.1186/1471-2164-7-185 PG 13 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 071WQ UT WOS:000239635000001 PM 16859552 ER PT J AU Meure, CM Etheridge, D Trudinger, C Steele, P Langenfelds, R van Ommen, T Smith, A Elkins, J AF MacFarling Meure, C. Etheridge, D. Trudinger, C. Steele, P. Langenfelds, R. van Ommen, T. Smith, A. Elkins, J. TI Law Dome CO2, CH4 and N2O ice core records extended to 2000 years BP SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CO2; PAST MILLENNIUM; METHANE; FIRN; AIR; TEMPERATURES; DELTA-C-13; RESOLUTION; HISTORIES; EMISSIONS AB New measurements of atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations in ice from Law Dome, Antarctica reproduce published Law Dome CO2 and CH4 records, extend them back to 2000 years BP, and include N2O. They have very high air age resolution, data density and measurement precision. Firn air measurements span the past 65 years and overlap with the ice core and direct atmospheric observations. Major increases in CO2, CH4 and N2O concentrations during the past 200 years followed a period of relative stability beforehand. Decadal variations during the industrial period include the stabilization of CO2 and slowing of CH4 and N2O growth in the 1940s and 1950s. Variations of up to 10 ppm CO2, 40 ppb CH4 and 10 ppb N2O occurred throughout the preindustrial period. Methane concentrations grew by 100 ppb from AD 0 to 1800, possibly due to early anthropogenic emissions. C1 CSIRO, Marine & Atmospher Res, Aspendale, Vic 3195, Australia. Australian Nucl Sci & Technol Org, Menai, NSW 2234, Australia. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Australian Antarctic Div, Dept Environm & Heritage, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. Antarctic Climate & Ecosyst CRC, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. RP Meure, CM (reprint author), CSIRO, Marine & Atmospher Res, Aspendale, Vic 3195, Australia. EM cec@bluep.com RI Trudinger, Cathy/A-2532-2008; Steele, Paul/B-3185-2009; Langenfelds, Raymond/B-5381-2012; van Ommen, Tas/B-5020-2012; Etheridge, David/B-7334-2013 OI Trudinger, Cathy/0000-0002-4844-2153; Steele, Paul/0000-0002-8234-3730; van Ommen, Tas/0000-0002-2463-1718; NR 30 TC 125 Z9 125 U1 11 U2 51 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 21 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 14 AR L14810 DI 10.1029/2006GL026152 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 071DF UT WOS:000239577500005 ER PT J AU MacDowell, LG Shen, VK Errington, JR AF MacDowell, Luis G. Shen, Vincent K. Errington, Jeffrey R. TI Nucleation and cavitation of spherical, cylindrical, and slablike droplets and bubbles in small systems SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID LENNARD-JONES FLUID; 1ST-ORDER PHASE-TRANSITIONS; MONTE-CARLO-SIMULATION; ISING-MODEL; COMPUTER-SIMULATION; CRITICAL-POINT; HOMOGENEOUS NUCLEATION; EQUILIBRIUM DROPLETS; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; FREE-ENERGY AB Computer simulations are employed to obtain subcritical isotherms of small finite sized systems inside the coexistence region. For all temperatures considered, ranging from the triple point up to the critical point, the isotherms gradually developed a sequence of sharp discontinuities as the system size increased from similar to 8 to similar to 21 molecular diameters. For the smallest system sizes, and more so close to the critical point, the isotherms appeared smooth, resembling the continuous van der Waals loop obtained from extrapolation of an analytic equation of state outside the coexistence region. As the system size was increased, isotherms in the chemical potential-density plane developed first two, then four, and finally six discontinuities. Visual inspection of selected snapshots revealed that the observed discontinuities are related to structural transitions between droplets (on the vapor side) and bubbles (on the liquid side) of spherical, cylindrical, and tetragonal shapes. A capillary drop model was developed to qualitatively rationalize these observations. Analytic results were obtained and found to be in full agreement with the computer simulation results. The analysis shows that the shape of the subcritical isotherms is dictated by a single characteristic volume (or length scale), which depends on the surface tension, compressibility, and coexistence densities. For small reduced system volumes, the model predicts that a homogeneous fluid is stable across the whole coexistence region, thus explaining the continuous van der Waals isotherms observed in the simulations. When the liquid and vapor free energies are described by means of an accurate mean-field equation of state and surface tensions from simulation are employed, the capillary model is found to describe the simulated isotherms accurately, especially for large systems (i.e., larger than about 15 molecular diameters) at low temperature (lower than about 0.85 times the critical temperature). This implies that the Laplace pressure differences can be predicted for drops as small as five molecular diameters, and as few as about 500 molecules. The theoretical study also shows that the extrema or apparent spinodal points of the finite size loops are more closely related to (finite system size) bubble and dew points than to classical spinodals. Our results are of relevance to phase transitions in nanopores and show that first order corrections to nucleation energies in finite closed systems are power laws of the inverse volume. C1 Univ Complutense Madrid, Dept Quim Fis, E-28040 Madrid, Spain. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. SUNY Buffalo, Dept Biol & Chem Engn, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. RP MacDowell, LG (reprint author), Univ Complutense Madrid, Dept Quim Fis, E-28040 Madrid, Spain. EM luis@ender.quim.ucm.es RI Errington, Jeffrey/E-8644-2011; OI Errington, Jeffrey/0000-0003-0365-0271; MacDowell, Luis G./0000-0003-1900-1241 NR 66 TC 76 Z9 76 U1 5 U2 31 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD JUL 21 PY 2006 VL 125 IS 3 AR 034705 DI 10.1063/1.2218845 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 065QN UT WOS:000239174500035 PM 16863371 ER PT J AU Hobbie, EK Fry, DJ AF Hobbie, E. K. Fry, D. J. TI Nonequilibrium phase diagram of sticky nanotube suspensions SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ELASTIC PROPERTIES; CARBON NANOTUBES; BEHAVIOR; PARTICLES; NETWORKS; GELS AB We report a universal phase diagram describing the evolution from solidlike networks to flowing nematics for "sticky" nanotube suspensions under an applied shear stress. Although the nanotubes are strongly non-Brownian, we find features characteristic of first-order phase transitions, including a discontinuity in the nematic order parameter at the isotropic-(para)nematic phase boundary. Using simple physical arguments, we account for the shape of the coexistence curves, as well as the dependence of the order parameter on concentration and stress. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hobbie, EK (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Hobbie, Erik/C-8269-2013 NR 24 TC 92 Z9 93 U1 1 U2 28 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JUL 21 PY 2006 VL 97 IS 3 AR 036101 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.036101 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 065QS UT WOS:000239175000028 PM 16907513 ER PT J AU Jeon, Y Omar, IH Kuperan, K Squires, D Susilowati, I AF Jeon, Yongil Omar, Ishak Haji Kuperan, K. Squires, Dale Susilowati, Indah TI Developing country fisheries and technical efficiency: the Java Sea purse seine fishery SO APPLIED ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID INEFFICIENCY; SPECIFICATION; MODELS AB The analysis of technical efficiency in developing country agriculture is well established but has been overlooked for developing country commercial marine fisheries. Policies raising technical efficiency in agriculture are viewed as uniformly positive but are a mixed blessing in fisheries due to the open-access property right and common-pool resource. This study explores this contradiction and policies aimed to promote sustainable development and management of renewable common pool resources through a case study of the Java Sea purse seine fishery. Season of the year rather than fisher or vessel characteristics primarily determines technical efficiency. The results are contrasted with developing country agriculture and conclusions drawn for fisheries development strategies. C1 NOAA Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Cent Michigan Univ, Dept Econ, Mt Pleasant, MI 48859 USA. RP Squires, D (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM dsquires@ucsd.edu NR 39 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXFORDSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0003-6846 J9 APPL ECON JI Appl. Econ. PD JUL 20 PY 2006 VL 38 IS 13 BP 1541 EP 1552 DI 10.1080/00036840500400525 PG 12 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA 069FF UT WOS:000239431100007 ER PT J AU Jiang, HL Xue, HW Teller, A Feingold, G Levin, Z AF Jiang, Hongli Xue, Huiwen Teller, Amit Feingold, Graham Levin, Zev TI Aerosol effects on the lifetime of shallow cumulus SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CONVECTIVE CLOUDS; STRATIFORM CLOUDS; PART II; PRECIPITATION; CONDENSATION; MICROPHYSICS; ATLANTIC; OCEAN; MODEL AB We explore the effects of increases in aerosol concentration on cloud lifetime for warm convective clouds using a two-dimensional single cloud model and three-dimensional large eddy simulations (LES). The models include size-resolved treatment of drop size distributions and warm microphysical processes. It is shown using a variety of soundings representing marine trade cumulus, and continental convective clouds that contrary to expectation, an increase in aerosol concentration from very clean to very polluted does not increase cloud lifetime, even though precipitation is suppressed. Cloud lifetimes are statistically similar although individual clouds may experience decreases in lifetime of 10 - 40%. An evaporation-entrainment feedback that tends to dilute polluted clouds more than clean clouds is identified. It is proposed that the small changes in cloud lifetime are due to competing effects of precipitation suppression and enhanced evaporation, with the latter tending to dominate in these shallow clouds. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Geophys & Planetary Sci, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. RP Jiang, HL (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM hongli.jiang@noaa.gov; huiwen.xue@noaa.gov; amit@hail.tau.ac.il; graham.feingold@noaa.gov; zev@hail.tau.ac.il RI Feingold, Graham/B-6152-2009; Jiang, Hongli/N-3281-2014; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 NR 17 TC 74 Z9 77 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 20 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 14 AR L14806 DI 10.1029/2006GL026024 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 071DD UT WOS:000239577300002 ER PT J AU Michalsky, JJ Anderson, GP Barnard, J Delamere, J Gueymard, C Kato, S Kiedron, P McComiskey, A Ricchiazzi, P AF Michalsky, J. J. Anderson, G. P. Barnard, J. Delamere, J. Gueymard, C. Kato, S. Kiedron, P. McComiskey, A. Ricchiazzi, P. TI Shortwave radiative closure studies for clear skies during the atmospheric radiation measurement 2003 aerosol intensive observation period SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID CLOUD-FREE SKIES; MULTIPLE-SCATTERING; OPTICAL DEPTH; SOLAR-RADIATION; THERMAL OFFSET; IRRADIANCE; SURFACE; MODELS; TRANSMITTANCE; PYRANOMETERS AB [ 1] The Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement ( ARM) program sponsored a large aerosol intensive observation period (AIOP) to study aerosol during the month of May 2003 around the Southern Great Plains (SGP) Climate Research Facility (CRF) in north central Oklahoma. Redundant measurements of aerosol optical properties were made using different techniques at the surface as well as in vertical profile with sensors aboard two aircraft. One of the principal motivations for this experiment was to resolve the disagreement between models and measurements of diffuse horizontal broadband shortwave irradiance at the surface, especially for modest aerosol loading. This paper focuses on using the redundant aerosol and radiation measurements during this AIOP to compare direct beam and diffuse horizontal broadband shortwave irradiance measurements and models at the surface for a wide range of aerosol cases that occurred during 30 clear-sky periods on 13 days of May 2003. Models and measurements are compared over a large range of solar-zenith angles. Six different models are used to assess the relative agreement among them and the measurements. Better agreement than previously achieved appears to be the result of better specification of input parameters and better measurements of irradiances than in prior studies. Biases between modeled and measured direct irradiances are in the worst case 1%, and biases between modeled and measured diffuse irradiances are less than 1.9%. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Battlespace Surveillance Innovat Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Atmospher & Environm Res Inc, Lexington, MA 02421 USA. Solar Consulting Serv Inc, Colebrook, NH 03576 USA. Hampton Univ, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. SUNY Albany, Atmospher Sci Res Ctr, Albany, NY 12222 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Computat Earth Syst Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Michalsky, JJ (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM joseph.michalsky@noaa.gov; gail.anderson@noaa.gov; james.barnard@pnl.gov; jdelamer@aer.com; chris@solarconsultingservices.com; s.kato@larc.nasa.gov; kiedron@asrc.cestm.albany.edu; allison.mc-comiskey@noaa.gov; paul@icess.ucsb.edu RI McComiskey, Allison/I-3933-2013 OI McComiskey, Allison/0000-0002-6125-742X NR 47 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL 20 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D14 AR D14S90 DI 10.1029/2005JD006341 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 071DS UT WOS:000239578900001 ER PT J AU Murtagh, W AF Murtagh, William TI Space Weather Week 2006 SO SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Murtagh, W (reprint author), NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1542-7390 J9 SPACE WEATHER JI Space Weather PD JUL 20 PY 2006 VL 4 IS 7 AR S07002 DI 10.1029/2006SW000261 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 065CL UT WOS:000239136900001 ER PT J AU Wiegner, TN Seitzinger, SP Glibert, PM Bronk, DA AF Wiegner, Tracy N. Seitzinger, Sybil P. Glibert, Patricia M. Bronk, Deborah A. TI Bioavailability of dissolved organic nitrogen and carbon from nine rivers in the eastern United States SO AQUATIC MICROBIAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bacteria; bioavailability; DON; DOC; rivers ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN; AMMONIUM REGENERATION; MARINE-BACTERIA; SIZE FRACTIONS; SOIL SOLUTION; STREAM WATER; FRESH-WATER; BALTIC SEA; LAND-USE; MATTER AB Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and carbon (DOC) often dominate the dissolved nitrogen and organic carbon fluxes from rivers, yet they are not considered to affect coastal water quality because of their assumed refractory nature. The objective of this study was to quantify DON and DOC bioavailability to bacteria in 9 rivers on the east coast of the United States during a 6 d dark bioassay experiment. Water was collected from the freshwater portion of a forest stream in New Jersey (Forest 17a), and from the Bass (New Jersey), Delaware (New Jersey), Hudson (New York), Altamaha (Georgia), Savannah (Georgia), Pocomoke (Maryland), Choptank (Maryland), and Peconic (New York) Rivers during base-flow conditions. DON concentrations ranged from 1 to 35 PM and comprised 8 to 94 % of the total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) in these rivers. Bioassay results indicate that 23 % (+/- 4) of the DON (2 +/- 1 mu M) was bioavailable in all the rivers except the Bass and Pocomoke, where no DON consumption was measured. Of the TDN consumed by bacteria, DON comprised 43 % ( 6), demonstrating that DON is an important nitrogen source for bacteria. In contrast, only 4 % ( 1) of DOC (12 +/- 3 mu M), was bioavailable in the 9 rivers. Percent-wise, 8 times more DON was consumed relative to DOC in 6 of the rivers, demonstrating that DON cycles faster than DOC. Overall, our study demonstrates that DON is an important part of the TDN pool that needs to be incorporated into coastal nitrogen loading budgets because it is bioavailable on the order of days. C1 Rutgers State Univ, NOAA, CMER Program, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Univ Maryland, Horn Point Environm Lab, Ctr Environm Sci, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Marine Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Wiegner, TN (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Dept Marine Sci, 200 W Kawili St, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. EM wiegner@hawaii.edu RI glibert, patricia/G-1026-2013 OI glibert, patricia/0000-0001-5690-1674 NR 63 TC 59 Z9 66 U1 6 U2 54 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0948-3055 J9 AQUAT MICROB ECOL JI Aquat. Microb. Ecol. PD JUL 19 PY 2006 VL 43 IS 3 BP 277 EP 287 DI 10.3354/ame043277 PG 11 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology GA 074FC UT WOS:000239797100007 ER PT J AU Fennel, K Wilkin, J Levin, J Moisan, J O'Reilly, J Haidvogel, D AF Fennel, Katja Wilkin, John Levin, Julia Moisan, John O'Reilly, John Haidvogel, Dale TI Nitrogen cycling in the Middle Atlantic Bight: Results from a three-dimensional model and implications for the North Atlantic nitrogen budget SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID CONTINENTAL-SHELF SEDIMENTS; SPRING PHYTOPLANKTON BLOOM; GEORGES-BANK; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; ECOSYSTEM MODEL; DYNAMIC-MODEL; COASTAL AREAS; MIXED-LAYER; OCEAN AB [1] The biogeochemistry of continental shelf systems plays an important role in the global elemental cycling of nitrogen and carbon, but remains poorly quantified. We have developed a high-resolution physical-biological model for the U. S. east coast continental shelf and adjacent deep ocean that is nested within a basin-wide North Atlantic circulation model in order to estimate nitrogen fluxes in the shelf area of the Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB). Our biological model is a relatively simple representation of nitrogen cycling processes in the water column and organic matter remineralization at the water-sediment interface that explicitly accounts for sediment denitrification. Climatological and regionally integrated means of nitrate, ammonium, and surface chlorophyll are compared with its model equivalents and were found to agree within 1 standard deviation. We also present regional means of primary production and denitrification, and statistical measures of chlorophyll pattern variability. A nitrogen budget for the MAB shows that the sediment denitrification flux is quantitatively important in determining the availability of fixed nitrogen and shelf primary production ( it was found to remove 90% of all the nitrogen entering the MAB). Extrapolation of nitrogen fluxes estimated for the MAB to the North Atlantic basin suggests that shelf denitrification removes 2.3 x 10(12) mol N annually; this estimate exceeds estimates of N-2 fixation by up to an order of magnitude. Our results emphasize the importance of representing shelf processes in biogeochemical models. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Observat Sci Branch, Lab Hydrospher Proc,Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Narragansett Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Fennel, K (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, 71 Dudley Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. EM kfennel@marine.rutgers.edu; wilkin@marine.rutgers.edu; julia@marine.rutgers.edu; jmoisan@osb.wff.nasa.gov; jay.o'reilly@noaa.gov; dale@marine.rutgers.edu RI Fennel, Katja/A-7470-2009; Wilkin, John/E-5343-2011; Moisan, John/B-8762-2016 OI Fennel, Katja/0000-0003-3170-2331; Wilkin, John/0000-0002-5444-9466; Moisan, John/0000-0002-8078-8939 NR 84 TC 139 Z9 145 U1 8 U2 42 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD JUL 19 PY 2006 VL 20 IS 3 AR GB3007 DI 10.1029/2005GB002456 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 071DM UT WOS:000239578200001 ER PT J AU Ignatov, A Minnis, P Miller, WF Wielicki, BA Remer, L AF Ignatov, Alexander Minnis, Patrick Miller, Walter F. Wielicki, Bruce A. Remer, Lorraine TI Consistency of global MODIS aerosol optical depths over ocean on Terra and Aqua CERES SSF data sets SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID INDIVIDUAL AVHRR CHANNELS; INFORMATION-CONTENT; SATELLITES; RETRIEVALS; VALIDATION; ALGORITHM; PRODUCTS; CLOUDS; NOAA AB [1] Aerosol retrievals from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard Terra and Aqua platforms are available from the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) Single Scanner Footprint (SSF) data sets. Over ocean, two aerosol products are reported side by side. The primary M product is generated by subsetting and remapping the multispectral (from 0.47 to 2.1 mu m) MOD04/MYD04 oceanic aerosol data onto CERES footprints. M*D04 processing uses cloud screening and aerosol algorithms developed by the MODIS science team. The secondary AVHRR-like A product is generated in only two MODIS bands. The A processing uses the CERES cloud-screening algorithm and NOAA/NESDIS glint identification and single-channel aerosol retrieval algorithms. The M and A products have been documented elsewhere and preliminarily compared using 2 weeks of global Terra CERES SSF edition 1A data, in which the M product was based on MOD04 collection 3. In this study, the comparisons between the M and A aerosol optical depths (AOD) in MODIS band 1 (0.64 mu m), tau(1M) and tau(1A), are reexamined using 9 days of global CERES SSF Terra edition 2A and Aqua edition 1B data from 13 to 21 October 2002 and extended to include cross-platform comparisons. The M and A products on the new CERES SSF release are generated using the same aerosol algorithms as before but with different preprocessing and sampling procedures, thus lending themselves to a simple sensitivity check to nonaerosol factors. Both tau(1M) and tau(1A) generally compare well across platforms. However, the M product shows larger differences, which increase with ambient cloud amount and toward the solar side of the orbit. The cross-platform, cross-product, and cross-release comparisons conducted in this study confirm an earlier observation that the major area for improvement in the current aerosol processing lies in a more formalized and standardized sampling (most importantly, cloud screening), whereas optimization of the aerosol algorithm is deemed to be an important yet less critical element. C1 NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Hampton, VA USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Ignatov, A (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, E-RA3,Room 603,WWB,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM alex.ignatov@noaa.gov RI Ignatov, Alexander/F-5594-2010; Minnis, Patrick/G-1902-2010 OI Ignatov, Alexander/0000-0002-7463-5944; Minnis, Patrick/0000-0002-4733-6148 NR 25 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL 19 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D14 AR D14202 DI 10.1029/2005JD006645 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 071DQ UT WOS:000239578700004 ER PT J AU Lavelle, JW AF Lavelle, J. W. TI Flow, hydrography, turbulent mixing, and dissipation at Fieberling Guyot examined with a primitive equation model SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID CORRUGATED CONTINENTAL-SLOPE; INTERNAL WAVE GENERATION; SEAMOUNT-TRAPPED WAVES; TIDAL CURRENTS; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; ABYSSAL OCEAN; AXIAL VOLCANO; SHELF EDGE; THERMOHALINE STRUCTURE; PACIFIC SEAMOUNT AB [1] The extensive set of measurements previously taken at Fieberling Guyot provides a backdrop for model results on flow, hydrography, turbulent mixing, and derivative variables. A z-level primitive equation model driven at subinertial and superinertial tidal frequencies allows the nonlinear interaction of free and topographically trapped motions to jointly determine model outcomes. Model residual flows, mean hydrographic features, topographic amplification of oscillatory currents, turbulent dissipation (epsilon) and vertical diffusivity (K-V) profiles are all examined in the light of the observations. Azimuthal residual flows are toroidal above the summit with maximum speed similar to 20 cm s(-1). Diurnal flow over the summit is intensified by a factor >20. Downward vertical flow as a time-mean ([w](t)) occurs from similar to 150 m above the summit apex to summit rim depth, with radially inward flow above the apex and radial outward flow below. Upward [w](t) rings the summit at larger r. The existence of the observed cold dome is shown to depend on [w](t) in the summit circulation cell. Vertical current shear is concentrated in a 150 m thick cap above the summit, accounting for a domed distribution of epsilon and K-V with maxima of similar to 10(-7) W kg(-1) and similar to 30 cm(2) s(-1), respectively. Profiles most like the observations of K-V are obtained with a subgrid-scale parameterization in which the turbulent Prandtl number (Pr) depends on the shear Richardson number (Ri). C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Lavelle, JW (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM j.william.lavelle@noaa.gov NR 81 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD JUL 19 PY 2006 VL 111 IS C7 AR C07014 DI 10.1029/2005JC003224 PG 21 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 071DZ UT WOS:000239579700002 ER PT J AU Chen, WR Butler, PD Magid, LJ AF Chen, Wei-Ren Butler, Paul D. Magid, Linda J. TI Incorporating intermicellar interactions in the fitting of SANS data from cationic wormlike micelles SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; POLYMER-LIKE MICELLES; MONTE-CARLO SIMULATIONS; PERSISTENCE LENGTH; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; GROWTH-BEHAVIOR; POLYELECTROLYTE; FLEXIBILITY; TDAO; SIZE AB Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) from cationic wormlike micellar solutions composed of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTABr) and hexadecylpyridinium bromide (CPyBr) in deuterated water was studied at 40 degrees C as a function of surfactant and salt concentrations. Two scattering functions of semiflexible chains incorporating excluded volume effects, with and without the intermicellar interactions, were used in SANS data model fitting. Two needed changes were made in the well-accepted models. Extensive and systematic SANS data analysis suggests the robustness of these corrected scattering functions when the intermicellar interactions are included. The influence of the headgroups and ionic strength on the contour length and micellar flexibility of these two systems was demonstrated on the basis of the quantitative structural information obtained from the model fitting. Micellar flexibility was found to depend on surfactant concentration, even when intermicellar interactions were taken into account, despite predictions to the contrary. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Chem, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Sci Fdn, Div Chem, Arlington, VA 22230 USA. RP Magid, LJ (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Chem, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM lmagid@nsf.gov RI Butler, Paul/D-7368-2011 NR 33 TC 65 Z9 66 U1 3 U2 35 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD JUL 18 PY 2006 VL 22 IS 15 BP 6539 EP 6548 DI 10.1021/la0530440 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 062DY UT WOS:000238926000014 PM 16830995 ER PT J AU Jaspan, MA Habif, JL Hadfield, RH Nam, SW AF Jaspan, Martin A. Habif, Jonathan L. Hadfield, Robert H. Nam, Sae Woo TI Heralding of telecommunication photon pairs with a superconducting single photon detector SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY AB Experiments involving entangled photon pairs created via spontaneous parametric down conversion typically use wavelengths in the visible regime. The extension of a photonic quantum information link to a fiber optical network requires that entangled pairs be created at telecommunication wavelengths (1550 nm), for which photon counting detector technology is inferior to visible detection, in particular, low coincidence detection rates of correlated-photon pairs. We demonstrate a correlated-photon pair measurement using the superconducting single photon detector in a heralding scheme that can be used to substantially improve the correlated-photon detection rate. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Boston Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Quantum Imaging Lab, Boston, MA 02215 USA. BBN Technol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Jaspan, MA (reprint author), Boston Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Quantum Imaging Lab, 8 St Marys St, Boston, MA 02215 USA. EM mjaspan@bu.edu RI Hadfield, Robert/L-8081-2013 OI Hadfield, Robert/0000-0002-8084-4187 NR 16 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 EI 1077-3118 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JUL 17 PY 2006 VL 89 IS 3 AR 031112 DI 10.1063/1.2219411 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 065QJ UT WOS:000239174100012 ER PT J AU Stevens, MJ Hadfield, RH Schwall, RE Nam, SW Mirin, RP Gupta, JA AF Stevens, Martin J. Hadfield, Robert H. Schwall, Robert E. Nam, Sae Woo Mirin, Richard P. Gupta, James A. TI Fast lifetime measurements of infrared emitters using a low-jitter superconducting single-photon detector SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID WAVELENGTH QUANTUM COMMUNICATIONS; AVALANCHE PHOTODIODES; PERFORMANCE AB We use a superconducting single-photon detector with less than 40 Hz dark count rate to measure spontaneous emission lifetimes of quantum wells emitting light at wavelengths of 935 and 1245 nm. The timing jitter of the measurement system-which includes the detector and all other electronic and optical components-is 68 +/- 3 ps. We demonstrate how the infrared sensitivity and Gaussian temporal response function of this superconducting detector present clear advantages over conventional detector technologies. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Res Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada. RP Stevens, MJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM marty@boulder.nist.gov RI Hadfield, Robert/L-8081-2013; OI Hadfield, Robert/0000-0002-8084-4187; Mirin, Richard/0000-0002-4472-4655 NR 13 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JUL 17 PY 2006 VL 89 IS 3 AR 031109 DI 10.1063/1.2221516 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 065QJ UT WOS:000239174100009 ER PT J AU Su, MY Mirin, RP AF Su, Mark Y. Mirin, Richard P. TI Enhanced light extraction from circular Bragg grating coupled microcavities SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PHOTONIC CRYSTAL; EMITTING DIODE AB A sevenfold enhancement of light extraction over a 130 nm bandwidth from a semiconductor at room temperature was achieved using circular Bragg gratings (CBGs) etched around the periphery of a vertical-cavity light-emitting structure. The CBG defined an in-plane circular cavity for light trapped in guided modes. Maximum enhancement was observed with CBGs that efficiently coupled circular cavity modes into resonant extracted modes of the vertical cavity. The enhancement factor corresponded to a 41% external efficiency. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Su, MY (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM marksu@boulder.nist.gov OI Mirin, Richard/0000-0002-4472-4655 NR 10 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JUL 17 PY 2006 VL 89 IS 3 AR 033105 DI 10.1063/1.2222345 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 065QJ UT WOS:000239174100088 ER PT J AU van Noije, TPC Eskes, HJ Dentener, FJ Stevenson, DS Ellingsen, K Schultz, MG Wild, O Amann, M Atherton, CS Bergmann, DJ Bey, I Boersma, KF Butler, T Cofala, J Drevet, J Fiore, AM Gauss, M Hauglustaine, DA Horowitz, LW Isaksen, ISA Krol, MC Lamarque, JF Lawrence, MG Martin, RV Montanaro, V Muller, JF Pitari, G Prather, MJ Pyle, JA Richter, A Rodriguez, JM Savage, NH Strahan, SE Sudo, K Szopa, S van Roozendael, M AF van Noije, T. P. C. Eskes, H. J. Dentener, F. J. Stevenson, D. S. Ellingsen, K. Schultz, M. G. Wild, O. Amann, M. Atherton, C. S. Bergmann, D. J. Bey, I. Boersma, K. F. Butler, T. Cofala, J. Drevet, J. Fiore, A. M. Gauss, M. Hauglustaine, D. A. Horowitz, L. W. Isaksen, I. S. A. Krol, M. C. Lamarque, J. -F. Lawrence, M. G. Martin, R. V. Montanaro, V. Mueller, J. - F. Pitari, G. Prather, M. J. Pyle, J. A. Richter, A. Rodriguez, J. M. Savage, N. H. Strahan, S. E. Sudo, K. Szopa, S. van Roozendael, M. TI Multi-model ensemble simulations of tropospheric NO2 compared with GOME retrievals for the year 2000 SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CHEMICAL-TRANSPORT MODEL; OZONE MONITORING EXPERIMENT; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER MODEL; AIRCRAFT MOZAIC DATA; SATELLITE-OBSERVATIONS; NITROGEN-DIOXIDE; NONMETHANE HYDROCARBONS; SURFACE REFLECTIVITY; GLOBAL DISTRIBUTIONS; 3-DIMENSIONAL MODEL AB We present a systematic comparison of tropospheric NO2 from 17 global atmospheric chemistry models with three state-of-the-art retrievals from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) for the year 2000. The models used constant anthropogenic emissions from IIASA/EDGAR3.2 and monthly emissions from biomass burning based on the 1997 - 2002 average carbon emissions from the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED). Model output is analyzed at 10: 30 local time, close to the overpass time of the ERS-2 satellite, and collocated with the measurements to account for sampling biases due to incomplete spatiotemporal coverage of the instrument. We assessed the importance of different contributions to the sampling bias: correlations on seasonal time scale give rise to a positive bias of 30 - 50% in the retrieved annual means over regions dominated by emissions from biomass burning. Over the industrial regions of the eastern United States, Europe and eastern China the retrieved annual means have a negative bias with significant contributions ( between - 25% and + 10% of the NO2 column) resulting from correlations on time scales from a day to a month. We present global maps of modeled and retrieved annual mean NO2 column densities, together with the corresponding ensemble means and standard deviations for models and retrievals. The spatial correlation between the individual models and retrievals are high, typically in the range 0.81 - 0.93 after smoothing the data to a common resolution. On average the models underestimate the retrievals in industrial regions, especially over eastern China and over the Highveld region of South Africa, and overestimate the retrievals in regions dominated by biomass burning during the dry season. The discrepancy over South America south of the Amazon disappears when we use the GFED emissions specific to the year 2000. The seasonal cycle is analyzed in detail for eight different continental regions. Over regions dominated by biomass burning, the timing of the seasonal cycle is generally well reproduced by the models. However, over Central Africa south of the Equator the models peak one to two months earlier than the retrievals. We further evaluate a recent proposal to reduce the NOx emission factors for savanna fires by 40% and find that this leads to an improvement of the amplitude of the seasonal cycle over the biomass burning regions of Northern and Central Africa. In these regions the models tend to underestimate the retrievals during the wet season, suggesting that the soil emissions are higher than assumed in the models. In general, the discrepancies between models and retrievals cannot be explained by a priori profile assumptions made in the retrievals, neither by diurnal variations in anthropogenic emissions, which lead to a marginal reduction of the NO2 abundance at 10: 30 local time ( by 2.5 - 4.1% over Europe). Overall, there are significant differences among the various models and, in particular, among the three retrievals. The discrepancies among the retrievals ( 10 - 50% in the annual mean over polluted regions) indicate that the previously estimated retrieval uncertainties have a large systematic component. Our findings imply that top-down estimations of NOx emissions from satellite retrievals of tropospheric NO2 are strongly dependent on the choice of model and retrieval. C1 Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst, NL-3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands. European Commiss, Joint Res Ctr, Inst Environm & Sustaiinabil, Ispra, Italy. Univ Edinburgh, Sch Geosci, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. Univ Oslo, Dept Geosci, Oslo, Norway. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Hamburg, Germany. JAMSTEC, Frontier Res Ctr Global Change, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan. Univ Cambridge, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Cambridge CB2 1TN, England. Int Inst Appl Syst Anal, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Div Atmospher Sci, Livermore, CA USA. Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. Max Planck Inst Chem, Mainz, Germany. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. Lab Sci Climat & Environm, Gif Sur Yvette, France. Space Res Org Netherlands, Utrecht, Netherlands. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Dalhousie Univ, Dept Phys & Atmospher Sci, Halifax, NS, Canada. Smithsonian Astrophys Observ, Cambridge, MA USA. Univ Aquila, Dipartimento Fis, I-67100 Laquila, Italy. Belgian Inst Space Aeron, Brussels, Belgium. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA USA. Univ Bremen, Inst Environm Phys, Bremen, Germany. Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP van Noije, TPC (reprint author), Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst, POB 201, NL-3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands. EM noije@knmi.nl RI Magana, Felipe/B-6966-2013; Martin, Randall/A-2051-2008; Wild, Oliver/A-4909-2009; Szopa, Sophie/F-8984-2010; Rodriguez, Jose/G-3751-2013; Krol, Maarten/B-3597-2010; Richter, Andreas/C-4971-2008; Bergmann, Daniel/F-9801-2011; Butler, Tim/G-1139-2011; Stevenson, David/C-8089-2012; Strahan, Susan/H-1965-2012; Boersma, Klaas/H-4559-2012; Martin, Randall/C-1205-2014; Krol, Maarten/E-3414-2013; Horowitz, Larry/D-8048-2014; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/L-2313-2014; Schultz, Martin/I-9512-2012; OI Wild, Oliver/0000-0002-6227-7035; Szopa, Sophie/0000-0002-8641-1737; Rodriguez, Jose/0000-0002-1902-4649; Richter, Andreas/0000-0003-3339-212X; Bergmann, Daniel/0000-0003-4357-6301; Stevenson, David/0000-0002-4745-5673; Boersma, Klaas/0000-0002-4591-7635; Martin, Randall/0000-0003-2632-8402; Horowitz, Larry/0000-0002-5886-3314; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/0000-0002-4225-5074; Schultz, Martin/0000-0003-3455-774X; Pitari, Giovanni/0000-0001-7051-9578 NR 96 TC 87 Z9 87 U1 42 U2 83 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PD JUL 17 PY 2006 VL 6 BP 2943 EP 2979 PG 37 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 065CO UT WOS:000239137200002 ER PT J AU Ludwig, KA Kelley, DS Butterfield, DA Nelson, BK Fruh-Green, G AF Ludwig, Kristin A. Kelley, Deborah S. Butterfield, David A. Nelson, Bruce K. Fruh-Green, Gretchen TI Formation and evolution of carbonate chimneys at the Lost City Hydrothermal Field SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE; MARIANA FORE-ARC; VENT FLUIDS; MONO LAKE; ENDEAVOR SEGMENT; ULTRAMAFIC ROCKS; PHASE-SEPARATION; TUFA MOUNDS; IKAITE TUFA; SERPENTINIZATION AB The Lost City Hydrothermal Field at 30 degrees N, near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, is an off-axis, moderate temperature, high-pH (9-10.8) serpentinite-hosted vent system. The field is hosted on similar to 1.5 Ma crust, near the summit of the Atlantis Massif. Within the field, actively venting carbonate chimneys tower up to 60 m above the seafloor, making them the tallest vent structures known. The chemistry of the chimneys and vent fluids is controlled by serpentinization reactions between seawater and underlying peridotite. Mixing of < 40-91 degrees C calcium-rich vent fluids with seawater results in the precipitation of variable mixtures of aragonite, calcite, and brucite. The resultant deposits range from tall, graceful pinnacles to fragile flanges and delicate precipitates that grow outward from fissures in the bedrock. In this study, mineralogy, petrographic analyses, major and trace element concentrations, and Sr isotopic compositions are used to propose a model for the growth and chemical evolution of carbonate chimneys in a serpentinite-hosted environment. Our results show that nascent chimneys are characterized by a porous, interlacing network of aragonite, and brucite minerals that form extremely fragile structures. The chemistry of these young deposits is characterized by similar to 10 wt% Ca and up to 27 wt% Mg, extremely low trace metal concentrations, and Sr-87/Sr-86 isotope ratios near 0.70760. During aging of the chimneys, progressive reactions with seawater result in the dissolution of brucite, the conversion of aragonite to calcite, and infilling of pore spaces with calcite. The oldest chimneys are dominated by calcite, with bulk rock values of up to 36 wt% Ca and < 1 wt% Mg. These older structures contain higher concentrations of trace metals (e.g., Mn and Ti), and have Sr isotope ratios near seawater values (0.70908). Exposed ultramafic rocks are prevalent along the Mid-Atlantic. Arctic, and Indian Ocean ridge networks and it is likely that other Lost City-type systems exist. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, PMEL, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. ETH, Dept Earth Sci, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland. RP Ludwig, KA (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM kludwig@u.washington.edu RI Butterfield, David/H-3815-2016 OI Butterfield, David/0000-0002-1595-9279 NR 85 TC 90 Z9 94 U1 3 U2 34 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 EI 1872-9533 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUL 15 PY 2006 VL 70 IS 14 BP 3625 EP 3645 DI 10.1016/j.gca.2006.04.016 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 066TE UT WOS:000239252200009 ER PT J AU Gundlach, DJ Zhou, L Nichols, JA Jackson, TN Necliudov, PV Shur, MS AF Gundlach, D. J. Zhou, L. Nichols, J. A. Jackson, T. N. Necliudov, P. V. Shur, M. S. TI An experimental study of contact effects in organic thin film transistors SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS; ENERGY-LEVEL ALIGNMENT; CHARGE INJECTION; RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS; DRAIN ELECTRODES; FORCE MICROSCOPY; SINGLE-CRYSTALS; BARRIER HEIGHT; LARGE-AREA; PENTACENE AB We report on parasitic contact effects in organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) fabricated with pentacene films. The influence on the OTFT performance of the source and drain contact metal and the device design was investigated. Top contact (TC) and bottom contact (BC) gated transmission line model (gated-TLM) test structures were used to extract the combined parasitic contact resistance as a function of gate voltage swing and drain-source voltage for OTFTs with gold source and drain contacts. For comparison BC test structures with palladium contacts were studied. Differences in the bias dependence of the contact resistance for TC and BC OTFTs indicate that charge injection and device performance are strongly affected by the device design and processing. The results from this investigation show that TC and BC device performances may be contact limited for high mobility OTFTs with channel lengths less than 10 mu m. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Elect Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Rensselaer Polytech Inst, CII, Dept Elect Engn, Troy, NY 12180 USA. RP Gundlach, DJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM david.gundlach@nist.gov RI Jackson, Thomas/A-4224-2012; Caironi, Mario/O-2745-2013; Shur, Michael/A-4374-2016 OI Caironi, Mario/0000-0002-0442-4439; Shur, Michael/0000-0003-0976-6232 NR 63 TC 266 Z9 266 U1 16 U2 123 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUL 15 PY 2006 VL 100 IS 2 AR 024509 DI 10.1063/1.2215132 PG 13 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 069CR UT WOS:000239423400135 ER PT J AU Motayed, A Davydov, AV Vaudin, MD Levin, I Melngailis, J Mohammad, SN AF Motayed, Abhishek Davydov, Albert V. Vaudin, Mark D. Levin, Igor Melngailis, John Mohammad, S. N. TI Fabrication of GaN-based nanoscale device structures utilizing focused ion beam induced Pt deposition SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID N-TYPE GAN; OHMIC CONTACTS; BUILDING-BLOCKS; SCHOTTKY DIODES; NANOWIRES; GROWTH; TRANSISTORS; RESISTANCE; CONDUCTION; TRANSPORT AB In this work we have demonstrated nanoscale GaN device structures made from individual GaN nanowires and electrical contacts utilizing focused ion beam (FIB) induced Pt deposition. These GaN nanowires were grown by direct reaction of Ga vapor with NH3 and had diameters ranging from 100 nm to 250 nm and lengths up to 200 mu m. As-grown nanowires were dispersed on SiO2 coated p(++) Si substrate. A 30 keV Ga+ ion beam was used to dissociate (trimethyl)methylcyclopentadienyl-platinum precursor for depositing Pt contacts to GaN nanowires. FIB-deposited Pt contacts to GaN nanowires showed nonlinear I-V characteristics, which turned linear after annealing at 500 degrees C for 30 s in argon. Resistivity of a GaN nanowire measured using a four terminal contact geometry fabricated by depositing Pt with a FIB was in the range of 5x10(-3) Omega cm. Temperature dependent resistivity measurement of the GaN nanowire revealed semiconducting behavior with a weak temperature dependence of the resistivity. In this study both Ohmic and Schottky contacts to GaN nanowires have been realized with FIB-deposited Pt contacts. Barrier height and ideality factor have been extracted for the metal-GaN nanowire Schottky junctions, which had low reverse breakdown voltage and large ideality factor of 18. Modulation of the current through the nanowire was achieved by applying a bias to the Si substrate acting as a backgate. n-type depletion mode behavior was observed in the GaN nanotransistor, which was consistent with the impurity related background concentrations expected in this type of growth method. The heat generation during FIB deposition and the ion damage appeared to cause noticeable swelling of the nanowires under the Pt contacts. Electron beam induced Pt deposition was also used to fabricate electrical contacts to the nanowires. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Howard Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Washington, DC 20059 USA. RP Motayed, A (reprint author), NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM amotayed@nist.gov RI Davydov, Albert/F-7773-2010; Levin, Igor/F-8588-2010 OI Davydov, Albert/0000-0003-4512-2311; NR 29 TC 67 Z9 67 U1 2 U2 26 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUL 15 PY 2006 VL 100 IS 2 AR 024306 DI 10.1063/1.2215354 PG 8 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 069CR UT WOS:000239423400112 ER PT J AU Vaithyanathan, V Lettieri, J Tian, W Sharan, A Vasudevarao, A Li, YL Kochhar, A Ma, H Levy, J Zschack, P Woicik, JC Chen, LQ Gopalan, V Schlom, DG AF Vaithyanathan, V. Lettieri, J. Tian, W. Sharan, A. Vasudevarao, A. Li, Y. L. Kochhar, A. Ma, H. Levy, J. Zschack, P. Woicik, J. C. Chen, L. Q. Gopalan, V. Schlom, D. G. TI c-axis oriented epitaxial BaTiO3 films on (001) Si SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID FERROELECTRIC THIN-FILMS; PULSED-LASER DEPOSITION; MOLECULAR-BEAM EPITAXY; MISFIT RELAXATION MECHANISMS; BARIUM-TITANATE; HETEROEPITAXIAL GROWTH; DOMAIN CONFIGURATIONS; HARMONIC GENERATION; FORCE MICROSCOPY; CRYSTALS AB c-axis oriented epitaxial films of the ferroelectric BaTiO3 have been grown on (001) Si by reactive molecular-beam epitaxy. The orientation relationship between the film and substrate is (001) BaTiO3 parallel to(001) Si and [100] BaTiO3 parallel to[110] Si. The uniqueness of this integration is that the entire epitaxial BaTiO3 film on (001) Si is c-axis oriented, unlike any reported so far in the literature. The thermal expansion incompatibility between BaTiO3 and silicon is overcome by introducing a relaxed buffer layer of BaxSr1-xTiO3 between the BaTiO3 film and silicon substrate. The rocking curve widths of the BaTiO3 films are as narrow as 0.4 degrees. X-ray diffraction and second harmonic generation experiments reveal the out-of-plane c-axis orientation of the epitaxial BaTiO3 film. Piezoresponse atomic force microscopy is used to write ferroelectric domains with a spatial resolution of similar to 100 nm, corroborating the orientation of the ferroelectric film. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Phys & Astron, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. Univ Illinois, APS UNICAT, Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Vaithyanathan, V (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM schlom@ems.psu.edu RI Schlom, Darrell/J-2412-2013; Chen, LongQing/I-7536-2012; Levy, Jeremy/A-2081-2009 OI Schlom, Darrell/0000-0003-2493-6113; Chen, LongQing/0000-0003-3359-3781; Levy, Jeremy/0000-0002-5700-2977 NR 59 TC 68 Z9 70 U1 3 U2 40 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 EI 1089-7550 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUL 15 PY 2006 VL 100 IS 2 AR 024108 DI 10.1063/1.2203208 PG 9 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 069CR UT WOS:000239423400102 ER PT J AU Norman, AI Zhang, WH Beers, KL Amis, EJ AF Norman, AI Zhang, WH Beers, KL Amis, EJ TI Microfluidic light scattering as a tool to study the structure of aqueous polymer solutions SO JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE microfluidics; small-angle light scattering; vesicles; screening tools ID SHEAR-INDUCED FORMATION; MULTILAMELLAR VESICLES; BLOCK-COPOLYMERS; DEVICES; POLY(DIMETHYLSILOXANE); GENERATION; PHASE; WATER AB A small-angle light scattering (SALS) apparatus, coupled with a specially designed microfluidic device is shown to monitor the formation and subsequent size distribution of giant multilamellar vesicles of a diblock copolymer in aqueous solution. The closed-face design, fabricated between glass slides using a UV-curable optical adhesive, incorporates multiple inlets, a mixing system, and a viewing window to perform on-line SALS. The mixing of each component is tested using polystyrene latex microspheres. Vesicles of the block copolymer, EO6BO11 in aqueous solution are formed on the SALS chip and the pair distance distribution function determined using an inverse Fourier transformation of the scattered intensity to quantify the population and distribution for a range of vesicle sizes. These experiments provide demonstrations of how SALS on a microfluidic device can be used as a rapid screening tool to optimize processing conditions for a range of polymer solutions. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Norman, AI (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM anorman1@umd.edu NR 28 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9797 J9 J COLLOID INTERF SCI JI J. Colloid Interface Sci. PD JUL 15 PY 2006 VL 299 IS 2 BP 580 EP 588 DI 10.1016/j.jcis.2006.02.025 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 053GY UT WOS:000238294800011 PM 16530780 ER PT J AU Miller, AJ Cai, AR Tiao, G Wuebbles, DJ Flynn, LE Yang, SK Weatherhead, EC Fioletov, V Petropavlovskikh, I Meng, XL Guillas, S Nagatani, RM Reinsel, GC AF Miller, Alvin J. Cai, Airong Tiao, George Wuebbles, Donald J. Flynn, Lawrence E. Yang, Shi-Keng Weatherhead, Elizabeth C. Fioletov, Vitali Petropavlovskikh, Irina Meng, Xiao-Li Guillas, Serge Nagatani, Ronald M. Reinsel, Gregory C. TI Examination of ozonesonde data for trends and trend changes incorporating solar and Arctic oscillation signals SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID DYNAMICAL CONTRIBUTIONS; VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION; ART.; STRATOSPHERE; VARIABILITY; RECOVERY AB [ 1] One major question that arises with the implementation of the Montreal Protocol and its subsequent conventions is our ability to determine that an ozone "recovery'' is in process. Toward this we have utilized a statistical model suggested by Reinsel et al. ( 2002) that utilizes the idea of a trend and a trend change at a specific time and applied it to 12 ozonesonde stations in the midlatitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. The lower stratosphere, in particular, is of significance as this is where the ozone concentration is a maximum and also where heterogeneous ozone losses have been noted. This statistical methodology suffers, however, from the ambiguities of having to select a specific time for the ozone trend to change and the fact that the Mt Pinatubo volcanic aerosols impacted the ozone amount. Within this paper, we analyze the ozonesonde station data utilizing the above model but examine the statistical stability of the computed results by allowing the point of inflection to change from 1995 through 2000 and also exclude varying amounts of data from the post-Pinatubo period. The results indicate that while the impacts of deleting data and changing the inflection point are nontrivial, the overall results are consistent in that there has been a major change in the ozone trend in the time frame of 1996 and that a reasonable scenario is to utilize a change point in 1996 and exclude 2 years of data after the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption. In addition, we include a term for the Arctic oscillation within the statistical model and demonstrate that it is statistically significant. C1 NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Informat & Decis Sci, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. Univ Chicago, Grad Sch Business, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Environm Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada. Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Stat, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Miller, AJ (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM alvin.miller@noaa.gov RI Flynn, Lawrence/B-6321-2009; Guillas, Serge/A-2700-2012; Weatherhead, Elizabeth/I-7091-2015 OI Fioletov, Vitali/0000-0002-2731-5956; Flynn, Lawrence/0000-0001-6856-2614; Guillas, Serge/0000-0002-3910-3408; Weatherhead, Elizabeth/0000-0002-9252-4228 NR 28 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL 15 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D13 AR D13305 DI 10.1029/2005JD006684 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 066GI UT WOS:000239217300007 ER PT J AU Tuteja, A Mackay, ME Hawker, CJ Van Horn, B Ho, DL AF Tuteja, Anish Mackay, Michael E. Hawker, Craig J. Van Horn, Brooke Ho, Derek L. TI Molecular architecture and rheological characterization of novel intramolecularly crosslinked polystyrene nanoparticles SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MODE-COUPLING THEORY; LINEAR-POLYMERS; MELT RHEOLOGY; DILUTE; CHAIN; VISCOSITY; MICROGELS; BEHAVIOR; DYNAMICS; LIQUIDS AB Novel polystyrene nanoparticles were synthesized by the controlled intramolecular crosslinking of linear polymer chains to produce well-defined single-molecule nanoparticles of varying molecular mass, corresponding directly to the original linear precursor chain. These nanoparticles are ideal to study the relaxation dynamics/processes of high molecular mass polymer melts, as the high degree of intramolecular crosslinking potentially inhibits entanglements. Both the nanoparticles and their linear analogs were characterized by measuring their intrinsic viscosity, hydrodynamic radius (Rh), and radius of gyration (R-g). The ratio R-g/R-h was computed to characterize the molecular architecture of the nanoparticles in solution, revealing a shift toward the constant density sphere limit with increasing crosslink density and molecular mass. Further, confirming particulate behavior, Kratky plots obtained from neutron scattering data show a shift toward particle-like nature. The rheological behavior of the particles was found to be strongly dependent on both the extent of intramolecular crosslinking and molecular mass, with a minimal viscosity change at low crosslinking levels and a gel-like behavior evident for a large degree of crosslinking. These and other results suggest the presence of a secondary mode of polymer relaxation/movement besides reptation, which in this case, is influenced by the total number of crosslinked loops present in the nanoparticle. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Mat Res Lab, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. IBM Corp, Almaden Res Ctr, San Jose, CA 95120 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mackay, ME (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. EM mackay@msu.edu RI Van Horn, Brooke/B-4198-2011; Hawker, Craig/G-4971-2011 OI Van Horn, Brooke/0000-0002-8506-3005; Hawker, Craig/0000-0001-9951-851X NR 62 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 26 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0887-6266 EI 1099-0488 J9 J POLYM SCI POL PHYS JI J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys. PD JUL 15 PY 2006 VL 44 IS 14 BP 1930 EP 1947 DI 10.1002/polb.20826 PG 18 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 061UR UT WOS:000238898800003 ER PT J AU Batra, N Islam, S Venturini, V Bisht, G Jiang, L AF Batra, Namrata Islam, Shafiqul Venturini, Virginia Bisht, Gautam Jiang, Le TI Estimation and comparison of evapotranspiration from MODIS and AVHRR sensors for clear sky days over the Southern Great Plains SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE evapotranspiration; net radiation; MODIS; AVHRR ID SOIL-WATER CONTENT; INCIDENT SOLAR-RADIATION; SIMPLE PHYSICAL MODEL; REMOTE-SENSING DATA; SATELLITE DATA; SURFACE EVAPORATION; METEOROLOGICAL DATA; VEGETATION COVER; ENERGY FLUXES; NET-RADIATION AB Evapotranspiration (ET) cannot be measured directly from satellite observations but remote sensing can provide a reasonably good estimate of evaporative fraction (EF), defined as the ratio of ET and available radiant energy. It is feasible to estimate EF using a contextual interpretation of radiometric surface temperature (T-o) and normalized vegetation index (NDVI) from multiple satellites. Recent studies have successfully estimated net radiation (R-n) over large heterogeneous areas for clear sky days using only remote sensing observations. With distributed maps of EF and R-n, it is now possible to explore the feasibility and robustness of ET estimation from multiple satellites. Here we present the results of an extensive inter-comparison of spatially distributed ET and related variables (NDVI, T-o, EF and R-n) derived from MODIS and AVHRR sensors onboard EOS Terra, NOAA14 and NOAA16 satellites respectively. Our results show that although, NDVI and T. differ with the sensor response functions and overpass times, contextual space of NDVI-T-o diagram gives comparable estimates of EF. The utility of different sensors is demonstrated by 2 validating the estimated ET results to ground flux stations over the Southern Great Plains with a root mean square error of 53, 51 and 56.24 Wm(-2), and a correlation of 0.84, 0.79 and 0.77 from MODIS, NOAA16 and NOAA14 sensors respectively. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Tufts Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Medford, MA 02155 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. Univ Nacl Litoral, Fac Ingn & Ciencias Hidricas, RA-3000 Santa Fe, Argentina. MIT, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. NOAA, Ctr Sci, IMSG, NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Islam, S (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 113 Anderson Hall, Medford, MA 02155 USA. EM Shafiqul.Islam@tufts.edu RI Batra, Namrata/K-7117-2014; Bisht, Gautam/J-4822-2014 NR 51 TC 102 Z9 119 U1 2 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 EI 1879-0704 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD JUL 15 PY 2006 VL 103 IS 1 BP 1 EP 15 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2006.02.019 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 061VL UT WOS:000238901000001 ER PT J AU Shen, BW Atlas, R Reale, O Lin, SJ Chern, JD Chang, J Henze, C Li, JL AF Shen, B. -W. Atlas, R. Reale, O. Lin, S. -J. Chern, J. -D. Chang, J. Henze, C. Li, J. -L. TI Hurricane forecasts with a global mesoscale-resolving model: Preliminary results with Hurricane Katrina (2005) SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL CYCLONES; COUPLED MODEL; SIMULATIONS; INTENSITY; PREDICTION AB It is known that General Circulation Models (GCMs) have insufficient resolution to accurately simulate hurricane near-eye structure and intensity. The increasing capabilities of high-end computers have changed this. The mesoscale-resolving finite-volume GCM (fvGCM) has been experimentally deployed on the NASA Columbia supercomputer, and its performance is evaluated in this study by choosing hurricane Katrina as an example. In late August 2005, Katrina underwent two stages of rapid intensification, and became the sixth most intense hurricane in the Atlantic. Six 5-day simulations of Katrina at both 0.25 degrees and 0.125 degrees show comparable track forecasts but the 0.125 degrees runs provide much better intensity forecasts, producing the center pressure with errors of only +/- 12 hPa. In the runs examined in this study, the 0.125 degrees simulates better near-eye wind distributions and a more realistic average intensification rate. To contribute to the ongoing research on the effects of disabling convection parameterization (CP), we present promising results by comparing 0.125 degrees runs with disabled CPs against runs with enabled CPs. C1 NASA, Atmospheres Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Beltsville, MD USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Comp Sci Corp, Moffett Field, CA USA. NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Shen, BW (reprint author), NASA, Atmospheres Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 613, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM bo-wen.shen.1@gsfc.nasa.gov RI Atlas, Robert/A-5963-2011 OI Atlas, Robert/0000-0002-0706-3560 NR 19 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 14 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 13 AR L13813 DI 10.1029/2006GL026143 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 066FR UT WOS:000239215600002 ER PT J AU Zolot, AM Harper, WW Perkins, BG Dagdigian, PJ Nesbitt, DJ AF Zolot, Alexander M. Harper, Warren W. Perkins, Bradford G. Dagdigian, Paul J. Nesbitt, David J. TI Quantum-state resolved reaction dynamics at the gas-liquid interface: Direct absorption detection of HF(v,J) product from F(P-2) plus squalane SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR-BEAM SCATTERING; HYDROCARBON SURFACE; SUPERSONIC JETS; SULFURIC-ACID; OXYGEN-ATOMS; IR LASER; O(P-3); SIMULATION AB Exothermic reactive scattering of F atoms at the gas-liquid interface of a liquid hydrocarbon (squalane) surface has been studied under single collision conditions by shot noise limited high-resolution infrared absorption on the nascent HF(v,J) product. The nascent HF(v,J) vibrational distributions are inverted, indicating insufficient time for complete vibrational energy transfer into the surface liquid. The HF(v=2,J) rotational distributions are well fit with a two temperature Boltzmann analysis, with a near room temperature component (T-TD approximate to 290 K) and a second much hotter scattering component (T-HDS approximate to 1040 K). These data provide quantum state level support for microscopic branching in the atom abstraction dynamics corresponding to escape of nascent HF from the liquid surface on time scales both slow and fast with respect to rotational relaxation. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Zolot, AM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM djn@jila.colorado.edu RI Zolot, Alexander/C-7450-2013 NR 28 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD JUL 14 PY 2006 VL 125 IS 2 AR 021101 DI 10.1063/1.2217016 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 063YK UT WOS:000239055600001 PM 16848566 ER PT J AU Beebe, JM Kim, B Gadzuk, JW Frisbie, CD Kushmerick, JG AF Beebe, Jeremy M. Kim, BongSoo Gadzuk, J. W. Frisbie, C. Daniel Kushmerick, James G. TI Transition from direct tunneling to field emission in metal-molecule-metal junctions SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; NEGATIVE DIFFERENTIAL RESISTANCE; SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; CONTACT RESISTANCE; WORK FUNCTION; TRANSPORT; SAMS AB Current-voltage measurements of metal-molecule-metal junctions formed from pi-conjugated thiols exhibit an inflection point on a plot of ln(I/V-2) vs 1/V, consistent with a change in transport mechanism from direct tunneling to field emission. The transition voltage was found to scale linearly with the offset in energy between the Au Fermi level and the highest occupied molecular orbital as determined by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. Asymmetric voltage drops at the two metal-molecule interfaces cause the transition voltage to be dependent on bias polarity. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Chem, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RP Beebe, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM frisbie@cems.umn.edu; james.kushmerick@nist.gov RI Kushmerick, James/C-2882-2008; Frisbie, C Daniel/F-3995-2011 NR 19 TC 273 Z9 274 U1 7 U2 60 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JUL 14 PY 2006 VL 97 IS 2 AR 026801 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.026801 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 063YZ UT WOS:000239057200052 PM 16907471 ER PT J AU Oskay, WH Diddams, SA Donley, EA Fortier, TM Heavner, TP Hollberg, L Itano, WM Jefferts, SR Delaney, MJ Kim, K Levi, F Parker, TE Bergquist, JC AF Oskay, W. H. Diddams, S. A. Donley, E. A. Fortier, T. M. Heavner, T. P. Hollberg, L. Itano, W. M. Jefferts, S. R. Delaney, M. J. Kim, K. Levi, F. Parker, T. E. Bergquist, J. C. TI Single-atom optical clock with high accuracy SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SAPPHIRE FEMTOSECOND OSCILLATOR; BROAD-BAND CONTINUUM; FREQUENCY STANDARD; ION; LASER; NIST-F1; MICROWAVE; LEVEL; LINK AB For the past 50 years, atomic standards based on the frequency of the cesium ground-state hyperfine transition have been the most accurate time pieces in the world. We now report a comparison between the cesium fountain standard NIST-F1, which has been evaluated with an inaccuracy of about 4x10(-16), and an optical frequency standard based on an ultraviolet transition in a single, laser-cooled mercury ion for which the fractional systematic frequency uncertainty was below 7.2x10(-17). The absolute frequency of the transition was measured versus cesium to be 1064721609899 144.94 (97) Hz, with a statistically limited total fractional uncertainty of 9.1x10(-16), the most accurate absolute measurement of an optical frequency to date. C1 NIST, Time & Frequency Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Phys Div P 23, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Yonsei Univ, Sch Mech Engn, Seoul 120749, South Korea. IEN, I-10135 Turin, Italy. RP Oskay, WH (reprint author), Stanford Res Syst, 1290-C Reamwood Ave, Sunnyvale, CA 94089 USA. EM berky@boulder.nist.gov RI Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013 NR 27 TC 206 Z9 213 U1 2 U2 30 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JUL 14 PY 2006 VL 97 IS 2 AR 020801 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.020801 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 063YZ UT WOS:000239057200007 PM 16907426 ER PT J AU Brooks, SB Saiz-Lopez, A Skov, H Lindberg, SE Plane, JMC Goodsite, ME AF Brooks, Steven B. Saiz-Lopez, Alfonso Skov, Henrik Lindberg, Steve E. Plane, John M. C. Goodsite, Michael E. TI The mass balance of mercury in the springtime arctic environment SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DEPLETION EPISODES; ELEMENTAL MERCURY; GASEOUS MERCURY; BOUNDARY-LAYER; POLAR SUNRISE; SEA-ICE; TROPOSPHERE; OXIDATION; SURFACE; MECHANISM AB The load of mercury in the Arctic environment is to a large extent controlled by atmospheric mercury depletion events. At Barrow, Alaska, these depletion events have been linked with the near-surface air formation of reactive gaseous mercury (Hg( II)) (RGM), to a much lesser extent in a particulate-bound form, and the accumulation of total mercury in the snow pack (> 100 ng/L in late Spring). This transport of Hg from atmospheric conversion, to deposition, to bio-available forms is likely to be the predominant pathway for mercury into Arctic biota. For the first time we combine flux rate measurements, atmospheric chemistry measurements, and air mass trajectories to give a comprehensive two-week window into the springtime dynamics and mass balance of Arctic mercury. We have conducted polar-sunrise to snowmelt mercury monitoring at Barrow from 1998 to 2004, and the time period March 25th - April 7th (Julian days 84 - 97), 2003 appears typical for this time of year. A clear link was observed between air of marine origin, the build-up of BrO together with removal of gaseous elemental mercury ( GEM)), and the formation of RGM. This provides the most direct evidence so far for Br and Hg chemistry as the direct source of RGM. The fluxes of RGM and GEM were determined and the net flux calculated. C1 NOAA, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. Natl Environm Res Inst, Dept Atmospher Environm, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ So Denmark, Dept Chem, Odense, Denmark. RP Brooks, SB (reprint author), NOAA, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, 456 S Illinois Ave, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. EM hsk@dmu.dk RI Goodsite, Michael/B-7321-2012; Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011; Saiz-Lopez, Alfonso/B-3759-2015; Plane, John/C-7444-2015; OI Goodsite, Michael/0000-0002-4565-6607; Saiz-Lopez, Alfonso/0000-0002-0060-1581; Plane, John/0000-0003-3648-6893; Skov, Henrik/0000-0003-1167-8696 NR 25 TC 66 Z9 67 U1 3 U2 20 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 13 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 13 AR L13812 DI 10.1029/2005GL025525 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 066FP UT WOS:000239215400001 ER PT J AU Detman, T Smith, Z Dryer, M Fry, CD Arge, CN Pizzo, V AF Detman, Thomas Smith, Zdenka Dryer, Murray Fry, Craig D. Arge, C. Nick Pizzo, Vic TI A hybrid heliospheric modeling system: Background solar wind SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIC-FIELD STRENGTH; INTERPLANETARY SHOCK; REAL-TIME; PROJECTED CHARACTERISTICS; SPACE WEATHER; PREDICTION; EVOLUTION; INDEX; SPEED; FORMULATION AB [ 1] We describe a Sun-to-Earth system of coupled models. Our main goal is to create a real-time, three-dimensional (3-D), MHD-based system to aid in the operational forecasting of geomagnetic activity, but we expect the system to have other uses. We give here our initial survey of the system's characteristics. The Hybrid Heliospheric Modeling System (HHMS) is composed of two physics-based models, combined with two simple empirical models. The physics-based models are a source surface ( potential field) current sheet model for the corona and a time-dependent 3-D MHD solar wind model. The system is driven by a sequence of photospheric magnetic maps composed from daily magnetograms. An empirical relationship between magnetic flux tube expansion factor and solar wind speed at 0.1 AU is a key element of the system. The solar wind model gives a predicted time series of MHD parameters at the location of Earth in the model grid; this is verified against Omni, Wind, or ACE satellite data, depending on the time period. The predicted solar wind at Earth is used as input to the second, data-based, empirical model to predict the geomagnetic Ap index. We compare test results for simulated 1 day ahead Ap forecasts for the years 1993 through 2002 with forecast skill of the official Ap forecasts that were issued by the NOAA Space Environment Center in that time interval. Results show the HHMS would have been useful to forecasters in some years. Simulations of transient events such as coronal mass ejections and interplanetary shocks with the HHMS will be reported on later. C1 NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Explorat Phys Int Inc, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA. RP Detman, T (reprint author), NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM thomas.detman@noaa.gov RI xue, yansheng/A-9712-2012 NR 55 TC 42 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD JUL 13 PY 2006 VL 111 IS A7 AR A07102 DI 10.1029/2005JA011430 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 066HG UT WOS:000239219700001 ER PT J AU Gianola, AJ Ichino, T Kato, S Bierbaum, VM Lineberger, WC AF Gianola, Adam J. Ichino, Takatoshi Kato, Shuji Bierbaum, Veronica M. Lineberger, W. Carl TI Thermochemical studies of pyrazolide SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID BOND-DISSOCIATION ENERGIES; PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; GAS-PHASE; AB-INITIO; C-H; CONICAL INTERSECTIONS; ELEVATED-TEMPERATURES; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; HYDROXYL RADICALS; FRANCK-CONDON AB The 351.1 nm photoelectron spectrum of 1-pyrazolide anion has been measured. The 1-pyrazolide ion is produced by hydroxide (HO-) deprotonation of pyrazole in a flowing afterglow ion source. The electron affinity (EA) of the 1-pyrazolyl radical has been determined to be 2.938 +/- 0.005 eV. The angular dependence of the photoelectrons indicates near-degeneracy of low-lying states of 1-pyrazolyl. The vibronic feature of the spectrum suggests significant nonadiabatic effects in these electronic states. The gas phase acidity of pyrazole has been determined using a flowing afterglow-selected ion flow tube; Delta(acid)G(298) = 346.4 +/- 0.3 kcal mol(-1) and Delta H-acid(298) = 353.6 +/- 0.4 kcal mol(-1). The N-H bond dissociation energy (BDE) of pyrazole is derived to be D-0(pyrazole, N-H) = 106.4 +/- 0.4 kcal mol(-1) from the EA and the acidity using a thermochemical cycle. In addition to 1-pyrazolide, the photoelectron spectrum demonstrates that HO- deprotonates pyrazole at the C5 position to generate a minor amount of 5-pyrazolide anion. The photoelectron spectrum of 5-pyrazolide has been successfully reproduced by a Franck-Condon (FC) simulation based on the optimized geometries and the normal modes obtained from B3LYP/6-311++ G(d, p) electronic structure calculations. The EA of the 5-pyrazolyl radical is 2.104 +/- 0.005 eV. The spectrum exhibits an extensive vibrational progression for an in-plane CCN bending mode, which indicates a substantial difference in the CCN angle between the electronic ground states of 5-pyrazolide and 5-pyrazolyl. Fundamental vibrational frequencies of 890 +/- 15, 1110 +/- 35, and 1345 +/- 30 cm(-1) have been assigned for the in-plane CCN bending mode and two in-plane bond-stretching modes, respectively, of (X) over tilde (2)A' 5-pyrazolyl. The physical properties of the pyrazole system are compared to the isoelectronic systems, pyrrole and imidazole. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Bierbaum, VM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM veronica.bierbaum@colorado.edu; wcl@jila.colorado.edu NR 72 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD JUL 13 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 27 BP 8457 EP 8466 DI 10.1021/jp057499+ PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 060MF UT WOS:000238805600023 PM 16821829 ER PT J AU Tsang, W AF Tsang, Wing TI Mechanism and rate constants for the decomposition of 1-pentenyl radicals SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID CYCLOPENTYL; COMBUSTION; ISOMERIZATION; STABILITY; ENERGY AB This paper is concerned with the mechanisms and rate constants for the decomposition of 1-penten-3-yl, 1-penten-4-yl, and 1-penten-5-yl radicals. They are formed from radical attack on 1-pentene, which is an important decomposition product of normal alkyl radicals with more than 6 carbon atoms in combustion systems. This work is based on related data in the literature. These involve rate constants for the reverse radical addition process under high-pressure conditions, chemical activation experiments, and more recent direct studies. The high-pressure rate constants are based on detailed balance. The energy transfer effects and the pressure dependences of the rate constants are determined through the solution of the master equation and are projected to cover combustion conditions. The low barriers to these reactions make it necessary to treat these thermal reactions as open systems, as in chemical activation studies. The multiple reaction channels make the nature of the pressure effects different from those usually described in standard texts. The order of stability is 1-penten-3-yl approximate to 1-penten-4-yl > 1-penten-5-yl and straddles those for the n-alkyl radicals. A key feature in these reactions is the effects traceable to allylic resonance. However, the 50 kJ/mol allylic resonance energy is not fully manifested. The important unsaturated products are 1,3-butadiene, the pentadienes, allyl radicals, and vinyl radicals. The results are compared with the recommendations in the literature, and significant differences are noted. Extensions to larger radicals with similar structures are discussed. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tsang, W (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 27 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD JUL 13 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 27 BP 8501 EP 8509 DI 10.1021/jp058125j PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 060MF UT WOS:000238805600028 PM 16821834 ER PT J AU Mason, PE Neilson, GW Kline, SR Dempsey, CE Brady, JW AF Mason, P. E. Neilson, G. W. Kline, Steve R. Dempsey, C. E. Brady, J. W. TI Nanometer-scale ion aggregates in aqueous electrolyte solutions: Guanidinium carbonate SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; WATER-STRUCTURE; SURFACE-TENSION; LIQUID WATER; DYNAMICS; SYSTEM; SPECTROSCOPY; DIFFRACTION; STABILITY; HYDRATION AB Neutron diffraction with isotopic substitution (NDIS) experiments and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been used to characterize the structure of aqueous guanidinium carbonate (Gdm(2)CO(3)) solutions. The MD simulations found very strong hetero-ion pairing in Gdm(2)CO(3) solution and were used to determine the best structural experiment to demonstrate this ion pairing. The NDIS experiments confirm the most significant feature of the MD simulation, which is the existence of strong hetero-ion pairing between the Gdm(+) and CO32- ions. The neutron structural data also support the most interesting feature of the MD simulation, that the hetero-ion pairing is sufficiently strong as to lead to nanometer-scale aggregation of the ions. The presence of such clustering on the nanometer length scale was then confirmed using small-angle neutron scattering experiments. Taken together, the experiment and simulation suggest a molecular-level explanation for the contrasting denaturant properties of guanidinium salts in solution. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Food Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Bristol, HH Wills Phys Lab, Bristol BS8 1TL, Avon, England. Univ Bristol, Dept Biochem, Bristol BS8 1TD, Avon, England. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Brady, JW (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Food Sci, Stocking Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM jwb7@cornell.edu FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM63018] NR 36 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 17 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD JUL 13 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 27 BP 13477 EP 13483 DI 10.1021/jp0572028 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 060MJ UT WOS:000238806000027 PM 16821873 ER PT J AU Hartman, MR Peterson, VK Liu, Y Kaye, SS Long, JR AF Hartman, MR Peterson, VK Liu, Y Kaye, SS Long, JR TI Neutron diffraction and neutron vibrational sectroscopy studies of hydrogen adsorption in the Prussian blue analogue Cu-3[Co(CN)(6)](2) SO CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID X-RAY AB The adsorption of molecular hydrogen in the Prussian blue analogue Cu-3[Co(CN)(6)](2) was investigated using high-resolution neutron powder diffraction and neutron vibrational spectroscopy. Rietveld structural refinement of the neutron data for hydrogen loadings of 1, 2, and similar to 2.3 H-2/Cu showed that the hydrogen was absorbed at two sites within the structure. The most prominent adsorption site, located at the ( (1)/(4), (1)/(4), (1)/(4)) crystallographic site, was an interstitial location within the structure. The second adsorption site was associated with exposed Cu2+ ion coordination sites that result from the presence of [Co(CN)(6)](3-) vacancies within the structure of the material. The rotational-vibrational density of states of the adsorbed hydrogen was probed using neutron vibrational spectroscopy and showed a range of local binding potentials for the adsorbed hydrogen. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hartman, MR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, 100 Bureau Dr,MS 8562, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM michael.hartman@nist.gov RI Liu, Yun/A-2478-2010; Liu, Yun/F-6516-2012 OI Liu, Yun/0000-0002-0944-3153; Liu, Yun/0000-0002-0944-3153 NR 9 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0897-4756 J9 CHEM MATER JI Chem. Mat. PD JUL 11 PY 2006 VL 18 IS 14 BP 3221 EP 3224 DI 10.1021/cm0608600 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 059IR UT WOS:000238727000008 ER PT J AU Gomez-Gutierrez, J Peterson, WT Morado, JF AF Gomez-Gutierrez, Jaime Peterson, William T. Morado, J. Frank TI Discovery of a ciliate parasitoid of euphausiids off Oregon, USA: Collinia oregonensis n. sp (Apostomatida : Colliniidae) SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE euphausiids; Apostomatidae; ciliates; endoparasitoid; Colliniidae; Collinia; Oregon coast ID ANTARCTIC KRILL; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; THYSANOESSA-INERMIS; SEA; SUPERBA; MORPHOLOGY; COPEPODS; HOSTS; JAPAN AB An apostome ciliate, Collinia oregonensis n. sp., is reported inhabiting the cephalothorax and abdomen of 3 euphausiid species from the Oregon-Washington coast: Euphausia pacifica Hansen, 1911, Thysanoessa spinifera Holmes, 1900, and Thysanoessa gregaria G.O. Sars, 1883. This ciliate is the 7th species described for the genus Collinia and the 2nd species known to infect euphausiids. Disease progression and ciliate morphology are described using (1) modified protargol stain, (2) hematoxylin counterstained with Fast Green, and (3) Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). All endoparasitic developmental stages (trophont, tomont, tomitogenesis, protomite, and tomite) of C. oregonensis are astomatous and possess between 14 and 22 kineties. C. oregonensis is smaller than C. beringensis Capriulo & Small, 1986, which infects the euphausiid Thysanoessa inermis Kroyer, 1846 in the Bering Sea and which possesses between 24 and 80 kineties. The ciliate is a parasitoid because it must kill the host to complete its life cycle. Infections and mortalities in multiple host species likely reflect the virulent nature of the ciliate. Adult euphausiids infected with this parasitoid possess a swollen and bright orange cephalothorax. C. oregonensis feeds and proliferates inside euphausiids, producing fulminating infections that rupture the cephalothorax and release large numbers of tomites into the surrounding water. After several hours in the free swimming stage under shipboard conditions in the present study, the tomites adhered to each other, forming filaments. Infection rates ranged between 3 and 20% within individual euphausiid aggregations, but infected aggregations were randomly and sparingly distributed. Infected euphausiids were found at 6.7% of 316 stations sampled during 3 summer cruises. No infected euphausiids were collected in winter. Because E. pacifica and T spinifera account for about 90% of the euphausiid standing stock in the northern California Current System, this parasitoid ciliate may have a significant impact on euphausiid population abundance, distribution and secondary productivity. C1 NOAA, NMFS, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Gomez-Gutierrez, J (reprint author), Ctr Interdisciplinario Ciencias Marinas, Dept Plancton & Ecol Marina, IPN S-N,AP 592, La Paz 23096, Baja California, Mexico. EM jagomezg@ipn.mx NR 49 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD JUL 11 PY 2006 VL 71 IS 1 BP 33 EP 49 DI 10.3354/dao071033 PG 17 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 084CU UT WOS:000240510300005 PM 16921999 ER PT J AU Vera, C Silvestri, G Liebmann, B Gonzalez, P AF Vera, Carolina Silvestri, Gabriel Liebmann, Brant Gonzalez, Paula TI Climate change scenarios for seasonal precipitation in South America from IPCC-AR4 models SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CIRCULATION MODELS; REGION AB A subset of climate simulations of the 20th century from the IPCC-AR4 is analyzed to assess the ability of these models to reproduce the observed climatological seasonal precipitation in South America during the period 1970 1999. Changes of the model climatology in a climate change scenario (SRESA1b) for the period 2070 - 2099 are also discussed. Results show that models are able to reproduce the main features of the precipitation seasonal cycle over South America, although the precipitation in the SACZ region and the precipitation maximum over southeastern South America observed during the cold season are not well-represented. There is a general consensus among models that the precipitation changes projected are mainly: i) an increase of summer precipitation over southeastern subtropical South America; ii) a reduction of winter precipitation over most of the continent; and iii) reduction of precipitation in all seasons along the southern Andes. C1 Univ Buenos Aires, CONICET, CIMA, DCAO, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. NOAA, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Vera, C (reprint author), Univ Buenos Aires, CONICET, CIMA, DCAO, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. EM carolina@cima.fcen.uba.ar; gabriels@at.fcen.uba.ar; brant.liebmann@noaa.gov; pgonzalez@cima.fcen.uba.ar OI Gonzalez, Paula/0000-0003-0154-0087 NR 6 TC 102 Z9 105 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 11 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 13 AR L13707 DI 10.1029/2006GL025759 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 066FD UT WOS:000239214200001 ER PT J AU Kim, MH Glinka, CJ Grot, SA Grot, WG AF Kim, Man-Ho Glinka, Charles J. Grot, Stephen A. Grot, Walther G. TI SANS study of the effects of water vapor sorption on the nanoscale structure of perfluorinated sulfonic acid (NAFION) membranes SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID ANGLE X-RAY; FUEL-CELL; IONOMER MEMBRANES; TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES; EXCHANGE MEMBRANES; C-13 NMR; SCATTERING; DIFFUSION; MORPHOLOGY; POLYMERS AB Several poly( perfluorosulfonic acid) membranes (NAFION, EW = 1100) with the same sulfonic acid content were systematically investigated with SANS under in-situ water vapor sorption and/or with bulk water to quantify the effects of relative humidity ( RH), membrane processing (melt-extruded and solution-casting), prehistory (pretreated at 80 degrees C and as-received), and thickness on the nanoscale structure at room temperature. The sorption isotherm ( water uptake vs RH) of the membranes showed a strong correlation between the interionic domain distance ( L-ion) and RH. The melt-extruded membranes showed evidence of partial alignment of better organized ionic domains than those solution-cast. Pretreating the membranes resulted in a larger L-ion and a broader scattering over the entire range of RH. The ionic peak of the melt-extruded membranes (as-received and pretreated) became more symmetric and narrower with sorption time. Diffusion coefficients of water vapor, based on structural evolution and Fick's second law, are in the range of 1 x 10(-7)-3 x 10(-7) cm(2)/s for both extruded ( pretreated and as-received) membranes. A thickness-dependent crystalline feature around Q approximate to 0.03 angstrom(-1) was also observed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Ion Power Inc, New Castle, DE 19720 USA. RP Kim, MH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM man-ho.kim@nist.gov NR 63 TC 126 Z9 126 U1 3 U2 37 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD JUL 11 PY 2006 VL 39 IS 14 BP 4775 EP 4787 DI 10.1021/ma060576u PG 13 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 059IU UT WOS:000238727300019 ER PT J AU Young, RE Vecchione, M Piatkowski, U AF Young, Richard E. Vecchione, Michael Piatkowski, Uwe TI Promachoteuthis sloani, a new species of the squid family Promachoteuthidae (Mollusca : Cephalopoda) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article AB We describe Promachoteuthis sloani, a new species of oegopsid squid in the family Promachoteuthidae. The new species is based on two specimens with the following characters that are unique within the family: each tentacle with two series of complex papillae in the proximal 80%, and each tentacle with pigmented ridges dorsolateral to the papillae that break into papillae distally. C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Natl Museum Nat Hist, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Systemat Lab, Washington, DC 20013 USA. IFM, GEOMAR, Leibniz Inst Meereswissensch, Kiel, Germany. RP Young, RE (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM ryoung@hawaii.edu; vecchiom@si.edu; upiatkowski@ifm-geomar.de RI Piatkowski, Uwe/G-4161-2011 OI Piatkowski, Uwe/0000-0003-1558-5817 NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU BIOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA NAT MUSEUM NAT HIST SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0006-324X J9 P BIOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL 11 PY 2006 VL 119 IS 2 BP 287 EP 292 DI 10.2988/0006-324X(2006)119[287:PSANSO]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 063UC UT WOS:000239044400010 ER PT J AU Hurley, DC Kopycinska-Muller, M Langlois, ED Kos, AB Barbosa, N AF Hurley, D. C. Kopycinska-Muller, M. Langlois, E. D. Kos, A. B. Barbosa, N., III TI Mapping substrate/film adhesion with contact-resonance-frequency atomic force microscopy SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ACOUSTIC MICROSCOPY; ELASTIC PROPERTIES; STIFFNESS; DISPLACEMENT; CANTILEVERS AB We have used contact-resonance-frequency atomic force microscopy techniques to nondestructively image variations in adhesion at a buried interface. Images were acquired on a sample containing a 20 mn gold (An) blanket film on silicon (Si) with a 1 nm patterned interlayer of titanium (Ti). This design produced regions of very weak adhesion (Si/Au) and regions of strong adhesion (Si/Ti/Au). Values of the contact stiffness were 5% lower in the regions of weak adhesion. The observed behavior is consistent with theoretical predictions for layered systems with disbonds. Our results represent progress towards quantitative measurement of adhesion parameters on the nanoscale. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Hurley, DC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM hurley@boulder.nist.gov RI Barbosa, Nicholas/D-8917-2012; OI Kopycinska-Mueller, Malgorzata/0000-0001-7033-3095 NR 23 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JUL 10 PY 2006 VL 89 IS 2 AR 021911 DI 10.1063/1.2221404 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 074DO UT WOS:000239793100029 ER PT J AU Li, XQ Willits, J Cundiff, ST Aarts, IMP Stevens, AAE Dessau, DS AF Li, Xiaoqin Willits, J. Cundiff, S. T. Aarts, I. M. P. Stevens, A. A. E. Dessau, D. S. TI Circular dichroism in second harmonic generation from oxidized Si (001) SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SURFACE; SPECTROSCOPY; SI(001); INTERFACES AB Circular dichroism in second harmonic generation (SHG) is often related to molecules and materials with chiral structures. In this letter, we report circular dichroism in SHG from anisotropic achiral oxidized Si (001) at room temperature. The dichroism value depends on the azimuthal angles of the crystal axes. Due to the simple nonlinear susceptibility elements involved, we were able to attribute the dichroism in SHG to interference between particular terms of the bulk electric quadrupole and surface dipole contributions. The presence of a phase shift between the bulk and surface SHG is required to observe circular dichroism. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Eindhoven Univ Technol, Dept Appl Phys, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Li, XQ (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM xiaoqinl@jilau1.colorado.edu RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197 NR 13 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JUL 10 PY 2006 VL 89 IS 2 AR 022102 DI 10.1063/1.2220014 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 074DO UT WOS:000239793100042 ER PT J AU Lovas, FJ Hollis, JM Remijan, AJ Jewell, PR AF Lovas, F. J. Hollis, J. M. Remijan, Anthony J. Jewell, P. R. TI Detection of ketenimine (CH2CNH) in Sagittarius B2(N) hot cores SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE ISM : abundances; ISM : clouds; ISM : individual (Sagittarius B2(N-LMH)); ISM : molecules; radio lines : ISM ID ACETONITRILE; ION; ARGON; TMC-1 AB Ketenimine (CH2CNH) has been detected in absorption toward the star-forming region Sagittarius B2(N) with the 100 m Green Bank Telescope by means of three rotational transitions: 7(16)-8(08) at 41.5 GHz, 8(19)-9(09) at 23.2 GHz, and 9(18)-10(0), (10) at 4.9 GHz. Ketenimine has a sparse rotational spectrum below 50 GHz. From transition line strength arguments, the spectral lines found are the ones most likely to be detected, and they occur in spectral regions that have little possibility of confusion with other molecular species. Partially resolved hyperfine structure is apparent in the 4.9 GHz transition, which has energy levels similar to 50 K above the ground-state level; the absorption seen in this transition appears to be emanating from gas in close proximity to the LMH hot core that has a systemic LSR velocity of +64 km s(-1). By comparison, the 41.5 and 23.2 GHz transitions have lower energy levels of similar to 33 and similar to 41 K, respectively, and show absorption against the two star-forming Sgr B2( N) hot cores with systematic LSR velocities of +64 (the LMH) and similar to 82 km s(-1). These ketenimine data show that the hot core at +82 km s(-1) is cooler than the hot core at +64 km s(-1). Ketenimine is likely formed directly from its isomer methyl cyanide (CH3CN) by tautomerization driven by shocks that pervade the star-forming region. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Computat & Informat Sci & Technol Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Natl Radio Astron Observ, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. RP Lovas, FJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 21 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 6 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JUL 10 PY 2006 VL 645 IS 2 BP L137 EP L140 DI 10.1086/506324 PN 2 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 063XW UT WOS:000239054200013 ER PT J AU Lawless, R Xie, Y Yang, P AF Lawless, Ryan Xie, Yu Yang, Ping TI Polarization and effective Mueller matrix for multiple scattering of light by nonspherical ice crystals SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES; AEROSOL PROPERTIES; SINGLE-SCATTERING; CIRRUS CLOUDS; BACKSCATTERING; EQUATIONS; PATTERNS; SUNLIGHT; CLIMATE AB We investigated the errors associated with the scalar approximation (i.e., an approach that neglects polarization effects) for simulating the intensity of the radiation reflected by an ice cloud. In a case for an optical thickness of tau=1, the relative errors of the scalar approximation are typically between -0.5% and 0.1%. We also investigated the effect of the order of scattering on the degree of linear polarization. It is shown that substantial errors can be introduced by the first-order scattering approximation, and thus, the multiple-scattering effect is essential to an accurate simulation of the polarization configuration of a radiation field. Furthermore, we investigate the effective Mueller matrix pertaining to multiple scattering of light by ice clouds. The effective Mueller matrix is a 4 x 4 matrix that relates the incident and scattered Stokes parameters. This matrix implicitly contains the effects of all orders of scattering and absorbing events in the entire radiation transfer process. The sensitivity of the ( 2,1) and ( 3,1) elements of the effective Mueller matrix to ice crystal shape and size indicates that polarimetric information may be useful for inferring the microphysical properties of ice crystals within ice clouds. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Phys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Lawless, R (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM pyang@ariel.met.tamu.edu RI Xie, Yu/A-4266-2011; Yang, Ping/B-4590-2011; Laszlo, Istvan/F-5603-2010 OI Laszlo, Istvan/0000-0002-5747-9708 NR 29 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD JUL 10 PY 2006 VL 14 IS 14 BP 6381 EP 6393 DI 10.1364/OE.14.006381 PG 13 WC Optics SC Optics GA 061ZX UT WOS:000238914800002 PM 19516816 ER PT J AU Granier, C Niemeier, U Jungclaus, JH Emmons, L Hess, P Lamarque, JF Walters, S Brasseur, GP AF Granier, Claire Niemeier, Ulrike Jungclaus, Johann H. Emmons, Louisa Hess, Peter Lamarque, Jean-Francois Walters, Stacy Brasseur, Guy P. TI Ozone pollution from future ship traffic in the Arctic northern passages SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; ICE; EMISSIONS; MODELS AB With sea ice expected to recede in the Arctic during the 21st century as a result of projected climate warming, global shipping patterns will change considerably in the decades ahead. The opening of viable shipping routes through the Northern passages will generate new environmental problems including the degradation of air quality in the Arctic. The release of considerable amounts of carbon monoxide, nitric oxide and other chemical substances by the ship's combustion engines will enhance the level of atmospheric photooxidants and other secondary pollutants in this region. Here we show that, during the summer months, surface ozone concentrations in the Arctic could be enhanced by a factor of 2 - 3 in the decades ahead as a consequence of ship operations through the northern passages. Projected ozone concentrations of 40 - 60 ppbv from July to September are comparable to summertime values currently observed in many industrialized regions in the Northern Hemisphere. C1 Univ Paris 06, Serv Aeron, IPSL, F-75252 Paris 05, France. NOAA, ESRL, CIRES, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO USA. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Granier, C (reprint author), Univ Paris 06, Serv Aeron, IPSL, 4 Pl Jussieu, F-75252 Paris 05, France. EM clg@aero.jussieu.fr RI Granier, Claire/D-5360-2013; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/L-2313-2014; Hess, Peter/M-3145-2015; Emmons, Louisa/R-8922-2016; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Granier, Claire/0000-0001-7344-7995; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/0000-0002-4225-5074; Hess, Peter/0000-0003-2439-3796; Emmons, Louisa/0000-0003-2325-6212; NR 19 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 8 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 13 AR L13807 DI 10.1029/2006GL026180 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 062NS UT WOS:000238952400003 ER PT J AU Xu, JJ Xiao, QN Gao, X Sorooshian, S AF Xu, Jianjun Xiao, Qingnong Gao, X. Sorooshian, S. TI Influence of assimilating rainfall derived from WSR-88D radar on the rainstorm forecasts over the southwestern United States SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID NORTH-AMERICAN MONSOON; VARIATIONAL DATA ASSIMILATION; PRECIPITATION DATA; MODEL CLIMATOLOGY; MEXICAN MONSOON; MESOSCALE MODEL; ADJOINT; CYCLONE; PARAMETERIZATIONS; SIMULATION AB [ 1] In this study, the impact of rainfall assimilation on the forecasts of convective rainfall over the mountainous areas in the southwestern United States is investigated. The rainfall is derived from the U. S. Weather Surveillance Radar - 1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) radar network, and the fifth-generation Mesoscale Model (MM5) Four-Dimensional Variational (4DVAR) system is employed in the study. We evaluate the rainfall assimilation skill through two rainstorm events ( 5 - 6 August and 11 - 12 September 2002) that occurred over the southwestern United States in 2002. A series of experiments for the two cases is conducted. The results show that the minimization process in the 4DVAR is sensitive to the length of assimilation window and error variance in the observation data. Assimilation of rainfall can produce a better short-range precipitation forecast. However, the time range of improved forecasts is limited to about 15 hours with the model resolution of 20 km. It is indicated that rainfall assimilation produces more realistic moisture divergence and temperature fields in the initial conditions for the two cases. Therefore the forecast of rainstorms is closer to observations in both quantity and pattern. C1 Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. RP Xu, JJ (reprint author), Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, 5200 Auth Rd,WWB, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM jianjun.xu@noaa.gov RI Xu, Jianjun/E-7941-2011; sorooshian, soroosh/B-3753-2008 OI sorooshian, soroosh/0000-0001-7774-5113 NR 44 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL 8 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D13 AR D13105 DI 10.1029/2005JD006650 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 062OA UT WOS:000238953200001 ER PT J AU Miller, J Barlage, M Zeng, XB Wei, HL Mitchell, K Tarpley, D AF Miller, Jesse Barlage, Michael Zeng, Xubin Wei, Helin Mitchell, Kenneth Tarpley, Dan TI Sensitivity of the NCEP/Noah land surface model to the MODIS green vegetation fraction data set SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DERIVATION; COVER AB [1] Land surface processes are strongly controlled by vegetation cover. Current land surface models represent vegetation as a combination of leaf area index (LAI) and green vegetation fraction (GVF) parameters. The purpose of the study is to examine the impact of a spatially and temporally detailed Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-based GVF on surface processes in the NCEP Noah land surface model. The largest differences between the GVF data set currently used by the Noah model and the new MODIS GVF data set occur in winter and for tree-dominated vegetation classes. The greatest impact of the new GVF data on the surface energy and water balance is seen during the summer, when the transpiration is increased by more than 10 W/m(2) on average for most vegetation types and the July averaged daily transpiration rate is increased by up to 50 W/m(2) for evergreen needleleaf sites. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Atmospher Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Natl Weather Serv, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Environm Modeling Ctr, NOAA, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Satellite Res Lab, NOAA, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Miller, J (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Atmospher Sci, Phys Atmospher Sci Bldg,Rm 542,1118 E 4th St, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM millerjn@ornl.gov OI Zeng, Xubin/0000-0001-7352-2764 NR 7 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 7 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 13 AR L13404 DI 10.1029/2006GL026636 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 062NR UT WOS:000238952300006 ER PT J AU Park, GH Lee, K Wanninkhof, R Feely, RA AF Park, Geun-Ha Lee, Kitack Wanninkhof, Rik Feely, Richard A. TI Empirical temperature-based estimates of variability in the oceanic uptake of CO2 over the past 2 decades SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID AIR-SEA FLUX; EASTERN EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; NORTH-ATLANTIC; EL-NINO; SURFACE OCEAN; TIME-SERIES; WIND-SPEED; PCO(2) AB [ 1] We infer the year-to-year variability of net global air-sea CO2 fluxes from observed interannual changes in wind speed and estimated differences in CO2 partial pressure between surface seawater (pCO(2SW)) and the overlying atmosphere. Changes in pCO(2SW) are estimated from changes in sea surface temperature via seasonal algorithms that relate pCO(2SW) to sea surface temperature. Our diagnostic model yields an interannual variability of +/- 0.18 petagrams (1 sigma, Pg = 10(15) grams) of carbon per year for the period 1982 - 2001. El Nino Southern Oscillation - induced changes in the equatorial efflux contribute approximately 70% of the diagnostic modeled global variability. Regional flux anomalies for areas outside the equatorial Pacific are found to neither systematically reinforce nor counteract each other during times of transition from El Nino years to normal years. The interannual variability of +/- 0.18 Pg C yr(-1) obtained in the present work is at the low end of previous estimates that falls in the range of +/- 0.2 to +/- 0.5 Pg C yr(-1). Of the previous estimates, lower values are generally estimated from global ocean circulation - biogeochemical models, while higher values are derived from atmospheric inversion models constrained by atmospheric CO2 observations. Comparisons of our modeled results with two time series data sets and equatorial Pacific data suggest that our diagnostic model is not able to capture the full range of pCO(2SW) variations; this is probably due to the inability of the empirical model to fully account for changes in surface pCO(2SW) related to ocean biological and physical processes. The small interannual variability in our modeled fluxes suggests that observed year-to-year variations in the rate of atmospheric CO2 increase are primarily caused by changes in the rate of CO2 uptake by the land biosphere. C1 Pohang Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Environm Sci & Engn, Pohang 790784, South Korea. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Lee, K (reprint author), Pohang Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Environm Sci & Engn, San 31, Pohang 790784, South Korea. EM pgh3715@postech.ac.kr; ktl@postech.ac.kr; rik.wanninkhof@noaa.gov; richard.a.feely@noaa.gov RI Park, Geun-Ha/A-5705-2011; Lee, Kitack/G-7184-2015 NR 61 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD JUL 7 PY 2006 VL 111 IS C7 AR C07S07 DI 10.1029/2005JC003090 PG 14 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 062OD UT WOS:000238953500002 ER PT J AU Takahashi, T Sutherland, SC Feely, RA Wanninkhof, R AF Takahashi, Taro Sutherland, Stewart C. Feely, Richard A. Wanninkhof, Rik TI Decadal change of the surface water pCO(2) in the North Pacific: A synthesis of 35 years of observations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON; ANTHROPOGENIC CO2; SUBTROPICAL GYRE; OCEAN; SEA; VARIABILITY; NUTRIENTS; CLIMATE; CYCLES; SYSTEM AB [ 1] Surface water pCO(2) data observed over the 3 decades between 1970 and 2004 are analyzed for space and time ( mean decadal) variability in thirty-two 10 degrees x 10 degrees box areas over the North Pacific Ocean north of 10 degrees N. During this period, the pCO(2) values at SST increased at a mean decadal rate of 12.0 +/- 4.8 mu atm decade(-1) in all but four areas located in the vicinity of the Bering and Okhotsk Seas, where they decreased at a mean rate of - 11.1 +/- 5.7 matm decade(-1). The mean rate of increase for the open ocean areas is indistinguishable from the mean atmospheric CO2 increase rate of 15 matm decade(-1) ( or 1.5 ppm yr(-1)) suggesting that the North Pacific surface waters as a whole have been following the atmospheric CO2 increase. However, the rate of increase varies geographically, reflecting differences in local oceanographic processes including lateral mixing of waters from marginal seas, upwelling of subsurface waters and biological activities. The decrease observed in the southern Bering Sea and the peripheries of the Okhotsk Sea may be accounted for by the combined effects of intensified biological production and changes in lateral and vertical mixing in these areas. The natural logarithm of wintertime pCO(2) values normalized to a constant temperature and salinity of 14.3 degrees C and 34.0 ( the basin mean values, respectively) is correlated with winter SST. Using this relationship, the wintertime TCO2 in mixed layer can be expressed as a function of winter SST with a standard error of +/- 5 mu mol kg(-1). C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Takahashi, T (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. EM taka@ldeo.columbia.edu; suth@ldeo.columbia.edu; richard.a.feely@noaa.gov; rik.wanninkhof@noaa.gov NR 40 TC 65 Z9 66 U1 3 U2 18 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD JUL 7 PY 2006 VL 111 IS C7 AR C07S05 DI 10.1029/2005JC003074 PG 20 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 062OD UT WOS:000238953500001 ER PT J AU Wang, L Cole, KD He, HJ Hancock, DK Gaigalas, AK Zong, Y AF Wang, L. Cole, K. D. He, Hua-Jun Hancock, D. K. Gaigalas, A. K. Zong, Y. TI Comparison of ovalbumin quantification using forward-phase protein microarrays and suspension arrays SO JOURNAL OF PROTEOME RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ovalbumin; quantification; forward-phase protein microarrays; suspension arrays; sensitivity; dynamic range; linearity; reproducibility; accuracy ID MESSENGER-RNA; ANTIBODY; IDENTIFICATION; TECHNOLOGY; SIMULANTS; ASSAYS AB We employed ovalbumin (a simulant used for ricin and botulism toxins in biodefense applications) and its high affinity polyclonal antibody as a model system to examine the sensitivity, dynamic range, linearity, and reproducibility of forward-phase array results in comparison to suspension arrays. It was found that protein microarrays had a dynamic range of 4 orders of magnitude and a sensitivity of less than 1 pg/ mL, respectively. The dynamic range and sensitivity of suspension arrays were close to 2 orders of magnitude and 0.25 ng/mL, respectively. The sensitivity we observed for the suspension arrays is comparable to that reported for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) in the literature. We used ovalbumin samples with two different purities, 38.0% and 76.0% (w/w), as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). These samples were used to evaluate the effect of impure samples on detection. The data obtained from the forward-phase protein arrays gave values that were consistent with the PAGE data. The data from the suspension arrays were not as consistent and may indicate that this format may not give as reliable data with impure samples. Knowledge of the advantages and disadvantages of the two proteomic methods would allow their more rational use in clinical diagnosis. C1 NIST, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Full Moon Biosyst Inc, Sunnyvale, CA 94085 USA. RP Wang, L (reprint author), NIST, Div Biochem Sci, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8312, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM lili.wang@nist.gov NR 25 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1535-3893 J9 J PROTEOME RES JI J. Proteome Res. PD JUL 7 PY 2006 VL 5 IS 7 BP 1770 EP 1775 DI 10.1021/pr060074v PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 060YP UT WOS:000238838500029 PM 16823985 ER PT J AU Carr, LD Clark, CW AF Carr, L. D. Clark, Charles W. TI Vortices in attractive Bose-Einstein condensates in two dimensions SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID NONLINEAR SCHRODINGER-EQUATION; TRAPPED GASES; SOLITONS; STABILITY; DYNAMICS AB The form and stability of quantum vortices in Bose-Einstein condensates with attractive atomic interactions is elucidated. They appear as ring bright solitons, and are a generalization of the Townes soliton to nonzero winding number m. An infinite sequence of radially excited stationary states appear for each value of m, which are characterized by concentric matter-wave rings separated by nodes, in contrast to repulsive condensates, where no such set of states exists. It is shown that robustly stable as well as unstable regimes may be achieved in confined geometries, thereby suggesting that vortices and their radial excited states can be observed in experiments on attractive condensates in two dimensions. C1 Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Phys, Golden, CO 80401 USA. US Dept Commerce, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Carr, LD (reprint author), Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Phys, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RI Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009; Carr, Lincoln/E-3819-2016 OI Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885; Carr, Lincoln/0000-0002-4848-7941 NR 35 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JUL 7 PY 2006 VL 97 IS 1 AR 010403 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.010403 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 061CO UT WOS:000238849000004 PM 16907359 ER PT J AU Hubbell, JH AF Hubbell, J. H. TI Review and history of photon cross section calculations SO PHYSICS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID X-RAY-SCATTERING; ENERGY-ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS; ATOMIC FORM-FACTORS; POSITRON PAIR PRODUCTION; COMPTON-SCATTERING; ATTENUATION COEFFICIENTS; RAYLEIGH-SCATTERING; BOUND ELECTRONS; INCOHERENT-SCATTERING; RADIATIVE-CORRECTIONS AB Photon (x-ray, gamma-ray, bremsstrahlung) mass attenuation coefficients, mu/rho., are among the most widely used physical parameters employed in medical diagnostic and therapy computations, as well as in diverse applications in other fields such as nuclear power plant shielding, health physics and industrial irradiation and monitoring, and in x-ray crystallography. This review traces the evolution of this data base from its empirical beginnings totally derived from measurements beginning in 1907 by Barkla and Sadler and continuing up through the 1935 Allen compilation (published virtually unchanged in all editions up through 1971 - 1972 of the Chemical Rubber Handbook), to the 1949 semi-empirical compilation of Victoreen, as our theoretical understanding of the constituent Compton scattering, photoabsorption and pair production interactions of photons with atoms became more quantitative. The 1950s saw the advent of completely theoretical (guided by available measured data) systematic compilations such as in the works of Davisson and Evans, and by White-Grodstein under the direction of Fano, using mostly theory developed in the 1930s (pre-World War II) by Sauter, Bethe, Heitler and others. Post-World War II new theoretical activity, and the introduction of the electronic automatic computer, led to the more extensive and more accurate compilations in the 1960s and 1970s by Storm and Israel, and by Berger and Hubbell. Today's mu/rho compilations by Cullen et al, by Seltzer, Berger and Hubbell, and by others, collectively spanning the ten decades of photon energy from 10 eV to 100GeV, for all elements Z = 1 to 100, draw heavily on the 1970s shell-by-shell photoabsorption computations of Scofield, the 1960s coherent and incoherent scattering computations of Cromer et al, and the 1980 computations of electron positron pair and triplet computations of Hubbell, Gimm and Overbo, these names being representative of the vast legions of other researchers whose work fed into these computations. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ionizing Radiat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hubbell, JH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ionizing Radiat Div, Mail Stop 8463,100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM john.hubbell@nist.gov NR 201 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 5 U2 42 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0031-9155 EI 1361-6560 J9 PHYS MED BIOL JI Phys. Med. Biol. PD JUL 7 PY 2006 VL 51 IS 13 BP R245 EP R262 DI 10.1088/0031-9155/51/13/R15 PG 18 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Engineering; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 062LI UT WOS:000238945500016 PM 16790906 ER PT J AU Richard, EC Tuck, AF Aikin, KC Kelly, KK Herman, RL Troy, RF Hovde, SJ Rosenlof, KH Thompson, TL Ray, EA AF Richard, E. C. Tuck, A. F. Aikin, K. C. Kelly, K. K. Herman, R. L. Troy, R. F. Hovde, S. J. Rosenlof, K. H. Thompson, T. L. Ray, E. A. TI High-resolution airborne profiles of CH4, O-3, and water vapor near tropical Central America in late January to early February 2004 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID ANTARCTIC OZONE HOLE; LOWER STRATOSPHERE; AIRCRAFT OBSERVATIONS; TROPOPAUSE REGION; ICE; TROPOSPHERE; SPECTROMETER; DEHYDRATION; GREENHOUSE; CONVECTION AB [ 1] High-resolution ( 1 Hz at true airspeeds near 200 m s(-1)) observations of methane, ozone, water vapor, and temperature taken between the surface and 18 km from the WB57F aircraft near San Jose, Costa Rica (10 degrees N, 84 degrees W), are used to examine processes influencing the maintenance of these profiles. There was a clearly defined thermal tropopause on each of the eight profiles, accompanied by structure on methane-ozone scatterplots on the five profiles having methane observations. There was a well-defined decrease in methane mixing ratio between approximately 12 and 15 km in each of these five profiles, 2 - 5 km beneath the thermal tropopause, correlated with sharp changes in water vapor and equivalent potential temperature. The methane observations are interpreted as meaning that air is recirculated between the lower stratosphere and the upper tropical troposphere. At the point on each vertical profile where the water vapor had its minimum value, the air was never saturated or apparently supersaturated, although apparent supersaturation with respect to ice was observed in vertically extensive, near-adiabatic layers with tops some 200 - 300 m below the water vapor minimum on all profiles. One of the profiles also exhibited apparent supersaturation above its water vapor minimum, near 18 km. We examine the decrease in water vapor to minimal values as a four-stage process in which its mixing ratio was lowered from similar to 10 to similar to 3 ppmv, consider the role of solar and thermal evaporation of the smaller ice particles in the final stage of the dehydration process, and correlate features separating near-adiabatic layers above 150 hPa pressure altitude with local sea surface temperatures. C1 Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NOAA, Meteorol Chem Program, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Richard, EC (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, 1234 Innovat Dr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM adrian.f.tuck@noaa.gov RI Tuck, Adrian/F-6024-2011; Rosenlof, Karen/B-5652-2008; Herman, Robert/H-9389-2012; Ray, Eric/D-5941-2013; Aikin, Kenneth/I-1973-2013; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Tuck, Adrian/0000-0002-2074-0538; Rosenlof, Karen/0000-0002-0903-8270; Herman, Robert/0000-0001-7063-6424; Ray, Eric/0000-0001-8727-9849; NR 34 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL 6 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D13 AR D13304 DI 10.1029/2005JD006513 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 062NY UT WOS:000238953000001 ER PT J AU Wilson, SD Dai, PC Li, SL Chi, SX Kang, HJ Lynn, JW AF Wilson, Stephen D. Dai, Pengcheng Li, Shiliang Chi, Songxue Kang, H. J. Lynn, J. W. TI Resonance in the electron-doped high-transition-temperature superconductor Pr0.88LaCe0.12CuO4-delta SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIC EXCITATIONS; SPIN EXCITATION; CUPRATE SUPERCONDUCTORS; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; BI2SR2CACU2O8+DELTA; YBA2CU3O6+X; SPECTRUM; STRIPES; MODE AB In conventional superconductors, the interaction that pairs the electrons to form the superconducting state is mediated by lattice vibrations(1) (phonons). In high-transition-temperature (high-T-c) copper oxides, it is generally believed that magnetic excitations might play a fundamental role in the superconducting mechanism because superconductivity occurs when mobile 'electrons' or 'holes' are doped into the antiferromagnetic parent compounds(2). Indeed, a sharp magnetic excitation termed 'resonance' has been observed by neutron scattering in a number of hole-doped materials(3-11). The resonance is intimately related to superconductivity(12), and its interaction with charged quasi-particles observed by photoemission(13,14), optical conductivity(15), and tunnelling(16) suggests that it might play a part similar to that of phonons in conventional superconductors. The relevance of the resonance to high-T-c superconductivity, however, has been in doubt because so far it has been found only in hole-doped materials(17). Here we report the discovery of the resonance in electron-doped superconducting Pr0.88LaCe0.12CuO4-delta (T-c = 24 K). We find that the resonance energy (E-r) is proportional to T-c via E-r approximate to 5.8k(B)T(c) for all high-T-c superconductors irrespective of electron- or hole-doping. Our results demonstrate that the resonance is a fundamental property of the superconducting copper oxides and therefore must be essential in the mechanism of superconductivity. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Ctr Neutron Scattering, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Dai, PC (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM daip@ornl.gov RI Li, Shiliang/B-9379-2009; Dai, Pengcheng /C-9171-2012; Chi, Songxue/A-6713-2013 OI Dai, Pengcheng /0000-0002-6088-3170; Chi, Songxue/0000-0002-3851-9153 NR 30 TC 87 Z9 89 U1 0 U2 21 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JUL 6 PY 2006 VL 442 IS 7098 BP 59 EP 62 DI 10.1038/nature04857 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 059HS UT WOS:000238724500035 PM 16823448 ER PT J AU McFiggans, G Artaxo, P Baltensperger, U Coe, H Facchini, MC Feingold, G Fuzzi, S Gysel, M Laaksonen, A Lohmann, U Mentel, TF Murphy, DM O'Dowd, CD Snider, JR Weingartner, E AF McFiggans, G. Artaxo, P. Baltensperger, U. Coe, H. Facchini, M. C. Feingold, G. Fuzzi, S. Gysel, M. Laaksonen, A. Lohmann, U. Mentel, T. F. Murphy, D. M. O'Dowd, C. D. Snider, J. R. Weingartner, E. TI The effect of physical and chemical aerosol properties on warm cloud droplet activation SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; SOLUBLE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; LOWER FRASER VALLEY; EXPERIMENT ACE 1; BIOSPHERE-ATMOSPHERE EXPERIMENT; HYGROSCOPICITY MODEL FRAMEWORK; CONDENSATION NUCLEI SPECTRA; GLOBAL 3-DIMENSIONAL MODEL; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; NATURAL AMAZONIAN AEROSOL AB The effects of atmospheric aerosol on climate forcing may be very substantial but are quantified poorly at present; in particular, the effects of aerosols on cloud radiative properties, or the "indirect effects" are credited with the greatest range of uncertainty amongst the known causes of radiative forcing. This manuscript explores the effects that the composition and properties of atmospheric aerosol can have on the activation of droplets in warm clouds, so potentially influencing the magnitude of the indirect effect. The effects of size, composition, mixing state and various derived properties are assessed and a range of these properties provided by atmospheric measurements in a variety of locations is briefly reviewed. The suitability of a range of process-level descriptions to capture these aerosol effects is investigated by assessment of their sensitivities to uncertainties in aerosol properties and by their performance in closure studies. The treatment of these effects within global models is reviewed and suggestions for future investigations are made. C1 Univ Manchester, SEAES, Atmospher Sci Grp, Manchester M60 1QD, Lancs, England. Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Fis, BR-05508900 Sao Paulo, Brazil. Paul Scherrer Inst, Lab Atmospharenchem, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland. CNR, Ist Sci Atmosfera & Clima, I-40129 Bologna, Italy. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Kuopio, Dept Appl Phys, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland. ETH, Inst Atmospher & Climate Sci, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. Forschungszentrum Julich, ICG Troposphare 2, D-52425 Julich, Germany. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Univ Ireland, Dept Phys, Galway, Ireland. Univ Wyoming, Dept Atmospher Sci, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP McFiggans, G (reprint author), Univ Manchester, SEAES, Atmospher Sci Grp, POB 88, Manchester M60 1QD, Lancs, England. EM g.mcfiggans@manchester.ac.uk RI Snider, Jefferson/F-9175-2016; Lohmann, Ulrike/B-6153-2009; Artaxo, Paulo/E-8874-2010; Fuzzi, Sandro/F-2675-2010; O'Dowd , Colin/K-8904-2012; CHEMATMO Group, Isac/P-7180-2014; FACCHINI, MARIA CRISTINA/O-1230-2015; Mentel, Thomas/A-3576-2011; Laaksonen, Ari/B-5094-2011; McFiggans, Gordon/B-8689-2011; Murphy, Daniel/J-4357-2012; Coe, Hugh/C-8733-2013; Feingold, Graham/B-6152-2009; Gysel, Martin/C-3843-2008; Facchini, Maria Cristina/B-3369-2014; Weingartner, Ernest/B-6793-2009 OI Coe, Hugh/0000-0002-3264-1713; Snider, Jefferson/0000-0002-9318-1343; Lohmann, Ulrike/0000-0001-8885-3785; Artaxo, Paulo/0000-0001-7754-3036; Fuzzi, Sandro/0000-0002-5275-2381; O'Dowd , Colin/0000-0002-3068-2212; FACCHINI, MARIA CRISTINA/0000-0003-4833-9305; Mentel, Thomas/0000-0003-0810-3541; Laaksonen, Ari/0000-0002-1657-2383; McFiggans, Gordon/0000-0002-3423-7896; Murphy, Daniel/0000-0002-8091-7235; Gysel, Martin/0000-0002-7453-1264; Facchini, Maria Cristina/0000-0003-4833-9305; Weingartner, Ernest/0000-0002-2427-4634 NR 364 TC 318 Z9 322 U1 11 U2 114 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PD JUL 5 PY 2006 VL 6 BP 2593 EP 2649 PG 57 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 060TG UT WOS:000238823900001 ER PT J AU Wang, FW Lowry, RE AF Wang, FW Lowry, RE TI Wavelength-shift fluorescent probes for monitoring of polymerization SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE fluorescence; polymers; polymerization ID CURE AB The feasibility of using wavelength-shift fluorescent probes for cure monitoring of an epoxy resin and an acrylic resin was evaluated. 4-(N,N-dihexylaminostyryl)-4'-pyridinium propylsulfonate (DHASP-PS), as well as each of other wavelength-shift fluorescent probes, was dissolved in the epoxy resin, a stoichiometric mixture of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A and 4,4'-methylene-bis(cyclohexylamine). The fluorescence and the excitation spectra of each of the probes dissolved in the epoxy resin were then measured at various times during the cure of the epoxy resin at 60 degrees C. The fluorescence and the excitation spectra of the probe DHASP-PS dissolved in methyl methacrylate (MMA) were also measured at various times during the cure of the acrylic resin at 55 degrees C. Since the peak fluorescence wavelength of each of the wavelength-shift fluorescent probes decreased during the cure of the epoxy resin or MMA, these fluorescent probes can be used for monitoring the polymerization reactions of epoxy resins and vinyl resins. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Biomat Div, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wang, FW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Biomat Div, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM francis.wang@nist.gov NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0021-8995 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD JUL 5 PY 2006 VL 101 IS 1 BP 747 EP 750 DI 10.1002/app.23975 PG 4 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 044NT UT WOS:000237680000102 ER PT J AU Lesur, V Maus, S AF Lesur, Vincent Maus, Stefan TI A global lithospheric magnetic field model with reduced noise level in the Polar Regions SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article AB [1] Due to persistent ionospheric current systems at high latitudes, satellite magnetic measurements have high noise levels in the Polar regions. Consequently, small-scale lithospheric features are much more difficult to resolve there than at lower latitudes. Using linear combinations of spherical harmonics (SH), we define localized functions which are band-limited to a given maximum degree. Thus, a model's SH resolution can be varied over the globe. We produce a lithospheric field model from CHAMP satellite data which resolves features to SH degree 90 at low latitudes, but only to SH degree 60 in the Polar regions. The new model can be downward continued from satellite altitude to the Earth's surface without generating spurious high-latitude anomalies. C1 British Geol Survey, NERC, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Lesur, V (reprint author), Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. EM lesur@gfz-potsdam.de RI Lesur, Vincent/H-1031-2012; OI Lesur, Vincent/0000-0003-2568-320X; Maus, Stefan/0000-0002-9604-3878 NR 13 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 4 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 13 AR L13304 DI 10.1029/2006GL025826 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 062NN UT WOS:000238951900001 ER PT J AU Ni, SL Yin, W Ferguson-McPherson, MK Satija, SK Morris, JR Esker, AR AF Ni, Suolong Yin, Wen Ferguson-McPherson, Melinda K. Satija, Sushil K. Morris, John R. Esker, Alan R. TI Nanoscale surface patterns from 10(3) single molecule helices of biodegradable poly(L-lactic acid) SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID LANGMUIR-BLODGETT-FILMS; SUBSTITUTED PHTHALOCYANINATO-POLYSILOXANES; AIR-WATER-INTERFACE; ULTRATHIN FILMS; POLYMER; ARCHITECTURE; COPOLYMERS; CRYSTALS; POLYELECTROLYTE; CONFIGURATION AB Atomic force microscopy, reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray reflectivity studies reveal that poly(L-lactic acid) molecules in Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films exist as 10(3) helices over nearly the entire length of the polymer chain. This feature gives rise to LB films with highly ordered nanoscale smectic liquid crystalline-like surface patterns with low surface roughness and lamellar spacings that scale with molar mass. These studies provide a new approach for controlling surface morphology with a biodegradable polymer commonly used for drug delivery and tissue engineering. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Chem 0212, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Esker, AR (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Chem 0212, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM aesker@vt.edu NR 41 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD JUL 4 PY 2006 VL 22 IS 14 BP 5969 EP 5973 DI 10.1021/la060734a PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 056XN UT WOS:000238558500001 PM 16800644 ER PT J AU Reiner, JE Crawford, AM Kishore, RB Goldner, LS Helmerson, K Gilson, MK AF Reiner, J. E. Crawford, A. M. Kishore, R. B. Goldner, Lori S. Helmerson, K. Gilson, M. K. TI Optically trapped aqueous droplets for single molecule studies SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TRANSFER CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY; DYNAMICS; FLUORESCENCE; SPECTROSCOPY; PEPTIDES; PROTEIN AB We demonstrate a technique for creating, manipulating, and combining femtoliter volume chemical containers. The containers are surfactant-stabilized aqueous droplets in a low index-of-refraction fluorocarbon medium. The index-of-refraction mismatch between the container and fluorocarbon is such that individual droplets can be optically trapped by single focus laser beams, i.e., optical tweezers. Here, we trap and manipulate individual droplets, detect the fluorescence from single dye and red fluorescent protein molecules encapsulated in droplets, and observe fluorescence resonance energy transfer from a single dye pair on a deoxyribonucleic acid molecule encapsulated in a droplet. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Reiner, JE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM kristian@nist.gov RI Reiner, Joseph/B-7893-2013; Helmerson, Kristian/E-3683-2013; OI Reiner, Joseph/0000-0002-1056-8703 NR 21 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JUL 3 PY 2006 VL 89 IS 1 AR 013904 DI 10.1063/1.2219977 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 061CQ UT WOS:000238849200086 ER PT J AU Lehnert, H Stone, R Heimler, W AF Lehnert, Helmut Stone, Robert Heimler, Wolfgang TI New species of deep-sea demosponges (Porifera) from the Aleutian Islands (Alaska, USA) SO ZOOTAXA LA English DT Article DE Porifera; Poecilosclerida; new species; taxonomy; Aleutian Islands; N-Pacific; deep-sea AB Deep-sea sponge habitat of the Aleutian Islands was investigated with the ROV Jason II. Identification of the more than 60 specimens collected at depths between 179 and 2827 m revealed nine new species of demosponges. Megaciella anisochela sp. nov., Stelodoryx oxeata sp. nov, Monanchora laminachela sp. nov, Echinoclathria vasa sp. nov., Euchelipluma elongata sp. nov., Esperiopsis flagrum sp. nov., Mycale jasoniae sp. nov., Latrunculia velera sp. nov. and Latrunculia occulta sp. nov. are described and compared with congeners of the area. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Inst Zool 1, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany. RP Lehnert, H (reprint author), Eichenstr 14, D-86507 Oberottmarshausen, Germany. EM Helm.Lehnert@t-online.de NR 63 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU MAGNOLIA PRESS PI AUCKLAND PA PO BOX 41383, AUCKLAND, ST LUKES 1030, NEW ZEALAND SN 1175-5326 EI 1175-5334 J9 ZOOTAXA JI Zootaxa PD JUL 3 PY 2006 IS 1250 BP 1 EP 35 PG 35 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 066XF UT WOS:000239263200001 ER PT J AU Li, WJ Cooper, JA Mauck, RL Tuan, RS AF Li, WJ Cooper, JA Mauck, RL Tuan, RS TI Fabrication and characterization of six electrospun poly(alpha-hydroxy ester)-based fibrous scaffolds for tissue engineering applications SO ACTA BIOMATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE electrospinning; nanofiber; fiber; mesenchymal stem cell; chondrocyte ID MESENCHYMAL STEM-CELLS; 3-DIMENSIONAL NANOFIBROUS SCAFFOLD; ARTICULAR-CARTILAGE; HUMAN MARROW; DIFFERENTIATION; MORPHOLOGY; POLYMERS; CULTURE; BONE AB The most common synthetic biodegradable polymers being investigated for tissue engineering applications are FDA approved, clinically used poly(alpha-hydroxy esters). To better assess the applicability of the clectrospinning technology for scaffold fabrication, six commonly used poly(alpha-hydroxy esters) were used to prepare clectrospun fibrous scaffolds, and their physical and biological properties were also characterized. Our results suggest that specific, optimized fabrication parameters are required for each polymer to produce scaffolds that consist of uniform structures morphologically similar to native extracellular matrix. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a highly porous, three-dimensional structure for all scaffolds, with average fiber diameter ranging from 300 nm to 1.5 mu m, depending on the polymer type used. The poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) and poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid 50:50) (PLGA5050) fibrous structures were mechanically stiffest, whereas the poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(F-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffolds were most compliant. Upon incubation in physiological solution, severe structural destruction due to polymer degradation was found in the PGA, poly(D,L-lactic acid) (PDLLA), PLGA5050, and poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid 85:15) (PLGA8515) fibrous scaffolds, whereas PLLA and PCL fibrous scaffolds maintained a robust scaffold structure during the same time period, based oil macroscopic and SEM observations. In addition, PLLA scaffolds supported the highest rate of proliferation of seeded cells (chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells) than other polymeric scaffolds. Our findings showed that PLLA and PCL based fibrous scaffolds exhibited the most optimal structural integrity and supported desirable cellular response in culture, suggesting that such scaffolds may be promising candidate biomaterials for tissue engineering applications. (c) 2006 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NIAMSD, Cartilage Biol & Orthopaed Branch, NIH, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tuan, RS (reprint author), NIAMSD, Cartilage Biol & Orthopaed Branch, NIH, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Room 1523,Bldg 50,MSC 8022, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. EM tuanr@mail.nih.gov RI Li, Wan-Ju/A-7002-2008 FU Intramural NIH HHS; NIAMS NIH HHS [Z01 AR 41113] NR 23 TC 267 Z9 278 U1 16 U2 117 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1742-7061 J9 ACTA BIOMATER JI Acta Biomater. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 2 IS 4 BP 377 EP 385 DI 10.1016/j.actbio.2006.02.005 PG 9 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 059OT UT WOS:000238742800002 PM 16765878 ER PT J AU Jadhav, AD Padture, NP Jordan, EH Gell, M Miranzo, P Fuller, ER AF Jadhav, Amol D. Padture, Nitin P. Jordan, Eric H. Gell, Maurice Miranzo, Pilar Fuller, Edwin R., Jr. TI Low-thermal-conductivity plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings with engineered microstructures SO ACTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE plasma spraying; coatings; ceramics; thermal conductivity; finite element analysis ID DURABILITY; ZIRCONIA; CERAMICS; STRESSES; OXIDE; DENSE AB The solution precursor plasma spray (SPPS) process has been used to deposit ZrO2-7 wt.% Y2O3 thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) that contain alternate layers of low and high porosities (layered-SPPS). The thermal conductivity of the layered-SPPS coating is found to be lower than those of both a SPPS coating with distributed porosity and an air-plasma-sprayed coating of the same composition. in the temperature range 100-1000 degrees C. Analytical and object-oriented finite element (OOF) models have been used to analyze the experimental thermal conductivity data. The OOF model is better at describing the experimentally measured thermal conductivities than the analytical model, and the OOF model captures accurately the effect of real microstructures on the thermal conductivities of these plasma-sprayed TBCS. (c) 2006 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Univ Connecticut, Inst Mat Sci, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. CSIC, Inst Ceram & Vidrio, Madrid 28049, Spain. Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Ceram Div, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Padture, NP (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. EM padture.1@osu.edu RI Padture, Nitin/A-9746-2009; Miranzo, Pilar/H-1282-2015 OI Padture, Nitin/0000-0001-6622-8559; NR 32 TC 86 Z9 89 U1 6 U2 56 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6454 J9 ACTA MATER JI Acta Mater. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 54 IS 12 BP 3343 EP 3349 DI 10.1016/j.actamat.2006.03.024 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 065EM UT WOS:000239142200018 ER PT J AU Urban, BJ Avedisian, CT Tsang, W AF Urban, BJ Avedisian, CT Tsang, W TI The film boiling reactor: A new environment for chemical processing SO AICHE JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE film boiling; hydrogen production; nucleation; chemical reaction; conversion; catalysis; heat transfer; mass transfer; transport; fuel cells ID HORIZONTAL CYLINDER; HEAT-TRANSFER; GENERAL CORRELATION; LIQUID; DECOMPOSITION; TEMPERATURE; SUPERHEAT; MIXTURES; HYDROGEN; SURFACE AB A new platform, based on film boiling, is described for chemical processing by catalytic decomposition of organic liquids. A model for conversion of pure methanol to hydrogen and carbon monoxide is used to illustrate the operational and performance characteristics of the reactor. The model extends film boiling theory to include catalytic reactions at the surface. The results show that wall temperature exerts a dominant influence on product yields, with tube diameter a secondary effect. The yields of hydrogen increase as tube diameter and wall temperature increase, with the variation being nonlinear. At temperatures > 1200 K, the wall conversion rates reach an asymptote with wall concentrations of hydrogen and carbon monoxide being lower and higher than stoichiometric, respectively, because of the higher diffusion rate of hydrogen compared to carbon monoxide. A dimensional "performance factor," defined as the ratio of hydrogen yield to the total energy required to maintain the vapor film and drive the reaction, is used to cast the performance of the film boiling reactor in terms of the variables of the problem. For the range of tube diameters examined (1.5 mm to 1.5 cm), the analysis shows the existence of wall temperatures that optimize performance. The advantages of the new reactor system are its simplicity and potentially large product yields, making it ideal for portable applications. (c) 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers. C1 Cornell Univ, Sibley Sch Mech & Aerosp Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Avedisian, CT (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Sibley Sch Mech & Aerosp Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM cta2@cornell.edu NR 29 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0001-1541 J9 AICHE J JI AICHE J. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 52 IS 7 BP 2582 EP 2595 DI 10.1002/aic.10839 PG 14 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 055ZN UT WOS:000238490200027 ER PT J AU Rhoderick, GC AF Rhoderick, GC TI Feasibility of preparing and analyzing gas standards containing heavy hydrocarbons (C-10-C-16) SO ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE heavy hydrocarbons; diesel exhaust; primary gas standards; gravimetric gas standards; analysis; gas chromatography ID RESPONSE FACTORS AB State and federal agencies are beginning to monitor ambient air for compounds related to diesel exhaust. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) was asked to develop standards containing heavy (C-10-C-16) alkanes which could then be used in air monitoring and exhaust studies. Several primary gravimetric standards, containing heavy (C-10-C-16) alkanes in nitrogen, were developed and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) with flame-ionization detection (FID). The results of this research indicate that accurate gas standards containing these hydrocarbons can be prepared. However, the analytical results show that the temperature of the transfer system from the gas cylinder to the GC column (including the gas-sample valve) must be heated in order to prevent adsorption of these compounds within the analytical system. The results indicate that even at elevated temperatures these compounds are being absorbed within the system. The results show that quantitative results cannot be obtained by using one compound such as hexane, as an internal standard to determine the concentration of other hydrocarbons. Quantitative and accurate results are best obtained if standards for each hydrocarbon of interest are used to determine concentrations of unknowns for the respective hydrocarbon. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rhoderick, GC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM george.rhoderick@nist.gov NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 5 U2 10 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1618-2642 J9 ANAL BIOANAL CHEM JI Anal. Bioanal. Chem. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 385 IS 5 BP 866 EP 874 DI 10.1007/s00216-006-0494-2 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 056BN UT WOS:000238496100013 PM 16791567 ER PT J AU Genov, DA Seal, K Sarychev, AK Noh, H Shalaev, VM Ying, ZC Zhang, X Cao, H AF Genov, D. A. Seal, K. Sarychev, A. K. Noh, H. Shalaev, V. M. Ying, Z. C. Zhang, X. Cao, H. TI Surface plasmon delocalization by short-range correlations in percolating metal systems SO APPLIED PHYSICS B-LASERS AND OPTICS LA English DT Article ID DIELECTRIC FILMS; OPTICAL-EXCITATIONS; FIELD ENHANCEMENTS; LOCAL-FIELD; LOCALIZATION; CLUSTERS AB Theoretical and experimental studies of the electromagnetic response of semicontinuous metal films are presented. A scaling theory is developed by solving the surface plasmon eigenproblem. The short-range correlations in the governing Kirchhoff Hamiltonian result in delocalization of the surface plasmon eigenmodes. Although their relative weight in the spectrum becomes asymptotically small for large systems, the existence of these delocalized states modifies the critical indices for the high-order field moments. This modification is confirmed experimentally by the near-field measurement of high-order intensity moments for percolating silver films on glass substrates. C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, NSF, Nanoscale Sci & Engn Ctr, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Ethertronics Inc, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. Purdue Univ, Sch Elect & Comp Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Seal, K (reprint author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. EM k-seal@northwestern.edu RI Zhang, Xiang/F-6905-2011; Cao, Hui/F-4815-2012 NR 27 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0946-2171 J9 APPL PHYS B-LASERS O JI Appl. Phys. B-Lasers Opt. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 84 IS 1-2 BP 205 EP 210 DI 10.1007/s00340-006-2229-7 PG 6 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA 060VC UT WOS:000238828700031 ER PT J AU Holbrook, RD DeRose, PC Leigh, SD Rukhin, AL Heckert, NA AF Holbrook, R. David DeRose, Paul C. Leigh, Stefan D. Rukhin, Andrew L. Heckert, N. Alan TI Excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy for natural organic matter characterization: A quantitative evaluation of calibration and spectral correction procedures SO APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE calibration; fluorometers; natural organic matter; peak intensity; peak location; spectral correction ID HUMIC SUBSTANCES; PARAFAC AB The influence of different data collection procedures and of wavelength-dependent instrumental biases on fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectral analysis of aqueous organic matter samples was investigated. Particular attention was given to fluorescence contours (spectral shape) and peak fluorescence intensities. Instrumental bias was evaluated by independently applying excitation and emission correction factors to the raw excitation and emission data. respectively. The peak fluorescence intensities of representative natural organic matter and tryptophan were significantly influenced by the application of excitation and emission spectral correction factors and by the manner in which the raw data was collected. Humification and fluorescence indices were also influenced by emission correction factors but were independent of reference (excitation) intensity normalization or correction. EEM surface contours were dependent on normalization of the fluorescence intensity to the reference intensity but were not influenced by either excitation or emission spectral correction factors. Authors should be explicit in how excitation and emission spectral correction procedures are implemented in their investigations, which will help to facilitate intra-laboratory comparisons and data sharing. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Holbrook, RD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dave.holbrook@nist.gov NR 21 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 3 U2 26 PU SOC APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY PI FREDERICK PA 201B BROADWAY ST, FREDERICK, MD 21701 USA SN 0003-7028 J9 APPL SPECTROSC JI Appl. Spectrosc. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 60 IS 7 BP 791 EP 799 DI 10.1366/000370206777886973 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy GA 063UW UT WOS:000239046400012 PM 16854268 ER PT J AU Herczeg, GJ Linsky, JL Walter, FM Gahm, GF Johns-Krull, CM AF Herczeg, Gregory J. Linsky, Jeffrey L. Walter, Frederick M. Gahm, Gosta F. Johns-Krull, Christopher M. TI The origins of fluorescent H(2) emission from T Tauri stars SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES LA English DT Review DE accretion, accretion disks; circumstellar matter; line : identification; stars : pre-main-sequence; ultraviolet : stars ID HUBBLE-SPACE-TELESCOPE; MAIN-SEQUENCE STARS; FAR-ULTRAVIOLET SPECTRUM; MOLECULAR-HYDROGEN; DG-TAURI; CIRCUMSTELLAR ENVIRONMENT; YOUNG STARS; RU-LUPI; X-RAY; PROTOPLANETARY DISKS AB We survey fluorescent H(2) emission in HST STIS spectra of the classical T Tauri stars (CTTSs) TW Hya, DF Tau, RU Lupi, T Tau, and DG Tau, and the weak-lined T Tauri star (WTTS) V836 Tau. From each of those sources we detect between 41 and 209 narrow H(2) emission lines, most of which are pumped by strong Ly alpha emission. H(2) emission is not detected from the WTTS V410 Tau. The fluorescent H(2) emission appears to be common to circumstellar environments around all CTTSs, but high spectral and spatial resolution STIS observations reveal diverse phenomenon. Blueshifted H(2) emission detected from RU Lupi, T Tau, and DG Tau is consistent with an origin in an outflow. The H(2) emission from TW Hya, DF Tau, and V836 Tau is centered at the radial velocity of the star and is consistent with an origin in a warm disk surface. The H(2) lines from RU Lupi, DF Tau, and T Tau also have excess blueshifted H(2) emission that extends to as much as -100 km s(-1). The strength of this blueshifted component from DF Tau and T Tau depends on the upper level of the transition. In all cases, the small aperture and attenuation of H(2) emission by stellar winds restricts the H(2) emission to be formed close to the star. In the observation of RU Lupi, the Ly alpha emission and the H(2) emission that is blueshifted by 15 km s(-1) are extended to the SW by similar to 0.'' 07, although the faster H(2) gas that extends to similar to 100 km s(-1) is not spatially extended. We also find a small reservoir of H(2) emission from TW Hya and DF Tau consistent with an excitation temperature of similar to 2.5x10(4) K. C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Phys & Astron, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. AlbaNova, Stockholm Observ, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Houston, TX 77005 USA. RP Herczeg, GJ (reprint author), CALTECH, MC105-24,1200 E Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM gregoryh@astro.caltech.edu; jlinsky@jila.colorado.edu; fwalter@astro.sunysb.edu; gahm@astro.su.se; cmj@rice.edu OI Herczeg, Gregory/0000-0002-7154-6065 NR 111 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0067-0049 J9 ASTROPHYS J SUPPL S JI Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 165 IS 1 BP 256 EP 282 DI 10.1086/503558 PG 27 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 063TC UT WOS:000239041500010 ER PT J AU Gabriel, MC Williamson, DG Zhang, H Brooks, S Lindberg, S AF Gabriel, Mark C. Williamson, Derek G. Zhang, Hong Brooks, Steve Lindberg, Steve TI Diurnal and seasonal trends in total gaseous mercury flux from three urban ground surfaces SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE terrestrial surface; urban areas; mercury flux; seasonal; diurnal ID ELEMENTAL MERCURY; AIR/SURFACE EXCHANGE; CHAMBER MEASUREMENT; EMISSION FLUXES; DRY DEPOSITION; NORTH-AMERICA; UNITED-STATES; FOREST SOILS; VAPOR FLUXES; AMBIENT AIR AB Total gaseous mercury flux measurements were carried out over three urban ground surfaces for 1 year in Tuscaloosa, AL, USA. The objective was to provide insight into the characteristics of gaseous mercury flux from urban surface covers. Bare soil, grass, and pavement surfaces were sampled as the most representative terrestrial surfaces throughout Tuscaloosa. Measurements were quantified over diurnal and seasonal periods and relationships were developed between flux from each surface and major meteorological parameters. Averaging data over the entire year, fluxes from each surface were as follows: bare soil (6.48 ng/m(-2) h), pavement (0.02 ng/m(-2) h), and grass (0.28 ng/m(-2) h). Pavement and many grass fluxes were small and arguably indistinguishable from chamber blanks. The soil surface displayed the largest difference between evening and daytime flux, particularly during the spring and summer seasons (i.e., evening low (12 ng/m(-2) h) to daytime high (30 ng/m(-2) h) during summer). The grass surface showed the largest amount of atmospheric deposition, mainly during the spring and fall periods (up to -2.31 ng/m(-2) h), with pavement showing somewhat less (up to -1.05 ng/m(-2) h). Bare soil showed very little to negligible deposition. Diurnal flux variance was greater than seasonal flux variance for all surfaces. The regression results demonstrate that despite the highly dissimilar physical and geochemical make-up of pavement, bare soil, and grass, each surface displayed similar responses to time series change in meteorological parameters. However, each surface may be seasonally controlled or limited by different sets of meteorological parameters. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. Tennessee Technol Univ, Dept Chem, Cookeville, TN 38505 USA. NOAA, ATDD, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN USA. RP Gabriel, MC (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, Borlaug Hall,1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM gabri097@umn.edu RI Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011 NR 51 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 40 IS 23 BP 4269 EP 4284 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.04.004 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 067GO UT WOS:000239290100004 ER PT J AU Kramida, AE Reader, J AF Kramida, AE Reader, J TI Ionization energies of tungsten ions: W2+ through W71+ SO ATOMIC DATA AND NUCLEAR DATA TABLES LA English DT Article ID I ISOELECTRONIC SEQUENCE; HELIUM-LIKE IONS; W-V; IONIZED GOLD; TA-IV; SPECTRUM; WAVELENGTHS; TRANSITIONS; STATES; CONFIGURATION AB A semi-empirical method is used to determine ionization energies of multiply charged tungsten ions, W2+ through W71+. The method is based on Hartree-Fock calculations of electron binding energies scaled according to experimental results. The relative uncertainties vary from 1.7% for W2+ to 0.015% for W71+. The resulting values are tabulated with results of experiments and precise theoretical calculations in a list of ionization energies for tungsten in all stages of ionization, W through W73+. (C) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kramida, AE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM alexander.kramida@nist.gov OI Kramida, Alexander/0000-0002-0788-8087 NR 31 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0092-640X J9 ATOM DATA NUCL DATA JI Atom. Data Nucl. Data Tables PD JUL PY 2006 VL 92 IS 4 BP 457 EP 479 DI 10.1016/j.adt.2006.03.002 PG 23 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Physics GA 057GE UT WOS:000238583500002 ER PT J AU Beechie, T Buhle, E Ruckelshaus, M Fullerton, A Holsinger, L AF Beechie, T Buhle, E Ruckelshaus, M Fullerton, A Holsinger, L TI Hydrologic regime and the conservation of salmon life history diversity SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE climate; hydrology; life history; diversity; salmon ID CHINOOK SALMON; ATLANTIC SALMON; SOCKEYE-SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; EGG SIZE; DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY; LOCAL ADAPTATION; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; NEW-ZEALAND AB Life history diversity of imperiled Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. substantially contributes to their persistence, and conservation of such diversity is a critical element of recovery efforts. Preserving and restoring diversity of life history traits depends in part on environmental factors affecting their expression. We analyzed relationships between annual hydrograph patterns and life history. traits (spawn timing, age at spawning, age at outmigration, and body size) of Puget Sound Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to identify environmental indicators of current and historic diversity. Based on mean monthly flow patterns, we identified three hydrologic regimes: snowmelt-dominated, rainfall-dominated, and transitional. Chinook populations in snowmelt-dominated areas contained higher proportions of the stream-type life history (juvenile residence > 1 year in freshwater), had older spawners, and tended to spawn earlier in the year than populations in rainfall-dominated areas. There are few extant Puget Sound populations dominated by the stream-type life history, as several populations with high proportions of stream-type fish have been extirpated by construction of dams that prevent migration into snowmelt-dominated reaches. The few extant populations are thus a high priority for conservation. The low level of genetic distinction between stream-type and ocean-type (juvenile residence < 1 year in freshwater) life histories suggests that allowing some portion of extant populations to recolonize habitats above dams might allow re-expression of suppressed life history characteristics, creating a broader spatial distribution of the stream-type life history. Climate change ultimately may limit the effectiveness of some conservation efforts, as stream-type Chinook may be dependent on a diminishing snowmelt-dominated habitat. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Beechie, T (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM tim.beechie@noaa.gov NR 68 TC 91 Z9 92 U1 5 U2 49 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 130 IS 4 BP 560 EP 572 DI 10.1016/j.biocon.2006.01.019 PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 058AQ UT WOS:000238636900009 ER PT J AU Campbell, B Dickey, J Beckman, B Young, G Pierce, A Fukada, H Swanson, P AF Campbell, B Dickey, J Beckman, B Young, G Pierce, A Fukada, H Swanson, P TI Previtellogenic oocyte growth in salmon: Relationships among body growth, plasma insulin-like growth factor-1, estradiol-17beta, follicle-stimulating hormone and expression of ovarian genes for insulin-like growth factors, steroidogenic-acute regulatory protein and receptors for gonadotropins, growth hormone, and somatolactin SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Symposium on Reproductive Physiology of Fish CY MAY 18-23, 2003 CL Mie, JAPAN DE estradiol; follicle-stimulating hormone; follicle-stimulating hormone receptor; growth hormone; oocyte development ID TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; MATURATIONAL COMPETENCE ACQUISITION; SEABREAM SPARUS-AURATA; JUVENILE COHO SALMON; ATLANTIC SALMON; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; REPRODUCTIVE-CYCLE; MORONE-SAXATILIS; MESSENGER-RNA; STRIPED BASS AB Body growth during critical periods is known to be an important factor in determining the age of maturity and fecundity in fish. However, the endocrine mechanisms controlling oogenesis in fish and the effects of growth on this process are poorly understood. In this study interactions between the growth and reproductive systems were examined by monitoring changes in various components of the FSH-ovary axis, plasma insulin-like growth factor 1 (Igf1), and ovarian gene expression in relation to body and previtellogenic oocyte growth in coho salmon. Samples were collected from females during two hypothesized critical periods when growth influences maturation in this species. Body growth during the fall-spring months was strongly related to the degree of oocyte development, with larger fish possessing more advanced oocytes than smaller, slower growing fish. The accumulation of cortical alveoli in the oocytes was associated with increases in plasma and pituitary FSH, plasma estradiol-17beta, and ovarian steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (star) gene expression, whereas ovarian transcripts for growth hormone receptor and somatolactin receptor decreased. As oocytes accumulated lipid droplets, a general increase occurred in plasma Igf1 and components of the FSH-ovary axis, including plasma FSH, estradiol-17beta, and ovarian mRNAs for gonadotropin receptors, star, igf1, and igf2. A consistent positive relationship between plasma Igf1, estradiol-17beta, and pituitary FSH during growth in the spring suggests that these factors are important links in the mechanism by which body growth influences the rate of oocyte development. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Washington State Univ, Ctr Reprod Biol, Pullman, WA 98164 USA. RP Swanson, P (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM penny.swanson@noaa.gov NR 79 TC 104 Z9 109 U1 2 U2 16 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 75 IS 1 BP 34 EP 44 DI 10.1095/biolreprod.105.049494 PG 11 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 056HS UT WOS:000238513600005 PM 16554413 ER PT J AU Kennedy, SB Washburn, NR Simon, CG Amis, EJ AF Kennedy, SB Washburn, NR Simon, CG Amis, EJ TI Combinatorial screen of the effect of surface energy on fibronectin-mediated osteoblast adhesion, spreading and proliferation SO BIOMATERIALS LA English DT Article DE cell adhesion; cell proliferation; cell spreading; osteoblast; self-assembly; surface energy ID WETTABILITY GRADIENT SURFACES; POLYMER SURFACES; CELL-PROLIFERATION; ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS; PLATELET-ADHESION; SERUM-PROTEINS; TOF-SIMS; FIBROBLASTS; GROWTH; BIOMATERIALS AB In order to accelerate tissue-engineering research, it combinatorial approach for investigating the effect of surface energy on cell response has been developed. Surface energy is a fundamental material property that can influence cell behavior. Gradients in surface energy were created by using an automated stage to decelerate a glass slide coated with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM, n-octyldimethylchlorosilane) beneath a UV lamp such that the SAM is exposed to the UV-light in a graded fashion. UV exposure causes oxidation of the SAM such that a longer exposure correlates with increased hydrophilicity. This approach yielded substrates having a linear gradient in surface energy ranging from 23 to 62 mN/m (water contact angles ranging from 25 to 95). Using the gradient specimen approach enables all surface energies from 23 to 60 mN/m to be screened on each slide. Before cell culture, surface energy gradients were coated with fibronectin to allow a study of the effect of surface energy on fibronectin-mediated cell response. Cells were seeded on the fibronectin-coated gradients and adhesion, spreading and proliferation were assessed with automated fluorescence microscopy. Surface energy did not affect initial cell adhesion at 8 h. However, the rate of proliferation was linearly dependent on surface energy and increased with increasing hydrophobicity. Cell spread area was unaffected by changes in surface energy over the majority of the gradient although cells were significantly smaller oil the most hydrophilic region. These results show that fibronectin-mediated cell spreading and proliferation are dependent on surface energy and establish a new combinatorial approach for screening cell response to changes in surface energy. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Anderson Univ, Dept Chem & Phys, Anderson, IN 46012 USA. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Chem & Biomed Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RP Simon, CG (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM carl.simon@nist.gov FU NIDCR NIH HHS [Y1-DE-1021] NR 50 TC 134 Z9 137 U1 3 U2 33 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0142-9612 J9 BIOMATERIALS JI Biomaterials PD JUL PY 2006 VL 27 IS 20 BP 3817 EP 3824 DI 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.02.044 PG 8 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 039YX UT WOS:000237346000014 PM 16563495 ER PT J AU Goedecke, GH Wilson, DK Ostashev, VE AF Goedecke, George H. Wilson, D. Keith Ostashev, Vladimir E. TI Quasi-wavelet models of turbulent temperature fluctuations SO BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE quasi-wavelet; temperature fluctuations; temperature spectra; turbulent spectra; von Karman spectrum ID ATMOSPHERIC-TURBULENCE; SCATTERING; SOUND AB Here, we contribute to the continuing development of the quasi-wavelet (QW) model of turbulence that is currently being used in simulations of sound propagation and scattering in the turbulent atmosphere. We show that a QW model of temperature fluctuations exists for any physically reasonable temperature spectrum of isotropic homogeneous turbulence, including the widely used von Karman spectrum. We derive a simple formula for the QW shape that reproduces a given spectrum exactly in the energy, transition, and inertial subranges. We also show that simple QW shapes can be normalized to yield an analytic expression for a temperature spectrum that is fairly close to any given spectrum. As an example, we match the Gaussian QW model to the von Karman spectrum as closely as possible, and find remarkably good agreement in all subranges including the dissipation subrange. We also derive formulae for the variance and kurtosis associated with the QW model, and show how the latter depends on the QW packing fraction and size distribution. We also illustrate how the visual appearance of several QW-simulated temperature fluctuation fields depends on the QW packing fraction, size distribution, and kurtosis. C1 New Mexico State Univ, Dept Phys, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. USA, Ctr Res Dev & Engn, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Phys, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Goedecke, GH (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, Dept Phys, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. EM ggoedeck@nmsu.edu RI Wilson, D. Keith/A-4687-2012 OI Wilson, D. Keith/0000-0002-8020-6871 NR 18 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-8314 J9 BOUND-LAY METEOROL JI Bound.-Layer Meteor. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 120 IS 1 BP 1 EP 23 DI 10.1007/s10546-005-9037-1 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 077GG UT WOS:000240016300001 ER PT J AU Le Marshall, J Jung, J Derber, J Chahine, M Treadon, R Lord, SJ Goldberg, M Wolf, W Liu, HC Joiner, J Woollen, J Todling, R van Delst, P Tahara, Y AF Le Marshall, J. Jung, J. Derber, J. Chahine, M. Treadon, R. Lord, S. J. Goldberg, M. Wolf, W. Liu, H. C. Joiner, J. Woollen, J. Todling, R. van Delst, P. Tahara, Y. TI Improving global analysis and forecasting with AIRS SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SSI ANALYSIS SYSTEM; RADIANCES C1 NOAA Sci Ctr, Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. US Dept Def Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Camp Springs, MD USA. NASA Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Le Marshall, J (reprint author), NOAA Sci Ctr, Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM John.Lemarshall@noaa.gov RI Goldberg, Mitch/F-5589-2010; Wolf, Walter/E-7935-2011; Joiner, Joanna/D-6264-2012 OI Wolf, Walter/0000-0002-2102-8833; NR 7 TC 96 Z9 96 U1 3 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 87 IS 7 BP 891 EP 894 DI 10.1175/BAMS-87-891 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 067VH UT WOS:000239330200015 ER PT J AU Laursen, KK Jorgensen, DP Brasseur, GP Ustin, SL Huning, JR AF Laursen, Krista K. Jorgensen, David P. Brasseur, Guy P. Ustin, Susan L. Huning, James R. TI HIAPER: The next generation NSF/NCAR research aircraft SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID LEAF OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; CANOPY; WATER; VARIABILITY AB The development of the High-Performance Instrumented Airborne Platform for Environmental Research (HIAPER) will make possible a wealth of new geophysical research opportunities in the areas of atmospheric chemistry, climate forcing, weather system structure and evolution, the carbon and water vapor cycles, and ecosystem processes. In this paper, we present a brief background on the history of the HIAPER project and discuss the modifications made to the basic aircraft [a Gulfstream V (GV) business jet] and the infrastructure systems installed to transform it into an environmental research platform. General aircraft performance capabilities that make the GV uniquely suited for high-altitude, long-range studies of geophysical phenomena are also discussed. The conduct of research with HIAPER will require that suitable instrumentation payloads are available for use on the aircraft, and the processes followed by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) for the development of an initial platform instrumentation suite to meet critical measurements needs are described. HIAPER's unique configuration and capabilities will make it an effective tool for the conduct of weather and water cycle research, the study of atmospheric chemistry and climate forcing, and the monitoring of biosphere structure and productivity, as we shall discuss. We conclude with an overview of the objectives of the initial HIAPER flight-testing program and the process whereby this new research platform will be made available to members of the scientific community for the support of environmental research. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NOAA Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK USA. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Hamburg, Germany. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO USA. Natl Sci Fdn, Arlington, VA USA. RP Laursen, KK (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM krista@ucar.edu NR 27 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 EI 1520-0477 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 87 IS 7 BP 896 EP 909 DI 10.1175/BAMS-87-7-896 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 067VH UT WOS:000239330200016 ER PT J AU Chahine, MT Pagano, TS Aumann, HH Atlas, R Barnet, C Blaisdell, J Chen, L Divakarla, M Fetzer, EJ Goldberg, M Gautier, C Granger, S Hannon, S Irion, FW Kakar, R Kalnay, E Lambrigtsen, BH Lee, SY Le Marshall, J McMillan, WW McMillin, L Olsen, ET Revercomb, H Rosenkranz, P Smith, WL Staelin, D Strow, LL Susskind, J Tobin, D Wolf, W Zhou, LH AF Chahine, Moustafa T. Pagano, Thomas S. Aumann, Hartmut H. Atlas, Robert Barnet, Christopher Blaisdell, John Chen, Luke Divakarla, Murty Fetzer, Eric J. Goldberg, Mitch Gautier, Catherine Granger, Stephanie Hannon, Scott Irion, Fredrick W. Kakar, Ramesh Kalnay, Eugenia Lambrigtsen, Bjorn H. Lee, Sung-Yung Le Marshall, John McMillan, W. Wallace McMillin, Larry Olsen, Edward T. Revercomb, Henry Rosenkranz, Philip Smith, William L. Staelin, Did Strow, L. Larrabee Susskind, Joel Tobin, David Wolf, Walter Zhou, Lihang TI Improving weather forecasting and providing new data on greenhouse gases SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID CLOUDY ATMOSPHERES; AIRS DATA; AIRS/AMSU/HSB; PREDICTION; VALIDATION; PRODUCTS AB The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and its two companion microwave sounders, AMSU and HSB were launched into polar orbit onboard the NASA Aqua Satellite in May 2002. NASA required the sounding system to provide high-quality research data for climate studies and to meet NOAA's requirements for improving operational weather forecasting. The NOAA requirement translated into global retrieval of temperature and humidity profiles with accuracies approaching those of radiosondes. AIRS also provides new measurements of several greenhouse gases, such as CO2, CO, CH4, O-3, SO2, and aerosols. The assimilation of AIRS data into operational weather forecasting has already demonstrated significant improvements in global forecast skill. At NOAA/NCEP, the improvement in the forecast skill achieved at 6 days is equivalent to gaining an extension of forecast capability of six hours. This improvement is quite significant when compared to other forecast improvements over the last decade. In addition to NCEP, ECMWF and the Met Office have also reported positive forecast impacts due AIRS. AIRS is a hyperspectral sounder with 2,378 infrared channels between 3.7 and 15.4 mu m. NOAA/NESDIS routinely distributes AIRS data within 3 hours to NWP centers around the world. The AIRS design represents a breakthrough in infrared space instrumentation with measurement stability and accuracies far surpassing any current research or operational sounder. The results we describe in this paper are "work in progress," and although significant accomplishments have already been made much more work remains in order to realize the full potential of this suite of instruments. C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. NOAA NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD USA. SAIC, Beltsville, MD USA. STG Inc, Reston, VA USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Camp Springs, MD USA. Univ Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Hampton Univ, Hampton, VA USA. QSS Grp, Lanham, MD USA. RP Chahine, MT (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM chahine@jpl.nasa.gov RI Kalnay, Eugenia/F-4393-2010; Atlas, Robert/A-5963-2011; Goldberg, Mitch/F-5589-2010; Barnet, Christopher/F-5573-2010; Divakarla, Murty/E-7936-2011; Wolf, Walter/E-7935-2011; Zhou, Lihang/E-7938-2011 OI Atlas, Robert/0000-0002-0706-3560; Divakarla, Murty/0000-0002-0399-3381; Wolf, Walter/0000-0002-2102-8833; Zhou, Lihang/0000-0001-6232-2871 NR 26 TC 304 Z9 307 U1 4 U2 33 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 87 IS 7 BP 911 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-87-7-911 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 067VH UT WOS:000239330200017 ER PT J AU Lawford, R Bosilovich, M Eden, S Benedict, S Brown, C Gruber, A Houser, P Hsu, K Huang, J Lau, W Meyers, T Mitchell, K Peters-Lidard, C Roads, J Rodell, M Sorooshian, S Tarpley, D Williams, S AF Lawford, Richard Bosilovich, Mike Eden, Susanna Benedict, Sam Brown, Constance Gruber, Arnold Houser, Paul Hsu, Kuolin Huang, Jin Lau, William Meyers, Tilden Mitchell, Kenneth Peters-Lidard, Christa Roads, John Rodell, Matt Sorooshian, Soroosh Tarpley, Dan Williams, Steve TI US contributions to the CEOP SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID LAND-SURFACE EVAPORATION; TROPICAL RAINFALL; SYSTEM; TEMPERATURE; BOUNDARY; MISSION; COVER; SCALE; INDEX AB THE CEOP The Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period (CEOP) is an international project that was first proposed by the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) in 1997 and was formally launched in 2001. Since that time it has been adopted by the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP), which views it as an essential part of its strategy for developing global datasets to evaluate global climate models, and by the Integrated Global Observing Strategy Partnership (IGOS-P), which views it as the first element of its global water cycle theme. The United States has been an active partner in all phases of CEOP. In particular, the United States has taken the lead in contributing data from a number of reference sites, providing data processing, and archiving capabilities and related research activities through the GEWEX Americas Prediction Project (GAPP). Other U.S. programs and agencies are providing components including model and data assimilation output, satellite data, and other services. The U.S. science community has also been using the CEOP database in model evaluation and phenomenological studies. This article summarizes the U.S. contributions during the first phase of CEOP and outlines opportunities for readers to become involved in the data analysis phase of the project. C1 Int GEWEX Project Off, Silver Spring, MD USA. NASA, Greenbelt, MD USA. Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA. CEOP Int Project Off, San Diego, CA USA. Indiana Univ, Bloomington, IN USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. George Mason Univ, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. NOAA, Silver Spring, MD USA. NOAA, Oak Ridge, TN USA. NOAA, Camp Springs, MD USA. Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA USA. NCAR, Boulder, CO USA. RP Lawford, R (reprint author), 1010 Wayne Ave,Suite 450, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM lawford@umbc.edu RI Peters-Lidard, Christa/E-1429-2012; Rodell, Matthew/E-4946-2012; sorooshian, soroosh/B-3753-2008; Bosilovich, Michael/F-8175-2012; Houser, Paul/J-9515-2013; Lau, William /E-1510-2012; Meyers, Tilden/C-6633-2016 OI Peters-Lidard, Christa/0000-0003-1255-2876; Rodell, Matthew/0000-0003-0106-7437; sorooshian, soroosh/0000-0001-7774-5113; Houser, Paul/0000-0002-2991-0441; Lau, William /0000-0002-3587-3691; NR 36 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 EI 1520-0477 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 87 IS 7 BP 927 EP 939 DI 10.1175/BAMS-87-7-927 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 067VH UT WOS:000239330200018 ER PT J AU Hart, DR AF Hart, Deborah R. TI When do marine reserves increase fishery yield? SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ATLANTIC SEA SCALLOP; PER-RECRUIT ANALYSIS; PLACOPECTEN-MAGELLANICUS AB An age-structured model is developed for analyzing the effects of marine reserves and other long-term closures on fishery yield, assuming larvae are well-mixed and that exchange of adults between the open and closed areas is negligible. A number of analytic results are derived, including a formula for the gradient of yield with respect to fishing mortality and closure fraction. Increasing the closure fraction at equilibrium spawning stock biomass (SSB), B, will increase yield if and only if s'(B) > 1/b(0)(0), where s'(B) is the slope of the stock-recruitment curve at B and b(0)(0) is SSB per recruit at zero fishing mortality. Conditions for the level of closure required to prevent stock collapse are also derived. Applications of the theory to canary rockfish (Sebastes pinniger) and Georges Bank sea scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) illustrate that long-term closures increase yield only at low SSB associated with fishing mortalities greater than F-MSY and with low closure fractions. The theory presented here gives simple analytic and graphical techniques for predicting the effects of long-term closures on yield and stock persistence. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Hart, DR (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM Deborah.Hart@noaa.gov NR 12 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 12 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 63 IS 7 BP 1445 EP 1449 DI 10.1139/F06-071 PG 5 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 066ZV UT WOS:000239270600002 ER PT J AU Powles, PM Hare, JA Laban, EH Warlen, SM AF Powles, Perce M. Hare, Jonathan A. Laban, Elisabeth H. Warlen, Stanley M. TI Does eel metamorphosis cause a breakdown in the tenets of otolith applications? A case study using the speckled worm eel (Myrophis punctatus, Ophichthidae) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID EARLY-LIFE HISTORY; POMATOMUS-SALTATRIX PISCES; SPOT LEIOSTOMUS-XANTHURUS; ANGUILLA-ROSTRATA LESUEUR; HERRING CLUPEA-HARENGUS; DAILY GROWTH INCREMENTS; NORTH-CAROLINA ESTUARY; TROPICAL REEF FISHES; CONGER EEL; ATLANTIC MENHADEN AB Several basic tenets of otolith research have been questioned recently with regard to eel metamorphosis. Specifically, some researchers have suggested that otolith increment formation is not daily, and otolith material may be resorped during metamorphosis. We conducted a rearing experiment to test the hypothesis that increment formation is daily and that the otolith continues to grow during eel metamorphosis. We marked the otoliths of wild-caught Myrophis punctatus leptocephali and reared these fish through metamorphosis. Metamorphosis was characterized by a decreasing standard length, pre-anal length, and body depth accompanied by an increase in pigmentation and a change in behavior. Increment formation was daily or near-daily through metamorphosis, and the otolith continued to grow during metamorphosis. Thus, the basic tenets of otolith application apply to eel metamorphosis, and non-daily ring deposition and resorption should not be used as explanations for otolith characteristics of eels (e.g., back-calculated hatch dates) unless demonstrated experimentally. C1 Trent Univ, Dept Biol, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, NCCOS, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Hare, JA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NEFSC, Narraganset Lab, 28 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM jon.hare@noaa.gov NR 62 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 63 IS 7 BP 1460 EP 1468 DI 10.1139/F06-052 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 066ZV UT WOS:000239270600004 ER PT J AU Bartz, KK Lagueux, KM Scheuerell, MD Beechie, T Haas, AD Ruckelshaus, MH AF Bartz, Krista K. Lagueux, Kerry M. Scheuerell, Mark D. Beechie, Tim Haas, Andrew D. Ruckelshaus, Mary H. TI Translating restoration scenarios into habitat conditions: an initial step in evaluating recovery strategies for Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Review ID PEAK FLOW RESPONSES; STREAM TEMPERATURE; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; WESTERN CASCADES; PACIFIC SALMON; SMALL WATERSHEDS; UNITED-STATES; LARGE BASINS; COHO SALMON; RIVER AB One of the challenges associated with recovering imperiled species, such as Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), is identifying a set of actions that will ensure species' persistence. Here we evaluate the effects of alternative land use scenarios on habitat conditions potentially important to Chinook salmon. We first summarize the alternative scenarios as target levels for certain land use characteristics. We then use the target levels to estimate changes in current habitat conditions. The scenarios we explore indicate considerable potential to improve both the quality and quantity of salmon habitat through protection and restoration. Results from this analysis constitute the habitat inputs to a population model linking changes in habitat to salmon population status. By transparently documenting the approach we use to translate land use actions into changes in salmon habitat conditions, we provide decision makers with a clear basis for choosing strategies to recover salmon. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Snohomish Cty Publ Works Dept, Surface Water Management Div, Everett, WA 98201 USA. RP Bartz, KK (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM krista.bartz@noaa.gov RI Scheuerell, Mark/N-6683-2016 OI Scheuerell, Mark/0000-0002-8284-1254 NR 112 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 12 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 63 IS 7 BP 1578 EP 1595 DI 10.1139/F06-055 PG 18 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 066ZV UT WOS:000239270600014 ER PT J AU Scheuerell, MD Hilborn, R Ruckelshaus, MH Bartz, KK Lagueux, KM Haas, AD Rawson, K AF Scheuerell, Mark D. Hilborn, Ray Ruckelshaus, Mary H. Bartz, Krista K. Lagueux, Kerry M. Haas, Andrew D. Rawson, Kit TI The Shiraz model: a tool for incorporating anthropogenic effects and fish-habitat relationships in conservation planning SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST WATERSHEDS; SUMMER CHINOOK SALMON; COLUMBIA RIVER-BASIN; POPULATION VIABILITY; COHO SALMON; FRESH-WATER; ECOSYSTEMS; SURVIVAL; CARCASSES AB Current efforts to conserve Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) rely on a variety of information sources, including empirical observations, expert opinion, and models. Here we outline a framework for incorporating detailed information on density-dependent population growth, habitat attributes, hatchery operations, and harvest management into conservation planning in a time-varying, spatially explicit manner. We rely on a multistage Beverton-Holt model to describe the production of salmon from one life stage to the next. We use information from the literature to construct relationships between the physical environment and the necessary productivity and capacity parameters for the model. As an example of how policy makers can use the model in recovery planning, we applied the model to a threatened population of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Snohomish River basin in Puget Sound, Washington, USA. By incorporating additional data on hatchery operations and harvest management for Snohomish River basin stocks, we show how proposed actions to improve physical habitat throughout the basin translate into projected improvements in four important population attributes: abundance, productivity, spatial structure, and life-history diversity. We also describe how to adapt the model to a variety of other management applications. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Snohmish Cty Publ Works Dept, Surface Water Management Div, Everett, WA 98201 USA. Tulalip Tribe, Tulalip, WA 98271 USA. RP Scheuerell, MD (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. EM mark.scheuerell@noaa.gov RI Hilborn, Ray/D-6332-2013; Scheuerell, Mark/N-6683-2016 OI Scheuerell, Mark/0000-0002-8284-1254 NR 51 TC 57 Z9 60 U1 2 U2 28 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 63 IS 7 BP 1596 EP 1607 DI 10.1139/F06-056 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 066ZV UT WOS:000239270600015 ER PT J AU Branch, TA Hilborn, R Haynie, AC Fay, G Flynn, L Griffiths, J Marshall, KN Randall, JK Scheuerell, JM Ward, EJ Young, M AF Branch, Trevor A. Hilborn, Ray Haynie, Alan C. Fay, Gavin Flynn, Lucy Griffiths, Jennifer Marshall, Kristin N. Randall, Jeffrey K. Scheuerell, Jennifer M. Ward, Eric J. Young, Mark TI Fleet dynamics and fishermen behavior: lessons for fisheries managers SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Review ID INDIVIDUAL TRANSFERABLE QUOTAS; PER-UNIT-EFFORT; ENGLAND TRAWL FISHERIES; IDEAL FREE DISTRIBUTION; MAINE LOBSTER INDUSTRY; NEW-ZEALAND FISHERIES; PURSE-SEINE FLEET; LIMITED ENTRY; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; MARINE RESERVES AB We review fleet dynamics and fishermen behavior from an economic and sociological basis in developing fisheries, in mature fisheries near full exploitation, and in senescent fisheries that are overexploited and overcapitalized. In all cases, fishing fleets behave rationally within the imposed regulatory structures. Successful, generalist fishermen who take risks often pioneer developing fisheries. At this stage, regulations and subsidies tend to encourage excessive entry and investments, creating the potential for serial depletion. In mature fisheries, regulations often restrict season length, vessel and gear types, fishing areas, and fleet size, causing or exacerbating the race for fish and excessive investment, and are typically unsuccessful except when combined with dedicated access privileges (e.g., territorial rights, individual quotas). In senescent fisheries, vessel buyback programs must account for the fishing power of individuals and their vessels. Subsidies should be avoided as they prolong the transition towards alternative employment. Fisheries managers need to create individual incentives that align fleet dynamics and fishermen behavior with the intended societal goals. These incentives can be created both through management systems like dedicated access privileges and through market forces. C1 Univ Cape Town, Dept Math & Appl Math, ZA-7701 Rondebosch, South Africa. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. US Coast Guard, Portsmouth, VA 23704 USA. US Coast Guard, Lake Stevens, WA 98258 USA. RP Branch, TA (reprint author), Univ Cape Town, Dept Math & Appl Math, ZA-7701 Rondebosch, South Africa. EM tbranch@maths.uct.ac.za RI Branch, Trevor/A-5691-2009; Hilborn, Ray/D-6332-2013 NR 154 TC 148 Z9 149 U1 5 U2 53 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X EI 1205-7533 J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 63 IS 7 BP 1647 EP 1668 DI 10.1139/F06-072 PG 22 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 066ZV UT WOS:000239270600020 ER PT J AU Webb, MJ Senior, CA Sexton, DMH Ingram, WJ Williams, KD Ringer, MA McAvaney, BJ Colman, R Soden, BJ Gudgel, R Knutson, T Emori, S Ogura, T Tsushima, Y Andronova, N Li, B Musat, I Bony, S Taylor, KE AF Webb, M. J. Senior, C. A. Sexton, D. M. H. Ingram, W. J. Williams, K. D. Ringer, M. A. McAvaney, B. J. Colman, R. Soden, B. J. Gudgel, R. Knutson, T. Emori, S. Ogura, T. Tsushima, Y. Andronova, N. Li, B. Musat, I. Bony, S. Taylor, K. E. TI On the contribution of local feedback mechanisms to the range of climate sensitivity in two GCM ensembles SO CLIMATE DYNAMICS LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; CLOUD FEEDBACK; HADLEY-CENTER; LAYER CLOUDS; SCHEME; ISCCP; PARAMETERIZATION; UNCERTAINTIES; PRECIPITATION; SIMULATIONS AB Global and local feedback analysis techniques have been applied to two ensembles of mixed layer equilibrium CO2 doubling climate change experiments, from the CFMIP (Cloud Feedback Model Intercomparison Project) and QUMP (Quantifying Uncertainty in Model Predictions) projects. Neither of these new ensembles shows evidence of a statistically significant change in the ensemble mean or variance in global mean climate sensitivity when compared with the results from the mixed layer models quoted in the Third Assessment Report of the IPCC. Global mean feedback analysis of these two ensembles confirms the large contribution made by inter-model differences in cloud feedbacks to those in climate sensitivity in earlier studies; net cloud feedbacks are responsible for 66% of the inter-model variance in the total feedback in the CFMIP ensemble and 85% in the QUMP ensemble. The ensemble mean global feedback components are all statistically indistinguishable between the two ensembles, except for the clear-sky shortwave feedback which is stronger in the CFMIP ensemble. While ensemble variances of the shortwave cloud feedback and both clear-sky feedback terms are larger in CFMIP, there is considerable overlap in the cloud feedback ranges; QUMP spans 80% or more of the CFMIP ranges in longwave and shortwave cloud feedback. We introduce a local cloud feedback classification system which distinguishes different types of cloud feedbacks on the basis of the relative strengths of their longwave and shortwave components, and interpret these in terms of responses of different cloud types diagnosed by the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project simulator. In the CFMIP ensemble, areas where low-top cloud changes constitute the largest cloud response are responsible for 59% of the contribution from cloud feedback to the variance in the total feedback. A similar figure is found for the QUMP ensemble. Areas of positive low cloud feedback (associated with reductions in low level cloud amount) contribute most to this figure in the CFMIP ensemble, while areas of negative cloud feedback (associated with increases in low level cloud amount and optical thickness) contribute most in QUMP. Classes associated with high-top cloud feedbacks are responsible for 33 and 20% of the cloud feedback contribution in CFMIP and QUMP, respectively, while classes where no particular cloud type stands out are responsible for 8 and 21%. C1 Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res, Met Off, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England. Bur Meteorol Res Ctr, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. Japan Agcy Marine Earth Sci & Technol, FRCGC, Kanagawa, Japan. Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Inst Pierre Simon Laplace, Paris, France. PCMDI, Livermore, CA USA. RP Webb, MJ (reprint author), Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res, Met Off, Fitzroy Rd, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England. EM Mark.Webb@metoffice.gov.uk RI Taylor, Karl/F-7290-2011; Emori, Seita/D-1950-2012; Andronova, Natalia/I-8983-2012; Ringer, Mark/E-7294-2013; OI Taylor, Karl/0000-0002-6491-2135; Ringer, Mark/0000-0003-4014-2583; Bony, Sandrine/0000-0002-4791-4438 NR 53 TC 216 Z9 223 U1 0 U2 23 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0930-7575 J9 CLIM DYNAM JI Clim. Dyn. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 27 IS 1 BP 17 EP 38 DI 10.1007/s00382-006-0111-2 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 044GW UT WOS:000237661400002 ER PT J AU Kenyon, JC Brainard, RE Hoeke, RK Parrish, FA Wilkinson, CB AF Kenyon, JC Brainard, RE Hoeke, RK Parrish, FA Wilkinson, CB TI Towed-diver surveys, a method for mesoscale spatial assessment of benthic reef habitat: A case study at Midway Atoll in the Hawaiian archipelago SO COASTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Coastal Zone Asia-Pacific Conference CY SEP 05-09, 2004 CL Brisbane, AUSTRALIA DE benthic assessment; coral bleaching; Midway Atoll; towed diver ID IMAGE-ANALYSIS; MANTA TOW; CORAL; ISLANDS; SITES AB An integrated method for benthic habitat assessment is described, in which divers maneuver boards equipped with digital video, temperature, and depth recorders while being towed behind a small boat. The tow path is concurrently recorded by a GPS receiver, and a layback model is applied to more accurately map the data. Percent cover of salient benthic categories is quantified by whole-image analysis of still frames sampled at 30-s intervals. The results of 15 towed-diver surveys at Midway Atoll in the Hawaiian Archipelago during a mass coral bleaching event are presented to exemplify the method and are compared to results derived from conventional methods. Towed-diver surveys bridge a gap between large-scale mapping efforts using satellite data and small-scale, roving diver assessments, providing a mesoscale spatial assessment of reef habitats. The spatial coverage of towed-diver surveys provides comprehensive data to managers concerning the extent, intensity, differential taxonomic response, and bathymetric correlates of bleaching. C1 Univ Hawaii, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. NOAA, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI USA. RP Kenyon, JC (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, 1125B Ala Moana Blvd, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. EM Jean.Kenyon@noaa.gov RI Hoeke, Ron/F-4085-2014; OI Hoeke, Ron/0000-0003-0576-9436; Kenyon, Jean/0000-0001-7682-475X NR 28 TC 28 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 13 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0892-0753 J9 COAST MANAGE JI Coast. Manage. PD JUL-SEP PY 2006 VL 34 IS 3 BP 339 EP 349 DI 10.1080/08920750600686711 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 058GC UT WOS:000238652500008 ER PT J AU Rodin, AV Willson, RJ AF Rodin, A. V. Willson, R. J. TI Seasonal cycle of Martian climate: Experimental data and numerical simulation SO COSMIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID THERMAL TIDES; WATER-VAPOR; MARS; ATMOSPHERE; SPECTROMETER; HYDROGEN; BEHAVIOR; DETECTOR; EXPRESS AB The most adequate theoretical method of investigating the present-day Martian climate is numerical simulation based on a model of general circulation of the atmosphere. First and foremost, such models encounter the greatest difficulties in description of aerosols and clouds, which in turn essentially influence temperature fields, the atmosphere circulation, and transport of water in the atmosphere. On the basis of the method of moments, we proposed and implemented as a model of general circulation of the Martian atmosphere a mathematical too] which allows one to calculate ab initio microphysical processes in water clouds and their macroscopic properties. We present some examples of comparing the model with the data of recent Martian missions and consider the influence of separate elements of the climate system on the seasonal hydrologic cycle of the planet. C1 State Univ, Moscow Inst Phys & Technol, Dolgoprudnyi 141700, Moscow Oblast, Russia. Russian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Moscow 117810, Russia. Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Rodin, AV (reprint author), State Univ, Moscow Inst Phys & Technol, Inst Per 9, Dolgoprudnyi 141700, Moscow Oblast, Russia. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA/SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1578 USA SN 0010-9525 EI 1608-3075 J9 COSMIC RES+ JI Cosmic Res. PD JUL-AUG PY 2006 VL 44 IS 4 BP 329 EP 333 DI 10.1134/S001095250604006X PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 080TC UT WOS:000240270200005 ER PT J AU Theruvathu, JA Jaruga, P Dizdaroglu, M Brooks, PJ AF Theruvathu, J. A. Jaruga, P. Dizdaroglu, M. Brooks, P. J. TI The 8,5'-bond in cyclo-2'deoxyadenosine stabilizes the glycosidic bond against acid hydrolysis. SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 37th Annual Meeting of the Environmental-Mutagen-Society CY SEP 16-20, 2006 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP Environm Mutagen Soc C1 NIAAA, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Jaruga, Pawel/M-4378-2015 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 47 IS 6 BP 432 EP 432 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 072BP UT WOS:000239647900129 ER PT J AU Houde, M Bujas, TAD Small, J Wells, RS Fair, PA Bossart, GD Solomon, KR Muir, DCG AF Houde, M Bujas, TAD Small, J Wells, RS Fair, PA Bossart, GD Solomon, KR Muir, DCG TI Biomagnification of perfluoroalkyl compounds in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) food web SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PERFLUOROOCTANE SULFONATE; PERFLUORINATED COMPOUNDS; MARINE MAMMALS; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; ACIDS; RAT; CONTAMINANTS; BIRDS; MODEL; JAPAN AB The environmental distribution and the biomagnification of a suite of perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs), including perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and C-8 to C-14 perfluorinated carboxylates (PFCAs), was investigated in the food web of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Surficial seawater and sediment samples, as well as zooplankton, fish, and bottlenose dolphin tissue samples, were collected at two U. S. locations: Sarasota Bay, FL and Charleston Harbor, SC. Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents were also collected from the Charleston area (n = 4). A solid-phase extraction was used for seawater and effluent samples and an ion-pairing method was used for sediment and biotic samples. PFCs were detected in seawater (range < 1-12 ng/L), sediment (range < 0.01-0.4 ng/g wet weight (ww)), and zooplankton (range 0.06-0.3 ng/g ww). The highest PFC concentrations were detected in WWTP effluents, whole fish, and dolphin plasma and tissue samples in which PFOS, C-8 and C-10-PFCAs predominated in most matrices. Contamination profiles varied with location suggesting different sources of PFC emissions. Biomagnification factors (BMFs) ranged from < 1 to 156 at Sarasota Bay and < 1 to 30 at Charleston. Trophic magnification factors (TMFs) for PFOS and C-8-C-11 PFCAs indicated biomagnification in this marine food web. The results indicate that using plasma and liver PFC concentrations as surrogate to whole body burden in a top marine predator overestimates the BMFs and TMFs. C1 Univ Guelph, Dept Environm Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Environm Canada, Water Res Inst, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. Mote Marine Lab, Chicago Zool Soc, Sarasota, FL 34236 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Natl Ocean Serv, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Harbor Branch Oceanog Inst Inc, Ft Pierce, FL 34946 USA. RP Muir, DCG (reprint author), Univ Guelph, Dept Environm Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. EM derek.muir@ec.gc.ca OI Muir, Derek/0000-0001-6631-9776 NR 32 TC 121 Z9 138 U1 5 U2 45 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUL 1 PY 2006 VL 40 IS 13 BP 4138 EP 4144 DI 10.1021/es060233b PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 058DQ UT WOS:000238645400022 PM 16856728 ER PT J AU Carls, MG AF Carls, Mark G. TI Nonparametric identification of petrogenic and pyrogenic hydrocarbons in aquatic ecosystems SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; BASE-LINE CONDITIONS; WEATHERED CRUDE-OIL; EXXON-VALDEZ OIL; SEDIMENTS; ALASKA; PAHS; TOXICITY; DOCUMENT AB Novel nonparametric models developed herein discriminated between oiled and nonoiled or pyrogenic and oiled sources better than traditionally used diagnostic ratios and can outperform previously published oil identification models. These methods were compared using experimental and environmental hydrocarbon data (sediment, mussels, water, and fish) associated with the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Several nonparametric models were investigated, one designed to detect petroleum in general, one specific to Alaska North Slope crude oil (ANS), and one designed to detect pyrogenic PAH. These ideas are intended as guidance; nonparametric models can easily be adapted to fit the specific needs of a variety of petrogenic and pyrogenic sources. Oil identification was clearly difficult where composition was modified by physical or biological processes; model results differed most in these cases, suggesting that a multiple model approach to source discrimination may be useful where data interpretation is contentious. However, a combined nonparametric model best described a broad range of hydrocarbon sources, thus providing a useful new analytical assessment tool. C1 Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Carls, MG (reprint author), Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Auke Bay Lab, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM mark.carls@noaa.gov NR 27 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUL 1 PY 2006 VL 40 IS 13 BP 4233 EP 4239 DI 10.1021/es052498g PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 058DQ UT WOS:000238645400035 PM 16856740 ER PT J AU Fonseca, MS Bell, SS Robbins, BD AF Fonseca, Mark S. Bell, Susan S. Robbins, Bradley D. TI Ecological and management implications of seagrass landscapes - Foreward SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID ZOSTERA-MARINA L; BEDS C1 NOAA, Appl Ecol & Restorat Res Team, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Univ S Florida, Dept Biol, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Mote Marine Lab, Landscape Ecol Program, Sarasota, FL 34236 USA. RP Fonseca, MS (reprint author), NOAA, Appl Ecol & Restorat Res Team, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM mark.fonseca@noaa.gov NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0272-7714 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF S JI Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 68 IS 3-4 BP 380 EP 382 DI 10.1016/j.ecss.2006.01.027 PG 3 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 061KQ UT WOS:000238871700002 ER PT J AU Rooper, CN Gunderson, DR Hickey, BM AF Rooper, Christopher N. Gunderson, Donald R. Hickey, Barbara M. TI An examination of the feasibility of passive transport from coastal spawning grounds to estuarine nursery areas for English sole SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE larval transport; English sole; larval retention; California current ID PAROPHRYS-VETULUS; RECRUITMENT MECHANISMS; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; SELF-RECRUITMENT; SURFACE SLICKS; HECATE STRAIT; YAQUINA BAY; OREGON; LARVAE; ABUNDANCE AB English sole recruitment has been linked to environmental conditions occurring during their 6-10 week pelagic egg and larval stages, prior to their appearance in nursery estuaries during their first summer. The purpose of this study was to predict the spawning locations of juvenile English sole observed in estuaries to assess the feasibility of passive transport of egg and larval stages. Current meter data were used to back-calculate the transport trajectories of 19 cohorts of English sole observed as juveniles during estuarine trawl surveys. Only six of these cohorts were predicted to be spawned outside the Oregon-Washington shelf system, assuming passive transport of eggs and larvae. Predicted egg and larval trajectories indicate that most of the English sole found in Oregon and Washington estuaries were spawned off the coast of Washington, with some spawning off northern California and central Oregon. Although these results are not consistent with the presumed spawning locations for the Oregon and Washington shelf, they indicate that passive transport assumptions may be adequate to preserve the larvae in the coastal system until settlement. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fisheries Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Rooper, CN (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM chris.rooper@noaa.gov NR 53 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0272-7714 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF S JI Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 68 IS 3-4 BP 609 EP 618 DI 10.1016/j.ecss.2006.03.009 PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 061KQ UT WOS:000238871700024 ER PT J AU Landers, SC Gomez-Gutierrez, J Peterson, WT AF Landers, Stephen C. Gomez-Gutierrez, Jaime Peterson, William T. TI Gymnodinioides pacifica, n. sp., an exuviotrophic ciliated protozoan (Ciliophora, Apostomatida) from euphausiids of the Northeastern Pacific SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PROTISTOLOGY LA English DT Article DE apostome ciliate; exuviotroph; Gymnodinioides pacifica; phtorophrya; Euphausia pacifica; Thysanoessa spinifera ID HYALOPHYSA-CHATTONI CILIOPHORA; THYSANOESSA-INERMIS; SEA; PHORONT; SHRIMP AB A new species of apostome ciliate, Gymnodinioides pacifica n. sp. from the euphausiid Euphausia pacifica is described. The ciliated protozoan encysts on the setae of the appendages, telson and antennae. It excysts and enters the exoskeleton of the host after moulting, where it feeds on exuvial fluid. The phoront and trophont stages of this ciliate are described. The ciliature of the trophont has the following characteristics that distinguish it from the other species of Gymnodinioides: (1) a short kinety 9a (ciliary row 9a or K9a), approximately half of the length of falciform field 8, that extends from the anterior end of the cell posteriorly to the level of K1, (2) a straight K5a, perpendicular to K5b, K6, and K7, and (3) two distinct bands of kineties, K9b-K5b and K4-K1. In addition to those on the host E. pacifica, phoront cysts of similar shape were observed on Thysanoessa. spinifera, T. gregaria, T. inspinata, T. longipes, and Nematoscelis difficilis. High prevalence rates were recorded (83%) for these apostome cysts on E. pacifica and T. spinifera during summer collections from the Oregon and Washington coasts. Additionally, we report other apostome ciliate symbionts of euphausiids, including Phtorophrya sp., which preys on apostomes in the genus Gymnodinioides. (c) 2006 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. C1 Troy Univ, Dept Biol & Environm Sci, Troy, AL 36082 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NOAA, NMFS, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Landers, SC (reprint author), Troy Univ, Dept Biol & Environm Sci, 210A MSCX, Troy, AL 36082 USA. EM slanders@troy.edu NR 27 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER GMBH, URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, 07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 0932-4739 J9 EUR J PROTISTOL JI Eur. J. Protistol. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 42 IS 2 BP 97 EP 106 DI 10.1016/j.ejop.2006.01.003 PG 10 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 068ML UT WOS:000239378300003 PM 17070755 ER PT J AU Levin, BC Ritchie, KL Jakupciak, JP AF Levin, Barbara C. Ritchie, Kristy L. Jakupciak, John P. TI Advances in Huntington's disease diagnostics: development of a standard reference material SO EXPERT REVIEW OF MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS LA English DT Review DE CAG trinucleotide repeat; genetic testing; Huntington's disease; molecular diagnostics; quality control; standard reference material ID CAG REPEAT; TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT; GENE; INSTABILITY; MECHANISMS; EXPANSION; MUTATION; RECOMBINATION; POLYMORPHISM; CHROMOSOMES AB Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects four to seven individuals per 100,000. The onset of symptoms usually begins in middle age, although approximately 5% become symptomatic as juveniles. Death occurs approximately 15 years following the onset of symptoms, which include choreic movements, cognitive decline and psychiatric changes. HD is an autosomal dominant inherited disease that is associated with an expansion of a trinucleotide (CAG) repeat located on chromosome 4. Physicians rely on a positive family history, and diagnostic and genetic tests to detect the expansion in the number of CAG trinucleotide repeats in the HD gene to confirm the diagnosis. More than 99% of HD patients have 40 or more CAG triplet repeats and, therefore, targeted mutational analysis is greater than 99% sensitive. Individuals with 26 triplet repeats or less are normal, and while those with 27-35 repeats may not demonstrate symptoms themselves, their offspring may have the disease. Individuals with 36-39 repeats may or may not exhibit symptoms. The College of American Pathology/American College of Medical Genetics Biochemical and Molecular Genetics Resource Committee has emphasized the need to standardize the methodology for the determination of the accurate number of CAG repeats. This will prevent false-positive or -negative results when conducting predictive or prenatal testing of at-risk individuals. The National Institute of Standards and Technology is developing a standard reference material to provide these positive and negative controls needed by clinical testing laboratories. The use of a HD standard reference material will provide the quality control and assurance that data from different laboratories are both comparable and accurate. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biochem Sci, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jakupciak, JP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biochem Sci, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8311, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM barbara.levin@nist.gov; kristy.richie@nist.gov; john.jakupciak@nist.gov NR 47 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU EXPERT REVIEWS PI LONDON PA UNITEC HOUSE, 3RD FL, 2 ALBERT PLACE, FINCHLEY CENTRAL, LONDON N3 1QB, ENGLAND SN 1473-7159 J9 EXPERT REV MOL DIAGN JI Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 6 IS 4 BP 587 EP 596 DI 10.1586/14737159.6.4.587 PG 10 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA 064YN UT WOS:000239126700008 PM 16824032 ER PT J AU Bentz, DP Flynn, DR Kim, JH Zarr, RR AF Bentz, D. P. Flynn, D. R. Kim, J. H. Zarr, R. R. TI A slug calorimeter for evaluating the thermal performance of fire resistive materials SO FIRE AND MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE fire resistive material; slug calorimeter; thermal conductivity AB The utilization of a slug calorimeter to evaluate the thermal performance of fire resistive materials (FRMs) is presented. The basic specimen configuration consists of a 'sandwich', with a square central stainless-steel plate (slug) surrounded on two sides by the FRM. This sandwich configuration provides an adiabatic boundary condition at the central axis of the slug plate that greatly simplifies the analysis. The other four (thin) sides of the steel plate (and FRM specimens) are insulated using a low thermal conductivity fumed-silica board. Two metal plates manufactured from a high temperature alloy provide a frame for placing the entire sandwich specimen slightly in compression. The entire configuration is centrally, placed at the bottom of an electrically heated box furnace and the temperatures of the metal slug and exterior FRM surfaces are monitored during multiple heating and cooling cycles. Knowing the heat capacities and densities of the steel slug and the FRM, an effective thermal conductivity for the FRM can be estimated. The effective thermal conductivity of the FRM will be influenced by its true thermal conductivity and by any endothermic or exothermic reactions or phase changes occurring within the FRM. Preliminary tests have been conducted on two commonly used FRMs and on a non-reactive fumed-silica board to demonstrate the feasibility of the method. Published in 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 [Bentz, D. P.; Zarr, R. R.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Flynn, D. R.] MetSys Corp, Millwood, VA 22646 USA. [Kim, J. H.] Korea Photon Technol Inst, Photon Syst Team, Kwangju 500210, South Korea. RP Bentz, DP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dale.bentz@nist.gov NR 13 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 5 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0308-0501 J9 FIRE MATER JI Fire Mater. PD JUL-AUG PY 2006 VL 30 IS 4 BP 257 EP 270 DI 10.1002/fam.906 PG 14 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA V86XJ UT WOS:000205874300002 ER PT J AU Bentz, DP Prasad, KR Yang, JC AF Bentz, Dale P. Prasad, Kuldeep R. Yang, Jiann C. TI Towards a methodology for the characterization of fire resistive materials with respect to thermal performance models SO FIRE AND MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE density; enthalpy; fire resistive materials; heat capacity; microstructure; thermal conductivity AB A methodology is proposed for the characterization of fire resistive materials with respect to thermal performance models. Typically in these models, materials are characterized by their densities, heat capacities, thermal conductivities, and any enthalpies (of reaction or phase changes). For true performance modelling, these thermophysical properties need to be determined as a function of temperature for a wide temperature range from room temperature to over 1000 degrees C. Here, a combined experimental/theoretical/modelling approach is proposed for providing these critical input parameters. Particularly, the relationship between the three-dimensional microstructure of the fire resistive materials and their thermal conductivities is highlighted. Published in 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 [Bentz, Dale P.; Prasad, Kuldeep R.; Yang, Jiann C.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bentz, DP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dale.bentz@nist.gov NR 19 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0308-0501 J9 FIRE MATER JI Fire Mater. PD JUL-AUG PY 2006 VL 30 IS 4 BP 311 EP 321 DI 10.1002/fam.916 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA V86XJ UT WOS:000205874300005 ER PT J AU Punt, AE Smith, DC Tuck, GN Methot, RD AF Punt, AE Smith, DC Tuck, GN Methot, RD TI Including discard data in fisheries stock assessments: Two case studies from south-eastern Australia SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Australia; Bayesian methods; discard rate; fisheries stock assessment; Southern and Eastern Scalefish and Shark Fishery ID MANAGEMENT; QUOTA AB Discarding of target species can be substantial in some fisheries. For fisheries managed using Total Allowable Catches, such as Australia's Southern and Eastern Scalefish and Shark Fishery (SESSF), discarding of target species can occur for reasons related to the size of the fish caught, markets, and the amount of quota held by individual quota holders. This paper illustrates how the assessments for two of the species in the SESSF, blue grenadier, Macruronus novaezelandiae, and the western stock of blue warehou, Seriolella brama, are conducted to take account of discards. Discards of blue grenadier are predominantly small fish so the assessment distinguishes between retained and discarded fish, and includes likelihood components related to the weight of the discards and the age-structure of the discards. In contrast, discards of blue warehou are due primarily to quota-related issues, so the assessment adds the discards to the catches and the catch-rate indices, and fits to total catches and catch-rates. Model outputs suggest that strong year-classes can be detected before they enter the fishery by including data on discards in assessments while ignoring such data when conducting assessments can lead to biased assessment outcomes. Several caveats related to the use of data on discards in stock assessments are outlined. Crown Copyright (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 CSIRO Marine & Atmospher Res, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA Fisheries, Off Sci & Technol, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. RP Punt, AE (reprint author), CSIRO Marine & Atmospher Res, GPO 1538, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. EM andre.punt@csiro.au RI Tuck, Geoffrey/E-2356-2012; OI Tuck, Geoffrey/0000-0002-3640-6147; Punt, Andre/0000-0001-8489-2488 NR 35 TC 37 Z9 40 U1 3 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 79 IS 3 BP 239 EP 250 DI 10.1016/j.fishres.2006.04.007 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 056HV UT WOS:000238513900002 ER PT J AU Abookire, AA AF Abookire, AA TI Reproductive biology, spawning season, and growth of female rex sole (Glyptocephalus zachirus) in the Gulf of Alaska SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID MICROSTOMUS-PACIFICUS; DOVER SOLE; ENGLISH SOLE; MATURITY; OREGON; FECUNDITY; WATERS; PLAICE; LIFE; AGE AB Rex sole (Glyptocephalus zachirus) have a wide distribution throughout the North Pacific, ranging from central Baja California to the western Bering Sea. Although rex sole are an important species in the commercial trawl fisheries off the U.S. West Coast, knowledge of their reproductive biology is limited to one study off the Oregon coast where ovaries were analyzed with gross anatomical methods. This study was initiated to determine reproductive and growth parameters specific to rex sole in the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) stock. Female rex sole (n=594) ranging in total length from 166 to 552 mm were collected opportunistically around Kodiak Island, Alaska, from February 2000 to October 2001. All ovaries were analyzed by using standard histological criteria to determine the maturity stage. Year-round sampling of rex sole ovaries confirmed that rex sole are batch spawners and have a protracted spawning season in the GOA that lasts at least eight months, from October to May; the duration of the spawning season and the months of spawning activity are different from those previously estimated. Female rex sole in the GOA had an estimated length at 50% maturity (ML50) of 352 mm, which is greater than the previously estimated ML50 at southern latitudes. The maximum age of collected female rex sole was 29 years, and the estimated age at 50% maturity (MA(50)) in the GOA was 5.1 years. The von Bertalanffy growth model for rex sole in the GOA was significantly different from the previously estimated model for rex sole off the Oregon coast. This study indicated that there are higher growth rates for rex sole in the GOA than off the Oregon coast and that there are differences in length at maturity and similarity in age at maturity between the two regions. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Kodiak Lab, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. RP Abookire, AA (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Kodiak Lab, 301 Res Court, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. EM alisa.abookire@noaa.gov NR 21 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 104 IS 3 BP 350 EP 359 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 058CD UT WOS:000238641000004 ER PT J AU Love, MS Schroeder, DM Lenarz, W MacCall, A Bull, AS Thorsteinson, L AF Love, MS Schroeder, DM Lenarz, W MacCall, A Bull, AS Thorsteinson, L TI Potential use of offshore marine structures in rebuilding an overfished rockfish species, bocaccio (Sebastes paucispinis) SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA BIGHT; SANTA-BARBARA CHANNEL; 7 OIL PLATFORMS; FISH ASSEMBLAGES; ARTIFICIAL REEFS AB Although bocaccio (Sebastes paucispinis) was an economically important rockfish species along the west coast of North America, overfishing has reduced the stock to about 7.4% of its former unfished population. In 2003, using a manned research submersible, we conducted fish surveys around eight oil and gas platforms off southern California as part of an assessment of the potential value of these structures as fish habitat. From these surveys, we estimated that there was a minimum of 430,000 juvenile bocaccio at these eight structures. We determined this number to be about 20% of the average number of juvenile bocaccio that survive annually for the geographic range of the species. When these juveniles become adults, they will contribute about one percent (0.8%) of the additional amount of fish needed to rebuild the Pacific Coast population. By comparison, juvenile bocaccio recruitment to nearshore natural nursery grounds, as determined through regional scuba surveys, was low in the same year. This research demonstrates that a relatively small amount of artificial nursery habitat may be quite valuable in rebuilding an overfished species. C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93160 USA. NOAA, NMFS Santa Cruz Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. US Minerals Management Serv, Camarillo, CA 93010 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Love, MS (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93160 USA. EM love@lifesci.ucsb.edu NR 17 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 7 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 104 IS 3 BP 383 EP 390 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 058CD UT WOS:000238641000007 ER PT J AU Reddin, DG Downton, P Friedland, KD AF Reddin, David G. Downton, Peter Friedland, Kevin D. TI Diurnal and nocturnal temperatures for Atlantic salmon postsmolts (Salmo solar L.) during their early marine life SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID DATA-STORAGE TAGS; COD GADUS-MORHUA; POST-SMOLT; NORTHWEST ATLANTIC; MIGRATORY BEHAVIOR; NORTHERN GULF; ST-LAWRENCE; SALAR L.; SEA; PACIFIC AB Data storage tags (DSTs) were applied to Atlantic salmon (Salmo solar L.) smolts during their seaward migration in the spring of 2002 at a fish counting fence on Campbellton River, Newfoundland. Our objectives were to discover whether or not salmon smolts could carry DSTs and survive, whether or not useful data on thermal habitat could be obtained and interpreted, and whether or not salmon smolts moved vertically in the water column. Data were downloaded from 15 of the recovered tags and revealed the hourly water temperatures experienced by the fish for periods of 3 to 71 days. The data on the DSTs were analyzed for temperature patterns in relation to migration behavior and diurnal movement of the fish. While in the sea, the DSTs recorded night temperatures of 12.5 degrees C, which were higher than day temperatures of 11.6 degrees C; the record from moored recorders, however, indicated that sea temperatures actually declined at night. It is hypothesized that postsmolts avoid avian predators during daylight hours by positioning themselves deeper in the water column and that they were pursuing prey during the deeper vertical descents or ascents noted during the periods of more rapid changes in temperature. C1 Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Sci Branch, St John, NF A1C 5X1, Canada. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Reddin, DG (reprint author), Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Sci Branch, POB 5667,80 E White Hills Rd, St John, NF A1C 5X1, Canada. EM ReddinD@dfo-mpo.gc.ca NR 40 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 6 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 EI 1937-4518 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 104 IS 3 BP 415 EP 427 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 058CD UT WOS:000238641000010 ER PT J AU He, X Mangel, M MacCall, A AF He, X Mangel, M MacCall, A TI A prior for steepness in stock-recruitment relationships, based on an evolutionary persistence principle SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID BAYESIAN-APPROACH; METAANALYSIS; MODELS AB Priors are existing information or beliefs that are needed in Bayesian analysis. Informative priors are important in obtaining the Bayesian posterior distributions for estimated parameters in stock assessment. In the case of the steepness parameter (h), the need for an informative prior is particularly important because it determines the stock-recruitment relationships in the model. However, specifications of the priors for the h parameter are often subjective. We used a simple population model to derive h priors based on life history considerations. The model was based on the evolutionary principle that persistence of any species, given its life history (i.e., natural mortality rate) and its exposure to recruitment variability, requires a minimum recruitment compensation that enables the species to rebound consistently from low critical abundances (N-c). Using the model, we derived the prior probability distributions of the h parameter for fish species that have a range of natural mortality, recruitment variabilities, and N-c values. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Appl Math & Stat, Ctr Stock Assessment Res, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP He, X (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM xi.he@noaa.gov NR 17 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 104 IS 3 BP 428 EP 433 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 058CD UT WOS:000238641000011 ER PT J AU Gudmundson, CJ Zeppelin, TK Ream, RR AF Gudmundson, CJ Zeppelin, TK Ream, RR TI Application of two methods for determining diet of northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID ZALOPHUS-CALIFORNIANUS; FEEDING-HABITS; FECAL SAMPLES; HARBOR SEAL; BERING SEA; OTOLITHS; SIZE; DIGESTION; BEAKS AB Examination of hard parts recovered from scats (feces) is currently the most common method for determining the diet of pinnipeds. However, large or sharp prey remains may be spewed (regurgitated) biasing prey composition and size estimations in diet studies based on scats. Percent frequency of occurrence (FO%) and age or size of selected prey remains recovered from northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) seat (n=3444) and spew samples (n=267) collected from rookeries on St. George Island and St. Paul Island, Alaska, between 1990 and 2000 were compared to determine if a bias in prey composition and age or size estimations existed between scats and spews. Overall prey composition was similar between sample type and location, but the relative FO% of primary prey (>= 5%) varied by sample type and location. Age or size estimates of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) and of two species of gonatid squids (Gonatopsis borealis and Berryteuthis magister) were significantly larger in spews than in scats. Observed differences in FO% and estimated age or size of prey species whose remains were found in scats and spews likely result from size-selective digestion of prey remains. Scats were biased toward smaller prey remains, whereas spews were biased toward larger prey remains and cephalopod beaks. The percent overlap between age classes of walleye pollock caught by the commercial trawl fishery and age classes of walleye pollock consumed by northern fur seals varied noticeably between sample types for both islands (scats: St. George=15. 5%; St. Paul=4.1%; spews: St. George=94.6%; St. Paul=89.6%). These results demonstrate that the inclusion of multiple sampling methods allows for a more accurate assessment of northern fur seal prey occurrence and prey age and size. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Gudmundson, CJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM Carolyn.Jenkins@noaa.gov NR 29 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 8 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 104 IS 3 BP 445 EP 455 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 058CD UT WOS:000238641000013 ER PT J AU De Forest, LG Busby, MS AF De Forest, LG Busby, MS TI Development of larval and early juvenile penpoint gunnel (Apodichthys flavidus) (family : Pholidae) SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Busby, MS (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, 1000 Pope Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM morgan.busby@noaa.gov NR 17 TC 1 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 104 IS 3 BP 476 EP 481 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 058CD UT WOS:000238641000017 ER PT J AU Ralph, FM Neiman, PJ Wick, GA Gutman, SI Dettinger, MD Cayan, DR White, AB AF Ralph, F. Martin Neiman, Paul J. Wick, Gary A. Gutman, Seth I. Dettinger, Michael D. Cayan, Daniel R. White, Allen B. TI Flooding on California's Russian River: Role of atmospheric rivers SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PACIFIC-OCEAN; CALJET; MOUNTAINS; MOISTURE; WINTER; ENSO AB [1] Experimental observations collected during meteorological field studies conducted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration near the Russian River of coastal northern California are combined with SSM/I satellite observations offshore to examine the role of landfalling atmospheric rivers in the creation of flooding. While recent studies have documented the characteristics and importance of narrow regions of strong meridional water vapor transport over the eastern Pacific Ocean (recently referred to as atmospheric rivers), this study describes their impact when they strike the U. S. West Coast. A detailed case study is presented, along with an assessment of all 7 floods on the Russian River since the experimental data were first available in October 1997. In all 7 floods, atmospheric river conditions were present and caused heavy rainfall through orographic precipitation. Not only do atmospheric rivers play a crucial role in the global water budget, they can also lead to heavy coastal rainfall and flooding, and thus represent a key phenomenon linking weather and climate. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. US Geol Survey, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. NOAA, ESRL, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Ralph, FM (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM marty.ralph@noaa.gov RI White, Allen/A-7946-2009 NR 14 TC 178 Z9 179 U1 5 U2 35 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 1 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 13 AR L13801 DI 10.1029/2006GL026689 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 062IN UT WOS:000238937900007 ER PT J AU Arimoto, R Kim, YJ Kim, YP Quinn, PK Bates, TS Anderson, TL Gong, S Uno, I Chin, M Huebert, BJ Clarke, AD Shinozuka, Y Weber, RJ Anderson, JR Guazzotti, SA Sullivan, RC Sodeman, DA Prather, KA Sokolik, IN AF Arimoto, R. Kim, Y. J. Kim, Y. P. Quinn, P. K. Bates, T. S. Anderson, T. L. Gong, S. Uno, I. Chin, M. Huebert, B. J. Clarke, A. D. Shinozuka, Y. Weber, R. J. Anderson, J. R. Guazzotti, S. A. Sullivan, R. C. Sodeman, D. A. Prather, K. A. Sokolik, I. N. TI Characterization of Asian Dust during ACE-Asia SO GLOBAL AND PLANETARY CHANGE LA English DT Review DE Asian dust; aerosols; chemistry; radiative effects; climate ID AEROSOL OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; ARTIFICIAL NEURAL-NETWORK; FLIGHT MASS-SPECTROMETRY; TRANS-PACIFIC TRANSPORT; LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT; MINERAL DUST; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; HETEROGENEOUS CHEMISTRY; RADIATIVE PROPERTIES; SINGLE PARTICLES AB ACE-Asia was a multi-national collaboration organized to investigate and understand the chemistry, radiative properties, and climatic effects of mineral dust and other aerosol particles in the East Asia/Northwest Pacific region. Studies conducted at the Gosan and Zhenbeitai surface supersites show striking variations in aerosol concentrations and properties that were affected by the occurrence and origins of the Asian dust storms, air mass pathways, and mixing during the transport. Investigations conducted on the RN Ronald H. Brown (RHB) showed that dust had a pervasive influence on the chemical composition, size distribution, and optical properties of the aerosol. Analyses using an aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer on the RHB showed that most of the coarse-particle nitrate and sulfate in post-frontal air was associated with dust, and more remarkably, that competitive or exclusionary processes evidently are involved in the uptake or production of these substances. Studies conducted onboard the NCAR C-130 aircraft showed that coarse-mode dust was less absorbing and less hygroscopic than pollution aerosol and that there was little correlation in light scattering and absorption by the sub- vs. super-micrometer aerosol. Below similar to 2 km, dust was commonly mixed with pollutants, and this had a stronger influence on the optical properties of the submicrometer particles than the coarse-mode dust; at higher altitudes, the dust was less affected by pollution. Single particle analyses of C-130 samples showed that the mixing of black carbon (BC) with dust was common, but only certain types of BC particles were aggregated. Models were used in the planning, execution and interpretative phases of ACE-Asia; and summaries of modeling results are presented to illustrate the progress being made in identifying new dust sources; in depicting the time-varying, three-dimensional structure of dust plumes; and in quantifying the production, transport, and deposition of Asian dust. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 New Mexico State Univ, Carlsbad Environm Monitoring & Res Ctr, Carlsbad, NM 88220 USA. Gwangju Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Adv Environm Monitoring Res Ctr, Kwangju 500712, South Korea. Ewha Womans Univ, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Seoul 120750, South Korea. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Atmospher Environm Serv, Air Qual Res Branch, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. Kyushu Univ, Appl Mech Res Inst, Fukuoka 8168580, Japan. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Arizona State Univ, Environm Fluid Dynam, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Chem & Biochem, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Arimoto, R (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, Carlsbad Environm Monitoring & Res Ctr, Carlsbad, NM 88220 USA. EM arimoto@cemrc.org RI Uno, Itsushi/B-5952-2011; Sullivan, Ryan/B-4674-2008; Chin, Mian/J-8354-2012; Prather, Kimberly/A-3892-2008; Kim, Yong/H-3109-2014; Kyushu, RIAM/F-4018-2015; U-ID, Kyushu/C-5291-2016; Bates, Timothy/L-6080-2016; Quinn, Patricia/R-1493-2016 OI Sullivan, Ryan/0000-0003-0701-7158; Prather, Kimberly/0000-0003-3048-9890; Kim, Yong/0000-0002-3753-7739; Quinn, Patricia/0000-0003-0337-4895 NR 111 TC 119 Z9 127 U1 2 U2 37 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8181 EI 1872-6364 J9 GLOBAL PLANET CHANGE JI Glob. Planet. Change PD JUL PY 2006 VL 52 IS 1-4 BP 23 EP 56 DI 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.02.013 PG 34 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 066SD UT WOS:000239249500002 ER PT J AU Hurtt, GC Frolking, S Fearon, MG Moore, B Shevliakova, E Malyshev, S Pacala, SW Houghton, RA AF Hurtt, G. C. Frolking, S. Fearon, M. G. Moore, B. Shevliakova, E. Malyshev, S. Pacala, S. W. Houghton, R. A. TI The underpinnings of land-use history: three centuries of global gridded land-use transitions, wood-harvest activity, and resulting secondary lands SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE global change; land use; land-use history; logging; secondary forest age; secondary forest; secondary land; shifting cultivation; wood harvest ID ANNUAL NET FLUX; UNITED-STATES; CLIMATE-CHANGE; CARBON SINK; FOREST AGE; COVER; LIDAR; ECOSYSTEM; ATMOSPHERE; DYNAMICS AB To accurately assess the impacts of human land use on the Earth system, information is needed on the current and historical patterns of land-use activities. Previous global studies have focused on developing reconstructions of the spatial patterns of agriculture. Here, we provide the first global gridded estimates of the underlying land conversions (land-use transitions), wood harvesting, and resulting secondary lands annually, for the period 1700-2000. Using data-based historical cases, our results suggest that 42-68% of the land surface was impacted by land-use activities (crop, pasture, wood harvest) during this period, some multiple times. Secondary land area increased 10-44 x 10(6) km(2); about half of this was forested. Wood harvest and shifting cultivation generated 70-90% of the secondary land by 2000; permanent abandonment and relocation of agricultural land accounted for the rest. This study provides important new estimates of globally gridded land-use activities for studies attempting to assess the consequences of anthropogenic changes to the Earth's surface over time. C1 Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Dept Nat Resources, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Dept Earth Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Woods Hole Res Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Hurtt, GC (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA. EM george.hurtt@unh.edu RI Hurtt, George/A-8450-2012; Shevliakova, Elena/J-5770-2014 NR 67 TC 191 Z9 201 U1 4 U2 84 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 12 IS 7 BP 1208 EP 1229 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01150.x PG 22 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 054CE UT WOS:000238352800006 ER PT J AU Ahn, YW Lachapelle, G Skone, S Gutman, S Sahm, S AF Ahn, Yong Won Lachapelle, G. Skone, S. Gutman, S. Sahm, S. TI Analysis of GPS RTK performance using external NOAA tropospheric corrections integrated with a multiple reference station approach SO GPS SOLUTIONS LA English DT Article AB For high-accuracy geodetic applications, time-variable tropospheric propagation delay errors limit global positioning system real-time kinematic positioning accuracy. Potential improvements in positioning accuracy are evaluated by using the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) real-time tropospheric corrections (herein called NOAA model) within a multiple reference station network approach. The results are compared with those for modified Hopfield tropospheric model corrections, for six scenarios in three geographical regions in the U.S. National Geodetic Survey network of Continuously Operating Reference Stations, for baseline lengths of 60 similar to 150 km. Analyses are conducted at rover locations for relatively humid days, and misclosures for various double difference observations are computed; these observations include each frequency (L1 and L2) and three linear combinations [wide lane, ionosphere free (IF), and geometry free]. The effectiveness of the network approach is demonstrated, with overall performance improvements of 15 and 19%, using the modified Hopfield and the NOAA model, respectively. The IF linear combination, a measure of tropospheric and orbital errors, shows a 3% improvement for the NOAA model compared with the modified Hopfield model. C1 Univ Calgary, Dept Geomat Engn, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. NOAA, GPS Met Observing Syst Branch, Demostrat Div, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Lachapelle, G (reprint author), Univ Calgary, Dept Geomat Engn, 2500 Univ Dr NW,T2N1N4, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. EM a812s@unb.ca; lachapelle@geomatics.ucalgary.ca; Seth.I.Gutman@noaa.gov NR 41 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1080-5370 J9 GPS SOLUT JI GPS Solut. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 10 IS 3 BP 171 EP 186 DI 10.1007/s10291-005-0017-1 PG 16 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA 077NL UT WOS:000240036300002 ER PT J AU Hoolihan, JP Anandh, P van Herwerden, L AF Hoolihan, John P. Anandh, Prem van Herwerden, Lynne TI Mitochondrial DNA analyses of narrow-barred Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson) suggest a single genetic stock in the ROPME sea area (Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, and Arabian Sea) SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE mitochondrial DNA; narrow-barred Spanish mackerel; ROPME sea area; Scomberomorus commerson; stock structure ID WESTERN ATLANTIC-OCEAN; OF-MEXICO; DIFFERENTIATION; POPULATIONS; MANAGEMENT; FISHERIES; LACEPEDE; CAVALLA; BIOLOGY; FLOW AB We studied the genetic stock structure of Scomberomorus commerson (locally called kingfish) using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and direct sequencing analyses of mtDNA samples from seven locations within the ROPME sea area (Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, and Arabian Sea). A 475-bp segment from the D-loop region was screened in 218 samples using six restriction enzymes, resulting in 22 composite haplotypes. Mean nucleotide diversity for the seven populations was 0.025 (+/- 0.000). An AMOVA comparison among groups of individuals inside and outside the Gulf showed 0.49% variation (p = 0.201), whereas the variation of populations within these groups was 0.05% (p = 0.408). The mean F(ST) value for population pairwise comparisons was 0.010. To further resolve genealogies, sequence analysis was performed on a 330-bp fragment from the same segment for 193 fish. The genetic variance estimated across all populations was similar to the RFLP data, indicating a homogeneous distribution consistent with a single intermingling genetic stock. Based on the genetic marker tested, the null hypothesis that kingfish within the ROPME sea area constitutes a single stock cannot be rejected, but considering that a few migrating fish can reduce heterogeneity to where genetic drift is undetectable, panmixia cannot be confirmed. The results cautiously suggest that adopting a single-stock model and regional shared management are appropriate for sustainable long-term use of this important resource. More rigorous genetic testing using additional neutral markers, and mark-recapture experiments to detect spatial movement patterns, are recommended to further elucidate any stock substructure. (c) 2006 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Environm Agcy Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, U Arab Emirates. James Cook Univ N Queensland, Dept Marine Biol & Aquaculture, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. RP Hoolihan, JP (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM john.hoolihan@noaa.gov RI van Herwerden, Lynne/I-1087-2012 OI van Herwerden, Lynne/0000-0001-6717-8995 NR 37 TC 19 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 6 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 63 IS 6 BP 1066 EP 1074 DI 10.1016/j.icesjms.2006.03.012 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 072RP UT WOS:000239691000010 ER PT J AU Heron, ML Skirving, WJ Michael, KJ AF Heron, Malcolm L. Skirving, William J. Michael, Kelvin J. TI Short-wave ocean wave slope models for use in remote sensing data analysis SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE bimodal wave spectra; directional wave spectra; gravity-capillary waves; wave slopes ID LIMITED WIND-WAVES; DIRECTIONAL SPECTRUM; NUMBER SPECTRA; SURFACE-WAVES; CAPILLARY-GRAVITY; EQUILIBRIUM; EVOLUTION; RANGE; LONG AB Recent developments in the directionality of sea waves are reviewed and adapted into a working model for radiometric remote sensing. There is a weight of evidence, both theoretical and observational, that a bimodality exists in the directional wave spectrum for sea surface gravity waves at wavenumbers greater than the value at the peak of the spectrum. We develop a model for the directional splitting which is consistent with observations but which extrapolates in a credible manner to the omnidirectionality observed at wavelengths around 0.3 m. At shorter wavelengths the directional spectrum becomes unimodal and has an approximately constant shape across the gravity-capillary wave regime. A working model is suggested for the directionality of the wave spectrum to improve the analysis of radiometric sea surface data. The model will also be useful for other analyses including active radar techniques which use Bragg scatter. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, ORA, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Univ Tasmania, IASIS, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. Univ Tasmania, ACE Cooperat Res Ctr, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. RP Heron, ML (reprint author), James Cook Univ N Queensland, Sch Math & Phys Sci, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. EM Mal.heron@jcu.edu.au RI Skirving, William/E-7927-2011; Michael, Kelvin/J-7217-2014 OI Skirving, William/0000-0003-0167-6427; Michael, Kelvin/0000-0002-5427-7393 NR 37 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 5 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0196-2892 EI 1558-0644 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD JUL PY 2006 VL 44 IS 7 BP 1962 EP 1973 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2006.870439 PN 2 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 061IL UT WOS:000238864900003 ER PT J AU Johnson, JT Gasiewski, AJ Guner, B Hampson, GA Ellingson, SW Krishnamachari, R Niamsuwan, N McIntyre, E Klein, M Leuski, VY AF Johnson, Joel T. Gasiewski, Albin J. Guner, Baris Hampson, Grant A. Ellingson, Steven W. Krishnamachari, Rangarajan Niamsuwan, Noppasin McIntyre, Eric Klein, Marian Leuski, Vladimir Y. TI Airborne radio-frequency interference studies at C-band using a digital receiver SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE microwave radiometry; radio-frequency interference (RFI) ID MITIGATION; RADIOMETRY; OCEAN; LAND AB Corruption of C-band microwave brightness observations by radio-frequency interference (RFI) has been reported in recent data from orbiting radiometers; methods for mitigating these effects Are of great importance for the design of future spaceborne microwave radiometers. One approach that has been suggested involves the use of multiple subchannels at C-band as opposed to a single channel; the use of multiple subchannels allows RFI to be detected and mitigated by analyzing relationships among subehannel brightnesses. While this approach has been utilized in previous airborne measurements, demonstrations of the RFI mitigation performance achieved have been difficult to obtain. To address this issue, an enhanced airborne system for observing, radio-frequency interference effects on C-band microwave radiometers was developed, and is described in this paper. The system includes a traditional microwave radiometer with four C-band subchannels, so that RFI removal is possible using a subchannel mitigation algorithm. In addition, the system includes a digital receiver with the capability of providing high temporal and spectral resolution observations of interference. This high-resolution data allows improved understanding of RFI sources to be obtained, and also allows analysis of subehannel mitigation algorithm performance. Observations using the system in a test flight near Wallops Island, VA are described. Results show the four subchannel approach generally to be effective in mitigating the observed RFI sources, although examples are also illustrated using the digital receiver data to demonstrate failure of this approach. While studies of the digital receiver data alone could be performed to demonstrate further improvements in RFI mitigation, issues with this initial dataset limit the extent of such studies. Nevertheless, the results obtained still demonstrate qualitatively the improved RFI mitigation that can be achieved in brightness observations through the use of digital receivers. C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio State Univ, Electrosci Lab, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Johnson, JT (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. EM johnson@ee.eng.ohio-state.edu; al.gasiewski@noaa.gov; ellingson@vt.edu NR 17 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 5 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD JUL PY 2006 VL 44 IS 7 BP 1974 EP 1985 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2006.872523 PN 2 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 061IL UT WOS:000238864900004 ER PT J AU Scholtz, J AF Scholtz, Jean TI Metrics for evaluating human information interaction systems SO INTERACTING WITH COMPUTERS LA English DT Article DE human information interaction; information retrieval; evaluation; user-centered; intelligence analysis; metrics for utility AB Society today has a wealth of information available due to information technology. The challenge facing researchers working in information access is how to help users easily locate the information needed. Evaluation methodologies and metrics are important tools to assess progress in human information interaction (HII). To properly evaluate these systems. evaluations need to consider the performance of the various components. the usability of the system. and the impact of the system on the end user. Current usability metrics are adequate for evaluating the efficiency, effectiveness, and user satisfaction of such systems. Performance measures for new intelligent technologies will have to be developed. Regardless of how well the systems are and how usable the systems are. it is critical that impact measures are developed. For HII systems to be useful, we need to assess how well information analysts work with the systems. This evaluation needs to go beyond technical performance metrics and usability metrics. What are the metrics for evaluating utility? This paper describes research efforts focused on developing metrics for the intelligence community that measure the impact of new software to facilitate information interaction. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Dept Informat Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Scholtz, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Dept Informat Technol, MS 8940,100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jean.scholtz@nist.gov RI Scholtz, Jean/E-8955-2013 NR 21 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0953-5438 J9 INTERACT COMPUT JI Interact. Comput. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 18 IS 4 BP 507 EP 527 DI 10.1016/j.intcom.2005.10.004 PG 21 WC Computer Science, Cybernetics; Ergonomics SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 061ML UT WOS:000238876500001 ER PT J AU Guin, JP Wiederhorn, SM AF Guin, J. P. Wiederhorn, S. M. TI Surfaces formed by subcritical crack growth in silicate glasses SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FRACTURE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Conference on Fracture CY MAR 20-25, 2005 CL Torino, ITALY SP Italian Govt, Minist Infrastructures transport, Natl Sci Fdn Italy DE atomic force microscopy; cavitation; fracture; glass; subcritical crack growth ID DRILLED COMPRESSION SPECIMEN; STATIC FATIGUE LIMIT; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; DUCTILE FRACTURE; STRESS-CORROSION; FORCE MICROSCOPY; TIP; PROPAGATION; MORPHOLOGY; TIME AB The topography of surfaces formed in glass by subcritical crack growth was investigated by a method of mapping using atomic force microscopy. The objective of the study was to determine how well "upper" and "lower" surfaces matched after having been formed by a crack moving at slow velocity. The question arose, were features left in the fracture surfaces of silicate glasses that would indicate the formation of cavities during the fracture process? Studies were performed on silica glass and soda-lime-silicate glass. Fracture surfaces were formed either in water or in moist environments at velocities that ranged from 10(-2) m/s down to 10(-10) m/s. This procedure covered almost the entire range of velocities used for subcritical crack growth experiments in glass. Opposing fracture surfaces formed during our studies were found to "match" over the entire range of velocities and for all environments studied. For silica glass, the surfaces were found to match to an accuracy of better than 0.3 nm normal to the fracture surface and 5 nm within the fracture surface. For soda-lime-silicate glass, surfaces were found to match to an accuracy of 0.5 nm to 0.8 nm normal to the fracture surface and 5 nm within the fracture surface. Within these limits, no evidence for cavitation was found in either glass. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Guin, JP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI guin, jean-pierre/A-5969-2009 OI guin, jean-pierre/0000-0003-2480-5893 NR 40 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 9 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0376-9429 J9 INT J FRACTURE JI Int. J. Fract. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 140 IS 1-4 BP 15 EP 26 DI 10.1007/s10704-006-6729-6 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics SC Materials Science; Mechanics GA 111FQ UT WOS:000242437200003 ER PT J AU Gusmao, L Butler, JM Carracedo, A Gill, P Kayser, M Mayr, WR Morling, N Prinz, M Roewer, L Tyler-, C Schneider, PM AF Gusmao, L. Butler, J. M. Carracedo, A. Gill, P. Kayser, M. Mayr, W. R. Morling, N. Prinz, M. Roewer, L. Tyler-Smith, C. Schneider, P. M. TI DNA Commission of the International Society of Forensic Genetics (ISFG): an update of the recommendations on the use of Y-STRs in forensic analysis SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LEGAL MEDICINE LA English DT Review DE Y chromosome; short tandem repeat; DNA commission; ISFG; mutation ID TANDEM REPEAT; HAPLOTYPE ANALYSIS; MICROSATELLITE MARKERS; REFERENCE DATABASE; MUTATION-RATE; CHROMOSOME; POPULATION; LOCI; AMPLIFICATION; NOMENCLATURE AB The DNA Commission of the International Society of Forensic Genetics (ISFG) regularly publishes guidelines and recommendations concerning the application of DNA polymorphisms to the problems of human identification. A previous recommendation published in 2001 has already addressed Y-chromosome polymorphisms, with particular emphasis on short tandem repeats (STRs). Since then, the use of Y-STRs has become very popular, and numerous new loci have been introduced. The current recommendations address important aspects to clarify problems regarding the nomenclature, the definition of loci and alleles, population genetics and reporting methods. C1 Univ Cologne, Inst Legal Med, D-50823 Cologne, Germany. IPATIMUP, Oporto, Portugal. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Santiago, Fac Med, Inst Legal Med, E-15705 Santiago De Compostela, Spain. Forens Sci Serv Inc, Birmingham, W Midlands, England. Erasmus Univ, Dept Forens Mol Biol, Rotterdam, Netherlands. Univ Vienna, Dept Blood Grp Serol & Transfus Med, Vienna, Austria. Univ Copenhagen, Inst Forens Med, Dept Forens Genet, Copenhagen, Denmark. Dept Forens Biol, Off Chief Med Examiner, New York, NY USA. Humboldt Univ, Inst Legal Med, Berlin, Germany. Univ Oxford, Dept Biochem, Oxford OX1 3QU, England. RP Schneider, PM (reprint author), Univ Cologne, Inst Legal Med, Melatenguertel 60-62, D-50823 Cologne, Germany. EM peter.schneider@uk-koeln.de RI Gill, Peter/C-3056-2009; Schneider, Peter/A-6661-2011; Gusmao, Leonor/B-3122-2013 OI Gusmao, Leonor/0000-0003-0432-6481 NR 55 TC 96 Z9 101 U1 0 U2 10 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0937-9827 J9 INT J LEGAL MED JI Int. J. Legal Med. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 120 IS 4 BP 191 EP 200 DI 10.1007/s00414-005-0026-1 PG 10 WC Medicine, Legal SC Legal Medicine GA 053YH UT WOS:000238341600001 PM 16998969 ER PT J AU Rezig, A Nguyen, T Martin, D Sung, L Gu, X Jasmin, J Martin, JW AF Rezig, Aziz Nguyen, Tinh Martin, David Sung, Lipiin Gu, Xiaohong Jasmin, Joan Martin, Jonathan W. TI Relationship between chemical degradation and thickness loss of an amine-cured epoxy coating exposed to different UV environments SO JCT RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation-of-Societies-for-Coatings-Technology CY OCT 27-29, 2004 CL Chicago, IL SP Federat Soc Coatings Tech DE atomic force microscopy; FTIR; ATR; photodegradation; durability; service life prediction; architectural; weatherability; epoxy resins; epoxy; thermoset ID ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; ACRYLIC-MELAMINE COATINGS; OUTDOOR EXPOSURE; MODE; POLYMERS; AFM; PHOTODEGRADATION; MICROSTRUCTURE; MECHANISM; SURFACES AB The relationship between chemical degradation and thickness loss of an impigmented, nonUV-stabilized, crosslinked amine-cured epoxy coating exposed to three UV conditions was investigated. Spin-coated samples having a thickness of approximately 7 mu m on an Si substrate were prepared from a stochiometric mixture of a bisphenol A epoxy resin and a tetra-functional amine caring agent. Samples were exposed outdoors and to two accelerated laboratory UV environments. Chemical degradation and thickness loss were measured by transmission Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIRS) and laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), respectively. In addition, surface roughness and morphological changes were measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and LSCM. Substantial chemical degradation, thickness loss, and morpholocal changes occurred in the exposed films, and the rate of chemical degradation was greater than that due to the thickness loss. This additional chemical loss was attributed to an inhomogeneous degradation process in Which nanoscale localized depressions initiate at certain sites on the surface, which then enlarge and deepen with exposure time. The results of this study provide a better understanding of the degradation mechanism and should lead to the development of scientific-based models for predicting the service life of crosslinked amine-cured epoxy coatings. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rezig, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 32 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 17 PU FEDERATION SOC COATINGS TECHNOLOGY PI BLUE BELL PA 492 NORRISTOWN ROAD, BLUE BELL, PA 19422-2350 USA SN 1547-0091 J9 JCT RES JI JCT Res. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 3 IS 3 BP 173 EP 184 DI 10.1007/BF02774507 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 067KB UT WOS:000239299600002 ER PT J AU Peacor, SD Pfister, CA AF Peacor, SD Pfister, CA TI Experimental and model analyses of the effects of competition on individual size variation in wood frog (Rana sylvatica) tadpoles SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE density dependence; individual variation; size-variation; growth depensation; growth autocorrelation ID INDETERMINATE GROWTH; POPULATION-DENSITY; ECOLOGY; DYNAMICS; ANIMALS; STOCHASTICITY; VARIABILITY; RECRUITMENT; MECHANISMS; DEPENDENCE AB 1. Size variation is a ubiquitous feature of animal populations and is predicted to strongly influence species abundance and dynamics; however, the factors that determine size variation are not well understood. 2. In a mesocosm experiment, we found that the relationship between mean and variation in wood frog (Rana sylvatica) tadpole size is qualitatively different at different levels of competition created by manipulating resource supply rates or tadpole density. At low competition, relative size variation (as measured by the coefficient of variation) decreased as a function of mean size, while at high competition, relative size variation increased. Therefore, increased competition magnified differences in individual performance as measured by growth rate. 3. A model was developed to estimate the contribution of size-dependent factors (i.e. based on size alone) and size-independent factors (i.e. resulting from persistent inherent phenotypic differences other than size that affect growth) on the empirical patterns. 4. Model analysis of the low competition treatment indicated that size-dependent factors alone can describe the relationship between mean size and size variation. To fit the data, the size scaling exponent that describes the dependence of growth rate on size was determined. The estimated value, 0.83, is in the range of that derived from physiological studies. 5. At high competition, the model analysis indicated that individual differences in foraging ability, either size-based or due to inherent phenotypic differences (size-independent factors), were much more pronounced than at low competition. The model was used to quantify the changes in size-dependent or size-independent factors that underlie the effect of competition on size-variation. In contrast to results at low competition, parameters derived from physiological studies could not be used to describe the observed relationships. 6. Our experimental and model results elucidate the role of size-dependent and size-independent factors in the development of size variation, and highlight and quantify the context dependence of individual (intrapopulation) differences in competitive abilities. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. RP Peacor, SD (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM peacor@msu.edu NR 53 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 33 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-8790 J9 J ANIM ECOL JI J. Anim. Ecol. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 75 IS 4 BP 990 EP 999 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01119.x PG 10 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 055YG UT WOS:000238486600016 PM 17009762 ER PT J AU Heintzenberg, J Wiedensohler, A Tuch, TM Covert, DS Sheridan, P Ogren, JA Gras, J Nessler, R Kleefeld, C Kalivitis, N Aaltonen, V Wilhelm, RT Havlicek, M AF Heintzenberg, J. Wiedensohler, A. Tuch, T. M. Covert, D. S. Sheridan, P. Ogren, J. A. Gras, J. Nessler, R. Kleefeld, C. Kalivitis, N. Aaltonen, V. Wilhelm, R. -T. Havlicek, M. TI Intercomparisons and aerosol calibrations of 12 commercial integrating nephelometers of three manufacturers SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AERODYNAMIC PARTICLE SIZER; RADIATIVE PROPERTIES; SCATTERING; VARIABILITY AB This study determined measured and Mie-calculated angular signal truncations for total and backscatter TSI, Inc., nephelometers, as a function of wavelength and for particles of known size and composition. Except for the total scattering channels, similar agreements as in a previous study of measured and calculated truncations were derived for submicrometer test aerosols. For the first time, instrument responses were also determined for supermicrometer test aerosols up to 1.9 mu m in geometric mean diameter. These supermicrometer data confirm the theoretical predictions of strong angular truncations of the total scatter signals in integrating nephelometers due to the limited range of measured forward scattering angles. Truncations up to 60% were determined for the largest measured particles. Rough empirical truncation corrections have been derived from the calibration data for Radiance Research and Ecotech nephelometers for which no detailed response characteristics exist. Intercomparisons of the nephelometers measuring urban atmospheric aerosols yield average deviations of the slope from a 1:1 relation with a TSI reference nephelometer of less than 7%. Average intercepts range between +0.53 and -0.19 Mm(-1). For the Radiance Research and Ecotech nephelometers ambient regressions of the Radiance Research and Ecotech instruments with the TSI nephelometer show larger negative intercepts, which are attributed to their less well characterized optics. C1 Leipzig Inst Tropospher Res, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany. UFZ Helmholtz Ctr Environm Res, Dept Human Exposure Res & Epidemiol, Leipzig, Germany. Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. CSIRO Atmospher Res, Aspendale, Vic, Australia. PSI, Lab Atmospher Chem, Villigen, Switzerland. Natl Univ Ireland Univ Coll Galway, Dept Expt Phys, Galway, Ireland. Univ Crete, Dept Chem, Iraklion, Greece. Finnish Meteorol Inst, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. Meteorol Observ Hohenpeissenberg, Deutsch Wetterdienst, Hohenpeissenberg, Germany. TSI Inc, St Paul, MN USA. RP Heintzenberg, J (reprint author), Leipzig Inst Tropospher Res, Permoserstr 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany. EM jost@tropos.de RI Ogren, John/M-8255-2015 OI Ogren, John/0000-0002-7895-9583 NR 31 TC 53 Z9 56 U1 3 U2 20 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 23 IS 7 BP 902 EP 914 DI 10.1175/JTECH1892.1 PG 13 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 069MH UT WOS:000239450600003 ER PT J AU Zrnic, DS Melnikov, VM Carter, JK AF Zrnic, Dusan S. Melnikov, Valery M. Carter, John K. TI Calibrating differential reflectivity on the WSR-88D SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RADAR AB A calibration procedure of differential reflectivity on the Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) is described. It has been tested on NOAA's modified WSR-88D research and development polarimetric radar and is directly applicable to radars that simultaneously transmit and receive waves having horizontal and vertical polarization. C1 NOAA, Severe Storms Lab, OAR, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK USA. RP Zrnic, DS (reprint author), NOAA, Severe Storms Lab, OAR, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM dusan.zrnic@noaa.gov NR 5 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 23 IS 7 BP 944 EP 951 DI 10.1175/JTECH1893.1 PG 8 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 069MH UT WOS:000239450600007 ER PT J AU Matrosov, SY Cifelli, R Kennedy, PC Nesbitt, SW Rutledge, SA Bringi, VN Martner, BE AF Matrosov, Sergey Y. Cifelli, Robert Kennedy, Patrick C. Nesbitt, Steven W. Rutledge, Steven A. Bringi, V. N. Martner, Brooks E. TI A comparative study of rainfall retrievals based on specific differential phase shifts at X- and S-band radar frequencies SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLARIMETRIC RADAR; PROPAGATION; SCATTERING AB A comparative study of the use of X- and S-band polarimetric radars for rainfall parameter retrievals is presented. The main advantage of X-band polarimetric measurements is the availability of reliable specific differential phase shift estimates, K-DP, for lighter rainfalls when phase measurements at the S band are too noisy to produce usable K-DP. Theoretical modeling with experimental raindrop size distributions indicates that due to some non-Rayleigh resonant effects, K-DP values at a 3.2-cm wavelength (X band) are on average a factor of 3.7 greater than at 11 cm (S band), which is a somewhat larger difference than simple frequency scaling predicts. The non-Rayleigh effects also cause X- band horizontal polarization reflectivity, Z(eh), and differential reflectivity, Z(DR), to be larger than those at the S band. The differences between X- and S-band reflectivities can exceed measurement uncertainties for Z(eh) starting approximately at Z(eh) > 40 dBZ, and for Z(DR) when the mass-weighted drop diameter, D-m, exceeds about 2 mm. Simultaneous X- and S-band radar measurements of rainfall showed that consistent KDP estimates exceeding about 0.1 degrees km(-1) began to be possible at reflectivities greater than similar to 26-30 dBZ while at the S band such estimates can generally be made if Z(eh) > similar to 35-39 dBZ. Experimental radar data taken in light-to-moderate stratiform rainfalls with rain rates R in an interval from 2.5 to 15 mm h(-1) showed availability of the K-DP-based estimates of R for most of the data points at the X band while at the S band such estimates were available only for R greater than about 8-10 mm h(-1). After correcting X- band differential reflectivity measurements for differential attenuation, Z(DR) measurements at both radar frequency bands were in good agreement with each other for D-m < 2 mm, which approximately corresponds to Z(DR) approximate to 1.6 dB. The Z(DR)-based retrievals of characteristic raindrop sizes also agreed well with in situ disdrometer measurements. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Matrosov, SY (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, R-PSD2,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Sergey.Matrosov@noaa.gov RI Measurement, Global/C-4698-2015; Nesbitt, Stephen/I-3965-2013 OI Nesbitt, Stephen/0000-0003-0348-0452 NR 26 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 23 IS 7 BP 952 EP 963 DI 10.1175/JTECH1887.1 PG 12 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 069MH UT WOS:000239450600008 ER PT J AU Rabin, RM Schmit, TJ AF Rabin, Robert M. Schmit, Timothy J. TI Estimating soil wetness from the GOES sounder SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MICROWAVE BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE; IMAGER; SOUNDINGS; INDEX AB In this note, the relationship between the observed daytime rise in surface radiative temperature, derived from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) sounder clear-sky data, and modeled soil moisture is explored over the continental United States. The motivation is to provide an infrared (IR) satellite-based index for soil moisture, which has a higher resolution than possible with the microwave satellite data. The daytime temperature rise is negatively correlated with soil moisture in most areas. Anomalies in soil moisture and daytime temperature rise are also negatively correlated on monthly time scales. However, a number of exceptions to this correlation exist, particularly in the western states. In addition to soil moisture, the capacity of vegetation to generate evapotranspiration influences the amount of daytime temperature rise as sensed by the satellite. In general, regions of fair to poor vegetation health correspond to the relatively high temperature rise from the satellite. Regions of favorable vegetation match locations of lower-than-average temperature rise. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Adv Satellite Prod Branch, Madison, WI USA. RP Rabin, RM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM rabin@ssec.wisc.edu RI Schmit, Timothy/F-5624-2010 NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 23 IS 7 BP 991 EP 1003 DI 10.1175/JTECH1895.1 PG 13 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 069MH UT WOS:000239450600011 ER PT J AU Akin-Ojo, O Harvey, AH Szalewicz, K AF Akin-Ojo, Omololu Harvey, Allan H. Szalewicz, Krzysztof TI Methane-water cross second virial coefficient with quantum corrections from an ab initio potential SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MIXTURES; SYSTEMS; ARGON; ENTHALPIES; SOLUBILITY; COMPLEXES; HELIUM AB We present our calculations of the cross second virial coefficient (B-12) and of a related quantity, phi(12)=B-12-TdB(12)/dT, for the methane-water system in the temperature range T=200-1000 K. These calculations were performed using one of the ab initio potentials developed in previous work [Akin-Ojo and Szalewicz, J. Chem. Phys. 123, 134311 (2005)]. Quantum corrections of order h(2) were added to the computed classical values. We have estimated the uncertainties in our computed B-12 and phi(12)(T). This allowed evaluation of the quality of the experimental data to which we compare our results. We also provide an analytical expression for B-12(T) as a function of the temperature T obtained by fitting the calculated values. This formula also predicts values of phi(12)(T) consistent with the directly calculated values. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Akin-Ojo, O (reprint author), Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA. EM prayerz@physics.udel.edu NR 30 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD JUL 1 PY 2006 VL 125 IS 1 AR 014314 DI 10.1063/1.2207139 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 061CT UT WOS:000238849500026 PM 16863305 ER PT J AU Stott, PA Mitchell, JFB Allen, MR Delworth, TL Gregory, JM Meehl, GA Santer, BD AF Stott, Peter A. Mitchell, John F. B. Allen, Myles R. Delworth, Thomas L. Gregory, Jonathan M. Meehl, Gerald A. Santer, Benjamin D. TI Observational constraints on past attributable warming and predictions of future global warming SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID 20TH-CENTURY TEMPERATURE-CHANGE; CLIMATE-CHANGE; ANTHROPOGENIC FORCINGS; SIMPLE INDEXES; PART I; MODEL; SIMULATIONS; UNCERTAINTY; ENSEMBLE; VARIABILITY AB This paper investigates the impact of aerosol forcing uncertainty on the robustness of estimates of the twentieth-century warming attributable to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Attribution analyses on three coupled climate models with very different sensitivities and aerosol forcing are carried out. The Third Hadley Centre Coupled Ocean - Atmosphere GCM (HadCM3), Parallel Climate Model (PCM), and GFDL R30 models all provide good simulations of twentieth-century global mean temperature changes when they include both anthropogenic and natural forcings. Such good agreement could result from a fortuitous cancellation of errors, for example, by balancing too much ( or too little) greenhouse warming by too much ( or too little) aerosol cooling. Despite a very large uncertainty for estimates of the possible range of sulfate aerosol forcing obtained from measurement campaigns, results show that the spatial and temporal nature of observed twentieth-century temperature change constrains the component of past warming attributable to anthropogenic greenhouse gases to be significantly greater ( at the 5% level) than the observed warming over the twentieth century. The cooling effects of aerosols are detected in all three models. Both spatial and temporal aspects of observed temperature change are responsible for constraining the relative roles of greenhouse warming and sulfate cooling over the twentieth century. This is because there are distinctive temporal structures in differential warming rates between the hemispheres, between land and ocean, and between mid- and low latitudes. As a result, consistent estimates of warming attributable to greenhouse gas emissions are obtained from all three models, and predictions are relatively robust to the use of more or less sensitive models. The transient climate response following a 1% yr(-1) increase in CO(2) is estimated to lie between 2.2 and 4 K century(-1) (5-95 percentiles). C1 Univ Reading, Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res, Reading Unit, Reading RG6 6BB, Berks, England. Met Off, Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res, Reading Unit, Reading, Berks, England. Met Off, Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res, Exeter, Devon, England. Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Oxford, England. Princeton Univ, NOAA, GFDL, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Univ Reading, Ctr Global Atmospher Modelling, Dept Meteorol, Reading, Berks, England. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Program Climate Model Diag & Inetercomparison, Livermore, CA USA. RP Stott, PA (reprint author), Univ Reading, Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res, Reading Unit, Meteorol Bldg, Reading RG6 6BB, Berks, England. EM peter.stott@metoffice.gov.uk RI Santer, Benjamin/F-9781-2011; Allen, Myles/A-5172-2012; Delworth, Thomas/C-5191-2014; Gregory, Jonathan/J-2939-2016; Stott, Peter/N-1228-2016 OI Gregory, Jonathan/0000-0003-1296-8644; Stott, Peter/0000-0003-4853-7686 NR 38 TC 107 Z9 107 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 19 IS 13 BP 3055 EP 3069 DI 10.1175/JCLI3802.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 063NO UT WOS:000239026300002 ER PT J AU Quan, X Hoerling, M Whitaker, J Bates, G Xu, T AF Quan, X. Hoerling, M. Whitaker, J. Bates, G. Xu, T. TI Diagnosing sources of US seasonal forecast skill SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID CANONICAL CORRELATION-ANALYSIS; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE; CLIMATE FORECASTS; SST ANOMALIES; PACIFIC; MODELS; SENSITIVITY; PREDICTION; PRECIPITATION AB In this study the authors diagnose the sources for the contiguous U. S. seasonal forecast skill that are related to sea surface temperature (SST) variations using a combination of dynamical and empirical methods. The dynamical methods include ensemble simulations with four atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) forced by observed monthly global SSTs from 1950 to 1999, and ensemble AGCM experiments forced by idealized SST anomalies. The empirical methods involve a suite of reductions of the AGCM simulations. These include uni- and multivariate regression models that encapsulate the simultaneous and one-season lag linear connections between seasonal mean tropical SST anomalies and U. S. precipitation and surface air temperature. Nearly all of the AGCM skill in U. S. precipitation and surface air temperature, arising from global SST influences, can be explained by a single degree of freedom in the tropical SST field - that associated with the linear atmospheric signal of El Nino - Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The results support previous findings regarding the preeminence of ENSO as a U. S. skill source. The diagnostic methods used here exposed another skill source that appeared to be of non-ENSO origins. In late autumn, when the AGCM simulation skill of U. S. temperatures peaked in absolute value and in spatial coverage, the majority of that originated from SST variability in the subtropical west Pacific Ocean and the South China Sea. Hindcast experiments were performed for 1950 - 99 that revealed most of the simulation skill of the U. S. seasonal climate to be recoverable at one-season lag. The skill attributable to the AGCMs was shown to achieve parity with that attributable to empirical models derived purely from observational data. The diagnostics promote the interpretation that only limited advances in U. S. seasonal prediction skill should be expected from methods seeking to capitalize on sea surface predictors alone, and that advances that may occur in future decades could be readily masked by inherent multidecadal fluctuations in skill of coupled ocean - atmosphere systems. C1 NOAA, ESRL, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Quan, X (reprint author), NOAA, ESRL, RIPSD1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM quan.xiaowei@noaa.gov NR 32 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 19 IS 13 BP 3279 EP 3293 DI 10.1175/JCLI3789.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 063NO UT WOS:000239026300015 ER PT J AU Williams, GP Bryan, K AF Williams, Gareth P. Bryan, Kirk TI Ice age winds: An aquaplanet model (vol 19, pg 1706, 2006) SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Correction C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Williams, GP (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM Gareth.Williams@noaa.gov NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 19 IS 13 BP 3334 EP 3334 DI 10.1175/JCLI3959.1 PG 1 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 063NO UT WOS:000239026300019 ER PT J AU Soden, BJ Held, IM AF Soden, Brian J. Held, Isaac M. TI An assessment of climate feedbacks in coupled ocean-atmosphere models SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; CLOUD FEEDBACK; CARBON-DIOXIDE AB The climate feedbacks in coupled ocean-atmosphere models are compared using a coordinated set of twenty-first-century climate change experiments. Water vapor is found to provide the largest positive feedback in all models and its strength is consistent with that expected from constant relative humidity changes in the water vapor mixing ratio. The feedbacks from clouds and surface albedo are also found to be positive in all models, while the only stabilizing ( negative) feedback comes from the temperature response. Large intermodel differences in the lapse rate feedback are observed and shown to be associated with differing regional patterns of surface warming. Consistent with previous studies, it is found that the vertical changes in temperature and water vapor are tightly coupled in all models and, importantly, demonstrate that intermodel differences in the sum of lapse rate and water vapor feedbacks are small. In contrast, intermodel differences in cloud feedback are found to provide the largest source of uncertainty in current predictions of climate sensitivity. C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Soden, BJ (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM bsoden@rsmas.miami.edu NR 18 TC 467 Z9 477 U1 5 U2 65 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 19 IS 14 BP 3354 EP 3360 DI 10.1175/JCLI3799.1 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 063NP UT WOS:000239026400002 ER PT J AU Samuel, NT Lee, CY Gamble, LJ Fischer, DA Castner, DG AF Samuel, Newton T. Lee, Chi-Ying Gamble, Lara J. Fischer, Daniel A. Castner, David G. TI NEXAFS characterization of DNA components and molecular-orientation of surface-bound DNA oligomers SO JOURNAL OF ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY AND RELATED PHENOMENA LA English DT Article DE NEXAFS; XPS; DNA; monolayers ID SINGLE-STRANDED-DNA; ABSORPTION FINE-STRUCTURE; GENE-EXPRESSION PATTERNS; X-RAY; GOLD SURFACES; AMINO-ACIDS; K-EDGE; SPECTROSCOPY; SPECTRA; IMMOBILIZATION AB Single stranded DNA oligomers (ssDNA) immobilized onto solid surfaces forms the basis for several biotechnological applications such as DNA microarrays, affinity separations, and biosensors. The surface structure of the surface-bound oligomers is expected to significantly influence their biological activity and interactions with the environment. In this study near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS) is used to characterize the components of DNA (nucleobases, nucleotides and nucleosides) and the orientation information of surface-bound ssDNA. The K-edges of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen have spectra with features that are characteristic of the different chemical species present in the nucleobases of DNA. The effect of addition of the DNA sugar and phosphate components on the NEXAFS K-edge spectra was also investigated. The polarization-dependent nitrogen K-edge NEXAFS data show significant changes for different orientations of surface bound ssDNA. These results establish NEXAFS as a powerful technique for chemical and structural characterization of surface-bound DNA oligomers. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Washington, Natl ESCA, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Chem Engn, Surface Anal Ctr Biomed Problems, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Bioengn, Surface Anal Ctr Biomed Problems, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Castner, DG (reprint author), Univ Washington, Natl ESCA, Box 351750, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM castner@nb.engr.washington.edu NR 55 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 3 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0368-2048 J9 J ELECTRON SPECTROSC JI J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 152 IS 3 BP 134 EP 142 DI 10.1016/j.elspec.2006.04.004 PG 9 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA 068YQ UT WOS:000239411700005 ER PT J AU Kretzschmar, HJ Cooper, JR Dittmann, A Friend, DG Gallagher, JS Knobloch, K Mares, R Miyagawa, K Stocker, I Trubenbach, J Wagner, W Willkommen, T AF Kretzschmar, HJ Cooper, JR Dittmann, A Friend, DG Gallagher, JS Knobloch, K Mares, R Miyagawa, K Stocker, I Trubenbach, J Wagner, W Willkommen, T TI Supplementary backward equations for pressure as a function of enthalpy and entropy p(h, s) to the industrial formulation IAPWS-IF97 for water and steam SO JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING FOR GAS TURBINES AND POWER-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article AB In modeling steam power cycles, thermodynamic properties as functions of the variables enthalpy and entropy are required in the liquid and the vapor regions. It is difficult to perform these calculations with IAPWS-IF97, because they require two-dimensional iterations calculated from the IAPWS-IF97 fundamental equations. While these calculations are not frequently required, the relatively large computing time required for two-dimensional iteration can be significant in process modeling. Therefore, the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS) adopted backward equations for pressure as a function of enthalpy and entropy p (h, s) as a supplement to the IAPWS Industrial Formulation 1997 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS-IF97) in 2001. These p(h,s) equations are valid in the liquid region I and the vapor region 2. With pressure p, temperature T(h, s) can be calculated from the IAPWS-IF97 backward equations T(p,h). By using the p(h,s) equations, the two dimensional iterations of the IAPWS-IF97 basic equations can be avoided. The numerical consistency of pressure and temperature obtained in this way is sufficient for most heat cycle calculations. This paper summarizes the need and the requirements for the p(h,s) equations and gives complete numerical information about the equations. Moreover the achieved quality of the equations and their use in the calculation of the backward function T(h, s) is presented The three aspects, numerical consistency with the IAPWS-IF97 basic equations, consistency along subregion boundaries, and computational speed important for industrial use are discussed. C1 Univ Appl Sci Zittau & Gorlitz, Dept Tech Thermodynam, D-02754 Zittau, Germany. Queen Mary Univ London, Dept Engn, London, England. Tech Univ Dresden, Dept Tech Thermodynam, D-8027 Dresden, Germany. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ W Bohemia, Dept Thermodynam, Plzen, Czech Republic. Ruhr Univ Bochum, Lehrstuhl Thermodynam, D-4630 Bochum, Germany. RP Kretzschmar, HJ (reprint author), Univ Appl Sci Zittau & Gorlitz, Dept Tech Thermodynam, POB 1455, D-02754 Zittau, Germany. EM hj.kretzschmar@hs-zigr.de NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 8 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0742-4795 J9 J ENG GAS TURB POWER JI J. Eng. Gas. Turbines Power-Trans. ASME PD JUL PY 2006 VL 128 IS 3 BP 702 EP 713 DI 10.1115/1.1915392 PG 12 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 058OO UT WOS:000238674500027 ER PT J AU Massey, DM Newbold, SC Gentner, B AF Massey, D. Matthew Newbold, Stephen C. Gentner, Brad TI Valuing water quality changes using a bioeconomic model of a coastal recreational fishery SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE bioeconomic model; dissolved oxygen; recreation demand; recreational fishing; summer flounder; water quality ID DEMAND MODELS; SITE CHOICE; MEASUREMENT ERROR; BENEFITS; COST AB This paper develops and applies a structural bioeconomic model of a coastal recreational fishery. We combine a dynamic fish population model, a statistical model of angler catch rates, and a recreation demand model to estimate the value of water quality changes for the Atlantic Coast summer flounder fishery. The model predicts that improving water quality conditions in Maryland's coastal bays alone would have relatively small impacts on the fishery as a whole. However, water quality improvements throughout the range of the species could lead to substantial increases in fish abundance and associated benefits to recreational anglers from increased catch rates. We also estimate an alternative version of the catch function, with no direct measure of fish abundance included, and we compare results from this "reduced form" approach to results from our structural model. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Econ, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP Massey, DM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Econ, 1200 Penn Ave NW,MC 1809T, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM massey.matt@epa.gov NR 50 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 12 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0095-0696 J9 J ENVIRON ECON MANAG JI J.Environ.Econ.Manage. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 52 IS 1 BP 482 EP 500 DI 10.1016/j.jeem.2006.02.001 PG 19 WC Business; Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 066ID UT WOS:000239222000008 ER PT J AU Sabine, CL Gruber, N AF Sabine, Christopher L. Gruber, Nicolas TI Introduction to special section on North Pacific Carbon Cycle Variability and Climate Change SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID APPARENT OXYGEN UTILIZATION; EASTERN EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; SUB-ARCTIC PACIFIC; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; EL-NINO; CO2 DISTRIBUTIONS; OCEANIC SINK; ENSO EVENT; SEA; PCO(2) AB This article compares the major findings of eight synthesis papers resulting from a workshop to examine carbon cycle variability and climate change in the tropical and extratropical North Pacific Ocean. The workshop's intent was to encourage scientific exchange, synthesis activities, and the development of new ideas among scientists from different countries and backgrounds who do not regularly collaborate, but share a common interest in the Pacific. Six of the papers focus on air-sea CO(2) flux variability on timescales from years to decades. While the average North Pacific surface waters show increases in CO(2) that are comparable to the increase in atmospheric CO(2) over time, considerable temporal and spatial variations are observed. A recurring theme of these studies is that throughout most of the Pacific, interannual to decadal variations in CO(2) fluxes are primarily controlled by variations in physical forcing with changes in the biological cycle being of secondary importance. The dominant mode of variability is confirmed to be associated with the El Nino-Southern Oscillation phenomenon, particularly in the tropical Pacific. Extratropical air-sea CO(2) flux variability is substantially smaller, primarily because dissolved inorganic carbon and temperature driven variations in the seawater pCO(2) tend to compensate each other. Temporal variations in the wind fields are also important for assessing the variability in air-sea CO(2) fluxes. The two papers addressing carbon and oxygen cycle changes within the water column also found that variability in physical forcing can explain the magnitude and patterns of observed variability in apparent oxygen utilization and other tracers. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Sabine, CL (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM chris.sabine@noaa.gov; ngruber@igpp.ucla.edu RI Gruber, Nicolas/B-7013-2009 OI Gruber, Nicolas/0000-0002-2085-2310 NR 40 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 3 U2 14 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD JUL 1 PY 2006 VL 111 IS C7 AR C07S01 DI 10.1029/2006JC003532 PG 6 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 062JY UT WOS:000238941600002 ER PT J AU Bass, AL Epperly, SP Braun-McNeill, J AF Bass, Anna L. Epperly, Sheryan P. Braun-McNeill, Joanne TI Green turtle (Chelonia mydas) foraging and nesting aggregations in the Caribbean and Atlantic: Impact of currents and behavior on dispersal SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA MARKERS; CARETTA-CARETTA; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; STOCK COMPOSITION; BAYESIAN METHODS; MARINE TURTLES; SEA; HABITAT; ORIGINS; FLORIDA AB Although significant amounts of research have been dedicated to increasing the knowledge of the life history of green turtles (Chelonia mydas), large gaps exist in our understanding of juvenile migratory behavior. These gaps can be filled by genetic studies of foraging ground aggregations. Using mitochondrial DNA markers and Bayesian analyses, samples (n = 106) from a foraging aggregation in North Carolina indicated that animals from the east coast of the United States (54%) and Mexico (27%) dominate the composition with the remainder coming from other Caribbean and Atlantic nesting aggregations. These findings prompted a reanalysis of 4 regional foraging aggregations using Bayesian mixed stock analysis, analysis of molecular variance, and diversity measures. Significant regional population structure between northern and southern foraging aggregations in the Caribbean was detected (Phi(ST) = 0.27, P = 0.000) in addition to significant nesting aggregation structure (Phi(ST) = 0.87, P = 0.000). Haplotype diversity levels were highest at foraging aggregations located within the confluence of major current systems. These findings indicate that both currents and behavior have strong influences on the composition of foraging aggregations. In addition, our results provide evidence of juvenile homing to regional foraging grounds and highlight the difficulties of separating historical and current effects on recruitment patterns at foraging locations. C1 Univ S Florida, Dept Biol, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, US Dept Commerce, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Dept Commerce, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Bass, AL (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Dept Biol, SCA 110,4202 E Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. EM abass@mail.usf.edu NR 37 TC 46 Z9 53 U1 2 U2 11 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 97 IS 4 BP 346 EP 354 DI 10.1093/jhered/esl004 PG 9 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 075RJ UT WOS:000239902600005 PM 16782781 ER PT J AU Peterson, VK Neumann, DA Livingston, RA AF Peterson, Vanessa K. Neumann, Dan A. Livingston, Richard A. TI Inelastic neutron scattering investigation of hydrating tricalcium and dicalcium silicate mixture pastes: Ca(OH)(2) formation and evolution of strength SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID C-S-H; PORTLAND-CEMENT PASTES; SURFACE-AREA AB The hydration of controlled tricalcium and dicalcium silicate mixtures was investigated using inelastic neutron scattering. The amount of Ca(OH)(2) produced by each mixture was quantified based on the vibrational mode at approximately 41 meV. The results of compressive strength testing correlate with the amount of Ca(OH)(2) produced and with previous results from quasielastic neutron scattering. These results establish a link between hydration mechanics and the evolution of hydration products leading to desirable properties, such as strength. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Fed Highway Adm, Mclean, VA 22101 USA. RP Peterson, VK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM v.peterson@chem.usyd.edu.au NR 21 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 10 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0884-2914 J9 J MATER RES JI J. Mater. Res. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 21 IS 7 BP 1836 EP 1842 DI 10.1557/JMR.2006.0227 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 060FY UT WOS:000238789100031 ER PT J AU Holmes, GA Rice, K Snyder, CR AF Holmes, G. A. Rice, K. Snyder, C. R. TI Ballistic fibers: A review of the thermal, ultraviolet and hydrolytic stability of the benzoxazole ring structure SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID RIGID-ROD POLYMERS; ELECTRON-SPIN-RESONANCE; PARA-AROMATIC POLYMERS; STABLE POLYMERS; HIGH-MODULUS; MAIN CHAIN; POLYBENZIMIDAZOLES; 2-PHENYLBENZOXAZOLE; POLYMERIZATION; HETEROCYCLES AB The penetration of a bullet proof vest worn by a first responder in 2003, resulted in the establishment of a research program designed to investigate the long-term stability and durability of all fibers that are used and have the potential to be used in ballistic applications. The Office of Law Enforcement Standards (OLES) of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) was charged with conducting this program under the auspices of the National Institute of Justice (NIJ). Because of the urgent need to understand the factors that contributed to this unexpected body armor penetration, the initial focus of this research program is on the ballistic fiber material that composed the compromised vest, i.e., poly[(benzo-[1,2-d:5,4-d']-benzoxazole-2,6-diyl)-1,4-phenylene] (PBO) fiber. Since data related to the susceptibility of PBO fibers to environmental attack are limited and sometimes contradictory, this review also focuses on the susceptibility of the benzoxazole ring structure, a major component of the PBO chain structure, to environmental exposure conditions. A somewhat detailed discussion of the formation and degradation chemistry of this ring structure is presented to increase the reader's understanding of how chemical structure and environmental factors may influence ballistic fiber degradation. To balance this discussion, the susceptibility of key linkages in other ballistic fibers to similar conditions is also presented. Therefore, this review seeks to link chemical structure to ballistic performance and provide a fundamental basis for predicting the long-term durability of existing and future ballistic fibers. 9 2006 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. C1 NIST, Polymers Div, Characterizat & Measurement Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Holmes, GA (reprint author), NIST, Polymers Div, Characterizat & Measurement Grp, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8541, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM gale.holmes@nist.gov RI Snyder, Chad/B-4957-2008; Rice, Kirk/E-5775-2011 OI Snyder, Chad/0000-0002-2916-9809; NR 43 TC 35 Z9 42 U1 4 U2 39 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0022-2461 J9 J MATER SCI JI J. Mater. Sci. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 41 IS 13 BP 4105 EP 4116 DI 10.1007/s10853-005-5597-1 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 067DQ UT WOS:000239282300017 ER PT J AU Knappe, S Schwindt, PDD Gerginov, V Shah, V Liew, L Moreland, J Robinson, HG Hollberg, L Kitching, J AF Knappe, S. Schwindt, P. D. D. Gerginov, V. Shah, V. Liew, L. Moreland, J. Robinson, H. G. Hollberg, L. Kitching, J. TI Microfabricated atomic clocks and magnetometers SO JOURNAL OF OPTICS A-PURE AND APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th IEEE/LEOS International Conference on Optical MEMs and Their Applications CY AUG 01-04, 2005 CL Oulu, FINLAND SP IEEE, LEOS DE atomic clocks; atomic magnetometers; high-resolution spectroscopy; micro-optics ID VAPOR CELLS AB We demonstrate the critical subsystems of a compact atomic clock based on a microfabricated physics package. The clock components have a total volume below 10 cm(3), a fractional frequency instability of 6 x 10(-10)/tau(1/2), and consume 200 mW of power. The physics package is easily adapted to function as a magnetometer with sensitivity below 50 pT Hz(-1/2) at 10 Hz. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Knappe, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM knappe@boulder.nist.gov NR 36 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 13 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1464-4258 J9 J OPT A-PURE APPL OP JI J. Opt. A-Pure Appl. Opt. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 8 IS 7 SI SI BP S318 EP S322 DI 10.1088/1464-4258/8/7/S04 PG 5 WC Optics SC Optics GA 056FN UT WOS:000238507100005 ER PT J AU Lin, SJ Zhang, H Duboist, A AF Lin, Senjie Zhang, Huan Duboist, Angela TI Low abundance distribution of Pfiesteria piscicida in Pacific and Western Atlantic as detected by mtDNA-18S rDNA real-time polymerase chain reaction SO JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ESTUARINE DINOFLAGELLATE; GEOGRAPHIC-DISTRIBUTION; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; PCR ASSAYS; LIFE-CYCLE; DINOPHYCEAE; SHUMWAYAE; FISH; IDENTIFICATION; TOXICITY AB Information on the abundance of Pfiesteria piscicida in the natural environment is needed for understanding the ecological roles of this dinoflagellate. In this study, a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed using mitochondrial cytochrome b upstream region and 18S rDNA (PpmtDNA and Pp18S), and the geographic and temporal distribution of P. piscicida was investigated in several locations., Both PpmtDXA and Pp18S generally gave similar results, indicating that P. piscicida was present at all studied regions along the American coast (from Maine to North Carolina along the US Atlantic coast and Los Lagos along the Chilean Pacific coast). Despite its widespread distribution, P. piscicida was only detected in 36% of the 431 water samples analyzed, and its abundance was generally low (< 1.0-1.5 cells mL(-1)). Populations detected at the five stations in the Neuse River (North Carolina) and two stations in Chesapeake Bay (Maryland) were genetically homogeneous, whereas those from other locations appeared to be genetically diverse. It can be concluded that (i) the, PpmtDXA-Pp18S real-time PCR assay is sensitive and specific for detecting and quantifying P. piscicida in the natural environment and (ii) P. piscicida is widespread along the American coasts, but normally only as a minor component of plankton even in the high-risk estuaries (Neuse River, Chesapeake Bay). C1 Univ Connecticut, Dept Marine Sci, Groton, CT 06340 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Lin, SJ (reprint author), Univ Connecticut, Dept Marine Sci, Groton, CT 06340 USA. EM senjie.lin@uconn.edu RI Guo, chentao/G-7320-2016 NR 42 TC 25 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 8 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0142-7873 J9 J PLANKTON RES JI J. Plankton Res. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 28 IS 7 BP 667 EP 681 DI 10.1093/plant/fb150 PG 15 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 062MO UT WOS:000238949400005 ER PT J AU Mulholland, GW Donnelly, MK Hagwood, CR Kukuck, SR Hackley, VA Pui, DYH AF Mulholland, George W. Donnelly, Michelle K. Hagwood, Charles R. Kukuck, Scott R. Hackley, Vincent A. Pui, David Y. H. TI Measurement of 100 nm and 60 nm particle standards by differential mobility analysis SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE differential mobility analysis; dynamic light scattering; electrical mobility; electrospray aerosol generation; particle size calibration standards; transfer function ID SLIP CORRECTION MEASUREMENTS; LIGHT-SCATTERING; AEROSOL GENERATION; DMA; CUMULANTS; ANALYZER; SPHERES; MOTION; RANGE; SAXS AB The peak particle size and expanded uncertainties (95% confidence interval) for two new particle calibration standards are measured as 101.8 nm +/- 1.1 nm and 60.39 nm +/- 0.63 nm. The particle samples are polystyrene spheres suspended in filtered, deionized water at a mass fraction of about 0.5 %. The size distribution measurements of aerosolized particles are made using a differential mobility analyzer (DMA) system calibrated using SRM(R) 1963 (100.7 nm polystyrene spheres). An electrospray aerosol generator was used for generating the 60 nm aerosol to almost eliminate the generation of multiply charged dimers and trimers and to minimize the effect of non-volatile contaminants increasing the particle size. The testing for the homogeneity of the samples and for the presence of multimers using dynamic light scattering is described. The use of the transfer function integral in the calibration of the DMA is shown to reduce the uncertainty in the measurement of the peak particle size compared to the approach based on the peak in the concentration vs. voltage distribution. A modified aerosol/sheath inlet, recirculating sheath flow, a high ratio of sheath flow to the aerosol flow, and accurate pressure, temperature, and voltage measurements have increased the resolution and accuracy of the measurements. A significant consideration in the uncertainty analysis was the correlation between the slip correction of the calibration particle and the measured particle. Including the correlation reduced the expanded uncertainty from approximately 1.8% of the particle size to about 1.0%. The effect of non-volatile contaminants in the polystyrene suspensions on the peak particle size and the uncertainty in the size is determined. The full size distributions for both the 60 nm and 100 nm spheres are tabulated and selected mean sizes including the number mean diameter and the dynamic light scattering mean diameter are computed. The use of these particles for calibrating DMAs and for making deposition standards to be used with surface scanning inspection systems is discussed. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Mech Engn, Particle Technol Lab, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RP Mulholland, GW (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM george.mulholland@nist.gov; michelle.donnelly@nist.gov; charles.hagwood@nist.gov; vince.hackley@nist.gov OI Hackley, Vincent/0000-0003-4166-2724 NR 45 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 5 U2 29 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2006 VL 111 IS 4 BP 257 EP 312 DI 10.6028/jres.111.022 PG 56 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 096LL UT WOS:000241378500001 PM 27274934 ER PT J AU Kim, SK Hancock, DK Wang, LL Cole, KD Reddy, PT AF Kim, Sook-Kyung Hancock, Diane K. Wang, Lili Cole, Kenneth D. Reddy, Prasad T. TI Methods to characterize ricin for the development of reference materials SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bioterrorism agent; castor bean plant; reference material; ricin toxin ID TOXICITY; CHAINS; RNA AB Ricin is an abundant protein from the castor bean plant Ricinus communis. Because of its high toxicity and the simplicity of producing mass quantities, ricin is considered a biological terrorism agent. We have characterized ricin extensively with a view to develop Reference Materials that could be used to test and calibrate detection devices. The characterization of ricin includes: 1) purity test of a commercial batch of ricin using electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels, 2) biological activity assay by measuring its ability to inhibit protein synthesis, 3) quantitation of protein concentration by amino acid analysis, 4) detection of ricin by an immunoassay using a flow cytometer, and 5) detection of ricin genomic DNA by polymerase chain reaction using nine different primer sets. By implementing these five methods of characterization, we are in a position to develop a reference material for ricin. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kim, SK (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM sook-kyung.kim@nist.gov; diane.hancock@nist.gov; lili.wang@nist.gov; kenneth.cole@nist.gov; prasad.reddy@nist.gov NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2006 VL 111 IS 4 BP 313 EP 324 DI 10.6028/jres.111.023 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 096LL UT WOS:000241378500002 PM 27274935 ER PT J AU Fedchak, JA Carter, AC Datla, R AF Fedchak, James A. Carter, Adriaan C. Datla, Raju TI Intercomparison of the LBIR absolute cryogenic radiometers to the NIST optical power measurement standard SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE absolute cryogenic radiometer; ACR; calibration; electrical substitution radiometers; HACR; high accuracy cryogenic radiometer; intercomparison; LBIR; optical power measurement standard; POWR; primary optical watt radiometer; traceability ID NATIONAL-INSTITUTE; BLACKBODY CALIBRATIONS; DETECTOR AB The Low Background Infrared calibration (LBIR) facility at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) presently maintains four absolute cryogenic radiometers (ACRs) which serve as standard reference detectors for infrared calibrations performed by the facility. The primary standard for optical power measurements at NIST-Gaithersburg has been the High Accuracy Cryogenic Radiometer (HACR). Recently, an improved radiometer, the Primary Optical Watt Radiometer (POWR), has replaced the HACR as the primary standard. In this paper, we present the results of comparisons between the radiometric powers measured by the four ACRs presently maintained by the LBIR facility to that measured by the HACR and POWR. This was done by using a Si photodiode light-trapping detector as a secondary transfer standard to compare the primary national standards to the ACRs maintained by the LBIR facility. The technique used to compare an ACR to the trap detector is described in detail. The absolute optical power measurements are found to be within 0.1% of the primary standard for all the ACRs examined in this study. C1 Jung Res & Dev Corp, Washington, DC 20009 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Fedchak, JA (reprint author), Jung Res & Dev Corp, 1706 U St, Washington, DC 20009 USA. EM adriaan.carter@nist.gov; raju.datla@nist.gov NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 3 U2 9 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2006 VL 111 IS 4 BP 325 EP 334 DI 10.6028/jres.111.024 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 096LL UT WOS:000241378500003 PM 27274936 ER PT J AU Rukhin, AL AF Rukhin, AL TI Gamma-distribution order statistics, maximal multinomial frequency and randomization designs SO JOURNAL OF STATISTICAL PLANNING AND INFERENCE LA English DT Article DE banach match-box problem; birthday problem; clinical trials; combinatorial extreme-value theory; load balancing; multinomial trials; normal order statistics; Poisson approximation; probability generating function; renewal process AB The paper discusses the relationship between the gamma-distribution order statistics, the maximal cell frequency in multinomial trials and the distribution arising in a commonly used balanced randomization scheme with several treatments. The latter is used in clinical trials, load balancing in computer files storage, parapsychological experiments, etc., where a randomization design starts with the uniform probability assignment of subjects to treatments. The limiting distributions of the waiting time until a treatment receives the given number of subjects are described. The relationship to classical occupancy problems, in particular, to the Banach match-box problem and to the birthday problem is discussed. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rukhin, AL (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Baltimore Cty Campus,1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. EM rukhin@math.umbc.edu NR 26 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3758 J9 J STAT PLAN INFER JI J. Stat. Plan. Infer. PD JUL 1 PY 2006 VL 136 IS 7 BP 2213 EP 2226 DI 10.1016/j.jspi.2005.08.027 PG 14 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 029LP UT WOS:000236564400016 ER PT J AU Pauluis, O Garner, S AF Pauluis, Olivier Garner, Stephen TI Sensitivity of radiative-convective equilibrium simulations to horizontal resolution SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID CLOUD-RESOLVING MODELS; ICE-PHASE MICROPHYSICS; LARGE-SCALE MODELS; ENTROPY BUDGET; PARAMETERIZATION; ATMOSPHERE; GATE; BUOYANCY; DYNAMICS; VELOCITY AB This paper investigates the impacts of horizontal resolution on the statistical behavior of convection. An idealized radiative-convective equilibrium is simulated for model resolutions ranging between 2 and 50 km. The simulations are compared based upon the analysis of the mean state, the energy and water vapor transport, and the probability distribution functions for various quantities. It is shown that, at a coarse resolution, the model is unable to capture the mixing associated with shallow clouds. This results in a dry bias in the lower troposphere, and in an excessive amount of water clouds. Despite this deficiency, the coarse resolution simulations are able to reproduce reasonably well the statistical properties of deep convective towers. This is particularly apparent in the cloud ice and vertical velocity distributions that exhibit a very robust behavior. A theoretical scaling for the vertical velocity as function of the grid resolution is derived based upon the behavior of an idealized air bubble. It is shown that the vertical velocity of an ascending air parcel is determined by its aspect ratio, with a wide, flat parcel rising at a much slower pace than a narrow one. This theoretical scaling law exhibits a similar sensitivity to that of the numerical simulations. It is used to renormalize the probability distribution functions for vertical velocity, which show a very good agreement for resolutions up to 16 km. This new scaling law offers a way to improve direct simulations of deep convection in coarse resolution models. C1 NYU, Courant Inst Math Sci, New York, NY USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Pauluis, O (reprint author), Warren Weaver Hall,251 Mercer St, New York, NY 10012 USA. EM pauluis@cims.nyu.edu NR 27 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 63 IS 7 BP 1910 EP 1923 DI 10.1175/JAS3705.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 067MT UT WOS:000239308000013 ER PT J AU Williams, GP AF Williams, G. P. TI Circulation sensitivity to tropopause height SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION; TROPOSPHERE; MAINTENANCE; ATMOSPHERE; EDDIES; MODEL; JETS AB The possibility that the tropopause could be lower during an ice-age cooling leads to an examination of the general sensitivity of global circulations to the tropopause height by altering a constant stratospheric temperature T(s) in calculations with a dry, global, multilevel, spectral, primitive equation model subject to a simple Newtonian heating function. In general, lowering the tropopause by increasing the stratospheric temperature causes the jet stream to move to lower latitudes and the eddies to become smaller. Near the standard state with T(s) = 200 K, the jets relocate themselves equatorward by 2 in latitude for every 5 K increase in the stratospheric temperature. A double-jet system, with centers at 30 and 60 latitude, occurs when the equatorial tropopause drops to 500 mb (for T(s) = 250 K), with the high-latitude component extending throughout the stratosphere. The eddy momentum flux mainly traverses poleward across the standard jet at 40, in keeping with the predominantly equatorward propagation of the planetary waves. But when the jet lies at 30 (for T(s) = 225 K) the flux converges on the jet in keeping with planetary waves that propagate both equatorward and poleward. Two sets of such wave propagation occur in the double-jet system. As the troposphere becomes even shallower, the flux reverts to being primarily poleward across the jet (for T(s) = 260 K) but then becomes uniquely primarily equatorward across the jet (for T(s) = 275 K) before the circulation approaches extinction. Thus the existence of a predominantly poleward flux in the standard state appears to be parametrically fortuitous. C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Williams, GP (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM Gareth.Williams@noaa.gov NR 17 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 63 IS 7 BP 1954 EP 1961 DI 10.1175/JAS3762.1 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 067MT UT WOS:000239308000016 ER PT J AU Wight, SA Powell, CJ AF Wight, S. A. Powell, C. J. TI Evaluation of the shapes of Auger- and secondary-electron line scans across interfaces with the logistic function SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A LA English DT Article ID DEPTH PROFILE ANALYSIS; SPATIAL-RESOLUTION; MICROSCOPY; PARAMETERS; AREA AB We report on the use of the extended logistic function for fitting Auger-electron (AE) and secondary-electron (SE) line scans. Such fits provide convenient and objective measures of parameters describing the interface width and possible asymmetry of a line scan. We show examples of fits to AE and SE line scans for three types of samples. Fits to AE and SE data for a gold island on a carbon substrate gave useful measures of the lateral resolution of a scanning Auger microscope and "tails" present in the line scans showed evidence of imperfect alignment of the microscope. Fits to AE spectra obtained as the primary beam was scanned across an edge of Cr/Cr2O3 lines on an indium tin oxide substrate showed similar tails due to the effect of backscattered electrons on the generation of Auger electrons for primary energies between 15 and 25 keV. Fits with the logistic function to SE line scans across a fractured Ni/Cr multilayer sample and to AE and SE line scans across a sputtered crater of this sample provided useful measures of the interface width. (c) 2006 American Vacuum Society. C1 NIST, Surface & Microanalys Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wight, SA (reprint author), NIST, Surface & Microanalys Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM scott.wight@nist.gov; cedric.powell@nist.gov NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0734-2101 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL A JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A PD JUL-AUG PY 2006 VL 24 IS 4 BP 1024 EP 1030 DI 10.1116/1.2209651 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 063VN UT WOS:000239048100024 ER PT J AU Farkas, N Ehrman, JD Evans, EA Ramsier, RD Dagata, JA AF Farkas, N. Ehrman, J. D. Evans, E. A. Ramsier, R. D. Dagata, J. A. TI High-voltage parallel writing on iron nitride thin films SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 52nd International Symposium of the American-Vacuum-Society CY OCT 30-NOV 04, 2005 CL Boston, MA SP Amer Vacuum Soc ID LOCAL OXIDATION NANOLITHOGRAPHY; ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPE; DIP-PEN NANOLITHOGRAPHY; MAGNETIC NANOSTRUCTURES; NANO-OXIDATION; METAL-FILMS; LITHOGRAPHY; GROWTH; ZIRCONIUM; SILICON AB We report large area patterning of sputter-deposited FeN thin films by a high-voltage parallel writing technique that was recently developed to modify ZrN surfaces. Systematically patterned 15-100-nm-thick FeN films consisting of features with well-defined sizes and shapes are obtained by applying high dc voltages between a stamp and the samples. During the process the oxide dissolves, exposing the substrate beneath. This controlled breakdown eliminates the need for any postexposure etching. The single-step imprinting method presented here provides an emerging route to fabricate isolated FeN geometrical structures on silicon substrates for magnetic applications. (c) 2006 American Vacuum Society. C1 Univ Akron, Dept Phys, Akron, OH 44325 USA. Univ Akron, Dept Chem, Akron, OH 44325 USA. Univ Akron, Dept Chem Engn, Akron, OH 44325 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Precis Engn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ramsier, RD (reprint author), Univ Akron, Dept Phys, Akron, OH 44325 USA. EM rex@uakron.edu NR 33 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 4 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0734-2101 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL A JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A PD JUL-AUG PY 2006 VL 24 IS 4 BP 1340 EP 1343 DI 10.1116/1.2167074 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 063VN UT WOS:000239048100080 ER PT J AU Sambasivan, S Hsieh, S Fischer, DA Hsu, SM AF Sambasivan, Sharadha Hsieh, Shuchen Fischer, Daniel A. Hsu, Stephen M. TI Effect of self-assembled monolayer film order on nanofriction SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 52nd International Symposium of the American-Vacuum-Society CY OCT 30-NOV 04, 2005 CL Boston, MA SP Amer Vacuum Soc ID X-RAY-ABSORPTION; CHAIN-LENGTH DEPENDENCE; MOLECULAR-ORIENTATION; SURFACES; SPECTRA; SILICA; GOLD; MICA AB Self-assembled monolayers have increasingly been explored as potential protective films in devices against friction and adhesion. However, detailed characterization of the monolayer film structure is difficult. This article utilizes a combination of near edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to determine the film structure in order to explain the observed nanofriction measurement results. A series of n-alkyltrichlorosilane self-assembled monolayer films with various chain lengths (C5-C30) was prepared on silicon (100) surfaces. Nanofriction measurements were conducted using an atomic force microscope. Results showed that the lowest friction was obtained with a C12 film with higher friction values observed for C5 and C30 films. To explain these observations, the x-ray absorption technique NEXAFS was used to quantitatively measure the surface molecular orientation (order) of these films. It was observed that C12, C16, and C18 films were highly ordered with a molecular orientation of the carbon backbone nearly perpendicular to the surface. C5 and C30 films were less oriented and C10 film showed partial orientation. FTIR spectra suggested that these films possessed different degrees of order. This combination of molecular orientation and order supports and confirms that nanofriction results were heavily influenced by the order and structure of these films. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sambasivan, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM sharadha@bnl.gov NR 30 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 10 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0734-2101 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL A JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A PD JUL-AUG PY 2006 VL 24 IS 4 BP 1484 EP 1488 DI 10.1116/1.2204920 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 063VN UT WOS:000239048100105 ER PT J AU Wilson, AE Sarnelle, O Tillmanns, AR AF Wilson, Alan E. Sarnelle, Orlando Tillmanns, Angeline R. TI Effects of cyanobacterial toxicity and morphology on the population growth of freshwater zooplankton: Meta-analyses of laboratory experiments SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Review ID MICROCYSTIS-AERUGINOSA; DAPHNIA-GALEATA; CLADOCERANS; ROTIFERS; INGESTION; SURVIVAL; ALGAL; FOOD; CONSTRAINTS; CYANOTOXINS AB We synthesized data from 66 published laboratory studies, representing 597 experimental comparisons, examining the effects of cyanobacterial toxicity and morphology on the population growth rate and survivorship of 17 genera (34 species) of freshwater, herbivorous zooplankton. Two meta-analyses were conducted with these data. The primary analysis compared herbivore population growth rates for grazers fed treatment diets containing cyanobacteria versus control diets comprising phytoplankton that are generally considered to be nutritious for zooplankton (chlorophytes and/or flagellates). This analysis confirmed that cyanobacteria were poor foods relative to small chlorophytes and flagellates. More importantly, filamentous cyanobacteria were found to be significantly better foods for grazers than single-celled cyanobacteria overall studies. Surprisingly, the presence or absence of commonly-measured toxic compounds (microcystins in 70% of the cases) in the diet had no overall influence on grazer population growth relative to control diets. A secondary analysis compared survival rates for grazers fed cyanobacteria versus no food. In contrast to the primary analysis, grazer survival was more negatively affected by toxic cyanobacteria than non-toxic cyanobacteria, relative to starvation. However, this difference was attributable to the effects of a single Microcystis strain, PCC7820. Thus, though some cyanobacterial strains appear to be toxic to some strains of zooplankton, the overall role of commonly-assayed cyanobacterial toxins as a determinant of food quality may be less than widely assumed. We suggest that more attention be focused on nutritional deficiencies, morphology, and the toxicity of undescribed cyanobacterial compounds as mediators of the poor food quality of cyanobacteria for zooplankton. C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Biol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Michigan State Univ, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Univ Ottawa, Dept Biol, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada. RP Wilson, AE (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, NOAA, GLERL,Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM awilson@umich.edu NR 54 TC 129 Z9 132 U1 7 U2 53 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0024-3590 EI 1939-5590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 51 IS 4 BP 1915 EP 1924 PG 10 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 066WW UT WOS:000239262200034 ER PT J AU Wallace, BP Seminoff, JA Kilham, SS Spotila, JR Dutton, PH AF Wallace, BP Seminoff, JA Kilham, SS Spotila, JR Dutton, PH TI Leatherback turtles as oceanographic indicators: stable isotope analyses reveal a trophic dichotomy between ocean basins SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EQUATORIAL PACIFIC-OCEAN; DERMOCHELYS-CORIACEA; EL-NINO; NITROGEN-FIXATION; NATURAL ABUNDANCE; CARBON ISOTOPES; SEA-TURTLES; DIET; DELTA-C-13; PATTERNS AB Oceanographic sampling is often limited to local and temporally concise assessments of complex, transient, and widespread phenomena. However, long-lived, migratory pelagic vertebrates such as leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea, Vandelli 1761) can provide important integrated information about broad-scale oceanographic processes. Therefore, the present study analyzed stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios (delta C-13 and delta N-15) of egg yolk and red blood cells from nesting leatherback populations from Costa Rica in the eastern Pacific in 2003-2004 and 2004-2005 and from St. Croix in the North Atlantic in 2004 and 2005 to establish differences between nutrient sourcing and its influence on higher trophic level consumers in both ocean basins. Whereas delta C-13 signatures were similar between Costa Rica (-19.1 +/- 0.7 parts per thousand) and St. Croix (-19.4 +/- 1.0 parts per thousand) leatherbacks, reflecting the pelagic foraging strategy of the species, Costa Rica leatherback delta N-15 signatures (15.4 +/- 1.8 parts per thousand) were significantly enriched relative to St. Croix leatherback delta N-15 signatures (9.8 +/- 1.5 parts per thousand). This delta N-15 difference likely reflects inter-basin differences in nitrogen cycling regimes and their influence on primary productivity being transferred through several trophic levels. Thus, high-order marine consumer movements, habitat preferences, and stable isotope signatures can be combined with ocean sampling to elucidate interactions between oceanographic processes and marine megafauna. C1 Drexel Univ, Dept Biosci & Biotechnol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Wallace, BP (reprint author), Drexel Univ, Dept Biosci & Biotechnol, 3141 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. EM bwallace@duke.edu NR 60 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 4 U2 24 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0025-3162 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 149 IS 4 BP 953 EP 960 DI 10.1007/s00227-006-0247-y PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 058SC UT WOS:000238683900022 ER PT J AU Frost, KJ Simpkins, MA Small, RJ Lowry, LF AF Frost, KJ Simpkins, MA Small, RJ Lowry, LF TI Development of diving by harbor seal pups in two regions of Alaska: Use of the water column SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE harbor seal; Phoca vitulina richardsi; pup; Alaska; diving; satellite-linked dive recorder; generalized additive models ID PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; PHOCA-VITULINA-RICHARDSI; SEQUENTIAL MEGAFAUNAL COLLAPSE; VALDEZ OIL-SPILL; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; BODY-COMPOSITION; RINGED SEALS; REGIME SHIFT; LEPTONYCHOTES WEDDELLII; TUGIDAK ISLAND AB Satellite-linked dive recorders were attached to 53 harbor seal pups in Prince William Sound (PWS) and at Tugidak Island, Alaska, during 1997-1999. We used generalized additive models and bootstrap techniques to describe pup diving behavior during their first year of life. Pups increased their ability to dive during the first 3-6 mo, as indicated by increases in proportion of time in the water (time wet) and maximum dive depth achieved by a pup each day (max-depth) values. Time wet and/or max-depth later decreased, suggesting a seasonal component to diving behavior. Monthly time wet varied from an overall minimum of 0.68 at tagging in July to a maximum of 0.89 in November. Pups spent half of their time wet swimming in water < 25 m deep, the shallowest 30% of the available water column. They spent only 5% of their time swimming in the deepest 30% of the available water column, at depths > 60-70 m. This strongly suggests they were not feeding on or near bottom during their first year. Average max-depths and deepest actual dives were similar for PWS and Tugidak pups. PWS pups dove deeper sooner and spent less time wet than Tugidak pups during the first few months after tagging, probably as a result of regional bathymetric differences. Diving behavior and body condition suggest that food availability was not likely a major factor in the population decline in PWS during the period of this study. C1 Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Juneau, AK 99802 USA. RP Frost, KJ (reprint author), 73-4388 Paiaha St, Kailua Kona, HI 96740 USA. EM frostlow@ptialaska.net NR 88 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 11 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 22 IS 3 BP 617 EP 643 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2006.00056.x PG 27 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 051UK UT WOS:000238186500007 ER PT J AU Mattson, MC Mullin, KD Ingram, GW Hoggard, W AF Mattson, MC Mullin, KD Ingram, GW Hoggard, W TI Age structure and growth of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) from strandings in the Mississippi sound region of the north-central Gulf of Mexico from 1986 to 2003 SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bottlenose dolphin; Tursiops truncatus; age; growth; Laird-Gompertz growth model; Gulf of Mexico ID PACIFIC-OCEAN; REPRODUCTION; ABUNDANCE; CETACEANS; PATTERNS; WATERS AB Despite their high abundance and wide distribution, little is known about the historical or current growth and age structure of coastal bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the north-central Gulf of Mexico. Between 1986 and 2003, teeth were collected from bottlenose dolphins stranded on the mainland coast of Mississippi and the adjacent barrier islands. Bottlenose dolphin strandings occurred year round, peaking in March and April. Neonate strandings also peaked during these 2 mo. Age estimates were obtained from 111 animals by reading the growth layer groups in the dentine layer of the teeth. The ages ranged from < 1 yr to 30 yr of age. The two-stage Laird-Gompertz growth model was fitted to the total length and age data. On the basis of this model, the asymptotic lengths were estimated at 250 cm for females and 255 cm for males. The length at birth estimates were 98-103 cm for females and 100-107 cm for males. These lengths are similar to those of bottlenose dolphin populations from other Gulf of Mexico areas and from the North Atlantic Ocean along the southeastern United States. C1 NOAA, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pascagoula, MS 39567 USA. RP Mattson, MC (reprint author), NOAA, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 3209 Frederic St, Pascagoula, MS 39567 USA. EM keith.d.mullin@noaa.gov NR 31 TC 23 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 10 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 22 IS 3 BP 654 EP 666 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2006.00057.x PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 051UK UT WOS:000238186500009 ER PT J AU Hoberecht, LK Vos, DJ VanBlaricom, GR AF Hoberecht, LK Vos, DJ VanBlaricom, GR TI A remote biopsy system used to sample steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) blubber SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FATTY-ACID SIGNATURES; FORAGING ECOLOGY; HARBOR SEALS; DIET C1 Univ Washington, Washington Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Alaska Reg Off, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Anchorage, AK 99513 USA. RP Hoberecht, LK (reprint author), Univ Washington, Washington Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM llitzky@u.washington.edu NR 11 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 22 IS 3 BP 683 EP 689 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2006.00046.x PG 7 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 051UK UT WOS:000238186500011 ER PT J AU Brodie, EC Gulland, FMD Greig, DJ Hunter, M Jaakola, J St Leger, J Leighfield, TA Van Dolah, FM AF Brodie, Erin C. Gulland, Frances M. D. Greig, Denise J. Hunter, Michele Jaakola, Jackie St Leger, Judy Leighfield, Tod A. Van Dolah, Frances M. TI Domoic acid causes reproductive failure in california sea lions (Zalophus californianus) SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MORTALITY; TOXICITY; EXPOSURE; TOXIN; BLOOM C1 Marine Mammal Ctr, Sausalito, CA 94965 USA. Pacific Marine Mammal Ctr, Laguna Beach, CA 92651 USA. Marine Mammal Care Ctr Ft MacArthur, San Pedro, CA 90731 USA. SeaWorld Calif, San Diego, CA 92109 USA. NOAA, Marine Biotoxins Program, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Brodie, EC (reprint author), Marine Mammal Ctr, Marine Headlands,1065 Fort Cronkhite, Sausalito, CA 94965 USA. EM brodiee@tmmc.org NR 25 TC 53 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 12 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0824-0469 EI 1748-7692 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 22 IS 3 BP 700 EP 707 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2006.00045.x PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 051UK UT WOS:000238186500013 ER PT J AU Rankin, S Barlow, J Stafford, KM AF Rankin, S Barlow, J Stafford, KM TI Blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) sightings and recordings South of the Aleutian Islands SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GULF-OF-CALIFORNIA; HUMPBACK WHALES; 20-HZ SIGNALS; ALASKA; PHYSALUS; MEXICO; SOUNDS C1 SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. RP Rankin, S (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM shannon.rankin@noaa.gov NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 22 IS 3 BP 708 EP 713 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2006.00054.x PG 6 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 051UK UT WOS:000238186500014 ER PT J AU Durban, JW Parsons, KM AF Durban, JW Parsons, KM TI Laser-metrics of free-ranging killer whales SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BOTTLE-NOSED DOLPHINS; SEXUAL-DIMORPHISM; AERIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY; TURSIOPS-TRUNCATUS; GROWTH C1 Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Ctr Whale Res, Friday Harbor, WA 98250 USA. NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Durban, JW (reprint author), Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM john.durban@noaa.gov RI Parsons, Kim/A-8050-2011 NR 18 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 11 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 22 IS 3 BP 735 EP 743 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2006.00068.x PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 051UK UT WOS:000238186500018 ER PT J AU Pitman, RL Van Helden, AL Best, PB Pym, A AF Pitman, RL Van Helden, AL Best, PB Pym, A TI Shepherd's beaked whale (Tasmacetus shepherdi): Information on appearance and biology based on strandings and at-sea observations SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID INDOPACETUS-PACIFICUS; NEW-ZEALAND C1 NOAA Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Museum New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, New Zealand. Univ Pretoria, Mammal Res Inst, ZA-0002 Pretoria, South Africa. Hurley Stream Cottage, Pewsey SN9 5JF, Wilts, England. RP Pitman, RL (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM robert.pitman@noaa.gov NR 28 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 22 IS 3 BP 744 EP 755 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2006.00066.x PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 051UK UT WOS:000238186500019 ER PT J AU Li, B Brody, HD Black, DR Burdette, HE Rau, C AF Li, B. Brody, H. D. Black, D. R. Burdette, H. E. Rau, C. TI A compact design of a temperature gradient furnace for synchrotron microradiography SO MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE temperature gradient; furnace; synchrotron microradiography; solidification ID RAY TRANSMISSION MICROSCOPY; DENDRITIC GROWTH; SOLIDIFICATION; ALLOY; ALUMINUM AB A compact, convenient and economic design of a temperature gradient furnace for synchrotron microradiography is described. The thermal control of the furnace, in terms of cooling rate and temperature gradient, was achieved by programmable temperature controllers, and provided necessary thermal conditions for real time observations of dendritic solidification in real alloys. The experiments at the Advanced Photon Source (APS), Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) demonstrate that the design is well suited to the melting and solidification of alloys with liquidus temperatures up to intermediate ranges (approximate to 650 degrees C), such as aluminium alloys. Real time observations with this furnace of dendritic solidification in A1-25 wt% Cu alloy by synchrotron microradiography show interesting and promising results. C1 Univ Connecticut, Dept Met & Mat Engn, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Illinois, Frederick Seitz Mat Res Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Li, B (reprint author), Univ Connecticut, Dept Met & Mat Engn, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. NR 15 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 7 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-0233 EI 1361-6501 J9 MEAS SCI TECHNOL JI Meas. Sci. Technol. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 17 IS 7 BP 1883 EP 1887 DI 10.1088/0957-0233/17/7/029 PG 5 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 058DT UT WOS:000238645900031 ER PT J AU Yarimbiyik, AE Schafft, HA Allen, RA Zaghloul, ME Blackburn, DL AF Yarimbiyik, AE Schafft, HA Allen, RA Zaghloul, ME Blackburn, DL TI Modeling and simulation of resistivity of nanometer scale copper SO MICROELECTRONICS RELIABILITY LA English DT Article ID FILMS AB A highly versatile simulation program was developed and used to examine how the resistivity of thin metal films and lines is increased as their dimensions approach and become smaller than the mean free path of electrons in metals such as copper and aluminum. The simulation program is flexible in that it can include the effects of surface and grain-boundary scattering on resistivity either separately or together, and it can simulate the effect on resistivity where each surface of a film or line has a different value for the scattering parameter. The simulation program (1) provides a more accurate calculation of surface scattering effects than that obtained from the usual formulation of Fuchs' theory, (2) calculates grain-boundary effects that are consistent with the theory of Mayadas and Shatzkes, (3) shows that surface and grain-boundary scattering effects are interdependent, and (4) shows that the change in resistivity with temperature begins to increase as dimensions approach the bulk mean free path of the electrons in the metal. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 George Washington Univ, Dept Telecommun, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Washington, DC 20052 USA. NIST, Semicond Elect Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Yarimbiyik, AE (reprint author), George Washington Univ, Dept Telecommun, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Washington, DC 20052 USA. NR 10 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0026-2714 J9 MICROELECTRON RELIAB JI Microelectron. Reliab. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 46 IS 7 BP 1050 EP 1057 DI 10.1016/j.microrel.2005.09.004 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 050VB UT WOS:000238115900004 ER PT J AU Krishnamoorthy, S Feng, J Henry, AC Locascio, LE Hickman, JJ Sundaram, S AF Krishnamoorthy, S. Feng, J. Henry, A. C. Locascio, L. E. Hickman, J. J. Sundaram, S. TI Simulation and experimental characterization of electroosmotic flow in surface modified channels SO MICROFLUIDICS AND NANOFLUIDICS LA English DT Article DE electroosmosis; polymer devices; surface oxidation; simulation; dispersion ID MICROFLUIDIC DEVICES; POLYELECTROLYTE MULTILAYERS; CAPILLARY-ELECTROPHORESIS; RECTANGULAR MICROCHANNELS; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; TRANSPORT; HETEROGENEITY; SPHERES AB Covalent surface modification techniques, in particular surface oxidation procedures, have been employed as a mean to modify polymer microfluidic channels for the purpose of modulating microflow. The focus of this work is to experimentally and computationally characterize electroosmotic flow (EOF) to understand the impact of surface modifications and buffer pH on sample mixing and dispersion. The experimental results are used to calibrate and validate the simulation model that solves the Navier-Stokes equation for fluid flow and Poisson equation to resolve external electric field. Experimental and simulated results are presented for hybrid microfluidic systems, consisting of both pristine polymer surfaces and chemically modified polymer surfaces. The results show that the selective surface modification induces hydrodynamic pressure gradient, leading to enhanced sample dispersion. The mass flow rate increases linearly with the level of oxidation. All channels (pristine, oxidized, and hybrid) showed an increasing EOF with increasing pH until the near neutral regime (7 < pH < 9), where the EOF leveled off at a maximum value-behavior that is typical of a microchannel with negative surface moieties populating its surface. C1 CFD Res Corp, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Cent Florida, Nanosci Technol Ctr, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. RP Krishnamoorthy, S (reprint author), CFD Res Corp, 215 Wynn Dr,Suite 501, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. EM sk@cfdrc.com NR 43 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1613-4982 J9 MICROFLUID NANOFLUID JI Microfluid. Nanofluid. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 2 IS 4 BP 345 EP 355 DI 10.1007/s10404-006-0077-8 PG 11 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 077NN UT WOS:000240036600007 ER PT J AU Sippel, JA Nielsen-Gammon, JW Allen, SE AF Sippel, Jason A. Nielsen-Gammon, John W. Allen, Stephen E. TI The multiple-vortex nature of tropical cyclogenesis SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID SEA INTERACTION THEORY; WARM-CORE VORTEX; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; CYCLONE FORMATION; HOT TOWERS; DIANA 1984; GENESIS; INTENSIFICATION; AMPLIFICATION; EVOLUTION AB This study explores the extent to which potential vorticity (PV) generation and superposition were relevant on a variety of scales during the genesis of Tropical Storm Allison. Allison formed close to shore, and the combination of continuous Doppler radar, satellite, aircraft, and surface observations allows for the examination of tropical cyclogenesis in great detail. Preceding Allison's genesis, PV superposition on the large scale created an environment where decreased vertical shear and increased instability, surface fluxes, and low-level cyclonic vorticity coexisted. This presented a favorable environment for meso-alpha-scale PV production by widespread convection and led to the formation of surface-based, meso-beta-scale vortices [termed convective burst vortices (CBVs)]. The CBVs seemed to form in association with intense bursts of convection and rotated around each other within the meso-a circulation field. One CBV eventually superposed with a mesoscale convective vortex (MCV), resulting in a more concentrated surface vortex with stronger pressure gradients. The unstable, vorticity-rich environment was also favorable for the development of even smaller, meso-gamma-scale vortices that formed within the cores of deep convective cells. Several meso-gamma-scale convective vortices were present in the immediate vicinity when a CBV developed, and the smaller vortices may have contributed to the formation of the CBV. The convection associated with the meso-gamma vortices also fed PV into existing CBVs. Much of the vortex behavior observed in Allison has been documented or simulated in studies of other tropical cyclones. Multiscale vortex formation and interaction may be a common aspect of many tropical cyclogenesis events. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Natl Weather Serv Houston Galveston, Dickinson, TX USA. RP Sippel, JA (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, 3150 TAMU, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM jsipp@ariel.met.tamu.edu RI Nielsen-Gammon, John/G-9771-2012 OI Nielsen-Gammon, John/0000-0001-5336-2409 NR 39 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 134 IS 7 BP 1796 EP 1814 DI 10.1175/MWR3165.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 065HU UT WOS:000239151600005 ER PT J AU Neiman, PJ Ralph, FM White, AB Parrish, DD Holloway, JS Bartels, DL AF Neiman, Paul J. Ralph, F. Martin White, Allen B. Parrish, David D. Holloway, John S. Bartels, Diana L. TI A multiwinter analysis of channeled flow through a prominent gap along the northern California coast during CALJET and PACJET SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID AIRBORNE DOPPLER OBSERVATIONS; AIR-FLOW; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; VANCOUVER-ISLAND; SHELIKOF STRAIT; ALASKAN COAST; BARRIER JETS; COLD-FRONT; PART I; WINDS AB Experimental observations from coastal and island wind profilers, aircraft, and other sensors deployed during the California Land-falling Jets Experiment of 1997/98 and the Pacific Land-falling Jets Experiment of 2000/01-2003/04 were combined with observations from operational networks to document the regular occurrence and characteristic structure of shallow (similar to 400-500 m deep), cold airstreams flowing westward through California's Petaluma Gap from the Central Valley to the coast during the winter months. The Petaluma Gap, which is the only major air shed outlet from the Central Valley, is similar to 35-50 km wide and has walls extending, at most, a modest 600-900 m above the valley floor. Based on this geometry, together with winter meteorological conditions typical of the region (e.g., cold air pooled in the Central Valley and approaching extratropical cyclones), this gap is predisposed to generating westward-directed ageostrophic flows driven by along-gap pressure differences. Two case studies and a five-winter composite analysis of 62 gap-flow cases are presented here to show that flows through the Petaluma Gap significantly impact local distributions of wind, temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric pollutants. These gap flows preferentially occur in pre-cold-frontal conditions, largely because sea level pressure decreases westward along the gap in a stably stratified atmosphere in advance of approaching cold-frontal pressure troughs. Airstreams exiting the Petaluma Gap are only several hundred meters deep and characterized by relatively cold, easterly flow capped by a layer of enhanced static stability and directional vertical wind shear. Airborne air-chemistry observations collected offshore by the NOAA P-3 aircraft illustrate the fact that gap-flow events can transport pollutants from inland to the coast, and that they can contribute to coastally blocked airstreams. The strongest gap-flow cases occur when comparatively deep midtropospheric troughs approach the coast, while the weak cases are tied to anticyclonic conditions aloft. Low-level cold-frontal pressure troughs approaching the coast are stronger and possess a greater along-gap pressure gradient for the strong gap-flow cases. These synoptic characteristics are dynamically consistent with coastal wind profiler observations of stronger low-level gap flow and winds aloft, and greater rainfall, during the strong gap-flow events. However, gap flow, on average, inhibits rainfall at the coast. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Neiman, PJ (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Mail Code R-ET7,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM paul.j.neiman@noaa.gov RI White, Allen/A-7946-2009; Parrish, David/E-8957-2010; Holloway, John/F-9911-2012; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Parrish, David/0000-0001-6312-2724; Holloway, John/0000-0002-4585-9594; NR 63 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 134 IS 7 BP 1815 EP 1841 DI 10.1175/MWR3148.1 PG 27 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 065HU UT WOS:000239151600006 ER PT J AU Hudson, DD Foreman, SM Cundiff, ST Ye, J AF Hudson, DD Foreman, SM Cundiff, ST Ye, J TI Synchronization of mode-locked femtosecond lasers through a fiber link SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SUBFEMTOSECOND TIMING JITTER; HIGH-STABILITY; NETWORK AB Two mode-locked femtosecond fiber lasers, connected via a 7 km fiber link, are synchronized to an rms timing jitter of 19 fs, observed over the entire Nyquist bandwidth (half of the 93 MHz repetition frequency). This result is achieved in two steps. First, active cancellation of the fiber-transmission noise reduces timing jitter caused by path length fluctuations to a record level of 16 fs. Second, using a wide bandwidth interactivity actuator, the slave laser is synchronized to the incoming stable pulse train from the reference laser to within 10 fs. These results are confirmed by an optical cross-correlation measurement performed independently of the feedback loop operated in the microwave domain. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America. C1 NIST, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Hudson, DD (reprint author), NIST, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM hudsond@jilau1.colorado.edu RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009; Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197; NR 11 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 6 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD JUL 1 PY 2006 VL 31 IS 13 BP 1951 EP 1953 DI 10.1364/OL.31.001951 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 056BA UT WOS:000238494600003 PM 16770395 ER PT J AU McFerran, JJ Swann, WC Washburn, BR Newbury, NR AF McFerran, JJ Swann, WC Washburn, BR Newbury, NR TI Elimination of pump-induced frequency jitter on fiber-laser frequency combs SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MODE-LOCKED LASERS; METROLOGY; PULSES; SYSTEM; OUTPUT; NOISE AB Optical frequency combs generated by femtosecond fiber lasers typically exhibit significant frequency noise that causes broad optical linewidths, particularly in the comb wings and in the carrier-envelope offset frequency (f(ceo)) signal. We show these broad linewidths are mainly a result of white amplitude noise on the pump diode laser that leads to a breathing-like motion of the comb about a central fixed frequency. By a combination of passive noise reduction and active feedback using phase-lead compensation, this noise source is eliminated, thereby reducing the f(ceo) linewidth from 250 kHz to < 1 Hz. The in-loop carrier-envelope offset phase jitter, integrated to 100 kHz, is 1.3 rad. C1 NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP McFerran, JJ (reprint author), NIST, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM nnewbury@boulder.nist.gov RI McFerran, John/B-7445-2011; Washburn, Brian/A-1308-2013; OI McFerran, John/0000-0002-8662-0467; Washburn, Brian/0000-0002-4418-2139 NR 15 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 2 U2 9 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD JUL 1 PY 2006 VL 31 IS 13 BP 1997 EP 1999 DI 10.1364/OL.31.001997 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 056BA UT WOS:000238494600019 PM 16770411 ER PT J AU Ji, L Gallo, K AF Ji, L Gallo, K TI An agreement coefficient for image comparison SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID CONTERMINOUS UNITED-STATES; VEGETATION INDEXES; DATA SET; VALIDATION; NDVI; PERFORMANCE; LANDSAT-7 AB Combination of datasets acquired from different sensor systems is necessary to construct a long time-series dataset for remotely sensed land-surface variables. Assessment of the agreement of the data derived from various sources is an important issue in understanding the data continuity through the time-series. Some traditional measures, including correlation coefficient, coefficient of determination, mean absolute error, and root mean square error, are not always optimal for evaluating the data agreement. For this reason, we developed a new agreement coefficient for comparing two different images. The agreement coefficient has the following properties: non-dimensional, bounded, symmetric, and distinguishable between systematic and unsystematic differences. The paper provides examples of agreement analyses for hypothetical data and actual remotely sensed data, The results demonstrate that the agreement coefficient does include the above properties, and therefore is a useful too] for image comparison. C1 Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Ji, L (reprint author), USGS, Ctr Earth Resources Observat & Sci, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. EM lji@usgs.gov; kgallo@usgs.gov RI Gallo, Kevin P./F-5588-2010 NR 32 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 72 IS 7 BP 823 EP 833 PG 11 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 058ZZ UT WOS:000238704400012 ER PT J AU Avdeenkov, AV Bortolotti, DCE Bohn, JL AF Avdeenkov, Alexander V. Bortolotti, Daniele C. E. Bohn, John L. TI Stability of fermionic Feshbach molecules in a Bose-Fermi mixture SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID GASES; TEMPERATURE AB In the wake of successful experiments in Fermi condensates, experimental attention is broadening to study resonant interactions in degenerate Bose-Fermi mixtures. Here, we consider the properties and stability of the fermionic molecules that can be created in such a mixture near a Feshbach resonance. To do this, we consider the two-body scattering matrix in the many-body environment, and assess its complex poles. The stability properties of these molecules strongly depend on their center-of-mass motion, because they must satisfy Fermi statistics. At low center-of-mass momenta the molecules are more stable than in the absence of the environment (due to Pauli-blocking effects), while at high center-of-mass momenta nontrivial many-body effects render them somewhat less stable. C1 Inst Phys & Power Engn, Obninsk 249033, Kaluga Region, Russia. Univ Colorado, JILA, NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Florence, LENS, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy. Univ Florence, Dipartimento Fis, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy. RP Avdeenkov, AV (reprint author), Inst Phys & Power Engn, Obninsk 249033, Kaluga Region, Russia. NR 35 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JUL PY 2006 VL 74 IS 1 AR 012709 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.74.012709 PG 6 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 069DK UT WOS:000239425900060 ER PT J AU Chen, QJ Regal, CA Jin, DS Levin, K AF Chen, Qijin Regal, C. A. Jin, D. S. Levin, K. TI Finite-temperature momentum distribution of a trapped Fermi gas SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID BCS-BEC CROSSOVER; SUPERCONDUCTORS AB We present measurements of the temperature-dependent momentum distribution of a trapped Fermi gas consisting of K-40 in the BCS to Bose-Einstein condensation crossover regime. Accompanying theoretical results based upon a simple mean-field ground state are compared to the experimental data. Nonmonotonic effects associated with temperature T arise from the competition between thermal broadening and a narrowing of the distribution induced by the decrease in the excitation gap Delta(T) with increasing T. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Phys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Quantum Phys Div, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Chen, QJ (reprint author), Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, 5640 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. RI Chen, Qijin/A-7798-2009 OI Chen, Qijin/0000-0002-7168-162X NR 23 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JUL PY 2006 VL 74 IS 1 AR 011601 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.74.011601 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 069DK UT WOS:000239425900008 ER PT J AU Dasgupta, A Apruzese, JP Zatsarinny, O Bartschat, K Fischer, CF AF Dasgupta, Arati Apruzese, J. P. Zatsarinny, Oleg Bartschat, Klaus Fischer, Charlotte Froese TI Laser transition probabilities in XeI SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC XENON-LASER; ELECTRON-BEAM; NONORTHOGONAL ORBITALS; ENERGY-LEVELS; OPTIMIZATION; SPLINES; STATES; GAIN AB The atomic xenon laser is among the most efficient and powerful of the near-infrared gas lasers, especially when pumped by molecular ions in an Ar-Xe mixture. Accurate transition probabilities for the laser transitions are critical in developing a fundamental understanding of the inversion dynamics, gain, and power extraction of this device. We compare results from several methods of calculating transition probabilities for six laser lines ranging in wavelength from 1.733 to 3.508 mu m. In some cases, our recommended values differ considerably from those employed in previous work. C1 USN, Res Lab, Div Plasma Phys, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Drake Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Des Moines, IA 50311 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dasgupta, A (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Div Plasma Phys, Washington, DC 20375 USA. EM dasgupta@ppdmail.nrl.navy.mil; oleg_zoi@yahoo.com; charlotte.fischer@nist.gov RI Bartschat, Klaus/I-2527-2012 NR 34 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JUL PY 2006 VL 74 IS 1 AR 012509 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.74.012509 PG 5 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 069DK UT WOS:000239425900048 ER PT J AU Ronen, S Bortolotti, DCE Bohn, JL AF Ronen, Shai Bortolotti, Daniele C. E. Bohn, John L. TI Bogoliubov modes of a dipolar condensate in a cylindrical trap SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID SPHERICAL BESSEL TRANSFORMS; BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE; QUADRATURE FORMULA; HANKEL TRANSFORM; EXCITATIONS; GAS; ZEROS AB The calculation of properties of Bose-Einstein condensates with dipolar interactions has proven a computationally intensive problem due to the long range nature of the interactions, limiting the scope of applications. In particular, the lowest lying Bogoliubov excitations in three-dimensional harmonic trap with cylindrical symmetry were so far computed in an indirect way, by Fourier analysis of time-dependent perturbations, or by approximate variational methods. We have developed a very fast and accurate numerical algorithm based on the Hankel transform for calculating properties of dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates in cylindrically symmetric traps. As an application, we are able to compute many excitation modes by directly solving the Bogoliubov-De Gennes equations. We explore the behavior of the excited modes in different trap geometries. We use these results to calculate the quantum depletion of the condensate by a combination of a computation of the exact modes and the use of a local density approximation. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Florence, Dipartimento Fis, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy. Univ Florence, LENS, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Ronen, S (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM bohn@murphy.colorado.edu RI Ronen, Shai/B-7940-2008 OI Ronen, Shai/0000-0002-2239-2397 NR 44 TC 85 Z9 85 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JUL PY 2006 VL 74 IS 1 AR 013623 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.74.013623 PG 13 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 069DK UT WOS:000239425900110 ER PT J AU Chen, Y Lynn, JW Huang, Q Woodward, FM Yildirim, T Lawes, G Ramirez, AP Rogado, N Cava, RJ Aharony, A Entin-Wohlman, O Harris, AB AF Chen, Y. Lynn, J. W. Huang, Q. Woodward, F. M. Yildirim, T. Lawes, G. Ramirez, A. P. Rogado, N. Cava, R. J. Aharony, A. Entin-Wohlman, O. Harris, A. B. TI Complex magnetic order in the kagome staircase compound Co3V2O8 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID LATTICE; POLARIZATION; FRUSTRATION; NI3V2O8; TRANSITIONS; FIELD AB Co3V2O8 (CVO) has a different type of geometrically frustrated magnetic lattice, a kagome staircase, where the full frustration of a conventional kagome lattice is partially relieved. The crystal structure consists of two inequivalent (magnetic) Co sites, one-dimensional chains of Co(2) spine sites, linked by Co(1) cross-tie sites. Neutron powder diffraction has been used to solve the basic magnetic and crystal structures of this system, while polarized and unpolarized single crystal diffraction measurements have been used to reveal a rich variety of incommensurate phases, interspersed with lock-in transitions to commensurate phases. CVO initially orders magnetically at 11.3 K into an incommensurate, transversely polarized, spin density wave state, with wave vector k=(0,delta,0) with delta=0.55 and the spin direction along the a axis. delta is found to decrease monotonically with decreasing temperature and then locks into a commensurate antiferromagnetic structure with delta=1/2 for 6.9 < T < 8.6 K. In this phase, there is a ferromagnetic layer where the spine site and cross-tie sites have ordered moments of 1.39 mu(B) and 1.17 mu(B), respectively, and an antiferromagnetic layer where the spine-site has an ordered moment of 2.55 mu(B), while the cross-tie sites are fully frustrated and have no observable ordered moment. Below 6.9 K, the magnetic structure becomes incommensurate again, and the presence of higher-order satellite peaks indicates that the magnetic structure deviates from a simple sinusoid. delta continues to decrease with decreasing temperature and locks in again at delta=1/3 over a narrow temperature range (6.2 < T < 6.5 K). The system then undergoes a strongly first-order transition to the ferromagnetic ground state (delta=0) at T-c=6.2 K. The ferromagnetism partially relieves the cross-tie site frustration, with ordered moments on the spine-site and cross-tie sites of 2.73 mu(B) and 1.54 mu(B), respectively. The spin direction for all spins is along the a axis (Ising-like behavior). A dielectric anomaly is observed around the ferromagnetic transition temperature of 6.2 K, demonstrating that there is significant spin-charge coupling present in CVO. A theory based on group theory analysis and a minimal Ising model with competing exchange interactions can explain the basic features of the magnetic ordering. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Wayne State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. Lucent Technol, Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Princeton Univ, Princeton Mat Inst, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Dupont Cent Res & Dev, Expt Stn, Wilmington, DE 19880 USA. Tel Aviv Univ, Raymond & Beverly Sackler Fac Exact Sci, Sch Phys & Astron, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Dept Phys, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel. Univ Penn, Dept Phys & Astron, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Chen, Y (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI yildirim, taner/A-1290-2009; ENTIN, ORA/F-1114-2012; harris, A Brooks/C-8640-2013 NR 33 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUL PY 2006 VL 74 IS 1 AR 014430 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.74.014430 PG 12 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 069DO UT WOS:000239426400082 ER PT J AU Kenzelmann, M Harris, AB Aharony, A Entin-Wohlman, O Yildirim, T Huang, Q Park, S Lawes, G Broholm, C Rogado, N Cava, RJ Kim, KH Jorge, G Ramirez, AP AF Kenzelmann, M. Harris, A. B. Aharony, A. Entin-Wohlman, O. Yildirim, T. Huang, Q. Park, S. Lawes, G. Broholm, C. Rogado, N. Cava, R. J. Kim, K. H. Jorge, G. Ramirez, A. P. TI Field dependence of magnetic ordering in Kagome-staircase compound Ni3V2O8 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID ANISOTROPIC SUPEREXCHANGE; WEAK FERROMAGNETISM; LATTICE; ANTIFERROMAGNET; FLUCTUATIONS; SR2CU3O4CL2; INVERSION; EXCHANGE; CO3V2O8 AB We present powder and single-crystal neutron diffraction and bulk measurements of the Kagome-staircase compound Ni3V2O8 (NVO) in fields up to 8.5 T applied along the c direction. (The Kagome plane is the a-c plane.) This system contains two types of Ni ions, which we call "spine" and "cross-tie." Our neutron measurements can be described with the paramagnetic space group Cmca for T < 15 K and each observed magnetically ordered phase is characterized by the appropriate irreducible representation(s). Our zero-field measurements show that at T-PH=9.1 K NVO undergoes a transition to a predominantly longitudinal incommensurate structure in which the spine spins are nearly along the a-axis. At T-HL=6.3 K, there is a transition to an elliptically polarized incommensurate structure with both spine and cross-tie moments in the a-b plane. At T-LC=4 K the system undergoes a first-order phase transition to a commensurate antiferromagnetic structure with the staggered magnetization primarily along the a-axis and a weak ferromagnetic moment along the c-axis. A specific heat anomaly at T-CC(')=2.3 K indicates an additional transition, which remarkably does not affect Bragg peaks of the commensurate C structure. Neutron, specific heat, and magnetization measurements produce a comprehensive temperature-field phase diagram. The symmetries of the incommensurate magnetic phases are consistent with the observation that only one phase is electrically polarized. The magnetic structures are explained theoretically using a simplified model Hamiltonian, that involves competing nearest- and next-nearest-neighbor exchange interactions, single-ion anisotropy, pseudodipolar interactions, and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Phys & Astron, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Tel Aviv Univ, Raymond & Beverly Sackler Fac Exact Sci, Sch Phys & Astron, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Dept Phys, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Princeton Univ, Princeton Mat Inst, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Lucent Technol, Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA. RP Kenzelmann, M (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RI yildirim, taner/A-1290-2009; Broholm, Collin/E-8228-2011; ENTIN, ORA/F-1114-2012; Kenzelmann, Michel/A-8438-2008; harris, A Brooks/C-8640-2013 OI Broholm, Collin/0000-0002-1569-9892; Kenzelmann, Michel/0000-0001-7913-4826; NR 49 TC 83 Z9 84 U1 4 U2 23 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUL PY 2006 VL 74 IS 1 AR 014429 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.74.014429 PG 26 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 069DO UT WOS:000239426400081 ER PT J AU McMichael, RD Maranville, BB AF McMichael, R. D. Maranville, B. B. TI Edge saturation fields and dynamic edge modes in ideal and nonideal magnetic film edges SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID PERMALLOY THIN-FILMS; NIFE ELEMENTS; ROUGHNESS; DEPENDENCE; VORTICES; REVERSAL; STRIPES; SCALE AB This paper describes modeling of the micromagnetic behavior near edges of ferromagnetic thin films when uniform fields are applied in plane and perpendicular to the edge. For ideal film edges with vertical edge surfaces, the field required to saturate the magnetization perpendicular to the edge, H(sat), and the frequency of precession in the localized edge mode are calculated using numerical micromagnetics for a wide range of film thicknesses. Analysis of the critical state at the saturation field and the full micromagnetic results are used to develop a simple macrospin model for the edge magnetization. This model predicts both H(sat) and edge mode precession frequency values that agree well with the micromagnetic results. Three classes of nonideal edges are also modeled: tilted edge surfaces, diluted magnetization near the edge, and surface anisotropy on the edge surface. Despite their different physical mechanisms, all three of these defects produce similar reductions in H(sat) and similar dynamic properties of the edge magnetization.(c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 NIST, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP McMichael, RD (reprint author), NIST, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI McMichael, Robert/J-8688-2012; OI McMichael, Robert/0000-0002-1372-664X NR 34 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 5 U2 18 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUL PY 2006 VL 74 IS 2 AR 024424 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.74.024424 PG 8 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 069DP UT WOS:000239426600065 ER PT J AU Slutsker, J Thornton, K Roytburd, AL Warren, JA McFadden, GB AF Slutsker, J. Thornton, K. Roytburd, A. L. Warren, J. A. McFadden, G. B. TI Phase field modeling of solidification under stress SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID SIMULATION; TRANSFORMATION; ALLOYS AB We consider a phase field model that includes a stress field during nonisothermal phase transformation of a single-component system. The model is applied to the solidification and melting of confined spherical volumes, where sharp interface solutions can be obtained and compared with the results of the phase field simulations. Numerical solutions to the phase field model for a spherically symmetric geometry have been obtained, with particular emphasis on the computation of surface energy, surface stress, and surface strain. The analysis of the equilibrium states for the phase field model allows us to obtain the value of the surface energy in the presence of stress, which can then be compared to the analogous calculation of the energy of a planar liquid-solid interface. It is also demonstrated that modeling the liquid as a solid with zero shear modulus is realistic by comparing the long-range stress fields in phase field calculations with those calculated using sharp interface models of either a coherent or a relaxed liquid-solid interface. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Slutsker, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM julia.slutsker@nist.gov RI McFadden, Geoffrey/A-7920-2008; Warren, James/B-1698-2008; OI McFadden, Geoffrey/0000-0001-6723-2103; Warren, James/0000-0001-6887-1206; /0000-0002-1227-5293 NR 26 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 14 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUL PY 2006 VL 74 IS 1 AR 014103 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.74.014103 PG 13 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 069DO UT WOS:000239426400027 ER PT J AU Zhang, Z Louca, D Visinoiu, A Lee, SH Thompson, JD Proffen, T Llobet, A Qiu, Y Park, S Ueda, Y AF Zhang, Z. Louca, Despina Visinoiu, A. Lee, S. -H. Thompson, J. D. Proffen, T. Llobet, A. Qiu, Y. Park, S. Ueda, Y. TI Local order and frustration in the geometrically frustrated spinels Cd1-xZnxV2O4 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID ANTIFERROMAGNET AB Orbitally degenerate frustrated spinels, Cd1-xZnxV2O4, with 0 <= x <= 1 were investigated using elastic and inelastic neutron scattering techniques. In the end members with x=0 and 1, a tetragonal distortion (c < a) has been observed upon cooling mediated by a Jahn-Teller distortion that gives rise to orbital ordering. This leads to the formation of spin chains in the ab-plane that upon further cooling, Neel ordering is established due to interchain coupling. In the doped compositions, however, the bulk susceptibility, chi, shows that the macroscopic transitions to cooperative orbital ordering and long-range antiferromagnetic ordering are suppressed. However, the inelastic neutron scattering measurements suggest that the dynamic spin correlations at low temperatures have similar one-dimensional characteristics as those observed in the pure samples. The pair density function analysis of neutron diffraction data shows that the local atomic structure does not become random with doping but rather consists of two distinct environments corresponding to ZnV2O4 and CdV2O4. This indicates that short-range orbital ordering is present which leads to the one-dimensional character of the spin correlations even in the low temperature cubic phase of the doped compositions. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Phys, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NCNR, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Korea Atom Energy Res Inst, HANARO Ctr, Taejon, South Korea. Univ Tokyo, Inst Solid State Phys, Kashiwa, Chiba 2778581, Japan. RP Zhang, Z (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Dept Phys, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. RI Llobet, Anna/B-1672-2010; Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012; Proffen, Thomas/B-3585-2009 OI Proffen, Thomas/0000-0002-1408-6031 NR 21 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUL PY 2006 VL 74 IS 1 AR 014108 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.74.014108 PG 9 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 069DO UT WOS:000239426400032 ER PT J AU Shaw, PS Arp, U Lykke, KR AF Shaw, Ping-Shine Arp, Uwe Lykke, Keith R. TI Absolute radiant flux measurement of the angular distribution of synchrotron radiation SO PHYSICAL REVIEW SPECIAL TOPICS-ACCELERATORS AND BEAMS LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON STORAGE RING; ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; VACUUM-ULTRAVIOLET; SURF-III; CRYOGENIC RADIOMETRY; FACILITY; IRRADIANCE; SCALES; STANDARDS; MACHINE AB We have measured the absolute radiant flux of synchrotron radiation as a function of the angle above and below the orbital plane with high accuracy at the Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility ( SURF III) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and the results were compared with theoretical calculations. The radiant flux of synchrotron radiation was measured at effective wavelengths of 256.5, 397.8, and 799.8 nm using three calibrated narrow-band filter radiometers with electron energies ranging from 180 to 380 MeV at SURF III. The filter radiometers were positioned inside a beamline with an unobstructed view of synchrotron radiation. The measured radiant flux agrees with theoretical Schwinger formulation to better than 0.5% for angles up to several milliradians. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Shaw, PS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Arp, Uwe/C-2854-2009; OI Arp, Uwe/0000-0002-6468-9455 NR 30 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-4402 J9 PHYS REV SPEC TOP-AC JI Phys. Rev. Spec. Top.-Accel. Beams PD JUL PY 2006 VL 9 IS 7 AR 070701 DI 10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.9.070701 PG 9 WC Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA 087ZR UT WOS:000240781800003 ER PT J AU Anderson, ME Stein, DL AF Anderson, M. Eric Stein, David L. TI Redescription of the rare ophidioid fish, Holcomycteronus brucei, from two new specimens from the Southern Ocean SO POLAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Descriptive information on the deep-sea Southern Ocean ophidioid Holcomycteronus brucei is limited to the holotype, and the species of the genus Holcomycteronus are poorly known. During the international ICEFISH cruise of 2004 a specimen was collected west of South Georgia in 2,705-2,721 m. A third, unreported specimen collected south of Tasmania in 2,840-3,001 m was located after the cruise. These specimens are described and compared to other nominal species of Holcomycteronus pending a generic review. C1 S African Inst Aquat Biodivers, SAIAB, ZA-6140 Grahamstown, South Africa. NMNH MRC 0153, Systemat Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Washington, DC 20013 USA. RP Anderson, ME (reprint author), S African Inst Aquat Biodivers, SAIAB, Private Bag 1015, ZA-6140 Grahamstown, South Africa. EM E.Anderson@ru.ac.za NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0722-4060 J9 POLAR BIOL JI Polar Biol. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 29 IS 8 BP 640 EP 642 DI 10.1007/s00300-005-0100-7 PG 3 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 059EJ UT WOS:000238715800002 ER PT J AU Stein, DL AF Stein, David L. TI New and rare species of snailfishes (Scorpaeniformes : Liparidae) collected during the ICEFISH cruise of 2004 SO POLAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB During the ICEFISH cruise of 2004 13 specimens of the fish family Liparidae (Scorpaeniformes) were collected from Burdwood Bank and near South Georgia. These specimens, with the addition of three more from the King Edward Point Laboratory of the British Antarctic Survey, represent nine species. Two of these are new and are described herein: Careproctus stigmatogenus new species and C. maculosus new species; the second specimen of C. minimus Andriashev and Stein is reported and described, specimens of C. georgianus Lonnberg, C. falklandicus (Lonnberg), C. ?pallidus (Vaillant), Paraliparis copei gibbericeps Andriashev, P. gracilis Norman, and P. tetrapteryx Andriashev and Neelov are reported, and live color of C. georgianus, C. falklandicus, and P. tetrapteryx is described and shown. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Natl Museum Nat Hist, NOAA, NMFS Natl Systemat Lab, Smithsonian Inst, Washington, DC 20013 USA. RP Stein, DL (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, 104 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM david.stein@oregonstate.edu NR 21 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0722-4060 EI 1432-2056 J9 POLAR BIOL JI Polar Biol. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 29 IS 8 BP 705 EP 712 DI 10.1007/s00300-006-0108-7 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 059EJ UT WOS:000238715800010 ER PT J AU Brennen, GK Bullock, SS O'Leary, DP AF Brennen, G. K. Bullock, S. S. O'Leary, D. P. TI Efficient circuits for exact-universal computation with qudits SO QUANTUM INFORMATION & COMPUTATION LA English DT Article ID QUANTUM COMPUTATION; GATES AB This paper concerns the efficient implementation of quantum circuits for qudits. We show that controlled two-qudit gates can be implemented without ancillas and prove that the gate library containing arbitrary local unitaries and one two-qudit gate, CINC, is exact-universal. A recent paper [S.Bullock, D.O'Leary, and G.K. Brennen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 230502 (2005)] describes quantum circuits for qudits which require O(d(n)) two-qudit gates for state synthesis and O(d(2n)) two-qudit gates for unitary synthesis, matching the respective lower bound complexities. In this work, we present the state-synthesis circuit in much greater detail and prove that it is correct. Also, the [(n - 2)/(d - 2)] ancillas required in the original algorithm may be removed without changing the asymptotics. Further, we present a new algorithm for unitary synthesis, inspired by the QR matrix decomposition, which is also asymptotically optimal. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Inst Def Anal, Ctr Comp Sci, Bowie, MD 20715 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Comp Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Inst Adv Comp Studies, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Brennen, GK (reprint author), Austrian Acad Sci, Inst Quantum Opt & Quantum Informat, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. RI Brennen, Gavin/C-2293-2009 OI Brennen, Gavin/0000-0002-6019-966X NR 16 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU RINTON PRESS, INC PI PARAMUS PA 565 EDMUND TERRACE, PARAMUS, NJ 07652 USA SN 1533-7146 J9 QUANTUM INF COMPUT JI Quantum Inform. Comput. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 6 IS 4-5 BP 436 EP 454 PG 19 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Physics, Particles & Fields; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA 068SZ UT WOS:000239396000009 ER PT J AU Zilitinkevich, SS Hunt, JCR Esau, IN Grachev, AA Lalas, DP Akylas, E Tombrou, M Fairall, CW Fernando, HJS Baklanov, AA Joffre, SM AF Zilitinkevich, S. S. Hunt, J. C. R. Esau, I. N. Grachev, A. A. Lalas, D. P. Akylas, E. Tombrou, M. Fairall, C. W. Fernando, H. J. S. Baklanov, A. A. Joffre, S. M. TI The influence of large convective eddies on the surface-layer turbulence SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE convection; heat and mass transfer; minimum friction velocity; semi-organized structures; surface fluxes ID LARGE-EDDY SIMULATION; PLANETARY BOUNDARY-LAYER; ATMOSPHERE RESPONSE EXPERIMENT; MINIMUM FRICTION VELOCITY; SUBGRID-SCALE MODEL; BULK PARAMETERIZATION; THERMAL-CONVECTION; DRAG COEFFICIENT; COHERENT EDDIES; HEAT-TRANSFER AB Close to the surface large coherent eddies consisting of plumes and downdraughts cause convergent winds blowing towards the plume axes, which in turn cause wind shears and generation of turbulence. This mechanism strongly enhances the convective heat/mass transfer at the surface and, in contrast to the classical formulation, implies an important role of the surface roughness. In this context we introduce the stability-dependence of the roughness length. The latter is important over very rough surfaces, when the height of the roughness elements becomes comparable with the large-eddy Monin-Obukhov length. A consistent theoretical model covering convective regimes over all types of natural surfaces, from the smooth still sea to the very rough city of Athens, is developed; it is also comprehensively validated against data from measurements at different sites and also through the convective boundary layer. Good correspondence between model results, field observations and large-eddy simulation is achieved over a wide range of surface roughness lengths and convective boundary-layer heights. C1 Univ Helsinki, Div Atmospher Sci, Helsinki, Finland. Bjerknes Ctr Climate Res, Bergen, Norway. Nansen Environm & Remote Sensing Ctr, Bergen, Norway. UCL, Dept Space & Climate Phys & Earth Sci, London, England. Univ Colorado, ETL, NOAA, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Russian Acad Sci, AM Obukhov Inst Atmospher Phys, Moscow, Russia. Natl Observ Athens, Athens, Greece. Univ Athens, Lab Environm Phys, Athens, Greece. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Arizona State Univ, Environm Fluid Dynam Program, Tempe, AZ USA. Danish Meteorol Inst, Copenhagen, Denmark. Finnish Meteorol Inst, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. RP Zilitinkevich, SS (reprint author), Univ Helsinki, Div Atmospher Sci, Helsinki, Finland. EM sergej.zilitinkevich@fmi.fi RI Esau, Igor/C-6298-2008; Akylas, Evangelos/E-4418-2016; OI Esau, Igor/0000-0003-4122-6340; Akylas, Evangelos/0000-0002-2731-657X; Zilitinkevich, Sergej/0000-0002-3909-5436; GRACHEV, ANDREY/0000-0002-7143-0820 NR 100 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 15 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0035-9009 J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 132 IS 618 BP 1423 EP 1456 DI 10.1256/qj.05.79 PN A PG 34 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 087ST UT WOS:000240763300003 ER PT J AU Swinbank, R Purser, RJ AF Swinbank, Richard Purser, R. James TI Fibonacci grids: A novel approach to global modelling SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE atmospheric modelling; global grids ID BAROTROPIC VORTICITY EQUATION; SHALLOW-WATER MODEL; PRIMITIVE EQUATIONS; SPHERICAL GEOMETRY; INTEGRATION; APPROXIMATIONS; FLOW; MESH AB Recent years have seen a resurgence of interest in a variety of non-standard computational grids for global numerical prediction. The motivation has been to reduce problems associated with the converging meridians and the polar singularities of conventional regular latitude-longitude grids. A further impetus has come from the adoption of massively parallel computers, for which it is necessary to distribute work equitably across the processors; this is more practicable for some non-standard grids. Desirable attributes of a grid for high-order spatial finite differencing are: (i) geometrical regularity; (ii) a homogeneous and approximately isotropic spatial resolution; (iii) a low proportion of the grid points where the numerical procedures require special customization (such as near coordinate singularities or grid edges); (iv) ease of parallelization. One family of grid arrangements which, to our knowledge, has never before been applied to numerical weather prediction, but which appears to offer several technical advantages, are what we shall refer to as 'Fibonacci grids'. These grids possess virtually uniform and isotropic resolution, with an equal area for each grid point. There are only two compact singular regions on a sphere that require customized numerics. We demonstrate the practicality of this type of grid in shallow-water simulations, and discuss the prospects for efficiently using these frameworks in three-dimensional weather prediction or climate models. C1 Met Off, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Swinbank, R (reprint author), Met Off, FitzRoy Rd, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England. EM richard.swinbank@metoffice.gov.uk NR 40 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 4 PU ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI READING PA 104 OXFORD ROAD, READING RG1 7LJ, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0035-9009 J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 132 IS 619 BP 1769 EP 1793 DI 10.1256/qj.05.227 PN B PG 25 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 098TM UT WOS:000241545700001 ER PT J AU Schultz, DM AF Schultz, David M. TI Comments on 'Cloud-resolving model simulations of multiply-banded frontal clouds' by M. Pizzamei, S. L. Gray and K. A. Browning (October A, 2005, 131, 2617-2637) SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Editorial Material DE banded precipitation; frontal circulations; frontogenesis ID RAINBANDS C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, FRDD, Norman, OK 73072 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meterol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Schultz, DM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, FRDD, 120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM david.schultz@noaa.gov RI Schultz, David M./A-3091-2010 OI Schultz, David M./0000-0003-1558-6975 NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI READING PA 104 OXFORD ROAD, READING RG1 7LJ, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0035-9009 J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 132 IS 619 BP 2095 EP 2096 DI 10.1256/qj.05.241A PN B PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 098TM UT WOS:000241545700016 ER PT J AU Dura, JA Pierce, DJ Majkrzak, CF Maliszewskyj, NC McGillivray, DJ Losche, M O'Donovan, KV Mihailescu, M Perez-Salas, U Worcester, DL White, SH AF Dura, Joseph A. Pierce, Donald J. Majkrzak, Charles F. Maliszewskyj, Nicholas C. McGillivray, Duncan J. Losche, Mathias O'Donovan, Kevin V. Mihailescu, Mihaela Perez-Salas, Ursula Worcester, David L. White, Stephen H. TI AND/R: Advanced neutron diffractometer/reflectometer for investigation of thin films and multilayers for the life sciences SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID X-RAY; MEMBRANES; PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE; REFLECTOMETRY; DIFFRACTION; DETECTORS AB An elastic neutron scattering instrument, the advanced neutron diffractometer/reflectometer (AND/R), has recently been commissioned at the National Institute of Standards and Technology Center for Neutron Research. The AND/R is the centerpiece of the Cold Neutrons for Biology and Technology partnership, which is dedicated to the structural characterization of thin films and multilayers of biological interest. The instrument is capable of measuring both specular and nonspecular reflectivity, as well as crystalline or semicrystalline diffraction at wave-vector transfers up to approximately 2.20 angstrom(-1). A detailed description of this flexible instrument and its performance characteristics in various operating modes are given. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Phys, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RP White, SH (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Med Sci I-D346, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. EM stephen.white@uci.edu RI Dura, Joseph/B-8452-2008; White, Stephen/B-1053-2009; Losche, Mathias/J-2986-2013; McGillivray, Duncan/B-9819-2009 OI Dura, Joseph/0000-0001-6877-959X; White, Stephen/0000-0001-8540-7907; Losche, Mathias/0000-0001-6666-916X; McGillivray, Duncan/0000-0003-2127-8792 FU NCRR NIH HHS [R01 RR014812-03, R01 RR014812] NR 19 TC 73 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 18 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 77 IS 7 AR 074301 DI 10.1063/1.2219744 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 069DC UT WOS:000239424800028 PM 21892232 ER PT J AU Stehr, CM Linbo, TL Incardona, JP Scholz, NL AF Stehr, CM Linbo, TL Incardona, JP Scholz, NL TI The developmental neurotoxicity of fipronil: Notochord degeneration and locomotor defects in zebrafish embryos and larvae SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE zebrafish; fipronil; neurotoxicity; pesticide; GABA; glycine ID AMPHIASCUS-TENUIREMIS; INSECTICIDE FIPRONIL; NEURONAL NETWORKS; XENOPUS-OOCYTES; MAUTHNER CELL; DANIO-RERIO; LIFE STAGES; TOXICITY; RECEPTORS; GABA(A) AB Fipronil is a phenylpyrazole insecticide designed to selectively inhibit insect gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. Although fipronil is often used in or near aquatic environments, few studies have assessed the effects of this neurotoxicant on aquatic vertebrates at sensitive life stages. We explored the toxicological effects of fipronil on embryos and larvae using the zebrafish (Danio rerio) experimental model system. Embryos exposed to fipronil at nominal concentrations at or above 0.7 mu M (333 mu g/l) displayed notochord degeneration, shortening along the rostral-caudal body axis, and ineffective tail flips and uncoordinated muscle contractions along the body axis in response to touch. This phenotype closely resembles zebrafish locomotor mutants of the accordion class and is consistent with loss of reciprocal inhibitory neurotransmission by glycinergic commissural interneurons in the spinal cord. Consistent with the hypothesis that notochord degeneration may be due to abnormal mechanical stress from muscle tetany, the expression patterns of gene and protein markers specific to notochord development were unaffected by fipronil. Moreover, the degenerative effects of fipronil (1.1 mu M) were reversed by coexposure to the sodium channel blocker MS-222 (0.6mM). The notochord effects of fipronil were phenocopied by exposure to 70 mu M strychnine, a glycinergic receptor antagonist. In contrast, exposure to gabazine, a potent vertebrate GABA(A) antagonist, resulted in a hyperactive touch response but did not cause notochord degeneration. Although specifically developed to target insect GABA receptors with low vertebrate toxicity, our results suggest that fipronil impairs the development of spinal locomotor pathways in fish by inhibiting a structurally related glycine receptor subtype. This represents an unanticipated and potentially novel mechanism for fipronil toxicity in vertebrates. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm Fisheries, Ecotoxicol & Environm Fish Hlth Program, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Scholz, NL (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm Fisheries, Ecotoxicol & Environm Fish Hlth Program, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM Nathaniel.Scholz@noaa.gov RI Scholz, Nathaniel/L-1642-2013 OI Scholz, Nathaniel/0000-0001-6207-0272 NR 50 TC 69 Z9 71 U1 4 U2 49 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 92 IS 1 BP 270 EP 278 DI 10.1093/toxsci/kfj185 PG 9 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 058FH UT WOS:000238650400027 PM 16611622 ER PT J AU Buchheister, A Wilson, MT Foy, RJ Beauchamp, DA AF Buchheister, Andre Wilson, Matthew T. Foy, Robert J. Beauchamp, David A. TI Seasonal and geographic variation in condition of juvenile walleye pollock in the western Gulf of Alaska SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SOMATIC ENERGY CONTENT; PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; THERAGRA-CHALCOGRAMMA; CONDITION INDEXES; OF-ALASKA; BODY-SIZE; CONSUMPTION RATES; WINTER MORTALITY; MORONE-SAXATILIS; SHELIKOF-STRAIT AB Body length, length-specific weight, and length-specific whole-body energy content (WBEC) of juvenile walleye pollock Theragra chalcograninia were examined for evidence of seasonal and geographic variation. Identifying the impact of winter on these measures of fish condition was of primary concern, but we also sought to determine whether condition varies among different geographic regions. The 2000 year-class of walleye pollock was sampled in the western Gulf of Alaska during four seasons (the autumn of 2000 and the winter, summer, and autumn of 200 1), and the study area was divided into three regions (Kodiak, Semidi, and Shumagin). In each region, length-specific weight decreased from autumn to winter by up to 17%, subsequently increasing into the summer by 13-20%. Significant seasonal changes in length-specific WBEC varied by region but reflected the same trends as length-specific weight. Walleye pollock from the Kodiak region were in better condition than those from other regions, as evidenced by larger lengths in winter (I 8-mm difference) and summer, a 5.9% higher length-specific weight in autumn of 2000, and higher length-specific WBEC in autumn of 2000 (0.783 kJ/g wet weight, or 18.3%, higher) and in the following winter (0.607 kJ/g, or 14.1%, higher). The poorer condition ofjuvenile walleye pollock in winter may be widespread through the Gulf of Alaska, but spatial heterogeneity in habitat can also greatly influence the size and condition of juveniles. The impact of such variability on growth and mortality remains uncertain. C1 Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Coll William & Mary, Dept Fisheries Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Fishery Ind Technol Ctr, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fisheries Sci, US Geol Survey, Washington Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Buchheister, A (reprint author), Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Coll William & Mary, Dept Fisheries Sci, POB 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. EM andrebuc@vims.edu NR 39 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 135 IS 4 BP 897 EP 907 DI 10.1577/T05-105.1 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 081NV UT WOS:000240325200005 ER PT J AU Narum, SR Boe, S Moran, P Powell, M AF Narum, Shawn R. Boe, Steve Moran, Paul Powell, Matt TI Small-scale genetic structure and variation in steelhead of the Grande Ronde River, Oregon, USA SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; EFFECTIVE POPULATION-SIZE; MICROSATELLITE DNA VARIATION; CROSS-SPECIES AMPLIFICATION; NATURAL FISH POPULATIONS; ALLELE FREQUENCY DATA; STOCK IDENTIFICATION; ATLANTIC SALMON; PACIFIC SALMON; LOCI AB Patterns of genetic variation in summer-run steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss from the Grande Ronde River, Oregon, were evaluated with 20 microsatellite loci to determine the level of fine-scale genetic structure and influences from hatchery-reared stocks. Included were temporal collections of three wild populations (Lookingglass Creek, Catherine Creek, and the upper Grande Ronde River) and one hatchery population (Wallowa Hatchery). Average gene diversity was moderate to high in all collections (range= 0.794-0.815). Genetic variance among sample locations was greater than that of temporal collections within sites, as pairwise exact tests within populations were not significant except for Lookingglass Creek (P = 0.00005). Structure among the four populations was evident from pairwise tests' which yielded 23 significant results from 28 comparisons (adjusted critical value = 0.0018), but Catherine Creek collections were not significantly different from Wallowa Hatchery collections. None of the eight collections had a significant probability of differing from mutation drift equilibrium (e.g., recent bottleneck) under the two-phased mutation model (P = 0.060-0.985) when analyzed with BOTTLENECK software. Additionally, the ratios of allele number to allele range (M values) for the eight collections (0.773-0.819) were not within the range that suggests a recent decrease in effective population size (M < 0.68 implies a probable bottleneck). Results from this study suggest the existence of gene flow between steelhead from Catherine Creek and Wallowa Hatchery, but no evidence for low diversity or recent bottleneck events was detected in any of the four populations. This study provides several pieces of evidence to suggest that steelhead in the Grande Ronde River should be a conservation priority as a source of genetic diversity for the Snake River basin. C1 Columbia River Inter Tribal Fish Commiss, Hagerman, ID 83332 USA. Confederated Tribes Umatilla Indiana Reservat, Pendleton, OR 97801 USA. NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. Univ Idaho, Ctr Freshwater & Salmonid Species Risk, Hagerman, ID 83332 USA. RP Narum, SR (reprint author), Columbia River Inter Tribal Fish Commiss, 3059F Natl Fish Hatchery Rd, Hagerman, ID 83332 USA. EM nars@critfc.org RI Powell, Madison/H-7050-2014 OI Powell, Madison/0000-0002-1851-3168 NR 45 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 135 IS 4 BP 979 EP 986 DI 10.1577/T05-070.1 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 081NV UT WOS:000240325200012 ER PT J AU Larsen, DA Beckman, BR Strom, CR Parkins, PJ Cooper, KA Fast, DE Dickhoff, WW AF Larsen, Donald A. Beckman, Brian R. Strom, Charles R. Parkins, Paul J. Cooper, Kathleen A. Fast, David E. Dickhoff, Walton W. TI Growth modulation alters the incidence of early male maturation and physiological development of hatchery-reared spring Chinook salmon: A comparison with wild fish SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID EARLY SEXUAL-MATURATION; TO-ADULT SURVIVAL; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; ATLANTIC SALMON; COHO SALMON; FACTOR-I; LIFE-HISTORY; SEASONAL-CHANGES; PRECOCIOUS MATURATION; BRITISH-COLUMBIA AB Previous studies conducted at the Cle Elum Spring Chinook Salmon Supplementation Hatchery in Washington State demonstrated that 37-49% of the male Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha released from this facility in its first years of operation precociously matured at age 2 rather than the more typical age 4. We examined the effects of altering seasonal growth rate on the incidence of age-2 male maturation in an experimental subset of that population and compared their physiological development (size, growth rate, condition factor, whole-body lipid, gill Na+ K+-ATPase activity, and plasma insulin-like growth factor-I [IGF-1]) with that of both hatchery (production) and wild fish. Altering summer and autumn rations resulted in four growth trajectories with the following size and precocious male maturation rates: the high summer-high autumn growth trajectory produced fish averaging 25 g and 69% precocious maturation; the high summer-low autumn trajectory yielded fish that averaged 18 g and exhibited 58% precocious maturation; the low summer-high autumn trajectory produced 18-g fish with 51% precocious maturation; and the low summer-low autumn trajectory yielded fish averaging 16 g and 42% precocious maturation. Production fish averaged 22 g and exhibited a 53% precocious maturation rate. The high summer growth treatments and production fish were largest among all groups and had higher plasma IGF-I, adiposity levels, and precocious male maturation rates than did the low summer growth treatments. Wild fish were significantly smaller and leaner and had much lower plasma IGF-l levels than all other groups. Gill N+,K+-ATPase activity was not different between groups, suggesting that there was no differential effect on smoltification. Growth modulation reduced the precocious male maturation rate by 39% among experimental treatments and by 21 % between production fish and the low-low treatment. However, the maturation rate and adiposity of hatchery fish differed markedly from those of wild fish, suggesting that more dramatic alterations of rearing regime may be required to further reduce the prevalence of this phenotype in cultured fish. C1 NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Integrat Fish Biol Program, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. Yakama Nation, Cle Elum Supplementat & Res Facil, Cle Elum, WA 98922 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fisheries Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Yakama Nation, Nelson Springs Res Ctr, Yakima, WA 98902 USA. RP Larsen, DA (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Integrat Fish Biol Program, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. EM don.larsen@noaa.gov NR 67 TC 32 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 20 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 135 IS 4 BP 1017 EP 1032 DI 10.1577/T05-200.1 PG 16 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 081NV UT WOS:000240325200016 ER PT J AU Banovic, SW Siewert, TA AF Banovic, SW Siewert, TA TI Characterization of submerged arc welds from the world trade center towers: As deposited welds and failures associated with impact damage of the exterior columns SO WELDING JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE World Trade Center; submerged arc welding; characterization; impact damage AB Intact and aircraft impact-damaged welds from the exterior columns of the World Trade Center towers were evaluated. The fillet welds joining the various steel plates composing the built-up box columns were primarily deposited using submerged arc welding. Characterization of undamaged joints revealed that the welding procedures employed were appropriate relative to contemporaneous standards; no visible surface flaws or subsurface defects were observed. Impact damage of the welds consisted of fracture primarily initiating at and traveling through the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the steel plates that had rolling planes perpendicular to the travel direction of the aircraft. Failure occurred in this region due to the lower cross-sectional area of the plate and the degraded HAZ mechanical properties (i.e., ductility, toughness with respect to the base plate). Based upon the low-energy, ductile fractures (little plate thinning, slanted fracture surfaces) observed, the failure of the joints absorb only a small fraction of the energy from the impact of the aircraft. C1 US Dept Commerce, Div Met, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Technol Adm, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. US Dept Commerce, Mat Reliabil Div, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Technol Adm, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Banovic, SW (reprint author), US Dept Commerce, Div Met, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Technol Adm, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER WELDING SOC PI MIAMI PA 550 N W LEJEUNE RD, MIAMI, FL 33126 USA SN 0043-2296 J9 WELD J JI Weld. J. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 85 IS 7 BP 137S EP 150S PG 14 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 058PM UT WOS:000238676900011 ER PT J AU Jordan, AD Lampe, JF Grisdale-Helland, B Helland, SJ Shearer, KD Steffensen, JF AF Jordan, AD Lampe, JF Grisdale-Helland, B Helland, SJ Shearer, KD Steffensen, JF TI Growth of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) with different haemoglobin subtypes when kept near their temperature preferenda SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE Atlantic cod; Gadus morhua; haemoglobin; temperature; growth ID TURBOT SCOPHTHALMUS-MAXIMUS; HAEMOGLOBIN POLYMORPHISM; RAINBOW-TROUT; JUVENILE COD; GENOTYPES; NUTRIENT; HYPOXIA; SEA AB The effect of temperature on growth and feed utilization was studied over 56 days in Atlantic cod of different haemoglobin subtypes [designated Hb-I(1/1), Hb-I(1/2), and Hb-I(2/2)]. The fish, held in triplicate tanks, were reared at 6 and 14 degrees C (mean initial body weight, 218 and 212 g, respectively). These temperatures are close to the preferred temperatures of Hb-I(2/2) (8.2 degrees C) and Hb-I(1/1) (15.4 degrees C). Temperature had a significant effect on SGR, with cod of all haemoglobin variants growing best at 14 degrees C (P < 0.05). There was no significant effect of Hb-I* subtype on SGR. Since cod of type Hb-I(2/2) had a higher SGR at 14 degrees C than at 6 degrees C this suggests that the temperature preferendum may not provide a good indicator of optimum growth temperature. Significant differences between the Hb-I* variants were detected in several nutritional indicators. At 14 degrees C, the feed efficiency was poorer in the Hb-I(1/2) cod (0.99 +/- 0.08) than in the Hb-I(1/1) and Hb-I(2/2) fish (1.35 +/- 0.05 and 1.52 +/- 0.07, respectively). Energy retention was significantly lower in the Hb-I(1/2) fish (19.5 +/- 3.7%) than in the Hb-1(2/2) fish (43.8 +/- 1.8%) at 14 degrees C. Regardless of the Hb-I* subtype, retention of macronutrients and conversion efficiencies were better in fish reared at 6 than 14 degrees C. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 AKVAFORSK, Inst Aquaculture Res AS, N-6600 Sunndalsora, Norway. Univ Copenhagen, Marine Biol Lab, DK-3000 Helsingor, Denmark. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Grisdale-Helland, B (reprint author), AKVAFORSK, Inst Aquaculture Res AS, N-6600 Sunndalsora, Norway. EM barb.grisdale@akvaforsk.no RI Steffensen, John/F-6778-2010 OI Steffensen, John/0000-0002-4477-8039 NR 32 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD JUN 30 PY 2006 VL 257 IS 1-4 BP 44 EP 52 DI 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.03.015 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 055NI UT WOS:000238457000006 ER PT J AU Newman, PA Nash, ER Kawa, SR Montzka, SA Schauffler, SM AF Newman, Paul A. Nash, Eric R. Kawa, S. Randolph Montzka, Stephen A. Schauffler, Sue M. TI When will the Antarctic ozone hole recover? SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID STRATOSPHERIC AIR; ART.; DEPLETION; TRENDS; TEMPERATURE; CHEMISTRY; CHLORINE; MODELS; VORTEX AB The Antarctic ozone hole demonstrates large-scale, man-made affects on our atmosphere. Surface observations now show that human produced ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) are declining. The ozone hole should soon start to diminish because of this decline. We demonstrate a parametric model of ozone hole area that is based upon a new algorithm for estimating chlorine and bromine levels over Antarctica and late spring Antarctic stratospheric temperatures. This model explains 95% of the ozone hole area's variance. We then use future ODS levels to predict ozone hole recovery. Full recovery to 1980 levels will occur around 2068 and the area will very slowly decline between 2001 and 2017. Detection of a statistically significant decrease of area will not occur until about 2024. We further show that nominal Antarctic stratospheric greenhouse gas forced temperature change should have a small impact on the ozone hole. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Newman, PA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 613-3,8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM paul.a.newman@nasa.gov RI Newman, Paul/D-6208-2012; Kawa, Stephan/E-9040-2012; OI Newman, Paul/0000-0003-1139-2508; Montzka, Stephen/0000-0002-9396-0400 NR 21 TC 101 Z9 102 U1 2 U2 19 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUN 30 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 12 AR L12814 DI 10.1029/2005GL025232 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 062IK UT WOS:000238937600001 ER PT J AU Seidelin, S Chiaverini, J Reichle, R Bollinger, JJ Leibfried, D Britton, J Wesenberg, JH Blakestad, RB Epstein, RJ Hume, DB Itano, WM Jost, JD Langer, C Ozeri, R Shiga, N Wineland, DJ AF Seidelin, S Chiaverini, J Reichle, R Bollinger, JJ Leibfried, D Britton, J Wesenberg, JH Blakestad, RB Epstein, RJ Hume, DB Itano, WM Jost, JD Langer, C Ozeri, R Shiga, N Wineland, DJ TI Microfabricated surface-electrode ion trap for scalable quantum information processing SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PAUL TRAP; COMPUTATION; ARCHITECTURE; COMPUTER; ATOMS; CHIP AB Individual laser-cooled Mg-24(+) ions are confined in a linear Paul trap with a novel geometry where gold electrodes are located in a single plane and the ions are trapped 40 mu m above this plane. The relatively simple trap design and fabrication procedure are important for large-scale quantum information processing (QIP) using ions. Measured ion motional frequencies are compared to simulations. Measurements of ion recooling after cooling is temporarily suspended yield a heating rate of approximately 5 motional quanta per millisecond for a trap frequency of 2.83 MHz, sufficiently low to be useful for QIP. C1 NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Seidelin, S (reprint author), NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM seidelin@boulder.nist.gov RI Jost, John/F-4701-2010; Wesenberg, Janus/B-6733-2009; OI Wesenberg, Janus/0000-0002-5572-0297; Britton, Joe/0000-0001-8103-7347 NR 29 TC 218 Z9 220 U1 3 U2 23 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JUN 30 PY 2006 VL 96 IS 25 AR 253003 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.253003 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 058XD UT WOS:000238697000014 PM 16907302 ER PT J AU Stone, MB Broholm, C Reich, DH Tchernyshyov, O Vorderwisch, P Harrison, N AF Stone, M. B. Broholm, C. Reich, D. H. Tchernyshyov, O. Vorderwisch, P. Harrison, N. TI Quantum criticality in an organic magnet SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATION; PHASE-DIAGRAM; HEISENBERG-ANTIFERROMAGNET; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; CRITICAL-POINT; FIELD; TLCUCL3; SYSTEMS; LIQUID; ORDER AB Exchange interactions between S=(1)/(2) sites in piperazinium hexachlorodicuprate produce a frustrated bilayer magnet with a singlet ground state. We have determined the field-temperature phase diagram by high field magnetization and neutron scattering experiments. There are two quantum critical points: H-c1=7.5 T separates a quantum paramagnet phase from a three dimensional, antiferromagnetically ordered state while H-c2=37 T marks the onset of a fully polarized state. The ordered phase, which we describe as a magnon Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC), is embedded in a quantum critical regime with short range correlations. A low temperature anomaly in the BEC phase boundary indicates that additional low energy features of the material become important near H-c1. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Hahn Meitner Inst Berlin GmbH, D-14109 Berlin, Germany. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Stone, MB (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Broholm, Collin/E-8228-2011; Stone, Matthew/G-3275-2011; OI Broholm, Collin/0000-0002-1569-9892; Stone, Matthew/0000-0001-7884-9715; Harrison, Neil/0000-0001-5456-7756 NR 36 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JUN 30 PY 2006 VL 96 IS 25 AR 257203 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.257203 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 058XD UT WOS:000238697000050 PM 16907338 ER PT J AU Varutbangkul, V Brechtel, FJ Bahreini, R Ng, NL Keywood, MD Kroll, JH Flagan, RC Seinfeld, JH Lee, A Goldstein, AH AF Varutbangkul, V. Brechtel, F. J. Bahreini, R. Ng, N. L. Keywood, M. D. Kroll, J. H. Flagan, R. C. Seinfeld, J. H. Lee, A. Goldstein, A. H. TI Hygroscopicity of secondary organic aerosols formed by oxidation of cycloalkenes, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and related compounds SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; MASS-SPECTROMETER; ALPHA-PINENE; LOS-ANGELES; PHOTOOXIDATION PRODUCTS; PARTICULATE MATTER; BIOGENIC EMISSIONS; INORGANIC AEROSOLS; AMMONIUM-SULFATE; LUNG DEPOSITION AB A series of experiments has been conducted in the Caltech indoor smog chamber facility to investigate the water uptake properties of aerosol formed by oxidation of various organic precursors. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from simple and substituted cycloalkenes (C-5-C-8) is produced in dark ozonolysis experiments in a dry chamber ( RH similar to 5%). Biogenic SOA from monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and oxygenated terpenes is formed by photooxidation in a humid chamber ( similar to 50% RH). Using the hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA), we measure the diameter-based hygroscopic growth factor (GF) of the SOA as a function of time and relative humidity. All SOA studied is found to be slightly hygroscopic, with smaller water uptake than that of typical inorganic aerosol substances. The aerosol water uptake increases with time early in the experiments for the cycloalkene SOA, but decreases with time for the sesquiterpene SOA. This behavior could indicate competing effects between the formation of more highly oxidized polar compounds ( more hygroscopic), and formation of longer-chained oligomers ( less hygroscopic). All SOA also exhibit a smooth water uptake with RH with no deliquescence or efflorescence. The water uptake curves are found to be fitted well with an empirical three-parameter functional form. The measured pure organic GF values at 85% RH are between 1.09 - 1.16 for SOA from ozonolysis of cycloalkenes, 1.01 - 1.04 for sesquiterpene photooxidation SOA, and 1.06 - 1.10 for the monoterpene and oxygenated terpene SOA. The GF of pure SOA (GF(org)) in experiments in which inorganic seed aerosol is used is determined by assuming volume-weighted water uptake (Zdanovskii-Stokes-Robinson or "ZSR" approach) and using the size-resolved organic mass fraction measured by the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer. Knowing the water content associated with the inorganic fraction yields GF(org) values. However, for each precursor, the GF(org) values computed from different HTDMA-classified diameters agree with each other to varying degrees. Comparing growth factors from different precursors, we find that GF(org) is inversely proportional to the precursor molecular weight and SOA yield, which is likely a result of the fact that higher-molecular weight precursors tend to produce larger and less hygroscopic oxidation products. C1 CALTECH, Dept Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Brechtel Mfg Inc, Hayward, CA USA. CALTECH, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NOAA, Boulder, CO USA. Commonwealth Sci & Ind Res Org, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Seinfeld, JH (reprint author), CALTECH, Dept Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM seinfeld@caltech.edu RI Keywood, Melita /C-5139-2011; Goldstein, Allen/A-6857-2011 OI Keywood, Melita /0000-0001-9953-6806; Goldstein, Allen/0000-0003-4014-4896 NR 77 TC 137 Z9 145 U1 9 U2 64 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PD JUN 29 PY 2006 VL 6 BP 2367 EP 2388 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 058OZ UT WOS:000238675600002 ER PT J AU Sun, YP Huang, QZ Wu, L He, M Chen, XL AF Sun, Y. P. Huang, Q. Z. Wu, L. He, Ming Chen, X. L. TI A neutron powder investigation of the structure of KCaCO3F at various temperatures SO JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article DE chemical synthesis; crystal structure and symmetry; neutron diffraction; anisotropic thermal expansion; fluoride carbonate ID ANISOTROPIC THERMAL-EXPANSION; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES AB The structure of KCaCO3F is reinvestigated to unambiguously determine the K and Ca sites by neutron powder diffraction. The powder neutron diffractions at temperatures (295 K, 373 K, 473 K, 573 K and 673 K) are also performed to reveal the thermal expansions for this compound. No structural transition in this compound is found in the experimental temperature range. The Rietveld refinements indicate that the unit cell parameters and the cell volume of the compound increase linearly with the increasing temperature. Large anisotropic thermal expansions are found in this compound. The thermal expansion coefficient along a (b) axis is over two times as large as that parallel to the c-axis. The possible reasons for the large anisotropic thermal expansions are briefly discussed. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Phys, Beijing Natl Lab Condensed Matter Phys, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China. NIST, Ctr Neutron Diffract, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chen, XL (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Phys, Beijing Natl Lab Condensed Matter Phys, POB 603, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China. EM xlchen@aphy.iphy.ac.cn RI Wu, Li/E-4258-2010; IoP, Nano Lab/B-9663-2013 NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0925-8388 J9 J ALLOY COMPD JI J. Alloy. Compd. PD JUN 29 PY 2006 VL 417 IS 1-2 BP 13 EP 17 DI 10.1016/j.jallcom.2005.09.019 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 055RT UT WOS:000238468800006 ER PT J AU Cronin, MF Fairall, CW McPhaden, MJ AF Cronin, Meghan F. Fairall, Christopher W. McPhaden, Michael J. TI An assessment of buoy-derived and numerical weather prediction surface heat fluxes in the tropical Pacific SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID AIR-SEA FLUXES; BULK PARAMETERIZATION; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; BOUNDARY-LAYER; SEASONAL CYCLE; OCEAN SURFACE; EAST PACIFIC; WARM POOL; ATLANTIC; WIND AB [1] As part of the Eastern Pacific Investigation of Climate Processes program, from 2000 through 2003, the easternmost 95 degrees W Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) moorings were enhanced to provide time series of net surface heat flux, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ship maintaining the 95 degrees W and 110 degrees W TAO lines was enhanced to monitor surface heat fluxes and atmospheric boundary layer structure. In this study we compare the ship-based and buoy-based radiative, bulk latent, and sensible heat fluxes, as well as the meteorological state variables used to compute the turbulent heat fluxes. The buoy net surface heat flux measurements appear to have an overall uncertainty near the target 10 W m(-2), when careful attention is paid to the state variables. When hourly averaged data were unavailable, the telemetered daily averaged data were used in combination with an estimate of the mesoscale gustiness. In the eastern tropical Pacific a warm layer correction to account for stratification above 1-m depth was important only during the warm season ( January - May) near the equator. These high-quality, cross-validated buoy heat flux time series are then used to assess the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR), NCEP/Department of Energy, and 40-year European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts reanalyses' surface heat fluxes. All reanalyses show that over warm water where deep convection is prominent, latent heat loss is too large and net solar radiation is too weak; conversely, in regions of stratocumulus over cool water, net solar radiation is too strong, and for NCEP/NCAR, latent heat loss is too weak. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Cronin, MF (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM meghan.f.cronin@noaa.gov RI McPhaden, Michael/D-9799-2016 NR 42 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD JUN 28 PY 2006 VL 111 IS C6 AR C06038 DI 10.1029/2005JC003324 PG 18 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 062JV UT WOS:000238941300002 ER PT J AU Labardi, M AF Labardi, M. TI Stability of dynamic force microscopy with the self-oscillator method SO NANOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TIP-SAMPLE INTERACTION; CONSTANT-EXCITATION; NONCONTACT; FREQUENCY; SPECTROSCOPY; SI(111)7X7; AMPLITUDE; SURFACE; SHIFT; AFM AB Dynamic force microscopy (DFM) with the self-oscillator (SO) method is not generally subjected to the instability effects typical of tapping-mode DFM, as confirmed experimentally. The inherent stability of SO-DFM is related to phase locking of the cantilever oscillation to the excitation signal. Such phase locking determines univocally the oscillation state (i.e. amplitude and frequency) on the resonance curve, even when multiple amplitude values are compatible with a given frequency. By modelling the behaviour of an air-operated DFM system, it is found that, while stabilizing tip/surface distance for DFM imaging at constant frequency shift, and beyond a certain critical phase value, instabilities are possible in the SO constant-excitation amplitude mode. However, such instabilities cannot affect dynamic force spectroscopy approach curves, because of phase locking. By extension to vacuum operation, this result can confirm the origin of jumps in frequency shift found on some experimental DFM approach curves, for instance between non-passivated silicon tips to specific surface atomic sites of reconstructed silicon, since instrumental effects of the SO method can be ruled out. C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. CNR, INFM, PolyLab, I-56127 Pisa, Italy. RP Labardi, M (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM labardi@df.unipi.it NR 30 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-4484 EI 1361-6528 J9 NANOTECHNOLOGY JI Nanotechnology PD JUN 28 PY 2006 VL 17 IS 12 BP 3071 EP 3080 DI 10.1088/0957-4484/17/12/043 PG 10 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 052TH UT WOS:000238256300043 ER PT J AU Tsurutani, BT Guarnieri, FL Fuller-Rowell, T Mannucci, AJ Iijima, B Gonzalez, WD Judge, DL Gangopadhyay, P Saito, A Tsuda, T Verkhoglyadova, OP Zambon, GA AF Tsurutani, B. T. Guarnieri, F. L. Fuller-Rowell, T. Mannucci, A. J. Iijima, B. Gonzalez, W. D. Judge, D. L. Gangopadhyay, P. Saito, A. Tsuda, T. Verkhoglyadova, O. P. Zambon, G. A. TI Extreme solar EUV flares and ICMEs and resultant extreme ionospheric effects: Comparison of the Halloween 2003 and the Bastille Day events SO RADIO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GREAT MAGNETIC STORM; ELECTRIC-FIELD; PIONEER-11; SYSTEM; REGION; SHOCKS AB [ 1] Extreme solar flares can cause extreme ionospheric effects. The 28 October 2003 flare caused a similar to 25 total electron content units (TECU = 10(16) el/m(2) column density), or a similar to 30%, increase in the local noon equatorial ionospheric column density. The rise in the TEC enhancement occurred in similar to 5 min. This TEC increase was similar to 5 times the TEC increases detected for the 29 October and the 4 November 2003 flares and the 14 July 2000 (Bastille Day) flare. In the 260 - 340 angstrom EUV wavelength range, the 28 October flare peak count rate was more than twice as large as for the other three flares. Another strong ionospheric effect is the delayed influence of the interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) electric fields on the ionosphere. For the 28 and 29 October flares, the associated ICMEs propagated from the Sun to the Earth at particularly high speeds. The prompt penetration of the interplanetary electric fields (IEFs) caused the dayside near-equatorial ionosphere to be strongly uplifted by E x B convection. Consequential diffusion of the uplifted plasma down the Earth's magnetic field lines to higher magnetic latitudes is a major plasma transport process during these IEF (superstorm) events. Such diffusion should lead to inverted midlatitude ionospheres ( oxygen ions at higher altitudes than protons). The energy input into the midlatitude ionospheres by this superfountain phenomenon could lead to local dayside midlatitude disturbance dynamos, features which cannot propagate from the nightside auroral zones. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Kyoto Univ, Res Inst Sustainable Humanosphere, Uji, Japan. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Kyoto Univ, Dept Geophys, Sakyou Ku, Kyoto 6068502, Japan. Univ Calif Riverside, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP Tsurutani, BT (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM bruce.tsurutani@jpl.nasa.gov RI tsuda, toshitaka/A-3035-2015; OI Verkhoglyadova, Olga/0000-0002-9295-9539 NR 22 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0048-6604 J9 RADIO SCI JI Radio Sci. PD JUN 28 PY 2006 VL 41 IS 5 AR RS5S07 DI 10.1029/2005RS003331 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA 062KS UT WOS:000238943700001 ER PT J AU Evan, AT Heidinger, AK Knippertz, P AF Evan, Amato T. Heidinger, Andrew K. Knippertz, Peter TI Analysis of winter dust activity off the coast of West Africa using a new 24-year over-water advanced very high resolution radiometer satellite dust climatology SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURES; SAHARAN DUST; MINERAL DUST; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; EL-NINO; AEROSOLS; RAINFALL; DROUGHT; IMPACT AB [ 1] A 24-year ( 1982 - 2005) winter daytime advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) data set has been processed utilizing a new over-water dust detection algorithm. The dust data are for the oceanic regions surrounding West Africa and provide a long-term remotely sensed continuous record of dustiness in the region. These AVHRR dust observations are comparable to dust records produced via the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer and Meteosat instruments. Strong positive correlations between the wintertime Jones North Atlantic Oscillation index and this dust record are observed across the entire oceanic region, corroborating earlier studies on the relationship between the two. Also consistent with previous investigations, we find more regional positive and negative correlations between dust and the wintertime Nino 3.4 index and summertime Sahelian precipitation, respectively. Also, unique to satellite studies of interannual dust variability over the North Atlantic, we develop a wintertime AVHRR normalized difference vegetation index time series for the Sahel region. A strong relationship is seen between tropical North Atlantic dustiness and this vegetation index, suggesting the possibility that vegetation changes in the Sahel play an important role in variability of downwind dustiness. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Atmospher Sci, Madison, WI USA. Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, NOAA, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Evan, AT (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM atevan@wisc.edu RI Heidinger, Andrew/F-5591-2010; Knippertz, Peter/D-5861-2016 OI Heidinger, Andrew/0000-0001-7631-109X; Knippertz, Peter/0000-0001-9856-619X NR 53 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUN 27 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D12 AR D12210 DI 10.1029/2005JD006336 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 062IR UT WOS:000238938300002 ER PT J AU Randel, WJ Wu, F Vomel, H Nedoluha, GE Forster, P AF Randel, William J. Wu, Fei Voemel, Holger Nedoluha, Gerald E. Forster, Piers TI Decreases in stratospheric water vapor after 2001: Links to changes in the tropical tropopause and the Brewer-Dobson circulation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID HALOGEN OCCULTATION EXPERIMENT; RADIOSONDE TEMPERATURE DATA; QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATION; TEMPORAL HOMOGENIZATION; TROPOSPHERE EXCHANGE; SOUTHERN-HEMISPHERE; OZONE; TRENDS; LAYER; CONVECTION AB [ 1] Time series of stratospheric water vapor measurements by satellites and balloons show persistent low values beginning in 2001. Temperature observations show that the tropical tropopause has been anomalously cold during this period, and the observed water vapor changes ( approximately - 0.4 ppmv) are consistent with the temperature decreases ( approximately - 1 K). The cold anomalies occur in the tropics over a narrow vertical layer near 15 - 20 km. There have been corresponding changes in the tropical ozone profile over the same period, with similar to 10% reductions over a similar narrow layer near the tropopause. The variations in temperature and ozone appear coupled, and the spatial patterns of the changes since 2001 are consistent with an increase in the mean tropical upwelling (Brewer-Dobson) circulation. Estimates of tropical upwelling derived from eddy statistics ("downward control'') show coherence with interannual temperature changes, including a consistent increase after 2001. Part of the temperature changes may also be explained as a radiative response to the observed ozone decreases. The results paint a consistent picture of enhanced tropical upwelling after 2001, resulting in colder temperatures, lower water vapor and lower ozone near the tropical tropopause. The recent low values significantly influence estimates of decadal-scale trends in temperature and ozone near the tropical tropopause. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NOAA, Global Monitoring Div, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Univ Leeds, Sch Earth & Environm, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. RP Randel, WJ (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM randel@ucar.edu RI Randel, William/K-3267-2016; Forster, Piers/F-9829-2010 OI Randel, William/0000-0002-5999-7162; Forster, Piers/0000-0002-6078-0171 NR 41 TC 163 Z9 168 U1 0 U2 21 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUN 27 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D12 AR D12312 DI 10.1029/2005JD006744 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 062IR UT WOS:000238938300007 ER PT J AU Lohmann, IP Fredsoe, J Sumer, BM Christensen, ED AF Lohmann, I. P. Fredsoe, J. Sumer, B. M. Christensen, E. D. TI Large Eddy Simulation of the ventilated wave boundary layer SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID TURBULENT CHANNEL FLOW; OSCILLATORY FLOW; FREE-SURFACE; WALL SUCTION; CURRENTS; FIELD AB [ 1] A Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of ( 1) a fully developed turbulent wave boundary layer and ( 2) case 1 subject to ventilation (i.e., suction and injection varying alternately in phase) has been performed, using the Smagorinsky subgrid-scale model to express the subgrid viscosity. The model was found to reproduce experimental results well. However, in case 1, the near-bed ensemble averaged velocity is underestimated during the acceleration stage, probably due to the Smagorinsky subgrid-scale model not being able to capture the physics well in that region. Also, there is a general overestimation of the streamwise turbulence intensity, while an underestimation of the intensities in the two other directions. This may be an effect from the stretched computational mesh in the streamwise direction, since the Smagorinsky subgrid viscosity assumes proportionality to one scalar expressing the overall ( local) grid size. The results indicate that the large eddies develop in the resolved scale, corresponding to fluid with an effective viscosity decided by the sum of the kinematic and subgrid viscosity. Regarding case 2, the results are qualitatively in accordance with experimental findings. Injection generally slows down the flow in the full vertical extent of the boundary layer, destabilizes the flow and decreases the mean bed shear stress significantly; whereas suction generally speeds up the flow in the full vertical extent of the boundary layer, stabilizes the flow and increases the mean bed shear stress significantly. Ventilation therefore results in a net current, even in symmetric waves. C1 NOAA, NCEP, EMC, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Tech Univ Denmark, MEK Coastal Maritime & Struct Engn Sect, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. DHI Water & Environm, DK-2970 Horsholm, Denmark. RP Lohmann, IP (reprint author), NOAA, NCEP, EMC, Auth Rd 5200, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM iris.lohmann@noaa.gov RI Christensen, Erik /C-5333-2014 OI Christensen, Erik /0000-0002-5225-5828 NR 37 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9275 EI 2169-9291 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD JUN 27 PY 2006 VL 111 IS C6 AR C06036 DI 10.1029/2005JC002946 PG 21 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 062JU UT WOS:000238941200001 ER PT J AU Kulkarni, A Goland, A Herman, H Allen, AJ Dobbins, T DeCarlo, F Ilavsky, J Long, GG Fang, S Lawton, P AF Kulkarni, Anand Goland, Allen Herman, Herbert Allen, Andrew J. Dobbins, Tabbetha DeCarlo, Francesco Ilavsky, Jan Long, Gabrielle G. Fang, Stacy Lawton, Paul TI Advanced neutron and X-ray techniques for insights into the microstructure of EB-PVD thermal barrier coatings SO MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING LA English DT Article DE thermal barrier coatings; EB PVD; small-angle neutron scattering; ultra small-angle X-ray scattering; X-ray microtomography; microstructure characterization; porosity-property correlations ID PLASMA-SPRAYED DEPOSITS; GAS-TURBINE ENGINE; ANGLE; SCATTERING; MICROTOMOGRAPHY AB The ongoing quest to increase gas turbine efficiency and performance (increased thrust) provides a driving force for materials development. While improved engine design and usage of novel materials provide solutions for increased engine operating temperatures, and hence fuel efficiency, reliability issues remain. Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs), deposited onto turbine components using the electron-beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) process, exhibit unique pore architectures capable of bridging the technological gap between insulation/life extension and prime reliance. This article explores the potential of advanced X-ray and neutron techniques for comprehension of an EB-PVD TBC coating microstructure. While conventional microscopy reveals a hierarchy of voids, complementary advanced techniques allow quantification of these voids in terms of component porosities, anisotropy, size and gradient through the coating thickness. In addition, the derived microstructural parameters obtained both further knowledge of the nature and architecture of the porosity, and help establish its influence on the resultant thermal and mechanical properties. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Chromalloy Gas Turbine Corp, Orangeburg, NY 10962 USA. RP Herman, H (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. EM hherman@ms.cc.sunysb.edu RI Ilavsky, Jan/D-4521-2013; USAXS, APS/D-4198-2013; OI Ilavsky, Jan/0000-0003-1982-8900; Dobbins, Tabbetha/0000-0002-2427-3746 NR 27 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0921-5093 J9 MAT SCI ENG A-STRUCT JI Mater. Sci. Eng. A-Struct. Mater. Prop. Microstruct. Process. PD JUN 25 PY 2006 VL 426 IS 1-2 BP 43 EP 52 DI 10.1016/j.msea.2006.03.070 PG 10 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 093EZ UT WOS:000241152000007 ER PT J AU Fiore, AM Horowitz, LW Dlugokencky, EJ West, JJ AF Fiore, Arlene M. Horowitz, Larry W. Dlugokencky, Edward J. West, J. Jason TI Impact of meteorology and emissions on methane trends, 1990-2004 SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC METHANE; NOX; VARIABILITY; LIFETIME; WETLANDS; GROWTH; MODEL; CH4 AB Over the past century, atmospheric methane (CH4) rose dramatically before leveling off in the late 1990s. The processes controlling this trend are poorly understood, limiting confidence in projections of future CH4. The MOZART-2 global tropospheric chemistry model qualitatively captures the observed CH4 trend ( increasing in the early 1990s and then leveling off) with constant emissions. From 1991 - 1995 to 2000 - 2004, the CH4 lifetime versus tropospheric OH decreases by 1.6%, reflecting increases in OH and temperature. The rise in OH stems from an increase in lightning NOx as parameterized in the model. A simulation including annually varying anthropogenic and wetland CH4 emissions, as well as the changes in meteorology, best reproduces the observed CH4 distribution, trend, and seasonal cycles. Projections of future CH4 abundances should consider climate-driven changes in CH4 sources and sinks. C1 NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. RP Fiore, AM (reprint author), NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton Univ Forrestal Campus,201 Forrestal Rd, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. EM arlene.fiore@noaa.gov RI Horowitz, Larry/D-8048-2014; West, Jason/J-2322-2015 OI Horowitz, Larry/0000-0002-5886-3314; West, Jason/0000-0001-5652-4987 NR 24 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUN 24 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 12 AR L12809 DI 10.1029/2006GL026199 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 057LR UT WOS:000238597800003 ER PT J AU Nilsson, WB Gudkovs, N Strom, MS AF Nilsson, William B. Gudkovs, Nicholas Strom, Mark S. TI Atypical strains of Aeromonas salmonicida contain multiple copies of insertion element ISAsa4 useful as a genetic marker and a target for PCR assay SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE Aeromonas salmonicida; typical marker; atypical marker; insertion sequence; molecular marker ID FIELD GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; SUBSP SALMONICIDA; FISH; DNA; DIVERSITY; IDENTIFICATION; VIRULENCE; PLASMID; ARRAY AB The species Aeromonas salmonicida includes a quite complex group of pathogens that cause a variety of diseases in fishes. Best studied strains of this species are those of the subspecies salmonicida also referred to as 'typical' A. salmonicida, which cause furunculosis in salmonids. Less completely understood are bacteria assigned to other subspecies, e.g. achromogenes and masoucida, or those that cannot be assigned to a recognized subspecies. These strains are referred to collectively as 'atypical' A. salmonicida and cause diseases distinct from furunculosis, primarily affecting nonsalmonids. In the course of a study to investigate the suitability of the gene product of tapA as a subunit vaccine, we discovered several atypical strains of A. salmonicida in which the tapA gene was interrupted by an insertion sequence (IS). Subsequent Southern blot analyses indicated that nearly all atypical strains (27 of 29) examined carry many copies of this IS, which we named ISAsa4. Genetic characterization of this IS element revealed it to be a member of the IS5 family, subgroup IS903. Aside from the presence of ISAsa4 in several atypical strains, the nucleotide sequence of tapA was virtually identical to that found in typical strains. This finding suggests that ISAsa4 might be a major source of genetic diversity among atypical strains which, unlike typical strains, are genetically heterogeneous. The presence of ISAsa4 in atypical strains may also help explain the host tropism of atypical strains of this bacterium. Using information on the nucleotide sequences of ISAsa4 from atypical strains of A. salmonicida, primers were designed to selectively amplify genomic DNA from most atypical strains. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. CSIRO, Livestock Ind, Australian Anim Hlth Lab, Geelong, Vic 3220, Australia. RP Strom, MS (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM mark.strom@noaa.gov NR 34 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD JUN 23 PY 2006 VL 70 IS 3 BP 209 EP 217 DI 10.3354/dao070209 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 077DP UT WOS:000240008200004 PM 16903232 ER PT J AU Diffenbaugh, NS Eakin, CM Otto-Bliesner, BL Zhao, MX AF Diffenbaugh, NS Eakin, CM Otto-Bliesner, BL Zhao, MX TI Introduction to the special issue "Glacial-interglacial climate of the past 160,000 years: New insights from data and models" SO PALAEOGEOGRAPHY PALAEOCLIMATOLOGY PALAEOECOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Purdue Univ, Purdue Climate Change Res Ctr, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NOAA, Coral Reef Watch, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Tongji Univ, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci, Shanghai 200092, Peoples R China. RP Diffenbaugh, NS (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Purdue Climate Change Res Ctr, 550 Stadium Mall Dr, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. EM diffenbaugh@purdue.edu RI Diffenbaugh, Noah/I-5920-2014; Eakin, C. Mark/F-5585-2010 OI Diffenbaugh, Noah/0000-0002-8856-4964; NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0031-0182 J9 PALAEOGEOGR PALAEOCL JI Paleogeogr. Paleoclimatol. Paleoecol. PD JUN 23 PY 2006 VL 236 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 4 DI 10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.03.057 PG 4 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Paleontology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Paleontology GA 059QB UT WOS:000238746200001 ER PT J AU Matan, K Grohol, D Nocera, DG Yildirim, T Harris, AB Lee, SH Nagler, SE Lee, YS AF Matan, K Grohol, D Nocera, DG Yildirim, T Harris, AB Lee, SH Nagler, SE Lee, YS TI Spin waves in the frustrated kagome lattice antiferromagnet KFe3(OH)(6)(SO4)(2) SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID HEISENBERG-ANTIFERROMAGNET; WEAK FERROMAGNETISM; ORDER; FLUCTUATIONS; ICE AB The spin wave excitations of the S=5/2 kagome lattice antiferromagnet KFe3(OH)(6)(SO4)(2) have been measured using high-resolution inelastic neutron scattering. We directly observe a flat mode which corresponds to a lifted "zero energy mode," verifying a fundamental prediction for the kagome lattice. A simple Heisenberg spin Hamiltonian provides an excellent fit to our spin wave data. The antisymmetric Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction is the primary source of anisotropy and explains the low-temperature magnetization and spin structure. C1 MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. MIT, Dept Chem, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Phys & Astron, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Phys, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Ctr Neutron Scattering, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Matan, K (reprint author), MIT, Dept Phys, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RI yildirim, taner/A-1290-2009; Nagler, Stephen/B-9403-2010; Nagler, Stephen/E-4908-2010; harris, A Brooks/C-8640-2013 OI Nagler, Stephen/0000-0002-7234-2339; NR 26 TC 73 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 22 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JUN 23 PY 2006 VL 96 IS 24 AR 247201 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.247201 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 055YS UT WOS:000238487900055 PM 16907274 ER PT J AU Bradley, RS Vuille, M Diaz, HF Vergara, W AF Bradley, Raymond S. Vuille, Mathias Diaz, Henry F. Vergara, Walter TI Threats to water supplies in the tropical Andes SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID CLIMATE-CHANGE; 20TH-CENTURY; TEMPERATURE; GLACIER; BOLIVIA; 16-DEGREES-S; CHACALTAYA C1 Univ Massachusetts, Climate Syst Res Ctr, Dept Geosci, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. World Bank, Latin Amer Environm Dept, Washington, DC 20433 USA. RP Bradley, RS (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Climate Syst Res Ctr, Dept Geosci, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. EM rbradley@geo.umass.edu OI Vuille, Mathias/0000-0002-9736-4518 NR 14 TC 227 Z9 238 U1 10 U2 67 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 EI 1095-9203 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUN 23 PY 2006 VL 312 IS 5781 BP 1755 EP 1756 DI 10.1126/science.1128087 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 055LS UT WOS:000238452800042 PM 16794068 ER PT J AU Brioude, J Cammas, JP Cooper, OR AF Brioude, J Cammas, JP Cooper, OR TI Stratosphere-troposphere exchange in a summertime extratropical low: analysis SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CROSS-TROPOPAUSE EXCHANGE; PARTICLE DISPERSION MODEL; MOZAIC AIRBORNE PROGRAM; IN-SERVICE AIRCRAFT; CARBON-MONOXIDE; LOWERMOST STRATOSPHERE; NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; 15-YEAR CLIMATOLOGY; COLD FRONTS AB Ozone and carbon monoxide measurements sampled during two commercial flights in airstreams of a summertime midlatitude cyclone are analysed with a Lagrangian-based study ( backward trajectories and a Reverse Domain Filling technique) to gain a comprehensive understanding of transport effects on trace gas distributions. The study demonstrates that summertime cyclones can be associated with deep stratosphere-troposphere transport. A tropopause fold is sampled twice in its life cycle, once in the lower troposphere ( O3 similar or equal to 100 ppbv; CO similar or equal to 90 ppbv) in the dry airstream of the cyclone, and again in the upper troposphere ( O3 similar or equal to 200 ppbv; CO similar or equal to 90 ppbv) on the northern side of the large scale potential vorticity feature associated with baroclinic development. In agreement with the maritime development of the cyclone, the chemical composition of the anticyclonic portion of the warm conveyor belt outflow ( O3 similar or equal to 40 ppbv; CO similar or equal to 85 ppbv) corresponds to the lowest mixing ratios of both ozone and carbon monoxide in the upper tropospheric airborne observations. The uncertain degree of confidence of the Lagrangian-based technique applied to a 100 km segment of upper level airborne observations with high ozone ( 200 ppbv) and relatively low CO ( 80 ppbv) observed northwest of the cyclone prevents identification of the ozone enrichment process of air parcels embedded in the cyclonic part of the upper level outflow of the warm conveyor belt. Different hypotheses of stratosphere-troposphere exchange are discussed. C1 Observ Midi Pyrenees, UMR5560, Lab Aerol, F-31400 Toulouse, France. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Brioude, J (reprint author), Observ Midi Pyrenees, UMR5560, Lab Aerol, F-31400 Toulouse, France. EM brij@aero.obs-mip.fr RI Brioude, Jerome/E-4629-2011; Cooper, Owen/H-4875-2013 NR 41 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 3 PU EUROPEAN GEOSCIENCES UNION PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PD JUN 22 PY 2006 VL 6 BP 2337 EP 2353 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 055SY UT WOS:000238471900001 ER PT J AU Ryan, S Dlugokencky, EJ Tans, PP Trudeau, ME AF Ryan, S Dlugokencky, EJ Tans, PP Trudeau, ME TI Mauna Loa volcano is not a methane source: Implications for Mars SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID KILAUEA-VOLCANO; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; ATMOSPHERIC METHANE; ART.; HAWAII; SUMMIT; GASES; BASALT; MAGMA; LIFE AB Thirteen years of continuous atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane measurements at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii are used to determine the methane emission rate from the summit of Mauna Loa volcano. We find no measurable methane emissions coming from the summit area, with a 95% confidence upper limit of 9 t CH4 yr(-1). Recent studies have detected 10 ppb CH4 in the Martian atmosphere, requiring emissions of about 300 t CH4 yr(-1). Volcanic activity has been suggested as a source of abiogenic CH4 on Mars, either by magmatic degassing or reactions in hydrothermal fluids heated by a magma intrusion. The most recent lava flows on Mars (2 My ago) are on the Tharsis shield volcanoes, which may still be active. If Mauna Loa is a valid terrestrial analog, our findings suggest that volcanic activity is not a significant source of methane to the Martian atmosphere. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Mauna Loa Observ, Global Monitoring Div, Earth Syst Res Lab, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Global Monitoring Div, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Ryan, S (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Mauna Loa Observ, Global Monitoring Div, Earth Syst Res Lab, 1437 Kilauea Ave 102, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. EM steve.c.ryan@noaa.gov NR 32 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUN 22 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 12 AR L12301 DI 10.1029/2006GL026223 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 057LM UT WOS:000238597300003 ER PT J AU Yin, JJ Schlesinger, ME Andronova, NG Malyshev, S Li, B AF Yin, Jianjun Schlesinger, Michael E. Andronova, Natasha G. Malyshev, Sergey Li, Bin TI Is a shutdown of the thermohaline circulation irreversible? SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID MERIDIONAL OVERTURNING CIRCULATION; OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE MODEL; FRESH-WATER BALANCE; GLACIAL CLIMATE; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; BIFURCATIONS; EQUILIBRIA; STABILITY; CONVEYOR; DECADES AB [ 1] The Atlantic thermohaline circulation (THC) plays a vital role in explaining past abrupt climate changes and in maintaining the current climate. Its remarkable nonlinear dynamics, first demonstrated by H. M. Stommel, have been supported by various types of climate models. This has led to severe concerns that global warming may shut down the THC irreversibly, with consequent catastrophic climate changes, particularly for Europe. Here we use an uncoupled ocean general circulation model (OGCM) and a coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model (AOGCM) to investigate the nonlinear response of the THC to freshwater perturbations in the northern North Atlantic. We find that the THC shuts down irreversibly in the uncoupled OGCM simulations but reversibly in the coupled AOGCM simulations. This occurs because of different feedback processes operating in the uncoupled OGCM and AOGCM. The reversal of the THC in the uncoupled OGCM tends to stabilize the "off'' mode of the THC by decreasing the mean salinity of the Atlantic, whereas a crucial negative feedback in the AOGCM helps the THC recover. This negative feedback results from complex air-sea interactions, and its operation needs the full participation of the atmosphere. Thus given the more realistic simulation by the AOGCM, the irreversible shutdown of the THC caused by freshwater addition appears to be an artifact of the uncoupled OGCM rather than a likely outcome of global warming. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, Climate Res Grp, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Yin, JJ (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, POB CN710,Sayre Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM jianjun.yin@noaa.gov RI Andronova, Natalia/I-8983-2012 NR 47 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUN 22 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D12 AR D12104 DI 10.1029/2005JD006562 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 057MD UT WOS:000238599000005 ER PT J AU Arrowsmith, AN Chikan, V Leone, SR AF Arrowsmith, AN Chikan, V Leone, SR TI Dynamics of the CH(A(2)Delta) product from the reaction of C2H with O-2 studied by Fourier transform visible Spectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID 193.3 NM; ULTRAVIOLET PHOTODISSOCIATION; C2H+O(P-3) REACTION; COUPLED-CLUSTER; RATE-CONSTANT; CH; ACETYLENE; EMISSION; RADICALS; STATES AB The reaction C2H + O-2 -> CH(A(2)Delta) + CO2 is investigated using Fourier transform visible emission spectroscopy. C2H radicals, produced by 193 nm photolysis of C2H2, react with O-2 molecules at low total pressures to produce electronically excited CH(A(2)Delta). Observation of the CH(A(2)Delta - X2 Pi) electronic emission to infer nascent rotational and vibrational CH(A(2)Delta) distributions provides information about energy partitioning in the CH(A(2)Delta) fragment during the reaction. The rotational and vibrational populations of the CH(A(2)Delta) product are determined by fitting the rotationally resolved experimental spectra with simulated spectra. The CH(A(2)Delta) product is found to be rotationally and vibrationally excited with T-rot congruent to 1150 K and T-vib = 1900 K. The mechanism for this reaction proceeds through one of two five-atom intermediates and requires a crossing between electronic potential surfaces. The rotational excitation suggests a bent geometry for the final intermediate of this reaction before dissociation to products, and the vibrational excitation involves an elongation of the C-H bond from the compressed transition state to the final CH(A) state. C1 Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Leone, SR (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 42 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD JUN 22 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 24 BP 7521 EP 7526 DI 10.1021/jp061246e PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 053DH UT WOS:000238284400002 PM 16774192 ER PT J AU Marinov, I Gnanadesikan, A Toggweiler, JR Sarmiento, JL AF Marinov, I Gnanadesikan, A Toggweiler, JR Sarmiento, JL TI The Southern Ocean biogeochemical divide SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CO2; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; CARBON-DIOXIDE; HIGH-LATITUDE; MODELS; VENTILATION; THERMOCLINE; WATER; PUMP AB Modelling studies have demonstrated that the nutrient and carbon cycles in the Southern Ocean play a central role in setting the air - sea balance of CO2 and global biological production(1-8). Box model studies(1-4) first pointed out that an increase in nutrient utilization in the high latitudes results in a strong decrease in the atmospheric carbon dioxide partial pressure (p(CO2)). This early research led to two important ideas: high latitude regions are more important in determining atmospheric p(CO2) than low latitudes, despite their much smaller area, and nutrient utilization and atmospheric p(CO2) are tightly linked. Subsequent general circulation model simulations show that the Southern Ocean is the most important high latitude region in controlling preindustrial atmospheric CO2 because it serves as a lid to a larger volume of the deep ocean(5,6). Other studies point out the crucial role of the Southern Ocean in the uptake and storage of anthropogenic carbon dioxide(7) and in controlling global biological production(8). Here we probe the system to determine whether certain regions of the Southern Ocean are more critical than others for air - sea CO2 balance and the biological export production, by increasing surface nutrient drawdown in an ocean general circulation model. We demonstrate that atmospheric CO2 and global biological export production are controlled by different regions of the Southern Ocean. The air - sea balance of carbon dioxide is controlled mainly by the biological pump and circulation in the Antarctic deep-water formation region, whereas global export production is controlled mainly by the biological pump and circulation in the Subantarctic intermediate and mode water formation region. The existence of this biogeochemical divide separating the Antarctic from the Subantarctic suggests that it may be possible for climate change or human intervention to modify one of these without greatly altering the other. C1 Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Marinov, I (reprint author), MIT, Program Atmospheres Oceans & Climate, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM imarinov@mit.edu RI Gnanadesikan, Anand/A-2397-2008 OI Gnanadesikan, Anand/0000-0001-5784-1116 NR 28 TC 131 Z9 135 U1 6 U2 69 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JUN 22 PY 2006 VL 441 IS 7096 BP 964 EP 967 DI 10.1038/nature04883 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 055AT UT WOS:000238422300038 PM 16791191 ER PT J AU Brown, JM Korsgen, H Beaton, SP Evenson, KM AF Brown, JM Korsgen, H Beaton, SP Evenson, KM TI The rotational and fine-structure spectrum of FeH, studied by far-infrared laser magnetic resonance SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GROUND-STATE; FREQUENCY MEASUREMENTS; SOLAR IDENTIFICATION; MOLECULAR-PARAMETERS; METAL-HYDRIDES; BAND SYSTEMS; TRANSITION; SPECTROSCOPY; GREEN; ASSIGNMENT AB Transitions between the spin-rotational levels of the FeH radical in the upsilon=0 level of the X (4)Delta ground state have been detected by the technique of laser magnetic resonance at far-infrared wavelengths. Both pure rotational and fine-structure transitions have been observed; lambda-type doubling is resolved on all the observed transitions. The energy levels of FeH are strongly affected by the breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation and cannot be modeled accurately by an effective Hamiltonian. The data are therefore fitted to an empirical formula to yield term values and g factors for the various spin-rotational levels involved. Many of the resonances show a doubling that arises from the proton hyperfine structure. These splittings are analyzed in a similar manner. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Chem, Phys & Theoret Chem Lab, Oxford OX1 3QZ, England. Univ Bonn, Inst Angew Phys, D-53115 Bonn, Germany. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Brown, JM (reprint author), Univ Oxford, Dept Chem, Phys & Theoret Chem Lab, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QZ, England. EM jmb@physchem.ox.ac.uk NR 44 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD JUN 21 PY 2006 VL 124 IS 23 AR 234309 DI 10.1063/1.2198843 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 055FS UT WOS:000238436000023 PM 16821920 ER PT J AU Chen, CX Depa, P Sakai, VG Maranas, JK Lynn, JW Peral, I Copley, JRD AF Chen, CX Depa, P Sakai, VG Maranas, JK Lynn, JW Peral, I Copley, JRD TI A comparison of united atom, explicit atom, and coarse-grained simulation models for poly(ethylene oxide) SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS; NEUTRON-SCATTERING EXPERIMENTS; POLYMER MELTS; CHAIN CONFIGURATIONS; POLYMETHYLENE MELTS; COMPUTER-SIMULATION; MD SIMULATIONS; FORCE-FIELD; TIME; ELECTROLYTES AB We compare static and dynamic properties obtained from three levels of modeling for molecular dynamics simulation of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). Neutron scattering data are used as a test of each model's accuracy. The three simulation models are an explicit atom (EA) model (all the hydrogens are taken into account explicitly), a united atom (UA) model (CH2 and CH3 groups are considered as a single unit), and a coarse-grained (CG) model (six united atoms are taken as one bead). All three models accurately describe the PEO static structure factor as measured by neutron diffraction. Dynamics are assessed by comparison to neutron time of flight data, which follow self-motion of protons. Hydrogen atom motion from the EA model and carbon/oxygen atom motion from the UA model closely follow the experimental hydrogen motion, while hydrogen atoms reinserted in the UA model are too fast. The EA and UA models provide a good description of the orientation properties of C-H vectors measured by nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. Although dynamic observables in the CG model are in excellent agreement with their united atom counterparts, they cannot be compared to neutron data because the time after which the CG model is valid is greater than the neutron decay times. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Rest, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chen, CX (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM jmaranas@psu.edu RI Peral Alonso, Inmaculada/P-5298-2016 OI Peral Alonso, Inmaculada/0000-0002-6994-1277 NR 39 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 20 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD JUN 21 PY 2006 VL 124 IS 23 AR 234901 DI 10.1063/1.2204035 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 055FS UT WOS:000238436000050 PM 16821947 ER PT J AU Tirumala, VR Ilavsky, J Ilavsky, M AF Tirumala, VR Ilavsky, J Ilavsky, M TI Effect of chemical structure on the volume-phase transition in neutral and weakly charged poly(N-alkyl(meth)acrylamide) hydrogels studied by ultrasmall-angle X-ray scattering SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID N-ISOPROPYLACRYLAMIDE GELS; COIL-GLOBULE TRANSITION; AQUEOUS NACL SOLUTIONS; SWOLLEN GELS; POLYMER GELS; POLY(N-ISOPROPYLACRYLAMIDE) HYDROGELS; NANOCOMPOSITE HYDROGELS; SPATIAL INHOMOGENEITY; DENSITY-FLUCTUATIONS; FTIR SPECTROSCOPY AB Neutral poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PIPAAm), poly(N,N-diethylacrylamide) (PDEAAm), and poly(N-isopropylmethacrylamide) (PIPMAm) hydrogels and their weakly charged counterparts prepared by copolymerizing with sodium methacrylate (x(MNa)=0,0.025,0.05) were studied using ultrasmall-angle x-ray scattering. The volume-phase transition in hydrogels was observed as an increase in the inhomogeneity correlation length of the networks. The change in inhomogeneity correlation length was abrupt in neutral PIPAAm and PIPMAm gels with increase in temperature but was continuous in neutral PDEAAm gels. Addition of ionic comonomer to the network backbone suppressed the volume-phase transition in poly(N-alkylacrylamide)s but not in PIPMAm. The observed differences in temperature-induced volume change of these three polymers in water cannot be rationalized based on their relative hydrophobicity and are instead explained by considering the hydrogen-bonding constraints on their thermal fluctuations. Both PIPAAm and PDEAAm undergo volume collapse since their thermal fluctuations are constrained by hydrogen bonding with water to an extent that beyond a critical temperature they seek entropic compensation. Although thermal fluctuations in both PIPAAm and PIPMAm are equally constrained, thermal energy of the latter can be relaxed via the rotation of alpha-methyl groups allowing it greater flexibility. Compared to N-alkylacrylamides, N-alkylmethacrylamide can thus sustain hydrogen bonding to relatively higher temperatures before seeking entropic compensation by undergoing volume collapse. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Charles Univ, Fac Math & Phys, CR-12116 Prague, Czech Republic. RP Tirumala, VR (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM vijay.tirumala@nist.gov RI Ilavsky, Jan/D-4521-2013; USAXS, APS/D-4198-2013 OI Ilavsky, Jan/0000-0003-1982-8900; NR 61 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD JUN 21 PY 2006 VL 124 IS 23 AR 234911 DI 10.1063/1.2205364 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 055FS UT WOS:000238436000060 PM 16821957 ER PT J AU Iziomon, MG Lohmann, U Quinn, PK AF Iziomon, M. G. Lohmann, U. Quinn, P. K. TI Summertime pollution events in the Arctic and potential implications SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID AEROSOL OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; BIOMASS-BURNING AEROSOLS; SINGLE-SCATTERING ALBEDO; SOIL DUST AEROSOL; LONG-TERM TRENDS; 2001 ACE-ASIA; AIR-POLLUTION; NORTH-AMERICA; BLACK CARBON; ANTHROPOGENIC AEROSOLS AB [1] Arctic summertime aerosols are examined here on the basis of column integrated and surface aerosol measurements made at Barrow ( North Slope of Alaska) between 1998 and 2003. Although the site generally exhibits low aerosol burden in the summer, events of high loadings occur 8 days per summer. During the pollution episodes, the potential source contribution function from Russia is dominant ( being about 40%). The source locations in Russia are mainly situated in the central and eastern parts. South Asia, Europe and North America each contribute 6% to the observed high aerosol loading. Source locations in south Asia lie in northern China and northern Japan, while those in Europe lie mainly in northern U. K. and Estonia. The North American sources are situated in northern Canada and Alaska. Over the 6-year period, 10 +/- 4 days per summer season show elevated levels of surface aerosol absorption. The pollution events with the highest aerosol absorption appear to be associated with smoke from wild fires burning in northwest Canada. Diurnally averaged top of the atmosphere direct radiative forcing Delta F-TOA ( 550 nm) at Barrow lie between - 1.50 W m(-2) and 1.19 W m(-2) in summer with an annual mean of - 0.53 +/- 0.11 W m(-2). Given low Arctic summertime surface albedo (< 30%), a positive Delta F-TOA results when the single scattering albedo is 0.85 or lower. Summertime direct surface radiative forcing (550 nm) ranges between - 3.2 W m(-2) and - 29 W m(-2) for observed cases of aerosol optical depth at the site. C1 Dalhousie Univ, Dept Phys & Atmospher Sci, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada. ETH, Inst Atmospher & Climate Sci, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Iziomon, MG (reprint author), Dalhousie Univ, Dept Phys & Atmospher Sci, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada. EM iziomon@mathstat.dal.ca RI Lohmann, Ulrike/B-6153-2009; Quinn, Patricia/R-1493-2016 OI Lohmann, Ulrike/0000-0001-8885-3785; Quinn, Patricia/0000-0003-0337-4895 NR 83 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUN 21 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D12 AR D12206 DI 10.1029/2005JD006223 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 057MB UT WOS:000238598800001 ER PT J AU Colonna, P Nannan, NR Guardone, A Lemmon, EW AF Colonna, P Nannan, NR Guardone, A Lemmon, EW TI Multiparameter equations of state for selected siloxanes SO FLUID PHASE EQUILIBRIA LA English DT Article DE caloric properties; critical point density; equation of state; fundamental equation; siloxane; thermodynamic properties; vapor pressured; D-4; D-5; MM; MD4M ID THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; WORKING FLUIDS; MIXTURES; CYCLES AB This article presents the development of technical equations of state for four siloxanes using the 12-parameter Span-Wagner functional form. Siloxanes are used as heat transfer fluids and working media in energy conversion applications. The investigated fluids are two linear dimethylsiloxanes, namely MM (hexamethyldisiloxane, C6H18OSi2) and MD4M (tetradecamethylhexasiloxane, C14H42O5Si6), and two cyclic dimethylsiloxanes, namely D-4 (octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, C8H24O4Si4) and D-5 (decamethylcyclopentasiloxane, C10H30O5Si5). Available measured properties are critically evaluated and selected for the optimization of the equation of state (EoS) parameters. Due to the insufficient number of experimental values, several other properties are estimated with the most accurate ad hoc methods. These estimates are included in the optimization of the equation of state parameters. Moreover, experimental saturated liquid density and vapor pressure data are correlated with the equations proposed by Daubert and Wagner-Ambrose, respectively, to provide short, simple, and accurate equations for the computation of these proper-ties. The performance of the obtained equations of state is assessed by comparison with experimental data and also with estimates obtained with the Peng-Robinson cubic EoS with the modification proposed by Stryjek and Vera. This equation was adopted in previous technical studies. The improvements obtained with the newly developed EoS's are significant. Exemplary state diagrams are also reported as a demonstration of the consistency of the obtained thermodynamic models. Sound speed measurements in the vapor phase are planned for the near future and results will be incorporated in future improvements of the newly developed thermodynamic models. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Delft Univ Technol, Proc & Energy Dept, NL-2628 CA Delft, Netherlands. Politecn Milan, Dipartimento Ingn Aerospaziale, I-20154 Milan, Italy. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Colonna, P (reprint author), Delft Univ Technol, Proc & Energy Dept, Leeghwaterstr 44, NL-2628 CA Delft, Netherlands. EM p.colonna@tudelft.nl RI Guardone, Alberto/F-7971-2012; OI Guardone, Alberto/0000-0001-6432-2461; Colonna, Piero/0000-0001-6446-8823 NR 19 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3812 J9 FLUID PHASE EQUILIBR JI Fluid Phase Equilib. PD JUN 20 PY 2006 VL 244 IS 2 BP 193 EP 211 DI 10.1016/j.fluid.2006.04.015 PG 19 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 056HL UT WOS:000238512800012 ER PT J AU Frost, GJ McKeen, SA Trainer, M Ryerson, TB Neuman, JA Roberts, JM Swanson, A Holloway, JS Sueper, DT Fortin, T Parrish, DD Fehsenfeld, FC Flocke, F Peckham, SE Grell, GA Kowal, D Cartwright, J Auerbach, N Habermann, T AF Frost, G. J. McKeen, S. A. Trainer, M. Ryerson, T. B. Neuman, J. A. Roberts, J. M. Swanson, A. Holloway, J. S. Sueper, D. T. Fortin, T. Parrish, D. D. Fehsenfeld, F. C. Flocke, F. Peckham, S. E. Grell, G. A. Kowal, D. Cartwright, J. Auerbach, N. Habermann, T. TI Effects of changing power plant NOx emissions on ozone in the eastern United States: Proof of concept SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY; AIR-QUALITY; DEPOSITION; PLUMES; MODEL; SENSITIVITY; HYDROCARBON; REDUCTIONS; PRECURSORS; URBAN AB [ 1] Recent decreases in nitrogen oxide (NOx = NO + NO2) emissions from eastern U. S. power plants and their effects on regional ozone are studied. Using the EPA 1999 National Emission Inventory as a reference emission data set, NOx and sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission rates at selected power plants are updated to their summer 2003 levels using Continuous Emission Monitoring System ( CEMS) measurements. The validity of the CEMS data is established by comparison to observations made on the NOAA WP-3 aircraft as part of the 2004 New England Air Quality Study. The impacts of power plant NOx emission decreases on O-3 are investigated using the WRF-Chem regional chemical forecast model. Summertime NOx emission rates decreased by approximately 50% between 1999 and 2003 at the subset of power plants studied. The impact of NOx emission reductions on ozone was moderate during summer 2004 because of relatively cool temperatures and frequent synoptic disturbances. Effects in individual plant plumes vary depending on the plant's NOx emission strength, the proximity of other NOx sources, and the availability of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and sunlight. This study provides insight into the ozone changes that can be anticipated as power plant NOx emission reductions continue to be implemented throughout the United States. C1 NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NOAA, Global Syst Div, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Frost, GJ (reprint author), NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM gregory.j.frost@noaa.gov RI Roberts, James/A-1082-2009; Neuman, Andy/A-1393-2009; Parrish, David/E-8957-2010; Holloway, John/F-9911-2012; Pfister, Gabriele/A-9349-2008; Trainer, Michael/H-5168-2013; Ryerson, Tom/C-9611-2009; McKeen, Stuart/H-9516-2013; Frost, Gregory/I-1958-2013; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013; grell, georg/B-6234-2015; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Roberts, James/0000-0002-8485-8172; Neuman, Andy/0000-0002-3986-1727; Parrish, David/0000-0001-6312-2724; Holloway, John/0000-0002-4585-9594; grell, georg/0000-0001-5214-8742; NR 43 TC 133 Z9 135 U1 8 U2 45 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUN 20 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D12 AR D12306 DI 10.1029/2005JD006354 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 057MA UT WOS:000238598700001 ER PT J AU Forry, SP Reyes, DR Gaitan, M Locascio, LE AF Forry, SP Reyes, DR Gaitan, M Locascio, LE TI Facilitating the culture of mammalian nerve cells with polyelectrolyte multilayers SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID ADHESION; SURFACES; PROTEINS; NEURONS; MICROFABRICATION; DIFFERENTIATION; ULTRATHIN; GROWTH; FILMS AB When neuron-like cells (NLCs) derived from pluripotent embryonal carcinoma cells (P19) are cultured on bare tissue culture substrates, they require a monolayer of fibroblast cells to exhibit normal neurite outgrowth, behavior typical of neuronal cultures. However, substrate treatment with polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) composed of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PSS) significantly improved these cultures. Cell morphology was more spread, indicative of healthy cells, and direct attachment of neuronal cell bodies to the treated surface was observed. Neuronal outgrowth across the surface was not dependent on an underlying fibroblast monolayer with the PEMs surface treatment. Additionally, the PEMs surface treatment can be used to condition various surfaces, facilitating neuronal cultures on surfaces which are natively hydrophilic (tissue culture polystyrene) or hydrophobic (poly(dimethylsiloxane), PDMS). Microfluidic networks were used to micropattern the PEMs onto PDMS, resulting in confined regions of cellular attachment and directed neuronal outgrowth. The ability of PEMs to encourage NLC attachment without supporting cells to a variety of surfaces and surface geometries greatly simplifies neuronal culture methodology and enables neuronal investigations in new environments. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Forry, SP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 29 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD JUN 20 PY 2006 VL 22 IS 13 BP 5770 EP 5775 DI 10.1021/la053244b PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 052FH UT WOS:000238217000043 PM 16768507 ER PT J AU Flaud, JM Lafferty, WJ Sams, RL Sharpe, SW AF Flaud, JM Lafferty, WJ Sams, RL Sharpe, SW TI High resolution spectroscopy of (H2CO)-C-12-O-16 in the 1.9 to 2.56 mu m spectral range SO MOLECULAR PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID VIBRATIONALLY EXCITED-STATES; QUARTIC FORCE-FIELD; MICROWAVE-SPECTRUM; LINE POSITIONS; FORMALDEHYDE; H2CO; BANDS; V6; V4; STRENGTHS AB Infrared spectra of H2CO covering the 1.9 mu m - 2.5 mu m spectral domain have been recorded at high resolution (0.005 cm(-1)) using Fourier transform spectroscopy leading to the observation and analysis of the nu(1)+nu(6), nu(2)+nu(4)+nu(6), 2 nu(3)+nu(6), nu(3)+nu(5), nu(1)+nu(2), nu(2)+nu(5), 2 nu(2)+nu(6) and 3 nu(2) bands. The line frequencies were calculated using effective ( empirical) Hamiltonian models, which account for the main Coriolis and vibrational interactions. Using an interactive scheme it was possible to least-squares fit the observed energy levels to within a few thousandths of a cm(-1). The observed-calculated differences do not match the spectral precision (similar to 0.0008 cm(-1)), but, given the congestion in the spectrum resulting from the density of the vibrational states as well as the large centrifugal distortion and Coriolis and anharmonic coupling effects, we believe that a reasonable agreement was obtained. From the fittings the following band centers were derived [GRAPHICS] where the expanded uncertainties are one standard deviation (i.e. k = 1). Finally a number of line intensities were measured having uncertainties of about 25%, which permits the determination of the main terms appearing in the expansion of the transition moments. A comprehensive list of line frequencies and intensities has been generated. C1 CNRS, LISA, F-75700 Paris, France. Univ Paris 07, F-75221 Paris 05, France. Univ Paris 12, F-94010 Creteil, France. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Flaud, JM (reprint author), CNRS, LISA, F-75700 Paris, France. EM flaud@lisa.univ-paris12.fr NR 30 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0026-8976 J9 MOL PHYS JI Mol. Phys. PD JUN 20 PY 2006 VL 104 IS 12 BP 1891 EP 1903 DI 10.1080/00268970600641568 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 050WG UT WOS:000238119300010 ER PT J AU Osthoff, HD Brown, SS Ryerson, TB Fortin, TJ Lerner, BM Williams, EJ Pettersson, A Baynard, T Dube, WP Ciciora, SJ Ravishankara, AR AF Osthoff, Hans D. Brown, Steven S. Ryerson, Thomas B. Fortin, Tara J. Lerner, Brian M. Williams, Eric J. Pettersson, Anders Baynard, Tahllee Dube, William P. Ciciora, Steven J. Ravishankara, A. R. TI Measurement of atmospheric NO2 by pulsed cavity ring-down spectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID LASER-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE; ABSORPTION CROSS-SECTIONS; IN-SITU DETECTION; NITROGEN-DIOXIDE; QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; N2O5; TEMPERATURE; NM; DIODE; DEPENDENCE AB [ 1] We have constructed a pulsed cavity ring-down spectrometer ( CARDS) for simultaneous measurements of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), the nitrate radical (NO3), and dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) in the atmosphere. In this paper, we describe the development of the instrument to measure NO2 via its absorption at 532 nm. The NO2 detection channel was calibrated against a NIST traceable calibration standard as well as a photolysis-chemiluminescence (P-CL) NO2 detector. The absorption cross section of NO2 at 532 nm was determined to be (1.45 +/- 0.06) x 10(-19) cm(2). The NO2 detection limit (1 sigma) for 1 s data is 40 pptv, and the instrument response is accurate within +/- 4% (1 sigma) under laboratory conditions. The linear dynamic range of the instrument has been verified from the detection limit to above 200 ppbv (r(2) > 99.99%). For field measurements it is necessary to correct the CARDS NO2 signal for absorption by ozone. Under ambient conditions we report 1 s NO2 CARDS data with total uncertainty +/-(4%, 60 pptv + 0.4 x (pptv/ppbv) x O-3) (1 sigma). The instrument was deployed in the field during the New England Air Quality Study - International Transport and Chemical Transformation on board the NOAA research vessel Ronald H. Brown in the summer of 2004 and in Boulder, Colorado, in the winter of 2005. In both campaigns, CARDS and P-CL NO2 measurements were highly correlated (r(2) > 98%), indicating the absence of interfering gas phase absorbers at 532 nm other than ozone and the suitability of CARDS to measure NO2 in the troposphere. C1 NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Brown, SS (reprint author), NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM steven.s.brown@noaa.gov RI Williams, Eric/F-1184-2010; Ryerson, Tom/C-9611-2009; Dube, William/I-1658-2013; Brown, Steven/I-1762-2013; Ravishankara, Akkihebbal/A-2914-2011; Ciciora, Steven/I-4916-2013; Lerner, Brian/H-6556-2013; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Osthoff, Hans/0000-0001-7155-6493; Dube, William/0000-0003-1286-4087; Lerner, Brian/0000-0001-8721-8165; NR 44 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 24 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUN 17 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D12 AR D12305 DI 10.1029/2005JD006942 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 057BT UT WOS:000238570700012 ER PT J AU Shilling, JE Fortin, TJ Tolbert, MA AF Shilling, J. E. Fortin, T. J. Tolbert, M. A. TI Depositional ice nucleation on crystalline organic and inorganic solids SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID AMMONIUM-SULFATE PARTICLES; CIRRUS CLOUD FORMATION; AEROSOL-PARTICLES; SULFURIC-ACID; AQUEOUS PARTICLES; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; TEMPERATURE; NUCLEI; FILMS; EFFLORESCENCE AB [ 1] This work describes measurements of the heterogeneous depositional nucleation of ice on micrometer-sized (NH4)(2)SO4 ( AS), maleic acid ( C4H4O4) ( MA), and mixed AS/MA particles and on thin NH4NO3 ( AN) films. The critical saturation ratio (S-crit) required for heterogeneous nucleation was found to be similar and temperature-dependent for all solids, ranging from S-crit = 1.42 +/- 0.04 at 190 K to S-crit = 1.04 +/- 0.05 at 240 K. Deliquescence of the solids was not observed in any experiment; ice nucleation always occurred below the deliquescence relative humidity. The observed saturation ratios for ice nucleation were all substantially lower than the saturation ratios required for homogeneous nucleation. These results suggest that vapor deposition of ice may compete with deliquescence for crystalline organic and inorganic solids below the eutectic temperature. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Shilling, JE (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, 40 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM tolbert@cires.colorado.edu RI Shilling, John/L-6998-2015; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Shilling, John/0000-0002-3728-0195; NR 46 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUN 17 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D12 AR D12204 DI 10.1029/2005JD006664 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 057BT UT WOS:000238570700007 ER PT J AU Luger, H Wanninkhof, R Wallace, DWR Kortzinger, A AF Luger, H Wanninkhof, R Wallace, DWR Kortzinger, A TI CO2 fluxes in the subtropical and subarctic North Atlantic based on measurements from a volunteer observing ship SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID GAS-EXCHANGE; WIND-SPEED; OCEAN; CARBON AB [ 1] Surface seawater pCO(2) and related parameters were measured at high frequency onboard the volunteer observing ship M/V Falstaff in the North Atlantic Ocean between 36 degrees and 52 degrees N. Over 90,000 data points were used to produce monthly CO2 fluxes for 2002/2003. The air-sea CO2 fluxes calculated by two different averaging schemes were compared. The first approach used gas transfer velocity determined from wind speed retrieved at the location of the ship and called colocated winds, while for the second approach a monthly averaged gas transfer velocity was calculated from the wind for each grid pixel including the variability in wind. The colocated wind speeds determined during the time of passage do not capture the monthly wind speed variability of the grid resulting in fluxes that were 47% lower than fluxes using the monthly averaged wind products. The Falstaff CO2 fluxes were in good agreement with a climatology using averaged winds. Over the entire region they differed by 2 - 5%, depending on the time-dependent correction scheme to account for the atmospheric in increase in pCO(2). However, locally the flux differences between the ship measurements and the climatology were greater, especially in regions north of 45 degrees N, like the eastern sector. A comparison of two wind speed products showed that the annual CO2 sink is 4% less when using 6 hourly NCEP/NCAR wind speeds compared to the QuikSCAT wind speed data. C1 Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Ocean Chem Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Kiel IFM GEOMAR, Leibniz Inst Meereswissensch, Kiel, Germany. RP Luger, H (reprint author), Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM heike.lueger@noaa.gov RI Kortzinger, Arne/A-4141-2014 OI Kortzinger, Arne/0000-0002-8181-3593 NR 19 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD JUN 17 PY 2006 VL 111 IS C6 AR C06024 DI 10.1029/2005JC003101 PG 10 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 057CE UT WOS:000238571900001 ER PT J AU Ohtani, S Brandt, PC Singer, HJ Mitchell, DG Roelof, EC AF Ohtani, S Brandt, PC Singer, HJ Mitchell, DG Roelof, EC TI Statistical characteristics of hydrogen and oxygen ENA emission from the storm-time ring current SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ENERGETIC NEUTRAL ATOM; INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC-FIELD; SUBSTORM RELATIONSHIP; GEOMAGNETIC STORMS; ION DISTRIBUTIONS; IMAGE MISSION; PLASMA SHEET; TAIL CURRENT; MAIN PHASE; AMPTE-CCE AB [ 1] The present study statistically examines energetic neutral atom (ENA) emission from the storm-time inner magnetosphere using measurements from the IMAGE/HENA instrument. It is found that the total image-integrated ENA energy flux is well correlated (\c. c.\ similar to 0.7) with the Sym-H index. However, the increase is not linear but exponential with \Sym-H\, which can be attributed to the fact that the ring current moves closer to Earth as the storm becomes more intense. The oxygen ( 52 - 180 keV) energy flux increases more steeply with \Sym-H\ than the hydrogen ( 27 - 60 keV and 60 - 119 keV) energy flux, which is consistent with the results of in situ measurements reported previously. The relative contribution of near-Earth emission to total energy flux is larger during the main phase than during the recovery phase presumably because during the main phase the ring current moves closer to Earth and ion precipitation is more intense. Interestingly, if Sym-H is the same, the ring current emission of 60 - 119 keV hydrogen and 52 - 180 keV oxygen is systematically weaker during the main phase than during the recovery phase. This can be explained if the ring current is indeed weaker during the main phase than during the recovery phase ( for a given Sym-H), and its smaller contribution to Sym-H is compensated by the contribution of a more intense tail current. This idea is confirmed by the finding that the geosynchronous magnetic field is more stretched during the main phase. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Ohtani, S (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Johns Hopkins Rd, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. EM ohtani@jhuapl.edu RI Ohtani, Shinichi/E-3914-2016; Brandt, Pontus/N-1218-2016 OI Ohtani, Shinichi/0000-0002-9565-6840; Brandt, Pontus/0000-0002-4644-0306 NR 43 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD JUN 17 PY 2006 VL 111 IS A6 AR A06209 DI 10.1029/2005JA011201 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 057CR UT WOS:000238573400002 ER PT J AU Wang, CZ AF Wang, Chunzai TI An overlooked feature of tropical climate: Inter-Pacific-Atlantic variability SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; CARIBBEAN RAINFALL; OCEAN; ENSO; CIRCULATION; PROJECT; EVENTS; WARM; ITCZ AB Both the tropical Pacific and Atlantic host an equatorial mode of interannual variability called the Pacific El Nino and the Atlantic Nino, respectively. Although the Pacific El Nino does not correlate with the Atlantic Nino, anomalous warming or cooling of the two equatorial oceans can form an inter-Pacific-Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) gradient variability that induces surface zonal wind anomalies over equatorial South America and over some regions of both ocean basins. The zonal wind anomalies act to bridge the interaction of the two ocean basins, reinforcing the inter-Pacific-Atlantic SST gradient through atmospheric Walker circulations and oceanic dynamics. Thus, a positive feedback seems to exist for climate variability of the tropical Pacific-Atlantic Oceans and atmosphere system, in which the inter-basin SST gradient is coupled to the overlying atmospheric wind. Rainfall responds to the inter-Pacific-Atlantic SST gradient by showing an anti-symmetric configuration between the two equatorial oceans, suggesting that rainfall is sensitive to the equatorial inter-basin SST gradient, regardless of which ocean is anomalously warm or cold. C1 NOAA, Phys Oceanog Div, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Wang, CZ (reprint author), NOAA, Phys Oceanog Div, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM chunzai.wang@noaa.gov RI Wang, Chunzai /C-9712-2009 OI Wang, Chunzai /0000-0002-7611-0308 NR 23 TC 41 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUN 16 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 12 AR L12702 DI 10.1029/2006GL026324 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 057BN UT WOS:000238570000004 ER PT J AU Short, JW Maselko, JM Lindeberg, MR Harris, PM Rice, SD AF Short, JW Maselko, JM Lindeberg, MR Harris, PM Rice, SD TI Vertical distribution and probability of encountering intertidal Exxon Valdez oil on shorelines of three embayments within Prince William Sound, Alaska SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CRUDE-OIL; SPILL; PERSISTENCE; BEACHES; RECOVERY; EXPOSURE; EMBRYOS AB We examined 32 shorelines selected at random in 2003 from shorelines in Herring Bay, Lower Pass, and Bay of Isles in Prince William Sound, Alaska, to examine the vertical distribution of oil remaining from the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill and to estimate the probability that sea otters and ducks would encounter oil while foraging there. On each shoreline, sampling was stratified by 1-m tide height intervals and randomly located 0.25 m(2) sampling quadrats were examined for evidence of surface and subsurface oil. Oil from the T/V Exxon Valdez was found on 14 shorelines, mainly in Herring Bay and Lower Pass, with an estimated 0.43 ha covered by surface oil and 1.52 ha containing subsurface oil. Surface and subsurface oil were most prevalent near the middle of the intertidal and had nearly symmetrical distributions with respect to tide height. Hence, about half the oil is in the biologically rich lower intertidal, where predators may encounter it while disturbing sediments in search of prey. The overall probability of encountering surface or subsurface oil is estimated as 0.0048, which is only slightly greater than our estimated probability of encountering subsurface oil in the lower intertidal of Herring Bay or Lower Pass. These encounter probabilities are sufficient to ensure that sea otters and ducks that routinely excavate sediments while foraging within the intertidal would likely encounter subsurface oil repeatedly during the course of a year. C1 NOAA, Auke Bay Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Short, JW (reprint author), NOAA, Auke Bay Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM Jeff.Short@noaa.gov NR 23 TC 64 Z9 65 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN 15 PY 2006 VL 40 IS 12 BP 3723 EP 3729 DI 10.1021/es0601134 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 052FJ UT WOS:000238217200013 PM 16830533 ER PT J AU Enfield, DB Cid-Serrano, L AF Enfield, David B. Cid-Serrano, Luis TI Projecting the risk of future climate shifts SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation; climate impacts; risk projection ID ATLANTIC MULTIDECADAL OSCILLATION; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; ENSO TELECONNECTIONS; UNITED-STATES; TEMPERATURE; PACIFIC; PRECIPITATION; VARIABILITY; MODULATION; SIGNATURE AB Recent research has shown that decadal-to-multidecadal (D2M) climate variability is associated with environmental changes that have important consequences for human activities, such as public health, water availability, frequency of hurricanes, and so forth. As scientists, how do we convert these relationships into decision support products useful to water managers, insurance actuaries, and others, whose principal interest lies in knowing when future climate regime shifts will likely occur that affect long-horizon decisions? Unfortunately, numerical models are far from being able to make deterministic predictions for future D2M climate shifts. However, the recent development of paleoclimate reconstructions of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) (Gray et al., 2004) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO); (MacDonald and Case, 2005) give us a viable alternative: to estimate probability distribution functions from long climate index series that allow us to calculate the probability of future D2M regime shifts. In this paper, we show how probabilistic projections can be developed for a specific climate mode - the AMO as represented by the Gray et al. (2004) tree-ring reconstruction. The methods are robust and can be applied to any D2M climate mode for which a sufficiently long index series exists, as well as to the growing body of paleo-proxy reconstructions that have become available. The target index need not be a paleo-proxy calibrated against a climate index; it may profitably be calibrated against a specific resource of interest, Such as stream flow or lake levels. Copyright (c) 2006 Royal Meteorological Society. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Phys Oceanog Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Concepcion, Dept Stat, Concepcion, Chile. RP Enfield, DB (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Phys Oceanog Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM David.Enfield@noaa.gov RI Enfield, David/I-2112-2013 OI Enfield, David/0000-0001-8107-5079 NR 26 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 10 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0899-8418 EI 1097-0088 J9 INT J CLIMATOL JI Int. J. Climatol. PD JUN 15 PY 2006 VL 26 IS 7 BP 885 EP 895 DI 10.1002/joc.1293 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 054HM UT WOS:000238367400003 ER PT J AU Vecchi, GA Harrison, DE AF Vecchi, Gabriel A. Harrison, D. E. TI The termination of the 1997-98 El Nino. Part I: Mechanisms of oceanic change SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; EASTERN EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION; WESTERLY WIND EVENTS; SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; TROPICAL PACIFIC; LA-NINA; WAVE REFLECTION; CIRCULATION MODEL; THERMOCLINE DEPTH AB The 1997-98 El Nino was both unusually strong and terminated unusually. Warm eastern equatorial Pacific (EEqP) sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) exceeded 4 degrees C at the event peak and lasted well into boreal spring of 1998, even though subsurface temperatures began cooling in December 1997. The oceanic processes that controlled this unusual termination are explored here and can be characterized by three features: (i) eastward propagating equatorial Pacific thermocline (Z(tc)) shoaling beginning in the central Pacific in November 1997; (ii) persistent warm EEqP SSTA between December 1997 and May 1998, despite strong EEqP Z(tc) shoaling (and subsurface cooling); and (iii) an abrupt cooling of EEqP SSTA in early May 1998 that exceeded 4 C within two weeks. It is shown here that these changes can be understood in terms of the oceanic response to changes to the meridional structure of the near-equatorial zonal wind field. Equatorial near-date-line westerly wind anomalies greatly decreased in late 1997, associated with a southward shift of convective and wind anomalies. In the EEqP, equatorial easterlies disappeared (reappeared) in late January (early May) 1998, driving the springtime extension (abrupt termination) of this El Nino event. The authors suggest that the wind changes arise from fundamentally meridional processes and are tied to the annual cycle of insolation. C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Vecchi, GA (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Forrestal Campus,Rte 1,POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM Gabriel.A.Vecchi@noaa.gov RI Vecchi, Gabriel/A-2413-2008; Harrison, Don/D-9582-2013 OI Vecchi, Gabriel/0000-0002-5085-224X; NR 80 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUN 15 PY 2006 VL 19 IS 12 BP 2633 EP 2646 DI 10.1175/JCLI3776.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 057ZT UT WOS:000238634500001 ER PT J AU Vecchi, GA AF Vecchi, Gabriel A. TI The termination of the 1997-98 El Nino. Part II: Mechanisms of atmospheric change SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; EASTERN EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; COUPLED CLIMATE MODELS; WESTERLY WIND EVENTS; TROPICAL PACIFIC; SEASONAL CYCLE; LA-NINA; SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; THERMOCLINE DEPTH; PHASE-LOCKING AB The mechanisms that drove zonal wind stress (tau(x)) changes in the near-equatorial Pacific at the end of the extreme 1997-98 El Nino event are explored using a global atmospheric general circulation model. The analysis focuses on three features of the tau(x) evolution between October 1997 and May 1998 that were fundamental in driving the oceanic changes at the end of this El Nino event: (i) the southward shift of near-date-line surface zonal wind stress (tau(x)) anomalies beginning November 1997, (ii) the disappearance of the easterly tau(x) from the eastern equatorial Pacific (EEqP) in February 1998, and (iii) the reappearance of easterly tau(x) in the EEqP in May 1998. It is shown that these wind changes represent the deterministic response of the atmosphere to the observed sea surface temperature (SST) field, resulting from changes in the meridional structure of atmospheric convective anomalies in response to the seasonally phase-locked meridional movement of the warmest SST. The southward shift of the near-date-line tau(x) anomalies at the end of this El Nino event was controlled by the seasonal movement of the warmest SST south of the equator, which-both directly and through its influence on the atmospheric response to changes in SST anomaly-brought the convective anomalies from being centered about the equator to being centered south of the equator. The disappearance (reappearance) of easterly EEqP tau(x) has only been evident in extreme El Nino events and has been associated with the development (northward retreat) of an equatorial intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). The disappearance/return of EEqP easterly tau(x) arises in the AGCM as the deterministic response to changes in the SST field, tied principally to the changes in climatological SST (given time-invariant extreme El Nino SSTA) and not to changes in the underlying SSTA field. The disappearance (return) of EEqP easterly tau(x) in late boreal winter (late boreal spring) is a characteristic atmospheric response to idealized extreme El Nino SST anomalies; this suggests that the distinctive termination of the 1997-98 El Nino event is that to be expected for extreme El Nino events. C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Vecchi, GA (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Forrestal Campus,Rte 1,POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM Gabriel.A.Vecchi@noaa.gov RI Vecchi, Gabriel/A-2413-2008 OI Vecchi, Gabriel/0000-0002-5085-224X NR 54 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUN 15 PY 2006 VL 19 IS 12 BP 2647 EP 2664 DI 10.1175/JCLI3780.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 057ZT UT WOS:000238634500002 ER PT J AU Lin, JL Kiladis, GN Mapes, BE Weickmann, KM Sperber, KR Lin, W Wheeler, MC Schubert, SD Del Genio, A Donner, LJ Emori, S Gueremy, JF Hourdin, F Rasch, PJ Roeckner, E Scinocca, JF AF Lin, Jia-Lin Kiladis, George N. Mapes, Brian E. Weickmann, Klaus M. Sperber, Kenneth R. Lin, Wuyin Wheeler, Matthew C. Schubert, Siegfried D. Del Genio, Anthony Donner, Leo J. Emori, Seita Gueremy, Jean-Francois Hourdin, Frederic Rasch, Philip J. Roeckner, Erich Scinocca, John F. TI Tropical intraseasonal variability in 14 IPCC AR4 climate models. Part I: Convective signals SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Review ID MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; OUTGOING LONGWAVE RADIATION; COUPLED EQUATORIAL WAVES; ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON; WESTERLY WIND BURSTS; AIR-SEA INTERACTION; LARGE-SCALE MODELS; CUMULUS PARAMETERIZATION; MULTISCALE MODEL AB This study evaluates the tropical intraseasonal variability, especially the fidelity of Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) simulations, in 14 coupled general circulation models (GCMs) participating in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). Eight years of daily precipitation from each model's twentieth-century climate simulation are analyzed and compared with daily satellite-retrieved precipitation. Space-time spectral analysis is used to obtain the variance and phase speed of dominant convectively coupled equatorial waves, including the MJO, Kelvin, equatorial Rossby (ER), mixed Rossby-gravity (MRG), and eastward inertio-gravity (EIG) and westward inertio-gravity (WIG) waves. The variance and propagation of the MJO, defined as the eastward wavenumbers 1-6, 30-70-day mode, are examined in detail. The results show that current state-of-the-art GCMs still have significant problems and display a wide range of skill in simulating the tropical intraseasonal variability. The total intraseasonal (2-128 day) variance of precipitation is too weak in most of the models. About half of the models have signals of convectively coupled equatorial waves, with Kelvin and MRG-EIG waves especially prominent. However, the variances are generally too weak for all wave modes except the EIG wave, and the phase speeds are generally too fast, being scaled to excessively deep equivalent depths. An interesting result is that this scaling is consistent within a given model across modes, in that both the symmetric and antisymmetric modes scale similarly to a certain equivalent depth. Excessively deep equivalent depths suggest that these models may not have a large enough reduction in their "effective static stability" by diabatic heating. The MJO variance approaches the observed value in only 2 of the 14 models, but is less than half of the observed value in the other 12 models. The ratio between the eastward MJO variance and the variance of its westward counterpart is too small in most of the models, which is consistent with the lack of highly coherent eastward propagation of the MJO in many models. Moreover, the MJO variance in 13 of the 14 models does not come from a pronounced spectral peak, but usually comes from part of an over-reddened spectrum, which in turn is associated with too strong persistence of equatorial precipitation. The two models that arguably do best at simulating the MJO are the only ones having convective closures/triggers linked in some way to moisture convergence. C1 NOAA, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, PCMDI, Livermore, CA USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Bur Meteorol Res Ctr, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Of, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. Natl Inst Environm Studies, Ibaraki, Japan. CNRM, Meteo France, Toulouse, France. Univ Paris, Lab Meteorol Dynam, F-75252 Paris, France. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Hamburg, Germany. Canadian Ctr Climate Modelling & Anal, Victoria, BC, Canada. RP Lin, JL (reprint author), NOAA, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, 325 Broadway,R-CDC1, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jialin.lin@noaa.gov RI Mapes, Brian/A-5647-2010; Emori, Seita/D-1950-2012; Del Genio, Anthony/D-4663-2012; Wheeler, Matthew/C-9038-2011; Sperber, Kenneth/H-2333-2012 OI Del Genio, Anthony/0000-0001-7450-1359; Wheeler, Matthew/0000-0002-9769-1973; NR 107 TC 451 Z9 460 U1 3 U2 41 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUN 15 PY 2006 VL 19 IS 12 BP 2665 EP 2690 DI 10.1175/JCLI3735.1 PG 26 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 057ZT UT WOS:000238634500003 ER PT J AU Shin, SI Sardeshmukh, PD Webb, RS Oglesby, RJ Barsugli, JJ AF Shin, Sang-Ik Sardeshmukh, Prashant D. Webb, Robert S. Oglesby, Robert J. Barsugli, Joseph J. TI Understanding the mid-Holocene climate SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; AUSTRALIAN SUMMER MONSOON; EL-NINO; INTERCOMPARISON PROJECT; SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; AFRICAN MONSOON; MIDDLE HOLOCENE; GLOBAL CLIMATE; UNITED-STATES; LAKE-STATUS AB Paleoclimatic evidence suggests that during the mid-Holocene epoch (about 6000 yr ago) North America and North Africa were significantly drier and wetter, respectively, than at present. Modeling efforts to attribute these differences to changes in orbital parameters and greenhouse gas (GHG) levels have had limited success, especially over North America. In this study, the importance of a possibly cooler tropical Pacific Ocean during the epoch (akin to a permanent La Nina-like perturbation to the present climate) incausing these differences is emphasized. Systematic sets of atmospheric general circulation model experiments, with prescribed sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the tropical Pacific basin and an interactive mixed layer ocean elsewhere, are performed. Given the inadequacies of current fully coupled climate models in simulating the tropical Pacific climate, this intermediate coupling model configuration is argued to be more suitable for quantifying the contributions of the altered orbital forcing, GHG levels, and tropical Pacific SST conditions to the different mid-Holocene climates. The simulated responses in this configuration are in fact generally more consistent with the available evidence from paleovegetation and sedimentary records. Coupling to the mixed layer ocean enhances the wind-evaporation-SST feedback over the tropical Atlantic Ocean. The net response to the orbital changes is to shift the North Atlantic intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) northward, and make North Africa wetter. The response to the reduced GHG levels opposes, but does not eliminate, these changes. The northward-shifted ITCZ also blocks the moisture supply from the Gulf of Mexico into North America. This drying tendency is greatly amplified by the local response to La Nina-like conditions in the tropical Pacific. Consistent with the paleoclimatic evidence, the simulated North American drying is also most pronounced in the growing (spring) season. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Shin, SI (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway,R-PSD1, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM sangik.shin@noaa.gov RI Barsugli, Joseph/K-3541-2015 OI Barsugli, Joseph/0000-0002-3078-6396 NR 40 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 3 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUN 15 PY 2006 VL 19 IS 12 BP 2801 EP 2817 DI 10.1175/JCLI3733.1 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 057ZT UT WOS:000238634500009 ER PT J AU Findell, KL Knutson, TR Milly, PCD AF Findell, Kirsten L. Knutson, Thomas R. Milly, P. C. D. TI Weak simulated extratropical responses to complete tropical deforestation SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID LAND-COVER CHANGES; CLIMATE-CHANGE; SPATIAL DEGREES; GLOBAL CLIMATE; AMAZON DEFORESTATION; ENERGY BALANCES; PART I; MODEL; ATMOSPHERE; IMPACTS AB The Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory atmosphere-land model version 2 (AM2/LM2) coupled to a 50-m-thick slab ocean model has been used to investigate remote responses to tropical deforestation. Magnitudes and significance of differences between a control run and a deforested run are assessed through comparisons of 50-yr time series, accounting for autocorrelation and field significance. Complete conversion of the broadleaf evergreen forests of South America, central Africa, and the islands of Oceania to grasslands leads to highly significant local responses. In addition, a broad but mild warming is seen throughout the tropical troposphere (< 0.2 degrees C between 700 and 150 mb), significant in northern spring and summer. However, the simulation results show very little statistically significant response beyond the Tropics. There are no significant differences in any hydroclimatic variables ( e. g., precipitation, soil moisture, evaporation) in either the northern or the southern extratropics. Small but statistically significant local differences in some geopotential height and wind fields are present in the southeastern Pacific Ocean. Use of the same statistical tests on two 50-yr segments of the control run show that the small but significant extratropical differences between the deforested run and the control run are similar in magnitude and area to the differences between nonoverlapping segments of the control run. These simulations suggest that extratropical responses to complete tropical deforestation are unlikely to be distinguishable from natural climate variability. C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, US Geol Survey, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Findell, KL (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, US Geol Survey, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM kirsten.findell@noaa.gov RI Garcia Bustamante, Elena/H-4188-2012; Findell, Kirsten/D-4430-2014 OI Garcia Bustamante, Elena/0000-0002-2677-0252; NR 34 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 3 U2 10 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUN 15 PY 2006 VL 19 IS 12 BP 2835 EP 2850 DI 10.1175/JCLI3737.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 057ZT UT WOS:000238634500011 ER PT J AU Angell, JK AF Angell, James K. TI Changes in the 300-mb North Circumpolar Vortex, 1963-2001 SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID EL-NINO; CIRCULATION PATTERNS; SUNSPOT NUMBER; POLAR VORTEX; TEMPERATURE; HEMISPHERE; OSCILLATION; QBO; DISPLACEMENT; CONTRACTION AB The mean monthly polar stereographic map analyses of the Free University of Berlin terminated at the end of 2001. This paper summarizes the changes in size of the 300-mb north circumpolar vortex, and quadrants, for the full period of record, 1963-2001, where the size has been defined by planimetering the area poleward of contours in the jet stream core. A contracted vortex has tended to be a deep vortex in winter but a shallow vortex in summer. During 1963-2001 there was a statistically significant decrease in vortex size of 1.5% per decade, the decrease in size of Western Hemisphere quadrants being twice that of Eastern Hemisphere quadrants. A significant increase in Arctic Oscillation (AO) index accompanies the significant decrease in vortex size, but since the vortex contracts appreciably in all four seasons, whereas the positive trend in the AO index is mainly in winter, the vortex cannot serve as a proxy for the AO index. The evidence for vortex contraction at the time of the 1976-77 regime shift is not conclusive, but there is good evidence for a 6% increase in vortex size due to the 1991 Pinatubo eruption. There is little change in vortex size following the 1982 El Chichon eruption, however. Because on average there is a significant 4% contraction of the vortex following an El Nino, it is proposed that the vortex expansion to be expected following the 1982 El Chichon eruption has been contravened by the contraction following the strong 1982-83 El Nino. There is little relation between vortex size and phase of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), and the evidence for a contracted vortex near 11-yr sunspot maxima is tenuous because the vortex record extends through only three full sunspot cycles. There is a highly significant tendency for opposite vortex quadrants 0 degrees-90 degrees E and 90 degrees W-180 degrees to vary in size together, indicating either a pulsating polar vortex or the propagation of planetary wavenumber 2. C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Angell, JK (reprint author), NOAA, Air Resources Lab, 1315 EW Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM marcia.wood@noaa.gov NR 32 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUN 15 PY 2006 VL 19 IS 12 BP 2984 EP 2994 DI 10.1175/JCLI3778.1 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 057ZT UT WOS:000238634500021 ER PT J AU Wang, CZ Enfield, DB Lee, SK Landsea, CW AF Wang, Chunzai Enfield, David B. Lee, Sang-ki Landsea, Christopher W. TI Influences of the Atlantic warm pool on western hemisphere summer rainfall and Atlantic hurricanes SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID NINO SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURES; CENTRAL UNITED-STATES; TROPICAL ATLANTIC; EL-NINO; CARIBBEAN RAINFALL; GLOBAL PRECIPITATION; DECADAL VARIABILITY; PART I; PACIFIC AB The Atlantic warm pool (AWP) of water warmer than 28.5 degrees C comprises the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, and the western tropical North Atlantic (TNA). The AWP reaches its maximum size around September, with large AWPs being almost 3 times larger than small ones. Although ENSO teleconnections are influential on the AWP, about two-thirds of the large and small AWP variability appears unrelated to ENSO. The AWP is usually geographically different from the TNA; however, the AWP size is correlated with the TNA SST anomalies. During August to October, large AWPs and warm TNA are associated with increased rainfall over the Caribbean, Mexico, the eastern subtropical Atlantic, and the southeast Pacific, and decreased rainfall in the northwest United States, Great Plains, and eastern South America. In particular, rainfall in the Caribbean, Central America, and eastern South America from August to October is mainly related to the size of the AWP. Large (small) AWPs and warm (cold) TNA correspond to a weakening (strengthening) of the northward surface winds from the AWP to the Great Plains that disfavors (favors) moisture transport for rainfall over the Great Plains. On the other hand, large (small) AWPs and warm (cold) TNA strengthen (weaken) the summer regional Atlantic Hadley circulation that emanates from the warm pool region into the southeast Pacific, changing the subsidence over the southeast Pacific and thus the stratus cloud and drizzle there. The large AWP, associated with a decrease in sea level pressure and an increase in atmospheric convection and cloudiness, corresponds to a weak tropospheric vertical wind shear and a deep warm upper ocean, and thus increases Atlantic hurricane activity. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Phys Oceanog Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Miami, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, Miami, FL 33152 USA. NOAA, Natl Hurricane Ctr, Miami, FL USA. RP Wang, CZ (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Phys Oceanog Div, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM Chunzai.Wang@noaa.gov RI Wang, Chunzai /C-9712-2009; Lee, Sang-Ki/A-5703-2011; Enfield, David/I-2112-2013 OI Wang, Chunzai /0000-0002-7611-0308; Lee, Sang-Ki/0000-0002-4047-3545; Enfield, David/0000-0001-8107-5079 NR 63 TC 140 Z9 144 U1 1 U2 22 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUN 15 PY 2006 VL 19 IS 12 BP 3011 EP 3028 DI 10.1175/JCLI3770.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 057ZT UT WOS:000238634500024 ER PT J AU Tang, F Ajdelsztajn, L Kim, GE Provenzano, V Schoenung, JM AF Tang, Feng Ajdelsztajn, Leonardo Kim, George E. Provenzano, Virgil Schoenung, Julie M. TI Effects of variations in coating materials and process conditions on the thermal cycle properties of NiCrAlY/YSZ thermal barrier coatings SO MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING LA English DT Article DE thermal barrier coating (TBC); thermal cycle test; cryomilling; heat treatment; thermal spray; dispersoid ID IMPROVED OXIDATION RESISTANCE; MCRALY COATINGS; GROWN OXIDE; BEHAVIOR; ALUMINA; MECHANISMS; SPALLATION; REDUCTION AB Thermal cycle tests were conducted on a variety of thermal barrier coating (TBC) specimens with bond coats that had been prepared in different ways. Variables include: (1) different thermal spray processes (high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spray and low pressure plasma spray (LPPS)), (2) different feedstock powder (gas-atomized and cryomilled), (3) the introduction of nano-sized alumina additives (particles and whiskers) and (4) with and without a post-spray vacuum heat treatment. The results show that the cryomilling of the NiCrAlY powder and the post-spray heat treatment in vacuum can both lead to significant improvement in the thermal cycle lifetime of the TBCs. The TBC specimens with LPPS bond coats also generally showed longer lifetimes than those with HVOF bond coats. In contrast, the intentional dispersion of alumina particles or whiskers in the NiCrAlY powders during cryomilling did not result in the further improvement of the lifetime of the TBCs. Microstructural evolution, including the thermally grown oxide (TGO) formation, the distribution of the dispersoids in the bond coat, the internal oxidation of the bond coat, the bond coat shrinkage during the thermal cycle tests and the reduction of the ZrO2 in the top coat during the heat treatment in vacuum, was investigated. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All fights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Perpetual Technol, Montreal, PQ H3E 1T8, Canada. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tang, F (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM ftang@ucdavis.edu NR 33 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0921-5093 J9 MAT SCI ENG A-STRUCT JI Mater. Sci. Eng. A-Struct. Mater. Prop. Microstruct. Process. PD JUN 15 PY 2006 VL 425 IS 1-2 BP 94 EP 106 DI 10.1016/j.msea.2006.03.043 PG 13 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 093EU UT WOS:000241151500013 ER PT J AU Gerginov, V Shah, V Knappe, S Hollberg, L Kitching, J AF Gerginov, V. Shah, V. Knappe, S. Hollberg, L. Kitching, J. TI Atomic-based stabilization for laser-pumped atomic clocks SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FREQUENCY AB We describe a novel technique for stabilizing frequency shifts in laser-interrogated vapor-cell atomic clocks. The method suppresses frequency shifts due to changes in the laser frequency, intensity, and modulation index as well as atomic vapor density. The clock operating parameters are monitored by using the atoms themselves, rather than by using conventional schemes for laser frequency and cell temperature control. The experiment is realized using a chip-scale atomic clock. The novel atomic-based stabilization approach results in a simpler setup and improved long-term performance. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America. C1 NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Gerginov, V (reprint author), NIST, Div Time & Frequency, 325 Broadway St MS 847, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM vgergino@nd.edu NR 15 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD JUN 15 PY 2006 VL 31 IS 12 BP 1851 EP 1853 DI 10.1364/OL.31.001851 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 051JG UT WOS:000238156800025 PM 16729092 ER PT J AU Gagnon, E Thomann, I Paul, A Lytle, AL Backus, S Murnane, MM Kapteyn, HC Sandhu, AS AF Gagnon, E Thomann, I Paul, A Lytle, AL Backus, S Murnane, MM Kapteyn, HC Sandhu, AS TI Long-term carrier-envelope phase stability from a grating-based, chirped pulse amplifier SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MODE-LOCKED LASERS; FREQUENCY; AMPLIFICATION; SYSTEM; LIGHT AB We demonstrate a carrier-envelope phase (CEP) stabilized, chirped pulse laser amplifier that exhibits greatly improved intrinsic long-term CEP stability compared with that of other amplifiers. This system employs a grating-based stretcher and compressor and a cryogenically cooled laser amplifier. Single-shot carrier envelope phase noise measurements are also presented that avoid underestimation of this parameter caused by fringe averaging and represent a rigorously accurate upper limit on CEP noise. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, NSF Engn Res Ctr EUV Sci & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Gagnon, E (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM kapteyn@jila.colorado.edu RI Backus, Sterling/C-2506-2008; Kapteyn, Henry/H-6559-2011; Thomann, Isabell/F-1245-2014; Lytle, Amy/B-8483-2015; OI Kapteyn, Henry/0000-0001-8386-6317; Thomann, Isabell/0000-0002-4722-5632 NR 15 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 9 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD JUN 15 PY 2006 VL 31 IS 12 BP 1866 EP 1868 DI 10.1364/OL.31.001866 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 051JG UT WOS:000238156800030 PM 16729097 ER PT J AU Ablowitz, MJ Ilan, B Cundiff, ST AF Ablowitz, Mark J. Ilan, Boaz Cundiff, Steven T. TI Noise-induced linewidth in frequency combs SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LASER AB Frequency combs generated by trains of pulses emitted from mode-locked lasers are analyzed when the center time and phase of the pulses undergo noise-induced random walk, which broadens the comb lines. Asymptotic analysis and computation reveal that, when the standard deviation of the center-time jitter of the nth pulse scales as n(p/2), where p is a jitter exponent, the linewidth of the kth comb line scales as k(2/p). The linear-dispersionless (p = 1) and pure-soliton (p = 3) dynamics in lasers are derived as special cases of this time-frequency duality relation. In addition, the linewidth induced by phase jitter decreases with power P ut, as (P-out)(`1/p). (c) 2006 Optical Society of America C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Appl Math, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Calif, Sch Nat Sci, Merced, CA 95344 USA. Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Ablowitz, MJ (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Appl Math, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM bilan@ucmerced.edu RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197 NR 12 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 EI 1539-4794 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD JUN 15 PY 2006 VL 31 IS 12 BP 1875 EP 1877 DI 10.1364/OL.31.001875 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 051JG UT WOS:000238156800033 PM 16729100 ER PT J AU Wong-Ng, W Yang, Z Cook, LP Frank, J Loung, M AF Wong-Ng, W. Yang, Z. Cook, L. P. Frank, J. Loung, M. TI Subsolidus phase relationships of the BaO-R2O3-CuO2 (R = Eu, Dy, and Ho) systems under carbonate-free conditions at T=810 degrees C and p(o2)=100 Pa SO PHYSICA C-SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND ITS APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article ID BA-CU-O; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; PO(2)=100 PA; NEUTRON-DIFFRACTION; CURRENT-DENSITY; BUFFER LAYERS; ER; 950-DEGREES-C; CHEMISTRY; COMPATIBILITIES AB For applications of phase equilibria to second-generation coated-conductor high-T-c superconductor processing, phase diagrams constructed under carbonate-free conditions are needed. Using a procedure for preparing carbonate-free precursors based on BaO, the phase diagrams of three BaO-R2O3-CuOz, systems (R = Eu, Dy, and Ho) were determined at 810 degrees C and p(O2) = 100 Pa (0.1% O-2 by volume). The three phase diagrams are substantially different from one another. Among the three systems, Eu3+ has the largest ionic radius and therefore most closely matches the ionic size of Ba2+. Two solid solution series, namely, Ba2-xEuxCuO3+z and Ba2-xEu1+xCu3O6+z were found in the BaO-Eu2O3-CoOz system. The BaO-Dy2O3-CuOz and the BaO-Ho2O3-CuOz systems do not contain solid solution phases. In these systems, which contain the smaller R = Dy, and Ho rare earths, the Ba2-xEuxCuO3+z solid solution and Eu2CuO4 phases of the Eu-system are replaced by the Ba6RCu3Oz (613) phase and the R2Cu2O5 phase, respectively. Additionally, the Ba4RCu3Oz (413) phase appears in systems with smaller R (Dy and Ho) but not in the Eu-system. The Ho-system contains the Ba3R4O9 phase, as well. Consequently, the tie-line relationships are substantially different in these three systems. Among the three diagrams, the diagram for R = Ho is most similar to that of the R = Y system. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Chem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Wong-Ng, W (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM winnie.wong-ng@nist.gov NR 64 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4534 EI 1873-2143 J9 PHYSICA C JI Physica C PD JUN 15 PY 2006 VL 439 IS 2 BP 93 EP 100 DI 10.1016/j.physc.2006.03.001 PG 8 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 056AC UT WOS:000238491900008 ER PT J AU Brindley, HE Ignatov, A AF Brindley, HE Ignatov, A TI Retrieval of mineral aerosol optical depth and size information from Meteosat Second Generation SEVIRI solar reflectance bands SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE dust aerosol; geostationary satellite observations; diurnal cycle; microphysical aerosol models ID NON-SPHERICITY; ALGORITHM; OCEAN; VALIDATION; RADIATION; THICKNESS; PRODUCTS; AERONET; TERRA; 6S AB The current operational algorithm used to retrieve aerosol optical depth and Angstrom exponent over ocean from the solar reflectance bands of the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) flown onboard NOAA polar orbiting satellites was adapted to the corresponding channels of the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infra-Red Imager (SEVIRI) flown onboard the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) geostationary platform. By examining two specific dust events from 3-5 March and 12-13 October 2004 we show how a detailed description of the dust loading through the diurnal cycle can be obtained. Snapshot comparisons with spatially resolved retrievals from the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) instruments flown on the Terra and Aqua polar platforms show qualitative agreement with SEVIRI retrievals. In addition to the generic aerosol model used in the NOAA/NESDIS algorithm, which was tuned to optimize retrievals over global ocean, three microphysical models, specifically proposed in the aerosol literature for desert dust, have also been tested. However, comparison of the diurnal variation seen in these SEVIRI retrievals with available ground based Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) observations from two coastal stations suggests that the phase functions associated with two of these dust representations, obtained under the assumption of particle sphericity, result in unrealistic time dependent behaviour. This tendency is removed when either the generic aerosol representation used in the NOAA/NESDIS algorithm is employed, or a more physically based non-spherical dust representation is used. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Space & Atmospher Phys Grp, London, England. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Brindley, HE (reprint author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Space & Atmospher Phys Grp, London, England. EM h.brindley@imperial.ac.uk RI Ignatov, Alexander/F-5594-2010; OI Ignatov, Alexander/0000-0002-7463-5944; Brindley, Helen/0000-0002-7859-9207 NR 34 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD JUN 15 PY 2006 VL 102 IS 3-4 BP 344 EP 363 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2006.02.024 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 054VF UT WOS:000238406000013 ER PT J AU Deskevich, MP Hayes, MY Takahashi, K Skodje, RT Nesbitt, DJ AF Deskevich, Michael P. Hayes, Michael Y. Takahashi, Kaito Skodje, Rex T. Nesbitt, David J. TI Multireference configuration interaction calculations for the F(P-2) plus HCl -> HF+Cl(P-2) reaction: A correlation scaled ground state (1 (2)A(')) potential energy surface SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR-BEAM EXPERIMENTS; ORBIT EXCITED-STATE; GAUSSIAN-BASIS SETS; DEUTERIUM-ISOTOPE VARIANTS; SELF-CONSISTENT-FIELD; DER-WAALS COMPLEXES; QUANTUM WAVE-PACKET; OPEN-SHELL ATOMS; F+HD REACTION; CROSS-SECTIONS AB This paper presents a new ground state (1 (2)A(')) electronic potential energy surface for the F(P-2)+HCl -> HF+Cl(P-2) reaction. The ab initio calculations are done at the multireference configuration interaction+Davidson correction (MRCI+Q) level of theory by complete basis set extrapolation of the aug-cc-pVnZ (n=2,3,4) energies. Due to low-lying charge transfer states in the transition state region, the molecular orbitals are obtained by six-state dynamically weighted multichannel self-consistent field methods. Additional perturbative refinement of the energies is achieved by implementing simple one-parameter correlation energy scaling to reproduce the experimental exothermicity (Delta E=-33.06 kcal/mol) for the reaction. Ab initio points are fitted to an analytical function based on sum of two- and three-body contributions, yielding a rms deviation of < 0.3 kcal/mol for all geometries below 10 kcal/mol above the barrier. Of particular relevance to nonadiabatic dynamics, the calculations show significant multireference character in the transition state region, which is located 3.8 kcal/mol with respect to F+HCl reactants and features a strongly bent F-H-Cl transition state geometry (theta approximate to 123.5 degrees). Finally, the surface also exhibits two conical intersection seams that are energetically accessible at low collision energies. These seams arise naturally from allowed crossings in the C-infinity v linear configuration that become avoided in C-s bent configurations of both the reactant and product, and should be a hallmark of all X-H-Y atom transfer reaction dynamics between (P-2) halogen atoms. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Acad Sinica, Inst Atom & Mol Sci, Taipei 115, Taiwan. RP Nesbitt, DJ (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM djn@jila.colorado.edu RI Takahashi, Kaito/F-7919-2012 NR 89 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD JUN 14 PY 2006 VL 124 IS 22 AR 224303 DI 10.1063/1.2192505 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 053BY UT WOS:000238279800018 PM 16784270 ER PT J AU Henderson, MG Skoug, R Donovan, E Thomsen, MF Reeves, GD Denton, MH Singer, HJ McPherron, RL Mende, SB Immel, TJ Sigwarth, JB Frank, LA AF Henderson, M. G. Skoug, R. Donovan, E. Thomsen, M. F. Reeves, G. D. Denton, M. H. Singer, H. J. McPherron, R. L. Mende, S. B. Immel, T. J. Sigwarth, J. B. Frank, L. A. TI Substorms during the 10-11 August 2000 sawtooth event SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID PERIODIC MAGNETOSPHERIC SUBSTORMS; INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC-FIELD; SOLAR-WIND CHANGES; POLAR-CAP INDEX; DYNAMIC PRESSURE; ART.; TIME; INJECTIONS; BEHAVIOR; CDAW-9 AB [ 1] Sawtooth events have been identified at geosynchronous orbit as large-amplitude quasiperiodic ( 2 - 4 hour period) modulations of the energetic electron and ion fluxes. They are called sawtooth events because the shape of the flux versus time profiles are composed of rapid increases followed by gradual decreases that resemble the teeth on a saw blade. Although much of the phenomenology associated with sawtooth events is substorm-like, there is still debate as to whether the individual teeth are substorms or not. Here we examine each of the teeth associated with the 10 - 11 August 2000 sawtooth event in detail. We find that all but one of the teeth were associated with injections at geosynchronous orbit and that most of the teeth were consistent with the hypothesis that they are predominantly caused by unusually large and longitudinally extended substorms. A few were unclear or complex, and the final flux enhancement at 1845: 36 UT was not a substorm but a solar wind shock-associated disturbance. In addition, the presence of numerous dispersionless flux perturbations in the LANL SOPA data provides support for the hypothesis that solar wind pressure variations can modulate the flux profiles to some extent. For the substorm events we find that the geosynchronous particle injections were neither globally simultaneous nor globally dispersionless but were instead consistent with a nightside/duskside source in most cases. Similarly, we show that the field dipolarizations were also not global and simultaneous. Each of the substorms was also associated with high-latitude negative H bays, middle- and low-latitude positive H bays, a partial recovery in Sym-H, and the onset of Pi2 ULF pulsations. In addition, we show that the auroral distribution develops in a systematic way during each cycle of a sawtooth substorm event. Specifically, a localized auroral onset develops on the lower branch of a thinned double-oval distribution. The location of onset is typically premidnight and often occurs to the west of intense omega band forms. This is followed by westward, eastward, and poleward expansion and the copious production of auroral streamers which can develop in complex patterns including a "spoke-like'' morphology. The double-oval configuration thins again during the stretching phase until the next onset occurs and the cycle repeats. A schematic representation of the auroral dynamics associated with sawtooth substorms is also presented. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Univ Calgary, Dept Phys & Astron, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. RP Henderson, MG (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, MS D-466, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM mghenderson@lanl.gov RI Reeves, Geoffrey/E-8101-2011; Henderson, Michael/A-3948-2011; OI Reeves, Geoffrey/0000-0002-7985-8098; Henderson, Michael/0000-0003-4975-9029; Donovan, Eric/0000-0002-8557-4155; Denton, Michael/0000-0002-1748-3710 NR 43 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 EI 2169-9402 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD JUN 14 PY 2006 VL 111 IS A6 AR A06206 DI 10.1029/2005JA011366 PG 32 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 057CN UT WOS:000238572800002 ER PT J AU Lemke, JL Ryer, CH AF Lemke, JL Ryer, CH TI Risk sensitivity in three juvenile (Age-0) flatfish species: Does estuarine dependence promote risk-prone behavior? SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE anti-predator behavior; estuarine dependence; juvenile flatfish; predator-prey interactions ID PLEURONECTES-PLATESSA L; SOLE PAROPHRYS-VETULUS; ENGLISH SOLE; PREDATOR-AVOIDANCE; FOOD AVAILABILITY; FEEDING-BEHAVIOR; WINTER FLOUNDER; NURSERY GROUNDS; CANCER-MAGISTER; DUNGENESS CRAB AB Pleuronectid flatfish are generally thought to use stereotypical anti-predator behavior to reduce encounters with potential predators, including burial, maintaining a low profile on the bottom, cryptic coloration, and reduced activity. However, a series of laboratory experiments demonstrate significantly different predation rates on juvenile (Age-0) English sole (Parophrys vetulus), northern rock sole (Lepidopsetta polyxystra), and Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) by Age-2 Pacific halibut predators, suggesting differing anti-predator strategies and/or capabilities among species. In this study, behavioral attributes that control how conspicuous juvenile flatfish are to their predators, such as burial, body posture, and activity levels, were examined both in the presence and absence of perceived predation risk. English sole exhibited risk-prone behavior; they tended to bury less, exhibit an arched body posture (with head elevated off the bottom), and were more active in both the absence and presence of predators when compared to the other two species. Conversely, rock sole exhibited risk-averse behavior, being buried, inactive, with a flat body posture regardless of predation risk. Halibut demonstrated risk-sensitive behavion behaving like English sole in the absence of predation risk, and shifted to behavior similar to that of rock sole in the face of predation risk. As an estuarine dependent species, English sole recruit to an environment that tends to be highly turbid reducing encounters with predators. As a result English sole, may have "relaxed" anti-predator behaviors in comparison to northern rock sole and Pacific halibut which recruit to less turbid coastal nurseries. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NOAA, NMFS, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program,Hatfield Marine Sci, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Lemke, JL (reprint author), ABR Inc, POB 249, Forest Grove, OR 97116 USA. EM jlemke@abrinc.com NR 55 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD JUN 13 PY 2006 VL 333 IS 2 BP 172 EP 180 DI 10.1016/j.jembe.2005.12.004 PG 9 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 053TO UT WOS:000238328400003 ER PT J AU Lentini, CAD Goni, GJ Olson, DB AF Lentini, Carlos A. D. Goni, Gustavo J. Olson, Donald B. TI Investigation of Brazil Current rings in the confluence region SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID WARM-CORE RING; INVERTED ECHO SOUNDERS; SOUTH-ATLANTIC; MALVINAS CONFLUENCE; ALTIMETER DATA; THERMOCLINE VENTILATION; RETROFLECTION REGION; GEOSAT ALTIMETER; AGULHAS CURRENT; EDDIES AB [ 1] TOPEX/Poseidon-derived along track SHA, climatological temperature, and salinity fields were used within a two-layer scheme to estimate the depth of the 8 degrees C isotherm in the southwestern Atlantic. These fields were used to monitor the formation and characteristics of the Brazil Current warm-core anticyclonic rings shed by the first meander trough after poleward excursions of the Brazil Current ( BC). Results reveal that 40 warm-core rings were shed by the BC between January 1993 and October 1998. The observed lifetime ranges between 1 and 4 months, with a mean value of approximately 2 months. At any given time, two to three anticyclonic rings coexisted in the Brazil-Malvinas confluence region. Most of the rings drifted southward without coalescing with their parent current. Only four rings were identified as being reabsorbed by the BC front after they were shed. No evidence of propagation or absorption of these anticyclones into the eastern limb of the subtropical gyre was observed. These rings have a mean horizontal length scale of 55 km, mean upper-layer thickness of 260 m, and mean translation speed of 10 km d(-1). Volume anomaly and available potential energy computations showed a mean value of 3.6 x 10(12) m(3) and 2.5 x 10(15) J, respectively. The upper layer transport of the BC was also computed, and a relationship between variations in the southward transport and ring shedding activity was examined. Computation of the heat flux anomaly of the BC rings is estimated to be approximately 0.045 PW per annum. Compilation of these results indicates that warm-core rings created by meandering boundary current extensions in different regions are generally similar. C1 Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Oceanog, BR-05508900 Sao Paulo, Brazil. NOAA, Phys Oceanog Div, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, US Dept Commerce, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Meteorol & Phys Oceanog, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Lentini, CAD (reprint author), Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Oceanog, Praca Oceanog 191, BR-05508900 Sao Paulo, Brazil. EM lentini@io.usp.br; gustavo.goni@noaa.gov RI Lentini, Carlos/C-9284-2013; Goni, Gustavo/D-2017-2012; OI Lentini, Carlos/0000-0003-0406-1006; Goni, Gustavo/0000-0001-7093-3170; Olson, Donald/0000-0001-7180-5672 NR 61 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD JUN 13 PY 2006 VL 111 IS C6 AR C06013 DI 10.1029/2005JC002988 PG 17 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 057BZ UT WOS:000238571300002 ER PT J AU Wilder, EA Guo, S Lin-Gibson, S Fasolka, MJ Stafford, CM AF Wilder, EA Guo, S Lin-Gibson, S Fasolka, MJ Stafford, CM TI Measuring the modulus of soft polymer networks via a buckling-based metrology SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS; INSTRUMENTED INDENTATION; THIN-FILMS; HYDROGELS; PEPTIDE AB We present a new method for measuring the modulus of soft polymer networks (E < 10 MPa). This metrology utilizes compression-induced buckling of a sensor film applied to the surface of the specimen, where the periodic buckling wavelength, assessed rapidly by laser light diffraction or optical microscopy, yields the modulus of the network specimen. To guide the development of this new technique, we use classical mechanical analysis to calculate the sensitivity of the critical strain and resulting wavelength of the buckling instability to the modulus and thickness of the sensor film as well as the modulus of the soft material being probed. Experimental validation of our technique employed a series of model cross-linked poly(dimethylsiloxane) elastomers. To further demonstrate the versatility of this method, we measure the moduli of a set of pertinent biomaterials, i.e., cross-linked 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate ( HEMA) hydrogels. Using a hydrogel substrate possessing a gradient in the cross-link density, we also show how this metrology can be used to map spatial differences and heterogeneity in modulus within a specimen. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stafford, CM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM chris.stafford@nist.gov NR 22 TC 116 Z9 120 U1 9 U2 46 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD JUN 13 PY 2006 VL 39 IS 12 BP 4138 EP 4143 DI 10.1021/ma060266b PG 6 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 049XR UT WOS:000238051600028 ER PT J AU Chen, SH Liu, L Fratini, E Baglioni, P Faraone, A Mamontov, E AF Chen, S. -H. Liu, L. Fratini, E. Baglioni, Piero Faraone, A. Mamontov, E. TI Observation of fragile-to-strong dynamic crossover in protein hydration water SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE glass transition; liquid-liquid transition; protein dynamics; quasi-elastic neutron scattering ID INELASTIC NEUTRON-SCATTERING; SUPERCOOLED CONFINED WATER; STRONG LIQUID TRANSITION; TEMPERATURE; MYOGLOBIN; BEHAVIOR; SOLVENT; LYSOZYME; CRYSTALS; MOTIONS AB At low temperatures, proteins exist in a glassy state, a state that has no conformational flexibility and shows no biological functions. In a hydrated protein, attemperatures >= 220 K, this flexibility is restored, and the protein is able to sample more conformational substates, thus becoming biologically functional. This "dynamical" transition of protein is believed to be triggered by its strong coupling with the hydration water, which also shows a similar dynamic transition. Here we demonstrate experimentally that this sudden switch in dynamic behavior of the hydration water on lysozyme occurs precisely at 220 K and can be described as a fragile-to-strong dynamic crossover. At the fragile-to-strong dynamic crossover, the structure of hydration water makes a transition from predominantly high-density (more fluid state) to low-density (less fluid state) forms derived from the existence of the second critical point at an elevated pressure. C1 MIT, Dept Nucl Sci & Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Univ Florence, Dept Chem, I-50019 Florence, Italy. Univ Florence, CSGI, I-50019 Florence, Italy. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Chen, SH (reprint author), MIT, Dept Nucl Sci & Engn, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM sowhsin@mit.edu RI Fratini, Emiliano/C-9983-2010; Baglioni, Piero/B-1208-2011; Mamontov, Eugene/Q-1003-2015 OI Fratini, Emiliano/0000-0001-7104-6530; Baglioni, Piero/0000-0003-1312-8700; Mamontov, Eugene/0000-0002-5684-2675 NR 32 TC 300 Z9 302 U1 1 U2 59 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD JUN 13 PY 2006 VL 103 IS 24 BP 9012 EP 9016 DI 10.1073/pnas.0602474103 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 054ID UT WOS:000238369100022 PM 16751274 ER PT J AU Medina, M Collins, AG Takaoka, TL Kuehl, JV Boore, JL AF Medina, M Collins, AG Takaoka, TL Kuehl, JV Boore, JL TI Naked corals: Skeleton loss in Scleractinia SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID ANEMONE METRIDIUM-SENILE; GROUP-I INTRONS; MITOCHONDRIAL GENOME; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; CNIDARIA; ANTHOZOA; CONTAINS; HISTORY; GENE; SYSTEMATICS AB Stony corals, which form the framework for modern reefs, are classified as Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, and Hexacorallia) in reference to their external aragonitic skeletons. However, persistent notions, collectively known as the "naked coral" hypothesis, hold that the scleractinian skeleton does not define a natural group. Three main lines of evidence have suggested that some stony corals are more closely related to one or more of the soft-bodied hexacorallian groups than they are to other scleractinians: (i) morphological similarities; (it) lack of phylogenetic resolution in molecular analyses of scleractinians; and (iii) discrepancy between the commencement of a diverse scleractinian fossil record at 240 million years ago (Ma) and a molecule-based origination of at least 300 Ma. No molecular evidence has been able to clearly reveal relationships at the base of a well supported clade composed of scleractinian lineages and the nonskeletonized Corallimorpharia. We present complete mitochondrial genome data that provide strong evidence that one clade of scleractinians is more closely related to Corallimorpharia than it is to a another clade of scleractinians. Thus, the scleractinian skeleton, which we estimate to have originated between 240 and 288 Ma, was likely lost in the ancestry of Corallimorpharia. We estimate that Corallimorpharia originated between 110 and 132 Ma during the late- to mid-Cretaceous, coinciding with high levels of oceanic CO2, which would have impacted aragonite solubility. Corallimorpharians escaped extinction from aragonite skeletal dissolution, but some modern stony corals may not have such fortunate fates under the pressure of increased anthropogenic CO2 in the ocean. C1 Joint Genome Inst, Dept Energy, Dept Evolutionary Genom, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA. NOAA, Fisheries Serv, Natl Systemat Lab, Natl Museum Nat Hist,Smithsonian Inst, Washington, DC 20013 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Medina, M (reprint author), Univ Calif, Sch Nat Sci, POB 2039, Merced, CA 95344 USA. EM mmedina@ucmerced.edu RI Collins, Allen/A-7944-2008 OI Collins, Allen/0000-0002-3664-9691 NR 36 TC 143 Z9 147 U1 4 U2 26 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD JUN 13 PY 2006 VL 103 IS 24 BP 9096 EP 9100 DI 10.1073/pnas.0602444103 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 054ID UT WOS:000238369100037 PM 16754865 ER PT J AU Bain, JA Egelhoff, WF AF Bain, JA Egelhoff, WF TI Thermal limits on field alignment of nanoparticle FePt media SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES AB We derive a simple expression for the average angular orientation distribution of ferromagnetic FePt particles in an applied field in thermal equilibrium. This system is closely related to the Langevin expression for paramagnetic susceptibility, which computes the average orientation of particles in this configuration. We note that practical fields are unlikely to be able to provide well-aligned arrays of the smallest thermally stable FePt particles at room temperature and that this has significant consequences for self-organized nanoparticle magnetic media. It suggests that it may be difficult to obtain an acceptable degree of perfection in orientation for the smallest particles. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Magnet Mat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bain, JA (reprint author), Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. EM jbain@ece.cmu.edu OI Bain, James/0000-0002-5355-5048 NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JUN 12 PY 2006 VL 88 IS 24 AR 242508 DI 10.1063/1.2213515 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 053OP UT WOS:000238314800064 ER PT J AU Abdulagatov, IM Azizov, ND AF Abdulagatov, IM Azizov, ND TI Densities and apparent molar volumes of concentrated aqueous LiCl solutions at high temperatures and high pressures SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE apparent molar volumes; aqueous solutions; density; lithium chloride ID ALKALI METAL CHLORIDES; LITHIUM-CHLORIDE; 573 K; GRANITIC PEGMATITES; HEAT-CAPACITIES; SALT-SOLUTIONS; 30 MPA; WATER; ELECTROLYTES; VISCOSITY AB A constant-volume piezometer immersed in a precision liquid thermostat was used to measure the densities of aqueous LiCl solutions from 0.129 to 15.498 mol kg(-1), 291.25 to 607.71 K, and 0.961 to 30.55 MPa. The total uncertainties of density, pressure, temperature, and composition measurements were estimated to be less than 0.06%, 0.05%, 15 mK, and 0.015%, respectively. Apparent molar volumes phi(V) were derived using measured values of density for the solutions and for pure water. The apparent molar volumes were extrapolated to zero concentration to yield partial molar volumes at infinite dilution (V) over bar (infinity)(2). The temperature, pressure, and concentration dependence of apparent molar volumes were studied. All experimental and derived properties (apparent and partial molar volumes) were compared with experimental values reported in the literature. The maximum apparent and partial molar volumes at temperatures around 315-400 K, depending on concentration and pressure, was determined. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Inst Geothermal Problems, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Makhachkala 367003, Dagestan, Russia. Azerbaijan State Oil Acad, Baku 370601, Azerbaijan. RP Abdulagatov, IM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM mangur@xtreem.ru; ilmutdin@boulder.nist.gov NR 74 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD JUN 12 PY 2006 VL 230 IS 1-2 BP 22 EP 41 DI 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.11.010 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 055QS UT WOS:000238466000002 ER PT J AU Jacobson, ER Homer, BL Stacy, BA Greiner, EC Szabo, NJ Chrisman, CL Origgi, F Coberley, S Foley, AM Landsberg, JH Flewelling, L Ewing, RY Moretti, R Schaf, S Rose, C Mader, DR Harman, GR Manire, CA Mettee, NS Mizisin, AP Shelton, GD AF Jacobson, Elliott R. Homer, Bruce L. Stacy, Brian A. Greiner, Ellis C. Szabo, Nancy J. Chrisman, Cheryl L. Origgi, Francesco Coberley, Sadie Foley, Allen M. Landsberg, Jan H. Flewelling, Leanne Ewing, Ruth Y. Moretti, Richie Schaf, Susan Rose, Corinne Mader, Douglas R. Harman, Glenn R. Manire, Charles A. Mettee, Nancy S. Mizisin, Andrew P. Shelton, G. Diane TI Neurological disease in wild loggerhead sea turtles Caretta caretta SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE spirorchiidiasis; brain; spinal cord; neuropathy; loggerhead sea turtle; Caretta caretta ID CHELONIA-MYDAS; SCHISTOSOMA-MANSONI; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; HEAVY-METALS; DIGENEA; SPIRORCHIDAE; BREVETOXINS; SHELLFISH; SYSTEM AB Beginning in October 2000, subadult loggerhead sea turtles Caretta caretta showing clinical signs of a neurological disorder were found in waters off south Florida, USA. Histopathology indicated generalized and neurologic spirorchiidiasis. In loggerhead sea turtles (LST) with neurospirorchiidiasis, adult trematodes were found in the meninges of the brain and spinal cord of 7 and 3 affected turtles respectively, and multiple encephalic intravascular or perivascular eggs were associated with granulomatous or mixed leukocytic inflammation, vasculitis, edema, axonal degeneration and occasional necrosis. Adult spirorchiids were dissected from meningeal vessels of 2 of 11 LST brains and 1 of 10 spinal cords and were identified as Neospirorchis sp. Affected LST were evaluated for brevetoxins, ciguatoxins, saxitoxins, domoic acid and palytoxin. While tissues from 7 of 20 LST tested positive for brevetoxins, the levels were not considered to be in a range causing acute toxicosis. No known natural (algal blooms) or anthropogenic (pollutant spills) stressors co-occurred with the turtle mortality. While heavy metal toxicosis and organophosphate toxicosis were also investigated as possible causes, there was no evidence for their involvement. We speculate that the clinical signs and pathologic changes seen in the affected LST resulted from combined heavy spirorchiid parasitism and possible chronic exposure to a novel toxin present in the diet of LST. C1 Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. Univ Florida, Coll Med, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. Fish & Wildlife Res Inst, Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Turtle Hosp, Marathon, FL 33050 USA. Clearwater Marine Aquarium, Clearwater, FL 33767 USA. Mote Marine Lab, Sarasota, FL 34236 USA. Marinelife Ctr, Juno Beach, FL 33408 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Jacobson, ER (reprint author), Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. EM jacobsone@mail.vetmed.ufl.edu NR 47 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 24 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD JUN 12 PY 2006 VL 70 IS 1-2 BP 139 EP 154 DI 10.3354/dao070139 PG 16 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 078PF UT WOS:000240115000014 PM 16875401 ER PT J AU Wang, MH AF Wang, Menghua TI Effects of ocean surface reflectance variation with solar elevation on normalized water-leaving radiance SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID DIFFUSE-REFLECTANCE; BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE; ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION; COLOR; DEPENDENCE AB Effects of the ocean surface reflection for solar irradiance on the normalized water-leaving radiance in the visible wavelengths are evaluated and discussed for various conditions of the atmosphere, solar-zenith angles, and wind speeds. The surface reflection effects on water-leaving, radiance are simply due to the fact that the radiance that is backscattered out of the water is directly proportional to the downward solar irradiance just beneath the ocean surface. The larger the solar-zenith angle, the less the downward solar irradiance just beneath the ocean surface (i.e., more photons are reflected by the ocean surface), leading to a reduced value of the radiance that is backscattered out of the ocean. For cases of large solar-zenith angles, the effects of surface irradiance reflection need to be accounted for in both the satellite-derived and in situ measured water-leaving radiances. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America. C1 NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, ERA3, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Wang, MH (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, ERA3, Room 102,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM menghua.wang@noaa.gov RI Wang, Menghua/F-5631-2010 OI Wang, Menghua/0000-0001-7019-3125 NR 16 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 2 U2 5 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD JUN 10 PY 2006 VL 45 IS 17 BP 4122 EP 4128 DI 10.1364/AO.45.004122 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA 051ZH UT WOS:000238199700026 PM 16761054 ER PT J AU Trudeau, ME Chen, P Garcia, GD Hollberg, LW Tans, PP AF Trudeau, Michael E. Chen, Pin Garcia, Guilherme de Andrade Hollberg, Leo W. Tans, Pieter P. TI Stable isotopic analysis of atmospheric methane by infrared spectroscopy by use of diode laser difference-frequency generation SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID RATIO MEASUREMENT; HYDROGEN; CARBON AB An infrared absorption spectrometer has been constructed to measure the stable isotopic composition of atmospheric methane samples. The spectrometer employs periodically poled lithium niobate to generate 15 LW of tunable difference-frequency radiation from two near-infrared diode lasers that probe the nu(3) rotational-vibrational band of methane at 3.4 mu m. To enhance the signal, methane is extracted from 25 1 of air by use of a cryogenic chromatographic column and is expanded into the multipass cell for analysis. A measurement precision of 12 parts per thousand is demonstrated for both delta C-13 and delta D. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Inst Nacl Metrol Normalizacao & Qualidade Ind, BR-25250020 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Trudeau, ME (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, POB 275, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. EM michael.trudeau@noaa.gov RI Chen, Pin/B-1112-2008; OI Chen, Pin/0000-0003-1195-9666; de Andrade Garcia, Guilherme/0000-0002-4740-8762 NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD JUN 10 PY 2006 VL 45 IS 17 BP 4136 EP 4141 DI 10.1364/AO.45.004136 PG 6 WC Optics SC Optics GA 051ZH UT WOS:000238199700028 PM 16761056 ER PT J AU Ayres, TR Harper, GM Brown, A Korhonen, H Ilyin, IV Redfield, S Wood, BE AF Ayres, TR Harper, GM Brown, A Korhonen, H Ilyin, IV Redfield, S Wood, BE TI The remarkable far-ultraviolet spectrum of FK Comae Berenices: King of spin SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE stars : coronae; stars : individual (HD 117555, HD 111812, HD 113001B, vZ 1128); ultraviolet : stars ID LATE-TYPE STARS; H-ALPHA-LINE; MAGNETIC-FIELDS; LONG-TERM; EVOLUTION; EMISSION; BINARY; GIANT; GAS; PROMINENCES AB A Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) pointing on the ultrafast rotating yellow giant FK Comae Berenices (HD 117555; v sin i similar to 163 km s(-1)) recorded emission profiles of C III lambda 977 (T similar to 8 x 10(4) K) and O vi lambda 1031 (T similar to 3 x 10(5) K) that are exceptionally broad and asymmetric, but nearly identical in shape, aside from a blueward absorption component in the latter ( identified as interstellar O i, rather than, say, a C III outflow feature). The FWHMs exceed 500 km s(-1), twice the broadest far-UV line shape of any normal late-type star observed to date, but similar to the H alpha profiles of FK Com, and following the trend of other fast spinning early G giants that often display "superrotational'' broadening of their UV "hot'' lines. Although the red-asymmetric O vi lambda 1031 profile is suggestive of an outflow at similar to 3 x 10(5) K, the weaker member of the doublet, lambda 1037, does not display the differential absorption pattern expected from a warm wind. Furthermore, at times the chromospheric Mg II lambda 2796 + lambda 2803 composite profile, from a collection of International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) echellegrams obtained two decades earlier, is nearly identical in shape to red-asymmetric O vi lambda 1031. A contemporaneous optical Doppler map places the photospheric dark spots mainly in the polar regions of the approaching hemisphere. The dominantly redward biased profiles of C III and O vi could be explained if the associated emission zones were leading the starspots in phase and partially rooted in lower latitudes. C1 Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Astrophys Inst Potsdam, D-14482 Potsdam, Germany. Univ Texas, McDonald Observ, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Ayres, TR (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, 389 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM ayres@casa.colorado.edu; gmh@casa.colorado.edu; ab@casa.colorado.edu; hkorhonen@aip.de; ilyin@aip.de; sredfield@astro.as.utexas.edu; woodb@origins.colorado.edu RI Korhonen, Heidi/E-3065-2016; OI Korhonen, Heidi/0000-0003-0529-1161; Redfield, Seth/0000-0003-3786-3486 NR 48 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JUN 10 PY 2006 VL 644 IS 1 BP 464 EP 474 DI 10.1086/503522 PN 1 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 053XK UT WOS:000238339200041 ER PT J AU Pivovar, AM Curtis, JE Leao, JB Chesterfield, RJ Frisbie, CD AF Pivovar, AM Curtis, JE Leao, JB Chesterfield, RJ Frisbie, CD TI Structural and vibrational characterization of the organic semiconductor tetracene as a function of pressure and temperature SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE neutron scattering; structure; dynamics; vibrations; phonons; ab initio calculations; molecular dynamics; organic semiconductors; tetracene; transport; conduction ID THIN-FILM TRANSISTORS; CRYSTALLINE TETRACENE; CONJUGATED POLYMERS; PHASE-TRANSITION; X-RAY; PENTACENE; DYNAMICS; TRANSPORT; CONDUCTOR; FIELD AB Neutron powder diffraction and inelastic neutron scattering measurements were performed on crystalline tetracene, a molecular semiconductor of triclinic crystal structure that adopts a herringbone layered motif, as a function of pressure up to 358 MPa. In combination with theoretical and simulated computations, these measurements permit detailed characterization of the structural and vibrational changes of tetracene as a function of pressure. Powder diffraction at 295 K reveals anisotropic modification of the crystal structure with increasing pressure. Particularly, the unit cell parameters associated with the two-dimensional herringbone layers of the solid state structure displayed continuous change at all measured pressures, whereas perpendicular to the herringbone layers the structure remains relatively unchanged. The measured compressibilities along the [100], [010], and [001] crystal axes are -3.8 x 10(-4), -1.9 X 10(-4), and -3.4 x 10(-4) angstrom/MPa, respectively. Inelastic neutron scattering spectra were collected at several pressures in the 25-75 and 0-25 meV energy ranges using a filter analyzer and a Fermi chopper time-of-flight spectrometer, respectively. Assignment of the spectral peaks to specific intramolecular vibrational modes has been accomplished using ab initio density functional theory calculations and the low energy lattice phonon modes were interpreted from the results of molecular dynamics simulations at 1 atm and 358 MPa. Anisotropic behavior parallel to that observed in the structural measurements is also apparent in both the intramolecular and lattice phonon vibrational dynamics. Intramolecular vibrations having atomic displacements entirely within the plane of the molecule's aromatic ring remain unchanged with increasing pressure while vibrations with atomic displacements perpendicular to the molecular plane shift to higher energy. The lattice phonons display a similar anisotropy with increasing pressure. Phonon modes propagated within the herringbone layer are significantly shifted to higher energy with increasing pressure relative to the modes with displacements primarily perpendicular to the layers. Overall, both the planar internal geometry and the layered arrangement of the tetracene molecules significantly influence the observed structural and vibrational behavior with increasing pressure. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RP Pivovar, AM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8562, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM adam.pivovar@nist.gov; joseph.curtis@nist.gov; frisbie@cems.umn.edu RI Frisbie, C Daniel/F-3995-2011 NR 50 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0301-0104 J9 CHEM PHYS JI Chem. Phys. PD JUN 9 PY 2006 VL 325 IS 1 BP 138 EP 151 DI 10.1016/j.chemphys.2006.01.041 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 054YW UT WOS:000238415500016 ER PT J AU Fedorov, AV Dekens, PS McCarthy, M Ravelo, AC deMenocal, PB Barreiro, M Pacanowski, RC Philander, SG AF Fedorov, AV Dekens, PS McCarthy, M Ravelo, AC deMenocal, PB Barreiro, M Pacanowski, RC Philander, SG TI The Pliocene paradox (mechanisms for a permanent El Nino) SO SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURES; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; THERMAL STRUCTURE; TROPICAL PACIFIC; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; CLIMATE; WARMTH; ICE; ANTARCTICA; GLACIATION AB During the early Pliocene, 5 to 3 million years ago, globally averaged temperatures were substantially higher than they are today, even though the external factors that determine climate were essentially the same. In the tropics, El Nino was continual ( or "permanent'') rather than intermittent. The appearance of northern continental glaciers, and of cold surface waters in oceanic upwelling zones in low latitudes ( both coastal and equatorial), signaled the termination of those warm climate conditions and the end of permanent El Nino. This led to the amplification of obliquity ( but not precession) cycles in equatorial sea surface temperatures and in global ice volume, with the former leading the latter by several thousand years. A possible explanation is that the gradual shoaling of the oceanic thermocline reached a threshold around 3 million years ago, when the winds started bringing cold waters to the surface in low latitudes. This introduced feedbacks involving ocean-atmosphere interactions that, along with ice-albedo feedbacks, amplified obliquity cycles. A future melting of glaciers, changes in the hydrological cycle, and a deepening of the thermocline could restore the warm conditions of the early Pliocene. C1 Yale Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Ocean Sci Dept, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. RP Fedorov, AV (reprint author), Yale Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, POB 6666, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. EM fedorov@yale.edu RI fedorov, alexey/F-1879-2010; demenocal, peter/B-1386-2013 OI demenocal, peter/0000-0002-7191-717X NR 44 TC 181 Z9 192 U1 3 U2 71 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUN 9 PY 2006 VL 312 IS 5779 BP 1485 EP 1489 DI 10.1126/science.1122666 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 050XT UT WOS:000238124100036 PM 16763140 ER PT J AU Jin, X Gruber, N Dunne, JP Sarmiento, JL Armstrong, RA AF Jin, X. Gruber, N. Dunne, J. P. Sarmiento, J. L. Armstrong, R. A. TI Diagnosing the contribution of phytoplankton functional groups to the production and export of particulate organic carbon, CaCO3, and opal from global nutrient and alkalinity distributions SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID EMILIANIA-HUXLEYI PRYMNESIOPHYCEAE; SOUTHERN-OCEAN; CALCIUM-CARBONATE; BIOGENIC SILICA; PACIFIC SECTOR; INORGANIC CARBON; SEAWIFS IMAGERY; PARTICLE FLUXES; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; SI CYCLE AB [ 1] We diagnose the contribution of four main phytoplankton functional groups to the production and export of particulate organic carbon (POC), CaCO3, and opal by combining in a restoring approach global oceanic observations of nitrate, silicic acid, and alkalinity with a simple size-dependent ecological/biogeochemical model. In order to determine the robustness of our results, we employ three different variants of the ocean general circulation model (OGCM) required to transport and mix the nutrients and alkalinity into the upper ocean. In our standard model, the global export of CaCO3 is diagnosed as 1.1 PgC yr(-1) ( range of sensitivity cases 0.8 to 1.2 PgC yr(-1)) and that of opal as 180 Tmol Si yr(-1) ( range 160 to 180 Tmol Si yr(-1)). CaCO3 export is found to have three maxima at approximately 40 degrees S, the equator, and around 40 degrees N. In contrast, the opal export is dominated by the Southern Ocean with a single maximum at around 60 degrees S. The molar export ratio of inorganic to organic carbon is diagnosed in our standard model to be about 0.09 ( range 0.07 to 0.10) and found to be remarkably uniform spatially. The molar export ratio of opal to organic nitrogen varies substantially from values around 2 to 3 in the Southern Ocean south of 45 degrees S to values below 0.5 throughout most of the rest of the ocean, except for the North Pacific. Irrespective of which OGCM is used, large phytoplankton dominate the export of POC, with diatoms alone accounting for 40% of this export, while the contribution of coccolithophorids is only about 10%. Small phytoplankton dominate net primary production (NPP) with a fraction of similar to 70%. Diatoms and coccolithophorids account for about 15% and less than 2% of NPP, respectively. These diagnosed contributions of the main phytoplankton functional groups to NPP are also robust across all OGCMs investigated. Correlation and regression analyses reveal that the variations in the relative contributions of diatoms and coccolithophorids to NPP can be predicted reasonably well on the basis of a few key parameters. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. RP Jin, X (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM xjin@igpp.ucla.edu; ngruber@igpp.ucla.edu; john.dunne@noaa.gov; jls@princeton.edu; rarmstrong@notes.cc.sunysb.edu RI Armstrong, Robert/C-9086-2009; Gruber, Nicolas/B-7013-2009; Dunne, John/F-8086-2012 OI Gruber, Nicolas/0000-0002-2085-2310; Dunne, John/0000-0002-8794-0489 NR 73 TC 84 Z9 84 U1 0 U2 30 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 EI 1944-9224 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD JUN 8 PY 2006 VL 20 IS 2 AR GB2015 DI 10.1029/2005GB002532 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 052FW UT WOS:000238219000001 ER PT J AU DeLongchamp, DM Jung, YS Fischer, DA Lin, EK Chang, P Subramanian, V Murphy, AR Frechet, JMJ AF DeLongchamp, DM Jung, YS Fischer, DA Lin, EK Chang, P Subramanian, V Murphy, AR Frechet, JMJ TI Correlating molecular design to microstructure in thermally convertible oligothiophenes: The effect of branched versus linear end groups SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID FIELD-EFFECT MOBILITY; THIN-FILM TRANSISTORS; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; THIOPHENE OLIGOMERS; CHARGE-TRANSPORT; ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR; CONJUGATED OLIGOMERS; SEXITHIOPHENE FILMS; SINGLE-CRYSTAL; PENTACENE AB The thin film microstructure development of functionalized oligothiophenes with branched, thermally removable groups at each end of conjugated cores with five, six, and seven thiophene rings was monitored during their thermal conversion from solution processible precursors to insoluble semiconductor products. The change in end group character provides a comparison of branched vs linear end group functionalization in oligothiophenes. Near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy confirmed that branched alpha-, omega-substitutions of the precursors strongly influenced the packing of the conjugated core. The quinque- and sexithiophene precursors oriented perpendicular to the substrate, whereas the septithiophene precursor oriented parallel to the substrate, providing one of the first examples of length dependence in oligothiophene orientation. This dependence may be due to a packing mismatch between the conjugated cores and the branched end groups. The convertible septithiophene exhibits four distinct microstructures as it converts from precursor to product that correlate strongly with its field-effect hole mobility in field-effect transistors. The extent of septithiophene order and the surface-relative orientation of its ordered phases clearly influence field-effect transistor performance. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP DeLongchamp, DM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM deand@nist.gov RI Subramanian, Vivek/K-9818-2016; OI Subramanian, Vivek/0000-0002-1783-8219; Frechet, Jean /0000-0001-6419-0163 NR 37 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD JUN 8 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 22 BP 10645 EP 10650 DI 10.1021/jp060667t PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 048NO UT WOS:000237954000010 PM 16771310 ER PT J AU Tikku, AA McAdoo, DC Schenewerk, MS Willoughby, EC AF Tikku, AA McAdoo, DC Schenewerk, MS Willoughby, EC TI Temporal fluctuations of microseismic noise in Yellowstone's Upper Geyser Basin from a continuous gravity observation SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID OLD FAITHFUL GEYSER; NATIONAL-PARK; SYSTEM; TREMOR AB We find geodetically detectable events of significantly elevated microseismic noise in an eight day Scintrex CG-3M continuous relative gravity occupation in the southern Upper Geyser Basin of the Yellowstone caldera. The noise is recorded as large excursions in the gravity data, with frequencies between 0.033 and 0.5 Hz, and durations of up to one hour. These microseismic excursions, with gravity root mean square [RMS] amplitudes of similar to 50 to 350 mu Gal, are up to an order of magnitude larger than the observed background levels of noise. The noise is also recorded as elevated variability in the gravity RMS time-series, with frequencies > 0.033 Hz. We suggest that these periods of elevated and variable microseismicity reflect active hydrothermal processes in the geyser basin not captured previously. C1 Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Troy, NY 12180 USA. NOAA, Lab Satellite Altimetry, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Give em an Inch, Roeland Pk, KS 66205 USA. NRCan, Pacific Geosci Ctr, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada. RP Tikku, AA (reprint author), Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, 110 8th St, Troy, NY 12180 USA. EM tikkua@rpi.edu; dave.mcadoo@noaa.gov; mschenew@give-em-an-inch.com; ele.willoughby@nrcan.gc.ca RI McAdoo, Dave/F-5612-2010 OI McAdoo, Dave/0000-0002-7533-5564 NR 18 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUN 7 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 11 AR L11306 DI 10.1029/2006GL026113 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 052FP UT WOS:000238218200006 ER PT J AU Bruno, TJ AF Bruno, TJ TI Improvements in the measurement of distillation curves. 1. A composition-explicit approach SO INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID DIESEL FUEL PROPERTIES; EXHAUST EMISSIONS; PETROLEUM MIXTURES; CRUDE-OIL; COMPONENTS; ENGINE AB The distillation (or boiling) curve of a complex fluid is a critically important indicator of the bulk behavior or response of the fluid. For this reason, the distillation curve, usually presented graphically as the boiling temperature against the volume fraction distilled, is often cited as a primary design and testing criterion for liquid fuels, lubricants, and other important industrial fluids. While the distillation curve gives a direct measure of fluid volatility fraction by fraction, the information the curve contains can be taken much further; there are numerous engineering and application-specific parameters that can be correlated to the distillation curve. When applied to liquid motor fuels, for example, one can estimate engine starting ability, drivability, fuel system icing and vapor lock, the fuel injector schedule, and fuel autoignition, etc. It can be used in environmental applications as a guide for blending virgin stock with reclaimed oil, guiding the formulation of product that will be suitable in various applications. Moreover, the distillation curve can be related to mutagenicity and the composition of the pollutant suite. It is therefore desirable to enhance or extend the usual approach to distillation curve measurement to allow optimal information content. In this paper, we present several modifications to the measurement of distillation curves that provide (1) temperature and volume measurement(s) of low uncertainty and, most important, (2) a composition-explicit data channel in addition to the usual temperature-volume relationship. This latter modification is achieved with a new sampling approach that allows precise qualitative as well as quantitative analyses of each fraction, on the fly. The analysis is done by gas chromatography coupled with specific or universal detectors. This second modification is the most significant change, since it is composition that is the most important underlying parameter that governs curve shape. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Bruno, TJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM bruno@boulder.nist.gov NR 33 TC 91 Z9 91 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0888-5885 J9 IND ENG CHEM RES JI Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. PD JUN 7 PY 2006 VL 45 IS 12 BP 4371 EP 4380 DI 10.1021/ie051393j PG 10 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 048GD UT WOS:000237934700041 ER PT J AU Bruno, TJ Smith, BL AF Bruno, TJ Smith, BL TI Improvements in the measurement of distillation curves. 2. Application to aerospace/aviation fuels RP-1 and s-8 SO INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB In a previous paper, a number of improvements in the method and apparatus used for the measurement of distillation curves for complex hydrocarbon fluid mixtures were presented. These improvements included the addition of a composition-explicit channel of data, improved temperature control and measurement, and improved and less uncertain volume measurement. In this paper, we demonstrate the improved approach with application to two complex hydrocarbon fluids, rocket propellant 1 (RP-1) and a synthetic JP-8 that is designated as S-8. RP-1 is a long-established hydrocarbon fuel that continues to be widely used since it was first developed in the 1950s. Modern versions of this fluid are produced from a narrow-range kerosene fraction that is processed to reduce unsaturated compounds and also sulfur-containing hydrocarbons. S-8 is a synthetic substitute for fluids such as JP-8 and Jet-A. It is produced with the Fischer Tropsch process from natural gas. As these new and reformulated fluids gain increasing application, especially in aviation/aerospace application, it will be increasingly important to have material characterization test procedures that are reproducible and that have a sound and fundamental basis. This will allow modeling of the properties and guide further refinement of the fluids. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Bruno, TJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM bruno@boulder.nist.gov NR 14 TC 100 Z9 100 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0888-5885 J9 IND ENG CHEM RES JI Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. PD JUN 7 PY 2006 VL 45 IS 12 BP 4381 EP 4388 DI 10.1021/ie051394b PG 8 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 048GD UT WOS:000237934700042 ER PT J AU Huber, ML Laesecke, A AF Huber, ML Laesecke, A TI Correlation for the viscosity of pentafluoroethane (R125) from the triple point to 500 K at pressures up to 60 MPa SO INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SATURATED LIQUID-PHASE; THERMAL-CONDUCTIVITY; TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES; FLUID REGION; REFRIGERANTS; TEMPERATURE; R32; HFC-125; R134A; DIFLUOROMETHANE AB We present a correlation for the viscosity of pentafluoroethane (R125) based on a compilation and critical assessment of the available experimental data. The correlation covers a wide range of fluid states, including the supercritical region. It is applicable from the triple point at 172.52 to 500 K, with pressures varying up to 60 MPa. The formulation includes a zero-density contribution, initial density dependence based on the Rainwater-Friend theory, and a residual contribution for higher densities that combines virial terms with a free-volume term, both being temperature-dependent. The estimated uncertainty of the viscosity correlation (coverage factor of 2) is 3% along the liquid-phase saturation boundary, 3% in the compressed liquid phase at pressures to 60 MPa, and 0.8% in the vapor. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Huber, ML (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Marcia.Huber@NIST.Gov NR 49 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0888-5885 J9 IND ENG CHEM RES JI Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. PD JUN 7 PY 2006 VL 45 IS 12 BP 4447 EP 4453 DI 10.1021/ie051367l PG 7 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 048GD UT WOS:000237934700049 ER PT J AU Kumar, SK Szamel, G Douglas, JF AF Kumar, SK Szamel, G Douglas, JF TI Nature of the breakdown in the Stokes-Einstein relationship in a hard sphere fluid SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GLASS-FORMING LIQUIDS; SPATIALLY HETEROGENEOUS DYNAMICS; TRANSLATION-ROTATION PARADOX; MODE-COUPLING-THEORY; SUPERCOOLED LIQUIDS; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; TRANSPORT-COEFFICIENTS; TRANSITION; DIFFUSION; RELAXATION AB Molecular dynamics simulations of high density hard sphere fluids clearly show a breakdown of the Stokes-Einstein equation (SE). This result has been conjectured to be due to the presence of mobile particles, i.e., ones which have the propensity to "hop" distances that are integer multiples of the interparticle distance. We conclusively show that the sedentary particles, i.e., ones complementary to the "hoppers," obey the SE relationship to a good approximation, even though the fluid as a whole violates the SE equation at high densities. These results support the notion that the unusual diffusive behavior of supercooled liquids is dominated by the hopping particles. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Chem & Biol Engn, Troy, NY 12180 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Chem, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kumar, SK (reprint author), Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Chem & Biol Engn, Troy, NY 12180 USA. EM kumar@rpi.edu NR 42 TC 80 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 32 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD JUN 7 PY 2006 VL 124 IS 21 AR 214501 DI 10.1063/1.2192769 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 059UW UT WOS:000238758700026 PM 16774417 ER PT J AU Xu, C Barnes, SE Wu, T Fischer, DA DeLongchamp, DM Batteas, JD Beers, KL AF Xu, C Barnes, SE Wu, T Fischer, DA DeLongchamp, DM Batteas, JD Beers, KL TI Solution and surface composition gradients via microfluidic confinement: Fabrication of a statistical-copolymer-brush composition gradient SO ADVANCED MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID TRANSFER RADICAL POLYMERIZATION; BLOCK-COPOLYMERS; GENERATION; SPECTROSCOPY; FIBRONECTIN; NETWORKS; POLYMERS; GOLD AB A stable solution composition gradient is generated inside a microchannel by varying the relative flow rates of two solutions that differ in composition. This solution gradient is used to synthesize a surface-grafted statistical-copolymer-brush composition gradient via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP; see schematic). Near-edge absorption fine structure spectroscopy confirms the continuous transition of surface composition from one end of the substrate to the other. C1 Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Polymers Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Ceram Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Chem, College Stn, TX 77842 USA. RP Beers, KL (reprint author), Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Polymers Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM beers@nist.gov RI Batteas, James/D-4144-2015 OI Batteas, James/0000-0002-6244-5000 NR 35 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 3 U2 29 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0935-9648 J9 ADV MATER JI Adv. Mater. PD JUN 6 PY 2006 VL 18 IS 11 BP 1427 EP + DI 10.1002/adma.200502341 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 052AQ UT WOS:000238203300016 ER PT J AU Hale, RC Gallo, KP Owen, TW Loveland, TR AF Hale, RC Gallo, KP Owen, TW Loveland, TR TI Land use/land cover change effects on temperature trends at U.S. Climate Normals stations SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; FLORIDA; IMPACT; WEATHER; SERIES; MODEL; TIME AB Alterations in land use/land cover (LULC) in areas near meteorological observation stations can influence the measurement of climatological variables such as temperature. Urbanization near climate stations has been the focus of considerable research attention, however conversions between non-urban LULC classes may also have an impact. In this study, trends of minimum, maximum, and average temperature at 366 U. S. Climate Normals stations are analyzed based on changes in LULC defined by the U. S. Land Cover Trends Project. Results indicate relatively few significant temperature trends before periods of greatest LULC change, and these are generally evenly divided between warming and cooling trends. In contrast, after the period of greatest LULC change was observed, 95% of the stations that exhibited significant trends ( minimum, maximum, or mean temperature) displayed warming trends. C1 Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USGS, Ctr Earth Resources Observat & Sci, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. NOAA, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD USA. NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RP Hale, RC (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM rhale@usgs.gov RI Gallo, Kevin P./F-5588-2010 NR 21 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUN 3 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 11 AR L11703 DI 10.1029/2006GL026358 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 050EF UT WOS:000238069600007 ER PT J AU Liu, Y Fratini, E Baglioni, P Chen, WR Porcar, L Chen, SH AF Liu, Yun Fratini, Emiliano Baglioni, Piero Chen, Wei-Ren Porcar, Lionel Chen, Sow-Hsin TI Comment on "Effective long-range attraction between protein molecules in solution studied by small angle neutron scattering" - Reply SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Editorial Material ID LYSOZYME C1 MIT, Dept Nucl Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Florence, Dept Chem, I-50019 Florence, Italy. Univ Florence, CSGI, I-50019 Florence, Italy. RP Chen, SH (reprint author), MIT, Dept Nucl Engn, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM sowhsin@mit.edu RI Liu, Yun/A-2478-2010; Fratini, Emiliano/C-9983-2010; Baglioni, Piero/B-1208-2011; Liu, Yun/F-6516-2012 OI Liu, Yun/0000-0002-0944-3153; Fratini, Emiliano/0000-0001-7104-6530; Baglioni, Piero/0000-0003-1312-8700; Liu, Yun/0000-0002-0944-3153 NR 7 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JUN 2 PY 2006 VL 96 IS 21 AR 219802 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.219802 PG 1 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 049GK UT WOS:000238004000067 ER PT J AU Gallar, C Brock, CA Jimenez, JL Simons, C AF Gallar, C Brock, CA Jimenez, JL Simons, C TI A variable supersaturation condensation particle sizer SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PULSE-HEIGHT ANALYSIS; NUCLEUS COUNTER; DISTRIBUTIONS; NUCLEATION; EFFICIENCY AB A prototype variable supersaturation condensation particle sizer (VSCoPS) capable of measuring particle size distributions from 5 to 30 nm has been developed. This system design is adapted from existing condensation particle counter (CPC) technology with three significant differences: (1) the working fluid is a perfluorinated organic compound that is nonreactive toward, and not an effective solvent for, most laboratory or ambient particle compositions; (2) the vapor pressure of the working fluid is controlled by dilution of saturated air with vapor-free air at the same temperature; and (3) the optical block and condenser are located below the saturator, so that fluid condensed on the condenser walls does not flow back toward the saturator. By using fast-response flow controllers to vary the ratio of saturator and dilution air while keeping total flows and temperatures constant, the vapor saturation ratio in the condenser can be controlled with time constants of similar to 1 s. The nucleation threshold diameter is changed by stepping through small increments in saturation ratio. The particle size distribution can be recovered by inverting the measured concentration using the known instrument response for each saturation ratio. Further development of the system may allow size distribution measurements to smaller particle diameters and scan times of <30 s at total particle concentrations as low as similar to 100 cm(-3). C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Brock, CA (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway R,CSD7, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM charles.a.brock@noaa.gov RI Jimenez, Jose/A-5294-2008; Brock, Charles/G-3406-2011; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Jimenez, Jose/0000-0001-6203-1847; Brock, Charles/0000-0002-4033-4668; NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 40 IS 6 BP 431 EP 436 DI 10.1080/02786820600643339 PG 6 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 036IM UT WOS:000237064800005 ER PT J AU Schlenoff, C Albus, J Messina, E Barbera, AJ Madhavan, R Balakirsky, S AF Schlenoff, C Albus, J Messina, E Barbera, AJ Madhavan, R Balakirsky, S TI Using 4D/RCS to address AI knowledge integration SO AI MAGAZINE LA English DT Article ID ARCHITECTURE AB In this article, we show how 4D/RCS incorporates and integrates multiple types of disparate knowledge representation techniques into a common, unifying architecture. The 4D/RCS architecture is based on the supposition that different knowledge representation techniques offer different advantages, and 4D/RCS is designed in such a way as to combine the strengths of all of these techniques into a common unifying architecture in order to exploit the advantages of each. In the context of applying the architecture to the control of autonomous vehicles, we describe the procedural and declarative types of knowledge that have been developed and applied and the value that each brings to achieving the ultimate goal of autonomous navigation. We also look at symbolic versus iconic knowledge representation and show how 4D/RCS accommodates both of these types of representations and uses the strengths of each to strive towards achieving human-level intelligence in autonomous systems. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Schlenoff, C (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM barbera@nist.gov; raj.madhavan@ieee.org OI Messina, Elena/0000-0002-1727-9357 NR 24 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC ARTIFICIAL INTELL PI MENLO PK PA 445 BURGESS DRIVE, MENLO PK, CA 94025-3496 USA SN 0738-4602 J9 AI MAG JI AI Mag. PD SUM PY 2006 VL 27 IS 2 BP 71 EP 81 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA 056VB UT WOS:000238552100006 ER PT J AU Crozier, L Dwyer, G AF Crozier, Lisa Dwyer, Greg TI Combining population-dynamic and ecophysiological models to predict climate-induced insect range shifts SO AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE climate change; range shifts; insects; temperature; population-dynamic model ID SPECIES BORDERS; CHANGING ENVIRONMENT; GLOBAL CHANGES; EVOLUTION; ECOLOGY; DISTRIBUTIONS; EXPANSION; RESPONSES; LEPIDOPTERA; TEMPERATURE AB Hundreds of species are shifting their ranges in response to recent climate warming. To predict how continued climate warming will affect the potential, or "bioclimatic range," of a skipper butterfly, we present a population-dynamic model of range shift in which population growth is a function of temperature. We estimate the parameters of this model using previously published data for Atalopedes campestris. Summer and winter temperatures affect population growth rate independently in this species and therefore interact as potential range-limiting factors. Our model predicts a two-phase response to climate change; one range-limiting factor gradually becomes dominant, even if warming occurs steadily along a thermally linear landscape. Whether the range shift accelerates or decelerates and whether the number of generations per year at the range edge increases or decreases depend on whether summer or winter warms faster. To estimate the uncertainty in our predictions of range shift, we use a parametric bootstrap of biological parameter values. Our results show that even modest amounts of data yield predictions with reasonably small confidence intervals, indicating that ecophysiological models can be useful in predicting range changes. Nevertheless, the confidence intervals are sensitive to regional differences in the underlying thermal landscape and the warming scenario. C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. RP Crozier, L (reprint author), NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM lisa.crozier@noaa.gov; gdwyer@uchicago.edu RI Crozier, Lisa/E-2248-2012; Dwyer, Greg/L-1134-2015 OI Dwyer, Greg/0000-0002-7387-2075 NR 60 TC 95 Z9 97 U1 4 U2 42 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0003-0147 J9 AM NAT JI Am. Nat. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 167 IS 6 BP 853 EP 866 DI 10.1086/504848 PG 14 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 053YG UT WOS:000238341500006 PM 16685639 ER PT J AU Satterfield, MB Sniegoski, LT Sharpless, KE Welch, MJ Hornikova, A Zhang, NF Pfeiffer, CM Fazili, Z Zhang, M Nelson, BC AF Satterfield, MB Sniegoski, LT Sharpless, KE Welch, MJ Hornikova, A Zhang, NF Pfeiffer, CM Fazili, Z Zhang, M Nelson, BC TI Development of a new standard reference material: SRM 1955 (homocysteine and folate in human serum) SO ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE isotope dilution mass spectrometry; standard reference material; homocysteine; folate; 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid; 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid; folic acid ID STABLE-ISOTOPE-DILUTION; PLASMA TOTAL HOMOCYSTEINE; TANDEM MASS-SPECTROMETRY; NEURAL-TUBE DEFECTS; 5-METHYLTETRAHYDROFOLIC ACID; ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION; INTERNAL STANDARDIZATION; MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY; RISK-FACTOR; HPLC ASSAY AB Total homocysteine (tHCY) and folate are interrelated biomarkers for arteriosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Although many different methods for both tHCY and folate are clinically available, the intermethod and interlaboratory results are often poor, resulting in the need for a matrix reference material and reference methods. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has developed isotope dilution liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and liquid chromatography/ tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) methods for determination of tHCY and several folate forms including 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5MT) and folic acid (FA). Additionally, a method for simultaneous measurement of tHCY, 5MT, and FA has been developed and validated. In collaboration with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), mass spectrometric methods and methods used in clinical laboratories have been applied to characterize a new Standard Reference Material (SRM), SRM 1955, "Homocysteine and Folate in Human Serum," containing low, medium, and high levels of tHCY and 5MT. Additionally, FA, 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid (5FT), vitamin B-12, and total folate values are provided. Use of the new SRM should improve clinical measurements and will permit traceability to internationally recognized certified reference materials, as described by European Directive 98/79/EC on in vitro diagnostic medical devices. C1 NIST, Analyt Chem Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Lab Sci, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Nelson, BC (reprint author), NIST, Analyt Chem Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM bryant.nelson@nist.gov OI Sharpless, Katherine/0000-0001-6569-198X NR 37 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1618-2642 J9 ANAL BIOANAL CHEM JI Anal. Bioanal. Chem. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 385 IS 3 BP 612 EP 622 DI 10.1007/s00216-006-0434-1 PG 11 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 044IM UT WOS:000237665600025 PM 16715281 ER PT J AU Seung, CK Waters, EC AF Seung, CK Waters, EC TI The role of the Alaska seafood industry: a social accounting matrix (SAM) model approach to economic base analysis SO ANNALS OF REGIONAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID AGRICULTURE AB A social accounting matrix (SAM) model for Alaska is constructed to investigate the role of the state's seafood processing industry. The SAM model enables incorporation of the unique features of Alaska economy such as (a) the existence of a large nontraditional economic base, (b) a large leakage of labor income, and (c) a very large share of intermediate inputs imported from outside the state. The role of an industry in an economy with these features cannot be examined correctly within an input-output framework, which is the method most often used for examining the importance of an industry to a region. Taking an export base view of the economy, we found seafood processing to be an important industry, generating 4.5% of the state's total employment. While an important driver of the state's economy, the industry has the smallest SAM multiplier mainly due to a large leakage of labor earnings and a large share of imported intermediate inputs. We also found that nontraditional economic base components such as (a) federal transfers to state and local governments, and (b) federal transfers, permanent fund dividend (PFD) payments, and other extra-regional income received by households generate about 26% of the state's total employment and earnings. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, F AKC2, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EC Waters Consulting, Beaverton, OR 97008 USA. RP Seung, CK (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, F AKC2, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM Chang.Seung@noaa.gov NR 19 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0570-1864 J9 ANN REGIONAL SCI JI Ann. Reg. Sci. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 40 IS 2 BP 335 EP 350 DI 10.1007/s00168-005-0048-0 PG 16 WC Environmental Studies; Geography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geography GA 053PZ UT WOS:000238318400007 ER PT J AU Gregory, JB Litaker, RW Noble, RT AF Gregory, JB Litaker, RW Noble, RT TI Rapid one-step quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR assay with competitive internal positive control for detection of enteroviruses in environmental samples SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; HEPATITIS-A VIRUS; SANTA-MONICA BAY; ENTERIC VIRUSES; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; COASTAL WATERS; FLORIDA-KEYS; RT-PCR; RNA; QUANTIFICATION AB Human enteroviruses can serve as a more accurate indicator of human fecal contamination than conventional bacteriological fecal indicators. We describe here a quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) assay specifically tailored to detect these viruses in environmental waters. The assay included a competitive internal positive control (CIPC) that allowed the inhibition of qRT-PCRs to be quantitatively assessed. Coamplification of the CIPC with enteroviral genetic material did not affect the sensitivity, specificity, or reproducibility of the enteroviral qRT-PCR assay. The assay is rapid (less than 5 h from sample to result), has a wide dynamic range (> 3 logs), and is capable of detecting as few as 25 enteroviral genomes with an average amplification efficiency of 0.91. In samples with low or moderate inhibition, the delay in CIPC amplification was used to adjust enterovirus qRT-PCR concentrations to account for losses due to inhibition. Samples exhibiting significant inhibition were not corrected but instead diluted twofold and immediately assayed again. Using significantly inhibited samples, it was found that dilution relieved inhibition in 93% (25 of 27) of the samples. In addition, 15% (4 of 27) of these previously negative samples contained enteroviral genomes. The high-throughput format of the assay compared to conventional culture-based methods offers a fast, reliable, and specific method for detecting enteroviruses in environmental water samples. The ability of the assay to identify false negatives and provide improved quantitative assessments of enterovirus concentrations will facilitate the tracking of human fecal contamination and the assessment of potential public health risk due to enteroviruses in recreational and shellfish harvesting waters. C1 Univ N Carolina, Inst Marine Sci, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Noble, RT (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Inst Marine Sci, 3431 Arendell St, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. EM rtnoble@email.unc.edu NR 29 TC 81 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 72 IS 6 BP 3960 EP 3967 DI 10.1128/AEM.02291-05 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 057UG UT WOS:000238620100020 PM 16751503 ER PT J AU Pagano, I Ayres, TR Lanzafame, AC Linsky, JL Montesinos, B Rodono, M AF Pagano, Isabella Ayres, Thomas R. Lanzafame, Alessandro C. Linsky, Jeffrey L. Montesinos, Benjamin Rodono, Marcello TI Key problems in cool-star astrophysics SO ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE late-type stars; magnetic activity; chromospheres; coronae; UV astronomy ID HUBBLE-SPACE-TELESCOPE; HIGH-RESOLUTION SPECTROGRAPH; MAGNETICALLY ACTIVE STARS; FAR-ULTRAVIOLET SPECTRA; LONG-TERM PHOTOMETRY; RS CANUM-VENATICORUM; MAIN-SEQUENCE STARS; SPECTROSCOPIC-EXPLORER-SURVEY; TEMPERATURE EMISSION-LINES; ORBITAL PERIOD VARIATION AB Selected key problems in cool-star astrophysics are reviewed, with emphasis on the importance of new ultraviolet missions to tackle the unresolved issues. UV spectral signatures are an essential probe of critical physical processes related to the production and transport of magnetic energy in astrophysical plasmas ranging, for example, from stellar coronae, to the magnetospheres of magnetars, and the accretion disks of protostars and Active Galactic Nuclei. From an historical point of view, our comprehension of such processes has been closely tied to our understanding of solar/stellar magnetic activity, which has its origins in a poorly understood convection-powered internal magnetic dynamo. The evolution of the Sun's dynamo, and associated magnetic activity, affected the development of planetary atmospheres in the early solar system, and the conditions in which life arose on the primitive Earth. The gradual fading of magnetic activity as the Sun grows old likewise will have profound consequences for the future heliospheric environment. Beyond the Sun, the magnetic activity of stars can influence their close-in companions, and vice versa. Cool star outer atmospheres thus represent an important laboratory in which magnetic activity phenomena can be studied under a wide variety of conditions, allowing us to gain insight into the fundamental processes involved. The UV range is especially useful for such studies because it contains powerful diagnostics extending from warm (similar to 10(4) K) chromospheres out to hot (1-10 MK) coronae, and very high-resolution spectroscopy in the UV has been demonstrated by the GHRS and STIS instruments on HST but has not yet been demonstrated in the higher energy EUV and X-ray bands. A recent example is the use of the hydrogen Ly alpha resonance line-at 110 000 resolution with HST STIS-study, for the first time, coronal winds from cool stars through their interaction with the interstellar gas. These winds cannot be detected from the ground, for lack of suitable diagnostics; or in the X-rays, because the outflowing gas is too thin. A 2m class UV space telescope with high resolution spectroscopy and monitoring capabilities would enable important new discoveries in cool-star astronomy among the stars of the solar neighborhood out to about 150 pc. A larger aperture facility (4-6 m) would reach beyond the 150 pc horizon to fainter objects including young brown dwarfs and pre-main sequence stars in star-forming regions like Orion, and magnetic active stars in distant clusters beyond the Pleiades and alpha Persei. This would be essential, as well, to characterize the outer atmospheres of stars with planets, that will be discovered by future space missions like COROT, Kepler, and Darwin. C1 INAF, Catania Astrophys Observ, Catania, Italy. Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Catania, Dept Phys & Astron, I-95124 Catania, Italy. Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, NIST, Boulder, CO USA. CSIC, IAA, Granada, Spain. INTA, LAEFF, Madrid, Spain. RP Pagano, I (reprint author), INAF, Catania Astrophys Observ, Catania, Italy. RI Lanzafame, Alessandro/A-1129-2012; Pagano, Isabella/I-6934-2015; Montesinos, Benjamin/C-3493-2017 OI Lanzafame, Alessandro/0000-0002-2697-3607; Pagano, Isabella/0000-0001-9573-4928; Montesinos, Benjamin/0000-0002-7982-2095 NR 121 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0004-640X J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SCI JI Astrophys. Space Sci. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 303 IS 1-4 BP 17 EP 31 DI 10.1007/s10509-005-9018-3 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 082OE UT WOS:000240395400003 ER PT J AU de Castro, AIG Lecavelier, A D'Avillez, M Linsky, JL Cernicharo, J AF Gomez de Castro, Ana I. Lecavelier, Alain D'Avillez, Miguel Linsky, Jeffrey L. Cernicharo, Jose TI UV capabilities to probe the formation of planetary systems: From the ISM to planets SO ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE UV astronomy; ISM; pre-main sequence stars; jets; winds; accretion disks; planets ID T-TAURI STARS; HERBIG-AE STAR; MAIN-SEQUENCE STARS; LOCAL INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM; YOUNG STELLAR OBJECTS; SPACE-TELESCOPE GHRS; AB-AURIGAE; ULTRAVIOLET LINE; BP TAURI; MAGNETOSPHERIC ACCRETION AB Planetary systems are angular momentum reservoirs generated during star formation. Solutions to three of the most important problems in contemporary astrophysics are needed to understand the entire process of planetary system formation: The physics of the ISM. Stars form from dense molecular clouds that contain similar to 30% of the total interstellar medium (ISM) mass. The structure, properties and lifetimes of molecular clouds are determined by the overall dynamics and evolution of a very complex system - the ISM. Understanding the physics of the ISM is of prime importance not only for Galactic but also for extragalactic and cosmological studies. Most of the ISM volume (similar to 65%) is filled with diffuse gas at temperatures between 3000 and 300 000 K, representing about 50% of the ISM mass. The physics of accretion and outflow. Powerful outflows are known to regulate angular momentum transport during star formation, the so-called accretion-outflow engine. Elementary physical considerations show that, to be efficient, the acceleration region for the outflows must be located close to the star (within 1 AU) where the gravitational field is strong. According to recent numerical simulations, this is also the region where terrestrial planets could form after 1 Myr. One should keep in mind that today the only evidence for life in the Universe comes from a planet located in this inner disk region (at 1 AU) from its parent star. The temperature of the accretion-outflow engine is between 3000 and 10(7) K. After 1 Myr, during the classical T Tauri stage, extinction is small and the engine becomes naked and can be observed at ultraviolet wavelengths. The physics of planet formation. Observations of volatiles released by dust, planetesimals and comets provide an extremely powerful tool for determining the relative abundances of the vaporizing species and for studying the photochemical and physical processes acting in the inner parts of young planetary systems. This region is illuminated by the strong UV radiation field produced by the star and the accretion-outflow engine. Absorption spectroscopy provides the most sensitive tool for determining the properties of the circumstellar gas as well as the characteristics of the atmospheres of the inner planets transiting the stellar disk. UV radiation also pumps the electronic transitions of the most abundant molecules (H-2, CO, etc.) that are observed in the UV. Here we argue that access to the UV spectral range is essential for making progress in this field, since the resonance lines of the most abundant atoms and ions at temperatures between 3000 and 300 000 K, together with the electronic transitions of the most abundant molecules (H-2, CO, OH, CS, S-2, CO2+, C-2, O-2, O-3, etc.) are at UV wavelengths. A powerful UV-optical instrument would provide an efficient mean for measuring the abundance of ozone in the atmosphere of the thousands of transiting planets expected to be detected by the next space missions (GAIA, Corot, Kepler, etc.). Thus, a follow-up UV mission would be optimal for identifying Earth-like candidates. C1 Univ Complutense Madrid, CSIC, Inst Astron & Geodesia, E-28040 Madrid, Spain. Inst Astrophys Paris, Paris, France. Univ Evora, Dept Math, P-7000 Evora, Portugal. Univ Vienna, Inst Astron, A-1180 Vienna, Austria. Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. CSIC, IEM, DAMIR, E-28006 Madrid, Spain. RP de Castro, AIG (reprint author), Univ Complutense Madrid, CSIC, Inst Astron & Geodesia, E-28040 Madrid, Spain. NR 98 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0004-640X J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SCI JI Astrophys. Space Sci. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 303 IS 1-4 BP 33 EP 52 DI 10.1007/s10509-006-8793-9 PG 20 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 082OE UT WOS:000240395400004 ER PT J AU de Castro, AIG Wamsteker, W Barstow, M Brosch, N Kappelmann, N Kollatschny, W de Martino, D Pagano, I Etangs, ALD Ehenreich, D Reimers, D Delgado, RG Najarro, F Linsky, J AF Gomez de Castro, Ana I. Wamsteker, Willem Barstow, Martin Brosch, Noah Kappelmann, Norbert Kollatschny, Wolfram de Martino, Domitilla Pagano, Isabella des Etangs, Alain Lecavelier Ehenreich, David Reimers, Dieter Gonzalez Delgado, Rosa Najarro, Francisco Linsky, Jeff TI Fundamental problems in astrophysics SO ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE UV astronomy ID ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI; INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM; ESCAPING ATMOSPHERE; FUSE; GAS; DISK; ABSORPTION; REDSHIFT; HYDROGEN; CARBON AB Progress of modern astrophysics requires the access to the electromagnetic spectrum in the broadest energy range. The Ultraviolet is a fundamental energy domain since it is one of the most powerful tool to study plasmas at temperatures in the 3,000-300,000 K range as well as electronic transitions of the most abundant molecules in the Universe. Moreover, the UV radiation field is a powerful astrochemical and photoionizing agent. The objective of this review is to describe the crucial issues that require access to the UV range. A summary has been added to the end with a more classic view of UV needs by astronomical object type; this approach is followed at length in the rest of the contributions of this issue. C1 Univ Complutense Madrid, CSIC, Inst Astron & Geodesia, E-28040 Madrid, Spain. INTA, LAEFF, E-28080 Madrid, Spain. Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. Tel Aviv Univ, Wise Observ, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. Univ Tubingen, IAAT, D-72074 Tubingen, Germany. Univ Gottingen, Inst Astrophys, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany. INAF, Osservatorio Astron Capodimonte Napoli, I-80131 Naples, Italy. INAF, Catania Astrophys Observ, I-95125 Catania, Italy. Univ Hamburg, Hamburger Sternwarte, D-21029 Hamburg, Germany. Univ Paris 06, Inst Astrophys Paris, CNRS, UMR7095, F-75014 Paris, France. CSIC, Inst Astrofis Andalucia, E-18080 Granada, Spain. CSIC, Inst Estructura Mat, Inst Astrofis Mol & Infrarroja, E-28006 Madrid, Spain. Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP de Castro, AIG (reprint author), Univ Complutense Madrid, CSIC, Inst Astron & Geodesia, E-28040 Madrid, Spain. RI Brosch, Noah/C-7889-2009; Najarro, Francisco/G-7288-2015; Pagano, Isabella/I-6934-2015; OI Ehrenreich, David/0000-0001-9704-5405; Najarro, Francisco/0000-0002-9124-0039; Pagano, Isabella/0000-0001-9573-4928; de Martino, Domitilla/0000-0002-5069-4202 NR 32 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0004-640X J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SCI JI Astrophys. Space Sci. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 303 IS 1-4 BP 133 EP 145 DI 10.1007/s10509-006-9057-4 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 082OE UT WOS:000240395400010 ER PT J AU Kokhanovsky, AA Rozanov, VV Nauss, T Reudenbach, C Daniel, JS Miller, HL Burrows, JP AF Kokhanovsky, A. A. Rozanov, V. V. Nauss, T. Reudenbach, C. Daniel, J. S. Miller, H. L. Burrows, J. P. TI The semianalytical cloud retrieval algorithm for SCIAMACHY - I. The validation SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID RADIATION; LAYERS AB A recently developed cloud retrieval algorithm for the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY ( SCIAMACHY) is briefly presented and validated using independent and well tested cloud retrieval techniques based on the look-up-table approach for MODeration resolutIon Spectrometer ( MODIS) data. The results of the cloud top height retrievals using measurements in the oxygen A-band by an airborne crossed Czerny-Turner spectrograph and the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) instrument are compared with those obtained from airborne dual photography and retrievals using data from Along Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR-2), respectively. C1 Univ Bremen, Inst Remote Sensing, D-2800 Bremen 33, Germany. Univ Marburg, Dept Geog, D-35032 Marburg, Germany. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Inst Phys, Minsk 220072, Byelarus. RP Kokhanovsky, AA (reprint author), Univ Bremen, Inst Remote Sensing, D-2800 Bremen 33, Germany. EM alexk@iup.physik.uni-bremen.de RI Daniel, John/D-9324-2011; Reudenbach, Chris/D-1915-2013; Miller, Henry/D-7628-2013; Kokhanovsky, Alexander/C-6234-2016; Nauss, Thomas/H-7270-2013; OI Miller, Henry/0000-0002-7155-8314; Kokhanovsky, Alexander/0000-0001-7370-1164; Nauss, Thomas/0000-0003-3422-0960; Burrows, John Philip/0000-0002-6821-5580 NR 11 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PD JUN 1 PY 2006 VL 6 BP 1905 EP 1911 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 048WZ UT WOS:000237978500002 ER PT J AU Oltmans, SJ Lefohn, AS Harris, JM Galbally, I Scheel, HE Bodeker, G Brunke, E Claude, H Tarasick, D Johnson, BJ Simmonds, P Shadwick, D Anlauf, K Hayden, K Schmidlin, F Fujimoto, T Akagi, K Meyer, C Nichol, S Davies, J Redondas, A Cuevas, E AF Oltmans, S. J. Lefohn, A. S. Harris, J. M. Galbally, I. Scheel, H. E. Bodeker, G. Brunke, E. Claude, H. Tarasick, D. Johnson, B. J. Simmonds, P. Shadwick, D. Anlauf, K. Hayden, K. Schmidlin, F. Fujimoto, T. Akagi, K. Meyer, C. Nichol, S. Davies, J. Redondas, A. Cuevas, E. TI Long-term changes in tropospheric ozone SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE trends; surface ozone; ozonesondes; tropospheric chemistry; ozone transport ID SURFACE OZONE; VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION; NITROGEN-DIOXIDE; GLOBAL NETWORK; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; TRENDS; TRANSPORT; CLIMATOLOGY; SWITZERLAND; SENSITIVITY AB Tropospheric ozone changes are investigated using a selected network of surface and ozonesonde sites to give a broad geographic picture of long-term variations. The picture of long-term tropospheric ozone changes is a varied one in terms of both the sign and magnitude of trends and in the possible causes for the changes. At mid latitudes of the S.H. three time series of similar to 20 years in length agree in showing increases that are strongest in the austral spring (August-October). Profile measurements show this increase extending through the mid troposphere but not into the highest levels of the troposphere. In the N.H. in the Arctic a period of declining ozone in the troposphere through the 1980s into the mid-1990s has reversed and the overall change is small. The decadal-scale variations in the troposphere in this region are related in part to changes in the lowermost stratosphere. At mid latitudes in the N.H., continental Europe and Japan showed significant increases in the 1970s and 1980s. Over North America rises in the 1970s are less than those seen in Europe and Japan, suggesting significant regional differences. In all three of these mid latitude, continental regions tropospheric ozone amounts appear to have leveled off or in some cases declined in the more recent decades. Over the North Atlantic three widely separated sites show significant increases since the late-1990s that may have peaked in recent years. In the N.H. tropics both the surface record and the ozonesondes in Hawaii show a significant increase in the autumn months in the most recent decade compared to earlier periods that drives the overall increase seen in the 30-year record. This appears to be related to a shift in the transport pattern during this season with more frequent flow from higher latitudes in the latest decade. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Global Monitoring Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. ASL & Associates, Helena, MT 59601 USA. STC Corp, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. CSIRO Atmospher Res, Aspendale, Vic, Australia. Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, IMK IFU, Garmisch Partenkirchen, Germany. S African Weather Serv, Stellenbosch, South Africa. Environm Canada, Meteorol Serv Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada. Univ Bristol, Sch Chem, Bristol, Avon, England. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. Japan Meteorol Agcy, Tokyo, Japan. NIWA, Wellington, New Zealand. Observ Atmosfer Izana, INM, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain. RP Oltmans, SJ (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Global Monitoring Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM samuel.j.oltmans@noaa.gov RI Galbally, Ian/E-5852-2011; Meyer, Carl/H-2311-2011; Bodeker, Greg/A-8870-2008; Garmisch-Pa, Ifu/H-9902-2014; Redondas, Alberto/L-9299-2015; Cuevas, Emilio/L-2109-2013; OI Galbally, Ian/0000-0003-2383-1360; Meyer, Carl/0000-0002-8062-3712; Bodeker, Greg/0000-0003-1094-5852; Redondas, Alberto/0000-0002-4826-6823; Cuevas, Emilio/0000-0003-1843-8302; Tarasick, David/0000-0001-9869-0692 NR 57 TC 197 Z9 204 U1 4 U2 43 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 EI 1873-2844 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 40 IS 17 BP 3156 EP 3173 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.01.029 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 047UR UT WOS:000237904700012 ER PT J AU Pagowski, M Grell, GA Devenyi, D Peckham, SE McKeen, SA Gong, W Delle Monache, L McHenry, JN McQueen, J Lee, P AF Pagowski, M Grell, GA Devenyi, D Peckham, SE McKeen, SA Gong, W Delle Monache, L McHenry, JN McQueen, J Lee, P TI Application of dynamic linear regression to improve the skill of ensemble-based deterministic ozone forecasts SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE photochemical air quality; modeling; ozone; ensemble forecast ID MULTISCALE GEM MODEL; PRECIPITATION FORECASTS; AEROSOL; SUPERENSEMBLE; WEATHER; CLIMATE; NITRATE; EUROPE; SYSTEM AB Forecasts from seven air quality models and surface ozone data collected over the eastern USA and southern Canada during July and August 2004 provide a unique opportunity to assess benefits of ensemble-based ozone forecasting and devise methods to improve ozone forecasts. In this investigation, past forecasts from the ensemble of models and hourly surface ozone measurements at over 350 sites are used to issue deterministic 24-h forecasts using a method based on dynamic linear regression. Forecasts of hourly ozone concentrations as well as maximum daily 8-h and 1-h averaged concentrations are considered. It is shown that the forecasts issued with the application of this method have reduced bias and root mean square error and better overall performance scores than any of the ensemble members and the ensemble average. Performance of the method is similar to another method based on linear regression described previously by Pagowski et al., but unlike the latter, the current method does not require measurements from multiple monitors since it operates on individual time series. Improvement in the forecasts can be easily implemented and requires minimal computational cost. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Colorado, Global Syst Div, Earth Syst Res Lab, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Meteorol Serv Canada, Downsview, ON, Canada. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. N Carolina State Univ, Baron Adv Meteorol Syst, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NOAA, NCEP, NWS, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Pagowski, M (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Global Syst Div, Earth Syst Res Lab, CIRES, R-GSD1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Mariusz.Pagowski@noaa.gov RI pagowski, mariusz/H-4498-2013; McKeen, Stuart/H-9516-2013; grell, georg/B-6234-2015; Lee, Pius/D-5201-2016; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI pagowski, mariusz/0000-0002-7703-0529; grell, georg/0000-0001-5214-8742; NR 42 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 40 IS 18 BP 3240 EP 3250 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.02.006 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 047EW UT WOS:000237863600003 ER PT J AU Wiedinmyer, C Quayle, B Geron, C Belote, A McKenzie, D Zhang, XY O'Neill, S Wynne, KK AF Wiedinmyer, Christine Quayle, Brad Geron, Chris Belote, Angle McKenzie, Don Zhang, Xiaoyang O'Neill, Susan Wynne, Kristina Klos TI Estimating emissions from fires in North America for air quality modeling SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE fires; emissions; North America; carbon monoxide; particulate matter; agricultural fires ID SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; BIOMASS BURNING EMISSIONS; CANADIAN FOREST-FIRES; CARBON; VARIABILITY; SATELLITE; WILDFIRES; AEROSOLS; SURFACE AB Fires contribute substantial emissions of trace gases and particles to the atmosphere. These emissions can impact air quality and even climate. We have developed a modeling framework to estimate the emissions from fires in North and parts of Central America (10-71 degrees N and 55-175 degrees W) by taking advantage of a combination of complementary satellite and ground-based data to refine estimates of fuel loadings. Various satellite drivers, including the MODIS Thermal Anomalies Product, the Global Land Cover Characteristics 2000 dataset, and the MODIS Vegetation Continuous Fields Product were used in conjunction with data mined from literature to determine fire location and timing, fuel loadings, and emission factors. Daily emissions of particulate matter and numerous trace gases from fires were estimated using this method for three years (2002-2004). Annual emission estimates differ by as much as a factor of 2 (CO emissions for North America ranged from 22.6 to 39.5 Tg yr(-1)). Regional variations in emissions correspond to different tire seasons within the region. For example, the highest emissions from Central America and Mexico occur in the late spring whereas the highest emissions from the United States and Canada occur during the summer months. Comparisons of these results with other published estimates of CO emission estimates from fire show reasonable agreement, but substantial uncertainties remain in the estimation techniques. We suggest methods whereby future emissions models can reduce these uncertainties. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. USFS Remote Sensing Applicat Ctr, Salt Lake City, UT USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. USFS Pacific Wildland Fire Sci Lab, Seattle, WA USA. NOAA, NESDIS, STAR, Silver Spring, MD USA. USDA, Natl Resource Conservat Serv, Portland, OR USA. RP Wiedinmyer, C (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM christin@ucar.edu RI Dolk, Shaun/B-5656-2012; Zhang, Xiaoyang/E-3208-2010; Pfister, Gabriele/A-9349-2008; OI Geron, Chris/0000-0002-4266-2155 NR 42 TC 166 Z9 176 U1 8 U2 54 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 EI 1873-2844 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 40 IS 19 BP 3419 EP 3432 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.02.010 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 056EP UT WOS:000238504400001 ER PT J AU Xu, J DuBois, D Pitchford, M Green, M Etyemezian, V AF Xu, J DuBois, D Pitchford, M Green, M Etyemezian, V TI Attribution of sulfate aerosols in Federal Class I areas of the western United States based on trajectory regression analysis SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE haze; PM2.5; ship emissions; California; Pacific coast ID YANGTZE DELTA REGION; RADIATIVE PROPERTIES; ANTHROPOGENIC AEROSOLS; PARTICLE CONCENTRATION; LIGHT-ABSORPTION; SHIP EMISSIONS; NATIONAL-PARK; VISIBILITY; MODEL; CLIMATE AB Atmospheric aerosols can significantly reduce visibility and result in regional haze. The Clean Air Act amendments established a national visibility goal to remedy existing impairment and prevent future impairment in Federal Class I areas (national parks and wilderness areas designated by Congress), most of which are in the western United States. In order to identify the major source regions of the atmospheric aerosols in the Class I areas of the western United States, air mass backtrajectories were calculated for 84 western Class I areas every 3h at a starting height of 500m over the years 2000-2002 using the NOAA HYSPLIT v4.6 model. For each Class I area, multiple-linear regression between the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) measured sulfate concentrations and the air mass residence times in the pre-defined potential source regions was conducted. Results suggest that shipping and other port emissions from along the Pacific Coast contributed significantly to atmospheric aerosol concentrations over large areas of the western United States. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Desert Res Inst, Div Atmospher Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. RP Xu, J (reprint author), Desert Res Inst, Div Atmospher Sci, 755 E Flamingo Rd, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. EM jin.xu@dri.edu RI DuBois, David/F-6380-2015 OI DuBois, David/0000-0003-2560-505X NR 54 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 40 IS 19 BP 3433 EP 3447 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.02.009 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 056EP UT WOS:000238504400002 ER PT J AU Rivalan, P Dutton, PH Baudry, E Roden, SE Girondot, M AF Rivalan, P Dutton, PH Baudry, E Roden, SE Girondot, M TI Demographic scenario inferred from genetic data in leatherback turtles nesting in French Guiana and Suriname SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE leatherback sea turtle; population dynamics; microsatellites; bottleneck; effective population size ID ALLELE FREQUENCY DATA; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; SEA-TURTLES; CONSERVATION; POPULATION; EXTINCTION; LOGGERHEAD; SEQUENCES; PATERNITY; MUTATION AB Nesting beaches around the Maroni estuary at the border between French Guiana and Suriname (South America), currently host about 40% of the world's population of breeding female leatherback turtles. Although the population size has been variable but always large since the 1980s, observations of leatherbacks in the region before 1950 were sporadic or absent and the number of nesting females was extremely low. These observations motivated us to use molecular markers to investigate whether the appearance of leatherbacks in this region was the result of natural long-term population cycles or of immigration. Analysis of 12 microsatellite loci failed to detect the signature of a recent demographic perturbation in the Maroni population of leatherbacks. This result suggests that the marked increase in population size can neither be explained by natural long-term cycles, nor by a founder effect. We conclude that the current population of the Maroni region likely resulted from extensive migrations of animals from elsewhere. Consequently, the Maroni population probably belongs to a metapopulation whose limits remain currently unknown. This metapopulation dynamic suggested by our results is a major feature that should be taken into account in future conservation strategies. We also estimate the effective population size at 90-220 individuals, which is lower than the target effective population size for conservation purposes. This relatively low effective population size indicates vulnerability, despite the large number of nesting turtles currently observed annually. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 ENGREF, CNRS, UMR 8079, Lab Ecol Systemat & Evolut, F-91405 Orsay, France. Univ Paris 11, F-91405 Orsay, France. NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Rivalan, P (reprint author), Univ New Brunswick, Dept Biol, Fredericton, NB E3B 6E1, Canada. EM privalan@unb.ca RI Baudry, Emmanuelle/G-4005-2010 NR 65 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 130 IS 1 BP 1 EP 9 DI 10.1016/j.biocon.2005.11.027 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 052YC UT WOS:000238269000001 ER PT J AU Freshwater, DW Montgomery, F Greene, JK Hamner, RM Williams, M Whitfield, PE AF Freshwater, DW Montgomery, F Greene, JK Hamner, RM Williams, M Whitfield, PE TI Distribution and identification of an invasive Gracilaria species that is hampering commercial fishing operations in southeastern North Carolina, USA SO BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS LA English DT Article DE Gracilaria; Gracilaria vermiculophylla; invasive species; rbcL-rbcS spacer ID SYNIDOTEA-LAEVIDORSALIS MIERS; WESTERN PACIFIC; RHODOPHYTA; SEQUENCES; DNA; VERMICULOPHYLLA; SYSTEMATICS; PHYLOGENY AB A newly abundant Gracilaria species in the sounds of southeastern North Carolina has become a problem for commercial fishing and industries drawing water from the lower Cape Fear River. DNA sequence analyses have shown that this species is Gracilaria vermiculophylla, a taxon originally described from East Asia. Surveys for G. vermiculophylla have shown that it has a discontinuous distribution in the sounds of southeastern North Carolina, and suggest that it is spreading. Gracilaria vermiculophylla meets 6 of the 10 criteria used to help identify invasive species in that it has only recently appeared in southeastern North Carolina; is associated with human mechanisms of dispersal; has a restricted distribution; has disjunct populations in isolated oceans; no means of active dispersal, and an exotic evolutionary origin. The species may also meet two additional criteria as its local range is believed to be expanding, and it is filling a previously unoccupied seasonal niche. These factors taken together strongly suggest that G. vermiculophylla is an invasive species in southeastern North Carolina. C1 UNCW, Ctr Marine Sci, Wilmington, NC 28409 USA. NOAA, Beaufort Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Freshwater, DW (reprint author), UNCW, Ctr Marine Sci, 5600 Marvin Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409 USA. EM freshwaterw@uncw.edu NR 26 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 15 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1387-3547 J9 BIOL INVASIONS JI Biol. Invasions PD JUN PY 2006 VL 8 IS 4 BP 631 EP 637 DI 10.1007/s10530-005-1809-5 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 056NO UT WOS:000238531200006 ER PT J AU Landis, FA Stephens, JS Cooper, JA Cicerone, MT Lin-Gibson, S AF Landis, FA Stephens, JS Cooper, JA Cicerone, MT Lin-Gibson, S TI Tissue engineering scaffolds based on photocured dimethacrylate polymers for in vitro optical Imaging SO BIOMACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID POLYESTER POLY(PROPYLENE FUMARATE); PHOTOINITIATED CROSS-LINKING; COHERENCE AB Model tissue engineering scaffolds based on photocurable resin mixtures with sodium chloride have been prepared for optical imaging studies of cell attachment. A photoactivated ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate was mixed with sieved sodium chloride (NaCl) crystals and photocured to form a cross-linked composite. Upon soaking in water, the NaCl dissolved to leave a porous scaffold with desirable optical properties, mechanical integrity, and controlled porosity. Scaffolds were prepared with salt crystals that had been sieved to average diameters of 390, 300, 200, and 100 Am, yielding porosities of approximately 75 vol %. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microcomputed tomography confirmed that the pore size distribution of the scaffolds could be controlled using this photocuring technique. Compression tests showed that for scaffolds with 84% (by mass fraction) salt, the larger pore size scaffolds were more rigid, while the smaller pore size scaffolds were softer and more readily compressible. The prepared scaffolds were seeded with osteoblasts, cultured between 3 and 18 d, and examined using confocal microscopy. Because the cross-linked polymer in the scaffolds is an amorphous glass, it was possible to optically image cells that were over 400 Am beneath the surface of the sample. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Landis, FA (reprint author), Penn State York, Dept Chem, York, PA 17403 USA. EM fal100@psu.edu; slgibson@nist.gov NR 19 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1525-7797 J9 BIOMACROMOLECULES JI Biomacromolecules PD JUN PY 2006 VL 7 IS 6 BP 1751 EP 1757 DI 10.1021/bm0600466 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Organic; Polymer Science SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Polymer Science GA 051SH UT WOS:000238180600011 PM 16768394 ER PT J AU Borchers, DL Laake, JL Southwell, C Paxton, CGM AF Borchers, DL Laake, JL Southwell, C Paxton, CGM TI Accommodating unmodeled heterogeneity in double-observer distance sampling surveys SO BIOMETRICS LA English DT Article DE distance sampling; double observer; heterogeneity; mark-recapture; point independence ID LINE TRANSECT SURVEYS; RECAPTURE MODELS; POPULATION-SIZE AB Mark-recapture models applied to double-observer distance sampling data neglect the information on relative detectability of objects contained in the distribution of observed distances. A difference between the observed distribution and that predicted by the mark-recapture model is symptomatic of a failure of the assumption of zero correlation between detection probabilities implicit in the mark-recapture model. We develop a mark-recapture-based model that uses the observed distribution to relax this assumption to zero correlation at only one distance. We demonstrate its usefulness in coping with unmodeled heterogeneity using data from an aerial survey of crabeater seals in the Antarctic. C1 Univ St Andrews, Res Unit Wildlife Populat Assessment, St Andrews KY16 9LZ, Fife, Scotland. Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Australian Antarctic Div, Kingston, Tas 7050, Australia. RP Borchers, DL (reprint author), Univ St Andrews, Res Unit Wildlife Populat Assessment, Observ,Buchanan Gardens, St Andrews KY16 9LZ, Fife, Scotland. EM dlb@mcs.st-and.ac.uk OI Paxton, Charles/0000-0002-9350-3197 NR 20 TC 68 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 15 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-341X J9 BIOMETRICS JI Biometrics PD JUN PY 2006 VL 62 IS 2 BP 372 EP 378 DI 10.1111/j.1541-0420.2005.00493.x PG 7 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 054NP UT WOS:000238384500006 PM 16918901 ER PT J AU Winstead, NS Colle, B Bond, N Young, G Olson, J Loescher, K Monaldo, F Thompson, D Pichel, W AF Winstead, NS Colle, B Bond, N Young, G Olson, J Loescher, K Monaldo, F Thompson, D Pichel, W TI Using SAR remote sensing, field observations, and models to better understand coastal flows in the Gulf of Alaska SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SYNTHETIC-APERTURE RADAR; WIND-SPEED; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; SCALE ANALYSIS; BARRIER JETS; OCEAN; RETRIEVAL; CLIMATOLOGY; CONVECTION; MOUNTAINS AB The steeply rising coastal terrain of southeast Alaska can produce a wide variety of terrain-induced flows such as barrier jets, gap flows, and downslope wind storms. This study uses a combination of satellite remote sensing, field observations, and modeling to improve our understanding of the dynamics of these flows. After examining several thousand synthetic aperture radar (SAR) high-resolution wind speed images over the Gulf of Alaska, several subclasses of barrier jets were identified that do not fit the current conceptual model of barrier jet development. This conceptual model consists of an acceleration and turning of the ambient cross-barrier flow into the along-barrier direction when the ambient low-level flow is blocked by terrain; however, the SAR imagery showed many barrier jet cases with significant flow variability in the along-coast direction as well as evidence for the influence of cold, dry continental air exiting the gaps in coastal terrain. A subclass of jets has been observed where the transition from the coastal to the offshore flow is abrupt. The results from these climatological studies have motivated modeling studies of selected events as well as field observations from the Southeast Alaska Regional Jets (SARJET) experiment field campaign in the Gulf of Alaska during fall of 2004. This paper will highlight preliminary results obtained during SARJET, which collected in situ measurements of barrier jets and gap flows using the University of Wyoming's King Air research aircraft. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Inst Terr & Planetary Atmospheres, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Ocean, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Natl Environm Satellite & Data Informat Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Winstead, NS (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Johns Hopkins Rd, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. EM nathaniel.winstead@jhuapl.edu RI Pichel, William/F-5619-2010; Olson, Joseph/N-3726-2014 OI Pichel, William/0000-0001-6332-0149; Olson, Joseph/0000-0003-3612-0808 NR 45 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 87 IS 6 BP 787 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-87-6-787 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 058AR UT WOS:000238637000028 ER PT J AU Shein, KA AF Shein, KA TI State of the climate in 2005 - Executive summary SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 NESDIS, NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RP Shein, KA (reprint author), NESDIS, NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, 151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. EM Karsten.Shein@noaa.gov NR 3 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 87 IS 6 BP 801 EP 805 DI 10.1175/BAMS-87-6-801 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 058AR UT WOS:000238637000029 ER PT J AU Curtis, TH Kelly, JT Menard, KL Laroche, RK Jones, RE Klimley, AP AF Curtis, Tobey H. Kelly, John T. Menard, Karl L. Laroche, R. Karl Jones, Robert E. Klimley, A. Peter TI Observations on the behavior of white sharks scavenging from a whale carcass at Point Reyes, California SO CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME LA English DT Article ID CARCHARODON-CARCHARIAS; TEMPERATURE AB Scavenging of marine mammal carcasses is thought to bean important part of the diet of white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias), though scientific observations of this behavior are rare. A detailed analysis of this feeding behavior has not been previously reported, nor has it been compared with the documented predatory feeding habits of this species. On 9 October 2000 we observed and photographed three white sharks scavenging on the carcass of a humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) near Point Reyes, California. The sharks most often fed individually; however, simultaneous feeding by two white sharks was observed. The sharks targeted the outer blubber layer of the carcass, avoiding previously exposed muscle tissue. Ocular rotation and palatoquadrate protrusion, behaviors commonly associated with white shark predations, were not observed. The significance of these behaviors are discussed and contrasted with the reported predatory feeding behaviors of this species. C1 Univ Calif Bodega, Marine Lab, Bodega Bay, CA 94923 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Wildlife Fish & Conservat Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Museum Vertebrate Zool, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Curtis, TH (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Sustainable Fisheries Div, 1 Blackburn Dr, Gloucester, MA 01930 USA. NR 23 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 10 PU CALIF FISH AND GAME EDITOR PI SACRAMENTO PA 1416 NINTH ST, SACRAMENTO, CA 95814 USA SN 0008-1078 J9 CALIF FISH GAME JI Calif. Fish Game PD SUM PY 2006 VL 92 IS 3 BP 113 EP 124 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Zoology SC Fisheries; Zoology GA 065FM UT WOS:000239144900001 ER PT J AU Thorrold, SR Jones, GP Planes, S Hare, JA AF Thorrold, SR Jones, GP Planes, S Hare, JA TI Transgenerational marking of embryonic otoliths in marine fishes using barium stable isotopes SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID POPULATIONS; CONNECTIVITY; LARVAE AB We describe a new technique for transgenerational marking of embryonic otoliths that promises significant advancements in the study of larval dispersal and population connectivity in marine fishes. The approach is based on maternal transmission of Ba-137 from spawning females to egg material that is ultimately incorporated into the otoliths of embryos produced by an individual after exposure to the isotope. We injected females of a benthic-spawning clownfish (Amphiprion melanopus) and a pelagic-spawning serranid (Centropristis striata) with enriched (BaCl2)-Ba-137 and then reared the resulting progeny through to settlement. Barium isotope ratios in the cores of larval otoliths were quantified using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Larval otoliths from both species contained unequivocal Ba isotope signatures over a wide range of doses (0.8-23 mu g (137)Ba(.)g female(-1)). Female A. melanopus continued to produce marked larvae over multiple clutches and for at least 90 days after a single injection. The ability to administer different combinations of stable Ba isotopes provides a new means of mass-marking larvae of benthic- and pelagic-spawning fishes from multiple populations over extended spawning periods. C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Biol Dept MS 50, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. James Cook Univ N Queensland, Sch Marine Biol & Aquaculture, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. James Cook Univ N Queensland, ARC Ctr Excellence Coral Reef Studies, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. Univ Perpignan, Ecole Prat Hautes Etud, UMR 8046, CNRS, F-66860 Perpignan, France. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Ctr Coastal Fishiers & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Thorrold, SR (reprint author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Biol Dept MS 50, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM sthorrold@whoi.edu RI Thorrold, Simon/B-7565-2012; jones, geoffrey/E-9306-2010 OI Thorrold, Simon/0000-0002-1533-7517; jones, geoffrey/0000-0002-6244-1245 NR 12 TC 97 Z9 100 U1 3 U2 38 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 63 IS 6 BP 1193 EP 1197 DI 10.1139/F06-048 PG 5 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 053DT UT WOS:000238285700001 ER PT J AU Baskett, ML Yoklavich, M Love, MS AF Baskett, ML Yoklavich, M Love, MS TI Predation, competition, and the recovery of overexploited fish stocks in marine reserves SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID INTRAGUILD PREDATION; SPECIES INTERACTIONS; STABLE STATES; SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES; HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; PROTECTED AREAS; REGIME SHIFTS; LIFE-HISTORY; ECOSYSTEMS AB Community interactions alter the management actions necessary to recover overfished species using marine reserves. For example, in communities where a larger species preys on their juveniles' competitors, overfishing of the larger species may cause prey population expansion; subsequent increased competition for the juveniles of the over fished species may impede its recovery within reserves. We explore the implications of such community interactions for reserve design with a model of a subtidal rockfish (genus Sebastes) system from the Northeast Pacific Ocean within a no-take reserve. Ignoring community interactions, the model predicts that a reserve large enough for internal recruitment to counterbalance mortality will allow recovery of the overfished species. However, after incorporating community interactions, the model predicts that two alternative stable states exist: one where the overfished species dominates and one where the prey dominates. In the community model, the ability of an overfished system to recover to the equilibrium where the overfished species dominates after reserve establishment depends on the initial densities of both species, and a larger reserve is required for recovery to be possible. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NOAA Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Baskett, ML (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM mbaskett@princeton.edu RI Baskett, Marissa/P-1762-2014 OI Baskett, Marissa/0000-0001-6102-1110 NR 54 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 19 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 63 IS 6 BP 1214 EP 1229 DI 10.1139/F06-013 PG 16 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 053DT UT WOS:000238285700003 ER PT J AU Beechie, TJ Greene, CM Holsinger, L Beamer, EM AF Beechie, TJ Greene, CM Holsinger, L Beamer, EM TI Incorporating parameter uncertainty into evaluation of spawning habitat limitations on Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; CARRYING-CAPACITY; STOCK ASSESSMENT; COLUMBIA RIVER; STRATEGIES; RISK; MANAGEMENT; FISHERIES; RECOVERY; BASINS AB Incorporating parameter uncertainty into a Monte Carlo procedure for estimating spawning habitat capacity helped determine that spawning habitat availability is unlikely to limit recovery of six populations of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in Puget Sound. Spawner capacity estimates spanned up to four orders of magnitude, yet there was virtually no overlap of distributions of capacity estimates with distributions of current spawner abundance (< 0.2% overlap), except for the Suiattle River population (51% overlap). Empirical distributions of input parameters contained several important sources of uncertainty, insuring reasonably wide distributions of capacity estimates. The most defensible ranges of input parameters tended to produce conservative capacity estimates, indicating that increased model accuracy would only strengthen our conclusion that spawning habitat is not a constraint on these populations. There are insufficient data with which to develop parameter distributions that better represent historical capacity, which would certainly be higher than our estimates. Our results suggest that factors other than spawning capacity limit population size and that recovery efforts for Skagit River Chinook salmon need not focus on spawning habitat restoration. C1 NOAA Fisheries, Watershed Program, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Skagit River Syst Cooperat, La Conner, WA 98257 USA. RP Beechie, TJ (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Watershed Program, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM tim.beechie@noaa.gov NR 43 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 8 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 63 IS 6 BP 1242 EP 1250 DI 10.1139/F06-015 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 053DT UT WOS:000238285700005 ER PT J AU Hall, SJ Collie, JS Duplisea, DE Jennings, S Bravington, M Link, J AF Hall, Stephen J. Collie, Jeremy S. Duplisea, Daniel E. Jennings, Simon Bravington, Mark Link, Jason TI A length-based multispecies model for evaluating community responses to fishing SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID BIOLOGICAL REFERENCE POINTS; SIZE SPECTRA; NORTH-SEA; DIVERSITY; FISHERIES; ASSEMBLAGES; ECOSYSTEMS; MANAGEMENT; PREDATION; IMPACT AB Quantitative ecosystem indicators are needed to fulfill the mandate for ecosystem-based fisheries management. A variety of community metrics could potentially be used, but before reference levels for such indices can be established the sensitivity of candidate indices to fishing and other disturbances must be determined. One approach for obtaining such information is to test candidate indicators with models that mimic real ecosystems and can be manipulated experimentally. Here we construct a size-based multispecies model of a community of fish species that interact by predation. The model was parameterized for 21 fish species to obtain a predation-regulated community. Following an analysis of the sensitivity of the model to parameter uncertainty, we tested the sensitivity of community-level indicators to increasing levels of fishing mortality (F). Abundance and biomass spectra were sensitive to fishing mortality, with the slope decreasing with increasing F. Species diversity size spectra were also very sensitive to F, with diversity in the largest size classes declining rapidly. In contrast, k-dominance curves were less sensitive to fishing pressure. Importantly, however, although most community-level metrics showed clear trends in response to fishing, single-species declines in spawning stock biomass were the most sensitive indicators of fishing effects. C1 WorldFish Ctr, George Town 10670, Malaysia. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Maurice Lamontagne Inst, Div Fish & Marine Mammals, Mont Joli, PQ G5H 3Z4, Canada. CEFAS, Lowestoft Lab, Lowestoft NR33 0HT, Suffolk, England. NEFSC, NMFS, Food Web Dynam Program, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Hall, SJ (reprint author), WorldFish Ctr, POB 500 GPO, George Town 10670, Malaysia. EM s.hall@cgiar.org RI Bravington, Mark/E-8897-2010; Jennings, Simon/F-5085-2012 NR 35 TC 78 Z9 78 U1 1 U2 20 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 63 IS 6 BP 1344 EP 1359 DI 10.1139/F06-039 PG 16 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 053DT UT WOS:000238285700014 ER PT J AU Anderson, KM Jaruga, P Ramsey, CR Gilman, NK Green, VM Rostad, SW Emerman, JT Dizdaroglu, M Malins, DC AF Anderson, KM Jaruga, P Ramsey, CR Gilman, NK Green, VM Rostad, SW Emerman, JT Dizdaroglu, M Malins, DC TI Structural alterations in breast stromal and epithelial DNA - The influence of 8,5 '-cyclo-2 '-deoxyadenosine SO CELL CYCLE LA English DT Article DE age-related DNA changes; DNA conformational changes; free radicals; nucleotide base oxidations; oxidative DNA damage ID GENETIC ALTERATIONS; TUMOR-STROMA; CANCER; CELLS; PHENOTYPE; CARCINOGENESIS; CARCINOMA; LESIONS; DAMAGE AB (5'S)-8,5'-cyclo-2'-deoxyadenosine (S-cdA), which arises from the reaction of the hydroxyl radical ((OH)-O-center dot) with 2'-deoxyadenosine in DNA, is a lesion comprising a basesugar linkage that distorts the DNA backbone. This structure impedes transcription and blocks polymerase action. Further, a single S-cdA lesion in the TATA box reduces gene expression. Considering the ability of S-cdA to disrupt DNA structure, which is likely associated with increased cancer risk, we determined S-cdA concentrations in the DNA of stroma, epithelium, and myoepithelium from normal breast tissues using liquid chromatography/ mass spectrometry (LC/MS). We also identified differences in the base and backbone structures using Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. LC/MS revealed that the lowest concentration of S-cdA in the stroma (0.04 +/- 0.02 lesions/10(6) bases) occurred in women ages 17 to 30. The highest concentration (0.13 +/- 0.07 lesions/10(6) bases) was found in women 33 to 46. FT-IR spectroscopy showed significant base and backbone differences in the stromal DNA between the women under 30 and those over 50. These findings imply that distortions in the geometry of the helix increase with age, reaching significant proportions in older women. No differences were found in the S-cdA concentrations between the three cell types, suggesting that the (OH)-O-center dot attack on the base structure may be essentially random. Initial insight is provided on changes in DNA structure that potentially affect gene expression and increase breast cancer risk. C1 Pacific NW Res Inst, Biochem Oncol Program, Seattle, WA 98122 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Chem & Biochem Engn, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. CellNetix Pathol PLLC, Seattle, WA USA. Univ British Columbia, Fac Med, Dept Cellular & Physiol Sci, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. RP Malins, DC (reprint author), Pacific NW Res Inst, Biochem Oncol Program, 720 Broadway, Seattle, WA 98122 USA. EM dcmalins@dcmalins.com RI Jaruga, Pawel/M-4378-2015 FU NIA NIH HHS [R01AG021076] NR 21 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 3 PU LANDES BIOSCIENCE PI GEORGETOWN PA 810 SOUTH CHURCH STREET, GEORGETOWN, TX 78626 USA SN 1538-4101 J9 CELL CYCLE JI Cell Cycle PD JUN 1 PY 2006 VL 5 IS 11 BP 1240 EP 1244 DI 10.4161/cc.5.11.2816 PG 5 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 057FG UT WOS:000238581100021 PM 16760644 ER PT J AU Bullard, JW Garboczi, EJ AF Bullard, JW Garboczi, EJ TI A model investigation of the influence of particle shape on portland cement hydration SO CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE hydration; kinetics; microstructure; modeling ID COMPUTER-SIMULATION; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; PERCOLATION; PASTE; TRANSPORT AB The NIST Virtual Cement and Concrete Testing Laboratory (VCCTL) is used to simulate the influence of particle shape on the hydration kinetics and setting of portland cement. Building on previous work in reconstructing particle shapes from real cements, real-shape particles are used to produce three-dimensional digitized cement paste microstructures, and the hydration of these microstructures is tracked using VCCTL. The degree of hydration and percolation of solids is monitored and compared to experimental data at several water-cement ratios. The simulations predict that shapes of particles influence cement hydration in two ways: the additional surface/volume ratio relative to spherical particles results in greater rates of hydration, and the anisometry in shape influences the degree of hydration at which the particles and hydration products percolate to form a stiff three-dimensional network. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bullard, JW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM bullard@nist.gov RI Chen, Wei/A-5694-2010 NR 37 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0008-8846 J9 CEMENT CONCRETE RES JI Cem. Concr. Res. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1007 EP 1015 DI 10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.01.003 PG 9 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science GA 055QW UT WOS:000238466400001 ER PT J AU Garboczi, EJ Cheok, GS Stone, WC AF Garboczi, EJ Cheok, GS Stone, WC TI Using LADAR to characterize the 3-D shape of aggregates: Preliminary results SO CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID PARTICLES AB Previous publications have shown how a combination of X-ray computed tomography and spherical harmonic series could be used to characterize the 3-D shape of rocks used for aggregates in concrete. The X-ray computed tomography was used to obtain the raw 3-D numerical data for the coordinates of the aggregate surface. In this paper, we demonstrate how laser detection and ranging (LADAR) numerical data can replace X-ray computed tomography data and be used in conjunction with spherical harmonic series analysis to analyze the 3-D shape of aggregates. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Garboczi, EJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM edward.garboczi@nist.gov RI Chen, Wei/A-5694-2010 NR 15 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0008-8846 J9 CEMENT CONCRETE RES JI Cem. Concr. Res. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1072 EP 1075 DI 10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.03.017 PG 4 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science GA 055QW UT WOS:000238466400009 ER PT J AU Kajiwara, N Kamikawa, S Ramu, K Ueno, D Yamada, TK Subramanian, A Lam, PKS Jefferson, TA Prudente, M Chung, KF Tanabe, S AF Kajiwara, Natsuko Kamikawa, Satoko Ramu, Karri Ueno, Daisuke Yamada, Tadasu K. Subramanian, Annamalai Lam, Paul K. S. Jefferson, Thomas A. Prudente, Maricar Chung, Kyu-Flyuck Tanabe, Shinsuke TI Geographical distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and organochlorines in small cetaceans from Asian waters SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Workshop on Brominated Flame Retardants CY JUN 06-09, 2004 CL Univ Toronto, Toronto, CANADA HO Univ Toronto DE PBDEs; POPs; organochlorines; cetacean; Asia-Pacific; Japan ID BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS; TEMPORAL TRENDS; SAMPLES; IDENTIFICATION; CONTAMINANTS; PERSPECTIVE; PROFILES; COLUMBIA; SEA AB Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are one of the flame retardants widely used in plastics. textiles. electronic appliances, and electrical household appliances. In this study, PBDEs and organochlorine compounds (OCs) were determined in the archived samples from the Environmental Specimen Bank for Global Monitoring (es-BANK) at Ehime University. The blubber of cetaceans found stranded along the coasts of Japan, Hong Kong, the Philippines and India during the period from 1990 to 2001 were employed for chemical analysis to understand the present status of contamination and the specific accumulation of PBDEs. PBDEs were detected in all the cetacean samples analyzed, and concentrations were one or two orders of magnitude lower than for PCBs and DDTs. Concentrations of PBDEs ranged from a low value of 6.0 ng/g lipid wt. in spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris.) from India to a high value of 6000 ng/g lipid wt. in Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) from Hong Kong. No difference in PBDE levels between coastal and offshore species from Japan was observed, implying the existence of pollution Sources in this region other than Japan. Highest concentrations of PBDEs were found in animals from Hong Kong. followed by Japan. and much lower levels from the Philippines and India, suggesting that developing nations may also have pollution sources of PBDEs. Geographical distribution of PBDEs in Asian waters was different from PCBs but similar to DDTs. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Ehime Univ, CMES, Matsuyama, Ehime 7908577, Japan. Natl Sci Museum, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1690073, Japan. City Univ Hong Kong, Dept Biol & Chem, Ctr Coastal Pollut & Conservat, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. NOAA, NMFS, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. De La Salle Univ, Sci Educ Dept, Manila 1004, Philippines. Sungkyunkwan Univ, Suwon 440746, Kyonggi, South Korea. RP Tanabe, S (reprint author), Ehime Univ, CMES, 2-5 Bunkyo Cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 7908577, Japan. EM shinsuke@agr.ehime-u.ac.jp RI LAM, Paul/B-9121-2008; Tanabe, Shinsuke/G-6950-2013 OI LAM, Paul/0000-0002-2134-3710; NR 27 TC 52 Z9 60 U1 5 U2 27 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD JUN PY 2006 VL 64 IS 2 BP 287 EP 295 DI 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.12.013 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 062GU UT WOS:000238933400012 PM 16439003 ER PT J AU Mateos, J Mananos, E Swanson, P Carrillo, M Zanuy, S AF Mateos, J Mananos, E Swanson, P Carrillo, M Zanuy, S TI Purification of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and development of a specific immunoassay SO CIENCIAS MARINAS LA Spanish DT Article DE reproduction; luteinizing hormone; immunoassay; sea bass; fish ID GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING-HORMONE; LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; HOMOLOGOUS RADIOIMMUNOASSAY; PITUITARY-GLANDS; ENDOCRINE REGULATION; SPARUS-AURATA; PLASMA-LEVELS; FISH; GNRH; VALIDATION AB The luteinizing hormone (LH) is a key regulator of the processes of gonad maturation, ovulation/spermiation and spawning in vertebrates. The present study describes the purification of LH from pituitaries of a teleost fish, the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), by three-step chromatography (gel filtration, ion-exchange and FPLC). The LH alpha and beta subunits were isolated by rpHPLC. The molecular weight of LH was estimated, on SDS-PAGE, at 31 kD, and for its alpha and beta subunits, at 12 and 22 kD, respectively. Specific antibodies against the sea bass LH beta subunit (AbLH beta) were obtained and used to develop a specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which had a sensitivity of around 0.65 ng mL(-1) (Bi/Bo 80%) and intra and inter-assay coefficients of variation of 11.7% (n = 8) and 11% (n = 10), respectively. Validation of the assay showed parallelism between the standard curve and plasma and pituitary samples from sea bass, as well as with pituitary extracts from other perciform fishes. We measured, using ELISA, plasma LH levels in female sea bass given a single injection of different doses of GnRHa ([D-Ala(6), Pro(9)-Net]-LHRH), as a hormonal therapy for spawning induction. All treatments increased plasma LH levels after 90 min of the injection and were maintained elevated during 24 h. In conclusion, the immunoassay developed is sensitive and accurate, useful for LH analysis in biological samples of sea bass, and represents a valuable tool for studies on the reproductive endocrinology of this species. C1 CSIC, Inst Acuicultura Torre Sal, Ribera De Cabanes 12595, Spain. NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, NMFS, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. RP Mateos, J (reprint author), CSIC, Inst Acuicultura Torre Sal, Torre Sal S-N, Ribera De Cabanes 12595, Spain. EM evaristo@iats.csic.es RI Zanuy, Silvia/K-4259-2014; Mananos, Evaristo/B-9708-2015 OI Mananos, Evaristo/0000-0001-5811-3882 NR 30 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 9 PU INSTITUTO INVESTIGACIONES OCEANOLOGICAS, U A B C PI BAJA CALIFORNIA PA APARTADO POSTAL 423, ENSENADA, BAJA CALIFORNIA 22800, MEXICO SN 0185-3880 J9 CIENC MAR JI Ceinc. Mar. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 32 IS 2 BP 271 EP 283 PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 056CG UT WOS:000238498100006 ER PT J AU Christenson, RH Duh, S Apple, FS Bodor, G Panteghini, M Welch, M Wu, AH Kahn, SE AF Christenson, R. H. Duh, S. Apple, F. S. Bodor, G. Panteghini, M. Welch, M. Wu, A. H. Kahn, S. E. TI Cardiac Troponin I assays: Harmonization and a strategy for stabilizing results based on the 3(rd) Round Robin study SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 58th Annual Meeting of the American-Association-of-Clinical-Chemistry CY JUL 23-27, 2006 CL Chicago, IL SP Amer Assoc Clin Chem C1 Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Hanneping Cty Med Ctr, Minneapolis, MN USA. Denver Hlth Med Ctr, Denver, CO USA. Brescia Univ Hosp, Gussago, Italy. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Loyola Univ, Med Ctr, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 52 IS 6 SU S MA D6 BP A123 EP A123 PG 1 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 048CT UT WOS:000237925900382 ER PT J AU Nelson, BC AF Nelson, B. C. TI Development of analytical methods for the quantification of biotin levels in dietary supplements SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 58th Annual Meeting of the American-Association-of-Clinical-Chemistry CY JUL 23-27, 2006 CL Chicago, IL SP Amer Assoc Clin Chem C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 52 IS 6 SU S MA E56 BP A181 EP A181 PG 1 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 048CT UT WOS:000237925900570 ER PT J AU Laurencin, CT Khan, Y Kofron, M El-Amin, S Botchwey, E Yu, XJ Cooper, JA AF Laurencin, Cato T. Khan, Yusaf Kofron, Michele El-Amin, Saadiq Botchwey, Edward Yu, Xiaojun Cooper, James A., Jr. TI Tissue engineering of bone and ligament - A 15-year perspective SO CLINICAL ORTHOPAEDICS AND RELATED RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT; AMORPHOUS CALCIUM-PHOSPHATE; OSTEOBLAST-LIKE CELLS; IN-VITRO EVALUATION; MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN-2; ORTHOPEDIC APPLICATIONS; BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS; PHENOTYPIC-EXPRESSION; HISTOLOGIC EVALUATION; DEGRADABLE POLYMERS AB Musculoskeletal repair is a major challenge for orthopaedic surgeons. The burden of repair is compounded by supply constraints and morbidity associated with autograft and allograft tissue. We report 15 years of research regarding tissue engineering and biological substitutes for bone and ligaments. Our approach has focused on biomaterial selection, scaffold development, cell selection, cell/material interaction, and growth factor delivery. We have extensively tested poly(ester), poly(anhydride), poly(phosphazene) derivatives, and composite materials using biocompatibility, degradation, and mechanical analyses for bone and ligament tissue engineering. We have developed novel three-dimensional matrices with a pore structure and mechanical properties similar to native tissue. We also have reported on the attachment, growth, proliferation, and differentiation of cells cultured on several scaffolds. Through extensive molecular analysis, in vitro culture condition analysis, and in vivo evaluation, our findings provide new methods of bone tissue regeneration using three-dimensional tissue engineered scaffolds, bioactive bone cement composite materials, and three-dimensional tissue engineered scaffolds for ligament regeneration. C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Orthopaed Surg, Charlottesville, VA USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Biomed Engn, Charlottesville, VA USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Chem Engn, Charlottesville, VA USA. Stevens Inst Technol, Dept Chem, Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA. Stevens Inst Technol, Dept Biomed, Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA. Stevens Inst Technol, Dept Mat Engn, Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. MIT, Laurencin Labs, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Drexel Univ, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Allegheny Univ, Philadelphia, PA USA. RP Laurencin, CT (reprint author), 400 Ray C Hunt Dr,Suite 330, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. EM ct13f@virginia.edu NR 63 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0009-921X J9 CLIN ORTHOP RELAT R JI Clin. Orthop. Rel. Res. PD JUN PY 2006 IS 447 BP 221 EP 236 DI 10.1097/01.blo.0000194677.02506.45 PG 16 WC Orthopedics; Surgery SC Orthopedics; Surgery GA 119OC UT WOS:000243020600037 ER PT J AU Gotoda, H Manzello, SL Saso, Y Kashiwagi, T AF Gotoda, H Manzello, SL Saso, Y Kashiwagi, T TI Effects of sample orientation on nonpiloted ignition of thin poly(methyl methacrylate) sheets by a laser - 2. Experimental results SO COMBUSTION AND FLAME LA English DT Article DE ignition; buoyancy; PMMA; absorption; sample orientation ID RADIATIVE IGNITION; FLAME SPREAD; ABSORPTION; FUELS; MODEL AB The effect of the sample orientation angle on frontside (irradiated surface) ignition and subsequent backside (nonirradiated surface) flame appearance over thin poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) sheets having thicknesses of 0.2 and 0.5 mm has been experimentally investigated, using a CO2 laser as an external radiant source in quiescent normal gravity. The sample orientation angle was varied from theta = -90 degrees (ceiling configuration) to +90 degrees (floor configuration) at intervals of 15 degrees under three different laser powers of 16.0, 17.3, and 26.1 W. The shortest frontside ignition delay time was observed for the ceiling configuration (theta = -90 degrees) and frontside ignition delay time significantly varied with increase in sample orientation angle at a laser power of 16.0 W. As the laser power was increased, frontside ignition was observed at all angles and its delay time became less dependent on the sample orientation angle. The appearance of a backside flame was achieved after the formation of an open hole (due to local consumption of the sample) by two different processes: the onset of laser induced ignition over the backside sample (backside ignition) and a flame traveling from the frontside through an open hole to the backside (backside flame). The former process was observed for a limited number of cases only around the vertical configurations (-30 degrees <= theta <= 30 degrees). The delay time for the appearance of backside flame tended to be longer for sample surfaces facing downward (theta degrees < 0) than for the sample surface facing upward (theta >= 0 degrees) regardless of the laser power. When the duration of laser irradiation was shortened from 10 to 4 s, as soon as the laser was shut off, the flame on the frontside immediately shrank, moved close to the sample surface, and then traveled rapidly to the backside. Therefore, the delay time of backside flame appearance (about 6 s) became longer with longer duration of laser irradiation after the onset of a frontside flame. The size of the hole (about 4 mm diameter) was large enough for the flame to travel through it, even after 4 s of laser irradiation to sample. These results indicate that the size of the hole appears to be not a critical parameter for the appearance of the backside flame. (c) 2006 The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Fire Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Res Inst Fire & Disaster, Fundamental Res Div, Mitaka, Tokyo 1818633, Japan. RP Kashiwagi, T (reprint author), NIST, Fire Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM takashi.kashiwagi@nist.gov NR 12 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0010-2180 J9 COMBUST FLAME JI Combust. Flame PD JUN PY 2006 VL 145 IS 4 BP 820 EP 835 DI 10.1016/j.combustflame.2006.01.008 PG 16 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 051SX UT WOS:000238182300014 ER PT J AU Zimmermann, M AF Zimmermann, M TI Benthic fish and invertebrate assemblages within the National Marine Fisheries Service US west coast triennial bottom trawl survey SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ecological associations; bottom trawling; marine fisheries; benthic communities; multivariate analysis; benthos; Northeast Pacific Ocean; USA ID 1997-98 EL-NINO; UPPER-SLOPE; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; CALIFORNIA CURRENT; DEMERSAL FISHES; PACIFIC-OCEAN; HECATE STRAIT; REEF FISHES; NEW-ZEALAND AB This project sought to derive the ecological boundaries within a bottom trawl survey by treating benthic fish and invertebrate species as biological indicators in assemblage analyses. A secondary goal was to determine if these ecological boundaries match the strata boundaries of the bottom trawl survey. Most fishery-independent bottom trawl surveys are driven by management needs for relative biomass estimation of commercial stocks within certain strata, and the strata boundaries are often abiotic features such as political borders, capes and submarine canyons, or arbitrary depths. However, these surveys also generate a great deal of under-utilized data-such as the abundance of non-commercial benthic species and the occurrence of size-groups of commercial species-that can be used for defining ecological boundaries that are independent of the strata boundaries. For an example data set, this analysis used the National Marine Fisheries Service US west coast bottom trawl survey, which has sampled the same 610 stations in three surveys (1995, 1998, and 2001). This analysis determined the geographic extent of three biologically distinct assemblages which occurred in a total of 9 analyses across three bottom trawl surveys and across three assemblage analysis methods: hierarchical clustering, detrended correspondence analysis (DCA), and non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS). Most trawl survey stations were consistently grouped into the same assemblage in a majority of the 9 analyses, indicating that the assemblages were stable with respect to time and to interpretation from the different assemblage analyses. Kriging on the percent agreement of the 9 analyses at each station defined boundaries of agreement (edges of assemblages), areas of disagreement (transition zones between assemblages), and clear differences from the arbitrary latitude/depth bottom trawl survey stratification scheme. The temporal and statistical consistency, and the geographical continuity of the assemblages, along with significant differences in depth and bottom water temperature among assemblages, indicated the utility of using benthic species for deriving the number and geographic extent of ecological boundaries within the bottom trawl survey area. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Zimmermann, M (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, F-AKCI,7600 Sand Point Way NE,Bldg 4, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM mark.zimmermann@noaa.gov NR 63 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 26 IS 8 BP 1005 EP 1027 DI 10.1016/j.csr.2006.02.013 PG 23 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 056YE UT WOS:000238560200008 ER PT J AU Clickner, CC Ekin, JW Cheggour, N Thieme, CLH Qiao, Y Xie, YY Goyal, A AF Clickner, CC Ekin, JW Cheggour, N Thieme, CLH Qiao, Y Xie, YY Goyal, A TI Mechanical properties of pure Ni and Ni-alloy substrate materials for Y-Ba-Cu-O coated superconductors SO CRYOGENICS LA English DT Article DE composite conductors; high-T-c superconductors; mechanical properties; superconducting cables ID BIAXIALLY TEXTURED NI; THICK-FILMS; CONDUCTORS; DEPOSITION; COATINGS AB Mechanical properties of rolling-assisted, biaxially-textured substrates (RABiTS) and substrates for ion-beam assisted deposition (IBAD) coated superconductors are measured at room temperature, 76, and 4 K. Yield strength, Young's modulus, and the proportional limit of elasticity are determined, tabulated and compared. Results obtained are intended to serve as a database of mechanical properties of substrates having the same anneal state and texture as those incorporated in the general class of RE-Ba-Cu-O coated conductor composites (RE = rare earth). The RABiTS materials measured are pure Ni, Ni 13at.%Cr, Ni-3at.%W-2at.%Fe, Ni-10at.%Cr-2at.%W, and Ni-5at.%W. The IBAD substrate materials included Inconel 625 and Hastelloy C-276. The Ni alloys are substantially stronger and show higher strains at the proportional limit than those of pure Ni. Substrates fully coated with buffer layers, approximate to 1 mu m of Y-Ba-Cu-O, and 3-5 mu m of Ag have similar mechanical properties (at 76 K) as the substrate alone. Somewhat surprisingly, plating an additional 30-40 mu m of Cu stabilizer onto high-yield-strength (690 MPa) Hastelloy coated conductors similar to 100 mu m thick, reduces the overall yield strength of the composite structure by only about 10-12% at 76 K and 12-14% at room temperature; this indicates that the Cu layer, despite its relatively soft nature, contributes significantly to the overall strength of even high-strength coated conductors. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Amer Superconductor Corp, Westborough, MA 01581 USA. SuperPower Inc, Schenectady, NY 12304 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Clickner, CC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway St, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM clickner@boulder.nist.gov RI Cheggour, Najib/K-2769-2012 OI Cheggour, Najib/0000-0002-0741-3065 NR 12 TC 36 Z9 42 U1 5 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0011-2275 J9 CRYOGENICS JI Cryogenics PD JUN PY 2006 VL 46 IS 6 BP 432 EP 438 DI 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2006.01.014 PG 7 WC Thermodynamics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Physics GA 049HI UT WOS:000238006600003 ER PT J AU Jaffe, BE Borrero, JC Prasetya, GS Peters, R McAdoo, B Gelfenbaum, G Morton, R Ruggiero, P Higman, B Dengler, L Hidayat, R Kingsley, E Kongko, W Lukijanto Moore, A Titov, V Yulianto, E AF Jaffe, Bruce E. Borrero, Jose C. Prasetya, Gegar S. Peters, Robert McAdoo, Brian Gelfenbaum, Guy Morton, Robert Ruggiero, Peter Higman, Bretwood Dengler, Lori Hidayat, Rahman Kingsley, Ettiene Kongko, Widjo Lukijanto Moore, Andrew Titov, Vasily Yulianto, Eko TI Northwest Sumatra and offshore islands field survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami SO EARTHQUAKE SPECTRA LA English DT Article ID EARTHQUAKE AB An International Tsunami Survey Team (ITST) conducted field surveys of tsunami effects on the west coast of northern and central Sumatra and offshore islands 3-4 months after the 26 December 2004 tsunami. The study sites spanned 800 km of coastline from Breuh Island north of Banda Aceh to the Batu Islands, and included 22 sites in Aceh province in Sumatra and on Simeulue Island, Nias Island, the Banyak Islands, and the Batu Islands. Tsunami runup, elevation, flow depth, inundation distance, sedimentary characteristics of deposits, near-shore bathymetry, and vertical land movement (subsidence and uplift) were studied. The maximum tsunami elevations were greater than 16 m, and the maximum tsunami flow depths were greater than 13 m at all sites studied along 135 km of coastline in northwestern Sumatra. Tsunami flow depths were as much as 10 m at 1,500 m inland. Extensive tsunami deposits, primarily composed of sand and typically 5-20 cm thick, were observed in northwestern Sumatra. C1 US Geol Survey, Pacific Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Civil Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. DKI Jaya, P3TISDA BPPT, JIMH, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia. Vassar Coll, Dept Geol, Poughkeepsie, NY 12601 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal & Watershed Studies, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Humboldt State Univ, Dept Geol, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. BPDP BPPT JI, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia. Kent State Univ, Dept Geol, Kent, OH 44242 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Indonesian Inst Sci, Bandung 40135, Indonesia. RP Jaffe, BE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Pacific Sci Ctr, 400 Nat Bridges Dr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RI Jaffe, Bruce/A-9979-2012; OI Jaffe, Bruce/0000-0002-8816-5920; Ruggiero, Peter/0000-0001-7425-9953; Titov, Vasily/0000-0002-1630-3829 NR 12 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 4 PU EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING RESEARCH INST PI OAKLAND PA 499 14TH ST, STE 320, OAKLAND, CA 94612-1934 USA SN 8755-2930 J9 EARTHQ SPECTRA JI Earthq. Spectra PD JUN PY 2006 VL 22 SU 3 BP S105 EP S135 DI 10.1193/1.2207724 PG 31 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Geological SC Engineering GA 239KL UT WOS:000251517100007 ER PT J AU McAdoo, BG Dengler, L Prasetya, G Titov, V AF McAdoo, Brian G. Dengler, Lori Prasetya, Gegar Titov, Vasily TI Smong: How an oral history saved thousands on Indonesia's Simeulue Island during the December 2004 and March 2005 tsunamis SO EARTHQUAKE SPECTRA LA English DT Article AB The tsunamis on 26 December 2004 and 28 March 2005 killed only 7 people on Simeulue Island in Indonesia's Aceh province. At Langi, on the north end of Simeulue, which is 40 km south of the December earthquake's epicenter, maximum wave heights exceeded 10 m less than 10 minutes after the shaking ceased. In the more populous south, wave heights averaged 3 m and caused significant structural damage, destroying entire villages. Oral histories recount a massive 1907 tsunami and advise running to the hills after "significant" shaking (similar to 1 minute). All the interviewed Simeulue survivors knew of this event and of the necessary action. However, Jantang, on the Aceh mainland, suffered far more casualties. Simeulue's oral history provided an extraordinarily powerful mitigation tool that saved countless lives where even a high-tech warning system with a 15-minute response time would have been of no help. C1 Vassar Coll, Dept Geog & Geol, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604 USA. Humboldt State Univ, Dept Geol, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. BPPT, Jakarta, Indonesia. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, OERD, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP McAdoo, BG (reprint author), Vassar Coll, Dept Geog & Geol, 124 Raymond Ave,Box 735, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604 USA. OI Titov, Vasily/0000-0002-1630-3829 NR 5 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 6 PU EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING RESEARCH INST PI OAKLAND PA 499 14TH ST, STE 320, OAKLAND, CA 94612-1934 USA SN 8755-2930 J9 EARTHQ SPECTRA JI Earthq. Spectra PD JUN PY 2006 VL 22 SU 3 BP S661 EP S669 DI 10.1193/1.2204966 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Geological SC Engineering GA 239KL UT WOS:000251517100033 ER PT J AU Weiss, R Bahlburg, H AF Weiss, Robert Bahlburg, Heinrich TI The coast of kenya field survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami SO EARTHQUAKE SPECTRA LA English DT Article AB A field survey of the coast of Kenya was conducted after the 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. We visited the coast between Mombasa and the Ngomeni Peninsula north of Malindi from 25 February to 4 March 2005. The tsunami struck the coast during the rising tide, but it caused little damage because warnings had been issued effectively and because large stretches of the coast are protected by reefs. These large stretches of protected coast end at Malindi, and the coasts to the north include sandy beaches and spits like the Ngomeni Peninsula. The maximum recorded runup at this peninsula was 3 m at 43 m from the water level at the time of the tsunami impact. C1 Univ Washington, NOAA, Ctr Tsunami Res, Joint Inst Study Atmospher & Ocean,PMEL, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Munster, Geol Palaontol Inst & Museum, D-48149 Munster, Germany. RP Weiss, R (reprint author), Univ Washington, NOAA, Ctr Tsunami Res, Joint Inst Study Atmospher & Ocean,PMEL, 7600 Sand Point Way NE,Bldg 1, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RI Weiss, Robert/B-8060-2012 NR 6 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING RESEARCH INST PI OAKLAND PA 499 14TH ST, STE 320, OAKLAND, CA 94612-1934 USA SN 8755-2930 J9 EARTHQ SPECTRA JI Earthq. Spectra PD JUN PY 2006 VL 22 SU 3 BP S235 EP S240 DI 10.1193/1.2201970 PG 6 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Geological SC Engineering GA 239KL UT WOS:000251517100014 ER PT J AU Parra, GJ Schick, R Corkeron, PJ AF Parra, GJ Schick, R Corkeron, PJ TI Spatial distribution and environmental correlates of Australian snubfin and Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins SO ECOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID WORLD HERITAGE AREA; GULF-OF-MEXICO; SOUSA-CHINENSIS; SOUTH-AFRICA; HECTORS DOLPHIN; CURRENT ISSUES; ALGOA BAY; HABITAT; FISHERIES; ABUNDANCE AB We present data on the spatial distribution of Australian snubfin and humpback dolphins using boat-based line transect surveys in three adjacent bays located in the Far Northern Section of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, northeast Queensland. We used Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and both randomization and Mantel tests to examine the relationship between the spatial distribution of the dolphins and three simple, readily quantified, environmental variables: distance to land, distance to river mouth, and water depth. Mantel tests allowed us to make clear inferences about the correlation of the species' distributions with environmental variables, while taking into account spatial autocorrelation and intercorrelation among variables. Randomization tests indicated snubfin and humpback dolphins occur closer to land than would be expected at random. Two-sample randomization tests indicated snubfin dolphins were found closer to river mouths than were humpback dolphins. Taking spatial autocorrelation into account, Mantel tests indicated all environmental variables were correlated with the spatial distribution of snubfin and humpback dolphins. Interspecific differences in spatial distribution appeared to be related to proximity to river mouths. Preference by snubfin and humpback dolphins for nearshore, estuarine waters is likely related to the productivity of these tropical coastal areas. This spatial analysis suggests that existing protected areas in this region may not include the most critical habitats for snubfin and humpback dolphins. The techniques used here shown relationships between the spatial distribution of the dolphins and environmental features that should facilitate their management and conservation. C1 James Cook Univ N Queensland, Sch Trop Environm Studies & Geog, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. NOAA, Santa Cruz Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Parra, GJ (reprint author), James Cook Univ N Queensland, Sch Trop Environm Studies & Geog, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. EM guido.parravergara@jcu.edu.au OI Parra, Guido J./0000-0002-1284-4898 NR 73 TC 18 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 24 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0906-7590 J9 ECOGRAPHY JI Ecography PD JUN PY 2006 VL 29 IS 3 BP 396 EP 406 PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 051ER UT WOS:000238144400013 ER PT J AU Bowen, L Aldridge, B Beckmen, K Gelatt, T Rea, L Burek, K Pitcher, K Stott, JL AF Bowen, Lizabeth Aldridge, Brian Beckmen, Kimberlee Gelatt, Tom Rea, Lorrie Burek, Kathy Pitcher, Ken Stott, Jeffrey L. TI Differential expression of immune response genes in Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus): An indicator of ecosystem health? SO ECOHEALTH LA English DT Article DE Steller sea lion; ecosystem health ID MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; ZALOPHUS-CALIFORNIANUS; HLA SYSTEM; 2 PARTS; MOLECULES; POPULATION; REGIONS AB Characterization of the polygenic and polymorphic features of the Steller sea lion major histocompatibility complex (MHC) provides an ideal window for evaluating immunologic vigor of the population and identifying emergence of new genotypes that reflect ecosystem pressures. MHC genotyping can be used to measure the potential immunologic vigor of a population. However, since ecosystem-induced changes to MHC genotype can be slow to emerge, measurement of differential expression of these genes can potentially provide real-time evidence of immunologic perturbations. MHC DRB genes were cloned and sequenced using peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes derived from 10 Steller sea lions from Southeast Alaska, Prince William Sound, and the Aleutian Islands. Nine unique DRB gene sequences were represented in each of 10 animals. MHC DRB gene expression was measured in a subset of six sea lions. Although DRB in genomic DNA was identical in all individuals, relative levels of expressed DRB mRNA was highly variable. Selective suppression of MHC DRB genes could be indicative of geographically disparate environmental pressures, thereby serving as an immediate and sensitive indicator of population and ecosystem health. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Pathol Microbiol & Immunol, Sch Vet Med, Lab Marine Mammal Immunol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ London, Royal Vet Coll, Dept Vet Clin Sci, N Mymms AL9 7TA, Herts, England. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Marine Mammals Sect, Div Wildlife Conservat, Fairbanks, AK USA. NMML, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA USA. Alaska Vet Pathol Serv, Eagle River, AK USA. RP Bowen, L (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Pathol Microbiol & Immunol, Sch Vet Med, Lab Marine Mammal Immunol, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM lbowen@ucdavis.edu NR 23 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 9 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1612-9202 J9 ECOHEALTH JI EcoHealth PD JUN PY 2006 VL 3 IS 2 BP 109 EP 113 DI 10.1007/s10393-006-0021-0 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 060KF UT WOS:000238800400006 ER PT J AU Moore, SE Laidre, KL AF Moore, Sue E. Laidre, Kristin L. TI Trends in sea ice cover within habitats used by bowhead whales in the western Arctic SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Balaena mysticetus; Beaufort sea; Bering sea; bowhead whale; Chukchi sea; climate change; ecological scale; sea ice ID BALAENA-MYSTICETUS; CLIMATE-CHANGE; BAFFIN-BAY; COMPUTATIONAL CHALLENGES; VARIABILITY; TEMPERATURE; POPULATION; CANADA; GREENLAND; SUMMER AB We examined trends in sea ice cover between 1979 and 2002 in four months (March, June, September, and November) for four large (similar to 100 000 km(2)) and 12 small (similar to 10 000 km(2)) regions of the western Arctic in habitats used by bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus). Variation in open water with year was significant in all months except March, but interactions between region and year were not. Open water increased in both large and small regions, but trends were weak with least-squares regression accounting for <= 34% of the total variation. In large regions, positive trends in open water were strongest in September. Linear fits were poor, however, even in the East Siberian, Chukchi, and Beaufort seas, where basin-scale analyses have emphasized dramatic sea ice loss. Small regions also showed weak positive trends in open water and strong interannual variability. Open water increased consistently in five small regions where bowhead whales have been observed feeding or where oceanographic models predict prey entrainment, including: (1) June, along the northern Chukotka coast, near Wrangel Island, and along the Beaufort slope; (2) September, near Wrangel Island, the Barrow Arc, and the Chukchi Borderland; and (3) November, along the Barrow Arc. Conversely, there was very little consistent change in sea ice cover in four small regions considered winter refugia for bowhead whales in the northern Bering Sea, nor in two small regions that include the primary springtime migration corridor in the Chukchi Sea. The effects of sea ice cover on bowhead whale prey availability are unknown but can be modeled via production and advection pathways. Our conceptual model suggests that reductions in sea ice cover will increase prey availability along both pathways for this population. This analysis elucidates the variability inherent in the western Arctic marine ecosystem at scales relevant to bowhead whales and contrasts basin-scale depictions of extreme sea ice retreats, thinning, and wind-driven movements. C1 Univ Washington, NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. Danish Polar Ctr, Greenland Inst Nat Resources, DK-1401 Copenhagen K, Denmark. RP Moore, SE (reprint author), Univ Washington, NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Appl Phys Lab, 1013 NE 40th St, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. EM sue.moore@noaa.gov NR 73 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 3 U2 40 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 16 IS 3 BP 932 EP 944 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[0932:TISICW]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 055LF UT WOS:000238451500010 PM 16826993 ER PT J AU DeLorenzo, ME Serrano, L Chung, KW Hoguet, J Key, PB AF DeLorenzo, ME Serrano, L Chung, KW Hoguet, J Key, PB TI Effects of the insecticide permethrin on three life stages of the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio SO ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY LA English DT Article DE Palaemonetes pugio; pyrethroid; permethrin; early life stages; lethal/sublethal toxicity; estuarine ID TOXICITY; LETHAL AB Toxicity of the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin was assessed using three life stages of the estuarine grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio. Adult and larval shrimp were tested with and without sediment. An aqueous embryo test was also conducted. Cellular stress biomarkers, glutathione, and lipid peroxidation, were assessed. Larval shrimp were the most sensitive life stage with a 96-h lethal concentration (LC50) value of 0.05 mu g/L, compared to 0.25 mu g/L for adults, and 6.4 mu g/L for embryos. The presence of sediment significantly decreased toxicity of permethrin to both adult and larval shrimp. Permethrin exposure increased time to hatch in embryos and decreased swimming behavior of larvae. Lipid peroxidation levels were significantly decreased in the adult shrimp, but increased in larval shrimp exposed to permethrin. Low levels of permethrin may negatively affect grass shrimp health and survival. Permethrin use in the coastal zone should be carefully managed to avoid adverse impacts on nontarget estuarine organisms. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Coll Charleston, Grice Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP DeLorenzo, ME (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM marie.delorenzo@noaa.gov NR 21 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 13 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0147-6513 J9 ECOTOX ENVIRON SAFE JI Ecotox. Environ. Safe. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 64 IS 2 BP 122 EP 127 DI 10.1016/j.econenv.2006.02.001 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 054UO UT WOS:000238404300004 PM 16546255 ER PT J AU Gillette, DA Herrick, JE Herbert, GA AF Gillette, DA Herrick, JE Herbert, GA TI Wind characteristics of mesquite streets in the northern Chihuahuan Desert, New Mexico, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL FLUID MECHANICS LA English DT Article DE Chihuahuan desert; desert winds; desert vegetation; dunes; dust emissions; flow around and above roughness elements; friction velocity; sand transport; vegetation ID AIR-FLOW; FIELD MEASUREMENT; STOSS SLOPE; OWENS LAKE; VEGETATION; EROSION; TRANSPORT; THRESHOLD; DRAG; FLUX AB Past research has shown that the most important areas for active sand movement in the northern part of the Chihuahuan Desert are mesquite-dominated desert ecosystems possessing sandy soil texture. The most active sand movement in the mesquite-dominated ecosystems has been shown to take place on elongated bare soil patches referred to as "streets". Aerodynamic properties of mesquite streets eroded by wind should be included in explaining how mesquite streets are more emissive sand sources than surrounding desert land. To understand the effects of wind properties, we measured them at two flat mesquite sites having highly similar soil textures but very different configurations of mesquite. The differences in wind properties at the two sites were caused by differences of size, orientation, and porosity of the mesquite, along with the presence of mesquite coppice dunes (sand dunes stabilized by mesquites growing in the dune and on its surface) found only at one of the two sites. Wind direction, u(*) (friction velocity), z(0) (aerodynamic roughness height) and D (zero plane displacement height) were estimated for 15-m tower and 3-m mast data. These aerodynamic data allowed us to distinguish five categories with differing potentials for sediment transport. Sediment transport for the five categories varied from unrestricted, free transport to virtually no transport caused by vegetation protection from wind forces. In addition, "steering" of winds below the level of the tops of mesquite bushes and coppice dunes allowed longer parallel wind durations and increased wind erosion for streets that aligned roughly SW-NE. C1 US Dept Commerce, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Air Resources Lab, Air surface Proc Modeling Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. USDA, Jornada Expt Stn, Las Cruces, NM USA. GA Herbert Associates, Boulder, CO 80304 USA. RP Gillette, DA (reprint author), US Dept Commerce, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Air Resources Lab, Air surface Proc Modeling Branch, MD-81, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM gillette.dale@epa.gov NR 34 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1567-7419 J9 ENVIRON FLUID MECH JI Environ. Fluid Mech. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 6 IS 3 BP 241 EP 275 DI 10.1007/s10652-005-6022-7 PG 35 WC Environmental Sciences; Mechanics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mechanics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources GA 042YM UT WOS:000237566500003 ER PT J AU Malins, DC Anderson, KM Stegeman, JJ Jaruga, P Green, VM Gilman, NK Dizdaroglu, M AF Malins, DC Anderson, KM Stegeman, JJ Jaruga, P Green, VM Gilman, NK Dizdaroglu, M TI Biomarkers signal contaminant effects on the organs of English sole (Parophrys vetulus) from Puget Sound SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE cyclopurine nucleosides; cytochrome P4501A; DNA markers; DNA structure; Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy; liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry ID MUMMICHOGS FUNDULUS-HETEROCLITUS; DIFFERENTIAL GENE-EXPRESSION; MARINE FISH; TRANSFORMATION REACTIONS; ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS; CYTOCHROME P4501A; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; INDUCED DAMAGE; DNA; EXPOSURE AB Fish living in contaminated environments accumulate toxic chemicals in their tissues. Biomarkers are needed to identify the resulting health effects, particularly focusing on early changes at a subcellular level. We used a suite of complementary biomarkers to signal contaminant-induced changes in the DNA structure and cellular physiology of the livers and gills of English sole (Parophrys vetulus). These sediment-dwelling fish were obtained from the industrialized lower Duwamish River (DR) in Seattle, Washington, and from Quartermaster Harbor (QMH), a relatively clean reference site in south Puget Sound. Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) identified potentially deleterious alterations in the DNA structure of the DR fish livers and gills, compared with the QMH fish. Expression of CYP1A (a member of the cytochrome P450 multigene family of enzymes) signaled changes in the liver associated with the oxidation of organic xenobiotics, as previously found with the gill. The FT-IR models demonstrated that the liver DNA of the DR fish had a unique structure likely arising from exposure to environmental chemicals. Analysis by LC/MS and GC/MS showed higher concentrations of DNA base lesions in the liver DNA of the DR fish, suggesting that these base modifications contributed to this discrete DNA structure. A comparable analysis by LC/MS and GC/MS of base modifications provided similar results with the gill. The biomarkers described are highly promising for identifying contaminant-induced stresses in fish populations from polluted and reference sites and, in addition, for monitoring the progress of remedial actions. C1 Pacific NW Res Inst, Biochem Oncol Program, Seattle, WA 98122 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Biol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Chem & Biochem Engn, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Malins, DC (reprint author), Pacific NW Res Inst, Biochem Oncol Program, 720 Broadway, Seattle, WA 98122 USA. EM dcmalins@dcmalins.com RI Jaruga, Pawel/M-4378-2015 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [P42 ES004696, P42 ES007381, P42-ES04696, P42-ES07381] NR 46 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 14 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 114 IS 6 BP 823 EP 829 DI 10.1289/ehp.8544 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 049GS UT WOS:000238004800028 PM 16759979 ER PT J AU Dentener, F Stevenson, D Ellingsen, K van Noije, T Schultz, M Amann, M Atherton, C Bell, N Bergmann, D Bey, I Bouwman, L Butler, T Cofala, J Collins, B Drevet, J Doherty, R Eickhout, B Eskes, H Fiore, A Gauss, M Hauglustaine, D Horowitz, L Isaksen, ISA Josse, B Lawrence, M Krol, M Lamarque, JF Montanaro, V Muller, JF Peuch, VH Pitari, G Pyle, J Rast, S Rodriguez, J Sanderson, M Savage, NH Shindell, D Strahan, S Szopa, S Sudo, K Van Dingenen, R Wild, O Zeng, G AF Dentener, F. Stevenson, D. Ellingsen, K. van Noije, T. Schultz, M. Amann, M. Atherton, C. Bell, N. Bergmann, D. Bey, I. Bouwman, L. Butler, T. Cofala, J. Collins, B. Drevet, J. Doherty, R. Eickhout, B. Eskes, H. Fiore, A. Gauss, M. Hauglustaine, D. Horowitz, L. Isaksen, I. S. A. Josse, B. Lawrence, M. Krol, M. Lamarque, J. F. Montanaro, V. Muller, J. F. Peuch, V. H. Pitari, G. Pyle, J. Rast, S. Rodriguez, J. Sanderson, M. Savage, N. H. Shindell, D. Strahan, S. Szopa, S. Sudo, K. Van Dingenen, R. Wild, O. Zeng, G. TI The global atmospheric environment for the next generation SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NITROGEN DEPOSITION; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; SURFACE OZONE; IMPACT; AFRICA AB Air quality, ecosystem exposure to nitrogen deposition, and climate change are intimately coupled problems: we assess changes in the global atmospheric environment between 2000 and 2030 using 26 state-of-the-art global atmospheric chemistry models and three different emissions scenarios. The first (CLE) scenario reflects implementation of current air quality legislation around the world, while the second (MFR) represents a more optimistic case in which all currently feasible technologies are applied to achieve maximum emission reductions. We contrast these scenarios with the more pessimistic IPCC SRES A2 scenario. Ensemble simulations for the year 2000 are consistent among models and show a reasonable agreement with surface ozone, wet deposition, and NO2 satellite observations. Large parts of the world are currently exposed to high ozone concentrations and high deposition of nitrogen to ecosystems. By 2030, global surface ozone is calculated to increase globally by 1.5 +/- 1.2 ppb (CLE) and 4.3 +/- 2.2 ppb (A2), using the ensemble mean model results and associated +/- 1 sigma standard deviations. Only the progressive MFR scenario will reduce ozone, by -2.3 +/- 1.1 ppb. Climate change is expected to modify surface ozone by -0.8 +/- 0.6 ppb, with larger decreases over sea than over land. Radiative forcing by ozone increases by 63 +/- 15 and 155 +/- 37 mW m(-2) for CLE and A2, respectively, and decreases by -45 +/- 15 mW m(-2) for MFR. We compute that at present 10.1% of the global natural terrestrial ecosystems are exposed to nitrogen deposition above a critical load of 1 g N m(-2) yr(-1). These percentages increase by 2030 to 15.8% (CLE), 10.5% (MFR), and 25% (A2). This study shows the importance of enforcing current worldwide air quality legislation and the major benefits of going further. Nonattainment of these air quality policy objectives, such as expressed by the SRES-A2 scenario, would further degrade the global atmospheric environment. C1 Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr, Inst Environm & Sustainabil, I-21020 Ispra, Italy. Univ Edinburgh, Sch Geosci, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Midlothian, Scotland. Univ Oslo, Dept Geosci, Oslo, Norway. Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst, NL-3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands. Netherlands Environm Assessment Agcy, RIVM, MNP, Bilthoven, Netherlands. Int Inst Appl Syst Anal, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria. JAMSTEC, Frontier Res Ctr Global Change, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan. Swiss Fed Inst Technol, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD USA. Belgian Inst Space Aeron, Brussels, Belgium. CEA, CNRS, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Div Atmospher Sci, Livermore, CA USA. Meteo France, CNRM, GMGEC, CATS, Toulouse, France. Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. NOAA, GFDL, Princeton, NJ USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO USA. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Hamburg, Germany. Met Off, Exeter, Devon, England. Univ Cambridge, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Cambridge, England. Univ Aquila, Dipartimento Fis, I-67100 Laquila, Italy. Univ Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Baltimore, MD USA. RP Dentener, F (reprint author), Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr, Inst Environm & Sustainabil, Via E Fermi 1, I-21020 Ispra, Italy. EM frank.dentener@jrc.it RI Horowitz, Larry/D-8048-2014; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/L-2313-2014; Unger, Nadine/M-9360-2015; Pitari, Giovanni/O-7458-2016; Schultz, Martin/I-9512-2012; Peuch, Vincent-Henri/A-7308-2008; Wild, Oliver/A-4909-2009; Strahan, Susan/H-1965-2012; Magana, Felipe/B-6966-2013; Krol, Maarten/E-3414-2013; Collins, William/A-5895-2010; Szopa, Sophie/F-8984-2010; Krol, Maarten/B-3597-2010; Bergmann, Daniel/F-9801-2011; Butler, Tim/G-1139-2011; Stevenson, David/C-8089-2012; Shindell, Drew/D-4636-2012 OI Bouwman, Lex/0000-0002-2045-1859; Horowitz, Larry/0000-0002-5886-3314; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/0000-0002-4225-5074; Pitari, Giovanni/0000-0001-7051-9578; Schultz, Martin/0000-0003-3455-774X; Savage, Nicholas/0000-0001-9391-5100; Wild, Oliver/0000-0002-6227-7035; Collins, William/0000-0002-7419-0850; Szopa, Sophie/0000-0002-8641-1737; Bergmann, Daniel/0000-0003-4357-6301; Stevenson, David/0000-0002-4745-5673; NR 21 TC 199 Z9 203 U1 12 U2 91 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN 1 PY 2006 VL 40 IS 11 BP 3586 EP 3594 DI 10.1021/es0523845 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 048AY UT WOS:000237921200029 PM 16786698 ER PT J AU Griffitt, RJ Chandler, GT Greig, TW Quattro, JM AF Griffitt, R. J. Chandler, G. T. Greig, T. W. Quattro, J. M. TI Cathepsin B and glutathione peroxidase show differing transcriptional responses in the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio following exposure to three xenobiotics SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SUPPRESSION SUBTRACTIVE HYBRIDIZATION; SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; HIGH-SALINITY ESTUARIES; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; GENE-EXPRESSION; MACROBRACHIUM-ROSENBERGII; AMPHIASCUS-TENUIREMIS; MOLECULAR-CLONING; CADMIUM; FIPRONIL AB The common molecular biology techniques, suppressive-subtractive hybridization (SSH) and semi-quantitative real-time PCR (SQRT-PCR), were used to identify differentially expressed genes in the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio following exposure to three different xenobiotics. Lab-acclimated adult male grass shrimp were exposed to empirically derived 96-hr male-specific LC(50) concentrations of fipronil (FP, a phenylpyrazole GABA disrupting pesticide), endosulfan (ES, a cyclodiene GABA disrupting pesticide), or cadmium (Cd), as well as a control (CC). An SSH gene expression library was constructed from surviving shrimp from the fipronil and control exposures. Clones obtained by SSH were identified by searching against the NCBI website. A total of 42 genes were identified that were up-regulated by FP exposure, and 47 that were down-regulated. A subset of the affected genes was tested with SQRT-PCR to verify responsiveness to fipronil, as well as to endosulfan and cadmium. Two genes showed strong and significant responses to the exposures: glutathione peroxidase was significantly up-regulated by all three exposures, while Cathepsin B was strongly responsive to the two pesticides, but not to cadmium. C1 Univ S Carolina, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Norman J Arnold Sch Publ Hlth, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Univ S Carolina, Dept Biol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. RP Quattro, JM (reprint author), Univ S Carolina, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Norman J Arnold Sch Publ Hlth, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. NR 44 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN 1 PY 2006 VL 40 IS 11 BP 3640 EP 3645 DI 10.1021/es052537o PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 048AY UT WOS:000237921200036 PM 16786705 ER PT J AU Pangle, KL Peacor, SD AF Pangle, KL Peacor, SD TI Non-lethal effect of the invasive predator Bythotrephes longimanus on Daphnia mendotae SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bythotrephes; Daphnia; diel vertical migration; non-lethal effects; trait-mediated interactions ID MEDIATED INDIRECT INTERACTIONS; DIEL VERTICAL MIGRATION; LAKE-MICHIGAN; FOOD-WEB; ZOOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES; ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES; INTRODUCED PREDATOR; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; CHEMICAL CUES; HARP LAKE AB 1. We evaluated the antipredator behaviour of Daphnia mendotae to the invasive invertebrate predator, Bythotrephes longimanus, and the consequent effect of the predator on prey growth rate (referred to as a non-lethal effect of the predator). 2. In a laboratory experiment, Daphnia in the absence of Bythotrephes kairomones remained in the top, warmer regions of experimental columns, whereas in the presence of Bythotrephes kairomones, Daphnia migrated vertically, occupying a middle region by night and a low, cold region during the day. Over a 4-day experiment, the vertical migration induced by Bythotrephes caused a 36% reduction in the somatic growth rate of Daphnia, a level that is sufficient to have an effect on prey population growth rate. 3. A second laboratory experiment indicated that concentrations of Bythotrephes kairomones in water taken directly from the field (Lake Michigan) were high enough to induce behavioural shifts that led to these large reductions in somatic growth rate. 4. Our results identify a means by which Bythotrephes has substantial effects on native prey populations other than through direct consumption. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI USA. RP Pangle, KL (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, 13 Nat Resources Bldg, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. EM pangleke@msu.edu NR 48 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 19 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0046-5070 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 51 IS 6 BP 1070 EP 1078 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01555.x PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 044SN UT WOS:000237692800007 ER PT J AU Browne, P Conley, AJ Spraker, T Ream, RR Lasley, BL AF Browne, P Conley, AJ Spraker, T Ream, RR Lasley, BL TI Sex steroid concentrations and localization of steroidogenic enzyme expression in free-ranging female northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE pinniped; marine mammal; northern fur seal; reproduction; steroid hormone; estrogen; androgen; immunohistochemistry; RIA; delayed implantation ID IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION; DELAYED IMPLANTATION; PLASMA PROGESTERONE; EARLY-PREGNANCY; CORPUS-LUTEUM; SMALL VOLUMES; ESTROGEN; ESTRADIOL-17-BETA; PROLACTIN; PATTERNS AB Recent precipitous population declines in northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) and other Alaskan pinniped populations are due in part to reduced fecundity and have emphasized deficits in basic reproductive knowledge of these species. Following estrus and mating, fertilized female pinnipeds experience an obligatory delayed implantation lasting several months and non-pregnant (pseudo pregn ant) females are indistinguishable by sex steroid levels during this time. The current study examined circulating steroid concentrations and ovarian expression of key steroid-synthesizing enzymes in northern fur seals to identify changes associated with embryonic implantation, data necessary for estimating early pregnancy rates of the Population. Blood samples were collected from 84 female fur seals captured on an Alaskan rookery from October 15 to November 30, a period spanning the end of the delay and subsequent uterine implantation of the fertilized blastocyst in this species. Concentrations of progesterone, estradiol, and estrone measured in blood collected during boreal fall were contrasted with samples collected during late summer from post-ovulatory females and males. Serum sex steroids were also related to ovarian expression of key enzymes responsible for androgen (17 alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase, cytochrome b5, and 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) and estrogen (aromatase cytochrome P450) synthesis. Enzymes necessary for androgen synthesis were highly expressed in ovaries, and accordingly, endocrine profiles were expanded to include DHEA, androstenediol, androstenedione, and testosterone. Estradiol concentrations were universally low and free and conjugated estrone were the primary circulating estrogens in fur seal sera. No implantation-associated peak was identified for estrogens or progesterone and mean values of progesterone and estrone were actually greater in female serum samples collected during summer than fall. However, there was a significant positive relationship between fall sampling date and testosterone concentration. Additionally, DHEA concentrations in females were lower in samples collected during the implantation period than during the summer embryonic delay. These data suggest androgens may play a substantial regulatory role in the embryonic delay of northern fur seals. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet & Biomed Sci, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Pathol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Browne, P (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, 1114 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM pbrowne@ucdavis.edu NR 37 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 15 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0016-6480 J9 GEN COMP ENDOCR JI Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 147 IS 2 BP 175 EP 183 DI 10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.12.019 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 046DC UT WOS:000237790600011 PM 16473352 ER PT J AU Poppe, LJ DiGiacomo-Cohen, ML Smith, SM Stewart, HF Forfinski, NA AF Poppe, LJ DiGiacomo-Cohen, ML Smith, SM Stewart, HF Forfinski, NA TI Seafloor character and sedimentary processes in eastern long island sound and western block island sound SO GEO-MARINE LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SURFICIAL SEDIMENT; SHELF AB Multibeam bathymetric data and seismic-reflection profiles collected in eastern Long Island Sound and western Block Island Sound reveal previously unrecognized glacial features and modern bedforms. Glacial features include an ice-sculptured bedrock surface, a newly identified recessional moraine, exposed glaciolacustrine sediments, and remnants of stagnant-ice-contact deposits. Modern bedforms include fields of transverse sand waves, barchanoid waves, giant scour depressions, and pockmarks. Bedform asymmetry and scour around obstructions indicate that net sediment transport is westward across the northern part of the study area near Fishers Island, and eastward across the southern part near Great Gull Island. C1 US Geol Survey, Coastal & Marine Geol Program, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Long Isl Sound Res Ctr, Connecticut Dept Environm Protect, Groton, CT 06340 USA. Natl Ocean Atmospher Adm, Atlantic Hygrograph Branch, Norfolk, VA 23510 USA. RP Poppe, LJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Coastal & Marine Geol Program, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM lpoppe@usgs.gov NR 30 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0276-0460 J9 GEO-MAR LETT JI Geo-Mar. Lett. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 26 IS 2 BP 59 EP 68 DI 10.1007/s00367-006-0016-4 PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 042DW UT WOS:000237509000001 ER PT J AU Stoffers, P Worthington, TJ Schwarz-Schampera, U Hannington, MD Massoth, GJ Hekinian, R Schmidt, M Lundsten, LJ Evans, LJ Vaiomo'unga, R Kerby, T AF Stoffers, Peter Worthington, Tim J. Schwarz-Schampera, Ulrich Hannington, Mark D. Massoth, Gary J. Hekinian, Roger Schmidt, Mark Lundsten, Lonny J. Evans, Leigh J. Vaiomo'unga, Rennie Kerby, Terry TI Submarine volcanoes and high-temperature hydrothermal venting on the Tonga arc, southwest Pacific SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Tonga arc; submarine hydrothermal vents; boiling; sulfide-sulfate chimneys ID DE-FUCA RIDGE; EVOLUTION; FLUIDS AB Submarine hydrothermal vents and associated sealfoor mineralization on the Tonga arc have been found for the first time, in the summit calderas of two shallow-water volcanoes, greatly extending the known areas and diversity of seafloor hydrothermal activity in the western Pacific region. The highest temperature vents (245-265 degrees C) occur at water depths of 385-540 m near the summit of one volcano at 24 degrees S. The vents are spatially related to basaltic dike swarms exposed at a summit cone and in the caldera walls. Clusters of large (to 10 m high) barite, anhydrite, and sulfide chimneys on the summit cone are vigorously discharging clear hydrothermal fluids with temperatures on the seawater boiling curve. There is abundant evidence of phase separation, which can be seen as flame-like jets of steam (H2O vapor) at the chimney orifices. Pyrite, marcasite, sphalerite, and chalcopyrite line the interiors of the highest temperature vents, similar to black smoker chimneys on the mid-ocean ridges. C1 Univ Kiel, Inst Geosci, D-24118 Kiel, Germany. Bundesanstalt Geowissensch & Rohstoffe, D-30655 Hannover, Germany. Univ Ottawa, Dept Earth Sci, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada. Inst Geol & Nucl Sci, Lower Hutt, New Zealand. Keryunan, F-29290 St Renan, France. Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Admn, Pacif Marine Environm Lab, Hatfield Marine Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Minist Lands Survey & Nat Resources, Nukualofa, Tonga. Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Undersea Res Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Schwarz-Schampera, U (reprint author), Univ Kiel, Inst Geosci, Olshaussenstr 40, D-24118 Kiel, Germany. EM mhanning@uottawa.ca RI Wright, Dawn/A-4518-2011; Schmidt, Mark/B-5230-2016 OI Wright, Dawn/0000-0002-2997-7611; NR 11 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 3 U2 24 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 EI 1943-2682 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JUN PY 2006 VL 34 IS 6 BP 453 EP 456 DI 10.1130/G22227.1 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 052ZZ UT WOS:000238274100010 ER PT J AU Graves, LP McWilliams, JC Montgomery, MT AF Graves, Lee Paul McWilliams, James C. Montgomery, Michael T. TI Vortex evolution due to straining: a mechanism for dominance of strong, interior anticyclones SO GEOPHYSICAL AND ASTROPHYSICAL FLUID DYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE vortex; anticyclone; Vortex Rossby Wave; strain deformation ID ROSSBY-WAVES; SHEAR-FLOW; EDDIES; VORTICITY; TURBULENCE; STABILITY; BLOCKING; INTENSIFICATION; DEFORMATION; INSTABILITY AB In this article we address two questions: Why do freely evolving vortices weaken on average, even when the viscosity is very small? Why, in the fluid's interior, away from vertical boundaries and under the influence of Earth's rotation and stable density stratification, do anticyclonic vortices become dominant over cyclonic ones when the Rossby number and deformation radius are finite? The context for answering these questions is a rotating, conservative, Shallow-water model with Asymmetric and Gradient-wind Balance approximations. The controlling mechanisms are vortex weakening under straining deformation (with a weakening that is substantially greater for strong cyclones than strong anticyclones) followed by a partially compensating vortex strengthening during a relaxation phase dominated by Vortex Rossby Waves (VRWs) and their eddy-mean interaction with the vortex. The outcome is a net, strain-induced vortex weakening that is greater for cyclones than anticyclones when the deformation radius is not large compared to the vortex radius and the Rossby number is not small. Furthermore, when the exterior strain flow is sustained, the vortex changes also are sustained: for small Rossby number (i.e., the quasigeostrophic limit, QG), vortices continue to weaken at a relatively modest rate, but for larger Rossby number, cyclones weaken strongly and anticyclones actually strengthen systematically when the deformation radius is comparable to the vortex radius. The sustained vortex changes are associated with strain-induced VRWs on the periphery of the mean vortex. It therefore seems likely that, in a complex flow with many vortices, anticyclonic dominance develops over a sequence of transient mutual straining events due to the greater robustness of anticyclones (and occasionally their net strengthening). C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. USN, Postgrad Sch, Dept Meteorol, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Huricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP McWilliams, JC (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM jcm@atmos.ucla.edu NR 39 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0309-1929 EI 1029-0419 J9 GEOPHYS ASTRO FLUID JI Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 100 IS 3 BP 151 EP 183 DI 10.1080/03091920600792041 PG 33 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mechanics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mechanics GA 083DM UT WOS:000240436100001 ER PT J AU Naegler, T Ciais, P Rodgers, K Levin, I AF Naegler, T Ciais, P Rodgers, K Levin, I TI Excess radiocarbon constraints on air-sea gas exchange and the uptake of CO2 by the oceans SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID WIND-SPEED AB We re-assess the constraints that estimates of the global ocean excess radiocarbon inventory (I-E) place on air-sea gas exchange. We find that the gas exchange scaling parameter a(q) cannot be constrained by I-E alone. Non-negligible biases in different global wind speed data sets require a careful adaptation of aq to the wind field chosen. Furthermore, aq depends on the spatial and temporal resolution of the wind fields. We develop a new wind speed- and inventory-normalized gas exchange parameter a(q)(N) which takes into account these biases and which is easily adaptable to any new estimate of I-E. Our study yields an average estimate of a(q) of 0.32 +/- 0.05 for monthly mean winds, lower than the previous estimate (0.39) from Wanninkhof ( 1992). We calculate a global annual average piston velocity for CO2 of 16.7 +/- 2.9 cm/hr and a gross CO2 flux between atmosphere and ocean of 73 +/- 10 PgC/yr, significantly lower than results from previous studies. C1 Univ Heidelberg, Inst Umweltphys, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. CE LOrme, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. Lab Oceanog Dynam & Climatol, Paris, France. Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Naegler, T (reprint author), Univ Heidelberg, Inst Umweltphys, INF 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. EM tobias.naegler@iup.uni-heidelberg.de NR 20 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUN 1 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 11 AR L11802 DI 10.1029/2005GL025408 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 050DZ UT WOS:000238069000003 ER PT J AU Conti, SG Demer, DA AF Conti, SG Demer, DA TI Improved parameterization of the SDWBA for estimating krill target strength SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE antarctic krill; backscattering cross-section; SDWBA model; sensitivity; target strength ID WAVE BORN APPROXIMATION; ANTARCTIC KRILL; EUPHAUSIA-SUPERBA; BROAD-BANDWIDTH; ORIENTATION; SCATTERING; MODEL AB Recently, a Stochastic Distorted Wave Born Approximation (SDWBA) model was proposed to improve target strength (TS) estimates for Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba. The krill shape is modelled by a collection of cylinders, and total sound scatter is estimated by semi-coherent summation of scatter from each element. The SDWBA model was evaluated with a generic krill shape comprising 14 cylinders and a phase variability of root 2/2 radians, and predictions were validated with empirical TS and total TS data at 120 kHz, and over a broad bandwidth, respectively. For general application, parameterization of the SDWBA model is improved to account explicitly for dependence among four of the model parameters: standard length of krill, number of cylinders used to describe its shape, amplitude of inter-element phase variability, and acoustic frequency. The model improvements are demonstrated, and the uncertainty in orientation distribution of krill beneath survey vessels and its ramifications on krill biomass estimates are highlighted. (c) 2006 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Conti, SG (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM sconti@ucsd.edu NR 16 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 63 IS 5 BP 928 EP 935 DI 10.1016/j.icesjms.2006.02.007 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 055XA UT WOS:000238483300015 ER PT J AU Shende, VV Bullock, SS Markov, IL AF Shende, Vivek V. Bullock, Stephen S. Markov, Igor L. TI Synthesis of quantum-logic circuits SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE application specific integrated circuits; circuit analysis; circuit optimization; circuit synthesis; circuit topology; design automation; logic design; matrix decompositions; quantum effect semiconductor devices; quantum theory ID COMPUTATION; GATES AB The pressure of fundamental limits on classical computation and the promise of exponential speedups from quantum effects have recently brought quantum circuits (Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, Math. Phys. Sci., vol. 425, p. 73, 1989) to the attention of the electronic design automation community (Proc. 40th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conf., 2003), (Phys. Rev. A, At. Mol. Opt. Phy., vol. 68, p. 012318, 2003), (Proc. 41st Design Automation Conf., 2004), (Proc. 39th Design Automation Conf., 2002), (Proc. Design, Automation, and Test Eur., 2004), (Phys. Rev. A, At. Mol. Opt. Phy., vol. 69, p. 062321, 2004), (IEEE Trans. Comput.-Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst., vol. 22, p. 710,2003). Efficient quantum-logic circuits that perform two tasks are discussed: 1) implementing generic quantum computations, and 2) initializing quantum registers. In contrast to conventional computing,. the latter task is nontrivial because the state space of an n-qubit register is not finite and contains exponential superpositions of classical bitstrings. The proposed circuits are asymptotically optimal for respective tasks and improve earlier published results by at least a factor of 2. The circuits for generic quantum computation constructed by the algorithms are the most efficient known today in terms of the number of most expensive gates [quantum controlled-NOTs (CNOTs)]. They are based on an analog of the Shannon decomposition of Boolean functions and a new circuit block, called quantum multiplexor (QMUX), which generalizes several known constructions. A theoretical lower bound implies that the circuits cannot be improved by more than a factor of 2. It is additionally shown how to accommodate the severe architectural limitation of using only nearest neighbor gates, which is representative of current implementation technologies. This increases the number of gates by almost an order of magnitude, but preserves the asymptotic optimality of gate counts. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Shende, VV (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM vshende@umich.edu; stephen.bullock@nist.gov; imarkov@eecs.umich.edu NR 39 TC 115 Z9 119 U1 0 U2 8 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0278-0070 EI 1937-4151 J9 IEEE T COMPUT AID D JI IEEE Trans. Comput-Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 25 IS 6 BP 1000 EP 1010 DI 10.1109/TCAD.2005.855930 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 048OI UT WOS:000237956000004 ER PT J AU Cho, H Son, YJ Jones, A AF Cho, H Son, YJ Jones, A TI Design and conceptual development of shop floor controllers through the manipulation of process plans SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTER INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING LA English DT Article DE shop-floor control; cell control; process plan; decision making; simulation ID INTELLIGENT WORKSTATION CONTROLLER; AUTOMATED MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS; PETRI-NET; CONTROL SOFTWARE; ARCHITECTURE; COMPONENT AB A shop-floor control system (SFCS) performs the decision-making and execution functions necessary to fill production orders efficiently. To cope with a variety of dynamic factors, the SFCS must be able to perform these functions in real time. This paper proposes a way to reduce the cost of developing the software that implements this realtime requirement. It describes a design and development framework that uses hierarchical process plans and simulation. The plans are written in the process specification language (PSL) developed at the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) and coded as extensible markup language (XML) document type definitions (DTDs). The decision maker in each controller parses these DTDs into a non-linear graph, resolves the AND-junctions and OR-junctions, determines a sequence of production tasks and generates the set of messages to execute those tasks. The decision planner, when called by the decision maker, evaluates several sets of control rules using a corresponding simulation model, chooses the most promising set and provides it to the decision maker. The proposed concept enables control software to be designed and developed in terms of the evolution of process plans, so both the decision maker and the executor can be generic and the simulation model (decision planner) can be generated in an automatic manner. The generality and validity of the proposed concept has been conceptually tested for diverse manufacturing systems generated from a designed experiment. C1 Pohang Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Ind Engn, Pohang 790784, South Korea. Univ Arizona, Dept Syst & Ind Engn, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, MSI Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cho, H (reprint author), Pohang Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Ind Engn, Pohang 790784, South Korea. EM hcho@postech.ac.kr RI Cho, Hyunbo/F-6973-2013 NR 38 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0951-192X J9 INT J COMPUT INTEG M JI Int. J. Comput. Integr. Manuf. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 19 IS 4 BP 359 EP 376 DI 10.1080/09511920500312238 PG 18 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Manufacturing; Operations Research & Management Science SC Computer Science; Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA 046IU UT WOS:000237805900006 ER PT J AU Kwon, DH Rhee, YJ Kim, YK AF Kwon, DH Rhee, YJ Kim, YK TI Ionization of W and W+ by electron impact SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article DE ionization cross-section; W, W+; autoionization ID CHARGED TUNGSTEN IONS; CROSS-SECTIONS; ATOMS AB Theoretical cross-sections for electron-impact ionization of the neutral W atom and W+ ion are reported. The direct ionization cross-sections were calculated by using the binary-encounter Bethe (BEB) model and the indirect ionization cross-sections resulting from numerous excitation-autoionization (EA) were calculated by using scaled Born cross-sections. Contributions to indirect ionization from spin-forbidden and Delta n = 1 excitations, where n is the principal quantum number, are noticeable unlike in light atoms. The single ionization cross-section of W+ is increased by about 10% due to the indirect EA of 5p electrons in the range of the incident electron energies between 40 and 60 eV. In the case of neutral W the EA cross-sections are very small for the S-7(3) level which is the first metastable term of W and because the excitations to the high spin states are mostly in the bound spectrum below the ionization limit. On the other hand, the EA cross-section of the second metastable P-3 term of W is large where a few 6s(2) -> 5d6p and many 5p -> 5d, 6s excitations increase the total ionization cross-section by as much as 25%. Our total cross-section for the single ionization of W+ is similar to 15% higher at the peak than the two sets of experimental data available in the literature. Our cross-sections are compared to the scaled Bom cross-sections derived from the formulas provided by McGuire and those derived from the semi-empirical formulas by Lotz. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Korea Atom Energy Res Inst, Taejon 305600, South Korea. RP Kim, YK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM yong-ki.kim@nist.gov NR 15 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1387-3806 J9 INT J MASS SPECTROM JI Int. J. Mass Spectrom. PD JUN 1 PY 2006 VL 252 IS 3 BP 213 EP 221 DI 10.1016/j.ijms.2006.03.007 PG 9 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 046MX UT WOS:000237816800004 ER PT J AU Pencer, J Krueger, S Adams, CP Katsaras, J AF Pencer, Jeremy Krueger, Susan Adams, Carl P. Katsaras, John TI Method of separated form factors for polydisperse vesicles SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; DYNAMIC LIGHT-SCATTERING; LARGE UNILAMELLAR VESICLES; X-RAY; STRUCTURAL-ANALYSIS; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; DIFFRACTION DATA; MEMBRANE; BILAYERS; CORE AB Use of the Schulz or Gamma distribution in the description of particle sizes facilitates calculation of analytic polydisperse form factors using Laplace transforms, L[f(u)]. Here, the Laplace transform approach is combined with the separated form factor (SFF) approximation [Kiselev et al. (2002). Appl. Phys. A, 74, S1654-S1656] to obtain expressions for form factors, P(q), for polydisperse spherical vesicles with various forms of membrane scattering length density (SLD) profile. The SFF approximation is tested against exact form factors that have been numerically integrated over the size distribution, and is shown to represent the vesicle form factor accurately for typical vesicle sizes and membrane thicknesses. Finally, various model SLD profiles are used with the SFF approximation to fit experimental small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) curves from extruded unilamellar vesicles. C1 CNR, Canadian Neutron Beam Ctr, Chalk River Labs, Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada. St Francis Xavier Univ, Dept Phys, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Guelph, Dept Phys, Guelph Waterloo Phys Inst, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Univ Guelph, Biophys Interdepartmental Grp, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. RP Pencer, J (reprint author), CNR, Canadian Neutron Beam Ctr, Chalk River Labs, Bldg 459,Stn 18, Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada. EM jeremy.pencer@nrc.gc.ca OI Pencer, Jeremy/0000-0002-1796-0230; Katsaras, John/0000-0002-8937-4177 NR 44 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 14 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-8898 J9 J APPL CRYSTALLOGR JI J. Appl. Crystallogr. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 39 BP 293 EP 303 DI 10.1107/S0021889806005255 PN 3 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Crystallography SC Chemistry; Crystallography GA 041MX UT WOS:000237461400001 ER PT J AU Fast, JD Allwine, KJ Dietz, RN Clawson, KL Torcolini, JC AF Fast, JD Allwine, KJ Dietz, RN Clawson, KL Torcolini, JC TI Dispersion of perfluorocarbon tracers within the Salt Lake Valley during VTMX 2000 SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NOCTURNAL BOUNDARY-LAYER; MOUNTAIN BASIN COMPLEX; LOW-LEVEL JET; STABLE CONDITIONS; TURBULENCE; FLOWS; DIFFUSION; TRANSPORT; CAMPAIGN; RAMS AB Six perfluorocarbon tracer experiments were conducted in Salt Lake City, Utah, during October 2000 as part of the Vertical Transport and Mixing ( VTMX) field campaign. Four tracers were released at different sites to obtain information on dispersion during stable conditions within down-valley flow, canyon outflow, and interacting circulations in the downtown area. Some of the extensive tracer data that were collected are presented in the context of the meteorological field campaign measurements. Tracer measurements at building-top sites in the downtown area and along the lower slopes of the Wasatch Front indicated that vertical mixing processes transported material up to at least 180 m above the valley floor, although model simulations suggest that tracers were transported upward to much higher elevations. Tracer data provided evidence of downward mixing of canyon outflow, upward mixing within down-valley flow, horizontal transport above the surface stable layer, and transport within horizontal eddies produced by the interaction of canyon and down-valley flows. Although point meteorological measurements are useful in evaluating the forecasts produced by mesoscale models, the tracer data provide valuable information on how the time-varying three-dimensional mean and turbulent motions over urban and valley spatial scales affect dispersion. Although the mean tracer transport predicted by the modeling system employed in this study was qualitatively similar to the measurements, improvements are needed in the treatment of turbulent vertical mixing. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Air Resources Lab, Idaho Falls, ID USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. RP Fast, JD (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, POB 999,K9-30, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM jerome.fast@pnl.gov RI Clawson, Kirk/C-5910-2016 OI Clawson, Kirk/0000-0002-8789-9607 NR 27 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1558-8424 J9 J APPL METEOROL CLIM JI J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 45 IS 6 BP 793 EP 812 DI 10.1175/JAM2371.1 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 057FD UT WOS:000238580800001 ER PT J AU Chunsheng, E Smith, D Svedberg, E Khizroev, S Litvinov, D AF Chunsheng, E Smith, D Svedberg, E Khizroev, S Litvinov, D TI Combinatorial synthesis of Co/Pd magnetic multilayers SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID PERPENDICULAR MEDIA; RECORDING MEDIA; ANISOTROPY; FILMS; SEED AB A combinatorial approach to the synthesis of high anisotropy Co/Pd magnetic multilayer thin films is explored. Combinatorial libraries of Co/Pd multilayer thin films were prepared using magnetron sputtering where the thicknesses of Co and Pd layers in the bilayer stack are varied. Application of multivariate regression and neural network models to the analysis of Co/Pd multilayer combinatorial libraries is studied and the predictive capabilities of the two models are compared. The influences of the thicknesses of Co and Pd layers on magnetic properties are investigated. The models are used to design Co/Pd multilayers with the desired magnetic properties. It is found that the neural network model enables higher accuracy than the multivariate analysis model and that the inverse design problem produces results within a good degree of precisions. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Houston, Ctr Nanomagnet Syst, Houston, TX 77204 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA. Florida Int Univ, Miami, FL 33174 USA. Sentorix Inc, Pearland, TX 77584 USA. RP Chunsheng, E (reprint author), Univ Houston, Ctr Nanomagnet Syst, Houston, TX 77204 USA. RI Smith, Darren/B-3622-2013 NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUN 1 PY 2006 VL 99 IS 11 AR 113901 DI 10.1063/1.2200879 PG 6 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 053OQ UT WOS:000238314900061 ER PT J AU Weir, MD Xu, HHK Simon, CG AF Weir, Michael D. Xu, Hockin H. K. Simon, Carl G., Jr. TI Strong calcium phosphate cement-chitosan-mesh construct containing cell-encapsulating hydrogel beads for bone tissue engineering SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART A LA English DT Article DE calcium phosphate cement; alginate hydrogel; macroporous; mesh reinforcement; cell encapsulation; cytotoxicity; bone tissue engineering ID HYDROXYAPATITE CEMENT; FIBER REINFORCEMENT; COMPOSITES; CERAMICS; SCAFFOLD AB Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) can conform to complex cavity shapes and set in situ to form bioresorbable hydroxyapatite. The aim of this study was to introduce cell-encapsulating alginate hydrogel beads into CPC and to improve the mechanical properties using chitosan and fiber mesh reinforcement. Because the CPC setting was harmful to the MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cells, alginate was used to encapsulate and protect the cells in CPC. Cells were encapsulated into alginate beads, which were then mixed into three pastes: conventional CPC, CPC-chitosan, and CPC-chitosan-mesh. After 1 day culture inside the setting cements, there were numerous live cells and very few dead cells, indicating that the alginate beads adequately protected the cells. Cell viability was assessed by measuring the mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity, using a Wst-1 colorimetric assay. Absorbance at 450 nm (arbitrary units) (mean +/- SD; n 5) was 1.36 +/- 0.41 for cells inside conventional CPC, 1.29 +/- 0.24 for cells inside CPC-chitosan composite, and 0.73 +/- 0.22 for cells inside CPC-chitosan-mesh composite. All three values were similar to 1.00 +/- 0.14 for the control with cells in beads in the cell culture medium without any CPC (Tukey's at p = 0.05). Flexural strength for conventional CPC containing cell-encapulating beads was 1.3 MPa. It increased to 2.3 MPa when chitosan was incorporated. It further increased to 4.3 MPa with chitosan and the reinforcement from one fiber mesh, and 9.5 MPa with chitosan and three sheets of fiber mesh. The latter two strengths matched reported strengths for sintered porous hydroxyapatite implants and cancellous bone. In summary, cell-encapsulatedalginate-CPC constructs showed favorable cell viability. The use of chitosan and mesh progressively improved the mechanical properties. These strong, in situ hardening, and cell-seeded hydroxyapatite cements may have potential for bone tissue engineering in moderate stress-bearing apptications. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Xu, HHK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8546, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM hockin.xu@nist.gov RI Weir, Michael/M-7729-2013 OI Weir, Michael/0000-0002-7961-3787 FU NIDCR NIH HHS [Y1-DE-1021, DE14190] NR 38 TC 49 Z9 51 U1 4 U2 27 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1549-3296 EI 1552-4965 J9 J BIOMED MATER RES A JI J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A PD JUN 1 PY 2006 VL 77A IS 3 BP 487 EP 496 DI 10.1002/jbm.a.30626 PG 10 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 041CQ UT WOS:000237431300006 PM 16482548 ER PT J AU Rasch, PJ Coleman, DB Mahowald, N Williamson, DL Lin, SJ Boville, BA Hess, P AF Rasch, Philip J. Coleman, Danielle B. Mahowald, Natalie Williamson, David L. Lin, Shian-Jiann Boville, Byron A. Hess, Peter TI Characteristics of atmospheric transport using three numerical formulations for atmospheric dynamics in a single GCM framework SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; REVERSIBLE ISENTROPIC PROCESSES; TERRESTRIAL CARBON METABOLISM; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; STRATOSPHERIC AIR; GLOBAL-MODELS; ENTROPY CONSERVATION; CLIMATE SIMULATIONS; VERTICAL TRANSPORT; MOISTURE TRANSPORT AB This study examines the sensitivity of a number of important archetypical tracer problems to the numerical method used to solve the equations of tracer transport and atmospheric dynamics. The tracers' scenarios were constructed to exercise the model for a variety of problems relevant to understanding and modeling the physical, dynamical, and chemical aspects of the climate system. The use of spectral, semi-Lagrangian, and finite volume (FV) numerical methods for the equations is explored. All subgrid-scale physical parameterizations were the same in all model simulations. The model behavior with a few short simulations with passive tracers is explored, and with much longer simulations of radon, SF(6), ozone, a tracer designed to mimic some aspects of a biospheric source/sink of CO(2), and a suite of tracers designed around the conservation laws for thermodynamics and mass in the model. Large differences were seen near the tropopause in the model, where the FV core shows a much reduced level of vertical and meridional mixing. There was also evidence that the subtropical subsidence regions are more isolated from Tropics and midlatitudes in the FV core than seen in the other model simulations. There are also big, differences in the stratosphere, particularly for age of air in the stratosphere and ozone. A comparison with estimated age of air from CO(2) and SF(6) measurements in the stratosphere suggest that the FV core is behaving most realistically. A neutral biosphere (NB) test case is used to explore issues of diurnal and seasonal rectification of a tracer with sources and sinks at the surface. The sources and sinks have a zero annual average, and the rectification is associated with temporal correlations between the sources and sinks, and transport. The test suggests that the rectification is strongly influenced by the resolved-scale dynamics (i.e., the dynamical core) and that the numerical formulation for dynamics and transport still plays a critical role in the distribution of NB-like species. Since the distribution of species driven by these processes have a strong influence on the interpretation of the "missing sink" for CO. and the interpretation of climate change associated with anthropogenic forcing herein. these issues should not be neglected. The spectral core showed the largest departures from the predicted nonlinear relationship required by the equations for thermodynamics and mass conservations. The FV and semi-Lagrangian dynamics (SLD) models both produced errors a factor of 2 lower. The SLD model shows a small but systematic bias in its ability to maintain this relationship that was not present in the FV simulation. The results of the study indicate that for virtually all of these problems, the model numerics still have a large role in influencing the model solutions. It was frequently the case that the differences in solutions resulting from varying the numerics still exceed the differences in the simulations resulting from significant physical perturbations (like changes in greenhouse gas forcing). This does not mean that the response of the system to physical changes is not correct. When results are consistent using different numerical formulations for dynamics and transport it lends confidence to one's conclusions, but it does indicate that some caution is required in interpreting the results. The results from this study favor use of the FV core for tracer transport and model dynamics. The FV core is, unlike the others, conservative, less diffusive (e.g., maintains strong gradients better), and maintains the nonlinear relationships among variables required by thermodynamic and mass conservation constraints more accurately. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Princeton Univ, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Rasch, PJ (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM pjr@ncar.ucar.edu RI Mahowald, Natalie/D-8388-2013; Hess, Peter/M-3145-2015 OI Mahowald, Natalie/0000-0002-2873-997X; Hess, Peter/0000-0003-2439-3796 NR 60 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUN 1 PY 2006 VL 19 IS 11 BP 2243 EP 2266 DI 10.1175/JCLI3763.1 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 051FY UT WOS:000238148200008 ER PT J AU Deser, C Capotondi, A Saravanan, R Phillips, AS AF Deser, Clara Capotondi, Antonietta Saravanan, R. Phillips, Adam S. TI Tropical pacific and Atlantic climate variability in CCSM3 SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; NINO-SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; EASTERN EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; OCEAN RECHARGE PARADIGM; EL-NINO; COUPLED MODEL; SYSTEM MODEL; ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION; INTERCOMPARISON PROJECT; ENSO TELECONNECTIONS AB Simulations of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon and tropical Atlantic climate variability in the newest version of the Community Climate System Model [version 3 (CCSM3)] are examined in comparison with observations and previous versions of the model. The analyses are based upon multicentury control integrations of CCSM3 at two different horizontal resolutions (T42 and T85) under present-day CO, concentrations. Complementary uncoupled integrations with the atmosphere and ocean component models forced by observed time-varying boundary conditions allow an assessment of the impact of air-sea coupling upon the simulated characteristics of ENSO and tropical Atlantic variability. The amplitude and zonal extent of equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature variability associated with ENTSO is well simulated in CCSM3 at both resolutions and represents an improvement relative to previous versions of the model. However, the period of ENSO remains too short (2-2.5 yr in CCSM3 compared to 2.5-8 yr in observations). and the sea surface temperature, wind stress, precipitation, and thermocline depth responses are too narrowly confined about the equator. The latter shortcoming is partially overcome in the atmosphere-only and ocean-only simulations, indicating that coupling between the two model components is a contributing cause. The relationships among sea surface temperature, thermocline depth, and zonal wind stress anomalies are consistent with the delayed/recharge oscillator paradigms for ENSO. We speculate that the overly narrow meridional scale of CCSM3's ENSO simulation may contribute to its excessively high frequency. The amplitude and spatial pattern of the extratropical atmospheric circulation response to ENSO is generally well simulated in the T85 version of CCSM3, with realistic impacts upon surface air temperature and precipitation- the simulation is not as good at T42. CCSM3's simulation of interannual climate variability in the tropical Atlantic sector, including variability intrinsic to the basin and that associated with the remote influence of ENSO, exhibits similarities and differences with observations. Specifically. the observed counterpart of El Nino in the equatorial Atlantic is absent front the coupled model at both horizontal resolutions (as it was in earlier versions of the coupled model). but there are realistic (although weaker than observed) SST anomalies in the northern and southern tropical Atlantic that affect the position of the local intertropical convergence zone, and the remote influence of ENSO is similar in strength to observations, although the spatial pattern is somewhat different. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Climate & Global Dynam Div, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NOAA CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. RP Deser, C (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Climate & Global Dynam Div, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM cdeser@ucar.edu RI Saravanan, Ramalingam/G-8879-2012 OI Saravanan, Ramalingam/0000-0002-0005-6907 NR 73 TC 106 Z9 107 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUN 1 PY 2006 VL 19 IS 11 BP 2451 EP 2481 DI 10.1175/JCLI3759.1 PG 31 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 051FY UT WOS:000238148200019 ER PT J AU Alexander, M Yin, J Branstator, G Capotondi, A Cassou, C Cullather, R Kwon, YO Norris, J Scott, J Wainer, I AF Alexander, M Yin, J Branstator, G Capotondi, A Cassou, C Cullather, R Kwon, YO Norris, J Scott, J Wainer, I TI Extratropical atmosphere-ocean variability in CCSM3 SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; NORTH PACIFIC-OCEAN; INTERDECADAL CLIMATE VARIABILITY; LOW CLOUD TYPE; HEAT-FLUX; SST ANOMALIES; EL-NINO; ENSO TELECONNECTIONS; DECADAL OSCILLATION; TEMPORAL COHERENCE AB Extratropical atmosphere-ocean variability over the Northern Hemisphere of the Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3) is examined and compared to observations. Results are presented for an extended control integration with a horizontal resolution of T85 (1.4 degrees) for the atmosphere and land and similar to 1 degrees for the ocean and sea ice. Several atmospheric phenomena are investigated including storms, clouds, and patterns of variability, and their relationship to both tropical and extratropical SST anomalies. The mean storm track, the leading modes of storm track variability, and the relationship of the latter to tropical and midlatitude sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies are fairly well simulated in CCSM3. The positive correlations between extratropical SST and low-cloud anomalies in summer are reproduced by the model, but there are clear biases in the relationship between clouds and the near-surface meridional wind. The model accurately represents the circulation anomalies associated with the jet stream waveguide, the Pacific-North American (PNA) pattern, and fluctuations associated with the Aleutian low, including how the latter two features are influenced by the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). CCSM3 has a reasonable depiction of the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), but it is not strongly connected to tropical Pacific SSTs as found in nature. There are biases in the position of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and other Atlantic regimes, as the mean Icelandic low in CCSM3 is stronger and displaced southeastward relative to observations. Extratropical ocean processes in CCSM3, including upper-ocean mixing, thermocline variability, and extratropical to tropical flow within the thermocline, also influence climate variability. As in observations, the model includes the "reemergence mechanism" where seasonal variability in mixed layer depth (MLD) allows SST anomalies to recur in consecutive winters without persisting through the intervening summer. Remote wind stress curl anomalies drive thermocline variability in the Kuroshio-Oyashio Extension region, which influences SST, surface heat flux anomalies, and the local wind field. The interior ocean pathways connecting the subtropics to the equator in both the Pacific and Atlantic are less pronounced in CCSM3 than in nature or in ocean-only simulations forced by observed atmospheric conditions, and the flow from the subtropical North Atlantic does not appear to reach the equator through either the western boundary or interior pathways. C1 NOAA CIRES, Earth Syst Res Lab, Phys Sci Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO USA. CERFACS SUC, Climate Modelling & Global Change Team, Toulouse, France. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY USA. Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA USA. Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Phys Oceanog, Sao Paulo, Brazil. RP Alexander, M (reprint author), NOAA CIRES, Earth Syst Res Lab, Phys Sci Div, Mail Code R PSDI,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Michael.Alexander@noaa.gov RI Norris, Joel/A-9785-2008; Kwon, Young-Oh/C-2190-2008; Wainer, Ilana/B-4540-2011; Alexander, Michael/A-7097-2013 OI Norris, Joel/0000-0003-4384-0977; Kwon, Young-Oh/0000-0002-1241-2817; Wainer, Ilana/0000-0003-3784-623X; Alexander, Michael/0000-0001-9646-6427 NR 100 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUN 1 PY 2006 VL 19 IS 11 BP 2496 EP 2525 DI 10.1175/JCLI3743.1 PG 30 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 051FY UT WOS:000238148200021 ER PT J AU Sriram, RD Szykman, S Durham, D AF Sriram, RD Szykman, S Durham, D TI Special issue on collaborative engineering SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SCIENCE IN ENGINEERING LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Coordinat Off Networking & Informat Technol, Arlington, VA 22230 USA. Natl Sci Fdn, Arlington, VA 22230 USA. RP Sriram, RD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM sriram@nist.gov; szykman@nitrd.gov; ddurham@nsf.gov NR 0 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 1530-9827 J9 J COMPUT INF SCI ENG JI J. Comput. Inf. Sci. Eng. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 6 IS 2 BP 93 EP 95 DI 10.1115/1.2201728 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Manufacturing SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 054MD UT WOS:000238380100001 ER PT J AU Kusakabe, M Nakamura, I Evans, J Swanson, P Young, G AF Kusakabe, M Nakamura, I Evans, J Swanson, P Young, G TI Changes in mRNAs encoding steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, steroidogenic enzymes and receptors for gonadotropins during spermatogenesis in rainbow trout testes SO JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-RHODURUS; 2 DISTINCT GONADOTROPINS; AMAGO SALMON; IN-VITRO; 20-BETA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE; PITUITARY-GLANDS; OVARIAN-FOLLICLES; GENE-EXPRESSION; CDNA CLONING; GTH-II AB In vertebrates, sperm development and maturation are directly regulated by gonadal steroid hormone secretion. The relationships among the expression of genes encoding steroidogenic proteins and receptors for gonadotropins, and testicular steroid production have not yet been comprehensively determined in male teleosts. In this study, the changes in levels of mRNAs encoding follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) receptor, luteinizing hormone (LH) receptor, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), cytochrome P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage, 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Delta 5-4-isomerase, cytochrome P450 17 alpha,-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase, cytochrome P450 11 beta p-hydroxylase, 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 20 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase were determined by real-time, quantitative PCR assays and related to changes in serum steroid levels throughout the reproductive cycle in male rainbow trout. Serum 11-ketotestosterone and 17 alpha,20 beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one levels were measured by RIA. Although the pattern of change in the mRNA levels for the enzymes was variable, the increases in steroidogenic enzyme mRNAs started prior to a significant increase of serum steroid levels. The patterns of transcript levels of FSH and LH receptors suggest that changes in StAR and steroidogenic enzyme transcripts are largely mediated by the FSH receptor during early and mid-spermatogenesis and by the LH receptor during late spermatogenesis and spermiation. Levels of StAR (10-fold) and P450 17 alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (sevenfold) transcripts changed with the greatest magnitude and were closely related to the changes in serum steroids, suggesting that changes in StAR and P450 17 alpha-hydroxylase/1.7,20-lyase abundance are likely to be the major influences on overall steroidogenic output during the reproductive cycle in male rainbow trout. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Otago, Dept Zool, Dunedin, New Zealand. NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Washington State Univ, Ctr Reprod Biol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Young, G (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, 1140 Boat St SE, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM grahamy@u.washington.edu NR 62 TC 61 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 5 PU SOC ENDOCRINOLOGY PI BRISTOL PA 22 APEX COURT, WOODLANDS, BRADLEY STOKE, BRISTOL BS32 4JT, ENGLAND SN 0022-0795 J9 J ENDOCRINOL JI J. Endocrinol. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 189 IS 3 BP 541 EP 554 DI 10.1677/joe.1.06684 PG 14 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 053PE UT WOS:000238316300012 PM 16731785 ER PT J AU Chittaro, PM Gagnon, J Fryer, BJ AF Chittaro, P. M. Gagnon, J. Fryer, B. J. TI The differentiation of Stegastes partitus populations using lapillar and sagittal otolith chemistry SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE discrimination; lapillus; otolith chemistry; sagitta ID STABLE-ISOTOPES; SPATIAL SCALES; FISH; SURVIVAL; PATTERNS; BELIZE; REEF AB The comparison of elemental concentrations of sagittal and lapillar otoliths from the same individuals of Stegastes partitus indicated significant differences for several elements. Sagittal otoliths were superior at differentiating individuals. yet the differentiation of individuals was further improved when the elemental Concentrations of both otolith types were used in the same analysis. (c) 2006 The Authors Journal compilation (c) 2006 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Windsor, Great Lakes Inst Environm Res, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada. RP Chittaro, PM (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM paul.chittaro@noaa.gov NR 19 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 68 IS 6 BP 1909 EP 1917 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2006.01079.x PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 058FY UT WOS:000238652100023 ER PT J AU Magerramov, MA Abdulagatov, AI Abdulagatov, IM Azizov, ND AF Magerramov, Mikail A. Abdulagatov, Aziz I. Abdulagatov, Ilmutdin M. Azizov, Nazim D. TI Thermal conductivity of peach, raspberry, cherry and plum juices as a function of temperature and concentration SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; HIGH-PRESSURES; WATER-CONTENT; ORANGE JUICE; 100 MPA; SR(NO3)(2); VISCOSITY; RANGE AB The thermal conductivity (k) of four fruit juices (peach, raspberry, cherry and plum) was measured using a coaxial-cylinder (steady-state) technique. Measurements were made in the temperature range from 20 to 120C and a range of concentration between 9.8 and 60.0 degrees Brix. The total uncertainties of the k and temperature measurements were less than 2% and 0.03C, respectively. The reliability and accuracy of the experimental methodology for fruit juices was confirmed with measurements on pure water. The experimental and calculated values of k of pure water showed excellent agreement within their experimental uncertainty. The effect of temperature and concentration on the k of peach, raspberry, cherry and plum juices was evaluated. The predictive capability of various polynomial models was established. C1 Azerbaijan State Econ Univ, Baku 1001, Azerbaijan. Russian Acad Sci, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Inst Phys, Makhachkala 367003, Dagestan, Russia. Azerbaijan State Oil Acad, Baku 370601, Azerbaijan. RP Abdulagatov, IM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM ilmutdin@boulder.nist.gov NR 49 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 5 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0145-8876 EI 1745-4530 J9 J FOOD PROCESS ENG JI J. Food Process Eng. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 29 IS 3 BP 304 EP 326 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4530.2006.00061.x PG 23 WC Engineering, Chemical; Food Science & Technology SC Engineering; Food Science & Technology GA 043BJ UT WOS:000237574000006 ER PT J AU Magerramov, MA Abdulagatov, AI Azizov, ND Abdulagatov, IM AF Magerramov, M. A. Abdulagatov, A. I. Azizov, N. D. Abdulagatov, I. M. TI Thermal conductivity of pear, sweet-cherry, apricot, and cherry-plum juices as a function of temperature and concentration SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE apricot; cherry-plum juice; pear; sweet-cherry; thermal conductivity ID PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; WATER-CONTENT; THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES; PRESSURES AB The thermal conductivity of 4 fruit (pear, sweet-cherry, apricot, and cherry-plum) juices was measured with a coaxial-cylinder (steady-state) technique. Measurements were made, temperature range 20 to 120 degrees C, at concentrations between 12.2 and 50 degrees Brix. The uncertainty of the thermal conductivity measurements was estimated to be less than 2%. A semitheoretical method for the prediction of thermal conductivity of juices was proposed. It was found that the prediction Model IV, lambda(T, x)/lambda(T-0, x) = (T/T-0)(n), where lambda is the thermal conductivity, x is the concentration, and T is the temperature, developed in this work can be adopted with satisfaction. The thermal conductivity of juices can be predicted just by knowing the thermal conductivity lambda(0) at a reference temperature T-0. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Inst Phys, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Makhachkala 367003, Russia. Azerbaijan State Econ Unit, AZ-1001 Baku, Azerbaijan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Abdulagatov, IM (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Inst Phys, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Shamilya Str 39-A, Makhachkala 367003, Russia. EM ilmutdin@boulder.nist.gov NR 27 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-1147 EI 1750-3841 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD JUN-JUL PY 2006 VL 71 IS 5 BP E238 EP E244 DI 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2006.00041.x PG 7 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 057DN UT WOS:000238576600013 ER PT J AU Flagg, CN Dunn, M Wang, DP Rossby, HT Benway, RL AF Flagg, CN Dunn, M Wang, DP Rossby, HT Benway, RL TI A study of the currents of the outer shelf and upper slope from a decade of shipboard ADCP observations in the Middle Atlantic Bight SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID BOTTOM BOUNDARY-LAYER; NEW-ENGLAND; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; GEORGES BANK; GULF-STREAM; FRONT; SOUTH; CIRCULATION; MAINTENANCE; BREAK AB Since 1992, upper ocean ADCP current data between New York and Bermuda have been gathered from the container ship Oleander to identify long-term changes in the shelf, slope, Gulf Stream and Sargasso Sea. Temperature and surface salinity data have been been collected along this route since 1978 by NOAA/NMFRC. The first ten years of ADCP data from which the effects of warm ring have been removed are used to describe processes within the shelfbreak frontal sub-region. The Eulerian mean velocity structure shows an along-isobath shelfbreak jet with maximum speeds of O(0.15 m s(-1)) offshore of which is a similar to 30 km wide relatively quiescent region. There is also an offshore slope current 40 to 50 km wide extending vertically to 300 m, with similar velocities as those found in the shelfbreak jet. The mean shelfbreak jet transport is 0.4 Sv while the slope current adds another 2.5 Sv. Maximum shelfbreak transport occurs in the fall and winter while the slope current reaches its maximum during the spring. In stream coordinates, the shelfbreak jet has maximum speeds of 0.35 m s(-1), a width of similar to 30 km and a vertical decay scale of similar to 50 m. The maximum Rossby number within the jet, defined by vertical bar dU/dy vertical bar(max)/f, is about 0.2. Significant interannual fluctuations occur in upper ocean temperature, salinity and currents, some of which appear related to changes in the NAO index. Seasonal changes in the slope current appear to be related to seasonal changes in the wind stress curl over the slope sea. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Narragansett Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Flagg, CN (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. EM cflagg@ms.cc.sunysb.edu RI WANG, DONG-PING/A-2521-2009 NR 49 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD JUN 1 PY 2006 VL 111 IS C6 AR C06003 DI 10.1029/2005JC003116 PG 20 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 050FE UT WOS:000238072100002 ER PT J AU Murakami, H Sasaoka, K Hosoda, K Fukushima, H Toratani, M Frouin, R Mitchell, BG Kahru, M Deschamps, PY Clark, D Flora, S Kishino, M Saitoh, S Asanuma, I Tanaka, A Sasaki, H Yokouchi, K Kiyomoto, Y Saito, H Dupouy, C Siripong, A Matsumura, S Ishizaka, J AF Murakami, H Sasaoka, K Hosoda, K Fukushima, H Toratani, M Frouin, R Mitchell, BG Kahru, M Deschamps, PY Clark, D Flora, S Kishino, M Saitoh, S Asanuma, I Tanaka, A Sasaki, H Yokouchi, K Kiyomoto, Y Saito, H Dupouy, C Siripong, A Matsumura, S Ishizaka, J TI Validation of ADEOS-II GLI ocean color products using in-situ observations SO JOURNAL OF OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE remote sensing; validation; ocean color; atmospheric correction; chlorophyll; ADEOS-2; GLI; match-up ID ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION; VICARIOUS CALIBRATION; CALIFORNIA CURRENT; DATA SET; CHLOROPHYLL; ALGORITHM; SEAWIFS; VARIABILITY; MATTER AB The Global Imager (GLI) aboard the Advanced Earth Observing Satellite-II (ADEOS-II) made global observations from 2 April 2003 to 24 October 2003. In cooperation with several institutes and scientists, we obtained quality controlled match-ups between GLI products and in-situ data, 116 for chlorophyll-a concentration (CHLA), 249 for normalized water-leaving radiance (nLw) at 443 nm, and 201 for aerosol optical thickness at 865 nm (Tau_865) and Angstrom exponent between 520 and 865 nm (Angstrom). We evaluated the GLI ocean color products and investigated the causes of errors using the match-ups. The median absolute percentage differences (MedPD) between GLI and in-situ data were 14.1-35.7% for nLws at 380-565 nm 52.5-74.8% nLws at 625-680 nm, 47.6% for Tau_865, 46.2% for Angstrom, and 46.6% for CHLA, values that are comparable to the ocean-color products of other sensors. We found that some errors in GLI products are correlated with observational conditions; nLw values were underestimated when nLw at 680 nm was high, CHLA was underestimated in absorptive aerosol conditions, and Tau_865 was overestimated in sunglint regions. The error correlations indicate that we need to improve the retrievals of the optical properties of absorptive aerosols and seawater and sea surface reflection for further applications, including coastal monitoring and the combined use of products from multiple sensors. C1 JAXA, Earth Observat Res & Applicat Ctr, Chuo Ku, Tokyo 1046023, Japan. JAMSTEC, Frontier Res Ctr Global Change, Kanazawa Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2360001, Japan. Tokai Univ, Sch High Technol Human Welf, Shizuoka 4100395, Japan. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Univ Sci & Technol Lille, Opt Atmospher Lab, Villeneuve Dascq, France. Natl Environm Satellite Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Washington, DC 20233 USA. Moss Landing Marine Labs, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. Tokyo Univ Marine Sci & Technol, Minato Ku, Tokyo 1088477, Japan. Hokkaido Univ, Fac Fisheries, Hakodate, Hokkaido 0418611, Japan. Tokyo Univ Informat Sci, Wakaba Ku, Chiba 2658501, Japan. Nagasaki Ind Promot Fdn, Nagasaki 8500862, Japan. Fisheries Agcy, Chiyoda Ku, Tokyo 1008907, Japan. Fisheries Res Agcy, Seikai Natl Fisheries Res Inst, Nagasaki 8512213, Japan. Fisheries Res Agcy, Tohoku Natl Fisheries Res Inst, Shiogama, Miyagi 9850001, Japan. Ctr Oceanol Marseille, IRD UR103 CAMELIA, F-13007 Marseille, France. Chulalongkorn Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Marine Sci, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. Nagasaki Univ, Fac Fisheries, Nagasaki 8528521, Japan. RP Murakami, H (reprint author), JAXA, Earth Observat Res & Applicat Ctr, Chuo Ku, Tokyo 1046023, Japan. EM murakami@eorc.jaxa.jp NR 44 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0916-8370 J9 J OCEANOGR JI J. Oceanogr. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 62 IS 3 BP 373 EP 393 DI 10.1007/s10872-006-0062-6 PG 21 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 038WR UT WOS:000237260700015 ER PT J AU Rajakumar, B Portmann, RW Burkholder, JB Ravishankara, AR AF Rajakumar, B Portmann, RW Burkholder, JB Ravishankara, AR TI Rate coefficients for the reactions of OH with CF3CH2CH3 (HFC-263fb), CF3CHFCH2F (HFC-245eb), and CHF2CHFCHF2 (HFC-245ea) between 238 and 375 K SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID REACTION-RATE CONSTANTS; GAS-PHASE REACTIONS; HYDROXYL RADICALS; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; HYDROFLUOROCARBONS; LIFETIME; KINETICS; CLIMATE AB Rate coefficients for reaction of the hydroxyl radical (OH) with three hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) CF3CH2CH3, HFC-263fb, (k(1)); CF3CHFCH2F, HFC-245eb, (k(2)); and CHF2CHFCHF2, HFC-245ea, (k(3)); which are suggested as potential substitutes to chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), were measured using pulsed laser photolysis-laser-induced fluorescence (PLP-LIF) between 235 and 375 K. The Arrhenius expressions obtained are k(1)(T) (4.36 +/- 0.72) x 10(-12) exp[-(1290 +/- 40)/T] cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1); k(2)(T) (1.23 +/- 0.18) x 10(-12) exp[-( 1250 +/- 40)/T] cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1); k(3)(T) (1.91 +/- 0.42) x 10(-12) exp[-( 1375 +/- 100)/T] cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1). The quoted uncertainties are 95% confidence limits and include estimated systematic errors. The present results are discussed and compared with rate coefficients available in the literature. Our results are also compared with those calculated using structure activity relationships (SAR) for fluorinated compounds. The IR absorption cross-sections at room temperature for these compounds were measured over the range of 500 to 4000 cm(-1). The global warming potentials (GWPs) of CF3CH2CH3(HFC-263fb), CF3CHFCH2F(HFC-245eb), and CHF2CHFCHF2(HFC-245ea) were calculated to be 234, 962, and 723 for a 20-year horizon; 70, 286, and 215 for a 100-year horizon; and 22, 89, and 68 for a 500-year horizon; and the atmospheric lifetimes of these compounds are 0.8, 2.5, and 2.6 years, respectively. It is concluded that these compounds are acceptable substitutes for CFCs in terms of their impact on Earth's climate. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Ravishankara, AR (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, R CSD 2, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM A.R.Ravishankara@noaa.gov RI Portmann, Robert/C-4903-2009; B, Rajakumar/H-3479-2011; Burkholder, James/H-4914-2013; Ravishankara, Akkihebbal/A-2914-2011; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Portmann, Robert/0000-0002-0279-6087; NR 20 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD JUN 1 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 21 BP 6724 EP 6731 DI 10.1021/jp056248y PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 046SO UT WOS:000237831500022 PM 16722689 ER PT J AU Orkin, VL Kozlov, SN Poskrebyshev, GA Kurylo, MJ AF Orkin, VL Kozlov, SN Poskrebyshev, GA Kurylo, MJ TI Rate constant for the reaction of OH with H-2 between 200 and 480 K SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID HYDROXYL-RADICAL KINETICS; HYDROGEN ECONOMY; ATMOSPHERIC LIFETIMES; TROPOSPHERIC OH; H2; CO; TEMPERATURE; STRATOSPHERE; SPECTROSCOPY; DEPENDENCE AB The rate constant for the reaction of OH radicals with molecular hydrogen was measured using the flash photolysis resonance-fluorescence technique over the temperature range of 200-479 K. The Arrhenius plot was found to exhibit a noticeable curvature. Careful examination of all possible systematic uncertainties indicates that this curvature is not due to experimental artifacts. The rate constant can be represented by the following expressions over the indicated temperature intervals: k(H2)(250-479 K) 4.27 x 10(-13) x (T/298) (2.406) x exp{-1240/T}cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) above T 250 K and k(H2)(200-250 K) 9.01 x 10(-13) x exp {-(1526 +/- 70)/T} cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) below T) 250 K. No single Arrhenius expression can adequately represent the rate constant over the entire temperature range within the experimental uncertainties of the measurements. The overall uncertainty factor was estimated to be f(H2)(T)) 1.04 x exp {50 x vertical bar(1/T) - (1/298)vertical bar}. These measurements indicate an underestimation of the rate constant at lower atmospheric temperatures by the present recommendations. The global atmospheric lifetime of H-2 due to its reaction with OH was estimated to be 10 years. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Orkin, VL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Kurylo, Michael/H-2201-2012; Poskrebyshev, Gregory/I-9122-2016 OI Poskrebyshev, Gregory/0000-0002-8920-7037 NR 35 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD JUN 1 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 21 BP 6978 EP 6985 DI 10.1021/jp057035b PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 046SO UT WOS:000237831500045 PM 16722712 ER PT J AU Valincius, G McGillivray, DJ Febo-Ayala, W Vanderah, DJ Kasianowicz, JJ Losche, M AF Valincius, Gintaras McGillivray, Duncan J. Febo-Ayala, Wilma Vanderah, David J. Kasianowicz, John J. Losche, Mathias TI Enzyme activity to augment the characterization of tethered bilayer membranes SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; PHOSPHOLIPASE A(2); ION-CHANNEL; FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY; INTERFACIAL CATALYSIS; DOMAIN FORMATION; LIPID-MEMBRANES; TRANSITION; KINETICS; LAYERS AB The rate of Ca2+-triggered phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) degradation of tethered bilayer membranes (tBLMs), composed of a synthetic lipid, beta-mercaptoethanol, and palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC), is similar to 80 times greater than for those prepared with diphytanoylphosphatidylcholine (DPhyPC). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy ( EIS) and neutron reflectivity (NR) data indicate complete, water-free tBLMs that exhibit near ideal capacitive behavior and the presence of a water reservoir in the bilayer subspace proximal to the substrate (Au) surface for both tBLMs. Together these data indicate that the POPC and the DPhyPC tBLMs are structurally similar along the surface normal but markedly different at the outer leaflet/solution interface and that PLA(2) is a sensitive probe of short length scale structural differences not revealed by EIS and NR. C1 NIST, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Inst Biochem, LT-08662 Vilnius, Lithuania. NIST, NCNR, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Phys, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Vanderah, DJ (reprint author), NIST, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM david.vanderah@nist.gov RI Losche, Mathias/J-2986-2013; McGillivray, Duncan/B-9819-2009 OI Losche, Mathias/0000-0001-6666-916X; McGillivray, Duncan/0000-0003-2127-8792 FU NCRR NIH HHS [1 R01 1 RR14182] NR 32 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD JUN 1 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 21 BP 10213 EP 10216 DI 10.1021/jp0616516 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 046XR UT WOS:000237844900002 PM 16722717 ER PT J AU Van Iten, H Leme, JD Simoes, MG Marques, AC Collins, AG AF Van Iten, H Leme, JD Simoes, MG Marques, AC Collins, AG TI Reassessment of the phylogenetic position of conulariids (?Ediacaran-Triassic) within the subphylum medusozoa (Phylum Cnidaria) SO JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC PALAEONTOLOGY LA English DT Article DE phylogeny; systematics; cladistics; affinities; Phanerozoic; morphology; Cnidaria; Medusozoa; conulariids ID EVOLUTION; FOSSIL; AFFINITIES; LIFE; CUBOMEDUSAE; ORDOVICIAN; MORPHOLOGY; ANATOMY; RUSSIA; SPONGE AB Fossil taxa of uncertain phytogenetic affinities can play a crucial role in the analysis of character evolution within major extant groups. Marques & Collins (2004) concluded that conulariids (?Ediacaran-Triassic) are an extinct group of medusozoan cnidarians most closely related to Stauromedusae. However, only six of the 87 characters used by these authors can be observed in conulariid fossils. Rescoring the character states of conulariids in a conservative manner yields a new hypothesis for the phylogenetic position of conulariids, namely that they are the sister group of the scyphozoan order Coronatae rather than Stauromedusae, which is revealed as the earliest diverging lineage of Medusozoa. This new hypothesis also implies several different sequences of character evolution within Cnidaria. Specifically, the presence of a periderm completely covering the polyp in conutariids and coronates appears to be derived within Scyphozoa. Strobilation appears to be a synapomorphy uniting conulariids, Coronatae, Rhizostomeae and Semaeostomeae. This result supports the controversial interpretation of one exceptionally preserved conulariid that potentially shows that these animals produced ephyrae by strobilation. Finally, the pelagic adult medusa stage and the giant fibre nerve net appear to be features that are derived within Medusozoa. C1 Hanover Coll, Dept Geol, Hanover, IN 47243 USA. Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Sedimentary & Environm Geol, Grad Program Sedimentary Geol, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Zool, Lab Palezool, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Zool, Inst Biosci, Sao Paulo, Brazil. NMFS, Natl Systemat Lab, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Washington, DC 20013 USA. RP Van Iten, H (reprint author), Hanover Coll, Dept Geol, Hanover, IN 47243 USA. RI Collins, Allen/A-7944-2008; Simoes, Marcello/C-2373-2012; Leme, Juliana/C-3335-2012; Marques, Antonio/E-8049-2011; OI Collins, Allen/0000-0002-3664-9691; Leme, Juliana/0000-0002-5833-4885; Marques, Antonio/0000-0002-2884-0541; Simoes, Marcello/0000-0002-8706-3199 NR 60 TC 57 Z9 60 U1 1 U2 9 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 1477-2019 J9 J SYST PALAEONTOL JI J. Syst. Palaeontol. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 4 IS 2 BP 109 EP 118 DI 10.1017/S1477201905001793 PG 10 WC Evolutionary Biology; Paleontology SC Evolutionary Biology; Paleontology GA 052YX UT WOS:000238271200001 ER PT J AU Brosnan, KH Messing, GL Meyer, RJ Vaudin, MD AF Brosnan, KH Messing, GL Meyer, RJ Vaudin, MD TI Texture Measurements in < 001 > Fiber-Oriented PMN-PT SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Ceramic Processing Science Symposium CY JAN 08-11, 2006 CL Coral Spring, FL ID TEMPLATED GRAIN-GROWTH; ELECTRON BACKSCATTER DIFFRACTION; PIEZOELECTRIC PROPERTIES; SINGLE-CRYSTALS; 0.675PB(MG1/3NB2/3)O-3-0.325PBTIO(3) CERAMICS; ORIENTATION; TITANATE AB Textured (1-x)(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O-3-xPbTiO(3) (PMN-PT) ceramics obtained by the templated grain growth process possess a significant fraction of the piezoelectric properties of Bridgman-grown single crystals at a fraction of the cost. However, for integration of these materials into transducer and actuator designs, a more comprehensive characterization of texture quality than possible with Lotgering analysis is needed. In this study, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron backscatter diffraction techniques were used to characterize the fiber texture in < 001 >-oriented PMN-28PT. The March-Dollase equation was fitted to the intensity data to describe the texture in terms of the texture fraction, f, and the degree of texture of the oriented fraction using the March parameter, r. Although each of the techniques used was quantitatively in agreement, XRD rocking curve collection and analysis was the most time-efficient technique for making a comprehensive measurement of texture (f=0.69, r=0.29, FWHM=13.9 degrees) for fiber-oriented PMN-28PT. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Mat Res Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Appl Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Brosnan, KH (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM khb115@psu.edu NR 28 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 26 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 89 IS 6 BP 1965 EP 1971 DI 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2006.01049.x PG 7 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 046LC UT WOS:000237812100029 ER PT J AU Stein, SE Heller, DN AF Stein, SE Heller, DN TI On the risk of false positive identification using multiple ion monitoring in qualitative mass spectrometry: Large-scale intercomparisons with a comprehensive mass spectral library SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID COMPOUND IDENTIFICATION; CONFIRMATION AB Analysts involved in qualitative mass spectrometry have long debated the minimum data requirements for demonstrating that signals from an unknown sample are identical to those from a known compound. Often this process is carried out by comparing a few selected ions acquired by multiple ion monitoring (MIM), with due allowance for expected variability in response. In a few past experiments with electron-ionization mass spectrometry (EI-MS), the number of ions selected and the allowable variability in relative abundance were tested by comparing one spectrum against a library of mass spectra, where library spectra served to represent potential false positive signals in an analysis. We extended these experiments by carrying out large-scale intercomparisons between thousands of spectra and a library of one hundred thousand El mass spectra. The results were analyzed to gain insights into the identification confidence associated with various numbers of selected ions. A new parameter was investigated for the first time, to take into account that a library spectrum with a different base peak than the search spectrum may still cause a false positive identification. The influence of peak correlation among the specific ions in all the library mass spectra was also studied. Our computations showed that (1) false positive identifications can result from similar compounds, or low-abundance peaks in unrelated compounds if the method calls for detection at very low levels; (2) a MIM method's identification confidence improves in a roughly continuous manner as more ions are monitored, about one order of magnitude for each additional ion selected; (3) full scan spectra still represent the best alternative, if instrument sensitivity is adequate. The use of large scale intercomparisons with a comprehensive library is the only way to provide direct evidence in support of these conclusions, which otherwise depend on the judgment and experience of individual analysts. There are implications for residue chemists who would rely on standardized confirmation criteria to assess the validity of a given confirmatory method. For example, standardized confirmation criteria should not be used in the absence of interference testing and rational selection of diagnostic ions. C1 NIST, Mass Spectrometry Data Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. FDA Ctr Vet Med, Laurel, MD USA. RP Stein, SE (reprint author), NIST, Mass Spectrometry Data Ctr, A111-221, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM steve.stein@nist.gov NR 18 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 3 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1044-0305 J9 J AM SOC MASS SPECTR JI J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 17 IS 6 BP 823 EP 835 DI 10.1016/j.jasms.2006.02.021 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Physical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 047YC UT WOS:000237913600009 PM 16603375 ER PT J AU Xue, HW Feingold, G AF Xue, Huiwen Feingold, Graham TI Large-eddy simulations of trade wind cumuli: Investigation of aerosol indirect effects SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID CLOUD MICROPHYSICS; SHIP TRACKS; RADIATIVE PROPERTIES; BOUNDARY-LAYER; INDIAN-OCEAN; STRATOCUMULUS; SHALLOW; CONVECTION; POLLUTION; ALBEDO AB The effects of aerosol on warm trade cumulus clouds are investigated using a large-eddy simulation with size-resolved cloud microphysics. It is shown that, as expected, increases in aerosols cause a reduction in precipitation and an increase in the cloud-averaged liquid water path (LWP). However, for the case under study, cloud fraction, cloud size, cloud-top height, and depth decrease in response to increasing aerosol concentration, contrary to accepted hypotheses associated with the second aerosol indirect effect. It is found that the complex responses of clouds to aerosols are determined by competing effects of precipitation and droplet evaporation associated with entrainment. As aerosol concentration increases, precipitation suppression tends to maintain the clouds and lead to higher cloud LWP, whereas cloud droplets become smaller and evaporate more readily, which tends to dissipate the clouds and leads to lower cloud fraction, cloud size, and depth. An additional set of experiments with higher surface latent heat flux, and hence higher LWP and drizzle rate, was also performed. Changes in cloud properties due to aerosols have the same trends as in the base runs, although the magnitudes of the changes are larger. Evidence for significant stabilization (or destabilization) of the subeloud layer due to drizzle is not found, mainly because drizzling clouds cover only a small fraction of the domain. It is suggested that cloud fraction may only increase with increasing aerosol loading for larger clouds that are less susceptible to entrainment and evaporation. Finally, it is noted that at any given aerosol concentration the dynamical variability in bulk cloud parameters such as LWP tends to be larger than the aerosol-induced changes in these parameters, indicating that the second aerosol indirect effect may be hard to measure in this cloud type. The variability in cloud optical depth is, however, dominated by changes in aerosol, rather than dynamics. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Xue, HW (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM huiwen.xue@noaa.gov RI Feingold, Graham/B-6152-2009; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 NR 49 TC 121 Z9 125 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 EI 1520-0469 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 63 IS 6 BP 1605 EP 1622 DI 10.1175/JAS3706.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 052HS UT WOS:000238225400003 ER PT J AU Cundiff, ST AF Cundiff, ST TI Femtosecond comb technology SO JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Devices/6th Symposium on the Nano-Technology and Plasma Application for Next Generation Processing CY DEC 05-07, 2005 CL Jeju, SOUTH KOREA DE mode-locked lasers; carrier-envelope phase; frequency combs ID CARRIER-ENVELOPE PHASE; TI-SAPPHIRE LASER; OPTICAL FREQUENCY-SYNTHESIS; INTENSITY-RELATED DYNAMICS; ATOMIC TRANSIENT RECORDER; MODE-LOCKED LASERS; NONLINEAR OPTICS; PULSE GENERATION; LIGHT-PULSES; CLOCK AB Techniques to measure and control the spectrum of the pulse train produced by a mode-locked laser have been developed over the last 6-7 years. They are the result of a remarkable convergence between ultrafast science, ultrastable lasers, and nonlinear optics. They have enabled remarkable breakthroughs in optical frequency metrology, enabled the development of optical atomic clocks, and are the basis of significant advances in high field science. This paper provides an overview of femtosecond comb technology and summarizes some recent activity. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Cundiff, ST (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM cundiffs@jila.colorado.edu RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197 NR 70 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU KOREAN PHYSICAL SOC PI SEOUL PA 635-4, YUKSAM-DONG, KANGNAM-KU, SEOUL 135-703, SOUTH KOREA SN 0374-4884 J9 J KOREAN PHYS SOC JI J. Korean Phys. Soc. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 48 IS 6 BP 1181 EP 1187 PG 7 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 053RY UT WOS:000238324000001 ER PT J AU Balabas, MV Budker, D Kitching, J Schwindt, PDD Stalnaker, JE AF Balabas, M. V. Budker, D. Kitching, J. Schwindt, P. D. D. Stalnaker, J. E. TI Magnetometry with millimeter-scale antirelaxation-coated alkali-metal vapor cells SO JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B-OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC MAGNETOMETER AB Dynamic nonlinear magneto-optical-rotation signals with frequency- and amplitude-modulated laser light have been observed and investigated with a spherical glass cell of 3 mm diameter containing Cs metal with inner walls coated with paraffin. Intrinsic Zeeman relaxation rates of gamma/(2 pi)approximate to 20 Hz and lower have been observed. Favorable prospects of using millimeter-scale coated cells in portable magnetometers and secondary frequency references are discussed. C1 SI Vavilov State Opt Inst, St Petersburg 199034, Russia. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Nucl Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Balabas, MV (reprint author), SI Vavilov State Opt Inst, St Petersburg 199034, Russia. RI Balabas, Mikhail/A-5273-2012; Budker, Dmitry/F-7580-2016 OI Balabas, Mikhail/0000-0002-5383-7897; Budker, Dmitry/0000-0002-7356-4814 NR 20 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 3 U2 14 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0740-3224 J9 J OPT SOC AM B JI J. Opt. Soc. Am. B-Opt. Phys. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 23 IS 6 BP 1001 EP 1006 DI 10.1364/JOSAB.23.001001 PG 6 WC Optics SC Optics GA 054JO UT WOS:000238372900001 ER PT J AU Hey, RN Massoth, GJ Vrijenhoek, RC Rona, PA Lupton, J Butterfield, DA AF Hey, Richard N. Massoth, Gary J. Vrijenhoek, Robert C. Rona, Peter A. Lupton, John Butterfield, David A. TI Hydrothermal vent geology and biology at earth's fastest spreading rates SO MARINE GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCHES LA English DT Article DE East Pacific Rise; hydrothermal vents; seafloor spreading; vent biology; vent chemistry; vent flux ID EAST-PACIFIC-RISE; JUAN-FERNANDEZ MICROPLATE; CURRENT PLATE MOTIONS; MIDOCEAN RIDGES; TECTONIC EVOLUTION; DECAPODA; SIDESCAN; SYSTEM; EVENT; CREST AB Earth's fastest present seafloor spreading occurs along the East Pacific Rise near 31 degrees-32 degrees S. Two of the major hydrothermal plume areas discovered during a 1998 multidisciplinary geophysical/hydrothermal investigation of these mid-ocean ridge axes were explored during a 1999 Alvin expedition. Both occur in recently eruptive areas where shallow collapse structures mark the neovolcanic axis. The 31 degrees S vent area occurs in a broad linear zone of collapses and fractures coalescing into an axial summit trough. The 32 degrees S vent area has been volcanically repaved by a more recent eruption, with non-linear collapses that have not yet coalesced. Both sites occur in highly inflated areas, near local inflation peaks, which is the best segment-scale predictor of hydrothermal activity at these superfast spreading rates (similar to 150 mm/yr). C1 Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Inst Geol & Nucl Sci, Lower Hutt, New Zealand. Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Ocean, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Hey, RN (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM hey@soest.hawaii.edu RI Wright, Dawn/A-4518-2011; Butterfield, David/H-3815-2016 OI Wright, Dawn/0000-0002-2997-7611; Butterfield, David/0000-0002-1595-9279 NR 42 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 15 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3235 J9 MAR GEOPHYS RES JI Mar. Geophys. Res. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 27 IS 2 BP 137 EP 153 DI 10.1007/s11001-005-1887-x PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography GA 075XB UT WOS:000239919400005 ER PT J AU Loehr, LC Beegle-Krause, CJ George, K McGee, CD Mearns, AJ Atkinson, MJ AF Loehr, Lincoln C. Beegle-Krause, C. -J. George, Kenwyn McGee, Charles D. Mearns, Alan J. Atkinson, Marlin J. TI The significance of dilution in evaluating possible impacts of wastewater discharges from large cruise ships SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE cruise ships; wastewater; dilution; sewage; black water; gray water; pollution AB In response to public concerns about discharges from large cruise ships, Alaska's Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC) sampled numerous effluents in the summer of 2000. The data showed that basic marine sanitation device (MSD) technology for black water (sewage) was not performing as expected. Untreated gray water had high levels of conventional pollutants and surprisingly high levels of bacteria. Both black water and gray water discharges sometimes exceeded state water quality standards for toxicants. The state convened a Science Advisory Panel (the Panel) to evaluate impacts associated with cruise ship wastewater discharges. The effluent data received wide media coverage and increased public concerns. Consequently, legislative decisions were made at the State and Federal level, and regulations were imposed before the Panel completed its evaluation. The Panel demonstrated that following the rapid dilution from moving cruise ships, the effluent data from the Summer of 2000 would not have exceeded water quality standards, and environmental effects were not expected. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Heller Ehrman, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. NOAA, Mazardous Mat Response Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Alaska Dept Environm Conservat, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Orange Cty Sanitat District, Fountain Valley, CA 92708 USA. Sch Ocean Earth Sci & Technol, Hawaii Inst Marine Biol, Kaneohe, HI 96744 USA. RP Loehr, LC (reprint author), Heller Ehrman, 701 5th Ave,Suite 6100, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. EM lincoin.loehr@hellerehrman.com NR 11 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 8 U2 30 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 52 IS 6 BP 681 EP 688 DI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.10.021 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 058UV UT WOS:000238691000021 PM 16406006 ER PT J AU Mitch, M McQuighan, K Kennedy, R Sliski, A Soares, C AF Mitch, M. McQuighan, K. Kennedy, R. Sliski, A. Soares, C. TI Integration of AAPM TC-43 formalism into a new plastic scintillator dosimeter system SO MEDICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 48th Annual Meeting of the American-Association-of-Physicists-in-Medicine CY JUL 30-AUG 03, 2006 CL Orlando, FL SP Amer Assoc Physicists Med C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Rice Univ, Houston, TX 77251 USA. Syracuse Univ, Syracuse, NY USA. Boston Sci, Lincoln, MA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0094-2405 J9 MED PHYS JI Med. Phys. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 33 IS 6 BP 2113 EP 2113 DI 10.1118/1.2241207 PG 1 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 058TW UT WOS:000238688501291 ER PT J AU Chen-Mayer, H Tosh, R AF Chen-Mayer, H. Tosh, R. TI Simulating absorbed dose: Finite element modeling of a stirred water calorimeter SO MEDICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 48th Annual Meeting of the American-Association-of-Physicists-in-Medicine CY JUL 30-AUG 03, 2006 CL Orlando, FL SP Amer Assoc Physicists Med C1 NIST, Ioninzing Radiat Div, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0094-2405 J9 MED PHYS JI Med. Phys. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 33 IS 6 BP 2136 EP 2136 DI 10.1118/1.2241311 PG 1 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 058TW UT WOS:000238688501387 ER PT J AU Rivard, MJ Butler, WM DeWerd, LA Huq, MS Ibbott, GS Melhus, CS Mitch, MG Nath, R Williamson, JF AF Rivard, M. J. Butler, W. M. DeWerd, L. A. Huq, M. S. Ibbott, G. S. Melhus, C. S. Mitch, M. G. Nath, R. Williamson, J. F. TI AAPM TC-43 update for 2004 and beyond SO MEDICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 48th Annual Meeting of the American-Association-of-Physicists-in-Medicine CY JUL 30-AUG 03, 2006 CL Orlando, FL SP Amer Assoc Physicists Med C1 Tufts New England Med Ctr, Boston, MA USA. Wheeling Hosp, Wheeling, WV USA. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA. UPMC, Ctr Canc, Pittsburgh, PA USA. UT MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Houston, TX USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, New Haven, CT USA. Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Richmond, VA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0094-2405 J9 MED PHYS JI Med. Phys. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 33 IS 6 BP 2157 EP 2158 DI 10.1118/1.2241400 PG 2 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 058TW UT WOS:000238688501473 ER PT J AU Tosh, R Chen-Mayer, H AF Tosh, R. Chen-Mayer, H. TI Transfer-function characterization of heat conduction in water calorimetry SO MEDICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 48th Annual Meeting of the American-Association-of-Physicists-in-Medicine CY JUL 30-AUG 03, 2006 CL Orlando, FL SP Amer Assoc Physicists Med C1 NIST, Ionizing Radiat Div, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0094-2405 J9 MED PHYS JI Med. Phys. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 33 IS 6 BP 2195 EP 2195 DI 10.1118/1.2241545 PG 1 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 058TW UT WOS:000238688502098 ER PT J AU Mitch, M Mitchell, M Seltzer, S AF Mitch, M. Mitchell, M. Seltzer, S. TI Illustrating manufacturing variability in prostate brachytherapy seeds through X-ray spectrometry and radiochromic film measurements SO MEDICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 48th Annual Meeting of the American-Association-of-Physicists-in-Medicine CY JUL 30-AUG 03, 2006 CL Orlando, FL SP Amer Assoc Physicists Med C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Xavier Univ, New Orleans, LA 70125 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0094-2405 J9 MED PHYS JI Med. Phys. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 33 IS 6 BP 2218 EP 2218 DI 10.1118/1.2241641 PG 1 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 058TW UT WOS:000238688502189 ER PT J AU Seltzer, S AF Seltzer, S. TI Memorial lecture for Robert Loevinger SO MEDICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 48th Annual Meeting of the American-Association-of-Physicists-in-Medicine CY JUL 30-AUG 03, 2006 CL Orlando, FL SP Amer Assoc Physicists Med C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0094-2405 J9 MED PHYS JI Med. Phys. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 33 IS 6 BP 2275 EP 2275 DI 10.1118/1.2241883 PG 1 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 058TW UT WOS:000238688502402 ER PT J AU Malyarenko, E Heyman, J Guy, S Chen-Mayer, H Tosh, R AF Malyarenko, E. Heyman, J. Guy, S. Chen-Mayer, H. Tosh, R. TI Absorbed radiation dose measurement with a mu K-resolution ultrasonic thermometer SO MEDICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 48th Annual Meeting of the American-Association-of-Physicists-in-Medicine CY JUL 30-AUG 03, 2006 CL Orlando, FL SP Amer Assoc Physicists Med C1 Luna Innovat Inc, Hampton, VA USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0094-2405 J9 MED PHYS JI Med. Phys. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 33 IS 6 BP 2292 EP 2292 DI 10.1118/1.2241954 PG 1 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 058TW UT WOS:000238688502469 ER PT J AU Liu, JT Banovic, SW Fields, RJ Morris, JG AF Liu, JT Banovic, SW Fields, RJ Morris, JG TI Effect of intermediate heat treatment on microstructure and texture evolution of continuous cast Al-Mn-Mg alloy sheet SO METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID COMMERCIAL PURITY ALUMINUM; RECRYSTALLIZATION TEXTURES; P-ORIENTATION; PRECIPITATION; NUCLEATION; PARTICLES; BEHAVIOR; HOMOGENIZATION; GROWTH; ORIGIN AB The microstructure and crystallographic texture evolution of continuous-cast, hot-rolled Al-Mn-Mg alloy sheet during cold rolling and subsequent annealing was investigated. All specimens cut from the as-received sheet were cold rolled and subsequently annealed, with some of these specimens receiving an intermediate heat treatment (IHT) prior to cold rolling. It was found that the degree of deformation and temperature of the annealing had a significant effect on the final grain size and texture of the sheet specimens, respectively. Furthermore, the IHT altered the development of the microstructure and texture of the final sheet specimens when compared to similarly produced specimens without it. For the sheet specimens without the IHT, a severely elongated grain structure was found in which the texture was dominated by a strong P orientation {011}< 566 > despite the fact that the specimen was completely recrystallized. In contrast, specimens receiving the same cold rolling and annealing conditions but with the IHT had an equiaxed grain structure with a sharp Cube orientation {001} < 100 >. Counterbalancing the deformation textures from rolling with a sharp Cube orientation from annealing may lead to reduced earing behavior of CC Al-Mn-Mg alloy sheet products during deep drawing applications. C1 Alcoa Tech Ctr, Alcoa Ctr, PA 15069 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Kentucky, Dept Chem & Mat Engn, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. RP Liu, JT (reprint author), Alcoa Tech Ctr, 100 Tech Dr, Alcoa Ctr, PA 15069 USA. EM jiantao.liu@alcoa.com NR 45 TC 12 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 7 PU MINERALS METALS MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 1073-5623 J9 METALL MATER TRANS A JI Metall. Mater. Trans. A-Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 37A IS 6 BP 1887 EP 1898 DI 10.1007/s11661-006-0131-x PG 12 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 049MG UT WOS:000238020000020 ER PT J AU Gao, S Ping, F Cui, X Li, X AF Gao, S Ping, F Cui, X Li, X TI Short timescale air-sea coupling in the tropical deep convective regime SO METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CLOUD-RESOLVING MODEL; SURFACE TEMPERATURE; DIURNAL-VARIATIONS; TOGA-COARE; THERMODYNAMIC REGULATION; MICROPHYSICAL PROCESSES; EQUILIBRIUM STATES; MIXED-LAYER; WARM-POOL; OCEAN AB The relationship between surface rainfall rate and sea-surface temperature (SST) over tropical cloudy areas is revisited, and associated air-sea interaction processes are investigated based on hourly grid simulation data over cloudy areas from a two-dimensional coupled ocean-cloud resolving atmosphere model. A cloud-weighted data analysis shows that surface evaporation flux decreases with increasing SST and is one order of magnitude smaller than the residual between moisture convergence and condensation, playing a negligible role in moisture budget. Moisture convergence determines the surface rainfall rate by determining vapor condensation and deposition rates. Ocean mixed-layer thermal budget shows that the atmospheric surface flux is a major process responsible for SST variation while thermal advection and thermal entrainment play a secondary role. The results indicate that atmospheric impacts on the ocean are important whereas oceanic impacts on the atmosphere are not, in the tropical air-sea system, on short timescales. Thus, the relationship between surface rainfall rate and SST over tropical cloudy areas is not physically important. Further estimates indicate that the surface evaporation flux and residual between moisture convergence and condensation could have the same order of magnitude in daily-mean moisture budget. C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Lab Cloud Precipitat Phys & Severe Storms, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD USA. Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimulat, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Gao, S (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Lab Cloud Precipitat Phys & Severe Storms, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. EM gst@lasg.iap.ac.cn RI Li, Xiaofan/F-5605-2010; Li, Xiaofan/G-2094-2014 NR 34 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER WIEN PI WIEN PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 WIEN, AUSTRIA SN 0177-7971 J9 METEOROL ATMOS PHYS JI Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 93 IS 1-2 BP 37 EP 44 DI 10.1007/s00703-005-0161-8 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 056TH UT WOS:000238547500003 ER PT J AU Zhang, NF AF Zhang, NF TI The uncertainty associated with the weighted mean of measurement data SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS; NORMAL-POPULATIONS; KEY COMPARISONS; LINEAR TRENDS AB Weighted mean has been used to combine means from several sets of measurements, which are either from different laboratories or based on different measurement methods. It is also often used in key comparisons and other inter-laboratory comparisons. However, the traditional estimator of the variance of the weighted mean underestimates the variance. Two new variance estimators are proposed with smaller biases, smaller mean square errors and much better coverage probabilities for the correspondingly formed intervals. In metrology, the uncertainties based on Type B evaluation which are not based on statistical analysis of data cannot be ignored. In the later part of this paper, the results are extended to the general case with both Type A and Type B uncertainty components being presented. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zhang, NF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 18 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD JUN PY 2006 VL 43 IS 3 BP 195 EP 204 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/43/3/002 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 055AO UT WOS:000238421700006 ER PT J AU Hornikova, A Zhang, NF Welch, MJ Tai, S AF Hornikova, A Zhang, NF Welch, MJ Tai, S TI An application of combining results from multiple methods - statistical evaluation of uncertainty for NIST SRM 1508a SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article AB NIST standard reference materials (SRMs) are certified reference materials that are developed at NIST and provided to laboratories (industry, government and academia) for assessment and improvement of measurement quality. This paper details the statistical analysis related to the recertification of SRM 1508a, benzoylecgonine (cocaine metabolite) in freeze-dried urine, to incorporate new data. The recertification is based on combining measurement results from different measurement methods and time periods. Several different statistical models and corresponding estimators were considered for the certified value, its standard uncertainty and its expanded uncertainty. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, ITL, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. ACSL Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hornikova, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, ITL, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD JUN PY 2006 VL 43 IS 3 BP 205 EP 212 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/43/3/003 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 055AO UT WOS:000238421700007 ER EF