FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Rooper, CN Gunderson, DR Armstrong, DA AF Rooper, Christopher N. Gunderson, Donald R. Armstrong, David A. TI Evidence for resource partitioning and competition in nursery estuaries by juvenile flatfish in Oregon and Washington SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SOLEA-SOLEA L; ENGLISH SOLE; PAROPHRYS-VETULUS; NORTH-CAROLINA; DUNGENESS CRAB; HABITAT; FLOUNDER; RECRUITMENT; POPULATION; SETTLEMENT C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fisheries Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Rooper, CN (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM Chris.Rooper@noaa.gov RI Bizzarro, Joseph/A-2988-2012 NR 29 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 9 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 104 IS 4 BP 616 EP 622 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 101QG UT WOS:000241754900014 ER PT J AU Thedinga, JF Johnson, SW Mortensen, DG AF Thedinga, John F. Johnson, Scott W. Mortensen, Donald G. TI Habitat, age, and diet of a forage fish in southeastern Alaska: Pacific sandfish (Trichodon trichodon) SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID AREA C1 Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Thedinga, JF (reprint author), Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM John.Thedinga@noaa.gov NR 20 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 104 IS 4 BP 631 EP 637 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 101QG UT WOS:000241754900017 ER PT J AU Gregg, JL Anderl, DM Kimura, DK AF Gregg, Jacob L. Anderl, Delsa M. Kimura, Daniel K. TI Improving the precision of otolith-based age estimates for Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) with preparation methods adapted for fragile sagittae SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID VALIDATION; GROWTH C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Marrowstone Marine Field Stn, Nordland, WA 98358 USA. RP Anderl, DM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM Delsa.Anderl@noaa.gov NR 17 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 104 IS 4 BP 643 EP 648 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 101QG UT WOS:000241754900019 ER PT J AU Weiss, R Wunnemann, K Bahlburg, H AF Weiss, Robert Wuennemann, Kai Bahlburg, Heinrich TI Numerical modelling of generation, propagation and run-up of tsunamis caused by Oceanic impacts: model strategy and technical solutions SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE hydrocode modelling; impact cratering; long wave run-up; Oceanic impacts; tsunami wave propagation ID WAVE RUNUP; SIMULATIONS; DEPTH; BREAKING; CRATERS; TARGET AB Hypervelocity impacts of asteroids in marine environments produce tsunami waves independent of the water depth and the diameter of the projectile. However, the characteristics of the induced waves are affected by these parameters. We present a model, consisting of the well-known SALE impact model and a non-linear wave propagation model, to study the generation and subsequent spread out of the initial wave pattern caused by the strike of an asteroid or comet in the ocean. The numerical simulation of oceanic impacts requires some changes and extensions to the original SALE code. Especially, the handling of different materials (water and solid rocks) is crucial as they are involved in the cratering process. For the simulation of the propagation of tsunami waves that are generated by the impact process we use a newly developed wave propagation model, which is based on the non-linear shallow water theory with boundary conditions derived from the impact model. The run-up of the tsunami wave on the coastline is implemented as a special case of reflection and is realized by the well-established MOST code. Besides the model description we exemplify the capability of our modelling scheme by the simulation of the strike of an asteroid 800 m in diameter on a 5000-m-deep ocean at 10.2 km s(-1), the subsequent propagation of the induced tsunami waves over an artificial bathymetry and the run-up of the wave on the coast. C1 Univ Washington, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Natl Ctr Tsunami Res, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Ocean, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Humboldt Univ, Inst Mineral, Museum Naturkunde, D-10115 Berlin, Germany. Univ Munster, Geol Palantol Inst & Museum, D-48149 Munster, Germany. RP Weiss, R (reprint author), Univ Washington, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Natl Ctr Tsunami Res, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Ocean, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM weiszr@u.washington.edu RI Weiss, Robert/B-8060-2012 NR 48 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0956-540X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 167 IS 1 BP 77 EP 88 DI 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.02889.x PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 089ZH UT WOS:000240919900007 ER PT J AU Chen, BZ Chen, JM Huang, L Tans, PP AF Chen, Baozhang Chen, Jing M. Huang, Lin Tans, Pieter P. TI Modeling dynamics of stable carbon isotopic exchange between a boreal forest ecosystem and the atmosphere SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE atmosphere; boreal ecosystems; carbon isotope; convective boundary layer; diffusion processes; discrimination; Fraserdale tower; isotope model; net ecosystem exchange; remote sensing ID NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY; WATER-USE EFFICIENCY; AIR-SAMPLING-NETWORK; LASER ABSORPTION-SPECTROSCOPY; BROAD-LEAVED FOREST; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; CO2 EXCHANGE; DECIDUOUS FOREST; C-13/C-12 RATIO; VAPOR EXCHANGE AB Stable isotopes of CO(2) contain unique information on the biological and physical processes that exchange CO(2) between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. In this study, we developed an integrated modeling system to simulate dynamics of stable carbon isotope of CO(2), as well as moisture, energy, and momentum, between a boreal forest ecosystem and the atmosphere, as well as their transport/mixing processes through the convective boundary layer (CBL), using remotely sensed surface parameters to characterize the surface heterogeneity. It has the following characteristics: (i) it accounts for the influences of the CBL turbulent mixing and entrainment of the air aloft; (ii) it scales individual leaf-level photosynthetic discrimination up to the whole canopy (Delta(canopy)) through the separation of sunlit and shaded leaf groups; (iii) it has the capacity to examine the detailed interrelationships among plant water-use efficiency, isotope discrimination, and vapor pressure deficit; and (iv) it has the potential to investigate how an ecosystem discriminates against (13)C at various time and spatial scales. The monthly mean isotopic signatures of ecosystem respiration (i.e. delta(13)C(R)) used for isotope flux calculation are retrieved from the nighttime flask data from the intensive campaigns (1998-2000) at 20 m level on Fraserdale tower, and the data from the growing season in 1999 are used for model validation. Both the simulated CO(2) mixing ratio and delta(13)C of CO(2) at the 20 m level agreed with the measurements well in different phases of the growing season. On a diurnal basis, the greatest photosynthetic discrimination at canopy level (i.e. Delta(canopy)) occurred early morning and late afternoon with a varying range of 10-26 parts per thousand. The diurnal variability of Delta(canopy) was also associated with the phases of growing season and meteorological variables. The annual mean Delta(canopy) in 1999 was computed to be 19.58 parts per thousand. The monthly averages of Delta(canopy) varied between 18.55 parts per thousand and 20.84 parts per thousand with a seasonal peak during the middle growing season. Because of the strong opposing influences of respired and photosynthetic fluxes on forest air (both CO(2) and (13)CO(2)) on both the diurnal and seasonal time scales, CO(2) was consistently enriched with the heavier (13)C isotope (less negative delta(13)C) from July to October and depleted during the remaining months, whereas on a diurnal basis, CO(2) was enriched with the heavier (13)C in the late afternoon and depleted in early morning. For the year 1999, the model results reveal that the boreal ecosystem in the vicinity of Fraserdale tower was a small sink with net uptake of 29.07 g (12)C m(-2) yr(-1) and 0.34 g (13)C m(-2) yr(-1). C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Geog, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada. Univ Toronto, Program Planning, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada. Atmospher Sci & Technol Directorate, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. NOAA, ESRL Global Monitoring Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Chen, BZ (reprint author), Univ Toronto, Dept Geog, 100 St George St,Room 5047, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada. EM chenb@geog.utoronto.ca NR 109 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 19 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 12 IS 10 BP 1842 EP 1867 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01200.x PG 26 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 084UX UT WOS:000240561000004 ER PT J AU Vershinin, A Moruchkov, A Morton, SL Leighfield, TA Quilliam, MA Ramsdell, JS AF Vershinin, Alexander Moruchkov, Anton Morton, Steve L. Leighfield, Tod A. Quilliam, Michael A. Ramsdell, John S. TI Phytoplankton composition of the Kandalaksha Gulf, Russian White Sea: Dinophysis and lipophilic toxins in the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) SO HARMFUL ALGAE LA English DT Article DE phycotoxins; Dinophysis; Prorocentrum lima; DSP; shellfish poisoning; White Sea; phytoplankton; HAB; Russian Arctic ID SHELLFISH; YESSOTOXIN; COAST AB Dinophysis acuminata and D. norvegica were observed in plankton net samples during the summer of 2002 from the Kandalaksha Gulf in the White Sea (North European Russia). Prorocentrum lima was found as an epiphyte on subtidal macroalgae in August, but not observed in plankton net samples. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibition measured 127.8 ng OA-equivalent/g of mussel (Mytilus edulis) hepatopancreas from samples collected a few days after when Dinophysis was recorded at a density of 1550 cells L-1. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry confirmed presence of several classes of lipophilic shellfish toxins associated with Dinophysis spp. in the mussels including okadaic acid, dinophysistoxin-1, pectenotoxins and yessotoxins. No azaspiracid was detected. This represents the first identification of phycotoxicity in the White Sea. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 PP Shirshov Inst Oceanol, Moscow 127220, Russia. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Marine Biotoxins Program, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Natl Res Council Canada, Inst Marine Biosci, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada. RP Vershinin, A (reprint author), PP Shirshov Inst Oceanol, N Maslovka 18, Moscow 127220, Russia. EM vershinin@ocean.ru NR 15 TC 23 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1568-9883 J9 HARMFUL ALGAE JI Harmful Algae PD OCT PY 2006 VL 5 IS 5 BP 558 EP 564 DI 10.1016/j.hal.2005.11.004 PG 7 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 088GT UT WOS:000240800900007 ER PT J AU Salzmann, D Ralchenko, Y AF Salzmann, David Ralchenko, Yuri TI New parametrization for differences between plasma kinetic codes SO HIGH ENERGY DENSITY PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Plasma population kinetics; Collisional-radiative modelling; Non-local thermodynamic equilibrium; Code comparison AB Validation and verification of plasma kinetics codes requires the development of quantitative methods and techniques for code comparisons. We describe two parameters that can be used for characterization of differences between such codes. It is shown that these parameters, which are determined from the most general results of kinetic codes, can provide important information on the differences between the basic rate coefficients employed. Application of this method is illustrated by comparisons of some results from the 3rd NLTE Code Comparison Workshop for carbon, germanium, and gold plasmas. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Salzmann, David; Ralchenko, Yuri] NIST, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ralchenko, Y (reprint author), NIST, Atom Spect Grp, Atom Phys Div, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8422, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM yuri.ralchenko@nist.gov RI Ralchenko, Yuri/E-9297-2016 OI Ralchenko, Yuri/0000-0003-0083-9554 FU Office of Fusion Energy Sciences of the US Department of Energy FX This work was carried out while one of us (D.S.) spent a two-month working visit at the Atomic Physics Division of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. He would like to express his thanks for the cooperative atmosphere and generous hospitality. Authors would also like to thank H.R. Griem and R.W. Lee for reading the manuscript and valuable comments. This research was supported in part by the Office of Fusion Energy Sciences of the US Department of Energy. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1574-1818 EI 1878-0563 J9 HIGH ENERG DENS PHYS JI High Energy Density Phys. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 2 IS 3-4 BP 77 EP 82 DI 10.1016/j.hedp.2006.06.001 PG 6 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA V38YI UT WOS:000209378300003 ER PT J AU Emmerich, SJ AF Emmerich, Steven J. TI Simulated performance of natural and hybrid ventilation systems in an office building SO HVAC&R RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB Past research on natural ventilation has revealed that the application of pure natural ventilation systems may be limited in the United States by issues such as climate suitability, humidity control and reliability. However, hybrid (or mixed-mode) ventilation systems offer the possibility of attaining energy savings in a greater number of buildings and climates through the combination of natural ventilation systems with mechanical equipment. The objective of this study is to investigate the potential energy and indoor environmental performance of natural and hybrid ventilation alternatives in low- to mid-rise US commercial buildings in a variety of US climates. In this effort, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) reviewed hybrid ventilation approaches and conducted simulations to predict and compare the indoor environmental and energy performance of natural, hybrid, and mechanical systems in an otherwise similar building. Due to the strong interaction of airflow and heat transfer in naturally ventilated buildings, a coupled multi-zone airflow and thermal simulation tool was used to model the systems in a five-story office building in five US cities. Overall, the natural ventilation system performed adequately in San Francisco and Los Angeles, although some tolerance for imperfect thermal and indoor air quality (IAQ) control is required. Natural ventilation system performance was poor in the more challenging climates Of Boston, Minneapolis, and Miami due to poor thermal control, unreliable ventilation, or high heating loads. The hybrid ventilation system improved on the performance of the natural ventilation system in all climates, with dramatic improvements in some. Compared to the mechanical system, the hybrid system saved significant amounts of fan energy, reduced cooling loads, or reduced both fan and cooling loads in all climates but often resulted in higher heating loads: Although the hybrid system provided acceptable thermal control, the mechanical system provided more consistent control, as expected. The hybrid ventilation system provided better IAQ control, as indicated by CO2 concentrations, in most but not all cases. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Emmerich, SJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Emmerich, Steven/F-4661-2010 NR 27 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER SOC HEATING REFRIGERATING AIR-CONDITIONING ENG, INC, PI ATLANTA PA 1791 TULLIE CIRCLE NE, ATLANTA, GA 30329 USA SN 1078-9669 J9 HVAC&R RES JI HVAC&R Res. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 12 IS 4 BP 975 EP 1004 DI 10.1080/10789669.2006.10391447 PG 30 WC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 098NA UT WOS:000241528300003 ER PT J AU Lorenz, JJ Serafy, JE AF Lorenz, Jerome J. Serafy, Joseph E. TI Subtroprical wetland fish assemblages and changing salinity regimes: Implications for everglades restoration SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE everglades; demersal fishes; fish community dynamics; salinity ID NORTHEASTERN FLORIDA BAY; TIDAL FRESH-WATER; ESTUARINE GRADIENT; CHESAPEAKE BAY; SOUTH FLORIDA; MARSH; COMMUNITIES; VEGETATION; ABUNDANCE; HABITATS AB During the 1960s, water management practices resulted in the conversion of the wetlands that fringe northeastern Florida Bay (USA) from freshwater/oligohaline herbaceous marshes to dwarf red mangrove forests. Coincident with this conversion were several ecological changes to Florida Bay's fauna, including reductions in the abundances of top trophic-level consumers: piscivorous fishes, alligators, crocodiles, and wading birds. Because these taxa rely on a common forage base of small demersal fishes, food stress has been implicated as playing a role in their respective declines. In the present study, we monitored the demersal fishes seasonally at six sites over an 8-year time period. During monitoring, extremely high rainfall conditions occurred over a 3.5-year period leading to salinity regimes that can be viewed as "windows" to the area's natural past and future restored states. In this paper, we: (1) examine the changes in fish communities over the 8-year study period and relate them to measured changes in salinity; (2) make comparisons among marine, brackish and freshwater demersal fish communities in terms of species composition, density, and biomass; and (3) discuss several implications of our findings in light of the intended and unintended water management changes that are planned or underway as part of Everglades restoration. Results suggest the reduction in freshwater flow to Florida Bay over the last several decades has reduced demersal fish populations, and thus prey availability for apex consumers in the coastal wetlands compared to the pre-drainage inferred standard. Furthermore, greater discharge of freshwater toward Florida Bay may result in the re-establishment of pre-1960s fauna, including a more robust demersal-fish community that should prompt increases in populations of several important predatory species. C1 Audubons Tavernier Sci Ctr, Tavernier, FL 33070 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Lorenz, JJ (reprint author), Audubons Tavernier Sci Ctr, 115 Indian Mound Trail, Tavernier, FL 33070 USA. EM jlorenz@audubon.org NR 86 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 4 U2 31 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD OCT PY 2006 VL 569 BP 401 EP 422 DI 10.1007/s10750-006-0145-9 PG 22 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 085AT UT WOS:000240576200028 ER PT J AU Sriram, K Montgomery, D Borchert, O Kim, O Kuhn, DR AF Sriram, Kotikalapudi Montgomery, Doug Borchert, Oliver Kim, Okhee Kuhn, D. Richard TI Study of BGP peering session attacks and their impacts on routing performance SO IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE border gateway protocol (BGP); BGP graceful restart; BGP security; Internet routing protocol security; performance modeling; realistic topology; route flap damping (RFD); routing policy AB We present a detailed study of the potential impact of border gateway protocol peering session attacks and the resulting exploitation of route flap damping (RFD) that cause network-wide routing disruptions. We consider canonical grid as well as down-sampled realistic autonomous system (AS) topologies and address the impact of various typical service provider routing policies. Our modeling focuses on three dimensions of routing performance sensitivity: 1) protocol aware attacks (e.g., tuned to RFD); 2) route selection policy; and 3) attack-region topology. Analytical results provide insights into the nature of the problem and potential impact of the attacks. Detailed packet-level simulation results complement the analytical models and provide many additional insights into specific protocol interactions and timing issues. Finally, we quantify the potential effect of the BGP graceful restart mechanism as a partial mitigation of the BGP vulnerability to peering session attacks. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sriram, K (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM ksriram@nist.gov; dougm@nist.gov; okim@nist.gov RI Sriram, Kotikalapudi/B-3294-2009 NR 34 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0733-8716 EI 1558-0008 J9 IEEE J SEL AREA COMM JI IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 24 IS 10 BP 1901 EP 1915 DI 10.1109/JSAC.2006.877218 PG 15 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 091HA UT WOS:000241016500012 ER PT J AU Voiculescu, I McGill, RA Zaghloul, ME Mott, D Stepnowski, J Stepnowski, S Summers, H Nguyen, V Ross, S Walsh, K Martin, M AF Voiculescu, Ioana McGill, R. Andrew Zaghloul, Mona E. Mott, David Stepnowski, Jennifer Stepnowski, Stanley Summers, Heather Nguyen, Viet Ross, Stuart Walsh, Kevin Martin, Michael TI Micropreconcentrator for enhanced trace detection of explosives and chemical agents SO IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology; finite-volume method; gas preconcentrator; microhotplate ID HOTPLATE GAS SENSORS; MICRO-HOTPLATE; THIN-FILM; CHROMATOGRAPH; PERFORMANCE; FABRICATION AB The design, fabrication, and testing of a sorbent-coated microfabricated preconcentrator device in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor is presented. As a sorbent-coated device, the preconcentrator is used to collect, concentrate, and deliver analyte sampled from air for analysis with a detector. The preconcentrator in this paper is based on a perforated flowthrough microhotplate structure that is coated with a sorbent layer to maximize vapor trapping efficiency. The coating sorbs the analytes of interest during the collection phase at ambient temperatures. A thermal desorption cycle is then used to rapidly heat the preconcentrator to 180 degrees C in 40 ms to release a concentrated wave of analyte. A finite-volume method was used to simulate the temperature distribution on a microhotplate and to model the time to reach the steady-state temperature. The experimental electrical measurements of the device were found to be in good agreement with the predicted values obtained using the finite-volume method. The preconcentrator device was demonstrated by interfacing to the front end of a handheld chemical agent detector and a handheld trace explosives detector. The preliminary results showed signal enhancement for the detection of the nerve agent simulant dimethylmethylphosphonate and the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. C1 CUNY City Coll, New York, NY 10031 USA. USN, Res Lab, Mat & Sensors Sect, Washington, DC 20375 USA. USN, Res Lab, Novo Res Inc, Funct Mat & Devices Sect, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Dstl Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, Wilts, England. Univ Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292 USA. George Washington Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Washington, DC 20052 USA. NIST, Semicond Devices Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USN, Res Lab, Computat Phys & Fluid Dynam Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. USN, Res Lab, Funct Mat & Devices Sect, Washington, DC 20375 USA. RP Voiculescu, I (reprint author), CUNY City Coll, New York, NY 10031 USA. EM voicules@ccny.cuny.edu; mcgill@nrl.navy.mil; zaghloul@gwu.edu; mott@lcp.nrl.navy.mil; jennifer.stepnowski@nrl.navy.mil; stan@ccf.nrl.navy.mil; mentzer@nrl.navy.mil; nguyen@nrl.navy.mil; SKROSS@mail.dstl.gov.uk; walsh@louisville.edu; michael.martin@louisville.edu OI Mott, David/0000-0002-7863-456X NR 37 TC 49 Z9 54 U1 5 U2 28 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1530-437X J9 IEEE SENS J JI IEEE Sens. J. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 6 IS 5 BP 1094 EP 1104 DI 10.1109/JSEN.2006.881431 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 086UJ UT WOS:000240698200009 ER PT J AU Fuks, IM AF Fuks, Iosif M. TI Diffraction corrections to fields specularly reflected by a smooth 2-D surface SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION LA English DT Article DE asymptotic diffraction theory; electromagnetic reflection; optical diffraction; radarcross section ID ASYMPTOTIC SOLUTIONS; BACKSCATTERING; SECTION AB Diffraction corrections to the geometric optics results were derived for a general case of specular reflection from a smooth, perfectly conducting 2-D body. The general equations are applied to the specific case when the surface directrix in the vicinity of the specular point can be approximated by the arc of the conic section curve (parabola, circle, ellipse, or hyperbola). These results extend upon the ones obtained earlier for backscattering only (I. M. Fuks, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 1653-62, 2005) to the general case of bistatic scattering at arbitrary incidence angles. C1 Zel Technol LLC, Hampton, VA 23669 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Fuks, IM (reprint author), Zel Technol LLC, Hampton, VA 23669 USA. EM iosif.fuks@noaa.gov NR 16 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-926X J9 IEEE T ANTENN PROPAG JI IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 54 IS 10 BP 2703 EP 2712 DI 10.1109/TAP.2006.882180 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 097VU UT WOS:000241478100002 ER PT J AU Schroeder, V Bush, P Williams, M Vo, N Reynolds, HL AF Schroeder, Valeska Bush, Peter Williams, Maureen Vo, Nhat (Nick) Reynolds, Heidi L. TI Tin whisker test method development SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRONICS PACKAGING MANUFACTURING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Tin Whisker Workshop CY MAY 31, 2005 CL Orlando, FL SP Elect Components & Technol Conf, Int E,lect Mfg Inst, Natl Inst Standards & Technol DE leadframe package; Pb-free; surface finish; tin whiskers; whisker growth ID GROWTH-MECHANISM AB The International Electronics Manufacturing Initiative (iNEMI) proposed a set of tests that were subsequently standardized by the Joint Electron Device Engineering Council (JEDEC) Solid State Technology Association as JESD22A121. However, further optimization was needed to validate and verify proposed iNEMI tests to determine whether these test methods could differentiate between component surface finishes, to investigate the connection between short-term and long-term tests, and to determine optimal inspection intervals and test durations. In the current work, 15 surface finishes were evaluated using iNEMI's three proposed environmental test conditions., These finishes were evaluated for whisker presence and length using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) every 1000 h or 500 accelerated thermal cycles for a total of at least 9000 h of isothermal testing or 3000 accelerated thermal cycles. Test results showed that thermal cycling and high-temperature/humidity testing could grow whiskers for all Pb-free Sn-based finishes, while only a few finishes 'exhibited whiskers after 10 000 h in an air-conditioned office environment. The results described in this paper were used to change the JEDEC tin whisker test method from the original iNEMI proposal by decreasing the humidity of the high-temperature humidity test, controlling the ambient test condition to 30 degrees C and 60% relative humidity (RH), and increasing the number of leads per sample and number of samples (sample size) for inspection. C1 Hewlett Packard Corp, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. SUNY Buffalo, Amherst, NY 14260 USA. NIST, Bethesda, MD 20889 USA. Sun Microsyst Inc, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Schroeder, V (reprint author), Johnson & Johnson, Fremont, CA 94539 USA. EM vschroeder@ndcus.jnj.com; heidi.reynolds@sun.com NR 18 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1521-334X J9 IEEE T ELECTRON PACK JI IEEE Trans. Electron. Packag. Manuf. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 29 IS 4 BP 231 EP 238 DI 10.1109/TEPM.2006.887397 PG 8 WC Engineering, Manufacturing SC Engineering GA 126YL UT WOS:000243551400002 ER PT J AU Sun, D Kafatos, M Pinker, RT Easterling, DR AF Sun, Donglian Kafatos, Menas Pinker, Rachel T. Easterling, David R. TI Seasonal variations in diurnal temperature range from satellites and surface observations SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 25th Intenational Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 24-29, 2005 CL Seoul, SOUTH KOREA SP Natl Aeronaut & Space Adm, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm DE diurnal temperature range (DTR); effects of evapotranspiration; satellite-derived DTR; station observations of DTR; water-vapor radiative forcing (WRF) on DTR ID CLIMATE-CHANGE; ATTRIBUTION; TRENDS; IMPACT; COVER; MODEL; CO2 AB The diurnal temperature range (DTR) is an important climate-change variable and, until recently, it was derived from station observations of surface air temperature (T-a). Station-based observations are sparse and unevenly distributed, making the use of satellites an attractive option for evaluating DTR. In this study, satellite-based estimates of DTR are evaluated against ground measurements of surface skin temperature (T-s) and compared with weather-station observations based on T-a. Geographical and seasonal differences were identified in both ground- and satellite-derived DTRs. Estimates of DTR from station-observed air temperature represent all-sky conditions while satellite estimates of DTR from surface skin temperature represent clear conditions only. For both station observations and satellite estimates, DTRs at rural locations tend to be larger than at urban sites. The DTRs based on T-s are larger than those derived from T-a under both all and clear-sky conditions. Clouds tend to reduce the magnitude of the DTR. The station-observed DTRs are found to be larger in summer than in winter over the entire U.S. The satellite-derived DTRs are larger in spring and fall than in winter and summer over the eastern U.S., while they are larger in spring and summer than in fall and winter over the western part. Evapotranspiration from land vegetation and the effects of water-vapor radiative forcing have a major effect on the detected spatial and seasonal variations in the DTR patterns. C1 George Mason Univ, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Climate Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RP Sun, D (reprint author), George Mason Univ, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. RI Pinker, Rachel/F-6565-2010 NR 28 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 11 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD OCT PY 2006 VL 44 IS 10 BP 2779 EP 2785 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2006.871895 PN 1 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 089LB UT WOS:000240881000017 ER PT J AU Zhang, L Gao, RX Lee, KB AF Zhang, Li Gao, Robert X. Lee, Kang B. TI Spindle health diagnosis based on analytic wavelet enveloping SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT LA English DT Article DE analytic wavelet; enveloping; spindle health diagnosis ID VIBRATION AB A new diagnostic technique for identifying structural defects in spindles was developed based on the analytic wavelet transform. The new technique extracts defect-induced impulses from the spindle vibration signal and constructs their envelopes in a single step, eliminating the need for intermediate operations as traditionally required. Theoretical background of the analytic wavelet transform was first introduced, and numerical simulation was then conducted on a synthetic signal. The result was subsequently compared with vibration signals measured on a spindle test bed. It was confirmed that the developed technique is effective in detecting defect-induced impulses buried in the spindle vibration signals that otherwise were undetectable using the traditional spectral techniques. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Mech & Ind Engn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Metrol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zhang, L (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Mech & Ind Engn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. EM lizhang@ecs.umass.edu; gao@ecs.umass.edu; kang.lee@nist.gov RI Gao, Robert/O-9339-2014 NR 14 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9456 J9 IEEE T INSTRUM MEAS JI IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 55 IS 5 BP 1850 EP 1858 DI 10.1109/TIM.2006.880261 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 087QD UT WOS:000240756200054 ER PT J AU Shull, RD AF Shull, Robert D. TI Intermag 2006 - Publication chair's preface SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Shull, RD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Shull, Robert/F-5971-2013 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9464 J9 IEEE T MAGN JI IEEE Trans. Magn. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 42 IS 10 BP 2253 EP 2253 DI 10.1109/TMAG.2006.884181 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 089NZ UT WOS:000240888700002 ER PT J AU Moyerman, SM Gannett, W Borchers, JA Doucet, M Carey, MJ Sparks, PD Eckert, JC AF Moyerman, S. M. Gannett, W. Borchers, J. A. Doucet, M. Carey, M. J. Sparks, P. D. Eckert, J. C. TI Ferromagnetic relaxation in spin valves with picoscale antiferromagnetic layers SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 41st IEEE International Magnetics Conference (Intermag 2006) CY MAY 08-12, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP IEEE DE antiferromagnetic (AFM) materials; giant magnetoresistance (GMR); interface magnetism ID GIANT MAGNETORESISTANCE AB We have investigated the mechanism of weak exchange bias for a spin valve with threshold layer antiferrornagnetic (AFM) thickness using giant magnetoresistance (GMR) and polarized neutron reflectometry (PNR). Results show that the sample exhibits instantaneous switching of the free layer followed by a gradual reorientation of the magnetization in the pinned ferromagnetic layer via domain wall formation. During subsequent field cycles, we found that relaxation in the pinned ferromagnetic (FM) layer is induced not only by an increasing field, but also in a static field over a relatively long time scale. C1 Harvey Mudd Coll, Dept Phys, Claremont, CA 91711 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Hitachi Global Storage Technol, San Jose Res Ctr, San Jose, CA 95120 USA. RP Moyerman, SM (reprint author), Harvey Mudd Coll, Dept Phys, Claremont, CA 91711 USA. EM eckert@hmc.edu NR 8 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9464 J9 IEEE T MAGN JI IEEE Trans. Magn. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 42 IS 10 BP 2630 EP 2632 DI 10.1109/TMAG.2006.879731 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 089NZ UT WOS:000240888700125 ER PT J AU Egelhoff, WF McMichael, RD Dennis, CL Stiles, MD Shapiro, AJ Maranville, BB Powell, CJ AF Egelhoff, W. F., Jr. McMichael, R. D. Dennis, C. L. Stiles, M. D. Shapiro, A. J. Maranville, B. B. Powell, C. J. TI Preoxidation as a general approach to suppressing orange-peel coupling in magnetic tunnel junctions SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 41st IEEE International Magnetics Conference (Intermag 2006) CY MAY 08-12, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP IEEE DE magnetic tunnel junctions; orange-peel coupling; preoxidation ID TRANSITION-METAL BILAYERS; ROOM-TEMPERATURE; MAGNETORESISTANCE AB We have found that preoxidation of the bottom electrode prior to deposition of Al2O3 or MgO is very effective as a general approach to suppressing orange-peel coupling in magnetic tunnel junctions. When orange-peel coupling is suppressed, the hard-axis saturation field of the free layer is greatly reduced. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Magnet Mat Grp, Div Met, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Egelhoff, WF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Magnet Mat Grp, Div Met, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM egelhoff@nist.gov RI McMichael, Robert/J-8688-2012; Stiles, Mark/K-2426-2012 OI Stiles, Mark/0000-0001-8238-4156 NR 13 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9464 J9 IEEE T MAGN JI IEEE Trans. Magn. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 42 IS 10 BP 2664 EP 2666 DI 10.1109/TMAG.2006.879882 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 089NZ UT WOS:000240888700136 ER PT J AU Goncharov, AV Zhukov, AA Metlushko, VV Bordignon, G Fangohr, H de Groot, CH Unguris, J Uhlig, WC Karapetrov, G Ilic, B de Groot, PAJ AF Goncharov, A. V. Zhukov, A. A. Metlushko, V. V. Bordignon, G. Fangohr, H. de Groot, C. H. Unguris, J. Uhlig, W. C. Karapetrov, G. Ilic, B. de Groot, P. A. J. TI Anisotropy of magnetization reversal and magnetoresistance in square arrays of permalloy nano-rings SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 41st IEEE International Magnetics Conference (Intermag 2006) CY MAY 08-12, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP IEEE DE magnetic nano-structures; magnetization reversal; magnetoresistance; nano-rings AB Magnetization reversal mechanisms and the impact of magnetization direction are studied in square arrays of interconnected circular permalloy nanorings using magnetooptical Kerr effect, local imaging, numerical simulations, and transport techniques. C1 Univ Southampton, Sch Phys & Astron, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England. Univ Illinois, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. Univ Southampton, Sch Engn Sci, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England. Univ Southampton, Sch Elect & Comp Sci, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Cornell Univ, Cornell Nanofabricat Facil, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Sch Appl & Engn Phys, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Goncharov, AV (reprint author), Univ Southampton, Sch Phys & Astron, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England. EM aaz@phys.soton.ac.uk RI de groot, cornelis/B-4732-2009; Fangohr, Hans/C-6367-2008; Zhukov, Alexander/E-1331-2014; Unguris, John/J-3989-2014; Ilic, Rob/N-1359-2014; Karapetrov, Goran/C-2840-2008 OI de groot, cornelis/0000-0002-3850-7101; Fangohr, Hans/0000-0001-5494-7193; Karapetrov, Goran/0000-0003-1113-0137 NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-9464 J9 IEEE T MAGN JI IEEE Trans. Magn. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 42 IS 10 BP 2948 EP 2950 DI 10.1109/TMAG.2006.878429 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 089NZ UT WOS:000240888700230 ER PT J AU Maranville, BB McMichael, RD Dennis, CL Ross, CA Cheng, JY AF Maranville, B. B. McMichael, R. D. Dennis, C. L. Ross, C. A. Cheng, J. Y. TI Thin film edge property measurements by edge saturation SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 41st IEEE International Magnetics Conference (Intermag 2006) CY MAY 08-12, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP IEEE DE magnetic hysteresis; magnetostatics; modeling; nanotechnology ID SMALL MAGNETIC ELEMENTS; SPIN-WAVES; ROUGHNESS; REVERSAL; SCALE; FIELD AB Two vector magnetometry techniques are described for characterizing the magnetic properties of the edges in long, straight magnetic stripes. The critical transverse field at which the edge magnetization saturates is determined by measuring hysteresis loops as a function of angle. The angular dispersion in the stripe edge direction is estimated from the remanence by measuring the angular width of the transition from one stability direction to the other. Experimental results are presented for two samples prepared through different lithography processes. These are compared to micromagnetic modeling results for both 90 degrees and tapered edges. Differences between measured and modeled results are likely due to thermal fluctuations and edge defects. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. MIT, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. IBM Corp, Almaden Res Ctr, San Jose, CA 95120 USA. RP Maranville, BB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM bbm@nist.gov RI McMichael, Robert/J-8688-2012 NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 6 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9464 J9 IEEE T MAGN JI IEEE Trans. Magn. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 42 IS 10 BP 2951 EP 2953 DI 10.1109/TMAG.2006.878417 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 089NZ UT WOS:000240888700231 ER PT J AU Pasquale, M Perero, S Bertotti, G Kabos, P Lim, SH AF Pasquale, Massimo Perero, Sergio Bertotti, Giorgio Kabos, Pavel Lim, Sang Ho TI Microwave resonances in nanogranular (Fe0.7Co0.3)(71)B22Ni7 films SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 41st IEEE International Magnetics Conference (Intermag 2006) CY MAY 08-12, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP IEEE DE anisotropy; FeCo films; ferromagnetic resonance; magnetic thin films; microwave properties; nanogranular films ID FERROMAGNETIC-RESONANCE; SYSTEM AB We have analyzed the microwave behavior of soft nanogranular(Fe0.7Co0.3)(71)B22Ni7 films which present a de permeability from 60 to 280, a resistivity of 8 to 9 10(-7) Omega m and a zero-field double ferromagnetic resonance peak at frequencies ranging from 3.8 to 8.35 GHz. The high frequency and large line-width of the observed resonances allows for possible applications in microwave absorbers in a frequency range extending from 6 to 10 GHz. C1 Ist Nazl Ric Metrol, I-10135 Turin, Italy. NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Korea Univ, Seoul 136713, South Korea. RP Pasquale, M (reprint author), Ist Nazl Ric Metrol, I-10135 Turin, Italy. EM pasquale@inrim.it RI Pasquale, Massimo/I-8390-2012; OI Pasquale, Massimo/0000-0002-8336-1391; Lim, Sang Ho/0000-0001-8471-5684 NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9464 J9 IEEE T MAGN JI IEEE Trans. Magn. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 42 IS 10 BP 3054 EP 3056 DI 10.1109/TMAG.2006.880097 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 089NZ UT WOS:000240888700262 ER PT J AU Yuan, L Gao, L Sabirianov, R Liou, SH Chabot, MD Min, DH Moreland, J Han, BS AF Yuan, L. Gao, L. Sabirianov, R. Liou, S. H. Chabot, M. D. Min, D. H. Moreland, J. Han, Bao Shan TI Microcantilever torque magnetometry study of patterned magnetic films SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 41st IEEE International Magnetics Conference (Intermag 2006) CY MAY 08-12, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP IEEE DE magnetization reversal; torque magnetometers ID OSCILLATORS AB Microcantilever torque magnetometry (MTM) is a sensitive tool to measure small magnetization changes in the sample. In this paper, we investigated a process for preparing patterned magnetic films on cantilevers and studied the magnetic interactions of a single pair of micrometer-sized Ni80Fe20 bars (7 mu m x 3.5 mu m x 30 nm) separated by 50 nm using MTM. The bars were prepared with focused ion-beam milling. The magnetic hysteresis loops show that the switching field of a single bar is larger than the reversing field of only one of the paired bars and less than that of both paired bars. This clearly indicates that the magnetostatic interaction exists between the bars. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Phys & Astron, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. Univ Nebraska, Ctr Mat Res & Anal, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Ctr Nanophase Mat Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Phys, Omaha, NE 68182 USA. Univ San Diego, Dept Phys, San Diego, CA 92110 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Phys, State Key Lab Magnetism, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China. RP Yuan, L (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Phys & Astron, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 6 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9464 J9 IEEE T MAGN JI IEEE Trans. Magn. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 42 IS 10 BP 3234 EP 3236 DI 10.1109/TMAG.2006.878424 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 089NZ UT WOS:000240888700322 ER PT J AU Baker-Jarvis, J Janezic, MD Love, D Wallis, TM Holloway, CL Kabos, P AF Baker-Jarvis, J. Janezic, M. D. Love, D. Wallis, T. M. Holloway, C. L. Kabos, P. TI Phase velocity in resonant structures SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 41st IEEE International Magnetics Conference (Intermag 2006) CY MAY 08-12, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP IEEE DE group velocity; metamaterial; negative index; phase velocity ID PARTICLES; METAFILM AB In this paper we present a simple experimental procedure for studying the phase-velocity behavior of a metafilm with tunable material properties. Using this approach, we have studied the phase-velocity of a metamaterial under differing resonant conditions. We show that possessing negative-phase velocity is not a sufficient condition for classifying a material as having negative-index material characteristics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Baker-Jarvis, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jjarvis@boulder.nist.gov NR 6 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9464 J9 IEEE T MAGN JI IEEE Trans. Magn. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 42 IS 10 BP 3344 EP 3346 DI 10.1109/TMAG.2006.878874 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 089NZ UT WOS:000240888700359 ER PT J AU Hati, A Howe, DA Walls, FL Walker, DK AF Hati, Archita Howe, David A. Walls, Fred L. Walker, David K. TI Merits of PM noise measurement over noise figure: A study at microwave frequencies SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS FERROELECTRICS AND FREQUENCY CONTROL LA English DT Article ID AM NOISE; AMPLIFIERS AB This paper primarily addresses the usefulness of phase-modulation (PM) noise measurements versus noise figure (NF) measurements in characterizing the merit of an amplifier. The residual broadband (white PM) noise is used as the basis for estimating the NF of an amplifier. We have observed experimentally that many amplifiers show an increase in the broadband noise of I to 5 dB as the signal level through the amplifier increases. This effect is linked to input power through the amplifier's nonlinear intermodulation distortion. Consequently, this effect is reduced as linearity is increased. We further conclude that, although NF is sometimes used as a selection criteria for an amplifier for low-level signal, NF yields no information about potentially important close-to-carrier 1/f noise of an amplifier nor broadband noise in the presence of a high-level signal, but a PM noise measurements does. We also have verified experimentally that the single-sideband PM noise floor of an amplifier due to thermal noise is -177 dBc/Hz, relative to a carrier input power of 0 dBm. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. RP Hati, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM archita@boulder.nist.gov NR 14 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0885-3010 J9 IEEE T ULTRASON FERR JI IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control PD OCT PY 2006 VL 53 IS 10 BP 1889 EP 1894 DI 10.1109/TUFFC.2006.121 PG 6 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Acoustics; Engineering GA 089DJ UT WOS:000240860200019 PM 17036797 ER PT J AU Zhang, J Zhang, LJ AF Zhang, Jia Zhang, Liang-Jie TI Metadata for Web services - Preface SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WEB SERVICES RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material C1 No Illinois Univ, Dept Comp Sci, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. IBM Corp, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA. RP Zhang, J (reprint author), No Illinois Univ, Dept Comp Sci, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA. EM jiazhang@cs.niu.edu; zhanglj@us.ibm.com NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IDEA GROUP PUBLISHING PI HERSHEY PA 701 E CHOCOLATE AVE, STE 200, HERSHEY, PA 17033-1240 USA SN 1545-7362 J9 INT J WEB SERV RES JI Int. J. Web. Serv. Res. PD OCT-DEC PY 2006 VL 3 IS 4 BP I EP II PG 2 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA 094YZ UT WOS:000241276600001 ER PT J AU McGuiggan, PM Wallace, JS AF McGuiggan, Patricia M. Wallace, Jay S. TI Maximum force technique for the measurement of the surface tension of a small droplet by AFM SO JOURNAL OF ADHESION LA English DT Article DE AFM; contact angle; hysteresis; nanoscale; surface tension; wetting ID CONTACT ANGLES; MICROSCOPE; MENISCUS; LIQUID; ROD AB An atomic force microscope (AFM) is used to measure the meniscus force on a vertical quartz rod as the rod is pulled through an air/liquid interface. A fluid bridge forms between the liquid and the base of the rod as the rod is withdrawn from the liquid. The force reaches a maximum as the bridge necks down and finally detaches from the rod. The maximum force on the rod is independent of the material of the rod and can be used to calculate the surface tension of the liquid. Alternately, if the surface tension of the liquid is known, the maximum force of the meniscus can be used to calibrate the spring constant of the AFM cantilever. The contact angle of the liquid on the rod was calculated as the rod was inserted into the liquid droplet. Contact angle hysteresis was observed. Results are presented of the measurement of the meniscus force of water, 10(-3) M cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and tetradecane as the rod is withdrawn from the liquid. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. MACS Consulting, Germantown, MD USA. RP McGuiggan, PM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8544, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM patricia.mcguiggan@nist.gov RI McGuiggan, Patricia/A-3379-2010 NR 22 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 3 U2 20 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-8464 J9 J ADHESION JI J. Adhes. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 82 IS 10 BP 997 EP 1011 DI 10.1080/00218460600876225 PG 15 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Mechanics GA 093ND UT WOS:000241174100003 ER PT J AU Bentz, DP AF Bentz, Dale P. TI Influence of Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures on Early-Age Properties of Cement Pastes SO JOURNAL OF ADVANCED CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AUTOGENOUS DEFORMATION; RELATIVE-HUMIDITY; HYDRATION; WATER; PORES AB Because most shrinkage-reducing admixtures (SRAs) significantly reduce the surface tension of a cement paste pore solution, they will naturally influence all physical properties and processes that are dependent in some way on surface tension. Such properties include internal relative humidity, capillary stresses, and freezing point depression, all via the Kelvin equation and its variants (Kelvin-Laplace, Gibbs-Thomson). Processes that will thus be strongly influenced by the presence of SRAs include drying, autogenous stress and strain development, and freezing. In this paper, experimental measurements of these processes in cement pastes and mortars with and without SRA additions will be presented in light of the Kelvin equation. The experimental measurements that are applied to early-age specimens include X-ray absorption measurements to quantify drying profiles, bulk mass loss measurements, measurements of internal relative humidity, assessments of autogenous deformation under sealed curing conditions, and low temperature calorimetry scans to quantify freezable water content. The results indicate that SRAs can provide benefits in several new applications beyond their conventional usage to reduce drying shrinkage. C1 NIST, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bentz, DP (reprint author), NIST, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dale.bentz@nist.gov NR 25 TC 36 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 3 PU JAPAN CONCRETE INST PI CHIYODA-KU PA SOGO HANZOMON BLDG 12F, NO 7, KOJIMACHI 1-CHOME, CHIYODA-KU, TOKYO 102-0083, JAPAN SN 1346-8014 EI 1347-3913 J9 J ADV CONCR TECHNOL JI J. Adv. Concr. Technol. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 4 IS 3 BP 423 EP 429 DI 10.3151/jact.4.423 PG 7 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Materials Science GA V40PA UT WOS:000209489300007 ER PT J AU Mo, KC Chelliah, M AF Mo, Kingtse C. Chelliah, Muthuvel TI The modified Palmer drought severity index based on the NCEP North American Regional Reanalysis SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DATA ASSIMILATION SYSTEM; MESOSCALE ETA-MODEL; LAND-SURFACE; UNITED-STATES; SOIL-MOISTURE; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; PRECIPITATION; EVAPORATION; CLIMATE AB A 32-km high-resolution modified Palmer drought severity index (MPDSI) based on the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) North American Regional Reanalysis (RR) from 1979 to 2004 is presented. The assumptions of Palmer, such as the water balance equation, the difference between observed precipitation and the climatologically expected precipitation over the maximum conditions, and the changes of the index as a function of the current index, are preserved. Many deficiencies of the original PDSI are eliminated by taking fields directly from the RR or by making better estimates. For example, fields such as potential evapotranspiration, evaporation, runoff, total soil moisture, and soil moisture change in a given month are obtained directly from the RR. The potential recharge is defined as the total soil moisture needed to reach the maximum total soil moisture at each grid point for each calendar month. The potential precipitation is defined as the maximum precipitation at each grid point for a given calendar month. The underground volumetric soil moisture includes both frozen and liquid form. Therefore, the contribution of snowmelt is taken into account inexplicitly. The questionable assumptions of two-layer soil model and the available soil moisture capacity are no longer needed. Overall, the MPDSI, when averaged over a large area and long time, often resembles the traditional PDSI based on the Palmer formula and the climate-division data. The MPDSI obeys Gaussian distribution, and so it can also be used to assess the potential for floods. Together with a consistent suite of soil moisture, surface energy, and atmospheric terms from the RR, the MPDSI can be used to monitor and diagnose drought and floods. C1 NWS, NOAA, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Mo, KC (reprint author), NWS, NOAA, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM kingtse.mo@noaa.gov NR 29 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1558-8424 J9 J APPL METEOROL CLIM JI J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 45 IS 10 BP 1362 EP 1375 DI 10.1175/JAM2402.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 102MX UT WOS:000241817400002 ER PT J AU Heidinger, AK O'Dell, C Bennartz, R Greenwald, T AF Heidinger, Andrew K. O'Dell, Christopher Bennartz, Ralf Greenwald, Thomas TI The successive-order-of-interaction radiative transfer model. Part I: Model development SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MULTIPLE-SCATTERING; DOUBLING METHOD; MICROWAVE; ASSIMILATION AB This study, the first part of a two-part series, develops the method of "successive orders of interaction" (SOI) for a computationally efficient and accurate solution for radiative transfer in the microwave spectral region. The SOI method is an iterative approximation to the traditional adding and doubling method for radiative transfer. Results indicate that the approximations made in the SOI method are accurate for atmospheric layers with scattering properties typical of those in the infrared and microwave regions. In addition, an acceleration technique is demonstrated that extends the applicability of the SOI approach to atmospheres with greater amounts of scattering. A comparison of the SOI model with a full Monte Carlo model using the atmospheric profiles given by Smith et al. was used to determine the optimal parameters for the simulation of microwave top-of-atmosphere radiances. This analysis indicated that a four-stream model with a maximum initial-layer optical thickness of approximately 0.01 was optimal. In the second part of this series, the accuracies of the SOI model and its adjoint are demonstrated over a wide range of microwave remote sensing scenarios. C1 NOAA, Adv Satellite Prod Branch, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Madison, WI USA. Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI USA. RP Heidinger, AK (reprint author), NOAA, Adv Satellite Prod Branch, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, 1225 W Dayton, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM andrew.heidinger@noaa.gov RI Bennartz, Ralf/F-3760-2010; Heidinger, Andrew/F-5591-2010 OI Heidinger, Andrew/0000-0001-7631-109X NR 21 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1558-8424 J9 J APPL METEOROL CLIM JI J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 45 IS 10 BP 1388 EP 1402 DI 10.1175/JAM2387.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 102MX UT WOS:000241817400004 ER PT J AU O'Dell, CW Heidinger, AK Greenwald, T Bauer, P Bennartz, R AF O'Dell, Christopher W. Heidinger, Andrew K. Greenwald, Thomas Bauer, Peter Bennartz, Ralf TI The successive-order-of-interaction radiative transfer model. Part II: Model performance and applications SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DATA ASSIMILATION; PRECIPITATING CLOUDS; MULTIPLE-SCATTERING; MICROWAVE; RETRIEVAL; RADIANCES; ACCURACY; SSM/I; WATER; TOVS AB Radiative transfer models for scattering atmospheres that are accurate yet computationally efficient are required for many applications, such as data assimilation in numerical weather prediction. The successive-order-of-interaction (SOI) model is shown to satisfy these demands under a wide range of conditions. In particular, the model has an accuracy typically much better than 1 K for most microwave and submillimeter cases in precipitating atmospheres. Its speed is found to be comparable to or faster than the commonly used though less accurate Eddington model. An adjoint has been written for the model, and so Jacobian sensitivities can be quickly calculated. In addition to a conventional error assessment, the correlation between errors in different microwave channels is also characterized. These factors combine to make the SOI model an appealing candidate for many demanding applications, including data assimilation and optimal estimation, from microwave to thermal infrared wavelengths. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NOAA, Adv Satellite Prod Branch, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Madison, WI USA. Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI USA. European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England. RP O'Dell, CW (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM odell@aos.wisc.edu RI Bennartz, Ralf/F-3760-2010; Heidinger, Andrew/F-5591-2010 OI Heidinger, Andrew/0000-0001-7631-109X NR 32 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1558-8424 J9 J APPL METEOROL CLIM JI J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 45 IS 10 BP 1403 EP 1413 DI 10.1175/JAM2409.1 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 102MX UT WOS:000241817400005 ER PT J AU Gourley, JJ Tabary, P Du Chatelet, JP AF Gourley, Jonathan J. Tabary, Pierre Du Chatelet, Jacques Parent TI Data quality of the Meteo-France C-band polarimetric radar SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIFFERENTIAL PHASE; CALIBRATION; RAINFALL AB The French operational radar network is being upgraded and expanded from 2002 to 2006 by MeteoFrance in partnership with the French Ministry of the Environment. A detailed examination of the quality of the raw polarimetric variables is reported here. The analysis procedures determine the precision of the measurements and quantify errors resulting from miscalibration, near-radome interference, and noise effects. Correction methods to remove biases resulting from effective noise powers in the horizontal and vertical channels, radar miscalibration, and the system offset in differential propagation phase measurements are presented and evaluated. Filtering methods were also required in order to remove azimuthal dependencies discovered with fields of differential reflectivity and differential propagation phase. The developed data quality analysis procedures may be useful to the agencies that are in the process of upgrading their radar networks with dual-polarization capabilities. C1 Meteo France, Direct Syst Observ, Trappes, France. RP Gourley, JJ (reprint author), Natl Severe Storms Lab, 120 David L Boren Blvd,Rm 4745, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM jj.gourley@noaa.gov RI Gourley, Jonathan/C-7929-2016 OI Gourley, Jonathan/0000-0001-7363-3755 NR 22 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 23 IS 10 BP 1340 EP 1356 DI 10.1175/JTECH1912.1 PG 17 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 094DR UT WOS:000241220100005 ER PT J AU Kim, JW Bhowmick, S Hermann, I Lawn, BR AF Kim, Jae-Won Bhowmick, Sanjit Hermann, Ilja Lawn, Brian R. TI Transverse fracture of brittle bilayers: Relevance to failure of all-ceramic dental crowns SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART B-APPLIED BIOMATERIALS LA English DT Article DE dental crowns; fracture modes; penetrating cracks; deflecting cracks; interfaces ID MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; CLINICAL-EVALUATION; INDENTATION DAMAGE; RESIDUAL-STRESSES; GENERAL-PRACTICE; GLASS; RESTORATIONS; STRENGTH; SURVIVAL; CRACKING AB This study examines the behavior of cracks approaching interfaces in all-ceramic dental crown-like bilayers. Flat specimens are fabricated by fusing porcelain veneers onto yttria-tetragonal-zirconia-polycrystal (Y-TZP) and alumina core ceramic plates, with veneer/core matching to minimize residual thermal expansion mismatch stresses. Vickers indentations are placed on either side of the interfaces, at systematically decreasing distances, so that the lead corner cracks approach and intersect the interfaces in a normal orientation. Cracks originating in the porcelain arrest at the boundaries and, after further diminution in indentation distance, deflect along the interface without penetration into the tough core ceramic. Cracks initiating in the core ceramic pass unimpeded into the weaker porcelain without deflection, and with abrupt increase in crack size. These latter cracks, because of their lack of containment within the core layer, are regarded as especially dangerous. Implications concerning the design of optimal dental crowns in relation to materials optimization are considered. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lawn, BR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM brian.lawn@nist.gov FU NIDCR NIH HHS [P01 DE10976] NR 33 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 7 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1552-4973 J9 J BIOMED MATER RES B JI J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B PD OCT PY 2006 VL 79B IS 1 BP 58 EP 65 DI 10.1002/jbm.b.30511 PG 8 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 087EA UT WOS:000240724300008 PM 16470832 ER PT J AU Tewari, YB Kishore, N Rozzell, JD Vanderah, DJ Schantz, MM AF Tewari, Yadu B. Kishore, Nand Rozzell, J. David Vanderah, David J. Schantz, Michele M. TI A thermodynamic study of ketoreductase-catalyzed reactions - 3. Reduction of 1-phenyl-1-alkanones in non-aqueous solvents SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE acetone; equilibrium constant; n-hexane; ketoreductase; 2-propanol; 1-phenyl-1-alkanol; 1-phenyl-1-alkanone; thermodynamics ID ORGANIC-SOLVENTS; LIPASE; ESTERIFICATION; TRANSESTERIFICATION; PURIFICATION; (-)-MENTHOL; ALCOHOLS; ENZYMES; MEDIA; ACID AB The equilibrium constants K for the reactions (1-phenyl-1-alkanone + 2-propanol = 1-phenyl-1-alkanol + acetone) in the solvents n-pentane and n-hexane have been determined by using gas chromatography at the temperature 298.15 K. The 1-phenyl-1-alkaones included in this study were: 1-phenyl-1-ethanone, 1-phenyl-1-propanone, 1-phenyl-1-butanone, 1-phenyl-1-pentanone, 1-phenyl-1-hexanone, and I-phenyl-l-heptanone. The equilibrium constants for the reaction involving I-phenyl-l-ethanone were measured in the solvent n-hexane as a function of temperature (288 K to 308 K). The calculated thermodynamic quantities for the 1-phenyl-1-ethanone reaction at T = 298.15 K are: K = 0.2177 +/- 0.0018; the standard molar Gibbs free energy change, Delta(r)G(m)degrees = (3.78 +/- 10.02) kJ center dot mol(-1), the standard molar enthalpy change, Delta H-r(m)degrees = (4.53 +/- 0.87) kJ center dot mol(-1), and the standard molar entropy change, Delta S-r(m)degrees = (2.5 +/- 2.9) J center dot K-1 center dot mol(-1). The equilibrium constants of 1-phenyl-1-alkanone with an odd number of carbons in alkyl side chain are higher than the equilibrium constants of the preceding 1-phenyl-1-alkanone having an even number of carbons in the side chain and follow a zig-zag pattern with increasing carbon number in the alkyl side chain. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Indian Inst Technol, Dept Chem, Bombay 400076, Maharashtra, India. Biocatalyt Inc, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tewari, YB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM yadu.tewari@nist.gov; nandk@ether.chem.iitb.ernet.in; davidrozzell@biocatalytics.com; david.vanderah@nist.gov; michele.schantz@nist.gov NR 26 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0021-9614 J9 J CHEM THERMODYN JI J. Chem. Thermodyn. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 38 IS 10 BP 1165 EP 1171 DI 10.1016/j.jct.2005.12.014 PG 7 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA 100HS UT WOS:000241659600001 ER PT J AU Peng, SL Robinson, WA Li, SL Alexander, MA AF Peng, Shiling Robinson, Walter A. Li, Shuanglin Alexander, Michael A. TI Effects of Ekman transport on the NAO response to a tropical Atlantic SST anomaly SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SURFACE-TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES; NORTH-ATLANTIC; ATMOSPHERIC RESPONSE; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; OCEAN; IMPACT; OSCILLATION; MECHANISMS; FEEDBACK; BRIDGE AB A recent study showed that a tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly induces a significant coupled response in late winter [February-April (FMA)] in a coupled model, in which an atmospheric general circulation model is coupled to a slab mixed layer ocean model (AGCM_ML). The coupled response comprises a dipole in the geopotential height, like the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and a North Atlantic tripole in the SST. The simulated NAO response developed 1 or 2 months later in the model than in observations. To determine the possible effects of Ekman heat transport on the development of the coupled response to the tropical forcing, an extended coupled model (AGCM_EML), including Ekman transport in the slab mixed layer ocean, is now used. Large ensembles of AGCM_EML experiments are performed, parallel to the previous AGCM_ML experiments, with the model forced by the same tropical Atlantic SST anomaly over the boreal winter months (September-April). The inclusion of Ekman heat transport is found to result in an earlier development of the coupled NAO-SST tripole response in the AGCM_EML, compared to that in the AGCM_ML. The mutual reinforcement between the anomalous Ekman transport and the surface heat flux causes the tropical forcing to induce an extratropical SST response in November-January (NDJ) in the AGCM_EML that is twice as strong as that in the AGCM_ML. The feedback of this stronger extratropical SST response on the atmosphere in turn drives the development of the NAO response in NDJ. In FMA, the sign of the anomalous surface heat flux is reversed in the Gulf Stream region such that it opposes the anomalous Ekman transport. The resulting equilibrium NAO response in the AGCM_EML is similar to that in the AGCM_ML, but it is reached 1-2 months sooner in the AGCM_EML. Hence, the presence of Ekman transport causes a seasonal shift in the evolution of the coupled response. The faster development of the NAO response in the AGCM_EML suggests that tropical Atlantic SST anomalies should be able to influence the NAO, in nature, on the seasonal time scale, and that efficient interactions with the extratropical ocean play a significant role in determining the coupled response. C1 Univ Colorado, CIRES, CDC, RPSDI,NOAA, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Peng, SL (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CIRES, CDC, RPSDI,NOAA, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Shiling.Peng@noaa.gov RI Robinson, Walter/I-3782-2012; Alexander, Michael/A-7097-2013; Li, Shuanglin /D-5695-2013 OI Robinson, Walter/0000-0002-6669-7408; Alexander, Michael/0000-0001-9646-6427; Li, Shuanglin /0000-0002-4891-8561 NR 23 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 19 IS 19 BP 4803 EP 4818 DI 10.1175/JCLI3910.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 093HR UT WOS:000241159500005 ER PT J AU Liu, YH Key, JR Schweiger, A Francis, J AF Liu, Yinghui Key, Jeffrey R. Schweiger, Axel Francis, Jennifer TI Characteristics of satellite-derived clear-sky atmospheric temperature inversion strength in the Arctic, 1980-96 SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID BOUNDARY-LAYER; SEA-ICE; SURFACE; WINTER; CLOUD; COEFFICIENTS; RETRIEVALS; FLUXES; OCEAN; LEADS AB The low-level atmospheric temperature inversion is a dominant feature of the Arctic atmosphere throughout most of the year. Meteorological stations that provide radiosonde data are sparsely distributed across the Arctic, and therefore provide little information on the spatial distribution of temperature inversions. Satellite-borne sensors provide an opportunity to fill the observational gap. In this study, a 17-yr time series, 1980-96, of clear-sky temperature inversion strength during the cold season is derived from High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS) data using a two-channel statistical method. The satellite-derived clear-sky inversion strength monthly mean and trends agree well with radiosonde data. Both increasing and decreasing trends are found in the cold season for different areas. It is shown that there is a strong coupling between changes in surface temperature and changes in inversion strength, but that trends in some areas may be a result of advection aloft rather than warming or cooling at the surface. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Madison, WI USA. Univ Washington, Polar Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Rutgers State Univ, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. RP Liu, YH (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM yinghuil@ssec.wisc.edu RI Key, Jeffrey/F-5597-2010 OI Key, Jeffrey/0000-0001-6109-3050 NR 32 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 19 IS 19 BP 4902 EP 4913 DI 10.1175/JCLI3915.1 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 093HR UT WOS:000241159500011 ER PT J AU Groisman, PY Knight, RW Razuvaev, VN Bulygina, ON Karl, TR AF Groisman, Pavel Ya. Knight, Richard W. Razuvaev, Vyacheslav N. Bulygina, Olga N. Karl, Thomas R. TI State of the ground: Climatology and changes during the past 69 years over northern Eurasia for a rarely used measure of snow cover and frozen land SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURE-VARIATIONS; AIR-TEMPERATURE; PRECIPITATION; TRENDS; ACCUMULATION; VARIABILITY; HEMISPHERE; UPDATE AB Significant climatic changes over northern Eurasia during the twentieth century are revealed in numerous variables including those affecting and characterizing the state of the cryosphere. In addition to commonly used in situ observations of snow cover such as snow depth and snow courses, synoptic archives in the former Soviet Union contain regular daily and semidaily reports about the state of the ground in the area surrounding the station. Information about frozen, dry, wet, ponded, and snow-covered land, and in the case of snow-covered land, about the characteristics of snow cover, is available in these reports. A new Global Synoptic Data Network (GSDN) consisting of 2100 stations within the boundaries of the former Soviet Union created jointly by the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) and Russian Institute for Hydrometeorological Information (RIHMI) was used to assess the climatology of snow cover, frozen and unfrozen ground reports, and their temporal variability for the period from 1936 to 2004. Comparison with satellite measurements of snow cover extent is also presented. During the second half of the twentieth century and over many regions in northern Eurasia, an increase in unfrozen ground conditions (5 days since 1956 over the Russian Federation) was observed. The most prominent changes occurred in the spring season in Siberia and the Far East north of 55 degrees N during April and May by 3 to 5 days, which constitute a 15%-35% change in these regions compared to long-term mean values. Since the beginning of the dataset, surface temperature changes in high latitudes have not been monotonic. As a result, linear trend analyses applied to the entire period of observations can lead to paradoxical conclusions. Specifically, changes in snow cover extent during the 1936-2004 period cannot be linked with "warming" (particularly with the Arctic warming) because in this particular period the Arctic warming was absent. C1 UCAR Project Sci, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. STG Inc, Asheville, NC USA. Russian Inst Hydrometeorol Informat, Obninsk, Russia. RP Groisman, PY (reprint author), UCAR Project Sci, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Fed Bldg,151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. EM Pasha.Groisman@noaa.gov RI Bulygina, Olga/H-1251-2016 NR 46 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 19 IS 19 BP 4933 EP 4955 DI 10.1175/JCLI3925.1 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 093HR UT WOS:000241159500013 ER PT J AU Bennett, HS Dienstfrey, A Hudson, LT Oreskovic, T Fuerst, T Shepherd, J AF Bennett, Herbert S. Dienstfrey, Andrew Hudson, Lawrence T. Oreskovic, Tammy Fuerst, Thomas Shepherd, John TI Standards and measurements for assessing bone health - Workshop report co-sponsored by the International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL DENSITOMETRY LA English DT Article DE bone mineral density; calibration phantoms; edge detection; International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD); National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); reference data; region of interest; standards ID X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY; UNIVERSAL STANDARDIZATION; DENSITY-MEASUREMENTS; OFFICIAL POSITIONS; CROSS-CALIBRATION; MINERAL DENSITY; BRACHYTHERAPY; QUALITY; PATIENT; ACT AB This article reports and discusses the results of the recent ISCD-NIST Workshop on Standards and Measurements for Assessing Bone Health. The purpose of the workshop was to assess the status of efforts to standardize and compare results from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans, and then to identify and prioritize ongoing measurement and standards needs. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. Synarc Inc, San Francisco, CA USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. RP Bennett, HS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8120, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM herbert.bennett@nist.gov NR 22 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1094-6950 J9 J CLIN DENSITOM JI J. Clin. Densitom. PD OCT-DEC PY 2006 VL 9 IS 4 BP 399 EP 405 DI 10.1016/j.jocd.2006.06.003 PG 7 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 107FF UT WOS:000242155400004 PM 17097524 ER PT J AU Kumar, TSVV Krishnamurti, TN AF Kumar, T. S. V. Vijaya Krishnamurti, T. N. TI High resolution numerical weather prediction over the Indian subcontinent SO JOURNAL OF EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE numerical weather prediction; spectral modeling; physical initialization; high resolution regional models; multimodel superensemble forecasts ID REGIONAL SPECTRAL MODEL; LONG-RANGE FORECAST; LIMITED-AREA MODEL; MULTIMODEL SUPERENSEMBLE; PHYSICAL INITIALIZATION; CUMULUS PARAMETERIZATION; RETRIEVAL ALGORITHMS; SEASONAL CLIMATE; MONSOON RAINFALL; PRECIPITATION AB In this study, the Florida State University Global Spectral Model (FSUGSM), in association with a hi-h-resolution nested regional spectral model (FSUNRSM), is used for short-range weather forecasts over the Indian domain. Three-day forecasts for each day of August 1998 were performed using different versions of the FSUGSM and FSUNRSM and were compared with the observed fields (analysis) obtained from the European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The impact of physical initialization (a procedure that assimilates observed rain rates into the model atmosphere through a set of reverse algorithms) on rainfall forecasts was examined in detail. A very high nowcasting skill for precipitation is obtained through the use of high-resolution physical initialization applied at the regional model level. Higher skills in wind and precipitation forecasts over the Indian summer monsoon region are achieved using this version of the regional model with physical initialization. A relatively new concept, called the 'multimodel/multianalysis superensemble' is described in this paper and is applied for the wind and precipitation forecasts over the Indian subcontinent. Large improvement in forecast skills of wind at 850 hPa level over the Indian subcontinent is shown possible through the use of the multimodel superensenible. The multianalysis superensemble approach that uses the latest satellite data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) has shown significant improvement in the skills of precipitation forecasts over the Indian monsoon region. C1 Florida State Univ, Dept Meteorol, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. RP Kumar, TSVV (reprint author), Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Environm Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. EM vijay.tallapragada@noaa.gov RI Tallapragada, Vijaya Kumar/A-2421-2008 NR 55 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU INDIAN ACADEMY SCIENCES PI BANGALORE PA C V RAMAN AVENUE, SADASHIVANAGAR, P B #8005, BANGALORE 560 080, INDIA SN 0253-4126 J9 J EARTH SYST SCI JI J. Earth Syst. Sci. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 115 IS 5 BP 529 EP 555 DI 10.1007/BF02702908 PG 27 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Geology; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 107XD UT WOS:000242203400002 ER PT J AU Petrie, ME Ryer, CH AF Petrie, M. E. Ryer, C. H. TI Hunger, light level and body size affect refuge use by post-settlement lingcod Ophiodon elongatus SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE essential fish habitat; hunger; light level; lingcod; refuge use ID ONTOGENIC HABITAT SHIFTS; BEHAVIORAL DECISIONS; LARGEMOUTH BASS; PREDATION RISK; REEF FISH; PREY SIZE; JUVENILE; HYPOTHESIS; BLUEGILLS; PATTERNS AB Using experimental methods, body size, nutritional state (hunger) and light level were investigated as possible determinants of the extent to which juvenile lingcod Ophiodon elongatus used structural refuges. In the laboratory, older, larger individuals (134-162 mm total length, L-T) exhibited a higher propensity for structure use than did smaller juvenile fish (78-103 mm L-T). In fish of both body sizes, increasing hunger levels caused fish to emerge more readily from refuges than satiated individuals, with this effect most prominent for smaller fish. Diel patterns of ambient illumination were simulated in the laboratory, and refuge use by large individuals decreased significantly in response to lower nocturnal light levels, a pattern that was not observed in the smaller size class. These results indicate an ontogenetic shift in refuge use. During the summer, as post-settlement fish grew larger, they tended to increase affinity for structurally complex habitat, and also showed divergent patterns of behaviour in relation to hunger and light level. Journal compilation (c) 2006 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. C1 Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NOAA Fisheries, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Petrie, ME (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM megan.e.petrie@noaa.gov NR 44 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 69 IS 4 BP 957 EP 969 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2006.01165.x PG 13 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 083XS UT WOS:000240493000001 ER PT J AU Stein, DL Drazen, JC Schlining, KL Barry, JP Kuhnz, L AF Stein, D. L. Drazen, J. C. Schlining, K. L. Barry, J. P. Kuhnz, L. TI Snailfishes of the central California coast: video, photographic and morphological observations SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE behaviour; Liparidae; morphology; snailfishes; video ID SEASONAL ABUNDANCE; MONTEREY BAY; DEEP-REEF; OREGON; FISHES; SUBMERSIBLES; CAREPROCTUS; BEHAVIOR; ANIMALS; OCEAN AB Video and photographic images of snailfishes (Liparidae) collected by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, augmented by specimens collected simultaneously, were analysed. Nine species in five genera were identified, including Careproctus melanurus, Careproctus ovigerus, Careproctus longifilis, Careproctus gilberti, Careproctus filamentosus, Osteodiscus cascadiae, Nectoliparis pelagicus, Paraliparis dactylosus and Rhinoliparis barbulifer. Voucher specimens were collected of all except C. melanurus, C. gilberti and C. filamentosus. In addition, individuals of the Paraliparis 'rosaceus' species group were abundant but could not be identified to species. Many liparids were identified only to family, but an individual of a very distinctive unknown species, presumably undescribed, was videotaped. Relative abundance of C. melanurus was estimated, and several in situ snailfish behaviours are described for the first time. (c) 2006 Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. C1 Smithsonian Inst, NMFS Natl Systemat Lab, Natl Museum Nat Hist, NOAA, Washington, DC 20013 USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. RP Stein, DL (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, 104 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM david.stein@oregonstate.edu RI Drazen, Jeffrey/C-1197-2013 OI Drazen, Jeffrey/0000-0001-9613-3833 NR 32 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 69 IS 4 BP 970 EP 986 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2006.01167.x PG 17 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 083XS UT WOS:000240493000002 ER PT J AU Sullivan, MC Able, KW Hare, JA Walsh, HJ AF Sullivan, M. C. Able, K. W. Hare, J. A. Walsh, H. J. TI Anguilla rostrata glass eel ingress into two, US east coast estuaries: patterns, processes and implications for adult abundance SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anguilla rostrata; glass eels; ingress; precipitation; time series ID MIDDLE ATLANTIC BIGHT; LARGE-SCALE CLIMATE; AMERICAN EEL; NORTH-CAROLINA; LARVAL FISHES; NEW-ZEALAND; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; BEAUFORT INLET; RECRUITMENT; SIZE AB A time series of American eel Anguilla rostrata glass eel abundance, timing and size from Little Egg Inlet, New Jersey (16 years) and Beaufort Inlet, North Carolina (18 years) was used to provide a better understanding of ingress patterns at two, U.S. east coast estuaries. There was no evidence of synchronous declines in abundance between the two locations; however, at the Little Egg Inlet site, glass eels arrived later in the season and at significantly smaller sizes over the duration of the series. One significant linkage between sites was revealed: abundance was positively correlated with winter precipitation. Precipitation differed between sites annually and was correlated with El Nino at Beaufort Inlet and, to a lesser extent, the North Atlantic Oscillation at Little Egg Inlet. It is hypothesized that glass eels may use freshwater signals to enhance recruitment to local estuaries, thus influencing year-class strength, yet the relationship between year-class strength and adult abundance remains unresolved. (c) 2006 The Authors Journal compilation (c) 2006 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Marine Field Stn, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Tuckerton, NJ 08087 USA. NOAA, Beaufort Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Sullivan, MC (reprint author), Richard Stockton State Coll, Marine Sci Program, Div Nat Sci & Math, POB 195, Pomona, NJ 08240 USA. EM mark.sullivan@stockton.edu NR 71 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 3 U2 14 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 69 IS 4 BP 1081 EP 1101 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2006.01182.x PG 21 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 083XS UT WOS:000240493000008 ER PT J AU Morales, CR Zeng, J El Alfy, M Barth, JL Chintalapudi, MR McCarthy, RA Incardona, JP Argraves, WS AF Morales, Carlos R. Zeng, Jibin El Alfy, Mohamed Barth, Jeremy L. Chintalapudi, Mastan Rao McCarthy, Robert A. Incardona, John P. Argraves, W. Scott TI Epithelial trafficking of sonic hedgehog by megalin SO JOURNAL OF HISTOCHEMISTRY & CYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE hedgehog; megalin; LRP-2; endocytosis; transcytosis; morphogen ID PROXIMAL TUBULE CELLS; APOLIPOPROTEIN-J/CLUSTERIN; ENDOCYTIC RECEPTOR; THYROID-CELLS; EXPRESSION; MORPHOGEN; PROTEIN; FORM; GLYCOPROTEIN-330; IDENTIFICATION AB We present here evidence of in vivo epithelial endocytosis and trafficking of non-lipid-modified Sonic hedgehog (ShhN) when infused into rat efferent ducts via micro-injection. initially, exogenous ShhN is detected in endocytic vesicles and early endosomes located near the apical plasma membrane of non-ciliated cells. Within 30-60 min following infusion, ShhN can be detected in lysosomes and at basolateral regions of non-ciliated cells. Basolaterally, ShhN was observed along the extracellular surfaces of interdigitated plasma membranes of adjacent cells and in the extracellular compartment underlying the efferent duct epithelium. Uptake and subcellular trafficking of infused ShhN by non-ciliated cells could be blocked by either anti-megalin IgG or the megalin antagonist, RAP. Ciliated cells, which do not express megalin, displayed little if any apical internalization of ShhN even though they were found to express Patched-1. However, ShhN was found in coated pits of lateral plasma membranes of ciliated cells as well as in underlying endocytic vesicles. We conclude that megalin-mediated enclocytosis of ShhN can occur in megalin-expressing epithelia in vivo, and that the internalized ShhN can be targeted to the lysosome or transcytosed in the plane of the epithelium or across the epithelium. These findings highlight the multiple mechanisms by which megalin may influence Shh morphogen gradients in vivo. C1 McGill Univ, Dept Anat & Cell Biol, Montreal, PQ, Canada. Univ Laval, Med Ctr, Oncol & Mol Endocrinol Res Ctr, Quebec City, PQ, Canada. Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Cell Biol & Anat, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. NOAA, Ecotoxicol & Environm Fish Hlth Program, Environm Conservat Div, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. RP Argraves, WS (reprint author), Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Cell Biol, 173 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. EM argraves@musc.edu RI Morales, Carlos/H-1055-2011 FU NIDCR NIH HHS [DE-14347, R01 DE014347] NR 40 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU HISTOCHEMICAL SOC INC PI SEATTLE PA UNIV WASHINGTON, DEPT BIOSTRUCTURE, BOX 357420, SEATTLE, WA 98195 USA SN 0022-1554 J9 J HISTOCHEM CYTOCHEM JI J. Histochem. Cytochem. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 54 IS 10 BP 1115 EP 1127 DI 10.1369/jhc.5A6899.2006 PG 13 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 086KS UT WOS:000240672800006 PM 16801528 ER PT J AU Smith, TM Arkin, PA Bates, JJ Huffman, GJ AF Smith, Thomas M. Arkin, Phillip A. Bates, John J. Huffman, George J. TI Estimating bias of satellite-based precipitation estimates SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID GLOBAL PRECIPITATION; GAUGE OBSERVATIONS; MODEL; RAINFALL AB Systematic biases in satellite-based precipitation estimates can be the dominant component of their uncertainty. These biases may not be reduced by averaging, which makes their evaluation particularly important. Described here are several methods of evaluating the biases and their characteristics. Methods are developed and tested using monthly average precipitation estimates from several satellites. Direct estimates of bias are obtained from analysis of satellite-gauge estimates, and they indicate the general bias patterns and magnitudes over land. Direct estimates cannot be computed over the oceans, so indirect-bias estimates based on ensembles of satellite and gauge estimates are also developed. These indirect estimates are consistent with direct estimates in locations where they can be compared, while giving near-global coverage. For both bias estimates computed here, the bias uncertainty is higher than nonsystematic error estimates, caused by random or sampling errors and which have been previously reported by others for satellite estimates. Because of their greater spatial coverage, indirect-bias estimates are preferable for bias adjustment of satellite-based precipitation. The adjustment methods developed reduce the bias associated with each satellite while estimating the remaining bias uncertainty for the satellite. By adjusting all satellites to a consistent base, the bias adjustments also minimize artificial climate-scale variations in analyses that could be caused by the addition or removal of satellite products as their availability changes. C1 Univ Maryland, NOAA, NESDIS, Natl Climat Data Ctr,ESSIC, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, ESSIC, CICS, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC USA. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Smith, TM (reprint author), Univ Maryland, NOAA, NESDIS, Natl Climat Data Ctr,ESSIC, 4115 CSS Bldg, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM tom.smith@noaa.gov RI Bates, John/D-1012-2009; Arkin, Phillip/F-5808-2010; Huffman, George/F-4494-2014; Smith, Thomas M./F-5626-2010 OI Bates, John/0000-0002-8124-0406; Huffman, George/0000-0003-3858-8308; Smith, Thomas M./0000-0001-7469-7849 NR 23 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 4 U2 10 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 7 IS 5 BP 841 EP 856 DI 10.1175/JHM524.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 101QP UT WOS:000241755800001 ER PT J AU Seneviratne, SI Koster, RD Guo, ZC Dirmeyer, PA Kowalczyk, E Lawrence, D Liu, P Lu, CH Mocko, D Oleson, KW Verseghy, D AF Seneviratne, Sonia I. Koster, Randal D. Guo, Zhichang Dirmeyer, Paul A. Kowalczyk, Eva Lawrence, David Liu, Ping Lu, Cheng-Hsuan Mocko, David Oleson, Keith W. Verseghy, Diana TI Soil moisture memory in AGCM simulations: Analysis of global land-atmosphere coupling experiment (GLACE) data SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; TERRESTRIAL WATER STORAGE; SURFACE MODELS; CLIMATE MODELS; PART II; PRECIPITATION; SCALES; SCHEME; GCM; PREDICTABILITY AB Soil moisture memory is a key aspect of land-atmosphere interaction and has major implications for seasonal forecasting. Because of a severe lack of soil moisture observations on most continents, existing analyses of global-scale soil moisture memory have relied previously on atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) experiments, with derived conclusions that are probably model dependent. The present study is the first survey examining and contrasting global-scale (near) monthly soil moisture memory characteristics across a broad range of AGCMs. The investigated simulations, performed with eight different AGCMs, were generated as part of the Global Land-Atmosphere Coupling Experiment. Overall, the AGCMs present relatively similar global patterns of soil moisture memory. Outliers are generally characterized by anomalous water-holding capacity or biases in radiation forcing. Water-holding capacity is highly variable among the analyzed AGCMs and is the main factor responsible for intermodel differences in soil moisture memory. Therefore, further studies on this topic should focus on the accurate characterization of this parameter for present AGCMs. Despite the range in the AGCMs' behavior, the average soil moisture memory characteristics of the models appear realistic when compared to available in situ soil moisture observations. An analysis of the processes controlling soil moisture memory in the AGCMs demonstrates that it is mostly controlled by two effects: evaporation's sensitivity to soil moisture, which increases with decreasing soil moisture content, and runoff's sensitivity to soil moisture, which increases with increasing soil moisture content. Soil moisture memory is highest in regions of medium soil moisture content, where both effects are small. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Ctr Ocean Land Atmosphere Studies, Calverton, MD USA. CSIRO, Aspendale, Vic, Australia. Univ Reading, Reading, Berks, England. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Beltsville, MD USA. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camps Springs, MD USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Meteorol Serv Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada. RP Seneviratne, SI (reprint author), ETH, Inst Atmospher & Climate Sci, Univ Str 16, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. EM sonia.seneviratne@env.ethz.ch RI Oleson, Keith/A-9328-2008; Lawrence, David/C-4026-2011; Seneviratne, Sonia/G-8761-2011; Koster, Randal/F-5881-2012; Dirmeyer, Paul/B-6553-2016 OI Lawrence, David/0000-0002-2968-3023; Seneviratne, Sonia/0000-0001-9528-2917; Koster, Randal/0000-0001-6418-6383; Dirmeyer, Paul/0000-0003-3158-1752 NR 54 TC 105 Z9 108 U1 0 U2 30 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 7 IS 5 BP 1090 EP 1112 DI 10.1175/JHM533.1 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 101QP UT WOS:000241755800017 ER PT J AU Zha, XF AF Zha, Xuan F. TI Integration of the STEP-based assembly model and XML schema with the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) for muti-agent based assembly evaluation SO JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT MANUFACTURING LA English DT Article DE assemblability; evaluation; STEP; intelligent CAD; design for assembly; multi-agent-based integration; fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (AHP) approach ID DESIGN; SYSTEM; FEATURES; METHODOLOGY; TOOLS AB Assemblability analysis and evaluation plays a key role in assembly design, operation analysis and planning. In this paper, we propose an integrated intelligent approach and framework for evaluation of assemblability and assembly sequence for electro-mechanical assemblies (EMAs). The approach integrates the STEP (STandard for the Exchange of Product model data, officially ISO 10303)-based assembly model and XML schema with the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process for assembly evaluation. The evaluation structure covers not only the geometric and physical characteristics of the assembly parts but also the assembly operation data necessary to assemble the parts. The realization of the integration system is implemented through a multi-agent framework. Through integration with the STEP-based product modeling agent system, CAD agent system and assembly planning agent system, the developed assembly evaluation agent system can effectively incorporate, exchange, and share concurrent engineering knowledge into the preliminary design process so as to provide users with suggestions for improving a design and also helping obtain better design ideas. The applications show that the proposed approach and system are feasible. C1 Nanyang Technol Univ, Singapore, Singapore. Inst Mfg Technol, Singapore, Singapore. RP Zha, XF (reprint author), NIST, Mail Stop 8263, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM xfzha@ieee.org NR 43 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 12 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0956-5515 J9 J INTELL MANUF JI J. Intell. Manuf. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 17 IS 5 BP 527 EP 544 DI 10.1007/s10845-006-0031-3 PG 18 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Manufacturing SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 092QV UT WOS:000241113300001 ER PT J AU Matthews, B Sylvie, JR Lee, SH Thomas, SR Chapman, RE Gibson, GE AF Matthews, Benjamin Sylvie, Jonathan R. Lee, Sang-Hoon Thomas, Stephen R. Chapman, Robert E. Gibson, G. Edward, Jr. TI Addressing security in early stages of project life cycle SO JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT IN ENGINEERING LA English DT Article AB This article summarizes the first phase of a three-phase research effort to develop and deploy best practices for project security on industrial projects. It shows how to address security early in the project life cycle and its impacts on the capital facility delivery process. Three dimensions of security for capital projects are examined-physical, personnel, and information-and linked to the key concepts of threats, consequences, and vulnerability assessment. A select set of industry best practices provides the basis for integrating security into the project delivery process. This selection includes six best practices: (1) preproject planning; (2) alignment; (3) design effectiveness; (4) constructability; (5) materials management; and (6) planning for start-up. The article outlines the methodology for updating best practices to include security. It includes a brief description of each practice and documents the key updates for incorporating security-related considerations into the practice. Security implications for the project delivery process are provided as well as recommendations to industry. C1 USAF, Haslett, MI 48840 USA. USA, Austin, TX 78739 USA. Univ Houston, Dept Engn Technol, Houston, TX 77204 USA. Univ Texas, Austin, TX 78759 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Off Appl Econ, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Civil Construct & Environm Engn, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. RP Matthews, B (reprint author), USAF, 5793 Bayonne Ave, Haslett, MI 48840 USA. NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 3 U2 4 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0742-597X J9 J MANAGE ENG JI J. Manage. Eng. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 22 IS 4 BP 196 EP 202 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0742-597X(2006)22:4(196) PG 7 WC Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Civil SC Engineering GA 088CT UT WOS:000240789800005 ER PT J AU Nemes, NM Neumann, DA Livingston, RA AF Nemes, Norbert M. Neumann, Dan A. Livingston, Richard A. TI States of water in hydrated C3S (tricalcium silicate) as a function of relative humidity SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ELASTIC NEUTRON-SCATTERING; C-S-H; PORTLAND-CEMENT PASTES; DICALCIUM SILICATE AB Quasi-elastic neutron spectroscopy was used to study the changes in the water content of hydrated tricalcium silicate cement paste with decreasing relative humidity (RH). The structurally bound water was divided into water bound in Ca(OH)(2) and in calcium-silicate hydrate, or C-S-H-gel, utilizing the inelastic vibrational modes of Ca(OH)(2). The quasi-elastic line was analyzed in terms of free and constrained water, and both were observed to decrease as the pores empty of pore-water with drying. An inelastic line related to translational vibrations of immobile water molecules was also extracted from the spectra, and its intensity was found to decrease with lower RH. C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Fed Highway Adm, Off Infrastruct R&D, Mclean, VA 22101 USA. RP Neumann, DA (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dan@nist.gov NR 27 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 5 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0884-2914 J9 J MATER RES JI J. Mater. Res. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 21 IS 10 BP 2516 EP 2523 DI 10.1557/JMR.2006.0332 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 091IW UT WOS:000241021600011 ER PT J AU Ho, JS Collette, BB Madinabeitia, L AF Ho, Ju-shey Collette, Bruce B. Madinabeitia, Ione TI Host specificity of Lepeophtheirus crassus (Wilson and bere) (Copepoda : Caligidae) parasitic on the marlin sucker Remora osteochir (Cuvier) in the Atlantic Ocean SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article AB species of remoras - Remora brachyptera (Lowe), Remora osteochir (Cuvier), and Remora remora (Linnaeus) - were collected from 4 species of billfishes - Istiophorus platypterus (Shaw), Makaira nigricans Lacepede, Tetrapturus albidus Poey, and Tetrapturus pfluegeri Robins and de Sylva - on board a Japanese long-liner Shoyo Maru during her cruise in 2002 across the Atlantic. However, only the marlin sucker (R. osteochir) was found to carry a parasitic copepod, Lepeophtheirus crassus (Wilson and Bere, 1936). Although 12 species of parasitic copepods have been reported from billfishes around the world ocean, none of them is L. crassus. Thus, L. crassus is considered a parasite specific to the marlin sucker. C1 Calif State Univ Long Beach, Dept Biol Sci, Long Beach, CA 90840 USA. Museum Natl Hist Nat, Smithsonian Inst, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Systemat Lab, Washington, DC 20013 USA. RP Ho, JS (reprint author), Calif State Univ Long Beach, Dept Biol Sci, Long Beach, CA 90840 USA. EM jsho@csulb.edu NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 92 IS 5 BP 1113 EP 1115 DI 10.1645/GE-837R.1 PG 3 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 105SJ UT WOS:000242052300039 PM 17152964 ER PT J AU Sunda, WG Graneli, E Gobler, CJ AF Sunda, William G. Graneli, Edna Gobler, Christopher J. TI Positive feedback and the development and persistence of ecosystem disruptive algal blooms SO JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Review DE blooms; feedback; harmful algae; grazing, ecosystem; light; phytoplankton, nutrients; recycling, zooplankton ID TEXAS BROWN TIDE; DIFFERENT NUTRIENT CONDITIONS; DISSOLVED ORGANIC NITROGEN; JUVENILE HARD CLAMS; CUPRIC ION ACTIVITY; AUREOCOCCUS-ANOPHAGEFFERENS; PRYMNESIUM-PARVUM; NODULARIA-SPUMIGENA; FLORIDA-BAY; LAGUNA-MADRE AB Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have occurred with increasing frequency in recent years with eutrophication and other anthropogenic alterations of coastal ecosystems. Many of these blooms severely alter or degrade ecosystem function, and are referred to here as ecosystem disruptive algal blooms (EDABs). These blooms are often caused by toxic or unpalatable species that decrease grazing rates by planktonic and benthic herbivores, and thereby disrupt the transfer of nutrients and energy to higher trophic levels, and decrease nutrient recycling. Many factors, such as nutrient availability and herbivore grazing have been proposed to separately influence EDAB dynamics, but interactions among these factors have rarely been considered. Here we discuss positive feedback interactions among nutrient availability, herbivore grazing, and nutrient regeneration, which have the potential to substantially influence the dynamics of EDAB events. The positive feedbacks result from a reduction of grazing rates on EDAB species caused by toxicity or unpalatability of these algae, which promotes the proliferation of the EDAB species. The decreased rates also lower grazer-mediated recycling of nutrients and thereby decrease nutrient availability. Since many EDAB species are well-adapted to nutrient-stressed environments and many exhibit increased toxin production and toxicity under nutrient limitation, positive feedbacks are established which can greatly increase the rate of bloom development and the adverse effects on the ecosystem. An understanding of how these feedbacks interact with other regulating factors, such as benthic/pelagic nutrient coupling, physical forcing, and life cycles of EDAB species provides a substantial future challenge. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Univ Kalmar, Dept Marine Sci, SE-39182 Kalmar, Sweden. SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. RP Sunda, WG (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM bill.sunda@noaa.gov RI Graneli, Edna/F-5936-2015 NR 96 TC 134 Z9 137 U1 9 U2 69 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-3646 J9 J PHYCOL JI J. Phycol. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 42 IS 5 BP 963 EP 974 DI 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2006.00261.x PG 12 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 086GS UT WOS:000240662400001 ER PT J AU Sura, P Newman, M Alexander, MA AF Sura, Philip Newman, Matthew Alexander, Michael A. TI Daily to decadal sea surface temperature variability driven by state-dependent stochastic heat fluxes SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID NORTH PACIFIC; PROBABILITY-DISTRIBUTION; SATELLITE-OBSERVATIONS; MULTIPLICATIVE NOISE; SOUTHERN-OCEAN; T-DISTRIBUTION; WIND STRESS; LATENT-HEAT; MODEL; ENSO AB The classic Frankignoul-Hasselmann hypothesis for sea surface temperature (SST) variability of an oceanic mixed layer assumes that the surface heat flux can be simply parameterized as noise induced by atmospheric variability plus a linear temperature relaxation rate. It is suggested here, however, that rapid fluctuations in this rate, as might be expected, for example, from gustiness of the sea surface winds, are large enough that they cannot be ignored. Such fluctuations cannot be fully modeled by noise that is independent of the state of the SST anomaly itself. Rather, they require the inclusion of a state-dependent (i.e., multiplicative) noise term, which can be expected to affect both persistence and the relative occurrence of high-amplitude anomalies. As a test of this hypothesis, daily observations at several Ocean Weather Stations (OWSs) are examined. Significant skewness and kurtosis of the distributions of SST anomalies is found, which is shown to be consistent with a multiplicative noise model. The observed wintertime SST distribution at OWS P is reproduced using a single-column variable-depth mixed layer model; the resulting non-Gaussianity is found to be largely due to the state dependence of rapidly varying (effectively stochastic) sensible and latent heat flux anomalies. The authors' model for the non-Gaussianity of anomalous SST variability (counterintuitively) implies that the multiplicative noise increases the persistence, predictability, and variance of midlatitude SST anomalies. The effect is strongest on annual and longer time scales and may, therefore, be important to the understanding and modeling of interannual and interdecadal SST and related climate variability. C1 NOAA CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Sura, P (reprint author), NOAA CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, R-PSD1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM philip.sura@noaa.gov RI Newman, Matthew /F-8336-2010; Alexander, Michael/A-7097-2013 OI Newman, Matthew /0000-0001-5348-2312; Alexander, Michael/0000-0001-9646-6427 NR 49 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 36 IS 10 BP 1940 EP 1958 DI 10.1175/JPO2948.1 PG 19 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 098YF UT WOS:000241559000005 ER PT J AU Yu, SC Mathur, R Kang, DW Schere, K Eder, B Pleirn, J AF Yu, Shaocai Mathur, Rohit Kang, Daiwen Schere, Kenneth Eder, Brian Pleirn, Jonathan TI Performance and diagnostic evaluation of ozone predictions by the eta-community multiscale air quality forecast system during the 2002 New England Air Quality Study SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID GAS-PHASE REACTION; UNITED-STATES; MODELING SYSTEM; WATER-VAPOR; N2O5; CMAQ AB A real-time air quality forecasting system (Eta-Community Multiscale Air Quality [CMAQ] model suite) has been developed by linking the National Centers for Environmental Estimation Eta model to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) CMAQ model. This work presents results from the application of the Eta-CMAQ modeling system for forecasting ozone (0,) over the Northeastern United States during the 2002 New England Air Quality Study (NEAQS). Spatial and temporal performance of the Eta-CMAQ model for 0, was evaluated by comparison with observations from the EPA Air Quality System (AQS) network. This study also examines the ability of the model to simulate the processes governing the distributions of tropospheric O-3 on the basis of the intensive datasets obtained at the four Atmospheric Investigation, Regional Modeling, Analysis, and Estimation (AIRMAP) and Harvard Forest (HF) surface sites. The episode analysis reveals that the model captured the buildup of O-3 concentrations over the northeastern domain from August 11 and reproduced the spatial distributions of observed O-3 very well for the daytime (8:00 p.m) of both August 8 and 12 with most of normalized mean bias (NMB). within +/- 20%. The model reproduced 53.3% of the observed hourly 0, within a factor of 1.5 with NMB of 29.7% and normalized mean error of 46.9% at the 342 AQS sites. The comparison of modeled and observed lidar O-3 vertical profiles shows that whereas the model reproduced the observed vertical structure, it tended to overestimate at higher altitude. The model reproduced 64-77% of observed NO2 photolysis rate values within a factor of 1.5 at the AIRMAP sites. At the HF site, comparison of modeled and observed O-3/nitrogen oxide (NOx.) ratios suggests that the site is mainly under strongly NOx-sensitive conditions (> 53%). It was found that the modeled lower limits of the O-3 production efficiency values (inferred from O-3-Co correlation) are close to the observations. C1 US EPA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Yu, SC (reprint author), US EPA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM yu.shaocai@epa.gov RI yu, shaocai/G-7806-2011; yu, shaocai/F-1394-2014; Pleim, Jonathan Pleim/C-1331-2017 OI Pleim, Jonathan Pleim/0000-0001-6190-6082 NR 23 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 6 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 56 IS 10 BP 1459 EP 1471 PG 13 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 091RP UT WOS:000241046300012 PM 17063868 ER PT J AU Schultz, DM Kanak, KM Straka, JM Trapp, RJ Gordon, BA Zrnic, DS Bryan, GH Durant, AJ Garrett, TJ Klein, PM Lilly, DK AF Schultz, David M. Kanak, Katharine M. Straka, Jerry M. Trapp, Robert J. Gordon, Brent A. Zrnic, Dusan S. Bryan, George H. Durant, Adam J. Garrett, Timothy J. Klein, Petra M. Lilly, Douglas K. TI The mysteries of mammatus clouds: Observations and formation mechanisms SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Review ID INTERMOUNTAIN PRECIPITATION EXPERIMENT; GRAVITY-WAVES; RADAR OBSERVATIONS; VOLCANIC-ERUPTIONS; TROPICAL ANVILS; DEEP CONVECTION; DOPPLER RADAR; WEATHER RADAR; CIRRUS CLOUDS; SQUALL LINES AB Mammatus clouds are an intriguing enigma of atmospheric fluid dynamics and cloud physics. Most commonly observed on the underside of cumulonimbus anvils, mammatus also occur on the underside of cirrus, cirrocumulus, altocumulus, altostratus, and stratocumulus, as well as in contrails from jet aircraft and pyrocumulus ash clouds from volcanic eruptions. Despite their aesthetic appearance, mammatus have been the subject of few quantitative research studies. Observations of mammatus have been obtained largely through serendipitous opportunities with a single observing system (e.g., aircraft penetrations, visual observations, lidar, radar) or tangential observations from field programs with other objectives. Theories describing mammatus remain untested, as adequate measurements for validation do not exist because of the small distance scales and short time scales of mammatus. Modeling studies of mammatus are virtually nonexistent. As a result, relatively little is known about the environment, formation mechanisms, properties, microphysics, and dynamics of mammatus. This paper presents a review of mammatus clouds that addresses these mysteries. Previous observations of mammatus and proposed formation mechanisms are discussed. These hypothesized mechanisms are anvil subsidence, subcloud evaporation/sublimation, melting, hydrometeor fallout, cloud-base detrainment instability, radiative effects, gravity waves, Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, Rayleigh-Taylor instability, and Rayleigh-Benard-like convection. Other issues addressed in this paper include whether mammatus are composed of ice or liquid water hydrometeors, why mammatus are smooth, what controls the temporal and spatial scales and organization of individual mammatus lobes, and what are the properties of volcanic ash clouds that produce mammatus? The similarities and differences between mammatus, virga, stalactites, and reticular clouds are also discussed. Finally, because much still remains to be learned, research opportunities are described for using mammatus as a window into the microphysical, turbulent, and dynamical processes occurring on the underside of clouds. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, FRDD, Norman, OK 73072 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Camp Springs, MD USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Geol Min Engn & Sci, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Meteorol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. Univ Nebraska, Kearney, NE USA. RP Schultz, DM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, FRDD, Suite 4356, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM david.schultz@noaa.gov RI Schultz, David M./A-3091-2010; Klein, Petra/G-1894-2012; Durant, Adam/C-7883-2014; Bryan, George/O-3849-2014 OI Schultz, David M./0000-0003-1558-6975; Klein, Petra/0000-0003-2943-7831; Durant, Adam/0000-0002-0198-7332; Bryan, George/0000-0002-2444-3039 NR 113 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 4 U2 17 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 EI 1520-0469 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 63 IS 10 BP 2409 EP 2435 DI 10.1175/JAS3758.1 PG 27 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 098WU UT WOS:000241554500001 ER PT J AU Frierson, DMW Held, IM Zurita-Gotor, P AF Frierson, Dargan M. W. Held, Isaac M. Zurita-Gotor, Pablo TI A gray-radiation aquaplanet moist GCM. Part I: Static stability and eddy scale SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; CUMULUS CONVECTION; BAROCLINIC EDDIES; BETA-PLANE; TROPOPAUSE; TROPOSPHERE; VARIABILITY; SENSITIVITY; INSTABILITY; ATMOSPHERE AB In this paper, a simplified moist general circulation model is developed and used to study changes in the atmospheric general circulation as the water vapor content of the atmosphere is altered. The key elements of the model physics are gray radiative transfer, in which water vapor and other constituents have no effect on radiative fluxes, a simple diffusive boundary layer with prognostic depth, and a mixed layer aquaplanet surface boundary condition. This GCM can be integrated stably without a convection parameterization, with large-scale condensation only, and this study focuses on this simplest version of the model. These simplifications provide a useful framework in which to focus on the interplay between latent heat release and large-scale dynamics. In this paper, the authors study the role of moisture in determining the tropospheric static stability and midlatitude eddy scale. In a companion paper, the effects of moisture on energy transports by baroclinic eddies are discussed. The authors vary a parameter in the Clausius-Clapeyron relation to control the amount of water in the atmosphere, and consider circulations ranging from the dry limit to 10 times a control value. The typical length scale of midlatitude eddies is found to be remarkably insensitive to the amount of moisture in the atmosphere in this model. The Rhines scale evaluated at the latitude of the maximum eddy kinetic energy fits the model results for the eddy scale well. Moist convection is important in determining the extratropical lapse rate, and the dry stability is significantly increased with increased moisture content. C1 Princeton Univ, Program Appl & Computat Math, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. NOAA, GFDL, Princeton, NJ USA. UCAR, GFDL, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Frierson, DMW (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Program Appl & Computat Math, Fine Hall,Washington Rd, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. EM frierson@princeton.edu RI Frierson, Dargan/F-1763-2010; Zurita-Gotor, Pablo/A-5045-2008 OI Frierson, Dargan/0000-0001-8952-5644; Zurita-Gotor, Pablo/0000-0002-6873-7645 NR 26 TC 126 Z9 126 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 63 IS 10 BP 2548 EP 2566 DI 10.1175/JAS3753.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 098WU UT WOS:000241554500007 ER PT J AU Nisar, J Awan, IA Humayun, M Ahmad, T Shakoor, A AF Nisar, J. Awan, I. A. Humayun, M. Ahmad, T. Shakoor, A. TI Kinetics study of dehydrohalogenation of 1-chlorohexane SO JOURNAL OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF PAKISTAN LA English DT Article ID THERMAL-DECOMPOSITION; LIF DETECTION; PYROLYSIS; CHLORIDE; ALKYL; NO3 AB Thermal decomposition of I-chlorohexane was studied over temperature range 623 - 833 K and pressure between 5-20 Torr. Following rate expression was obtained for homogeneous, non-radical dehydrohalogenation reaction. k((total)) 10(9.84 +/- 1.08) s(-1) exp(-177.25 +/- 3.55 (kJ/mole)/RT) The observed activation energy and frequency factor was found to be consistent with the elimination of hydrochloric acid via four-member cyclic transition state. The effect of the surface on the reaction was studied at 653.2 K using the packed reaction vessel. It was observed that the reaction proceeds 10% faster in the packed vessel than the unpacked reaction vessel. The effect of pressure on the reaction was investigated at 653.2 K. A series of 10 minute's pyrolysis with initial pressure in the range 5-20 torr were made. There was Ca. 10.3% increase in the rate of reaction as the pressure was lowered from 20 to 5 Torr. C1 Univ Peshawar, Natl Ctr Excellence Phys Chem, Peshawar, Pakistan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Nisar, J (reprint author), Univ Peshawar, Natl Ctr Excellence Phys Chem, Peshawar, Pakistan. NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU CHEM SOC PAKISTAN PI KARACHI PA HEJ RES INST CHEM UNIV KARACHI, 75270 KARACHI, PAKISTAN SN 0253-5106 J9 J CHEM SOC PAKISTAN JI J. Chem. Soc. Pak. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 28 IS 5 BP 417 EP 420 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 134MR UT WOS:000244088000003 ER PT J AU Lehnert, H Stone, R Heimler, W AF Lehnert, Helmut Stone, Robert Heimler, Wolfgang TI Erylus aleuticus sp nov (Porifera : Demospongiae : Astrophorida : Geodiidae) from the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, USA SO JOURNAL OF THE MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM LA English DT Article AB A new species of Erylus from the Aleutian Islands is described. This is the first record of the genus from the Aleutian Islands. The new species differs from all other known species of Erylus in the presence of different types of monaxonic rnegascleres, ranging from oxcas, strongyles, styles, tylostyles to tylotes, often with unequal ends and irregular modifications of these types. The lack of a secondary category of asters Is also unusual for the genus. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Inst Zool 1, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany. RP Lehnert, H (reprint author), Eichenstr 14, D-86507 Oberottmarshausen, Germany. EM Lehnert@spongetaxonomies.de NR 14 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 0025-3154 J9 J MAR BIOL ASSOC UK JI J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 86 IS 5 BP 971 EP 975 DI 10.1017/S0025315406013944 PG 5 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 095MD UT WOS:000241311000007 ER PT J AU Kelley, EF AF Kelley, Edward F. TI Special section on display metrology - Introduction SO JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION DISPLAY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kelley, EF (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC INFORMATION DISPLAY PI SAN JOSE PA 610 S SECOND STREET, SAN JOSE, CA 95112 USA SN 1071-0922 J9 J SOC INF DISPLAY JI J. Soc. Inf. Disp. PD OCT-DEC PY 2006 VL 14 IS 10-12 BP 965 EP 965 DI 10.1889/1.2393032 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA 129LO UT WOS:000243731200018 ER PT J AU Kelley, EF Lindfors, M Penczek, J AF Kelley, Edward F. Lindfors, Max Penczek, John TI Display daylight ambient contrast measurement methods and daylight readability SO JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION DISPLAY LA English DT Article DE contrast; daylight readability; diffuse reflectance; display measurements; display readability; display reflection measurements; dynamic range; luminous reflectance factor; maximum readability; reflectance factor; skylight reflection; spectral reflectance factor; sunlight readability; sunlight reflection ID REFLECTANCE AB Two composite metrics to characterize display reflection, contrast, and readability under daylight illumination is proposed. A measurement of the reflection under directed illumination simulating the sun is combined with a measurement of the reflection under uniform diffuse illumination to simulate the sky. The measurements are performed separately in a laboratory, and then the measurement results are combined and scaled to daylight levels with attention to the proper Spectra involved for the skylight and sunlight. C1 Technol Adm, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, Elect & Elect Engn Lab,US Dept Commerce, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. Nokia, Helsinki, Finland. DuPont Displays, Santa Barbara, CA USA. RP Kelley, EF (reprint author), Technol Adm, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, Elect & Elect Engn Lab,US Dept Commerce, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. EM kelley@nist.gov NR 18 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOC INFORMATION DISPLAY PI SAN JOSE PA 610 S SECOND STREET, SAN JOSE, CA 95112 USA SN 1071-0922 J9 J SOC INF DISPLAY JI J. Soc. Inf. Disp. PD OCT-DEC PY 2006 VL 14 IS 10-12 BP 1019 EP 1030 DI 10.1889/1.2393026 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA 129LO UT WOS:000243731200025 ER PT J AU Stevick, PT Allen, J Clapham, PJ Katona, SK Larsen, F Lien, J Mattila, DK Palsboll, PJ Sears, R Sigurjonsson, J Smith, TD Vikingsson, G Oien, N Hammond, PS AF Stevick, P. T. Allen, J. Clapham, P. J. Katona, S. K. Larsen, F. Lien, J. Mattila, D. K. Palsboll, P. J. Sears, R. Sigurjonsson, J. Smith, T. D. Vikingsson, G. Oien, N. Hammond, P. S. TI Population spatial structuring on the feeding grounds in North Atlantic humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) SO JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article DE site fidelity; movement; foraging ID SPERM-WHALES; BALEEN WHALES; SAND EEL; ABUNDANCE; MIGRATION; MOVEMENT; BEHAVIOR; CAPELIN; WATERS; MAINE AB Population spatial structuring among North Atlantic humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae on the summer feeding grounds was investigated using movement patterns of identified individuals. We analysed the results from an intensive 2-year ocean-basin-scale investigation resulting in 1658 individuals identified by natural markings and 751 individuals by genetic markers supplemented with data from a long-term collaborative study with 3063 individuals identified by natural markings. Re-sighting distances ranged from < 1 km to > 2200 km. The frequencies (F) of re-sighting distances (D) observed in consecutive years were best modelled by an inverse allometric function (F=6631D(-1.24), r(2)=0.984), reflecting high levels of site fidelity (median re-sighting distance < 40 km) with occasional long-distance movement (5% of re-sightings > 550 km). The distribution of re-sighting distances differed east and west of 45 degrees W, with more long-distance movement in the east. This difference is consistent with regional patterns of prey distribution and predictability. Four feeding aggregations were identified: the Gulf of Maine, eastern Canada, West Greenland and the eastern North Atlantic. There was an exchange rate of 0.98% between the western feeding aggregations. The prevalence of long-distance movement in the east made delineation of possible additional feeding aggregations less clear. Limited exchange between sites separated by as little as tens of kilometres produced lower-level structuring within all feeding aggregations. Regional and temporal differences in movement patterns reflected similar foraging responses to varying patterns of prey availability and predictability. A negative relationship was shown between relative abundance of herring and sand lance in the Gulf of Maine and humpback whale movement from the Gulf of Maine to eastern Canada. C1 Univ St Andrews, Sea Mammal Res Unit, St Andrews KY16 8LB, Fife, Scotland. Hebrideen Whale & Dolphin Trust, Isle Mull, England. Coll Atlantic, Bar Harbor, ME USA. Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA USA. Greenland Inst Nat Resources, Nuuk, Greenland. Mem Univ Newfoundland, Biopsychol Programme, St John, NF, Canada. Mem Univ Newfoundland, Ctr Ocean Sci, St John, NF, Canada. Ctr Coastal Studies, Provincetown, MA USA. Univ Copenhagen, Dept Populat Biol, Copenhagen O, Denmark. Mingan Isl Cetacean Study, St Lambert, PQ, Canada. Inst Marine Res, Reykjavik, Iceland. NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA USA. Inst Marine Res, N-5024 Bergen, Norway. RP Stevick, PT (reprint author), Univ St Andrews, Sea Mammal Res Unit, St Andrews KY16 8LB, Fife, Scotland. EM peter@hwdt.org RI Palsboll, Per /G-6988-2011 OI Palsboll, Per /0000-0002-4198-7599 NR 66 TC 26 Z9 31 U1 4 U2 40 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0952-8369 J9 J ZOOL JI J. Zool. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 270 IS 2 BP 244 EP 255 DI 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00128.x PG 12 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 083XQ UT WOS:000240492600006 ER PT J AU O'Connor, TP Lauenstein, GG AF O'Connor, Thomas P. Lauenstein, Gunnar G. TI Trends in chemical concentrations in mussels and oysters collected along the US coast: Update to 2003 SO MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Mussel Watch; temporal trends; chlorinated hydrocarbons; butyltins; PAHs; trace elements ID SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; SEDIMENT CORES; ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; HISTORICAL TRENDS; UNITED-STATES; TRACE-METALS; WATCH; CALIFORNIA; ESTUARINE AB With data from the annual analyses of mussels and oysters collected in 1986-1993 from sites located throughout the coastal United States [O'Connor, T.P., 1996. Trends in chemical concentrations in mussels and oysters collected along the US coast from 1986 to 1993. Mar. Environ. Res. 41, 183-200] showed decreasing trends, on a national scale, for chemicals whose use has been banned or has greatly decreased and that concentrations of most other chemicals were neither increasing nor decreasing. With data through 2003 those conclusions still apply. National median concentrations of synthetic organic chemicals and cadmium continue to decrease. The added data show that concentrations of lindane and high molecular weight PAHs are also decreasing on a national scale. For metals other than cadmium and zinc (in mussels), the added data reveal trends at more sites than in 1993 but no additional national trends. However, the longer time series has revealed several local and regional trends. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NOAA, Natl Ctr Coastal OCean Sci, Ctr Coastal Monitoring & Assessment, NSCII, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Lauenstein, GG (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ctr Coastal OCean Sci, Ctr Coastal Monitoring & Assessment, NSCII, 1305 EW Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM gunnar.lauenstein@noaa.gov NR 34 TC 60 Z9 63 U1 2 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-1136 J9 MAR ENVIRON RES JI Mar. Environ. Res. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 62 IS 4 BP 261 EP 285 DI 10.1016/j.marenvres.2006.04.067 PG 25 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 091WB UT WOS:000241057900002 PM 16777213 ER PT J AU Baker, JD Harting, AL Johanos, TC AF Baker, Jason D. Harting, Albert L. Johanos, Thea C. TI Use of discovery curves to assess abundance of Hawaiian monk seals SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE discovery curves; abundance estimation; Hawaiian monk seal; Monachus schauinslandi ID SPECIES-ACCUMULATION FUNCTIONS; POPULATION; RICHNESS; SAMPLE; NUMBER AB We investigated the pattern of first sighting of individual seals over the course of a field season, or the "discovery curve," as a means for estimating abundance of the endangered Hawaiian monk seal, Monachus schauinslandi. We empirically derived a criterion to determine whether or not total enumeration had been accomplished at a given site and year. When greater than 100-h field effort was expended without a new individual being identified, we concluded that total enumeration was likely achieved. To evaluate the potential for estimating abundance through extrapolation of nonlinear asymptotic functions fitted to discovery curves, we conducted simulations under a range of capture probability scenarios, including some based on observed individual variability in monk seal sighting frequencies. We demonstrated that if capture heterogeneity existed among individuals, the fitted asymptotes tended to yield biased estimates of abundance. Moreover, the levels of bias and uncertainty tended to increase inversely with the proportion of the population identified. While extrapolation shows little promise for generating unbiased abundance estimates, discovery curves have practical appeal for determining whether total enumeration has been achieved, and for optimizing field effort allocation. This is especially true for relatively small, closed populations of marked individuals. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Aberdeen, Sch Biol Sci, Lighthouse Field Stn, Cromarty IV11 8YJ, Rossshire, Scotland. Harting Biol Consulting, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. RP Baker, JD (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2570 Dole St, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM jason.baker@noaa.gov NR 31 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 6 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0824-0469 EI 1748-7692 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 22 IS 4 BP 847 EP 861 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2006.00061.x PG 15 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 086GY UT WOS:000240663000005 ER PT J AU Morin, PA Leduc, RG Robertson, KM Hedrick, NM Perrin, WF Etnier, M Wade, P Taylor, BL AF Morin, Phillip A. LeDuc, Richard G. Robertson, Kelly M. Hedrick, Nicole M. Perrin, William F. Etnier, Michael Wade, Paul Taylor, Barbara L. TI Genetic analysis of killer whale (Orcinus orca) historical bone and tooth samples to identify western US ecotypes SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE killer whale; Orcinus orca; mtDNA; ecotype; control region; ancient DNA; museum samples ID EASTERN NORTH PACIFIC; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; POPULATIONS; DNA; ALASKA; TRANSIENT; BEHAVIOR; WATERS AB Little is known about the historical range of killer whale ecotypes in the eastern North Pacific (ENP). It is possible that ranges have shifted in the last few decades because of changes in availability of food. In particular, the southern resident ecotype, currently found primarily in the inland waters of Washington State, is known to prey extensively on salmon, which have declined in recent decades along the outer coasts of Washington, Oregon, and California. To investigate historical distributions of this and the other ENP ecotypes, samples of teeth and bones were obtained from NMFS and museum collections. We amplified a short section of the mitochondrial DNA control region that contains four diagnostic sites that differentiate between haplotypes found in ecotypes of ENP killer whales. Results did not show any southern resident haplotypes in samples from south of the Washington State inland waterways. One whale genetically identified as a northern resident extends the known southernmost distribution of the population from Oregon to California. Items of diet identified from stomach contents of six of the whales genetically identified to ecotype conformed with what is known of the feeding habits of the various ecotypes. C1 NMFS, SWFSC, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. NMML, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Morin, PA (reprint author), 2507 Elm St, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA. EM phillip.morin@noaa.gov NR 29 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 18 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 22 IS 4 BP 897 EP 909 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2006.00070.x PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 086GY UT WOS:000240663000008 ER PT J AU Fajardo-Mellor, L Berta, A Brownell, RL Boy, CC Goodall, RNP AF Fajardo-Mellor, Liliana Berta, Annalisa Brownell, Robert L., Jr. Boy, Claudia C. Goodall, R. Natalie P. TI The phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of true porpoises (Mammalia : Phocoenidae) based on morphological data SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Phocoenidae; morphology; biogeography; polymorphic data; frequency step matrix ID CETACEA; EVOLUTION; PLIOCENE; JAPAN; ADAPTATION; PARSIMONY; HOKKAIDO; VAQUITA; OCEAN AB Prior studies of phylogenetic relationships among phocoenids based on morphology and molecular sequence data conflict and yield unresolved relationships among species. This study evaluates a comprehensive set of cranial, postcranial, and soft anatomical characters to infer interrelationships among extant species and several well-known fossil phocoenids, using two different methods to analyze polymorphic data: polymorphic coding and frequency step matrix. Our phylogenetic results confirmed phocoenid monophyly. The division of Phocoenidae into two subfamilies previously proposed was rejected, as well as the alliance of the two extinct genera Salumiphocaena and Piscolithax with Phocoena dioptrica and Phocoenoides dalli. Extinct phocoenids are basal to all extant species. We also examined the origin and distribution of porpoises within the context of this phylogenetic framework. Phocoenid phylogeny together with available geologic evidence suggests that the early history of phocoenids was centered in the North Pacific during the middle Miocene, with subsequent dispersal into the southern hemisphere in the middle Pliocene. A cooling period in the Pleistocene allowed dispersal of the southern ancestor of Phocoena sinus into the North Pacific (Gulf of California). C1 San Diego State Univ, Dept Biol, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. CADIC, RA-9410 Ushuaia, Argentina. Museo Acatushun Aves & Mamiferos Marinos Australe, RA-9410 Ushuaia, Argentina. RP Fajardo-Mellor, L (reprint author), E Carolina Univ, Brody Sch Med, Dept Anat & Cell Biol, 600 Moye Blvd, Greenville, NC 27834 USA. EM liliana.mellor@gmail.com NR 89 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 14 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0824-0469 EI 1748-7692 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 22 IS 4 BP 910 EP 932 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2006.00080.x PG 23 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 086GY UT WOS:000240663000009 ER PT J AU Davies, CE Kovacs, KM Lydersen, C Van Parijs, SM AF Davies, Caroline E. Kovacs, Kit M. Lydersen, Christian Van Parijs, Sofie M. TI Development of display behavior in young captive bearded seals SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE vocalization; dive displays; mating behavior; ontogeny; trills; bearded seals; Erignathus barbatus ID MALE HARBOR SEALS; ERIGNATHUS-BARBATUS; VOCAL RECOGNITION; PHOCA-VITULINA; FUR SEALS; VOCALIZATIONS; PATTERNS; ONTOGENY; LACTATION; MOVEMENTS AB In this study of the ontogeny of vocal behavior in captive bearded seals, Erignathus barbatus, (three males and three females), only males exhibited vocal displays. The onset of display behavior coincided with sexual maturity. Males exhibited three types of dive displays associated with the performance of vocalizations. Vocalizing individuals were frequently attended by another male that maintained passive muzzle contact with the vocalizing male. These interactions were non-aggressive and might play a role in the establishment of a social hierarchy or they might allow the attendee to obtain "near-field" vocal information from the displaying male. Captive males' vocalizations resembled those of males in the wild. However, display dives were shorter, and fewer vocalization types were documented among the captive males compared to bearded seals in the wild. The capacity of the captive males for producing well-formed, long calls with large frequency changes was also significantly less than for wild males. These capacities will likely develop further as the males grow older. Individual capacity for vocal production appears to develop gradually, showing plasticity in form development over time. C1 Norwegian Polar Ctr, Norwegian Polar Res Inst, N-9296 Tromso, Norway. Univ Tromso, Norwegian Coll Fishery Sci, N-9037 Tromso, Norway. Cornell Univ, Ornithol Lab, Bioacoust Res Program, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. RP Van Parijs, SM (reprint author), NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM sofie.vanparijs@noaa.gov NR 54 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 22 IS 4 BP 952 EP 965 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2006.00075.x PG 14 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 086GY UT WOS:000240663000011 ER PT J AU McLinden, MO AF McLinden, M. O. TI Densimetry for primary temperature metrology and a method for the in situ determination of densimeter sinker volumes SO MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Seminar on Precision Density Measurements of Solids and Liquids CY OCT 24-26, 2005 CL Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, GERMANY SP Helmholtz Funds eV HO Phys Tech Bundesanstalt DE argon; density; gas thermometer; neon; temperature; two-sinker densimeter; volume ID EQUATION-OF-STATE; DENSITY-MEASUREMENTS; PRESSURES; MPA AB The feasibility of using gas-phase pressure-density-temperature (p-p-T) measurements as a method of determining thermodynamic temperatures is evaluated. Densities are measured at the unknown and reference temperatures at identical pressures, and the resulting density ratios are extrapolated to zero pressure to yield the ratio of the temperatures. The method utilizes a two-sinker densimeter with a magnetic suspension coupling to separate the sinkers ( in the working gas) from the balance ( in atmosphere). Numerical studies investigate the optimum working gas and the effects of experimental uncertainties on the uncertainty in temperature. The method is demonstrated using an existing densimeter over the range of 234-505 K with argon, neon or nitrogen as the working gas. Experimental protocols and data analysis techniques are developed. New experimental p-p-T data for argon and neon are reported. The technique is shown to be feasible, although the present densimeter has uncertainties which are too high for temperature metrology. In particular, the uncertainty in the sinker volumes is relatively large. The method is inverted to determine, in situ, the sinker volumes as a function of temperature, reducing their uncertainties, and thus the uncertainties of fluid densities measured with this apparatus. C1 Univ Colorado, NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP McLinden, MO (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway,Mailstop 83807, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM markm@boulder.nist.gov OI McLinden, Mark/0000-0002-1082-309X NR 19 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-0233 EI 1361-6501 J9 MEAS SCI TECHNOL JI Meas. Sci. Technol. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 17 IS 10 BP 2597 EP 2612 DI 10.1088/0957-0233/17/10/011 PG 16 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 104VW UT WOS:000241989700013 ER PT J AU Gates, RS Pratt, JR AF Gates, Richard S. Pratt, Jon R. TI Prototype cantilevers for SI-traceable nanonewton force calibration SO MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SPRING-CONSTANT; MICROSCOPY; METROLOGY; PROBES AB A series of extremely uniform prototype reference cantilevers has been created that can be used to calibrate the spring constants of atomic force microscopy (AFM) cantilevers and other micromechanical structures. By utilizing optimal combinations of material, design and the latest microfabrication processing techniques, arrays of cantilevers were created from single crystal (1 0 0) silicon. Nominal spring constants were estimated to be in the range 0.02 N m(-1) to 0.2 N m(-1). Resonance frequency measurements were used to assess the uniformity of devices from different portions of a silicon-on-insulator wafer and in different processing batches. Variations of less than 1% ( relative standard deviation) in resonance frequency attested to the high degree of uniformity achieved. Independent calibration of cantilevers in an array using an electrostatic force balance indicated that the actual spring constants ranged from 0.0260 N m-1 +/- 0.0005 N m(-1) (+/- 1.9%) to 0.2099 N m(-1) +/- 0.0009 N m(-1) (+/- 0.43%). The results confirm the feasibility of creating uniform reference cantilevers and calibrating them using a Systeme International d'Unites (SI)- traceable technique, making these devices excellent candidates as force calibration standards for AFM. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gates, RS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 20 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 8 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-0233 EI 1361-6501 J9 MEAS SCI TECHNOL JI Meas. Sci. Technol. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 17 IS 10 BP 2852 EP 2860 DI 10.1088/0957-0233/17/10/041 PG 9 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 104VW UT WOS:000241989700043 ER PT J AU Meyer, CW Ripple, DC AF Meyer, C. W. Ripple, D. C. TI Determination of the uncertainties for ITS-90 realization by SPRTs between fixed points SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID PROPAGATION AB Calibrated standard platinum resistance thermometers (SPRTs) are used to realize the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) from 13.8033 K to 1234.93 K. The SPRTs are calibrated at a series of fixed points, each assigned a temperature on the ITS90, by measuring the ratios of the SPRT resistances at those temperatures to that at the triple point of water (TPW). For realizing the scale with a calibrated SPRT, a user measures the resistance ratio at the unknown temperature and uses ITS-90-defined equations to interpolate between fixed points. The uncertainty of the SPRT temperature is therefore largely influenced by the propagation of fixed-point resistance-ratio uncertainties. In this paper, we rigorously derive the equations for calculating these uncertainties for a variety of circumstances and we use software tools written by us to perform these calculations using realistic uncertainties for fixed points and other input parameters. For properly calculating the standard uncertainty for SPRT realization of the ITS-90, correlations between the input quantities must be considered, in particular those involving measurement of the TPW resistance. The proper calculation depends on three factors involving SPRT use and calibration. The different combinations of these factors result in six different equations for calculating the realization uncertainty. We derive these six equations, specify the conditions of their use and discuss the relevant uncertainty components for each of them. We also compare the results of these equations with those of two approximations that may be used for calculating the standard uncertainty and explain the conditions under which the simpler approximations agree with the more detailed calculations. Because these calculations are complicated, we are making our software tools available upon request to the user community. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Meyer, CW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 13 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD OCT PY 2006 VL 43 IS 5 BP 327 EP 340 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/43/5/001 PG 14 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 102MW UT WOS:000241817300005 ER PT J AU Meyer, CW Tew, WL AF Meyer, C. W. Tew, W. L. TI ITS-90 non-uniqueness from PRT subrange inconsistencies over the range 24.56K to 273.16K SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID INTERNATIONAL TEMPERATURE SCALE; PLATINUM RESISTANCE THERMOMETERS; TRIPLE POINT; PROPAGATION; UNCERTAINTY; WATER AB We have performed calculations to study ITS-90 non-uniqueness from subrange inconsistencies over the range 24.5561 K to 273.16 K, where the scale is defined by an interpolating platinum resistance thermometer (PRT) that is calibrated via sets of defined fixed points. For this work, subrange inconsistency calculations have been performed on eighteen PRTs; fourteen are standard PRTs and four are miniature PRTs. The inconsistency uncertainties, which result from propagation of fixed-point uncertainties, have also been calculated. The calculations show that PRT subrange inconsistencies in the temperature region studied can be as large as 1 mK. We have also studied possible correlations between PRT subrange inconsistencies and other PRT properties/parameters that are simpler to determine; these studies show that there is a correlation between the average magnitude of the inconsistencies and the value of a certain calibration coefficient. Finally, for the range studied we have used a statistical analysis on the inconsistencies of the PRT ensemble to calculate a standard uncertainty to the ITS-90 temperature T-90 due to the inconsistencies. Over the temperature intervals 25K <= T-90 <= 50 K and 100 K <= T-90 <= 200 K, this uncertainty dominates those propagated from fixed-point uncertainties. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Meyer, CW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI tsunoda, masashi/F-9946-2010 NR 33 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD OCT PY 2006 VL 43 IS 5 BP 341 EP 352 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/43/5/002 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 102MW UT WOS:000241817300006 ER PT J AU Zimmerman, NM Simonds, BJ Wang, YC AF Zimmerman, Neil M. Simonds, Brian J. Wang, Yicheng TI An upper bound to the frequency dependence of the cryogenic vacuum-gap capacitor SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID DIELECTRIC-PROPERTIES; COUNTING ELECTRONS; LOW-TEMPERATURES; GLASSES; STANDARD; RESISTANCE; CONSTANT; CHARGE; BRIDGE; RANGE AB In attempting to develop a capacitance standard based on the charge of the electron, one question which has been open for many years is the frequency dependence of the vacuum-gap cryogenic capacitor; the crucial difficulty has been: How do we measure frequency dependence down to 0.01 Hz? In this paper, we succeed in putting an upper bound on the frequency dependence, from 0.01 Hz to 1 kHz, of about 2 x 10(-7). We do this by considering a model for the dispersion in the surface insulating films on the surface of the Cu electrodes; the crucial prediction of this model is that the dispersion falls to very low values at low temperatures. By measuring the frequency dependence over a restricted range of frequencies, we have verified this prediction, and thus provide adequate support to conclude that the model is correct. We also point out that, independent of the capacitance standard, this cryogenic capacitor provides a frequency-independent standard for measurements in fields such as the low-temperature dynamics of amorphous materials. C1 NIST, Quantum Elect Metrol Div, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, US Dept Commerce,Technol Adm, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zimmerman, NM (reprint author), NIST, Quantum Elect Metrol Div, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, US Dept Commerce,Technol Adm, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM neilz@mailaps.org NR 25 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD OCT PY 2006 VL 43 IS 5 BP 383 EP 388 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/43/5/007 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 102MW UT WOS:000241817300011 ER PT J AU Viallon, J Moussay, P Norris, JE Guenther, FR Wielgosz, RI AF Viallon, J. Moussay, P. Norris, J. E. Guenther, F. R. Wielgosz, R. I. TI A study of systematic biases and measurement uncertainties in ozone mole fraction measurements with the NIST Standard Reference Photometer SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID ABSORPTION CROSS-SECTION; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; VISIBLE REGIONS; VAPOR-PRESSURE; COEFFICIENTS; ARGON; NM AB Sources of bias in the National Institute of Standards and Technology ozone Standard Reference Photometer (SRP) maintained by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures have been investigated. A relative bias of - 0.4% in the ozone mole fraction measurement caused by a temperature gradient in the gas cells of the instrument was characterized and corrected for in a modified version of the instrument. A second relative bias of + 0.5% due to the multiple reflections of light within the gas cells was also corrected. The Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement approach was used to develop an uncertainty budget for the modified SRP, including a relative value for the ozone absorption cross-section uncertainty of 2.1% ( k = 2). The measurement uncertainty for the bias-corrected SRPs is enlarged compared with earlier studies, but their comparability improved. C1 Bur Int Poids & Mesures, F-92310 Sevres, France. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Viallon, J (reprint author), Bur Int Poids & Mesures, Pavillon Breteuil, F-92310 Sevres, France. NR 23 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 7 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD OCT PY 2006 VL 43 IS 5 BP 441 EP 450 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/43/5/016 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 102MW UT WOS:000241817300020 ER PT J AU McKinley, MD Remley, KA Myslinski, M Kenney, JS AF McKinley, Michael D. Remley, Kate A. Myslinski, Maciej Kenney, J. Stevenson TI Eliminating FFT artifacts in vector signal analyzer spectra SO MICROWAVE JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB This article presents a method to minimize the spectral leakage in measurements of periodic signals made with a vector signal analyzer (VSA) by taking into account the periodic nature of the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). This method negates the need for filtering the time-domain signal, enabling distortion-free, repeatable measurements of signal components throughout the acquisition band. The method is demonstrated on a simple multisine signal. However, this method can also be used on more complex periodic signals that emulate digital signals, such as those generated by 802.11-/802.16-based communications devices. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. Katholieke Univ Leuven, Louvain, Belgium. Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP McKinley, MD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO USA. NR 3 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU HORIZON HOUSE PUBLICATIONS INC PI NORWOOD PA 685 CANTON ST, NORWOOD, MA 02062 USA SN 0192-6225 J9 MICROWAVE J JI Microw. J. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 49 IS 10 BP 156 EP + PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 097CF UT WOS:000241423200018 ER PT J AU Stoltzfus, A AF Stoltzfus, Arlin TI Mutation-biased adaptation in a protein NK model SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE mutation bias; GC content; NK model; simulation; adaptive evolution; adaptive walk ID SYNONYMOUS CODON USAGE; AMINO-ACID-COMPOSITION; GENOMIC G+C CONTENT; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; BASE COMPOSITION; SECONDARY STRUCTURES; POPULATION-GENETICS; DNA; HETEROGENEITY AB Evolutionary trends responsible for systematic differences in genome and proteome composition have been attributed to GC:AT mutation bias in the context of neutral evolution or to selection acting on genome composition. A possibility that has been ignored, presumably because it is part of neither the Modern Synthesis nor the Neutral Theory, is that mutation may impose a directional bias on adaptation. This possibility is explored here with simulations of the effect of a GC:AT bias on amino acid composition during adaptive walks on an abstract protein fitness landscape called an "NK" model. The results indicate that adaptation does not preclude mutation-biased evolution. In the complete absence of neutral evolution, a modest GC:AT bias of realistic magnitude can displace the trajectory of adaptation in a mutationally favored direction, to such a degree that amino acid composition is biased substantially and persistently. Thus, mutational explanations for evolved patterns need not presuppose neutral evolution. C1 Univ Maryland, Inst Biotechnol, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stoltzfus, A (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Inst Biotechnol, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM arlin.stoltzfus@nist.gov RI Stoltzfus, Arlin/D-8551-2011 OI Stoltzfus, Arlin/0000-0002-0963-1357 FU NLM NIH HHS [R01-LM007218] NR 56 TC 8 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0737-4038 EI 1537-1719 J9 MOL BIOL EVOL JI Mol. Biol. Evol. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 23 IS 10 BP 1852 EP 1862 DI 10.1093/molbev/msl064 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 085EQ UT WOS:000240586600005 PM 16857856 ER PT J AU Lam, H Deutsch, E Eddes, JS Eng, JK King, N Stein, S Aebersold, R AF Lam, H. Deutsch, E. Eddes, J. S. Eng, J. K. King, N. Stein, S. Aebersold, R. TI Development and validation of a spectral library searching method for human peptide identification from tandem mass spectrometry SO MOLECULAR & CELLULAR PROTEOMICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Inst Syst Biol, Seattle, WA USA. Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Inst Mol Syst Biol, Zurich, Switzerland. RI Eng, Jimmy/C-6556-2017 OI Eng, Jimmy/0000-0001-6352-6737 NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3996 USA SN 1535-9476 J9 MOL CELL PROTEOMICS JI Mol. Cell. Proteomics PD OCT PY 2006 VL 5 IS 10 SU S MA 1365 BP S361 EP S361 PG 1 WC Biochemical Research Methods SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 098FM UT WOS:000241506401412 ER PT J AU Stein, S Kilpatrick, L Mirokhin, Y Pu, L Neta, P Roth, J Yang, SX AF Stein, S. Kilpatrick, L. Mirokhin, Y. Pu, L. Neta, P. Roth, J. Yang, S. X. TI A reference library of MS/MS spectra of peptides derived from human samples SO MOLECULAR & CELLULAR PROTEOMICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST HML, Charleston, SC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3996 USA SN 1535-9476 J9 MOL CELL PROTEOMICS JI Mol. Cell. Proteomics PD OCT PY 2006 VL 5 IS 10 SU S MA 39 BP S6 EP S6 PG 1 WC Biochemical Research Methods SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 098FM UT WOS:000241506400013 ER PT J AU Gilbert-Horvath, EA Larson, RJ Garza, JC AF Gilbert-Horvath, Elizabeth A. Larson, Ralph J. Garza, John Carlos TI Temporal recruitment patterns and gene flow in kelp rockfish (Sebastes atrovirens) SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dispersal; gene flow; panmixia; population genetics; recruitment; Sebastes atrovirens ID EFFECTIVE POPULATION-SIZE; URCHIN STRONGYLOCENTROTUS-PURPURATUS; GREAT-BARRIER-REEF; COD GADUS-MORHUA; CENTRAL CALIFORNIA; EL-NINO; LARVAL DISPERSAL; MICROSATELLITE MARKERS; ENGRAULIS-MORDAX; NORTHERN ANCHOVY AB Pelagic dispersal of marine organisms provides abundant opportunity for gene flow and presumably inhibits population genetic divergence. However, ephemeral, fine-scale, temporal and spatial genetic heterogeneity is frequently observed in settled propagules of marine species that otherwise exhibit broad-scale genetic homogeneity. A large variance in reproductive success is one explanation for this phenomenon. Here, genetic analyses of 16 microsatellite loci are used to examine temporal patterns of variation in young-of-year kelp rockfish (Sebastes atrovirens) recruiting to nearshore habitat in Monterey Bay, California, USA. Population structure of adults from central California is also evaluated to determine if spatial structure exists and might potentially contribute to recruitment patterns. Genetic homogeneity was found among 414 young-of-year sampled throughout the entire 1998 recruitment season. No substantial adult population structure was found among seven populations spanning 800 km of coastline that includes the Point Conception marine biogeographic boundary. Comparison of young-of-year and adult samples revealed no genetic differentiation and no measurable reduction in genetic variation of offspring, indicating little variance in reproductive success and no reduction in effective population size for this year class. Simulation analyses determined that the data set was sufficiently powerful to detect both slight population structure among adults and a small reduction in effective number of breeders contributing to this year class. The findings of high gene flow and low genetic drift have important implications for fisheries management and conservation efforts. C1 NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. San Francisco State Univ, Dept Biol, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA. RP Gilbert-Horvath, EA (reprint author), NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 110 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM libby.gilbert@noaa.gov NR 86 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 12 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 15 IS 12 BP 3801 EP 3815 DI 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03033.x PG 15 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 093GX UT WOS:000241157400024 PM 17032275 ER PT J AU Hatch, LT Dopman, EB Harrison, RG AF Hatch, Leila T. Dopman, Erik B. Harrison, Richard G. TI Phylogenetic relationships among the baleen whales based on maternally and paternally inherited characters SO MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE phylogeny; Y chromosome; Baleen whales ID BALAENOPTERA-MUSCULUS; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; B-PHYSALUS; BLUE WHALE; FIN WHALE; GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION; NUCLEOTIDE DIVERSITY; Y-CHROMOSOMES; INFERENCE; SEQUENCE AB Phylogenetic relationships in the Cetacean suborder Mysticeti (baleen whales) have recently been the focus of increased attention. Here, we examine the evolutionary history of this group by comparing genealogies derived from Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA sequences. We generated topologies based on paternally and maternally inherited characters for males from nine baleen whale species, including representatives of three families (Balaenidae, Eschrichtiidae, and Balaenopteridae) and four genera (Balaena, Eschrichtius, Balaenoptera, and Megaptera). Divergence among species was fifteen times greater for mtDNA than for Y-specific DNA. Both mtDNA and yDNA topologies revealed the family Balaenopteridae to be paraphyletic, but this relationship was neither strongly supported nor consistent across phylogenetic analysis methodologies. Humpback and fin whales, representing different genera, were reciprocally monophyletic sister species according to mtDNA. Although the monophyly of fin whales decayed for yDNA, a close relationship between fin and humpback whales was retained in yDNA trees. The paraphyly of fin whales and the long branch leading to humpback whales for the yDNA marker may suggest life history differences between these species. Specifically, male humpback whales showed higher than average divergence from other baleen whales at yDNA, although not at mtDNA, suggesting a potential for smaller effective population sizes among male humpbacks on an evolutionary timescale. The observation that those species that have been found to hybridize in nature (blue/fin and blue/humpback) do not reveal evidence for paraphyly for either maternal or paternal markers suggests that introgressive hybridization has not historically been extensive and thus may not represent a substantial source of phylogenetic error for Mysticeti. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Hatch, LT (reprint author), US Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Gerry E Studds Stellwagen Bank Natl Marine Sanctu, 175 Edward Foster Rd, Scituate, MA 02066 USA. EM Leila.Hatch@noaa.gov NR 56 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 3 U2 19 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1055-7903 J9 MOL PHYLOGENET EVOL JI Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 41 IS 1 BP 12 EP 27 DI 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.023 PG 16 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 091WD UT WOS:000241058100002 PM 16843014 ER PT J AU Kuhlman, KM Ziegler, CL Mansell, ER MacGorman, DR Straka, JM AF Kuhlman, Kristin M. Ziegler, Conrad L. Mansell, Edward R. MacGorman, Donald R. Straka, Jerry M. TI Numerically simulated electrification and lightning of the 29 June 2000 STEPS supercell storm SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID SEVERE THUNDERSTORM ELECTRIFICATION; POLARITY ELECTRICAL STRUCTURES; SEVERE LOCAL STORMS; MOUNTAIN THUNDERSTORM; RADAR OBSERVATIONS; CHARGE; MODEL; PRECIPITATION; FIELD; PARAMETERIZATION AB A three-dimensional dynamic cloud model incorporating airflow dynamics, microphysics, and thunderstorm electrification mechanisms is used to simulate the first 3 It of the 29 June 2000 supercell from the Severe Thunderstorm Electrification and Precipitation Study (STEPS). The 29 June storm produced large flash rates, predominately positive cloud-to-ground lightning, large hail, and an F1 tornado. Four different simulations of the storm are made, each one using a different noninductive (NI) charging parameterization. The charge structure, and thus lightning polarity, of the simulated storm is sensitive to the treatment of cloud water dependence in the different NI charging schemes. The results from the simulations are compared with observations from STEPS, including balloon-borne electric field meter soundings and flash locations from the Lightning Mapping Array. For two of the parameterizations, the observed "inverted" tripolar charge structure is well approximated by the model. The polarity of the ground flashes is opposite that of the lowest charge region of the inverted tripole in both the observed storm and the simulations. Total flash rate is well correlated with graupel volume, updraft volume, and updraft mass flux. However, there is little correlation between total flash rate and maximum updraft speed. Based on the correlations found in both the observed and simulated storm, the total flash rate appears to be most representative of overall storm intensity. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Kuhlman, KM (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. EM kkuhlman@ou.edu OI MacGorman, Donald/0000-0002-2395-8196 NR 64 TC 58 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 134 IS 10 BP 2734 EP 2757 DI 10.1175/MWR3217.1 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 096FB UT WOS:000241361900006 ER PT J AU Wakimoto, RM Murphey, HV Nester, A Jorgensen, DP Atkins, NT AF Wakimoto, Roger M. Murphey, Hanne V. Nester, Albert Jorgensen, David P. Atkins, Nolan T. TI High winds generated by bow echoes. Part I: Overview of the Omaha bow echo 5 July 2003 storm during BAMEX SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID DOPPLER WEATHER RADAR; MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEM; LOW-LEVEL MESOVORTICES; SQUALL-LINE; REAR-INFLOW; THUNDERSTORM OUTFLOW; VORTEX COUPLET; TOGA COARE; EVOLUTION; SURFACE AB An analysis of a bow echo that produced damaging winds exceeding F1 in intensity on the Fujita scale near Omaha, Nebraska, is shown. Part I of this study presents a combination of airborne Doppler-derived wind syntheses with a comprehensive damage survey in order to document the generation of strong winds at the surface. A detailed kinematic analysis of the evolution of a quasi-linear convective system into a bow-shaped and, subsequently, a spearhead echo is shown for the first time. It is hypothesized that a large, cyclonic bookend vortex (70-80 km in diameter) north of the bow apex enhanced the rear-inflow jet and initiated the "bowing process." A hook-shaped echo and mesovortex formed at the apex of a bowed segment of the convective line and was located to the north of the swath of strong damage rated greater than F1 in damage intensity. The peak single-Doppler radial velocity recorded by the tail radar was 43 m s(-1) in the low-level outflow near the apex of the bow echo. The regions of the strongest single-Doppler velocities at the lowest grid level were not always associated with the most intense damage at the surface. This discrepancy may be related to the development of a stable nocturnal boundary layer that prevented the strong outflow winds from reaching the surface. An intensifying rear-inflow jet was revealed in vertical cross sections through the bow echo. The relationship between mesovortices and strong surface winds is examined in Part II. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, EOL, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Lyndon State Coll, Dept Meteorol, Lyndonville, VT USA. RP Wakimoto, RM (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, EOL, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM wakimoto@ucar.edu NR 61 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 134 IS 10 BP 2793 EP 2812 DI 10.1175/MWR3215.1 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 096FB UT WOS:000241361900009 ER PT J AU Darby, LS Poulos, GS AF Darby, Lisa S. Poulos, Gregory S. TI The evolution of lee-wave-rotor activity in the lee of Pike's Peak under the influence of a cold frontal passage: Implications for aircraft safety SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID DOPPLER LIDAR MEASUREMENTS; DOWNSLOPE WINDSTORM; MOUNTAIN-WAVE; BOULDER WINDSTORM; COMPLEX TERRAIN; MONTEREY BAY; SEA-BREEZE; PART I; FLOW; SIMULATIONS AB A lee-wave-rotor system interacting with an approaching cold front in the lee of Pike's Peak near Colorado Springs, Colorado, on 1 April 1997 is studied observationally and numerically. Dynamical effects associated with the approaching cold front caused the amplification of the evolving lee wave and rotor, creating increasingly more hazardous flight conditions for nearby airports. The rapidly evolving winds measured by a Doppler lidar and 915-MHz wind profilers, and simulated by the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS), produced light-to-moderate turbulence for a research aircraft making missed approaches at the Colorado Springs Airport during the wave amplification phase. As the cold front approached the foothills, the lee-wave-rotor system ended abruptly, reducing hazardous flight conditions. The Doppler lidar's detailed measurements of the lee-wave-rotor system allowed for an evaluation of RAMS ability to capture these complex wind features. Qualitative and quantitative comparisons between the lidar range-height measurements and model x-z cross sections are presented. In a broad sense, the numerical simulations were successful in the prediction of the prefrontal amplification and the postfrontal decay of the waves as measured by the lidar. RAMS also predicted observed wind reversals above the lee waves, which were indicators of breaking wave instability. At times RAMS performed poorly by over- or underpredicting the wind speeds in the lee wave, as well as the horizontal extent of the lee wave or rotor. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Earth Observing Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Darby, LS (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Earth Syst Res Lab, CSD3,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM lisa.darby@noaa.gov RI Darby, Lisa/A-8037-2009; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Darby, Lisa/0000-0003-1271-0643; NR 49 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 134 IS 10 BP 2857 EP 2876 DI 10.1175/MWR3208.1 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 096FB UT WOS:000241361900013 ER PT J AU Hansen, JA Penland, C AF Hansen, James A. Penland, Cecile TI Efficient approximate techniques for integrating stochastic differential equations SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID GEOPHYSICS; SCHEMES AB The delicate (and computationally expensive) nature of stochastic numerical modeling naturally leads one to look for efficient and/or convenient methods for integrating stochastic differential equations. Concomitantly, one may wish to sensibly add stochastic terms to an existing deterministic model without having to rewrite that model. In this note, two possibilities in the context of the fourth-order Runge-Kutta (RK4) integration scheme are examined. The first approach entails a hybrid of deterministic and stochastic integration schemes. In these examples, the hybrid RK4 generates time series with the correct climatological probability distributions. However, it is doubtful that the resulting time series are approximate solutions to the stochastic equations at every time step. The second approach uses the standard RK4 integration method modified by appropriately scaling stochastic terms. This is shown to be a special case of the general stochastic Runge-Kutta schemes considered by Ruemelin and has global convergence of order one. Thus, it gives excellent results for cases in which real noise with small but finite correlation time is approximated as white. This restriction on the type of problems to which the stochastic RK4 can be applied is strongly compensated by its computational efficiency. C1 MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. NOAA, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. RP Hansen, JA (reprint author), MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM jhansen@mit.edu NR 11 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 134 IS 10 BP 3006 EP 3014 DI 10.1175/MWR3192.1 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 096FB UT WOS:000241361900023 ER PT J AU Gao, ST Ran, LK Li, XF AF Gao, Shouting Ran, Lingkun Li, Xiaofan TI Impacts of lee microphysics on rainfall and thermodynamic processes in the tropical deep convective regime: A 2D cloud-resolving modeling study SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; ICE-PHASE MICROPHYSICS; LONG-TERM BEHAVIOR; SQUALL-LINE; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; RADIATION INTERACTION; MICROSCALE STRUCTURE; EXPLICIT SIMULATION; DIURNAL-VARIATIONS; FRONTAL RAINBANDS AB The effects of ice microphysics on rainfall and thermodynamic processes in the tropical deep convective regime are examined based on hourly zonal-mean data from a pair of two-dimensional cloud-resolving simulations: one simulation with ice clouds and the other without ice clouds. The model is integrated for 21 days with the imposed large-scale vertical velocity, zonal wind, and horizontal advections obtained from the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment. The experiment without ice clouds produces a larger amount of cloud water and a smaller surface rain rate than the experiment with ice clouds because of the exclusion of vapor deposition processes in the experiment without ice clouds. The experiment without ice clouds produces cold and moist states simply because it generates a smaller cloud heating rate and consumes a smaller amount of vapor than does the experiment with ice clouds. C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Lab Clud Precipitat Phys & Severe Storms, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Camp Springs, MD USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Gao, ST (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Lab Clud Precipitat Phys & Severe Storms, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. EM gst@lasg.iap.ac.cn RI Li, Xiaofan/F-5605-2010; Li, Xiaofan/G-2094-2014 NR 47 TC 44 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 134 IS 10 BP 3015 EP 3024 DI 10.1175/MWR3220.1 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 096FB UT WOS:000241361900024 ER PT J AU Koshimura, S Katada, T Mofjeld, HO Kawata, Y AF Koshimura, Shunichi Katada, Toshitaka Mofjeld, Harold O. Kawata, Yoshiaki TI A method for estimating casualties due to the tsunami inundation flow SO NATURAL HAZARDS LA English DT Article DE tsunami; casualty; inundation flow; evacuation ID PUGET-SOUND; WASHINGTON AB This study develops a method for estimating the number of casualties that may occur while people evacuate from an inundation zone when a tsunami has inundated an area. The method is based on a simple model of hydrodynamic forces as they affect the human body. The method uses a Tsunami casualty index (TCI) computed at each grid point of a numerical tsunami model to determine locations and times within the tsunami inundation zone where evacuation during the tsunami inundation is not possible and therefore where casualties are likely to occur. The locations and times can be combined with information about population density to compute the potential number of casualties. This information is useful in developing tsunami evacuation routes that avoid such locations. To illustrate the method, it is applied to the Seattle waterfront in Washington State, USA, that is under the threat of possible tsunami disasters due to Seattle Fault earthquakes. Preliminary results suggest that the tsunami casualties may occur within the Seattle waterfront for 15 min, during the time interval from 3 to 18 min after a large Seattle Fault tsunami is generated when the background tide level is mean high water. C1 Tohoku Univ, Sch Engn, Disaster Control Res Ctr, Sendai, Miyagi 9808579, Japan. Gunma Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Gunma, Japan. NOAA Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Kyoto Univ, Res Ctr Disaster Reduct Syst, Kyoto, Osaka, Japan. RP Koshimura, S (reprint author), Tohoku Univ, Sch Engn, Disaster Control Res Ctr, 6-6-1104 Aramaki, Sendai, Miyagi 9808579, Japan. EM koshimura@tsunami2.civil.tohoku.ac.jp NR 12 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 9 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0921-030X J9 NAT HAZARDS JI Nat. Hazards PD OCT PY 2006 VL 39 IS 2 BP 265 EP 274 DI 10.1007/s11069-006-0027-5 PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 088GI UT WOS:000240799800008 ER PT J AU Thrower, F Joyce, JE AF Thrower, Frank Joyce, John E. TI The effects of stock and prerelease marine net-pen culture on survival to adulthood, age at maturity, and fisheries contribution for three stocks of Chinook salmon in Southeast Alaska SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article ID 2 SMOLT RELEASES; FRESH-WATER; COHO SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS; RETURNS; GROWTH AB Three stocks of juvenile stream-type Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha were evaluated as part of an ocean ranching and broodstock development program at Little Port Walter, Southeast Alaska. Fish were either cultured in freshwater throughout the presmolt period or moved to marine net-pens with an artificial freshwater lens for five periods (2-210 d); all fish were released on the same day. The fish were tagged with coded wire tags to determine the effect, if any, of stock and duration of marine net-pen culture on precocity, fishery contribution, survival to adulthood, and size in the commercial fisheries relative to traditional freshwater culture. Recoveries of tagged fish in the fisheries and at the hatchery weir indicated significant overall effects of stock on marine survival; the Unuk stock survived better than the Chickamin and King Salmon stocks. Culture overwinter in marine net-pens produced higher survival to adulthood in all stocks but also resulted in higher mortality during culture and a higher proportion of precocious males in one of the stocks. The effects of short-term spring net-pen culture on juvenile Chinook salmon also varied by stock. Unuk and Chickamin stocks cultured for short periods in marine net-pens generally had higher survival to adulthood, similar fishery contribution, and similar precocious maturation rates as their respective freshwater controls, while the King Salmon stock experienced variable marine survival, precocity, and fishery contribution rates. For facilities with limited freshwater or a limited number of fish to release, the use of marine net-pens for short-term culture could help reduce densities, ease rearing C1 Auke Bay Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Thrower, F (reprint author), Auke Bay Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM frank.thrower@noaa.gov NR 22 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 1522-2055 J9 N AM J AQUACULT JI N. Am. J. Aqualcult. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 68 IS 4 BP 317 EP 323 DI 10.1577/A05-027.1 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 118YR UT WOS:000242979900005 ER PT J AU Carasso, AS AF Carasso, Alfred S. TI APEX blind deconvolution of color Hubble space telescope imagery and other astronomical data SO OPTICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE APEX method; blind deconvolution; color imagery; Whirlpool galaxy; Andromeda galaxy; Hubble space telescope; heavy-tailed point spread functions; slow evolution from continuation boundary method; inverse diffusion equations ID RESTORATION; DISTRIBUTIONS; CONSTRAINTS; MTF AB The APEX method is a noniterative direct blind deconvolution technique that can sharpen certain kinds of high-resolution images in quasi real time. The method is predicated on a restricted class of blurs, in the form of 2-D radially symmetric, bell-shaped, heavy-tailed, probability density functions. Not all images can be usefully enhanced with the APEX method. However, the method is found effective on a broad class of galaxy images, including Hubble space telescope advanced camera for surveys (ACS) color imagery. APEX-detected optical transfer functions that successfully sharpen these images are very far from Gaussian, and of a type seldom found in the imaging literature. Several examples are given where significantly sharper and visually striking reconstructions are obtained, with sharpening confirmed by the tripling or quadrupling of image gradient norms. (c) 2006 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Carasso, AS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM alfred.carasso@nist.gov NR 31 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOCIETY OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98225 USA SN 0091-3286 J9 OPT ENG JI Opt. Eng. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 45 IS 10 AR 107004 DI 10.1117/1.2362579 PG 15 WC Optics SC Optics GA 112LN UT WOS:000242527500038 ER PT J AU Kolinski, SP Hoeke, RK Holzwarth, SR Ilo, LI Cox, EF O'Conner, RC Vroom, PS AF Kolinski, Steven P. Hoeke, Ronald K. Holzwarth, Stephani R. Ilo, Larry I. Cox, Evelyn F. O'Conner, Robert C. Vroom, Peter S. TI Nearshore distribution and an abundance estimate for green sea turtles, Chelonia mydas, at Rota Island, commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands SO PACIFIC SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GREAT-BARRIER-REEF; FEEDING ECOLOGY; SOMATIC GROWTH; CALIFORNIA; HABITATS; FLORIDA; MEXICO AB Seventy-three green turtles, Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758), were observed in 84 sightings along 28 transects covering 67% of Rota's shoreline and outer reef perimeter in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. No other sea turtle species were encountered. Juvenile turtles of various sizes dominated in all surveyed environments, and observations of turtles with estimated straight carapace lengths <= 40 cm suggested recent and continuing recruitment at Rota. Distribution of turtles appeared temporally stable when compared with previously reported observations and data, with turtle concentrations highest along northeast, east, and southeast coasts of the island. Approximately 118 turtles were projected to inhabit nearshore habitats at Rota. Although this population may appear minor and indistinct compared with those at nearby Tinian and Saipan, continued monitoring would be useful for comparison of Mariana Islands trends. Thirty-five species of cyanophytes, algae, and a sea grass noted as green turtle forage in other world regions were identified at Rota in this and previous surveys. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Pacific Isl Reg Off, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Coral Ecosyst Div, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. Dept Lands & Nat Resources, Div Fish & Wildlife, Saipan, CM 96950 USA. RP Kolinski, SP (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Pacific Isl Reg Off, 1601 kapiolani Blvd,Suite 1110, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. EM steve.kolinski@noaa.gov RI Hoeke, Ron/F-4085-2014 OI Hoeke, Ron/0000-0003-0576-9436 NR 66 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 8 PU UNIV HAWAII PRESS PI HONOLULU PA 2840 KOLOWALU ST, HONOLULU, HI 96822 USA SN 0030-8870 J9 PAC SCI JI Pac. Sci. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 60 IS 4 BP 509 EP 522 DI 10.1353/psc.2006.0032 PG 14 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 086HY UT WOS:000240665600006 ER PT J AU Baird, RW McSweeney, DJ Bane, C Barlow, J Salden, DR Antoine, LK Leduc, RG Webster, DL AF Baird, Robin W. McSweeney, Daniel J. Bane, Christopher Barlow, Jay Salden, Dan R. Antoine, La'Ren K. LeDuc, Richard G. Webster, Daniel L. TI Killer whales in Hawaiian waters: Information on population identity and feeding habits SO PACIFIC SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ORCINUS-ORCA; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; TRANSIENT AB Killer whales (Orcinus orca) have only infrequently been reported from Hawaiian waters, and most of what is known about killer whales worldwide comes from studies in coastal temperate waters. Here we present 21 records of killer whales from within the Hawaiian Exclusive Economic Zone between 1994 and 2004. Killer whales were recorded nine months of the year, most around the main Hawaiian Islands. Although there were more records than expected during the period when humpback whales are abundant around the Islands, there is likely an increase in sighting effort during that period. Killer whales were documented feeding on both a humpback whale and cephalopods, and two species of small cetaceans were observed fleeing from killer whales. Although it is possible that there are both marine mammal-eating and cephalopod-eating populations within Hawaiian waters, it seems more likely that Hawaiian killer whales may not exhibit foraging specializations as documented for coastal temperate populations. Saddle patch pigmentation patterns were generally fainter and narrower than those seen in killer whales from the temperate coastal North Pacific. Analysis of skin samples from two animals indicated two mitochondrial haplotypes, one identical to the "Gulf of Alaska transient 2" haplotype (a mammal-eating form), and the other a new haplotype one base different from haplotypes found for mammal-eating killer whales in coastal Alaskan waters. C1 Cascadia Res Collect, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. Wild Whale Res Fdn, Honolulu, HI 96725 USA. HoloHolo Charters, Eleele, HI 96705 USA. NOAA Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Hawaii Whale Res Fdn, Maryville, IL 62062 USA. RP Baird, RW (reprint author), Cascadia Res Collect, 218 1-2 W 4th Ave, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. EM rwbaird@cascadiaresearch.org NR 32 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 16 PU UNIV HAWAII PRESS PI HONOLULU PA 2840 KOLOWALU ST, HONOLULU, HI 96822 USA SN 0030-8870 J9 PAC SCI JI Pac. Sci. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 60 IS 4 BP 523 EP 530 DI 10.1353/psc.2006.0024 PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 086HY UT WOS:000240665600007 ER PT J AU Carr, LD Clark, CW AF Carr, L. D. Clark, Charles W. TI Vortices and ring solitons in Bose-Einstein condensates SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID NONLINEAR SCHRODINGER-EQUATION; DARK SOLITONS; TRAPPED GASES; ATOMIC GAS; VORTEX; DYNAMICS; STATES; APPROXIMATIONS; COLLISIONS AB The form and stability properties of axisymmetric and spherically symmetric stationary states in two and three dimensions, respectively, are elucidated for Bose-Einstein condensates. These states include the ground state, central vortices, and radial excitations of both. The latter are called ring solitons in two dimensions and spherical shells in three. The nonlinear Schrodinger equation is taken as the fundamental model; both extended and harmonically trapped condensates are considered. It is found that the instability times of ring solitons can be long compared to experimental time scales, making them effectively stable over the lifetime of an experiment. C1 Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Phys, Golden, CO 80401 USA. US Dept Commerce, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Carr, LD (reprint author), Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Phys, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RI Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009; Carr, Lincoln/E-3819-2016 OI Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885; Carr, Lincoln/0000-0002-4848-7941 NR 64 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD OCT PY 2006 VL 74 IS 4 AR 043613 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.74.043613 PG 14 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 101EX UT WOS:000241723100147 ER PT J AU Jiang, KJ Deng, L Payne, MG AF Jiang, K. J. Deng, L. Payne, M. G. TI Ultraslow propagation of an optical pulse in a three-state active Raman gain medium SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID ELECTROMAGNETICALLY INDUCED TRANSPARENCY; GROUP-VELOCITY REDUCTION; ATOMIC GAS; LIGHT; DISPERSION AB We investigate an active Raman gain scheme for significant group velocity reduction. We show that this scheme, which is fundamentally different from the electromagnetically induced transparency scheme, is capable of achieving ultraslow and distortion-free propagation of a pulsed probe field. We demonstrate the group velocity behavior that is drastically different from the conventional electromagnetically induced transparency scheme, and we show that the new scheme can be used to accurately determine the decoherence rate of a long-lived state. In addition, the Raman gain scheme has the advantage of being broadly tunable, an important feature that may have potential applications. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Chinese Acad Sci, Wuhan Inst Phys, Ctr Cold Atom Phys, Wuhan 430071, Peoples R China. RP Jiang, KJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Jiang, Kaijun/F-2712-2014 OI Jiang, Kaijun/0000-0003-3126-4335 NR 16 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD OCT PY 2006 VL 74 IS 4 AR 041803 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.74.041803 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 101EX UT WOS:000241723100016 ER PT J AU Knill, E AF Knill, E. TI Protected realizations of quantum information SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID CODES AB There are two complementary approaches to realizing quantum information so that it is protected from a given set of error operators. Both involve encoding information by means of subsystems. One is initialization-based error protection, which involves a quantum operation that is applied before error events occur. The other is operator quantum error correction, which uses a recovery operation applied after the errors have occurred. Together, the two approaches make it clear how quantum information can be stored at all stages of a process involving alternating error and quantum operations. In particular, there is always a subsystem that faithfully represents the desired quantum information. We give a definition of faithful realization of quantum information and show that it always involves subsystems. This supports the "subsystems principle" for realizing quantum information. In the presence of errors, one can make use of noiseless, (initialization) protectable, or error-correcting subsystems. We give an explicit algorithm for finding optimal noiseless subsystems. Finding optimal protectable or error-correcting subsystems is in general difficult. Verifying that a subsystem is error correcting is known to involve only linear algebra. We discuss the verification problem for protectable subsystems and reduce it to a simpler version of the problem of finding error-detecting codes. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Knill, E (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM knill@boulder.nist.gov NR 22 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD OCT PY 2006 VL 74 IS 4 AR 042301 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.74.042301 PG 11 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 101EX UT WOS:000241723100024 ER PT J AU Payne, MG Deng, L Jiang, KJ AF Payne, M. G. Deng, L. Jiang, K. J. TI Limitations of steady state solutions to a two-state model of population oscillations and hole burning SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article AB We consider a two-state system driven by an on-resonance, continuous wave pump laser and a much weaker pulsed probe laser that is slightly detuned from the pump laser frequency (usually this detuning is about omega(p)-omega(P)=Delta approximate to 1 kHz). The upper state population is assumed to be slowly decaying, but the off-diagonal element of the density matrix decays rapidly due to homogeneous broadening. This model has been solved by others in rare-earth-element-doped fibers and crystals in a usual steady state approximation for slow optical wave propagation. We show that in general the usual steady state approximation does not apply unless either Delta tau > 1 or (2S+1)gamma(2)tau > 1 where gamma(2) is the decay rate of the excited state population, tau is the pulse length of the probe field, and 2S is the saturation parameter. Both conditions, however, are not satisfied in many population-oscillation- and corresponding group-velocity-reduction-related studies. Our theory and corresponding numerical simulations have indicated that for probe pulses that are much shorter than the lifetime of the upper state, there is no analytical theory for the amplitude, pulse shape, and group velocity of the probe field. In addition, there is no reason to assume that the group velocity remains small when gamma(2)tau < 1 and there is no reason to believe that many pulse length decays can be obtained for such short pulses. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Payne, MG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Deng, Lu/B-3997-2012; Jiang, Kaijun/F-2712-2014 OI Jiang, Kaijun/0000-0003-3126-4335 NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD OCT PY 2006 VL 74 IS 4 AR 043810 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.74.043810 PG 10 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 101EX UT WOS:000241723100166 ER PT J AU Ralchenko, Y Tan, JN Gillaspy, JD Pomeroy, JM Silver, E AF Ralchenko, Yuri Tan, Joseph N. Gillaspy, J. D. Pomeroy, Joshua M. Silver, Eric TI Accurate modeling of benchmark x-ray spectra from highly charged ions of tungsten SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID LASER-PRODUCED PLASMAS; LINE INTENSITIES; MICROCALORIMETER; TRANSITIONS; RESOLUTION; TRAP; TA; HF AB We present detailed collisional-radiative modeling for a benchmark x-ray spectrum of highly charged tungsten ions in the range between 3 and 10 A produced in an electron beam ion trap (EBIT) with a beam energy of 4.08 keV. Remarkably good agreement between calculated and measured spectra was obtained without adjustable parameters, highlighting the well-controlled experimental conditions and the sophistication of the kinetic simulation of the non-Maxwellian tungsten plasma. This agreement permitted the identification of spectral lines from Cu-like W45+ and Ni-like W46+ ions, led to the reinterpretation of a previously known line in Ni-like ion as an overlap of electric-quadrupole and magnetic-octupole lines, and revealed subtle features in the x-ray spectrum arising from the dominance of forbidden transitions between excited states. The importance of level population mechanisms specific to the EBIT plasma is discussed as well. C1 NIST, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Ralchenko, Y (reprint author), NIST, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM yuri.ralchenko@nist.gov RI Ralchenko, Yuri/E-9297-2016 OI Ralchenko, Yuri/0000-0003-0083-9554 NR 26 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD OCT PY 2006 VL 74 IS 4 AR 042514 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.74.042514 PG 6 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 101EX UT WOS:000241723100081 ER PT J AU Bauer, ED Christianson, AD Gardner, JS Sidorov, VA Thompson, JD Sarrao, JL Hundley, MF AF Bauer, E. D. Christianson, A. D. Gardner, J. S. Sidorov, V. A. Thompson, J. D. Sarrao, J. L. Hundley, M. F. TI Physical properties of the ferromagnetic heavy-fermion compound UIr2Zn20 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID HIGH-PRESSURE; U COMPOUNDS; SUPERCONDUCTIVITY; ELECTRONS; URU2SI2; ALLOYS; SYSTEM; FIELD; SPIN; CE AB Measurements of magnetization, specific heat, neutron diffraction, and electrical resistivity at ambient and applied pressure have been carried out on the cubic compound UIr2Zn20. A first-order-like ferromagnetic transition occurs at T-C=2.1 K with a saturation magnetization mu(sat)similar to 0.4 mu(B), indicating itinerant ferromagnetism. In this ordered state, the electronic specific heat coefficient remains large, gamma similar to 450 mJ/mol K-2, classifying UIr2Zn20 as one of the very few heavy-fermion ferromagnets. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Indiana Univ, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NCNR, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bauer, ED (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RI Bauer, Eric/D-7212-2011; Gardner, Jason/A-1532-2013; christianson, andrew/A-3277-2016; OI christianson, andrew/0000-0003-3369-5884; Bauer, Eric/0000-0003-0017-1937 NR 39 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD OCT PY 2006 VL 74 IS 15 AR 155118 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.74.155118 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 101FB UT WOS:000241723600058 ER PT J AU Diallo, SO Pearce, JV Azuah, RT Albergamo, F Glyde, HR AF Diallo, S. O. Pearce, J. V. Azuah, R. T. Albergamo, F. Glyde, H. R. TI Condensate fraction and atomic kinetic energy of liquid He-3-He-4 mixtures SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID INELASTIC NEUTRON-SCATTERING; MOMENTUM DISTRIBUTION; SUPERFLUID HE-4; EXCITATION SPECTRUM; HELIUM MIXTURES; EFFECTIVE-MASS; MONTE-CARLO; CONCENTRATION-DEPENDENCE; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; ELEMENTARY EXCITATIONS AB We present neutron-scattering measurements of the momentum distribution of liquid He-3-He-4 mixtures. The experiments were performed at wave vectors Q, 26 <= Q <= 29 A(-1), on the MARI time-of-flight spectrometer at the ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, a spallation neutron source. Mixtures with He-3 concentrations x between 0 and 20% were investigated both in the superfluid and normal phases. From the data, we extract the Bose-Einstein condensate fraction n(0) and the momentum distributions of He-3 and He-4 atoms. We find that n(0) increases somewhat above the pure He-4 value when He-3 is added; e.g., from n(0)=(7.25 +/- 0.75)% at x=0 to (11 +/- 3)% at x=15-20 %. This agrees with predictions but is less than the only previous measurement. We find a He-4 kinetic energy K-4 for pure He-4 that agrees with previous determinations. K-4 decreases somewhat with increasing He-3 concentration, less than observed previously and found in early calculations but in agreement with a more recent Monte Carlo calculation. The He-3 response is not well reproduced by a Fermi-gas momentum distribution, n(k). Rather an n(k) having a small step height at the Fermi surface and a substantial high-momentum tail characteristic of a strongly interacting Fermi liquid provides a good fit. This n(k) is consistent with calculated n(k). Thus agreement between theory and experiment is obtained comparing n(k) in contrast to earlier findings based on comparing calculated and observed He-3 kinetic energies. C1 Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA. Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble, France. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. European Synchrotron Radiat Facil, F-38043 Grenoble, France. RP Diallo, SO (reprint author), Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA. RI Diallo, Souleymane/B-3111-2016 OI Diallo, Souleymane/0000-0002-3369-8391 NR 57 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD OCT PY 2006 VL 74 IS 14 AR 144503 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.74.144503 PG 13 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 101FA UT WOS:000241723400081 ER PT J AU Matsuura, M Hirota, K Gehring, PM Ye, ZG Chen, W Shirane, G AF Matsuura, M. Hirota, K. Gehring, P. M. Ye, Z. -G. Chen, W. Shirane, G. TI Composition dependence of the diffuse scattering in the relaxor ferroelectric compound (1-x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O-3-xPbTiO(3) (0 <= x <= 0.40) SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID NEUTRON-SCATTERING; PHASE-TRANSITIONS; PBMG1/3NB2/3O3 AB We have used neutron diffraction to characterize the diffuse scattering in five single crystals of the relaxor ferroelectric (1-x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O-3-xPbTiO(3) (PMN-xPT) with x=0, 10, 20, 30, and 40%. The addition of ferroelectric PbTiO3 modifies the well-known "butterfly" and "ellipsoidal" diffuse scattering patterns observed in pure PMN (x=0), which are believed to be associated with the presence of randomly oriented polar nanoregions. In particular, the anisotropy of the diffuse scattering diminishes as the PT content increases. The spatial correlation length xi along the [1 (1) over bar0] direction derived from the width of the diffuse scattering at room temperature increases from 12.6 A for PMN to 350 A for PMN-20%PT. In addition, the diffuse scattering intensity at q=0 grows and reaches a maximum value around the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB), which suggests that it is proportional to the dielectric susceptibility. Beyond x=30%, a concentration very close to the MPB, no diffuse scattering is observed below T-C, and well-defined critical behavior appears near T-C. By contrast, the diffuse scattering for x <= 20% persists down to low temperatures, where the system retains an average cubic structure (T-C=0). Finally, the anisotropic soft transverse optic (TO) modes observed in PMN are found to be isotropic for PMN-30%PT, which strongly suggests a connection between the anisotropic diffuse scattering and the TO modes. C1 Univ Tokyo, Inst Solid State Phys, Kashiwa, Chiba 2778581, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Chem, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Matsuura, M (reprint author), Univ Tokyo, Inst Solid State Phys, Kashiwa, Chiba 2778581, Japan. RI Hirota, Kazuma/C-6797-2008; Matsuura, Masato/C-2827-2013; OI Matsuura, Masato/0000-0003-4470-0271; Gehring, Peter/0000-0002-9236-2046 NR 26 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 3 U2 17 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD OCT PY 2006 VL 74 IS 14 AR 144107 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.74.144107 PG 10 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 101FA UT WOS:000241723400027 ER PT J AU Sorini, AP Kas, JJ Rehr, JJ Prange, MP Levine, ZH AF Sorini, A. P. Kas, J. J. Rehr, J. J. Prange, M. P. Levine, Z. H. TI Ab initio calculations of electron inelastic mean free paths and stopping powers SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID CHARGED-PARTICLES; CONDENSED MATTER; IONIZATION LOSS; OPTICAL-DATA; SOLIDS; ENERGY; EXCITATION; SCATTERING; METALS; MODEL AB A method is presented for first-principles calculations of electron inelastic mean free paths and stopping powers in condensed matter over a broad energy range. The method is based on ab initio calculations of the dielectric function in the long wavelength limit using a real-space Green's function formalism, together with extensions to finite momentum transfer. From these results we obtain the energy-loss function and related quantities such as optical-oscillator strengths and mean excitation energies. From a many-pole representation of the dielectric function we then obtain the electron self-energy and inelastic mean free paths. Finally, using our calculated dielectric function and the optical-data model of Fernandez-Varea [Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 229, 187 (2005)], we obtain collision stopping powers and penetration ranges. The results are consistent with semiempirical approaches and with experiment. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Phys, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sorini, AP (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Phys, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 41 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD OCT PY 2006 VL 74 IS 16 AR 165111 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.74.165111 PG 8 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 101FC UT WOS:000241723700031 ER PT J AU Wilson, SD Li, SL Dai, PC Bao, W Chung, JH Kang, HJ Lee, SH Komiya, S Ando, Y Si, QM AF Wilson, Stephen D. Li, Shiliang Dai, Pengcheng Bao, Wei Chung, Jae-Ho Kang, H. J. Lee, Seung-Hun Komiya, Seiki Ando, Yoichi Si, Qimiao TI Evolution of low-energy spin dynamics in the electron-doped high-transition-temperature superconductor Pr0.88LaCe0.12CuO4-delta SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID QUANTUM PHASE-TRANSITIONS; CRITICAL-POINT; METALS; EXCITATIONS; ANTIFERROMAGNETISM; BEHAVIOR; PR2CUO4; ORDER; STATE; PR AB We use inelastic neutron scattering to explore the evolution of the low energy spin dynamics in the electron-doped cuprate Pr0.88LaCe0.12CuO4-delta (PLCCO) as the system is tuned from its nonsuperconducting, as-grown antiferromagnetic (AF) state into an optimally doped superconductor (T-c approximate to 24 K) without static AF order. The low-temperature, low-energy response of the spin excitations in underdoped samples is coupled to the presence of the AF phase, whereas the low-energy magnetic response for samples near optimal T-c exhibits spin fluctuations surprisingly insensitive to the sample temperature. This evolution of the low-energy excitations is consistent with the influence of a quantum critical point in the phase diagram of PLCCO associated with the suppression of the static AF order. We carried out scaling analysis of the data and discuss the influence of quantum critical dynamics in the observed excitation spectrum. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Ctr Neutron Scattering, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Phys, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. Cent Res Inst Elect Power Ind, Tokyo 2018511, Japan. Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Houston, TX 77005 USA. RP Dai, PC (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM daip@ornl.gov RI Li, Shiliang/B-9379-2009; Bao, Wei/E-9988-2011; Dai, Pengcheng /C-9171-2012; Ando, Yoichi/B-8163-2013 OI Bao, Wei/0000-0002-2105-461X; Dai, Pengcheng /0000-0002-6088-3170; Ando, Yoichi/0000-0002-3553-3355 NR 43 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD OCT PY 2006 VL 74 IS 14 AR 144514 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.74.144514 PG 11 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 101FA UT WOS:000241723400092 ER PT J AU Hang, C Huang, GX Deng, L AF Hang, Chao Huang, Guoxiang Deng, L. TI Stable high-dimensional spatial weak-light solitons in a resonant three-state atomic system SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E LA English DT Article ID ELECTROMAGNETICALLY INDUCED TRANSPARENCY; DARK OPTICAL SOLITONS; MEDIA AB We study the formation of a nonlinear localized high-dimensional optical beam in a lifetime-broadened three-state atomic system. We show that stable high-dimensional spatial optical solitons with extremely weak-light intensity can occur in such a highly resonant medium through a mechanism of electromagnetically induced transparency. We demonstrate that the interaction between two high-dimensional spatial optical solitons displays interesting properties and these solitons can be easily controlled by manipulating the coupling optical field of the system. C1 E China Normal Univ, Dept Phys, Shanghai 200062, Peoples R China. NIST, Elect & Opt Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Huang, GX (reprint author), E China Normal Univ, Dept Phys, Shanghai 200062, Peoples R China. EM gxhuang@phy.ecnu.edu.cn RI Deng, Lu/B-3997-2012 NR 34 TC 43 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1539-3755 J9 PHYS REV E JI Phys. Rev. E PD OCT PY 2006 VL 74 IS 4 AR 046601 DI 10.1103/PhysRevE.74.046601 PN 2 PG 8 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 101EW UT WOS:000241723000069 PM 17155186 ER PT J AU Xu, Q Liu, S Xue, M AF Xu, Qin Liu, Shun Xue, Ming TI Background error covariance functions for vector wind analyses using Doppler-radar radial-velocity observations SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE cross-covariance; mesoscale; statistical interpolation ID INTERPOLATION ANALYSIS SYSTEM; SIMPLE ADJOINT RETRIEVALS; MOVING-FRAME; MICROBURST WINDS; PHOENIX-II; WSR-88D DATA; FIELDS; DATA/ AB A two-dimensional form of cross-covariance function between the radar radial- and tangential-components (with respect to the direction of radar beam) of background wind errors is derived. Like the previously derived auto-covariance function for the radial component, this cross-covariance function is homogeneous but non-isotropic in the horizontal. The auto- and cross-covariance functions are used with the statistical interpolation technique to perform a vector wind analysis from Doppler radial-velocity observations on a conical surface of low-elevation radar-scans. The structures of the two covariance functions are compared and interpreted in terms of the influence of a single-point radial-velocity observation on the analysed vector wind field. The utility and value of these covariance functions are demonstrated through analysis experiments that use either simulated radial-velocity data from idealized flows or real radar observations. The results of the statistical interpolation scheme utilizing the proposed covariance functions are shown to be superior to the results of traditional VAD technique. The proposed technique can actually be considered a generalization of the traditional VAD technique. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73072 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Ctr Anal & Predict Storms, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Xu, Q (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM Qin.Xu@noaa.gov RI Xue, Ming/F-8073-2011 OI Xue, Ming/0000-0003-1976-3238 NR 36 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0035-9009 J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 132 IS 621 BP 2887 EP 2904 DI 10.1256/qj.05.202 PN C PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 167PC UT WOS:000246462600002 ER PT J AU Hamill, TM Juras, J AF Hamill, Thomas M. Juras, Josip TI Measuring forecast skill: is it real skill or is it the varying climatology? SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE brier skill score; contingency tables; ensemble forecasting; equitable threat score; forecast verification; probabilistic weather forecasts; relative operating characteristic ID ENSEMBLE-PREDICTION SYSTEM; QUANTITATIVE PRECIPITATION FORECASTS; RELATIVE OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS; MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS; PROBABILISTIC FORECASTS; ECONOMIC VALUE; RESOLUTION; IMPACT; MODEL; SIZE AB It is common practice to summarize the skill of weather forecasts from an accumulation of samples spanning many locations and dates. In calculating many of these scores, there is an implicit assumption that the climatological frequency of event occurrence is approximately invariant over all samples. If the event frequency actually varies among the samples, the inetrics may report a skill that is different from that expected. Many common deterministic verification metrics, such as threat scores, are prone to mis-reporting skill, and probabilistic forecast metrics such as the Brier skill score and relative operating characteristic skill score can also be affected. Three examples are provided that demonstrate unexpected skill, two from synthetic data and one with actual forecast data. In the first example, positive skill was reported in a situation where metrics were calculated from a composite of forecasts that were comprised of random draws from the climatology of two distinct locations. As the difference in climatological event frequency between the two locations was increased, the reported skill also increased. A second example demonstrates that when the climatological event frequency varies among samples, the metrics may excessively weight samples with the greatest observational uncertainty. A final example demonstrates unexpectedly large skill in the equitable threat score of deterministic precipitation forecasts. Guidelines are suggested for how to adjust skill computations to minimize these effects. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Phys Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Zagreb, Inst Geophys, Zagreb 41000, Croatia. RP Hamill, TM (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Phys Sci, R PSD 1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM tom.hamill@noaa.gov NR 61 TC 90 Z9 92 U1 1 U2 9 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0035-9009 J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 132 IS 621 BP 2905 EP 2923 DI 10.1256/qj.06.25 PN C PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 167PC UT WOS:000246462600003 ER PT J AU Kleespies, TJ Watts, P AF Kleespies, Thomas J. Watts, Philip TI Comparison of simulated radiances, Jacobians and linear error analysis for the Microwave Humidity Sounder and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-B SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE numerical weather prediction; radiative transfer ID RADIATIVE-TRANSFER MODEL; ATMOSPHERIC TRANSMITTANCE; ABSORBING GAS AB The Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS) has scan characteristics similar to those of the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-B (AMSU-B). However, its radiometric characteristics are somewhat different, for two channels in particular. Both of these channels have more attenuation with the MHS than the AMSU-B. Linear error analysis suggests that the improved noise characteristics of the MHS will let it have slightly lower errors than the AMSU-B. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD 20736 USA. EUMETSAT, Darmstadt, Germany. RP Kleespies, TJ (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20736 USA. EM Thomas.J.Kieespies@noaa.gov RI Kleespies, Thomas/F-5598-2010 NR 10 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0035-9009 J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 132 IS 621 BP 3001 EP 3010 DI 10.1256/qj.05.03 PN C PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 167PC UT WOS:000246462600007 ER PT J AU Phillips, VTJ Donner, LJ AF Phillips, Vaughan T. J. Donner, Leo J. TI Cloud microphysics, radiation and vertical velocities in two- and three-dimensional simulations of deep convection SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE cloud-radiation interactions; cloud-system resolving model ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; WAVE OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; ISCCP DATA SETS; TOGA-COARE; RESOLVING MODEL; MELTING LAYER; TROPICAL CONVECTION; STRATIFORM CLOUDS; BOUNDARY-LAYER; WATER CLOUDS AB This study investigates the importance of dimensionality for the characteristics of simulations performed with cloud-system resolving models (CSRMs). In addition to intrinsic questions related to dimensionality in CSRMs, the issue has gained added interest since CSRMs can be utilized instead of conventional cloud parametrizations to represent deep convection within global climate models. Such CSRMs may be either two- or three-dimensional. CSRM simulations of five observed cases of deep convection are performed in both two and three dimensions (2D and 3D) with the aim of elucidating the impact of dimensionality on overall cloud statistics. Observed profiles of the large-scale average of advection of temperature and humidity are applied to initiate and maintain the convection. Two of the cases are from tropical oceanic regions. The other three cases are continental. The average ascent rate in deep convective, cloudy updraughts is about 20-50% higher at mid-levels of the troposphere in 3D than in 2D, for all cases. This corresponds to an increase by a similar percentage in the vertical mass flux of deep updraughts in the oceanic cases. Furthermore, the weak ascent (0. 1 < w < 1 m s(-1)) outside the deep convective updraughts is much less prevalent in 3D than in 2D, with vertical velocities being about 20% lower for a given cumulative frequency and a lower vertical mass flux. Downdraughts are weaker in 3D, for most cases. There is a substantial sensitivity of the vertical profiles of cloud liquid and cloud ice, and of other microphysical species, to dimensionality. This is consistent with the sensitivity of the dynamics of convection. Corresponding changes in radiative transfer, especially in the short-wave band, result from the cloud-radiative interactions. In particular, the peak in domain-averaged cloud liquid content in the melting layer is about 50% higher in most of the 2D simulations. The land cases display more sensitivity of the short-wave radiative flux to the choice of orientation of the vertical plane of 2D simulations. C1 Princeton Univ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Phillips, VTJ (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Dept Meteorol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM vaughanp@hawaii.edu NR 61 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0035-9009 EI 1477-870X J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 132 IS 621 BP 3011 EP 3033 DI 10.1256/qj.05.171 PN C PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 167PC UT WOS:000246462600008 ER PT J AU Mitch, M Seltzer, S AF Mitch, M. Seltzer, S. TI Absolute calibration of low-energy photon sources - The NIST approach SO RADIOTHERAPY AND ONCOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Conference of the Spanish-Portuguese-and -Latin-American-Association CY OCT 09, 2006 CL Leipzig, GERMANY SP Spainsh Portuguese & Latin- Amer Assoc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ionizing Radiat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA ELSEVIER HOUSE, BROOKVALE PLAZA, EAST PARK SHANNON, CO, CLARE, 00000, IRELAND SN 0167-8140 J9 RADIOTHER ONCOL JI Radiother. Oncol. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 81 SU 1 MA 432 BP S178 EP S178 PG 1 WC Oncology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Oncology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 115FB UT WOS:000242719100439 ER PT J AU Failor, BH Wong, S Riordan, JC Hudson, LT O'Brien, CM Seltzer, SM Seiler, S Pressley, L Lojewski, DY AF Failor, B. H. Wong, S. Riordan, J. C. Hudson, L. T. O'Brien, C. M. Seltzer, S. M. Seiler, S. Pressley, L. Lojewski, D. Y. TI Bent-crystal Laue spectrograph for measuring x-ray spectra, (15 < E < 100 keV) SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 16th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 07-11, 2006 CL Williamsburg, VA ID SPECTROMETER AB A bent-crystal Laue {or Cauchois [J. Phys. Radium 3, 320 (1932)] geometry} spectrograph is a good compromise between sensitivity and spectral resolution for measuring x-ray spectra (15 < E < 100 keV) from large area x-ray sources because source-size spectral broadening is mitigated. We have designed, built, and tested such a spectrograph for measuring the spectra from electron-beam x-ray sources with diameters as large as 30 cm. The same spectrograph geometry has also been used to diagnose (with higher spectral resolution) smaller sources, such as x-ray tubes for mammography and laser-driven inertial fusion targets. We review our spectrograph design and describe the performance of different components. We have compared the reflectivity and spectral resolution of LiF, and Ge diffracting crystals. We have also measured the differences in sensitivity and spectral resolution using different x-ray to light converters (plastic scintillator, CsI, and Gd2O2S) fiber optically coupled to an intensified charge-coupled device camera. We have also coupled scintillating fibers to photomultiplier tubes to obtain temporal records for discrete energy channels. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 L3 Pulse Sci, San Leandro, CA 94577 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Def Threat Reduct Agcy, Ft Belvoir, VA 22060 USA. Def Threat Reduct Agcy, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Failor, BH (reprint author), L3 Pulse Sci, San Leandro, CA 94577 USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 EI 1089-7623 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 77 IS 10 AR 10F314 DI 10.1063/1.2229265 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 101EU UT WOS:000241722800212 ER PT J AU Stan, G Price, W AF Stan, Gheorghe Price, William TI Quantitative measurements of indentation moduli by atomic force acoustic microscopy using a dual reference method SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID HIGH-RESOLUTION CHARACTERIZATION; ELASTIC PROPERTIES; CONTACT STIFFNESS; SILICON AB Atomic force acoustic microscopy (AFAM) was used to quantitatively determine material indentation moduli by measuring local mechanical responses. A dual reference method has been shown to be capable of extracting the modulus of a material within 3% of the calculated expected value without any assumptions of the probe's mechanical properties. The use of this developed method also allows for the calculation of the maximum precision in the quantitative determination of the indentation modulus of materials using AFAM. A parallel analysis of the single and dual reference AFAM techniques isolates the inaccuracy induced by the assumption that the indentation modulus of the atomic force microscopy probe used is the same as bulk silicon. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stan, G (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM gheorghe.stan@nist.gov NR 23 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 77 IS 10 AR 103707 DI 10.1063/1.2360971 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 101EU UT WOS:000241722800021 ER PT J AU Stutman, D Tritz, K Delgado-Aparicio, L Finkenthal, M Suliman, G Roquemore, L Kaita, R Kugel, H Johnson, D Tamura, N Sato, K Sudo, S Tarrio, C AF Stutman, D. Tritz, K. Delgado-Aparicio, L. Finkenthal, M. Suliman, G. Roquemore, L. Kaita, R. Kugel, H. Johnson, D. Tamura, N. Sato, K. Sudo, S. Tarrio, C. TI High throughput measurements of soft x-ray impurity emission using a multilayer mirror telescope SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 16th Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics CY MAY 07-11, 2006 CL Williamsburg, VA ID PELLET INJECTION; SPECTROSCOPY; PLASMAS AB A 4 in. multilayer mirror telescope has been tested on National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) for high throughput measurements of the beam excited soft x-ray impurity emission. The design is aimed at imaging low-k turbulent fluctuations in the plasma core. The test device used curved and planar Mo/ Si mirrors to focus with approximate to 15% optical transmission and few angstrom bandwidths, the 135 angstrom Ly(alpha) line from injected Li III atoms, or the n = 2-4 line from intrinsic C VI ions. As test detectors we used 1 cm(2) absolute extreme ultraviolet diodes, equipped with 400 kHz bandwidth, low noise preamplifiers. With the available view on NSTX the telescope successfully detected small impurity density fluctuations associated with 1/1 modes rotating at midradius, indicating that a high signal to noise ratio and cost effective core turbulence diagnostic is feasible based on this concept. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Natl Inst Phys & Nucl Engn, R-76900 Bucharest, Romania. Princeton Univ, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. Natl Inst Fus Sci, Toki 5095292, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stutman, D (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RI Stutman, Dan/P-4048-2015; Suliman, gabriel/B-1443-2017 NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 77 IS 10 AR 10F330 DI 10.1063/1.2227436 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 101EU UT WOS:000241722800228 ER PT J AU Hall, JL AF Hall, John L. TI Nobel Lecture: Defining and measuring optical frequencies SO REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MODE-LOCKED LASERS; FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS; YAG LASER; SPECTROSCOPY; PHASE; CAVITY; COMB; TRANSITIONS; ABSORPTION; STANDARD AB Four long-running currents in laser technology met and merged in 1999-2000. Two of these were the quest toward a stable repetitive sequence of ever-shorter optical pulses and, on the other hand, the quest for the most time-stable, unvarying optical frequency possible. The marriage of UltraFast and UltraStable lasers was brokered mainly by two international teams and became exciting when a special "designer" microstructure optical fiber was shown to be nonlinear enough to produce "white light" from the femtosecond laser pulses, such that the output spectrum embraced a full optical octave. Then, for the first time, one could realize an optical frequency interval equal to the comb's lowest frequency, and count out this interval as a multiple of the repetition rate of the femtosecond pulse laser. This "gear-box" connection between the radio frequency standard and any/all optical frequency standards came just as Sensitivity-Enhancing ideas were maturing. The four-way Union empowered an explosion of accurate frequency measurement results in the standards field and prepares the way for refined tests of some of our cherished physical principles, such as the time-stability of some of the basic numbers in physics (e.g., the "fine-structure" constant, the speed of light, certain atomic mass ratios etc.), and the equivalence of time-keeping by clocks based on different physics. The stable laser technology also allows time-synchronization between two independent femtosecond lasers so exact they can be made to appear as if the source were a single laser. By improving pump/probe experiments, one important application will be in bond-specific spatial scanning of biological samples. This next decade in optical physics should be a blast. C1 Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Hall, JL (reprint author), Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 57 TC 178 Z9 190 U1 9 U2 70 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0034-6861 J9 REV MOD PHYS JI Rev. Mod. Phys. PD OCT-DEC PY 2006 VL 78 IS 4 BP 1279 EP 1295 DI 10.1103/RevModPhys.78.1279 PG 17 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 112PM UT WOS:000242538800007 ER PT J AU Kohler, T Goral, K Julienne, PS AF Koehler, Thorsten Goral, Krzysztof Julienne, Paul S. TI Production of cold molecules via magnetically tunable Feshbach resonances SO REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE; INTERACTING FERMI GAS; NEUTRAL ATOMS; DISPERSION COEFFICIENTS; PARTICLE CORRELATIONS; ULTRACOLD COLLISIONS; INELASTIC-COLLISIONS; SCATTERING LENGTH; NUCLEAR REACTIONS; RELAXATION RATES AB Magnetically tunable Feshbach resonances were employed to associate cold diatomic molecules in a series of experiments involving both atomic Bose and two-spin-component Fermi gases. This review illustrates theoretical concepts of both the particular nature of the highly excited Feshbach molecules produced and the techniques for their association from unbound atom pairs. Coupled-channels theory provides a rigorous formulation of the microscopic physics of Feshbach resonances in cold gases. Concepts of dressed versus bare energy states, universal properties of Feshbach molecules, and the classification in terms of entrance- and closed-channel-dominated resonances are introduced on the basis of practical two-channel approaches. Their significance is illustrated for several experimental observations, such as binding energies and lifetimes with respect to collisional relaxation. Molecular association and dissociation are discussed in the context of techniques involving linear magnetic-field sweeps in cold Bose and Fermi gases and pulse sequences leading to Ramsey-type interference fringes. Their descriptions in terms of Landau-Zener, two-level mean-field, as well as beyond mean-field approaches are reviewed in detail, including the associated ranges of validity. C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Clarendon Lab, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kohler, T (reprint author), Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Clarendon Lab, Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. RI Julienne, Paul/E-9378-2012 OI Julienne, Paul/0000-0002-5494-1442 NR 261 TC 577 Z9 580 U1 3 U2 53 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0034-6861 J9 REV MOD PHYS JI Rev. Mod. Phys. PD OCT-DEC PY 2006 VL 78 IS 4 BP 1311 EP 1361 DI 10.1103/RevModPhys.78.1311 PG 51 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 112PM UT WOS:000242538800009 ER PT J AU Powell, CJ Jablonski, A AF Powell, C. J. Jablonski, A. TI Dependence of calculated electron effective attenuation lengths on transport mean free paths obtained from two atomic potentials SO SURFACE AND INTERFACE ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE AES; XPS; electron effective attenuation length; transport mean free path ID RAY PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; SURFACE-ANALYSIS SESSA; ESCAPE PROBABILITY; FILM THICKNESSES; 50-2000-EV RANGE; SILICON DIOXIDE; ULTRATHIN SIO2; AUGER; SCATTERING; XPS AB We report changes in electron effective attenuation lengths (EALs) resulting from use of transport mean free paths (TMFPs) obtained from the Dirac-Hartree-Fock (DHF) potential instead of the Thomas-Fermi-Dirac (TFD) potential in an algorithm used in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Electron Effective-Attenuation-Length Database (SRD 82). TMFPs from the former potential are believed to be more reliable than those obtained from the latter potential. We investigated changes in the EALs for selected photoelectron and Auger-electron lines in four elemental solids (Si, Cu, Ag, and W), for Si 2p photoelectrons of varying energy in SiO2, and for photoelectrons excited by Al K alpha X rays in four candidate gate-dielectric materials (HfO2, ZrO2, HfSiO4, and ZrSiO4). For each material, we computed the change in the average EAL for a range of overlayer-film thicknesses from zero to a maximum value corresponding to attenuation of the substrate signal to 10% of its original value. This EAL change was a maximum for electrons emitted normally from the surface and decreased monotonically with increasing emission angle. The maximum EAL change varied between -4.4% and 2.6% for the three groups of materials. We found that the maximum EAL change correlated mainly with the TMFP change. We found that TMFP changes in other solids could generally lead to maximum EAL changes between -2.6% and 1.9% for electron energies between 500 and 2000 eV. For lower energies, the maximum EAL changes could be larger for some solids. Our revised EALs for Si 2p photoelectrons in SiO2 excited by Mg and Al K alpha X rays agree within 0.5% with values reported by Seah and Spencer from a detailed analysis Of SiO2 film-thickness measurements by XPS and other techniques. Copyright (C) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Polish Acad Sci, Inst Phys Chem, PL-01224 Warsaw, Poland. RP Powell, CJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM cedric.powell@nist.gov NR 36 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 7 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0142-2421 J9 SURF INTERFACE ANAL JI Surf. Interface Anal. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 38 IS 10 BP 1348 EP 1356 DI 10.1002/sia.2460 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 091RJ UT WOS:000241045700005 ER PT J AU Vonortas, NS Spivack, RN AF Vonortas, Nicholas S. Spivack, Richard N. TI Managing large research partnerships: Examples from the Advanced Technology Program's Information Infrastructure for Healthcare program SO TECHNOVATION LA English DT Article DE public-private partnerships; alliances; risky research; information technology; healthcare AB This study investigates the organization and management of large research partnerships that form around risky, early stage, complex technologies. Rather than developing specific products ready for the market, large research partnerships with diverse memebership are more appropriate for combining the diverse resources and capabilities required to advance the state of the art in early stage technologies and to create standards, thus decreasing the uncertainty of subsequent research. Some form of effective central authority is desirable in order to galvanize a common vision for the partnership, to establish clear milestones, and to take the burden of day-to-day negotiation and decision-making. Too much or too little management concentration brings similar detrimental results: members feeling left out of the decision-making process and a perception of unfair distribution of power to influence the process and the vision of the partnership. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 George Washington Univ, Ctr Inst Sci & Technol Policy, Dept Econ, Washington, DC 20052 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Adv Technol Program, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Vonortas, NS (reprint author), George Washington Univ, Ctr Inst Sci & Technol Policy, Dept Econ, 1957 E St NW,Suite 403, Washington, DC 20052 USA. EM vonortas@gwu.edu RI Vonortas, Nicholas/O-6321-2015 OI Vonortas, Nicholas/0000-0002-6745-4926 NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0166-4972 J9 TECHNOVATION JI Technovation PD OCT PY 2006 VL 26 IS 10 BP 1101 EP 1110 DI 10.1016/j.technovation.2005.08.011 PG 10 WC Engineering, Industrial; Management; Operations Research & Management Science SC Engineering; Business & Economics; Operations Research & Management Science GA 092VT UT WOS:000241126100001 ER PT J AU Shirley, EL AF Shirley, Eric L. TI Local screening of a core hole: A real-space approach applied to hafnium oxide SO ULTRAMICROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE core hole; random-phase approximation; real space; screening ID NORM-CONSERVING PSEUDOPOTENTIALS; BRILLOUIN-ZONE INTEGRATIONS; SOLIDS; SYSTEMS; POINTS; GAS AB An approach to screening a core hole's potential in solids for purposes such as theoretical near-edge spectrum. calculations is developed. In this approach, the core hole's unscreened potential is decomposed into a short-range part and a long-range part. The short-range part is screened using a real-space screening calculation, while the long-range part can be screened using a model dielectric function. Screening of the core hole is computed for Is holes in LiF, MgO, Si, solid argon, diamond, and two structures of hafnium oxide. Most of the screening results obtained using the approach presented here are compared to similar results obtained using a traditional Fourier-space approach. Because the approach presented here is a real-space approach, it should be very practical for systems with large unit cells. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Shirley, EL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8441, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM eric.shirley@nist.gov NR 21 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3991 EI 1879-2723 J9 ULTRAMICROSCOPY JI Ultramicroscopy PD OCT-NOV PY 2006 VL 106 IS 11-12 BP 986 EP 993 DI 10.1016/j.ultramic.2006.05.008 PG 8 WC Microscopy SC Microscopy GA 099KJ UT WOS:000241592900006 PM 16876323 ER PT J AU Bunkers, MJ Hjelmfelt, MR Smith, PL AF Bunkers, Matthew J. Hjelmfelt, Mark R. Smith, Paul L. TI An observational examination of long-lived supercells. Part I: Characteristics, evolution, and demise SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID VERTICAL WIND SHEAR; RAPID UPDATE CYCLE; UNITED-STATES; RADAR OBSERVATIONS; SEVERE STORM; HAIL GROWTH; HIGH-PLAINS; JUNE 1995; AIR-FLOW; THUNDERSTORM AB Observations of supercells and their longevity across the central and eastern United States are examined, with the primary focus on understanding the properties of long-lived supercells (defined as supercells lasting >= 4 h). A total of 224 long-lived supercells, occurring in 184 separate events, are investigated. These properties are compared with those of short-lived supercells (lifetimes <= 2 h) to determine the salient differences between the two classifications. A key finding is that long-lived supercells are considerably more isolated and discrete than short-lived supercells; as a result, the demise of a long-lived supercell (i.e., the end of the supercell phase) is often signaled by a weakening of the storm's circulation and/or a rapid dissipation of the thunderstorm. In contrast, short-lived supercells commonly experience a demise linked to storm mergers and convective transitions (e. g., evolution to a bow echo). Also noteworthy, 36% of the long-lived supercell events were associated with strong or violent tornadoes (F2-F5), compared with only 8% for the short-lived supercell events. Evolutionary characteristics of long-lived supercells vary geographically across the United States, with the largest contrasts between the north-central United States and the Southeast. For example, 86% of the long-lived supercells across the north-central United States were isolated for most of their lifetime, whereas only 35% of those in the Southeast displayed this characteristic. Not surprisingly, the convective mode was discrete for 70% of the long-lived supercell events across the north-central United States, compared with 39% for the Southeast. C1 Natl Weather Serv, NOAA, Rapid City, SD 57701 USA. S Dakota Sch Mines & Technol, Rapid City, SD USA. RP Bunkers, MJ (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, NOAA, 300 E Signal Dr, Rapid City, SD 57701 USA. EM matthew.bunkers@noaa.gov NR 74 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 21 IS 5 BP 673 EP 688 DI 10.1175/WAF949.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 096FO UT WOS:000241363200001 ER PT J AU Bunkers, MJ Johnson, JS Czepyha, LJ Grzywacz, JM Klimowski, BA Hjelmfelt, MR AF Bunkers, Matthew J. Johnson, Jeffrey S. Czepyha, Lee J. Grzywacz, Jason M. Klimowski, Brian A. Hjelmfelt, Mark R. TI An observational examination of long-lived supercells. Part II: Environmental conditions and forecasting SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID VERTICAL WIND SHEAR; SIMULATED CONVECTIVE STORMS; RAPID UPDATE CYCLE; PROXIMITY SOUNDINGS; EVOLUTION; THUNDERSTORM; BOUNDARIES; HELICITY; LEVEL; MESOCYCLONES AB The local and larger-scale environments of 184 long-lived supercell events (containing one or more supercells with lifetimes >= 4 h; see Part I of this paper) are investigated and subsequently compared with those from 137 moderate-lived events (average supercell lifetime 2-4 h) and 119 short-lived events (average supercell lifetime <= 2 h) to better anticipate supercell longevity in the operational setting. Consistent with many previous studies, long-lived supercells occur in environments with much stronger 0-8-km bulk wind shear than what is observed for short-lived supercells; this strong shear leads to significant storm-relative winds in the mid-to upper levels for the longest-lived supercells. Additionally, the bulk Richardson number falls into a relatively narrow range for the longest-lived supercells-ranging mostly from 5 to 45. The mesoscale to synoptic-scale environment can also predispose a supercell to be long or short lived, somewhat independent of the local environment. For example, long-lived supercells may occur when supercells travel within a broad warm sector or else in close proximity to mesoscale or larger-scale boundaries (e. g., along or near a warm front, an old outflow boundary, or a moisture/buoyancy axis), even if the deep-layer shear is suboptimal. By way of contrast, strong atmospheric forcing can result in linear convection (and thus shorter-lived supercells) in a strongly sheared environment that would otherwise favor discrete, long-lived supercells. C1 Natl Weather Serv, NOAA, Rapid City, SD 57701 USA. Natl Weather Serv, NOAA, Dodge City, KS USA. Natl Weather Serv, NOAA, Bellemont, AR USA. S Dakota Sch Mines & Technol, Rapid City, SD USA. RP Bunkers, MJ (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, NOAA, 300 E Signal Dr, Rapid City, SD 57701 USA. EM matthew.bunkers@noaa.gov NR 53 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 21 IS 5 BP 689 EP 714 DI 10.1175/WAF952.1 PG 26 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 096FO UT WOS:000241363200002 ER PT J AU Corfidi, SF Corfidi, SJ Imy, DA Logan, AL AF Corfidi, Stephen F. Corfidi, Sarah J. Imy, David A. Logan, Allen L. TI A preliminary study of severe wind-producing MCSs in environments of limited moisture SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; BOW ECHO; CLIMATOLOGY AB An examination of severe wind-producing mesoscale convective systems that occur in environments of very limited moisture is presented. Such systems, herein referred to as low-dewpoint derechos (LDDs), are difficult to forecast as they form in regions where the level of convective instability is well below that normally associated with severe convective weather. Using a dataset consisting of 12 LDDs that affected various parts of the continental United States, composite surface and upper-level analyses are constructed. These are used to identify factors that appear to be associated with LDD initiation and sustenance. It is shown that LDDs occur in mean kinematic and thermodynamic patterns notably different from those associated with most derechos. LDDs typically form along or just ahead of cold fronts, in the exit region of strong, upper-level jet streaks. Based on the juxtaposition of features in the composite analysis, it appears that linear forcing for ascent provided by the front, and/or ageostrophic circulations associated with the jet streak, induce the initial convective development where the lower levels are relatively dry, but lapse rates are steep. This convection subsequently grows upscale as storm downdrafts merge. The data further suggest that downstream cell propagation follows in the form of sequential, downwind-directed microbursts. Largely unidirectional wind profiles promote additional downwind-directed storm development and system sustenance until the LDD ultimately moves beyond the region supportive of forced convective initiation. C1 NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Storm Predict Ctr, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Lincoln Univ, Jefferson, AR USA. RP Corfidi, SF (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Storm Predict Ctr, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM stephen.corfidi@noaa.gov NR 22 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 21 IS 5 BP 715 EP 734 DI 10.1175/WAF947.1 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 096FO UT WOS:000241363200003 ER PT J AU Gaffin, DM Parker, SS AF Gaffin, David M. Parker, Stephen S. TI A climatology of synoptic conditions associated with significant tornadoes across the southern Appalachian region SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID FORECAST PARAMETERS; SUPERCELL AB A 54-yr climatology (1950-2003) of synoptic conditions associated with significant (F2 or greater) tornado events in the southern Appalachian region was compiled to 1) investigate the observed relative minimum of tornadoes in the Great Tennessee Valley, 2) test a hypothesis concerning northwest versus southwest 500-hPa flow events across the Great Tennessee Valley and Cumberland Plateau, 3) examine common operational forecasting techniques often used with synoptic-scale data to determine potentially tornadic environments, and 4) compare the patterns associated with significant, outbreak, and weak tornado events. Individual surface and upper-air charts along with composite charts closest to the time of significant tornado occurrences were used in this investigation. It was found that significant tornado events that occurred with prefrontal troughs (the most common surface boundary in the study) produced significant tornadoes almost exclusively over the Cumberland Plateau and southern Appalachian Mountains, with very few prefrontal trough events producing significant tornadoes in the Great Tennessee Valley of eastern Tennessee. Only four northwest 500-hPa flow events (which produced significant tornadoes almost exclusively in the southern Appalachian Mountains and during the summer) were found in this study, which refuted the initial hypothesis that northwest 500-hPa flow may produce tornadoes mainly in the Great Tennessee Valley with southwest 500-hPa flow producing tornadoes mainly across the Cumberland Plateau. Most significant tornado events in this study were associated with southwest 500-hPa flow ahead of a neutral-tilted trough, which revealed that the particular tilt of a 500-hPa trough does not necessarily enhance the formation of significant tornadoes in the southern Appalachian region. However, outbreak events (with five or more significant tornadoes) in the southern Appalachian region were typically associated with positive-tilted troughs. At 300 or 250 hPa, the southern Appalachian region was frequently located on the right side of a jet streak, with an even split between the entrance and exit regions. This finding indicated that significant tornado events in the southern Appalachian region did not necessarily favor the right-entrance or left-exit regions of a jet streak where rising motion is expected to be most intense (with straight jet streaks). A comparison of the composites of weak, significant, and outbreak tornado events revealed that wind dynamics were more important than instability in the distinction between weak and significant tornado events across the southern Appalachian region. C1 Natl Weather Serv, Morristown, TN 37814 USA. RP Gaffin, DM (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, 5974 Commerce Blvd, Morristown, TN 37814 USA. EM david.gaffin@noaa.gov NR 11 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 21 IS 5 BP 735 EP 751 DI 10.1175/WAF951.1 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 096FO UT WOS:000241363200004 ER PT J AU Lakshmanan, V Smith, T Hondl, K Stumpf, GJ Witt, A AF Lakshmanan, Valliappa Smith, Travis Hondl, Kurt Stumpf, Gregory J. Witt, Arthur TI A real-time, three-dimensional, rapidly updating, heterogeneous radar merger technique for reflectivity, velocity, and derived products SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS; DOPPLER-RADAR; ALGORITHM; WSR-88D; IDENTIFICATION; AGENTS AB With the advent of real-time streaming data from various radar networks, including most Weather Surveillance Radars-1988 Doppler and several Terminal Doppler Weather Radars, it is now possible to combine data in real time to form 3D multiple-radar grids. Herein, a technique for taking the base radar data (reflectivity and radial velocity) and derived products from multiple radars and combining them in real time into a rapidly updating 3D merged grid is described. An estimate of that radar product combined from all the different radars can be extracted from the 3D grid at any time. This is accomplished through a formulation that accounts for the varying radar beam geometry with range, vertical gaps between radar scans, the lack of time synchronization between radars, storm movement, varying beam resolutions between different types of radars, beam blockage due to terrain, differing radar calibration, and inaccurate time stamps on radar data. Techniques for merging scalar products like reflectivity, and innovative, real-time techniques for combining velocity and velocity-derived products are demonstrated. Precomputation techniques that can be utilized to perform the merger in real time and derived products that can be computed from these three-dimensional merger grids are described. C1 OU NSSL, CIMMS, Norman, OK 73072 USA. RP Lakshmanan, V (reprint author), OU NSSL, CIMMS, 120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM lakshman@ou.edu NR 38 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 21 IS 5 BP 802 EP 823 DI 10.1175/WAF942.1 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 096FO UT WOS:000241363200008 ER PT J AU Heinselman, PL Ryzhkov, AV AF Heinselman, Pamela L. Ryzhkov, Alexander V. TI Validation of polarimetric hail detection SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID DUAL-POLARIZATION RADAR; INTEGRATED LIQUID WATER; IN-SITU VERIFICATION; HYDROMETEOR CLASSIFICATION; NORTHEAST COLORADO; CONVECTIVE STORMS; S-BAND; PRECIPITATION; REFLECTIVITY; WSR-88D AB This study describes, illustrates, and validates hail detection by a simplified version of the National Severe Storms Laboratory's fuzzy logic polarimetric hydrometeor classification algorithm (HCA). The HCA uses four radar variables: reflectivity, differential reflectivity, cross-correlation coefficient, and "reflectivity texture" to classify echoes as rain mixed with hail, ground clutter-anomalous propagation, biological scatterers (insects, birds, and bats), big drops, light rain, moderate rain, and heavy rain. Diagnostic capabilities of HCA, such as detection of hail, are illustrated for a variety of storm environments using polarimetric radar data collected mostly during the Joint Polarimetric Experiment (JPOLE; 28 April-13 June 2003). Hail classification with the HCA is validated using 47 rain and hail reports collected by storm-intercept teams during JPOLE. For comparison purposes, probability of hail output from the Next-Generation Weather Radar Hail Detection Algorithm (HDA) is validated using the same ground truth. The anticipated polarimetric upgrade of the Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler network drives this direct comparison of performance. For the four examined cases, contingency table statistics show that the HCA outperforms the HDA. The superior performance of the HCA results primary from the algorithm's lack of false alarms compared to the HDA. Statistical significance testing via bootstrapping indicates that differences in the probability of detection and critical success index between the algorithms are statistically significant at the 95% confidence level, whereas differences in the false alarm rate and Heidke skill score are statistically significant at the 90% confidence level. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Heinselman, PL (reprint author), Natl Weather Ctr, 120 Daivd L Boren Blvd,Room 4905, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM pam.heinselman@noaa.gov NR 53 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 21 IS 5 BP 839 EP 850 DI 10.1175/WAF956.1 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 096FO UT WOS:000241363200010 ER PT J AU Myrick, DT Horel, JD AF Myrick, David T. Horel, John D. TI Verification of surface temperature forecasts from the national digital forecast database over the Western United States SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID PREDICTION SYSTEM ARPS; NONHYDROSTATIC ATMOSPHERIC SIMULATION; WEATHER-SERVICE; COMPLEX TERRAIN; REAL-TIME; PART I; MODEL; ASSIMILATION; FUTURE; HEIGHT AB Experimental gridded forecasts of surface temperature issued by National Weather Service offices in the western United States during the 2003/04 winter season (18 November 2003-29 February 2004) are evaluated relative to surface observations and gridded analyses. The 5-km horizontal resolution gridded forecasts issued at 0000 UTC for forecast lead times at 12-h intervals from 12 to 168 h were obtained from the National Digital Forecast Database (NDFD). Forecast accuracy and skill are determined relative to observations at over 3000 locations archived by MesoWest. Forecast quality is also determined relative to Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) analyses at 20-km resolution that are interpolated to the 5-km NDFD grid as well as objective analyses obtained from the Advanced Regional Prediction System Data Assimilation System that rely upon the MesoWest observations and RUC analyses. For the West as a whole, the experimental temperature forecasts issued at 0000 UTC during the 2003/04 winter season exhibit skill at lead times of 12, 24, 36, and 48 h on the basis of several verification approaches. Subgrid-scale temperature variations and observational and analysis errors undoubtedly contribute some uncertainty regarding these results. Even though the "true" values appropriate to evaluate the forecast values on the NDFD grid are unknown, it is estimated that the root-mean-square errors of the NDFD temperature forecasts are on the order of 3 degrees C at lead times shorter than 48 h and greater than 4 degrees C at lead times longer than 120 h. However, such estimates are derived from only a small fraction of the NDFD grid boxes. Incremental improvements in forecast accuracy as a result of forecaster adjustments to the 0000 UTC temperature grids from 144- to 24-h lead times are estimated to be on the order of 13%. C1 Univ Utah, Dept Meteorol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. NOAA, Cooperat Inst Reg Predict, Salt Lake City, UT USA. RP Myrick, DT (reprint author), Univ Utah, Dept Meteorol, 135 S 1460 E,Rm 819, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. EM dmyrick@met.utah.edu NR 32 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD OCT PY 2006 VL 21 IS 5 BP 869 EP 892 DI 10.1175/WAF946.1 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 096FO UT WOS:000241363200012 ER PT J AU Brodeur, RD Ralston, S Emmett, RL Trudel, M Auth, TD Phillips, AJ AF Brodeur, Richard D. Ralston, Stephen Emmett, Robert L. Trudel, Marc Auth, Toby D. Phillips, A. Jason TI Anomalous pelagic nekton abundance, distribution, and apparent recruitment in the northern California Current in 2004 and 2005 SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID EL-NINO; PACIFIC-OCEAN; OREGON; ZONE AB Although the California Current has undergone substantial environmental shifts in the past few decades, the summer of 2005 exhibited highly anomalous conditions relative to all previous recorded summers in terms of late initiation of upwelling and the resulting elevated surface temperatures and depressed productivity through July. The response of pelagic nekton to these anomalous conditions was widespread and included onshore and poleward displacement of taxa to new geographic areas, population changes within the normal range, and reduced productivity of early life stages based on larval and juvenile surveys. Some nekton exhibited anomalous distributions in 2004. Many ecologically important species were affected. The response of the nektonic community off California was greater than during El Nino conditions. C1 NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NOAA Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada. Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Brodeur, RD (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2030 S Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM rick.brodeur@noaa.gov; steve.ralston@noaa.gov; robert.emmett@noaa.gov; trudelm@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca; toby.auth@noaa.gov; anthony.phillips@noaa.gov RI Trudel, Marc/H-1955-2012 NR 20 TC 72 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 30 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 22 AR L22S08 DI 10.1029/2006GL026614 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 090IM UT WOS:000240944500001 ER PT J AU Murphy, DM Cziczo, DJ Froyd, KD Hudson, PK Matthew, BM Middlebrook, AM Peltier, RE Sullivan, A Thomson, DS Weber, RJ AF Murphy, D. M. Cziczo, D. J. Froyd, K. D. Hudson, P. K. Matthew, B. M. Middlebrook, A. M. Peltier, R. E. Sullivan, A. Thomson, D. S. Weber, R. J. TI Single-particle mass spectrometry of tropospheric aerosol particles SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID ATLANTA SUPERSITE PROJECT; CIRRUS CLOUD PARTICLES; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; ACE-ASIA; ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; LOWER STRATOSPHERE; SULFATE AEROSOL; MINERAL AEROSOL; UNITED-STATES; SEA-SALT AB The Particle Analysis by Laser Mass Spectrometry ( PALMS) instrument has measured the composition of single particles during a number of airborne and ground- based campaigns. In the regions studied, 30% to over 80% of the aerosol mass in the free troposphere was carbonaceous material. Most of this carbonaceous material was probably organic. Although there were variations in their amounts, over 90% of accumulation mode particles away from local sources were internal mixtures of sulfates and carbonaceous material. Within this internal mixing, there was variation in the pattern of carbonaceous peaks in the spectra, especially in peaks related to organic acids. Particles with a biomass burning signature were a significant fraction of accumulation mode particles even far from fires. The accumulation mode near the ocean surface off the coasts of California and New England had significant numbers of carbonaceous- sulfate particles whereas at Cape Grim, Tasmania, the organic- sulfate particles were apparently all smaller than 160 nm. Three kinds of nitrate were evident: on mineral particles, on carbonaceous- sulfate particles when the sulfate was fully neutralized, and at temperatures below about 198 K. Most mineral particles showed evidence of the uptake of nitrates and chloride. A peak that probably represents protonated pyridine appears in some spectra in the free troposphere. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Grp, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Murphy, DM (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Grp, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM daniel.m.murphy@noaa.gov RI Middlebrook, Ann/E-4831-2011; Murphy, Daniel/J-4357-2012; Froyd, Karl/H-6607-2013; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Middlebrook, Ann/0000-0002-2984-6304; Murphy, Daniel/0000-0002-8091-7235; NR 79 TC 222 Z9 222 U1 6 U2 66 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 30 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D23 AR D23S32 DI 10.1029/2006JD007340 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 090IZ UT WOS:000240946000001 ER PT J AU Milke, LM Bricelj, VM Parrish, CC AF Milke, Lisa M. Bricelj, V. Monica Parrish, Christopher C. TI Comparison of early life history stages of the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians: Effects of microalgal diets on growth and biochemical composition SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE bay scallop; Argopecten; microalgae; growth rates; fatty acids; lipids ID FATTY-ACID-COMPOSITION; PECTEN-MAXIMUS L; CRASSOSTREA-GIGAS SPAT; PLACOPECTEN-MAGELLANICUS; ALGAL DIETS; PATINOPECTEN-YESSOENSIS; SEA SCALLOP; LIPID SUPPLEMENTATION; CRASSADOMA-GIGANTEA; PURPURATUS LAMARCK AB The culture of bay scallops, Argopecten irradians, is limited by a reliable and affordable supply of spat and the ability to ensure that animals attain market size within a single growing season. The main goals of our study were thus: (1) to develop growth-optimizing algal diets for implementation in hatcheries, and (2) to identify and compare bay scallop postlarval and juvenile dietary requirements, especially of lipids and fatty acids, which if met may enhance production. Nutritional needs of postlarval bay scallops (present study) are compared with those of sea scallops, Placopecten magellanicus, offered the same diets in a previous companion study. To this end, postlarval (initial shell height, SH = 240 mu m) and juvenile (initial SH = 10 mm) bay scallops were offered 6-7 microalgal diet combinations at 20 degrees C, for 3 weeks. A similar growth ranking among diets was observed between the two developmental stages. A combination diet of Pavlova sp. (CCMP 459) and Chaetoceros muelleri was far superior to any other diet tested, yielding growth rates of 58 and 357 gm day(-1) which were 65% and 25% higher than the next highest performing diet of Tetraselmis striata/C. muelleri in postlarvae and juveniles, respectively. The T striata/C. muelleri diet, which is limited in the n-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), yielded very poor growth of sea scallop postlarvae in a prior study, indicating that bay scallops may have less stringent requirements for DHA than sea scallops. The Pav 459/C. muelleri diet, which also supported the highest growth of sea scallop postlarvae, is characterized by elevated levels of the n-6 fatty acids, arachidonic (AA) in C. muelleri and 4,7,10,13,16-docosapentacnoic (DPA) in Pav 459. The two diets deficient in AA and n-6 DPA, Pavlova lutheri/Thalassiosira weissflogii and P. lutheri/Fragilaria familica, yielded the lowest growth rates in both bay scallop postlarvae and juveniles. Tissue enrichment of these two fatty acids relative to the diet, as well as overall enrichment in Sigma n-6 fatty acids was observed across developmental stages and dietary treatments. A similar pattern has previously been observed in sea scallop postlarvae, suggesting a dietary requirement for n-6 fatty acids in pectinids that has often been overlooked in the past. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved. C1 CNR, Inst Marine Biosci, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada. Mem Univ Newfoundland, Ctr Ocean Sci, St John, NF A1C 5S7, Canada. RP Milke, LM (reprint author), NOAA, USDOC, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr,Milford Lab, 212 Rogers Ave, Milford, CT 06460 USA. EM lisa.milke@noaa.gov NR 67 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD SEP 29 PY 2006 VL 260 IS 1-4 BP 272 EP 289 DI 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.06.004 PG 18 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 084UK UT WOS:000240559700029 ER PT J AU Gerdes, R AF Gerdes, Ruediger TI Atmospheric response to changes in Arctic sea ice thickness SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; CIRCULATION; VARIABILITY; ANOMALIES; EXTENT; EXPORT; WINTER; OCEAN; SST AB Experiments with an atmospheric GCM are used to determine the effect of anomalous Arctic sea ice thickness on the atmospheric circulation. Ice thickness data are taken from a hindcast simulation with an ocean- sea ice model under NCAR/ NCEP forcing. Ice conditions from 1964 - 1966 and 1994 - 1996 represent extreme cases of largest and smallest ice volume, respectively, during the last 50 years. The atmospheric response to the 1990s thinning of Arctic sea ice comprises a reduction in sea level pressure in the central Arctic and over the Nordic Seas. High pressure anomalies evolve over the subtropical North Atlantic and over the subpolar North Pacific. Similar signals occur at 500 hPa. Realistic sea ice thickness changes can induce atmospheric signals that are of similar magnitude as those due to changes in sea ice cover. C1 Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany. Princeton Univ, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Gerdes, R (reprint author), Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, Bussestr 24, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany. EM rgerdes@awibremerhaven.de NR 15 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 29 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 18 AR L18709 DI 10.1029/2006GL027146 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 090IF UT WOS:000240943700003 ER PT J AU Carter, SG Chen, Z Cundiff, ST AF Carter, S. G. Chen, Z. Cundiff, S. T. TI Optical measurement and control of spin diffusion in n-doped GaAs quantum wells SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID 2-DIMENSIONAL ELECTRON-GAS; SEMICONDUCTORS; EXCITON; RELAXATION; DRAG AB Transient spin gratings are used to study spin diffusion in lightly n-doped GaAs quantum wells at low temperatures. The spin grating is shown to form in the excess electrons from doping, providing spin relaxation and transport properties of the carriers most relevant to spintronic applications. We demonstrate that spin diffusion of the these carriers is accelerated by increasing the density or energy of the optically excited carriers. These results can be used to better understand and even control spin transport in experiments that optically excite spin-polarized carriers. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Carter, SG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009; Carter, Sam/G-4589-2012 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197; NR 19 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD SEP 29 PY 2006 VL 97 IS 13 AR 136602 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.136602 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 089HZ UT WOS:000240872700048 PM 17026058 ER PT J AU Tinte, S Burton, BP Cockayne, E Waghmare, UV AF Tinte, Silvia Burton, B. P. Cockayne, Eric Waghmare, U. V. TI Origin of the relaxor state in Pb(BxB'(')(1-x))O-3 perovskites SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FERROELECTRIC-PHASE-TRANSITION; SOFT MODE FERROELECTRICS; BATIO3; PBTIO3; 1ST-PRINCIPLES; CROSSOVER; PRESSURE; BEHAVIOR; ORDER AB Molecular dynamics simulations of first-principles-based effective Hamiltonians for Pb(Sc1/2Nb1/2)O-3 under hydrostatic pressure and for Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O-3 at ambient pressure show clear evidence of a relaxor state in both systems. The Burns temperature is identified as the temperature below which dynamic nanoscale polar clusters form, pinned to regions of quenched chemical short-range order. The effect of pressure in Pb(Sc1/2Nb1/2)O-3 demonstrates that the stability of the relaxor state depends on a delicate balance between the energetics that stabilize normal ferroelectricity and the average strength of random local fields which promote the relaxor state. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. JNCASR, J Nehru Theoret Sci Unit, Bangalore 560064, Karnataka, India. RP Tinte, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 36 TC 75 Z9 75 U1 3 U2 27 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD SEP 29 PY 2006 VL 97 IS 13 AR 137601 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.137601 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 089HZ UT WOS:000240872700064 PM 17026074 ER PT J AU Mamontov, E Udovic, TJ Rush, JJ Isnard, O AF Mamontov, E. Udovic, T. J. Rush, J. J. Isnard, O. TI Dynamics of hydrogen in Pr2Fe17H4 and Pr2Fe17H5 studied by quasielastic neutron scattering SO JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article DE metal hydrides; diffusion; inelastic neutron scattering ID MOSSBAUER-SPECTROSCOPY; MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; POWDER DIFFRACTION; MOTION; HYDRIDES; ND AB Quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) has been used to investigate the dynamics of hydrogen in Pr2Fe17H4, where isolated hexagons formed by the interstitial tetrahedral (t) sites of the metal lattice host mobile hydrogen atoms (on average, one H atom per hexagon). An activation energy of 0.10 eV has been measured for a localized jump process involving the hopping of these hydrogen atoms among adjacent vertices of each hexagon. This activation energy is somewhat lower compared to that for hydrogen hopping in Pr2Fe17H5, where each hexagon is occupied by two hydrogen atoms. The fraction of the hydrogen atoms immobilized on the t sites by defects in the host metal lattice is slightly higher in Pr2Fe17H4 compared to Pr2Fe17H5. These results are consistent with our earlier view of Pr2Fe17H5 as a system where the hopping of the t-site hydrogen atoms occurs through the correlated jumps of the two H atoms occupying each isolated hexagon. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Grenoble 1, CNRS, Lab Cristallog, F-38042 Grenoble, France. Maison Univ, Inst Univ France, F-75005 Paris, France. RP Mamontov, E (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8562, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mamontov@nist.gov RI Mamontov, Eugene/Q-1003-2015 OI Mamontov, Eugene/0000-0002-5684-2675 NR 18 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0925-8388 J9 J ALLOY COMPD JI J. Alloy. Compd. PD SEP 28 PY 2006 VL 422 IS 1-2 BP 149 EP 152 DI 10.1016/j.jallcom.2005.11.064 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 085BZ UT WOS:000240579500029 ER PT J AU Pulkkinen, TI Ganushkina, NY Tanskanen, EI Kubyshkina, M Reeves, GD Thomsen, MF Russell, CT Singer, HJ Slavin, JA Gjerloev, J AF Pulkkinen, T. I. Ganushkina, N. Y. Tanskanen, E. I. Kubyshkina, M. Reeves, G. D. Thomsen, M. F. Russell, C. T. Singer, H. J. Slavin, J. A. Gjerloev, J. TI Magnetospheric current systems during stormtime sawtooth events SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID DAWN-DUSK ASYMMETRY; RING CURRENT; MAGNETIC-FIELD; TAIL CURRENT; GEOSYNCHRONOUS ORBIT; CURRENT SHEET; MODEL; DST; SPACECRAFT; EVOLUTION AB The sawtooth event period embedded in a storm interval on 2001-10-22 is analyzed using magnetic field modeling techniques. The model current systems show that sawtooth injections are associated with strong stretching of both the nightside and dusk-sector magnetic field prior to the injection and a partial disruption of that current at the time of the injection. The currents are strongest near geosynchronous distance and in the premidnight sector. The strong dusk-sector field stretching produces very fast proton drift speeds, which can explain the near-simultaneous occurrence of the injections over a wide local time sector. Comparison of sawtooth periods with nonstorm substorms indicates that the tail field behavior resembles that of nonstorm substorms, but that the consequences of the stretching/dipolarization cycle are different from nonstorm times. As the drifting protons during sawtooth events are mostly on open drift paths, the symmetric ring current is only slightly affected, while large variations are seen in the asymmetric ring current. The three-spacecraft magnetic field measurements together with the Dst index were sufficient to constrain the magnetic field model to give a reasonably accurate global magnetic field representation, as confirmed by an independent test using measurements not used in the fitting. Thus we conclude that the empirical modeling methods can be quite reliable in predicting the large-scale fields when suitable observations are available. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Finnish Meteorol Inst, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. St Petersburg State Univ, St Petersburg 198504, Russia. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. RP Pulkkinen, TI (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, ISR-1,MS 466, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM tuija@lanl.gov; nataly.ganushkina@fmi.fi; eija.tanskanen@fmi.fi; kubysh@geo.phys.spbu.ru; reeves@lanl.gov; mthomsen@lanl.gov; ctrussel@igpp.ucla.edu; howard.singer@noaa.gov; james.a.slavin@nasa.gov; jesper.gjerloev@jhuapl.edu RI Pulkkinen, Tuija/D-8403-2012; Slavin, James/H-3170-2012; Kubyshkina, Marina/G-9436-2013; Ganushkina, Natalia/K-6314-2013; Reeves, Geoffrey/E-8101-2011 OI Pulkkinen, Tuija/0000-0002-6317-381X; Slavin, James/0000-0002-9206-724X; Kubyshkina, Marina/0000-0001-5897-9547; Reeves, Geoffrey/0000-0002-7985-8098 NR 33 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 EI 2169-9402 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD SEP 28 PY 2006 VL 111 IS A11 AR A11S17 DI 10.1029/2006JA011627 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 090KH UT WOS:000240949700001 ER PT J AU Bousquet, P Ciais, P Miller, JB Dlugokencky, EJ Hauglustaine, DA Prigent, C Van der Werf, GR Peylin, P Brunke, EG Carouge, C Langenfelds, RL Lathiere, J Papa, F Ramonet, M Schmidt, M Steele, LP Tyler, SC White, J AF Bousquet, P. Ciais, P. Miller, J. B. Dlugokencky, E. J. Hauglustaine, D. A. Prigent, C. Van der Werf, G. R. Peylin, P. Brunke, E. -G. Carouge, C. Langenfelds, R. L. Lathiere, J. Papa, F. Ramonet, M. Schmidt, M. Steele, L. P. Tyler, S. C. White, J. TI Contribution of anthropogenic and natural sources to atmospheric methane variability SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID INTERANNUAL GROWTH-RATE; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; CH4; EMISSIONS; TRANSPORT; AIR; CO2; INVERSION; PINATUBO; PERIOD AB Methane is an important greenhouse gas, and its atmospheric concentration has nearly tripled since pre-industrial times(1). The growth rate of atmospheric methane is determined by the balance between surface emissions and photochemical destruction by the hydroxyl radical, the major atmospheric oxidant. Remarkably, this growth rate has decreased(2) markedly since the early 1990s, and the level of methane has remained relatively constant since 1999, leading to a downward revision of its projected influence on global temperatures. Large fluctuations in the growth rate of atmospheric methane are also observed from one year to the next(2), but their causes remain uncertain(2-13). Here we quantify the processes that controlled variations in methane emissions between 1984 and 2003 using an inversion model of atmospheric transport and chemistry. Our results indicate that wetland emissions dominated the inter-annual variability of methane sources, whereas fire emissions played a smaller role, except during the 1997 - 1998 El Nino event. These top-down estimates of changes in wetland and fire emissions are in good agreement with independent estimates based on remote sensing information and biogeochemical models. On longer timescales, our results show that the decrease in atmospheric methane growth during the 1990s was caused by a decline in anthropogenic emissions. Since 1999, however, they indicate that anthropogenic emissions of methane have risen again. The effect of this increase on the growth rate of atmospheric methane has been masked by a coincident decrease in wetland emissions, but atmospheric methane levels may increase in the near future if wetland emissions return to their mean 1990s levels. C1 UVSQ, CNRS, CEA, IPSL,LSCE, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. Univ Versailles, F-78035 Versailles, France. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Global Monitoring Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Observ Paris, LERMA, F-75014 Paris, France. Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Fac Earth & Life Sci, Amsterdam, Netherlands. LBI, F-78026 Versailles, France. S African Weather Serv, ZA-7599 Stellenbosch, South Africa. CSIRO, Mordialloc, Vic 3195, Australia. Columbia Univ, NASA, GISS, New York, NY 10025 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Earth Syst Sci Dept, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Bousquet, P (reprint author), UVSQ, CNRS, CEA, IPSL,LSCE, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. EM philippe.bousquet@cea.fr RI Steele, Paul/B-3185-2009; Papa, Fabrice/D-3695-2009; White, James/A-7845-2009; Carouge, Claire/A-4755-2012; Langenfelds, Raymond/B-5381-2012; Vuichard, Nicolas/A-6629-2011; van der Werf, Guido/M-8260-2016 OI Steele, Paul/0000-0002-8234-3730; Papa, Fabrice/0000-0001-6305-6253; White, James/0000-0001-6041-4684; Carouge, Claire/0000-0002-0313-8385; van der Werf, Guido/0000-0001-9042-8630 NR 33 TC 408 Z9 430 U1 19 U2 197 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 EI 1476-4687 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD SEP 28 PY 2006 VL 443 IS 7110 BP 439 EP 443 DI 10.1038/nature05132 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 088FY UT WOS:000240798800042 PM 17006511 ER PT J AU Dentener, F Kinne, S Bond, T Boucher, O Cofala, J Generoso, S Ginoux, P Gong, S Hoelzemann, JJ Ito, A Marelli, L Penner, JE Putaud, JP Textor, C Schulz, M van der Werf, GR Wilson, J AF Dentener, F. Kinne, S. Bond, T. Boucher, O. Cofala, J. Generoso, S. Ginoux, P. Gong, S. Hoelzemann, J. J. Ito, A. Marelli, L. Penner, J. E. Putaud, J. -P. Textor, C. Schulz, M. van der Werf, G. R. Wilson, J. TI Emissions of primary aerosol and precursor gases in the years 2000 and 1750 prescribed data-sets for AeroCom SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID PARTICULATE MATTER; BACKGROUND SITES; SOUTHERN AFRICA; PERIOD; DISTRIBUTIONS; SENSITIVITY; CURBSIDE; PARTICLE; SAVANNA; EUROPE AB Inventories for global aerosol and aerosol precursor emissions have been collected (based on published inventories and published simulations), assessed and prepared for the year 2000 (present-day conditions) and for the year 1750 (pre-industrial conditions). These global datasets establish a comprehensive source for emission input to global modeling, when simulating the aerosol impact on climate with state-of-the-art aerosol component modules. As these modules stratify aerosol into dust, sea-salt, sulfate, organic matter and soot, for all these aerosol types global fields on emission strength and recommendations for injection altitude and particulate size are provided. Temporal resolution varies between daily (dust and sea-salt), monthly (wild-land fires) and annual (all other emissions). These datasets benchmark aerosol emissions according to the knowledge in the year 2004. They are intended to serve as systematic constraints in sensitivity studies of the AeroCom initiative, which seeks to quantify (actual) uncertainties in aerosol global modeling. C1 MPI Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany. Eruopean Commiss, Inst Environm & Sustainabil, Ispra, Italy. Univ Illinois, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. Met Off, Exeter, Devon, England. IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria. Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, ENAC, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. NOAA, GFDL, Princeton, NJ USA. ARQM Met Serv, Toronto, ON, Canada. Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. LSCE Saclay, Gif Sur Yvette, France. Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. RP Kinne, S (reprint author), MPI Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany. EM stefan.kinne@zmaw.de RI Ginoux, Paul/C-2326-2008; van der Werf, Guido/M-8260-2016; Boucher, Olivier/J-5810-2012; Boucher, Olivier/K-7483-2012; Bond, Tami/A-1317-2013; Pfister, Gabriele/A-9349-2008; Magana, Felipe/B-6966-2013; Penner, Joyce/J-1719-2012; Ito, Akinori/M-9599-2014; Schulz, Michael/A-6930-2011 OI Ginoux, Paul/0000-0003-3642-2988; van der Werf, Guido/0000-0001-9042-8630; Boucher, Olivier/0000-0003-2328-5769; Boucher, Olivier/0000-0003-2328-5769; Bond, Tami/0000-0001-5968-8928; Ito, Akinori/0000-0002-4937-2927; Schulz, Michael/0000-0003-4493-4158 NR 52 TC 402 Z9 405 U1 2 U2 56 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PD SEP 26 PY 2006 VL 6 BP 4321 EP 4344 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 087YG UT WOS:000240778100001 ER PT J AU Morris, GA Hersey, S Thompson, AM Pawson, S Nielsen, JE Colarco, PR McMillan, WW Stohl, A Turquety, S Warner, J Johnson, BJ Kucsera, TL Larko, DE Oltmans, SJ Witte, JC AF Morris, Gary A. Hersey, Scott Thompson, Anne M. Pawson, Steven Nielsen, J. Eric Colarco, Peter R. McMillan, W. Wallace Stohl, Andreas Turquety, Solene Warner, Juying Johnson, Bryan J. Kucsera, Tom L. Larko, David E. Oltmans, Samuel J. Witte, Jacquelyn C. TI Alaskan and Canadian forest fires exacerbate ozone pollution over Houston, Texas, on 19 and 20 July 2004 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID PORTABLE SPECTRORADIOMETER INSTRUMENTS; MOZAIC AIRBORNE PROGRAM; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; TRANSPORT; MODEL; SATELLITE; AIRCRAFT; PLUMES; SMOKE; MODIS AB On Monday, 19 July, and Tuesday, 20 July 2004, the air over Houston, Texas, appeared abnormally hazy. Transport model results and data from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder ( AIRS), the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer ( MODIS), the Measurement of Ozone by Airbus In- service airCraft ( MOZAIC) experiment, and the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer ( TOMS) indicate that an air mass originating on 12 July 2004 over forest fires in eastern Alaska and western Canada arrived in Houston about 1 week later. Ozonesonde data from Houston on 19 and 20 July show elevated ozone at the surface (> 125 ppbv) and even higher concentrations aloft ( similar to 150 ppbv of ozone found 2 km above the surface) as compared to more typical profiles. Integrated ozone columns from the surface to 5 km increased from 17 - 22 DU ( measured in the absence of the polluted air mass) to 34 - 36 DU on 19 and 20 July. The average on 20 July 2004 of the 8- hour maximum ozone values recorded by surface monitors across the Houston area was the highest of any July day during the 2001 - 2005 period. The combination of the ozone observations, satellite data, and model results implicates the biomass burning effluence originating in Alaska and Canada a week earlier in exacerbating pollution levels seen in Houston. C1 Valparaiso Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Valparaiso, IN 46383 USA. Rice Univ, Sid Richardson Coll, Houston, TX 77005 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Atmospher Chem & Dynam Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Phys, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. Norwegian Inst Air Res, Dept Reg & Global Pollut Issues, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway. Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Morris, GA (reprint author), Valparaiso Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Valparaiso, IN 46383 USA. EM gary.morris@valpo.edu RI Stohl, Andreas/A-7535-2008; Pawson, Steven/I-1865-2014; Colarco, Peter/D-8637-2012; Thompson, Anne /C-3649-2014 OI Stohl, Andreas/0000-0002-2524-5755; Pawson, Steven/0000-0003-0200-717X; Colarco, Peter/0000-0003-3525-1662; Thompson, Anne /0000-0002-7829-0920 NR 39 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 26 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D24 AR D24S03 DI 10.1029/2006JD007090 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 090JA UT WOS:000240946100001 ER PT J AU Anderson, NA Richter, LJ Stephenson, JC Briggman, KA AF Anderson, Neil A. Richter, Lee J. Stephenson, John C. Briggman, Kimberly A. TI Determination of lipid phase transition temperatures in hybrid bilayer membranes SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID FREQUENCY VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY; BEHAVIOR; MONOLAYERS; CHAINS; MODEL; PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES; GENERATION; PARAMETERS; DEPENDENCE; SUPPORT AB The main gel-to-liquid-crystal (LC) phase transition temperature, T-m, of the lipid monolayer in hybrid bilayer membranes (HBMs) was investigated using vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy (VSFS). In the gel phase, the acyl chains of the lipid molecules assume an ordered, all-trans configuration, whereas in the LC phase, the acyl chains exhibit a significant number of disordered gauche conformers. VSFS has unique sensitivity to the order/disorder transitions in the acyl chains and was used to determine T-m for a series of saturated phosphatidylcholine lipids on octadecanethiolate self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). The values obtained for T-m for all lipids studied are significantly higher than for the corresponding lipids in vesicles in solution. Additionally, the transition widths are broader for the lipids in HBMs. The underlying SAM clearly influences the phase behavior of the overlying lipid monolayer. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Briggman, KA (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bureau Dr MS8443, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM kimberly.briggman@nist.gov RI Richter, Lee/N-7730-2016 OI Richter, Lee/0000-0002-9433-3724 NR 37 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 19 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD SEP 26 PY 2006 VL 22 IS 20 BP 8333 EP 8336 DI 10.1021/la061819e PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 084ZP UT WOS:000240573200014 PM 16981745 ER PT J AU Genzer, J Efimenko, K Fischer, DA AF Genzer, Jan Efimenko, Kirill Fischer, Daniel A. TI Formation mechanisms and properties of semifluorinated molecular gradients on silica surfaces SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; GRAFTED POLYMER GRADIENTS; CHEMICAL GRADIENTS; X-RAY; ALKANETHIOLATE MONOLAYERS; ORIENTATION; COMBINATORIAL; CHAINS; GOLD; SOFT AB The goal of this study is to elucidate the formation of molecular gradients made of semifluorinated organosilanes (SFOs) on flat substrates by using a methodology developed by Chaudhury and Whitesides (Science 1992, 256, 1539). We use surface-sensitive combinatorial near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (combi-NEXAFS) spectroscopy to measure the position-dependent concentration and orientation of SFO molecules in SFO molecular gradients on flat silica surfaces. Using the combi-NEXAFS data, we establish the correlation between the fraction of the F(CF2)(8)-(CH2)(2) - species on the substrate and the average tilt angle of the -(CF2)(8)F group in the SFO as a function of the deposition gas medium (air vs nitrogen) and the end group around the silicon atom ( monofunctional vs trifunctional). In addition, we utilize the gradient geometry to comprehend the mechanism of formation of SFO self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). Specifically, we provide evidence that depending on the nature of the end group in the SFO and the vapor phase the SFO molecules add themselves into the existing SAMs either as individual molecules or as multimolecular complexes. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Genzer, J (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM Jan_Genzer@ncsu.edu NR 53 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 16 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD SEP 26 PY 2006 VL 22 IS 20 BP 8532 EP 8541 DI 10.1021/la061016r PG 10 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 084ZP UT WOS:000240573200042 PM 16981773 ER PT J AU Wang, J Collins, D Covert, D Elleman, R Ferrare, RA Gasparini, R Jonsson, H Ogren, J Sheridan, P Tsay, SC AF Wang, Jian Collins, Don Covert, David Elleman, Robert Ferrare, Richard A. Gasparini, Roberto Jonsson, Haflidi Ogren, John Sheridan, Patrick Tsay, Si-Chee TI Temporal variation of aerosol properties at a rural continental site and study of aerosol evolution through growth law analysis SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID CHEMICAL CONVERSION MECHANISMS; SOUTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; POWER-PLANT PLUMES; SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; EFFECTIVE RADIUS; MARINE STRATUS; WATER-VAPOR; CLOUD; AIRCRAFT; H2SO4 AB [ 1] Aerosol size distributions were measured by a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) on board the CIRPAS Twin Otter aircraft during 16 flights at the Southern Great Plains (SGP) site in northern central Oklahoma as part of the Aerosol Intensive Operation period in May 2003. During the same period a second SMPS was deployed at a surface station and provided continuous measurements. Combined with trace gas measurements at the SGP site and back trajectory analysis, the aerosol size distributions provided insights into the sources of aerosols observed at the SGP site. High particle concentrations, observed mostly during daytime, were well correlated with the sulfur dioxide (SO2) mixing ratios, suggesting nucleation involving sulfuric acid is likely the main source of newly formed particles at the SGP. Aerosols within plumes originating from wildfires in Central America were measured at the surface site. Vertically compact aerosol layers, which can be traced back to forest fires in East Asia, were intercepted at altitudes over 3000 m. Analyses of size-dependent particle growth rates for four periods during which high cloud coverage was observed indicate growth dominated by volume controlled reactions. Sulfate accounts for 50% to 72% of the increase in aerosol volume concentration; the rest of the volume concentration increase was likely due to secondary organic species. The growth law analyses and meteorological conditions indicate that the sulfate was produced mainly through aqueous oxidation of SO2 in clouds droplets and hydrated aerosol particles. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Div Atmospher Sci, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. USN, Postgrad Sch, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. NOAA, Global Monitoring Div, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Wang, J (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Div Atmospher Sci, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM jian@bnl.gov RI Collins, Don/F-9617-2012; Wang, Jian/G-9344-2011; Tsay, Si-Chee/J-1147-2014; Ogren, John/M-8255-2015 OI Ogren, John/0000-0002-7895-9583 NR 48 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 23 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D18 AR D18203 DI 10.1029/2005JD006704 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 088RD UT WOS:000240827900001 ER PT J AU Castelao, RM Mavor, TP Barth, JA Breaker, LC AF Castelao, Renato M. Mavor, Timothy P. Barth, John A. Breaker, Laurence C. TI Sea surface temperature fronts in the California Current System from geostationary satellite observations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID COASTAL TRANSITION ZONE; EDDY KINETIC-ENERGY; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; UPWELLING JET; WIND-STRESS; POINT ARENA; VARIABILITY; OCEAN; CIRCULATION AB [ 1] Sea surface temperature (SST) fronts are determined for the 2001 - 2004 time period from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites ( GOES) data in the California Current System (CCS). The probability of detecting a SST front at an individual pixel location in the CCS is presented as a bi-monthly climatology. Fronts clearly indicate the seasonal evolution of coastal upwelling, as well as meanders and filaments that are often linked with irregularities in coastline geometry. Winter is characterized by low frontal activity along the entire coast. Fronts first appear close to the coast during spring, particularly south of Cape Blanco, where upwelling favorable winds are already persistent. The area of high frontal activity continues to increase during summer, especially between Monterey Bay and Cape Blanco, extending more than 300 km from the coast. The region with high frontal activity widens at similar to 2.6 km day(-1). Off northern Baja California, a band with persistent fronts is found close to the coast year-round, but there is no evidence of a seasonal widening of the area of higher activity. During fall, the weakening of upwelling favorable winds leads to a gradual decrease in frontal activity. An empirical orthogonal function (EOF) decomposition reveals the development of SST fronts associated with seasonal upwelling for locations north of Monterey Bay, with less summer intensification to the south. The first appearance of fronts close to the coast during spring and the occurrence of the fronts offshore later in the season are represented by additional statistically significant EOF modes. C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Cooperat Inst Oceanog Satellite Studies, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, NOAA, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. STG Inc, Reston, VA USA. Moss Landing Marine Labs, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. RP Castelao, RM (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM castelao@coas.oregonstate.edu NR 53 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD SEP 23 PY 2006 VL 111 IS C9 AR C09026 DI 10.1029/2006JC003541 PG 13 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 088RI UT WOS:000240828400003 ER PT J AU Wade, P Heide-Jorgensen, MP Shelden, K Barlow, J Carretta, J Durban, J Leduc, R Munger, L Rankin, S Sauter, A Stinchcomb, C AF Wade, Paul Heide-Jorgensen, Mads Peter Shelden, Kim Barlow, Jay Carretta, James Durban, John LeDuc, Rick Munger, Lisa Rankin, Shannon Sauter, Allan Stinchcomb, Charles TI Acoustic detection and satellite-tracking leads to discovery of rare concentration of endangered North Pacific right whales SO BIOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE North Pacific right whale; Eubalaena japonica; genetics; sonobuoy; Bering Sea; satellite-monitored radio tag ID BERING-SEA; MICROSATELLITE LOCI; EUBALAENA-JAPONICA; ALASKA; GULF AB The North Pacific right whale, Eubalaena japonica, is one of the most endangered species of whale in the world. On 10 August 2004, two right whales were located in the Bering Sea using headings to right whale calls provided by directional sonobuoys. A satellite-monitored radio tag attached to one of these whales functioned for 40 days. Over the 40-day period, this whale moved throughout a large part of the southeast Bering Sea shelf, including areas of the outer-shelf where right whales have not been seen in decades. In September, multiple right whales were acoustically located and subsequently sighted by another survey vessel approaching a near-real-time position from the tag. An analysis of photographs confirmed at least 17 individual whales (not including the tagged whales). Genetic analysis of biopsy samples identified 17 individuals: 10 males and 7 females. The discovery of seven females was significant, as only one female had been identified in the past. Genetics also confirmed the presence of at least two calves. Although the future of this population is highly uncertain, the discovery of additional females and calves gives some hope that this most critically endangered of all whale populations may still possess the capacity to recover. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Greenland Inst Nat Resources, Nuuk 3900, Greenland. NOAA, NMFS, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Shelden, K (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM kim.shelden@noaa.gov NR 20 TC 27 Z9 31 U1 3 U2 8 PU ROYAL SOCIETY PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 1744-9561 J9 BIOL LETT-UK JI Biol. Lett. PD SEP 22 PY 2006 VL 2 IS 3 BP 417 EP 419 DI 10.1098/rsbl.2006.0460 PG 3 WC Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 103CN UT WOS:000241863400027 PM 17148419 ER PT J AU Klein, SA Jiang, XN Boyle, J Malyshev, S Xie, SC AF Klein, Stephen A. Jiang, Xianan Boyle, Jim Malyshev, Sergey Xie, Shaocheng TI Diagnosis of the summertime warm and dry bias over the U.S. Southern Great Plains in the GFDL climate model using a weather forecasting approach SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID GLOBAL PRECIPITATION; DIURNAL CYCLE; UNITED-STATES; PREDICTION; SIMULATION; MOISTURE AB Weather forecasts started from realistic initial conditions are used to diagnose the large warm and dry bias over the United States Southern Great Plains simulated by the GFDL climate model. The forecasts exhibit biases in surface air temperature and precipitation within 3 days which appear to be similar to the climate bias. With the model simulating realistic evaporation but underestimated precipitation, a deficit in soil moisture results which amplifies the initial temperature bias through feedbacks with the land surface. The underestimate of precipitation may be associated with an inability of the model to simulate the eastward propagation of convection from the front-range of the Rocky Mountains and is insensitive to an increase of horizontal resolution from 2 degrees to 0.5 degrees latitude. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Div Atmospher Sci, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Klein, SA (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Div Atmospher Sci, L-103,POB 808, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. EM klein21@llnl.gov RI Jiang, Xianan/A-2283-2012; Xie, Shaocheng/D-2207-2013; Klein, Stephen/H-4337-2016 OI Xie, Shaocheng/0000-0001-8931-5145; Klein, Stephen/0000-0002-5476-858X NR 18 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 22 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 18 AR L18805 DI 10.1029/2006GL027567 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 088QU UT WOS:000240827000008 ER PT J AU Lippa, KA Sander, LC AF Lippa, Katrice A. Sander, Lane C. TI Identification of isolated cavity features within molecular dynamics simulated chromatographic surfaces SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE alkylsilanes; shape selectivity; reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC); molecular surface area; monomeric; polymeric; trans conformation ID PHASE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; ANISOTROPIC STATIONARY PHASES; NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; BLOCK-LIKE SOLUTES; SHAPE SELECTIVITY; CONSTRAINED SOLUTES; TOCOPHEROL ISOMERS; CHAIN-LENGTH; SEPARATION AB Highly ordered morphological features were characterized for molecular dynamics simulated alkyl-modified silica models that represent chromatographic materials with enhanced shape recognition capability. Deep cavities (8-10 angstrom wide) within the alkyl chains were identified for C-18 polymeric models corresponding to shape-selective RPLC stationary phases. The all-trans conformational distal-end segments of these isolated cavities averaged over a 100 ps simulation time interval were observed to increase (up to 15 angstrom) in models with an increase in both surface coverage and corresponding shape selectivity. Similar-structure cavities with significant alkyl chain ordered regions (> 11 angstrom) were isolated from two independent C-18 models (differing in bonding chemistry, density and temperature) that represent highly shape-selective materials. The size and depth of these ordered regions increased (up to 28 angstrom) for the extended-length C-30 alkyl phase models. These initial results offer a physical representation of alkyl-modified surfaces that may facilitate the identification of potential molecular features that may be involved in the shape-selective retentive processes, as well as illustrating the potential for such computational techniques to predict the molecular recognition capabilities of novel analyte-specific sorbents. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lippa, KA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Div Analyt Chem, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM katrice.lippa@nist.gov NR 52 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD SEP 22 PY 2006 VL 1128 IS 1-2 BP 79 EP 89 DI 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.06.043 PG 11 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 084XR UT WOS:000240568200010 PM 16846606 ER PT J AU Miyoshi, YS Jordanova, VK Morioka, A Thomsen, MF Reeves, GD Evans, DS Green, JC AF Miyoshi, Y. S. Jordanova, V. K. Morioka, A. Thomsen, M. F. Reeves, G. D. Evans, D. S. Green, J. C. TI Observations and modeling of energetic electron dynamics during the October 2001 storm SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID RADIATION BELT ELECTRONS; LINEAR DIFFUSION-COEFFICIENTS; ION-CYCLOTRON WAVES; RING CURRENT; RELATIVISTIC ELECTRONS; SUBSTORM DEPENDENCE; INNER MAGNETOSPHERE; MAGNETIC STORM; LARGE-SCALE; POLAR-CAP AB [1] We examined and simulated the dynamics of energetic electrons during the October 2001 magnetic storm with the relativistic RAM electron model for a wide range of energies. The storm had a rapid main phase followed by a day of strong geomagnetic activity that produced a second Dst minimum and then a very quiet recovery phase. During the main phase and the period of intense activity, the observed hot electron flux ( E = 30 keV) increased at low L while decreasing at large L and then decayed abruptly at the beginning of the recovery phase when activity subsided. The flux of subrelativistic ( E = 100 - 300 keV) electrons also increased at low L and decreased at large L during the main phase and the period of intense activity but remained high throughout the recovery phase. In contrast, the relativistic ( E = 300 - 1200 keV) electron flux decreased during the main phase, remained low throughout the period of intense activity, and then increased above prestorm values during the recovery phase in spite of the low activity. The highest energy electron flux ( E > 1200 keV) decreased during the main phase and never recovered to prestorm levels. The numerical simulation was compared with observations. We identified the physical processes which produce the flux variations at the different energies. In the simulation, the hot electrons were convected inward during the main phase, reproducing the observed local time flux asymmetry. The higher-energy electrons, on the other hand, were predominantly transported inward by radial diffusion and not convective motion. The simulation was not able to reproduce the subrelativistic and relativistic electron flux enhancement and spatial expansion as observed during the recovery phase. In the simulation, most of the energization occurred around the main phase and the period of intense activity with negligible transport or flux enhancement during the recovery phase. The discrepancy between the observed and simulated high energy electron flux suggests that only convective transport and radial diffusion cannot fully explain the electron dynamics. An additional mechanism may be necessary to explain enhancements of high energy electron flux during the recovery phase of the storm. C1 Nagoya Univ, Solar Terr Environm Lab, Nagoya, Aichi 4648601, Japan. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. Tohoku Univ, Planetary Plasma & Atmospher Res Ctr, Sendai, Miyagi 980, Japan. NOAA, Boulder, CO USA. RP Miyoshi, YS (reprint author), Nagoya Univ, Solar Terr Environm Lab, Nagoya, Aichi 4648601, Japan. EM miyoshi@stelab.nagoya-u.ac.jp RI Miyoshi, Yoshizumi/B-5834-2015; Reeves, Geoffrey/E-8101-2011 OI Miyoshi, Yoshizumi/0000-0001-7998-1240; Jordanova, Vania/0000-0003-0475-8743; Reeves, Geoffrey/0000-0002-7985-8098 NR 50 TC 60 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 EI 2169-9402 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD SEP 21 PY 2006 VL 111 IS A11 AR A11S02 DI 10.1029/2005JA011351 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 088RW UT WOS:000240829800001 ER PT J AU To, TT Heilweil, EJ Burkey, TJ AF To, Tung T. Heilweil, Edwin J. Burkey, Theodore J. TI Time-resolved infrared absorption study of cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl derivatives: Chelation of pendant sulfides in acetonitrile SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID QUANTUM YIELDS; COMPLEXES; ULTRAFAST; PHOTOSUBSTITUTION; ENERGETICS; SOLVATION; SWITCHES; DYNAMICS; EXCHANGE; LIGAND AB The chelation dynamics of [Mn{eta(5)-C5H4C(O)R}(CO)(3)] complexes 1 (R=CH2(SCH3)), 2 (R=CH(SCH3)(2)), and 3 (R=C(SCH3)(3)) in room-temperature acetonitrile solution have been investigated on the picosecond time scale by UV-pump IR-probe transient absorption spectroscopy. Similar to the previously observed behavior in n-heptane solution, irradiation of 3 in acetonitrile at 289 nm induces CO loss to exclusively yield a Mn-S chelated dicarbonyl product. Unlike the behavior of 1 and 2 in n-hexane and n-heptane solutions, UV excitation of either 1 or 2 in acetonitrile solution induces CO loss to also exclusively yield the chelated products, with no evidence of a competing solvation pathway. All three complexes exhibit ultrafast chelation in < 13 ps. Faster vibrational cooling in acetonitrile vs alkane solutions suggests stronger solute-solvent interaction, perhaps via hydrogen bonding. Ring-opening resulting from continuous irradiation of the pendant sulfide's chelates, [Mn{eta(5)-C5H4C(O)CH(SCH3)(2)-kappa S}(CO)(2)] (4) and [Mn{eta(5)-C5H4C(O)C(SCH3)(3)-kappa S}(CO)(2)] (5), is also discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Memphis, Dept Chem, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. RP Heilweil, EJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM edwin.heilweil@nist.gov; tburkey@memphis.edu NR 21 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD SEP 21 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 37 BP 10669 EP 10673 DI 10.1021/jp057360z PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 083YP UT WOS:000240496000003 PM 16970355 ER PT J AU Sansonetti, CJ Reader, J AF Sansonetti, Craig J. Reader, Joseph TI Spectral radiance of strong lines in positive column mercury discharges with argon carrier gas SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID INCREASED POWER CONCENTRATION; LAMPS; PARAMETERS; BALANCE AB The spectral radiance of the 185 and 254 nm lines in two positive column mercury discharge lamps was measured over a wide range of operating conditions. The lamps had internal diameters of 5 and 23 mm. Argon was used as a carrier gas. The lamps were operated with cold spot temperatures of 20, 40 and 60 degrees C. At each of these temperatures, results were obtained for five currents ranging from 20 to 100 mA for the 5 mm lamp and from 200 to 1000 mA for the 23 mm lamp. For each current studied, results were determined for argon pressures ranging from 66.6 to 666 Pa (0.5 to 5.0 Torr) in the 5 mm lamp and 26.6 to 666 Pa (0.2 to 5.0 Torr) in the 23 mm lamp. An argon miniarc was used as the radiometric standard. By calibrating the spectral response of the optical system with a well-characterized mercury pencil lamp, results were obtained for 12 additional Hg lines from 289 to 579 nm. For the 23 mm lamp the electric field in the positive column was measured. For this lamp the radiated power as a percentage of input power was also determined. The results provide an experimental basis for validating computer models of Hg fluorescent lamp discharges. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sansonetti, CJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM craig.sansonetti@nist.gov NR 13 TC 1 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0022-3727 J9 J PHYS D APPL PHYS JI J. Phys. D-Appl. Phys. PD SEP 21 PY 2006 VL 39 IS 18 BP 4010 EP 4026 DI 10.1088/0022-3727/39/18/013 PG 17 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 101UU UT WOS:000241767100014 ER PT J AU D'Errico, M Parlanti, E Teson, M de Jesus, BMB Degan, P Calcagnile, A Jaruga, P Bjoras, M Crescenzi, M Pedrini, AM Egly, JM Zambruno, G Stefanini, M Dizdaroglu, M Dogliotti, E AF D'Errico, Mariarosaria Parlanti, Eleonora Teson, Massimo de Jesus, Bruno M. Bernardes Degan, Paolo Calcagnile, Angelo Jaruga, Pawel Bjoras, Magnar Crescenzi, Marco Pedrini, Antonia M. Egly, Jean-Marc Zambruno, Giovanna Stefanini, Miria Dizdaroglu, Miral Dogliotti, Eugenia TI New functions of XPC in the protection of human skin cells from oxidative damage SO EMBO JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE cancer; DNA repair; keratinocytes; oxidative DNA damage; xeroderma pigmentosum ID NUCLEOTIDE EXCISION-REPAIR; XERODERMA-PIGMENTOSUM PATIENTS; DNA-DAMAGE; MAMMALIAN-CELLS; GROUP-C; COCKAYNE-SYNDROME; PROTEIN INTERACTS; AP-ENDONUCLEASE; IN-VITRO; GLYCOSYLASE AB Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) C is involved in the recognition of a variety of bulky DNA-distorting lesions in nucleotide excision repair. Here, we show that XPC plays an unexpected and multifaceted role in cell protection from oxidative DNA damage. XP-C primary keratinocytes and fibroblasts are hypersensitive to the killing effects of DNA-oxidizing agents and this effect is reverted by expression of wild-type XPC. Upon oxidant exposure, XP-C primary keratinocytes and fibroblasts accumulate 8,5'-cyclopurine 2'-deoxynucleosides in their DNA, indicating that XPC is involved in their removal. In the absence of XPC, a decrease in the repair rate of 8-hydroxyguanine (8-OH-Gua) is also observed. We demonstrate that XPC-HR23B complex acts as cofactor in base excision repair of 8-OH-Gua, by stimulating the activity of its specific DNA glycosylase OGG1. In vitro experiments suggest that the mechanism involved is a combination of increased loading and turnover of OGG1 by XPC-HR23B complex. The accumulation of endogenous oxidative DNA damage might contribute to increased skin cancer risk and account for internal cancers reported for XP-C patients. C1 Ist Super Sanita, Dept Environm & Primary Prevent, I-00161 Rome, Italy. IRCCS, Ist Dermopat Immacolata, Lab Mol & Cell Biol, Rome, Italy. CNRS, INSERM, Inst Genet & Biol Mol & Cellulaire, Illkirch Graffenstaden, France. CU, Strasbourg, France. Ist Nazl Ric Canc, Dept Translat Oncol, I-16132 Genoa, Italy. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Chem & Biochem Engn, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Oslo, Rikshosp Radiumhosp HF, Dept Mol Biol, Inst Med Microbiol, Oslo, Norway. Univ Oslo, Rikshosp Radiumhosp HF, Ctr Mol Biol & Neurosci, Oslo, Norway. CNR, Ist Genet Mol, I-27100 Pavia, Italy. RP Dogliotti, E (reprint author), Ist Super Sanita, Dept Environm & Primary Prevent, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Rome, Italy. EM dogliott@iss.it RI Jaruga, Pawel/M-4378-2015; OI Bernardes de Jesus, Bruno/0000-0002-6407-3466 NR 49 TC 138 Z9 143 U1 0 U2 6 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 75 VARICK STREET, 9TH FLOOR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA SN 0261-4189 J9 EMBO J JI Embo J. PD SEP 20 PY 2006 VL 25 IS 18 BP 4305 EP 4315 DI 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601277 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA 092DT UT WOS:000241077900015 PM 16957781 ER PT J AU Bruno, TJ Smith, BL AF Bruno, Thomas J. Smith, Beverly L. TI Enthalpy of combustion of fuels as a function of distillate cut: Application of an advanced distillation curve method SO ENERGY & FUELS LA English DT Article ID IMPROVEMENTS; COMPONENTS; APPARATUS; OILS AB In previous work, several significant improvements in the measurement of distillation curves for complex fluids were introduced. The modifications to the classical measurement provide for ( 1) temperature and volume measurements of low uncertainty, ( 2) temperature control based upon fluid behavior with a model predictive temperature controller, and, most important, ( 3) a composition- explicit data channel in addition to the temperature- volume relationship that usually comprises the measurement. This latter modification was achieved with a new sampling approach that allows precise qualitative as well as quantitative analyses of each fraction, during the measurement of the distillation curve. In this paper, we utilize the composition- explicit information to characterize distillate cuts in terms of available energy content. This is critical information in the study of real fuels. The measure we use for the fluid energy content is the composite enthalpy of combustion for each component selected for identification in each distillate fraction. As a test system, we present the distillation cuts of two prepared mixtures of n- decane + n- tetradecane. Then, as a further illustration of the approach, we present an analysis of distillate fractions of a 91 antiknock index ( AI) gasoline and a 91 AI gasoline with 15% methanol ( vol/ vol) added. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Bruno, TJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM bruno@boulder.nist.gov NR 25 TC 70 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0887-0624 J9 ENERG FUEL JI Energy Fuels PD SEP 20 PY 2006 VL 20 IS 5 BP 2109 EP 2116 DI 10.1021/ef0602271 PG 8 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 085PH UT WOS:000240615500052 ER PT J AU Lyman, JM Willis, JK Johnson, GC AF Lyman, John M. Willis, Josh K. Johnson, Gregory C. TI Recent cooling of the upper ocean SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID HEAT-STORAGE; SEA-LEVEL; TOPEX/POSEIDON; VARIABILITY; CIRCULATION; PACIFIC AB We observe a net loss of 3.2 ( +/- 1.1) x 10(22) J of heat from the upper ocean between 2003 and 2005. Using a broad array of in situ ocean measurements, we present annual estimates of global upper-ocean heat content anomaly from 1993 through 2005. Including the recent downturn, the average warming rate for the entire 13-year period is 0.33 +/- 0.23 W/m(2) ( of the Earth's total surface area). A new estimate of sampling error in the heat content record suggests that both the recent and previous global cooling events are significant and unlikely to be artifacts of inadequate ocean sampling. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Hawaii, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lyman, JM (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE,Bldg 3, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM john.lyman@noaa.gov; joshua.k.willis@jpl.nasa.gov; gregory.c.johnson@noaa.gov RI Johnson, Gregory/I-6559-2012 OI Johnson, Gregory/0000-0002-8023-4020 NR 22 TC 57 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 20 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 18 AR L18604 DI 10.1029/2006GL027033 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 088QS UT WOS:000240826800002 ER PT J AU Evan, AT Heidinger, AK Pavolonis, MJ AF Evan, Amato T. Heidinger, Andrew K. Pavolonis, Michael J. TI Development of a new over-water Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer dust detection algorithm SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURES; AVHRR DATA; SATELLITE; AEROSOLS; VARIABILITY; VALIDATION; OUTBREAKS; PRODUCT; MODIS; LAYER AB A new over-water dust detection algorithm is developed and applied to the 5 channel Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) imager onboard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration series of polar orbiting satellites. The algorithm has been developed to improve the distinction between dust and meteorological clouds for very optically thick dust storms that would have previously been flagged as cloud under the Clouds from AVHRR Extended cloud mask algorithm. The algorithm has been assessed by making daily comparisons with data from the Aerosol Robotic Network and by making a climatological comparison with METEOSAT and Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer data over a portion of the North Atlantic. The new algorithm improves the separation of clouds and airborne dust. Application of the new product to the 5-channel AVHRR historic data sets can provide information on the global dust signal, especially on an interannual time scale. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Washington, DC 20305 USA. RP Evan, AT (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, 1215 W Dayton, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM atevan@wisc.edu RI Pavolonis, Mike/F-5618-2010; Heidinger, Andrew/F-5591-2010 OI Pavolonis, Mike/0000-0001-5822-219X; Heidinger, Andrew/0000-0001-7631-109X NR 26 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD SEP 20 PY 2006 VL 27 IS 18 BP 3903 EP 3924 DI 10.1080/01431160600646359 PG 22 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 100EM UT WOS:000241650600014 ER PT J AU Rathgeber, S Pakula, T Wilk, A Matyjaszewski, K Lee, HI Beers, KL AF Rathgeber, Silke Pakula, Tadeusz Wilk, Agnieszka Matyjaszewski, Krzysztof Lee, Hyung-il Beers, Kathryn L. TI Bottle-brush macromolecules in solution: Comparison between results obtained from scattering experiments and computer simulations SO POLYMER LA English DT Article DE scattering techniques; computer simulations; bottle-brush polymers ID COPOLYMER CYLINDRICAL BRUSHES; TRANSFER RADICAL POLYMERIZATION; MONTE-CARLO-SIMULATION; COMB-BRANCHED POLYMERS; MOLECULAR BOTTLEBRUSHES; LYOTROPIC BEHAVIOR; STIFFNESS; DILUTE; POLYMACROMONOMERS; POLYSTYRENE AB We addressed the structure of bottle-brush macromolecules under good solvent conditions by means of scattering techniques and computer simulations. Architectural parameters, such as backbone length, side chain length and side chain stiffness were varied systematically. A consistent description of the form factors was achieved by describing the bottle-brush polymers as flexible cylinders with internal density fluctuations. The model leads to direct conclusions about parameters, such as the brush persistence length, describing the overall shape of the bottle-brush polymers. Indirect conclusions about the side chain and backbone conformation can be drawn. Experimental results were compared to those obtained from computer simulations carried out for single bottle-brush polymers using the cooperative motion algorithm. The simulation gives direct access to the pair correlation function, allowing an independent determination of the form factor. In addition direct information about the side chain and backbone conformation can be obtained. The critical parameter for lyotropic behavior of bottle-brush polymer solutions is the ratio of brush persistence length to diameter which should be of order 10 or larger. Thus the discussion of the results is focused on the impact of the architectural parameters on the persistence of the bottle-brush polymers. Experimental results on the lyotropic behavior of a bottle-brush polymer are presented. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Max Planck Inst Polymer Res, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Chem, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Polymer Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rathgeber, S (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Polymer Res, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. EM s.rathgeber@mpip-mainz.mpg.de RI ATRP, ATRP/A-3613-2009; Wilk, Agnieszka/D-1235-2011; MPIP, AK Butt/B-8805-2009; Matyjaszewski, Krzysztof/A-2508-2008 OI Matyjaszewski, Krzysztof/0000-0003-1960-3402 NR 37 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 26 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-3861 J9 POLYMER JI Polymer PD SEP 20 PY 2006 VL 47 IS 20 BP 7318 EP 7327 DI 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.06.010 PG 10 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 097BM UT WOS:000241421300049 ER PT J AU Bullister, JL Wisegarver, DP Sonnerup, RE AF Bullister, John L. Wisegarver, David P. Sonnerup, Rolf E. TI Sulfur hexafluoride as a transient tracer in the North Pacific Ocean SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ANTHROPOGENIC CO2; WATER; AGES; SF6; CFC-12; RATES; CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS; DISTRIBUTIONS; VENTILATION; ATLANTIC AB The atmospheric concentration of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) has increased steadily during the past 30 years, making it potentially a valuable transient tracer of oceanic circulation and mixing processes on decadal timescales. Simultaneous measurements of dissolved SF6 with chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which have longer atmospheric histories but different growth rates, provides additional information over the use of each tracer alone. Concentrations of dissolved SF6, CFC11 and CFC12 were measured at the Hawaii Ocean Time-Series (HOT) site in 2005. Concentrations were highest in the upper water column, with pronounced CFC11 and CFC12 maxima at a depth of similar to 400 meters. Apparent water mass ages calculated from SF6 concentrations tend to be younger than those calculated from CFC12 concentrations. An isopycnal pipe model is used to estimate the effects of mixing on SF6 and CFC12 derived ages. Combining SF6 and CFC12 ages allows improved estimates of ideal ages and oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Ocean, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Bullister, JL (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM john.l.bullister@noaa.gov NR 26 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 19 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 18 AR L18603 DI 10.1029/2006GL026514 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 088QR UT WOS:000240826700001 ER PT J AU Kosro, PM Peterson, WT Hickey, BM Shearman, RK Pierce, SD AF Kosro, P. Michael Peterson, William T. Hickey, Barbara M. Shearman, R. Kipp Pierce, Stephen D. TI Physical versus biological spring transition: 2005 SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID OREGON CONTINENTAL-SHELF; COASTAL OCEAN; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; EL-NINO AB In 2005, the onset of spring conditions in the physics of the coastal ocean ( lowered sea level, spin-up of vertically-sheared equatorward coastal jet) came about 50 days later than average off Newport Oregon, on May 24. There was a further delay of 50 days before the subsurface upwelled water penetrated into the anomalously stratified surface layer, becoming most available for biological activity. The warm anomaly in sea surface temperature which provided the surface cap was observed at mid-shelf locations from Washington to central California, but it ended sooner south of Oregon. Biological impacts of these delays to several trophic levels have been reported. C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Kosro, PM (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, 104 COAS Adm Bldg, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM kosro@coas.oregonstate.edu; bill.peterson@noaa.gov; bhickey@u.washington.edu; shearman@coas.oregonstate.edu; spierce@coas.oregonstate.edu OI Kosro, P. Michael/0000-0003-3693-2558 NR 18 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 19 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 22 AR L22S03 DI 10.1029/2006GL027072 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 088QX UT WOS:000240827300001 ER PT J AU Suchar, VA Chigbu, P AF Suchar, Vasile A. Chigbu, Paulinus TI The effects of algae species and densities on the population growth of the marine rotifer, Colurella dicentra SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE algae species; Colurella dicentra; culture; growth rate; marine rotifer ID SYNCHAETA-CECILIA-VALENTINA; BRACHIONUS-PLICATILIS; LIFE-HISTORY; PLANKTONIC ROTIFERS; REPRODUCTIVE RATE; FEEDING-BEHAVIOR; FOOD-LEVEL; TEMPERATURE; CULTURE; SALINITY AB Colurella dicentra clones isolated from bay water in the Mississippi Gulf Coast were cultured with artificial seawater. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of six algae species (Nannochloropsis oculata, Tetraselmis chud, Chaetoceros gracilis, Rhodomonas salina, Isochrysis galbana, and Prorocentrum micans), six C. gracilis densities, and six N. oculata densities (25,000, 50,000, 100,000, 250,000, 500,000, and 1,000,000 cells ml(-1)) on C. dicentra population growth. Algae type influenced rotifer production (p < 0.0001). C. gracilis treatment (9120 +/- 3351SD) produced the highest number of rotifers followed by N. oculata (5760 +/- 2232SD). P. micans had the lowest number of rotifers, although not significantly different from numbers in T. chuii, R. salina, and I. galbana treatments (p > 0.05). The population growth rate (r) varied with algae species treatment. The highest values were recorded for C. gracilis treatment (0.22 to 0.26 d(-1)), followed by N. oculata (0.21 to 0.24 d(-1)), and the lowest for P. micans (-0.19 to 0.14 d(-1)). C. gracilis and N. oculata densities had significant effects (p < 0.0001) on C. dicentra population growth. The highest rotifer production was recorded at a C. gracilis density of 100,000 cells ml(-1), followed by 250,000 cells ml(-1) and 50,000 cells ml(-1). Algae densities of 500,000 cells ml(-1) and above produced the lowest rotifer numbers. Population growth rate (r) varied with C. gracilis densities. The highest values were observed for C. gracilis concentrations of 100,000 cells ml(-1) (0.17 to 0.19 d(-1)), and the lowest for concentrations of 500,000 cells ml-1 and above (-0.19 to 0.09 d(-1)). The 100,000 cells ml(-1) N. oculata density gave the highest rotifer production followed by 50,000, 250,000, 25,000, and 500,000 cells ml(-1). Algae densities of 1,000,000 cells ml-1 produced the lowest rotifer numbers. Population growth rate (r) varied with N. oculata densities, with the highest values obtained for algae densities of 100,000 cells ml(-1) (0.35 to 0.40 d-1), and the lowest for concentrations of 1,000,000 cells ml(-1) (0.05 to 0.012 d(-1)). This is the first report of C. dicentra in Mississippi Coastal waters, and perhaps the smallest marine rotifer species (93 by 49 mu m) ever cultured successfully. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Jackson State Univ, Dept Biol, Marine Sci Program, Jackson, MS 39217 USA. RP Chigbu, P (reprint author), Univ Maryland Eastern Shore, NOAA, Living Marine Resources Cooperat Sci Ctr, Carver Hall, Princess Anne, MD 21853 USA. EM pchigbu@umes.edu NR 40 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD SEP 19 PY 2006 VL 337 IS 1 BP 96 EP 102 DI 10.1016/j.jembe.2006.06.015 PG 7 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 081YO UT WOS:000240353700010 ER PT J AU Santer, BD Wigley, TML Gleckler, PJ Bonfils, C Wehner, MF AchutaRao, K Barnett, TP Boyle, JS Bruggemann, W Fiorino, M Gillett, N Hansen, JE Jones, PD Klein, SA Meehl, GA Raper, SCB Reynolds, RW Taylor, KE Washington, WM AF Santer, B. D. Wigley, T. M. L. Gleckler, P. J. Bonfils, C. Wehner, M. F. AchutaRao, K. Barnett, T. P. Boyle, J. S. Brueggemann, W. Fiorino, M. Gillett, N. Hansen, J. E. Jones, P. D. Klein, S. A. Meehl, G. A. Raper, S. C. B. Reynolds, R. W. Taylor, K. E. Washington, W. M. TI Forced and unforced ocean temperature changes in Atlantic and Pacific tropical cyclogenesis regions SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID HURRICANE INTENSITY; CLIMATE MODEL; WORLDS OCEANS; TRENDS; UNCERTAINTIES; VARIABILITY; ATMOSPHERE; SIGNATURE; CYCLONES; INCREASE AB research has identified links between changes in sea surface temperature (SST) and hurricane intensity. We use climate models to study the possible causes of SST changes in Atlantic and Pacific tropical cyclogenesis regions. The observed SST increases in these regions range from 0.32 degrees C to 0.67 degrees C over the 20th century. The 22 climate models examined here suggest that century-timescale SST changes of this magnitude cannot be explained solely by unforced variability of the climate system. We employ model simulations of natural internal variability to make probabilistic estimates of the contribution of external forcing to observed SST changes. For the period 1906-2005, we find an 84% chance that external forcing explains at least 67% of observed SST increases in the two tropical cyclogenesis regions. Model "20th-century" simulations, with external forcing by combined anthropogenic and natural factors, are generally capable of replicating observed SST increases. In experiments in which forcing factors are varied individually rather than jointly, human-caused changes in greenhouse gases are the main driver of the 20th-century SST increases in both tropical cyclogenesis regions. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Program Climate Model Diagnosis & Intercomparis, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Calif Merced, Merced, CA 95344 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Univ Hamburg, Inst Unternehmensforsch, D-22765 Hamburg, Germany. Univ E Anglia, Climat Res Unit, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. Manchester Metropolitan Univ, Ctr Air Transport & Environm, Manchester M1 5GD, Lancs, England. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Climate Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RP Santer, BD (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Program Climate Model Diagnosis & Intercomparis, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM santer1@llnl.gov RI Jones, Philip/C-8718-2009; Taylor, Karl/F-7290-2011; Santer, Benjamin/F-9781-2011; Gleckler, Peter/H-4762-2012; Bonfils, Celine/H-2356-2012; Fiorino, Michael/N-4150-2014; Klein, Stephen/H-4337-2016 OI Jones, Philip/0000-0001-5032-5493; Taylor, Karl/0000-0002-6491-2135; Gleckler, Peter/0000-0003-2816-6224; Bonfils, Celine/0000-0002-4674-5708; Fiorino, Michael/0000-0002-2819-8157; Klein, Stephen/0000-0002-5476-858X NR 31 TC 92 Z9 94 U1 1 U2 18 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD SEP 19 PY 2006 VL 103 IS 38 BP 13905 EP 13910 DI 10.1073/pnas.0602861103 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 087MN UT WOS:000240746600003 PM 16968781 ER PT J AU Levin, I Stennett, MC Miles, GC Woodward, DI West, AR Reaney, IM AF Levin, Igor Stennett, Martin C. Miles, Gabrielle C. Woodward, David. I. West, Anthony R. Reaney, Ian M. TI Coupling between octahedral tilting and ferroelectric order in tetragonal tungsten bronze-structured dielectrics SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID BARIUM SODIUM NIOBATE; PHASE-TRANSITION; CRYSTAL STRUCTURES; CERAMICS; SYSTEM AB Strong coupling between local polar displacements and a commensurate octahedral tilting is proposed to explain the onset of classic ferroelectric behavior in tetragonal tungsten bronzelike dielectrics Ba2LaxNd1-xNb3Ti2O15. The ferroelectric phase transition is associated with a discontinuous non-lock-in transformation of an incommensurate tilted structure to a commensurate superstructure. In a manner reminiscent of perovskitelike oxides, the driving force for commensurate tilting increases as the average ionic radius of the rare-earth ion decreases; no classical ferroelectric transition is observed for compositions with x > 0.75, which remain incommensurate and exhibit only relaxor behavior below room temperature. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Sheffield, Dept Mat Engn, Sheffield S1 3JD, S Yorkshire, England. RP Levin, I (reprint author), NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM igor.levin@nist.gov RI Woodward, David/B-3134-2011; Levin, Igor/F-8588-2010; OI West, Anthony/0000-0002-5492-2102 NR 18 TC 63 Z9 63 U1 8 U2 23 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD SEP 18 PY 2006 VL 89 IS 12 AR 122908 DI 10.1063/1.2355434 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 086NM UT WOS:000240680300093 ER PT J AU Wallis, TM Moreland, J Kabos, P AF Wallis, T. M. Moreland, J. Kabos, P. TI Einstein-de Haas effect in a NiFe film deposited on a microcantilever SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article AB A method is presented for determining the magnetomechanical ratio g(') in a thin ferromagnetic film deposited on a microcantilever via measurement of the Einstein-de Haas effect. An alternating magnetic field applied in the plane of the cantilever and perpendicular to its length induces bending oscillations of the cantilever that are measured with a fiber optic interferometer. Measurement of g(') provides complementary information about the g factor in ferromagnetic films that is not directly available from other characterization techniques. For a 50 nm Ni80Fe20 film deposited on a silicon nitride cantilever, g(') is measured to be 1.83 +/- 0.10. C1 NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Wallis, TM (reprint author), NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM mwallis@boulder.nist.gov NR 18 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 24 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD SEP 18 PY 2006 VL 89 IS 12 AR 122502 DI 10.1063/1.2355445 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 086NM UT WOS:000240680300070 ER PT J AU Zink, BL Ullom, JN Beall, JA Irwin, KD Doriese, WB Duncan, WD Ferreira, L Hilton, GC Horansky, RD Reintsema, CD Vale, LR AF Zink, B. L. Ullom, J. N. Beall, J. A. Irwin, K. D. Doriese, W. B. Duncan, W. D. Ferreira, L. Hilton, G. C. Horansky, R. D. Reintsema, C. D. Vale, L. R. TI Array-compatible transition-edge sensor microcalorimeter gamma-ray detector with 42 eV energy resolution at 103 keV SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID X-RAY; SPECTROMETERS; BOLOMETERS; NOISE; MODEL AB The authors describe a microcalorimeter gamma-ray detector with measured energy resolution of 42 eV full width at half maximum for 103 keV photons. This detector consists of a thermally isolated superconducting transition-edge thermometer and a superconducting bulk tin photon absorber. The absorber is attached with a technique compatible with producing arrays of high-resolution gamma-ray detectors. The results of a detailed characterization of the detector, which includes measurements of the complex impedance, detector noise, and time-domain pulse response, suggest that a deeper understanding and optimization of the thermal transport between the absorber and thermometer could significantly improve the energy resolution of future detectors. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Vale, LR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway MC 817-03, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM bzink@boulder.nist.gov OI Zink, Barry/0000-0001-7732-532X NR 14 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD SEP 18 PY 2006 VL 89 IS 12 AR 124101 DI 10.1063/1.2352712 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 086NM UT WOS:000240680300141 ER PT J AU Tai, SSC Xu, B Welch, MJ AF Tai, Susan S. -C. Xu, Bei Welch, Michael J. TI Development and evaluation of a candidate reference measurement procedure for the determination of progesterone in human serum using isotope-dilution liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID IONIZATION; CORTISOL AB Progesterone is a steroid hormone that is involved in regulating female reproductive processes. Its concentration in blood is measured to determine ovarian function. A candidate reference measurement procedure for progesterone in human serum involving isotope dilution coupled with liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) has been developed and critically evaluated. The progesterone along with its internal standard (progesterone-C-13(2)) was extracted from the serum matrix using liquid-liquid extraction prior to reversed-phase LC/MS/ MS. The accuracy of the measurement was evaluated by a comparison of results of this method on a lyophilized human serum reference material for progesterone [ Certified Reference Material (CRM) 347] with the certified values determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) reference methods and by a recovery study for the added progesterone. The results of this method for progesterone agreed with the certified value within the uncertainty of the measurements for the CRM 347. The recovery of the added progesterone ranged from 100.1 to 100.9%. This method was applied to the determination of progesterone in frozen serum samples from three individual female donors with the progesterone concentrations ranging from 0.151 to 24.42 ng/g. Excellent reproducibility was obtained with within-set coefficients of variation (CVs) ranging from 0.1 to 1.4%, and between-set CVs ranging from 0.3 to 0.5%. Excellent linearity was also obtained with correlation coefficients of all linear regression lines ( measured intensity ratios vs mass ratios) ranging from 0.9998 to 1.0000. The detection limit at a signal-to-noise ratio of similar to 3 was 1.8 pg of progesterone. This well-characterized LC/MS/ MS method for serum progesterone, which demonstrates good accuracy and precision, low susceptibility to interferences, and comparability with GC/MS reference methods, qualifies as a reference measurement procedure that can be used to provide an accuracy base to which routine methods for progesterone can be compared and that will serve as a standard of higher order for measurement traceability. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Res Ctr Certified Reference Mat, Beijing 100013, Peoples R China. RP Tai, SSC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM susan.tai@nist.gov NR 16 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD SEP 15 PY 2006 VL 78 IS 18 BP 6628 EP 6633 DI 10.1021/ac060936b PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 083YO UT WOS:000240495800045 PM 16970343 ER PT J AU Williams, EJ Fehsenfeld, FC Jobson, BT Kuster, WC Goldan, PD Stutz, J McCleanny, WA AF Williams, E. J. Fehsenfeld, F. C. Jobson, B. T. Kuster, W. C. Goldan, P. D. Stutz, J. McCleanny, W. A. TI Comparison of ultraviolet absorbance, chemiluminescence, and DOAS instruments for ambient ozone monitoring SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INTERFERENCE; ABSORPTION AB This paper evaluates the accuracy of ozone measurements made by monitors that determine ozone concentrations in ambient air by UV absorption. These monitors are typically used to measure ozone for the purpose of establishing local compliance to air-quality standards. The study was predicated by the concern that commercially available UV absorbance O-3 monitors may be subject to interference from volatile organic carbon (VOC) species that absorb light at 254 nm. To test for these and other effects, we compared simultaneous O-3 measurements made by a commercial UV O-3 monitor with an O-3-NO chemiluminescence instrument, which is not subject to interference by VOC compounds. The comparisons were carried out in the summers of 1999 and 2000 at urban/industrial sites in Nashville and Houston, and in 2004 aboard a ship in the Gulf of Maine. In the two urban areas, we also compared the O-3 measurements from these two methods with O-3 measurements made by a long-path differential optical absorption spectrometer (DOAS). Our tests indicate that, with well-maintained monitors, there are no significant interferences even in areas with significant ambient concentrations of potentially interfering VOCs. C1 NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher Sci, Los Angeles, CA USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Williams, EJ (reprint author), NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM eric.j.williams@noaa.gov RI Williams, Eric/F-1184-2010; Kuster, William/E-7421-2010; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013; Stutz, Jochen/K-7159-2014; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; OI Kuster, William/0000-0002-8788-8588; Jobson, Bertram/0000-0003-1812-9745 NR 15 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 16 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X EI 1520-5851 J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP 15 PY 2006 VL 40 IS 18 BP 5755 EP 5762 DI 10.1021/es0523542 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 083NP UT WOS:000240463500028 PM 17007137 ER PT J AU Lee, HJ Soles, CL Liu, DW Bauer, BJ Lin, EK Wu, WL AF Lee, Hae-Jeong Soles, Christopher L. Liu, Da-Wei Bauer, Barry J. Lin, Eric K. Wu, Wen-Li TI Structural characteristics of methylsilsesquioxane based porous low-k thin films fabricated with increasing cross-linked particle porogen loading SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID DEPOSITED SICOH DIELECTRICS; PORE-SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; X-RAY REFLECTIVITY; SPIN-ON; ADSORPTION; SCATTERING; CONSTANT; POROSIMETRY; POROSITY; SPECTROSCOPY AB Methylsilsesquioxane (MSQ) based porous low-k dielectric films are characterized by x-ray porosimetry (XRP) to determine their pore size distribution, average density, wall density, and porosity. By varying the porogen content from 1% to 30% by mass, the porosity changes from 12% to 34% by volume, indicating that the base MSQ matrix material contains approximately 10% by volume inherent microporosity. The wall density of this matrix material is measured to be 1.33-1.35 g/cm(3), independent of porosity. The average pore radii determined from the XRP adsorption isotherms increase from 6 to 27 A with increased porogen loadings. Small angle neutron scattering measurements confirm these XRP average pore radii for the films with porogen loading higher than 10% by mass. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Rohm & Haas Co, Marlborough, MA 01752 USA. RP Soles, CL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM csoles@nist.gov NR 37 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD SEP 15 PY 2006 VL 100 IS 6 AR 064104 DI 10.1063/1.2337772 PG 8 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 089JL UT WOS:000240876600091 ER PT J AU Sobolewski, MA AF Sobolewski, Mark A. TI Effects of wafer impedance on the monitoring and control of ion energy in plasma reactors SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID HIGH-DENSITY PLASMAS; ALUMINA ELECTROSTATIC CHUCK; CAPACITIVE RF SHEATH; REFERENCE CELL; RADIOFREQUENCY CURRENT; VOLTAGE MEASUREMENTS; DISCHARGES; MODEL; DISTRIBUTIONS; FORCE AB Ion kinetic energy in plasma reactors is controlled by applying radio-frequency (rf) substrate bias, but the efficiency and reproducibility of such control will be affected if the wafer being processed has a significant electrical impedance. Here, the effects of wafer impedance were studied by modeling and electrical measurements. Models of wafer impedance were proposed and tested by comparing model predictions to measured electrical wave forms. The tests were performed in an inductively coupled plasma reactor in 50% Ar, 50% CF4 gas at a pressure of 1.33 Pa (10 mTorr), rf bias frequencies of 0.1-10 MHz, rf bias amplitudes of 20-300 V, and inductive source powers of 100-500 W. At high bias frequencies, the dominant contribution to the wafer impedance was the capacitance of the gap between the wafer and its chuck. At low bias frequencies, however, a resistance associated with the contact between the wafer and the chuck became significant. Electrical wave forms and ion energy distributions were most sensitive to wafer impedance at low bias frequencies and low bias amplitudes. At low bias frequencies, model predictions indicate that the wafer impedance produces an undesirable variation in surface potential, sheath voltage, and ion energy across the wafer surface. Because it neglects wafer impedance effects, a technique that analyzes electrical wave forms to determine ion currents, sheath voltages, and ion energy distributions was found to suffer significant errors at low bias frequencies and amplitudes. Nevertheless, the technique provided accurate results at moderate to high bias frequency and amplitude. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sobolewski, MA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mark.sobolewski@nist.gov NR 25 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD SEP 15 PY 2006 VL 100 IS 6 AR 063310 DI 10.1063/1.2353203 PG 13 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 089JL UT WOS:000240876600019 ER PT J AU Lema, SC Nevitt, GA AF Lema, Sean C. Nevitt, Gabrielle A. TI Testing an ecophysiological mechanism of morphological plasticity in pupfish and its relevance to conservation efforts for endangered Devils Hole pupfish SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE development; phenotypic plasticity; morphology; captive breeding; translocation; ecophysiology; thyroid hormone; conservation ID DEATH-VALLEY PUPFISH; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA VARIATION; THYROID-HORMONE; RAINBOW-TROUT; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; LEUCOPSARION-PETERSII; STEELHEAD TROUT; NEOTENIC GOBY; BODY-SIZE; ICE GOBY AB Imperiled species that have been translocated or established in captivity can show rapid alterations in morphology and behavior, but the proximate mechanisms of such phenotypic changes are rarely known. Devils Hole pupfish (Cyprinodon diabolis) are endemic to a single desert pool and are characterized by a small body, large head and eyes, and lack of pelvic fins. To lessen the risk of extinction, additional populations of C. diabolis were established in artificial refuges. Yet, pupfish in these refuges rapidly shifted to a larger body, smaller head and eyes, and greater body depth. Here we examined how food availability and temperature, which differ between these habitats, influence morphological development in closely related Amargosa River pupfish (Cyprinodon nevadensis amargosae). We were interested in knowing whether these environmental factors could developmentally shift Amargosa River pupfish toward the morphology typical of pupfish in Devil's Hole. By regulating food ration, we created groups of pupfish with low, medium and high growth rates. Pupfish with low growth showed proportionally larger head and eyes, smaller body depth, and reduction in pelvic fin development. Elevated temperature further inhibited pelvic fin development in all treatments. Pupfish in the low growth group also showed reduced levels of thyroid hormone, suggesting a possible physiological mechanism underlying these morphological changes. To test this mechanism further, pupfish were reared with goitrogens to pharmacologically inhibit endogenous thyroid hormone production. Pupfish given goitrogens developed larger heads and eyes, shallower bodies, and reduced pelvic fins. Taken together, our results suggest that changes in environmental factors affecting the growth and thyroid hormone status of juvenile pupfish may play a developmental role in generating the morphological differences between C. diabolis in Devil's Hole and the refuges. These findings illustrate the need to incorporate a mechanistic understanding of phenotypic plasticity into conservation strategies to preserve imperiled fishes. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Anim Behav, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sect Neurobiol Physiol & Behav, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Lema, SC (reprint author), NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Physiol & Endocrinol Program, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM sclema@u.washington.edu NR 70 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 3 U2 33 PU COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA BIDDER BUILDING CAMBRIDGE COMMERCIAL PARK COWLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4DL, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0022-0949 J9 J EXP BIOL JI J. Exp. Biol. PD SEP 15 PY 2006 VL 209 IS 18 BP 3499 EP 3509 DI 10.1242/jeb.02417 PG 11 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 079CX UT WOS:000240154200003 PM 16943490 ER PT J AU Loizou, E Weisser, JT Dundigalla, A Porcar, L Schmidt, G Wilker, JJ AF Loizou, Elena Weisser, Jaime T. Dundigalla, Avinash Porcar, Lionel Schmidt, Gudrun Wilker, Jonathan J. TI Structural effects of crosslinking a biopolymer hydrogel derived from marine mussel adhesive protein SO MACROMOLECULAR BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE crosslinking; hydrogels; microscopy; scattering; viscoelasticity ID MYTILUS-EDULIS; PEPTIDE; COMPLEXES AB In an effort to explore new biocompatible substrates for biomedical technologies, we present a structural study on a crosslinked gelatinous protein extracted from marine mussels. Prior studies have shown the importance of iron in protein crosslinking and mussel adhesive formation. Here, the structure and properties of an extracted material were examined both before and after crosslinking with iron. The structures of these protein hydrogels were studied by SEM, SANS, and SAXS. Viscoelasticity was tested by rheological means. The starting gel was found to have a heterogenous porous structure on a micrometer scale and, surprisingly, a regular structure on the micron to nanometer scale. However, disorder, or "no periodic structure", was deduced from scattering on nanometer length scales at very high q. Crosslinking with iron condensed the structure on a micrometer level. On nanometer length scales at high q, small angle neutron scattering showed no significant differences between the samples, possibly due to strong heterogeneity. X-ray scattering also confirmed the absence of any defined periodic structure. Partial crosslinking transformed the viscoelastic starting gel into one with more rigid and elastic properties. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Dept Chem, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Chem, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Schmidt, G (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Dept Chem, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. EM gudrun@purdue.edu; wilker@purdue.edu NR 24 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 29 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1616-5187 J9 MACROMOL BIOSCI JI Macromol. Biosci. PD SEP 15 PY 2006 VL 6 IS 9 BP 711 EP 718 DI 10.1002/mabi.200600097 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Materials Science, Biomaterials; Polymer Science SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Materials Science; Polymer Science GA 089SA UT WOS:000240899800003 PM 16967473 ER PT J AU Fan, J Migdall, A AF Fan, J. Migdall, A. TI Phase-sensitive four-wave mixing and Raman suppression in a microstructure fiber with dual laser pumps SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CORRELATED PHOTON PAIRS; OPTICAL-FIBERS; PARAMETRIC-AMPLIFIER; CRYSTAL FIBER; HOLEY FIBER; SCATTERING; AMPLIFICATION; GENERATION AB On coupling two phase-coherent frequency-conjugate laser pulses into a microstructure fiber, we observe phase-sensitive photon generation via four-wave mixing, and suppression of Raman emission at the middle frequency. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Fan, J (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8441, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jfan@nist.gov NR 26 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD SEP 15 PY 2006 VL 31 IS 18 BP 2771 EP 2773 DI 10.1364/OL.31.002771 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 083GN UT WOS:000240444500036 PM 16936887 ER PT J AU Zhang, HM Bates, JJ Reynolds, RW AF Zhang, Huai-Min Bates, John J. Reynolds, Richard W. TI Assessment of composite global sampling: Sea srface wind speed SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ALGORITHM; FLUXES; FIELDS AB Research and forecasts of the weather-ocean-climate system demand increasingly higher resolution forcing data. Here we assess the improvement in composite global observations and the feasibility of producing high resolution blended sea winds. The number of the long-term US sea surface wind speed observing satellites has increased from one in July 1987 to five or more since 2000. Global 0.25 degrees gridded, blended products with temporal resolutions of 6-hours, 12-hours and daily have become feasible since mid 2002, mid 1995 and January 1991, respectively ( with >= 75% time coverage and >= 90% spatial coverage between 65 degrees S - 65 degrees N). If the coverage is relaxed, the feasible times can be extended to earlier periods. These statistics provide practical guidance to produce reliable blended products for different applications, and serve as guidance on the design of future global observing systems. C1 NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, NESDIS, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RP Zhang, HM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, NESDIS, 151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. EM huai-min.zhang@noaa.gov RI Bates, John/D-1012-2009 OI Bates, John/0000-0002-8124-0406 NR 18 TC 123 Z9 131 U1 1 U2 17 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 14 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 17 AR L17714 DI 10.1029/2006GL027086 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 085ZJ UT WOS:000240642600006 ER PT J AU Abdulagatov, IM Zeinalova, AB Azizov, ND AF Abdulagatov, Ilmutdin M. Zeinalova, Adelya B. Azizov, Nazim D. TI Viscosity of aqueous electrolyte solutions at high temperatures and high pressures. Viscosity B-coefficient. Sodium iodide SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA LA English DT Review ID ION-SOLVENT INTERACTION; APPARENT MOLAR VOLUME; ABSOLUTE RATE THEORY; DIELECTRIC FRICTION; MODELING VISCOSITY; CONCENTRATION-DEPENDENCE; UNIVALENT ELECTROLYTES; GAMMA-BUTYROLACTONE; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; 30 MPA AB The viscosity of seven (0.062, 0.166, 0.456, 0.552, 1.754, 3.062, and 4.700) mol center dot kg(-1) binary aqueous NaI solutions has been measured with a capillary-flow technique. Measurements were performed at pressures up to 30 MPa. The range of temperature was from ( 298 to 575) K. The total uncertainty of viscosity, pressure, temperature, and composition measurements was estimated to be less than 1.6 %, 0.05 %, 15 mK, and 0.015 %, respectively. The effect of temperature, pressure, and concentration on viscosity of binary aqueous NaI solutions was studied. The measured values of the viscosity of NaI(aq) were compared with data, predictions, and correlations reported in the literature. The viscosity data have been analyzed and interpreted in terms of the extended Jones-Dole equation for the relative viscosity (eta/eta(0)) of strong electrolyte solutions to accurately calculate the values of the viscosity A- and B-coefficients as a function of temperature. The derived values of the viscosity A- and B-coefficients were compared with the values calculated from the Falkenhagen-Dole theory and ionic B-coefficient data, respectively. The physical meaning parameters V and E in the Eyring's absolute rate theory of viscosity, the hydrodynamic omolar volume V-k(effective rigid molar volume of salt) in the extended Einstein relation for the relative viscosity, and the Arrhenius-Andrade parameters A and b = E-a/R (where E-a is the flow activation energy) were calculated using the present experimental viscosity data. The effective pressures P-e due to the salt (NaI) in water were calculated from the present viscosity measurements by using the TTG model. The predictive capability of the various models for viscosity electrolyte solutions has been tested. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Inst Geothermal Problems, Makhachkala 367003, Russia. Russia Azerbaijan State Oil Acad, Baku 370601, Azerbaijan. RP Abdulagatov, IM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM ilmutdin@boulder.nist.gov NR 110 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-9568 J9 J CHEM ENG DATA JI J. Chem. Eng. Data PD SEP 14 PY 2006 VL 51 IS 5 BP 1645 EP 1659 DI 10.1021/je060124c PG 15 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 083YQ UT WOS:000240496200029 ER PT J AU Plusquellic, DF Kleiner, I Demaison, J Suenram, RD Lavrich, RJ Lovas, FJ Fraser, GT Ilyushin, VV AF Plusquellic, David F. Kleiner, Isabelle Demaison, Jean Suenram, Richard D. Lavrich, Richard J. Lovas, Frank J. Fraser, Gerald T. Ilyushin, Vadim V. TI The microwave spectrum of a two-top peptide mimetic: The N-acetyl alanine methyl ester molecule SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID INTERNAL-ROTATION; GAS-PHASE; HYPERFINE-STRUCTURE; CORRELATION-ENERGY; DENSITY; SPECTROSCOPY; APPROXIMATION; CONFORMATION; DIPEPTIDE; SYMMETRY AB The rotational spectrum of N-acetyl alanine methyl ester, a derivative of the biomimetic, N-acetyl alanine N(')-methyl amide or alanine dipeptide, has been measured using a mini Fourier transform spectrometer between 9 and 25 GHz as part of a project undertaken to determine the conformational structures of various peptide mimetics from the torsion-rotation parameters of low-barrier methyl tops. Torsion-rotation splittings from two of the three methyl tops capping the acetyl end of the -NH-C(=O)- and the methoxy end of -C(=O)-O- groups account for most of the observed lines. In addition to the AA state, two E states have been assigned and include an AE state having a torsional barrier of 396.45(7) cm(-1) (methoxy rotor) and an EA state having a barrier of 64.96(4) cm(-1) (acetyl rotor). The observed torsional barriers and rotational constants of alanine dipeptide and its methyl ester are compared with predictions from Moller-Plesset second-order perturbation theory (MP2) and density functional theory (DFT) in an effort to explore systematic errors at the two levels of theory. After accounting for zero-point energy differences, the torsional barriers at the MP2/cc-pVTZ level are in excellent agreement with experiment for the acetyl and methoxy groups while DFT predictions range from 8% to 80% too high or low. DFT is found to consistently overestimate the overall molecular size while MP2 methods give structures that are undersized. Structural discrepancies of similar magnitude are evident in previous DFT results of crystalline peptides. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Paris 07, Lab Interuniv Syst Atmospher, F-94010 Creteil, France. Univ Paris 12, F-94010 Creteil, France. CNRS, F-94010 Creteil, France. Univ Lille 1, UMR 8523, CNRS, Lab Phys Atomes & Mol, Villeneuve, France. NASU, Inst Radio Astron, UA-61002 Kharkov, Ukraine. RP Plusquellic, DF (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM david.plusquellic@nist.gov OI Demaison, Jean/0000-0002-0228-6626 NR 40 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD SEP 14 PY 2006 VL 125 IS 10 AR 104312 DI 10.1063/1.2348871 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 083ZK UT WOS:000240500700023 PM 16999531 ER PT J AU Cui, XP Li, XF AF Cui, Xiaopeng Li, Xiaofan TI Role of surface evaporation in surface rainfall processes SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID CLOUD-RESOLVING MODEL; LATENT-HEAT RELEASE; DEEP CONVECTIVE REGIME; TROPICAL CONVECTION; TOGA COARE; CUMULUS CONVECTION; DIURNAL-VARIATIONS; MICROPHYSICAL PROCESSES; MICROSCALE STRUCTURE; VERTICAL PROFILES AB [ 1] The roles of surface evaporation in tropical surface rainfall processes in rainfall regions ( raining stratiform and convective regions) and rainfall-free regions (nonraining stratiform and clear-sky regions) are investigated on the basis of the data from a series of two-dimensional cloud-resolving simulations. The model is integrated for 21 days with imposed zonally uniform vertical velocity, zonal wind, horizontal temperature, and vapor advection, as well as sea surface temperature from the Tropical Ocean - Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment ( TOGA COARE). The model is also integrated to equilibrium states for 40 days with imposed zero vertical velocity, constant zonal wind, and sea surface temperatures of 31 degrees C and 29 degrees C for two separate experiments. The time- and zonal-mean surface evaporation mainly comes from rainfall-free regions, where the surface evaporation is largely balanced by the vapor divergence associated with the subsidence. In rainfall regions the vapor convergence determines the convective rainfall while the surface evaporation plays a negligible role. Thus surface evaporation pumps water vapor into rainfall-free regions, and the divergence transports the vapor from rainfall-free regions to rainfall regions, which supports the rainfall. Imposed forcing and sea surface temperature do not change the role of surface evaporation in rainfall processes. C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Lab Cloud Precipitat Phys & Severe Storms LACS, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Cui, XP (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Lab Cloud Precipitat Phys & Severe Storms LACS, 40 Bldg, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. EM xpcui@mail.iap.ac.cn RI Li, Xiaofan/F-5605-2010; Li, Xiaofan/G-2094-2014 NR 51 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 14 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D17 AR D17112 DI 10.1029/2005JD006876 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 085ZW UT WOS:000240643900007 ER PT J AU Hiskett, PA Rosenberg, D Peterson, CG Hughes, RJ Nam, S Lita, AE Miller, AJ Nordholt, JE AF Hiskett, P. A. Rosenberg, D. Peterson, C. G. Hughes, R. J. Nam, S. Lita, A. E. Miller, A. J. Nordholt, J. E. TI Long-distance quantum key distribution in optical fibre SO NEW JOURNAL OF PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID STANDARD TELECOM FIBER; PRIVACY AMPLIFICATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY AB Use of low-noise detectors can both increase the secret bit rate of long-distance quantum key distribution (QKD) and dramatically extend the length of a fibre optic link over which secure keys can be distributed. Previous work has demonstrated the use of ultra-low-noise transition-edge sensors (TESs) in a QKD system with transmission over 50 km. In this study, we demonstrate the potential of the TESs by successfully generating an error-corrected, privacy-amplified key over 148.7 km of dark optical fibre at a mean photon number mu = 0.1, or 184.6 km of dark optical fibre at a mean photon number of 0.5. We have also exchanged secret keys over 67.5 km that is secure against powerful photon-number-splitting (PNS) attacks. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Albion Coll, Albion, MI 49224 USA. RP Rosenberg, D (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM rosenberg@lanl.gov NR 19 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 2 U2 9 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1367-2630 J9 NEW J PHYS JI New J. Phys. PD SEP 14 PY 2006 VL 8 AR 193 DI 10.1088/1367-2630/8/9/193 PG 7 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 084AM UT WOS:000240503900004 ER PT J AU Meinen, CS Baringer, MO Garzoli, SL AF Meinen, Christopher S. Baringer, Molly O. Garzoli, Silvia L. TI Variability in deep Western Boundary Current transports: Preliminary results from 26.5 degrees N in the Atlantic SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MERIDIONAL OVERTURNING CIRCULATION; NORTH-ATLANTIC; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; FLORIDA CURRENT; BAHAMAS; ABACO; OCEAN; EAST; 27-DEGREES-N; DESIGN AB Transport fluctuations of the deep limb of the Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) near the western boundary are presented from a line of inverted echo sounders, bottom pressure sensors, and a deep current meter east of Abaco Island, Bahamas, at 26.5 degrees N from September 2004 through September 2005. The mean southward flow between 800 dbar and 4800 dbar was 39 x 10(6) m(3) s(-1), with a northward recirculation of 28 x 10(6) m(3) s(-1), leaving a net southward flow of 11 x 10(6) m(3) s(-1) as the through-flow of the Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC). The mean southward DWBC flow essentially equals previous values that were measured at the same location by arrays of current meters deployed from 1986 to 1992. DWBC transport spectra indicate that barotropic and baroclinic changes have very similar energy levels at most periods less than 10 days and that barotropic changes dominate at periods of 10 - 80 days. C1 NOAA, Phys Oceanog Div, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Meinen, CS (reprint author), NOAA, Phys Oceanog Div, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM christopher.meinen@noaa.gov RI Garzoli, Silvia/A-3556-2010; Meinen, Christopher/G-1902-2012; Baringer, Molly/D-2277-2012 OI Garzoli, Silvia/0000-0003-3553-2253; Meinen, Christopher/0000-0002-8846-6002; Baringer, Molly/0000-0002-8503-5194 NR 22 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 13 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 17 AR L17610 DI 10.1029/2006GL026965 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 085ZG UT WOS:000240642300002 ER PT J AU Liu, L Chen, SH Faraone, A Yen, CW Mou, CY Kolesnikov, AI Mamontov, E Leao, J AF Liu, Li Chen, Sow-Hsin Faraone, Antonio Yen, Chun-Wan Mou, Chung-Yuan Kolesnikov, Alexander I. Mamontov, Eugene Leao, Juscelino TI Quasielastic and inelastic neutron scattering investigation of fragile-to-strong crossover in deeply supercooled water confined in nanoporous silica matrices SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Topics in the Application of Scattering Methods to Investigate the Structure and Dynamics of Soft Condensed Matter CY 2006 CL Fiesole, ITALY SP Consorzio Sviluppo Sistemi Grande Interfase, US DOE, Mat Sci Program ID SINGLE-PARTICLE DYNAMICS; STRONG LIQUID TRANSITION; PHASE-TRANSITION; DIELECTRIC-RELAXATION; CHOPPER SPECTROMETER; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; GLASS-TRANSITION; ADSORBED WATER; POROUS GLASSES; SLOW DYNAMICS AB We investigated, using quasi-elastic and inelastic neutron scattering, the slow single-particle dynamics of water confined in laboratory synthesized nanoporous silica matrices, MCM-41-S, with pore diameters ranging from 10 to 18 angstrom. Inside the pores of these matrices, the freezing process of water is strongly inhibited down to 160 K. We analysed the quasi-elastic part of the neutron scattering spectra with a relaxing-cage model and determined the temperature and pressure dependence of the Q-dependent translational relaxation time and its stretch exponent beta for the time dependence of the self- intermediate scattering function. The calculated Q-independent average translational relaxation time shows a fragile-to-strong (FS) dynamic crossover for pressures lower than 1600 bar. Above this pressure, it is no longer possible to discern the characteristic feature of the FS crossover. Identification of this end point with the predicted second low-temperature critical point of water is discussed. A subsequent inelastic neutron scattering investigation of the librational band of water indicates that this FS dynamic crossover is associated with a structural change of the hydrogen-bond cage surrounding a typical water molecule from a denser liquid-like configuration to a less-dense ice-like open structure. C1 MIT, Dept Nucl Sci & Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Chem, Taipei 10764, Taiwan. Argonne Natl Lab, Intense Pulsed Neutron Source Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Chen, SH (reprint author), MIT, Dept Nucl Sci & Engn, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM sowhsin@mit.edu RI Kolesnikov, Alexander/I-9015-2012; Mamontov, Eugene/Q-1003-2015; OI Kolesnikov, Alexander/0000-0003-1940-4649; Mamontov, Eugene/0000-0002-5684-2675; MOU, CHUNG-YUAN/0000-0001-7060-9899 NR 57 TC 69 Z9 69 U1 1 U2 34 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-8984 J9 J PHYS-CONDENS MAT JI J. Phys.-Condes. Matter PD SEP 13 PY 2006 VL 18 IS 36 SI SI BP S2261 EP S2284 DI 10.1088/0953-8984/18/36/S03 PG 24 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 094II UT WOS:000241232700004 ER PT J AU Zambrano, E Kotlarchyk, M Langner, A Faraone, A AF Zambrano, E. Kotlarchyk, M. Langner, A. Faraone, A. TI Isomeric and concentration effects of C(4)-cosurfactants on four-component microemulsions investigated by neutron spin-echo and small-angle scattering SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Topics in the Application of Scattering Methods to Investigate the Structure and Dynamics of Soft Condensed Matter CY 2006 CL Fiesole, ITALY SP Consorzio Sviluppo Sistemi Grande Interfase, US DOE, Mat Sci Program ID DROPLET MICROEMULSIONS; DENSE MICROEMULSION; BENDING ELASTICITY; FLUCTUATIONS; DYNAMICS; SPECTROSCOPY; PHASES; SHAPE AB Neutron spin-echo spectroscopy and small-angle scattering measurements were performed to determine how the isomeric structure and concentration of C(4)-cosurfactants (i.e. butyl alcohols) influence structure and dynamics in four-component water-in-oil microemulsions. The system investigated was AOT/butanol/water/n-octane at room temperature (AOT denotes sodium di-2-ethyl hexylsulfosuccinate), deuterated to achieve contrast of the surfactant/cosurfactant film. At a fixed volume fraction of 0.06 and a fixed molar ratio of [water]/[AOT] = 20, we studied the effects of increasing the molar ratio of [butanol]/[AOT] from 0 to 30. Data from samples containing the cosurfactant n-butyl alcohol were compared with samples prepared with tertbutyl alcohol and, in a few cases, sec-butyl alcohol. Data were analysed using a core-shell model for polydisperse spherical droplets, allowing for the presence of shape fluctuations. It was found that all structural isomers of the cosurfactant led to a similar decrease in droplet size with increasing alcohol content. In all cases, droplet size and shape fluctuations were observed to increase with alcohol content; however, the effect was most pronounced for size fluctuations (i.e. polydispersity) in the presence of tert-butanol. The data indicates that tert-butanol has a higher degree of penetration into the water core, leading to a reduced influence on the effective area per surfactant head group on the droplet surface. There is also evidence that an increased droplet-droplet attraction upon adding tert-butanol drives phase separation in the system. C1 Rochester Inst Technol, Dept Phys, Rochester, NY 14623 USA. Rochester Inst Technol, Ctr Mat Sci & Engn, Rochester, NY 14623 USA. Rochester Inst Technol, Dept Chem, Rochester, NY 14623 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Zambrano, E (reprint author), Rochester Inst Technol, Dept Phys, Rochester, NY 14623 USA. EM mnksps@rit.edu NR 24 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-8984 J9 J PHYS-CONDENS MAT JI J. Phys.-Condes. Matter PD SEP 13 PY 2006 VL 18 IS 36 SI SI BP S2451 EP S2466 DI 10.1088/0953-8984/18/36/S17 PG 16 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 094II UT WOS:000241232700018 ER PT J AU Das, SK Heinrich, F Butz, T AF Das, S. K. Heinrich, F. Butz, T. TI The nuclear quadrupole interaction at inequivalent lattice sites in ammonium paramolybdate: A TDPAC study SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE nuclear quadrupole interaction; ammonium paramolybdate; TDPAC-study ID TETRAHYDRATE; CRYSTAL; ION AB A nuclear quadrupole interaction (NQI) study using the time differential perturbed angular correlation (TDPAC) technique on ammonium paramolybdate (APM) has shown three inequivalent molybdenum sites in this compound which consists of seven MoO6 polyhedra connected through edges. In this study the nuclear probe Mo-99 was used to measure the gamma-gamma perturbed angular correlation of Tc-99 on Mo-sites to obtain the quadrupole interaction parameters. The quadrupole interaction frequencies (omega(Q)) for the three sites are 0.0224, 0.0386 and 0.0434 rad/ns and the asymmetry parameters (eta) of the electric field gradient (EFG) are 0.45, 0.18, and 0.58, respectively. The site assignment is based on the population ratios 4:2:1. The Mo atoms with the highest population show the lowest omega(Q) indicating that this set of polyhedra is "least" distorted or condensed. Besides the least squares fit, a cross-correlation algorithm has been used to analyze the experimental data to corroborate the fitted parameters and quoted errors. The derived NQI-parameters can be used for site assignments in other compounds built from condensed Mo-O octahedra. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Leipzig, Fak Phys & Geowissensch, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Butz, T (reprint author), Univ Leipzig, Fak Phys & Geowissensch, Linnestr 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany. EM butz@physik.uni-leipzig.de RI Heinrich, Frank/A-5339-2010 OI Heinrich, Frank/0000-0002-8579-553X NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0301-0104 J9 CHEM PHYS JI Chem. Phys. PD SEP 11 PY 2006 VL 327 IS 2-3 BP 291 EP 299 DI 10.1016/j.chemphys.2006.05.024 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 086CO UT WOS:000240650900012 ER PT J AU Chaka, AM Bayly, CI Brown, S Collins, JR Gilson, MK Head, MS Kapur, AJO Merz, KM Muchmore, SW Nicholls, A Ravichandran, S Roitberg, AE Schwarz, FP Webb, SP AF Chaka, Anne M. Bayly, Christopher I. Brown, Scott Collins, Jack R. Gilson, Michael K. Head, Martha S. Kapur, A. Jayne Oliver Merz, Kenneth M., Jr. Muchmore, Steven W. Nicholls, Anthony Ravichandran, Sarangan Roitberg, Adrian E. Schwarz, Frederick P. Webb, Simon P. TI Workshop report on validating modeling and experimental methods to enable drug discovery SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Chaka, Anne M.; Kapur, A. Jayne Oliver; Schwarz, Frederick P.] NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Bayly, Christopher I.] Merck Frosst Ctr Therapeut Res, Dept Med Chem, Kirkland, PQ H9H 3L1, Canada. [Brown, Scott; Muchmore, Steven W.] Abbott Labs, Dept R42T, Abbott Pk, IL 60064 USA. [Brown, Scott; Muchmore, Steven W.] Abbott Labs, Dept R46Y, Abbott Pk, IL 60064 USA. [Collins, Jack R.] NCI Frederick, Adv Biomed Comp Ctr, SAIC, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. [Gilson, Michael K.] Univ Maryland, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Inst Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. [Head, Martha S.] GlaxoSmithKline Inc, Computat Analyt & Struct Sci, Div Res & Dev, Collegeville, PA 19426 USA. [Merz, Kenneth M., Jr.] Univ Florida, Dept Chem, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. [Merz, Kenneth M., Jr.] Univ Florida, Quantum Theory Project, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. [Nicholls, Anthony] OpenEye Sci Software Inc, Santa Fe, NM 87507 USA. [Ravichandran, Sarangan] NCI, Frederick, MD 21701 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 323-COMP BP 24 EP 24 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781604021 ER PT J AU Garrison, S Gonzalez, I Gonzalez, C Lim, EC Marquez, M AF Garrison, Stephen Gonzalez, Ines Gonzalez, Carlos Lim, Edward C. Marquez, Manuel TI Ab initio molecular dynamic simulations of the benzene dimer SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Garrison, Stephen] Philip Morris USA Res Ctr, Interdisciplinary Network Emerging Sci & Technol, Richmond, VA 23234 USA. [Gonzalez, Ines; Lim, Edward C.] Univ Akron, Knight Chem Lab, Akron, OH 44325 USA. [Gonzalez, Carlos] NIST, Computat Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Marquez, Manuel] INEST Grp, Interdisciplinary Network Emerging Sci & Technol, Philip Morris USA, Res Ctr, Richmond, VA 23234 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 46-COMP BP 78 EP 78 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781604074 ER PT J AU Lo, CS AF Lo, Cynthia S. TI Theoretical investigations of metal oxide structure and reactivity at environmental interfaces SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Lo, Cynthia S.] NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 34-AEI BP 82 EP 82 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781600078 ER PT J AU White, CC Hunston, DL AF White, Christopher C. Hunston, Donald L. TI PMSE 446-Well defined nano structures by self assembly of oligo-(p-benzamide) based rod-coil copolymers from dilute solution SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [White, Christopher C.; Hunston, Donald L.] NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Mat & Construct Reesearch Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 194-PMSE BP 92 EP 92 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DC UT WOS:000207781700087 ER PT J AU Floryancic, BR Brickweg, LJ Comer, JB Sung, LP Forster, AM Fernando, RH AF Floryancic, Bryce R. Brickweg, Lucas J. Comer, Jeffrey B. Sung, Li-Piin Forster, Aaron M. Fernando, Raymond H. TI PMSE 277-Supramolecular approach to hierarchical structures in thin films of block copolymers complexed with liquid crystalline amphiphilic molecules SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Floryancic, Bryce R.; Brickweg, Lucas J.; Comer, Jeffrey B.; Fernando, Raymond H.] Calif Polytech State Univ San Luis Obispo, Dept Chem & Biochem, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407 USA. [Forster, Aaron M.] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 148-PMSE BP 111 EP 111 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DC UT WOS:000207781700106 ER PT J AU Watson, SS Forster, AL Tseng, IH Sung, LP AF Watson, Stephanie S. Forster, Amanda L. Tseng, I-Hsiang Sung, Li-Piin TI PMSE 441-Tuning the water wetting of fabrics using nanoparticle multilayer assembly SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Watson, Stephanie S.; Forster, Amanda L.; Tseng, I-Hsiang; Sung, Li-Piin] NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 192-PMSE BP 131 EP 131 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DC UT WOS:000207781700125 ER PT J AU Henderson, LA Kipper, MJ Roy, TD AF Henderson, Lori A. Kipper, Matt J. Roy, Tithi Dutta TI PMSE 628-Synthesis and characterization of triblock copolymers swollen with nematic liquid crystal solvent SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Henderson, Lori A.; Kipper, Matt J.; Roy, Tithi Dutta] NIST, Div Polymers, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 502-PMSE BP 149 EP 149 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DC UT WOS:000207781700143 ER PT J AU Gu, XH Sung, LP Kidah, B Oudina, M Martin, D Rezig, A Stanley, D Jean, YC Nguyen, T Martin, JW AF Gu, Xiaohong Sung, Li-Piin Kidah, Bouchra Oudina, Mounira Martin, David Rezig, Aziz Stanley, Debbie Jean, Y. C. Nguyen, Tinh Martin, J. W. TI PMSE 205-Polypeptide-nanoporous alumina hybrid waveguide: A highly versatile and sensitive biosensor platform SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Gu, Xiaohong; Sung, Li-Piin; Kidah, Bouchra; Oudina, Mounira; Martin, David; Rezig, Aziz; Stanley, Debbie; Nguyen, Tinh; Martin, J. W.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Jean, Y. C.] Univ Missouri, Dept Chem, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 190-PMSE BP 210 EP 210 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DC UT WOS:000207781700203 ER PT J AU Sung, LP Comer, J Forster, AM Hu, HQ Floryancic, BR Brickweg, LJ Fernando, RH AF Sung, Li-Piin Comer, Jeff Forster, Aaron M. Hu, Haiqing Floryancic, Bryce R. Brickweg, Lucas J. Fernando, Raymond H. TI PMSE 92-Third generation solar photon conversion: Multiple exciton generation in semiconductor quantum dots SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Comer, Jeff; Forster, Aaron M.; Hu, Haiqing] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Polymer Mat Res Grp, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Floryancic, Bryce R.; Brickweg, Lucas J.; Fernando, Raymond H.] Calif Polytech State Univ San Luis Obispo, Dept Chem & Biochem, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 150-PMSE BP 260 EP 260 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DC UT WOS:000207781700253 ER PT J AU Forster, AM Watson, SS Johnson, L Sung, LP AF Forster, Aaron M. Watson, Stephanie S. Johnson, Laura Sung, Li-Piin TI PMSE 356-Functionalized liquid precursors for new fluorinated elastomers SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Forster, Aaron M.; Watson, Stephanie S.; Johnson, Laura; Sung, Li-Piin] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 193-PMSE BP 283 EP 283 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DC UT WOS:000207781700275 ER PT J AU Becker, ML Gallant, ND Roskov, KE Kohn, J Amis, EJ AF Becker, Matthew L. Gallant, Nathan D. Roskov, Kristen E. Kohn, Joachim Amis, Eric J. TI PMSE 32-Surface characterization of novel amphiphilic hyperbranched copolymers SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Becker, Matthew L.; Gallant, Nathan D.; Roskov, Kristen E.; Amis, Eric J.] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Kohn, Joachim] Rutgers State Univ, New Jersey Ctr Biomat, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 500-PMSE BP 295 EP 295 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DC UT WOS:000207781700287 ER PT J AU Pinder, RW Adams, PJ Gilliland, AB AF Pinder, Robert W. Adams, Peter J. Gilliland, Alice B. TI Agricultural ammonia emissions, uncertainty, and applications to air quality modeling SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Pinder, Robert W.; Gilliland, Alice B.] US EPA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. [Adams, Peter J.] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. [Adams, Peter J.] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Engn & Publ Policy, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RI Pinder, Robert/F-8252-2011; Adams, Peter/D-7134-2013 OI Pinder, Robert/0000-0001-6390-7126; Adams, Peter/0000-0003-0041-058X NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 186-AGRO BP 423 EP 423 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781600366 ER PT J AU Martin, JW Nguyen, T Gu, XH Chin, JW Byrd, E AF Martin, J. W. Tinh Nguyen Gu, Xiaohong Chin, Joannie W. Byrd, E. TI PMSE 585-Structure and properties of PVDF hollow fiber membranes made by melt-spinning and stretching process SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Martin, J. W.; Tinh Nguyen; Gu, Xiaohong; Chin, Joannie W.; Byrd, E.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 157-PMSE BP 472 EP 472 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DC UT WOS:000207781700463 ER PT J AU Nguyen, T Gu, XH VanLandingham, M Ryntz, R Martin, J AF Tinh Nguyen Gu, Xiaohong VanLandingham, Mark Ryntz, Rose Martin, Jonathan TI PMSE 322-Automatic online monitoring of copper mediated living radical polymerizations SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Tinh Nguyen; Gu, Xiaohong; Martin, Jonathan] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [VanLandingham, Mark] USA, Chief Multifunct Mat Branch, Res Lab, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 USA. [Ryntz, Rose] Visteon Corp, Dearborn, MI 48120 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 154-PMSE BP 555 EP 555 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DC UT WOS:000207781700546 ER PT J AU Stefanescu, E Loizou, E Dundigalla, A Ferreiro, V Porcar, L Negulescu, II Garno, JC Schmidt, G AF Stefanescu, Eduard Loizou, Elena Dundigalla, Avinash Ferreiro, Vincent Porcar, Lionel Negulescu, Ioan I. Garno, Jayne C. Schmidt, Gudrun TI PMSE 245-Ruthenium tris(bipyridine)-centered PEI for gene delivery SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Stefanescu, Eduard; Loizou, Elena; Garno, Jayne C.; Schmidt, Gudrun] Louisiana State Univ, Dept Chem, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. [Porcar, Lionel] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Ferreiro, Vincent] Univ Lille, Lille, France. [Negulescu, Ioan I.] Louisiana State Univ, Sch Human Ecol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 611-PMSE BP 616 EP 616 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DC UT WOS:000207781700606 ER PT J AU Gilliland, AB Pinder, RW AF Gilliland, Alice B. Pinder, Robert W. TI Inverse modeling: A tool for evaluation of ammonia emission inventories SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Gilliland, Alice B.; Pinder, Robert W.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Pinder, Robert/F-8252-2011 OI Pinder, Robert/0000-0001-6390-7126 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 202-AGRO BP 635 EP 635 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781600578 ER PT J AU Heltsley, R Cope, WG Adams, DH AF Heltsley, Rebecca Cope, W. Gregory Adams, Douglas H. TI Non-lethal samples predict organic contaminant concentrations in marine fish SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Heltsley, Rebecca] NIST, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. [Cope, W. Gregory] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Environm & Mol Toxicol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. [Adams, Douglas H.] Fish & Wildlife Res Inst, Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, Melbourne, FL 32901 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 214-ENVR BP 763 EP 763 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781604694 ER PT J AU Heltsley, R Cope, WG Bringolf, R Eads, C Shea, D AF Heltsley, Rebecca Cope, W. Gregory Bringolf, Robert Eads, Chris Shea, Damian TI Prozac elicits spawning in native freshwater mussels SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Heltsley, Rebecca] NIST, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. [Cope, W. Gregory; Shea, Damian] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Environm & Mol Toxicol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. [Bringolf, Robert] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Environm & Mol Toxicol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. [Eads, Chris] N Carolina State Univ, Main Vet Sch, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 215-ENVR BP 764 EP 764 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781604695 ER PT J AU Herzberg, O Lim, K Teplyakov, A Reddy, P Peterkofsky, A Dunaway-Mariano, D AF Herzberg, Osnat Lim, Kap Teplyakov, Alexey Reddy, Prasad Peterkofsky, Alan Dunaway-Mariano, Debra TI BIOL 75-Swiveling mechanism in phosphotransfer reactions SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Herzberg, Osnat; Lim, Kap; Teplyakov, Alexey] Univ Maryland, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Inst Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. [Reddy, Prasad] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Peterkofsky, Alan] NHLBI, Cell Biol Lab, Bethesda, MD USA. [Dunaway-Mariano, Debra] Univ New Mexico, Dept Chem, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 75-BIOL BP 889 EP 889 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781600792 ER PT J AU Alamgir, FM Cooper, J Martocci, K Colon, A Agostino, R Sambasivan, S Fischer, D McGinn, P Greenbaum, S Smotkin, ES AF Alamgir, Faisal M. Cooper, James Martocci, Krista Colon, Amy Agostino, Rafello Sambasivan, Sharadha Fischer, Dan McGinn, Paul Greenbaum, S. Smotkin, Eugene S. TI COLL 611-A NEXAFS analysis of the effect of Ru alloying on Pt to CO bonding electronics SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Alamgir, Faisal M.; Sambasivan, Sharadha] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Cooper, James; Fischer, Dan; McGinn, Paul] Univ Notredame, Southbend, IN USA. [Greenbaum, S.] CUNY Hunter Coll, Dept Phys, New York, NY 10021 USA. [Agostino, Rafello] Univ Calabria, I-87030 Commenda Di Rende, Italy. [Smotkin, Eugene S.] Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Chem, Rio Piedras, PR 00931 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 611-COLL PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781603169 ER PT J AU Antonucci, J Skrtic, D AF Antonucci, J. Skrtic, Drago TI POLY 610-Physicochemical and mechanical evaluation of cation-modified ACP acrylic resin composites SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Antonucci, J.] NIST, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Skrtic, Drago] NIST, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 610-POLY PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DC UT WOS:000207781701620 ER PT J AU Bauer, BJ Bajpai, V Becker, ML Fagan, J Hobbie, EK Migler, KB AF Bauer, Barry J. Bajpai, Vardhan Becker, Matthew L. Fagan, Jeffrey Hobbie, Erik K. Migler, Kalman B. TI POLY 515-Measurement of carbon nanotube dispersion by size exclusion chromatography SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Bauer, Barry J.; Bajpai, Vardhan; Becker, Matthew L.; Hobbie, Erik K.; Migler, Kalman B.] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Hobbie, Erik/C-8269-2013 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 515-POLY PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DC UT WOS:000207781701220 ER PT J AU Boland, JJ Naydenov, BL Ryan, P Teague, LC AF Boland, John J. Naydenov, Boris Lay Ryan, Peter Teague, Lucile C. TI COLL 507-Tracking chemical bond formation between a metallic probe and a single molecule SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Boland, John J.; Naydenov, Boris Lay; Ryan, Peter] Trinity Coll Dublin, Coll Green, Sch Chem, Dublin, Ireland. [Boland, John J.; Naydenov, Boris Lay; Ryan, Peter] Trinity Coll Dublin, Coll Green, CRANN, Dublin, Ireland. [Teague, Lucile C.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 507-COLL PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781603367 ER PT J AU Cheong, PHY Houk, KN Zhao, YL Rosner, T AF Cheong, Paul Ha-Yeon Houk, K. N. Zhao, Yi-Lei Rosner, Thorsten TI ORGN 408-The mechanism and the origins of stereoselectivity in the Rh(I)-Josiphos-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of unprotected enamines: A computational study SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Cheong, Paul Ha-Yeon; Houk, K. N.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Chem & Biochem, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Zhao, Yi-Lei] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Computat Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20877 USA. [Rosner, Thorsten] Merck & Co Inc, Dept Proc Res, Rahway, NJ 07065 USA. [Rosner, Thorsten] Merck & Co Inc, Catalysis & React Discovery, Rahway, NJ 07065 USA. [Rosner, Thorsten] Merck & Co Inc, Dev Lab, Rahway, NJ 07065 USA. RI Liu, Peng/D-1233-2013 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 408-ORGN PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781608704 ER PT J AU Choi, J Wang, NS Reipa, V AF Choi, Jonghoon Wang, Nam Sun Reipa, Vytautas TI ANYL 103-Photo assisted acids dissolution of Si nanocrystals SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Choi, Jonghoon] Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Wang, Nam Sun] Univ Maryland, Dept Chem Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Reipa, Vytautas] NIST, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Wang, Nam Sun/E-4253-2016 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 103-ANYL PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781601008 ER PT J AU Cicerone, MT Kee, TW AF Cicerone, Marcus T. Kee, Tak W. TI PHYS 505-Towards non-invasive, high-resolution hyperspectral imaging of cells and tissues SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Cicerone, Marcus T.; Kee, Tak W.] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 505-PHYS PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781609504 ER PT J AU Dinca, M Yu, AF Dailly, A Liu, Y Brown, CM Neumann, DA Long, JR AF Dinca, Mircea Yu, Anta F. Dailly, Anne Liu, Yun Brown, Craig M. Neumann, Dan A. Long, Jeffrey R. TI INOR 929-Tetrazolate-based microporous metal-organic frameworks: Syntheses, structures, and hydrogen storage properties SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Dinca, Mircea; Yu, Anta F.; Long, Jeffrey R.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Dailly, Anne] Gen Motors Corp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Dailly, Anne] Purdue Univ, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Liu, Yun; Brown, Craig M.; Neumann, Dan A.] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Liu, Yun] Univ Maryland, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Brown, Craig M.] Indiana Univ, Cyclotron Facil, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Liu, Yun/F-6516-2012 OI Liu, Yun/0000-0002-0944-3153 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 929-INOR PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781606251 ER PT J AU Dong, F Child, M Uy, D Davis, S Nesbitt, DJ AF Dong, Feng Child, Mark Uy, Dairene Davis, Scott Nesbitt, David J. TI PHYS 132-Proton tunneling dynamics in jet cooled hydronium ion: Experiment vs. theory SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Dong, Feng; Davis, Scott; Nesbitt, David J.] Univ Colorado, NIST, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Child, Mark] Univ Oxford, Phys & Theoret Chem Lab, Oxford OX1 3QZ, England. [Uy, Dairene] Ford Motor Co, Phys & Environm Sci Dept, Dearborn, MI 48121 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 132-PHYS PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781609383 ER PT J AU Elbaum, H Kramer, G AF Elbaum, Howard Kramer, Gary TI ANYL 58-Improved traceability of chemical agent standard analytical reference material (CASARM) SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Elbaum, Howard] AMSSR ECB CB SC, Edgewood Chem Biol Ctr, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010 USA. [Kramer, Gary] NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 58-ANYL PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781601335 ER PT J AU Fernandez, A Ruscic, B Archer, DG Chirico, RD Frenkel, M Magee, JW AF Fernandez, Abel Ruscic, Branko Archer, Donald G. Chirico, Robert D. Frenkel, Michael Magee, Joseph W. TI PHYS 461-Revision of several "key" thermochemical species from the NBS Tables using the Active Thermochemical Tables approach: A NIST-Argonne pilot project SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Fernandez, Abel; Ruscic, Branko] Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Archer, Donald G.; Chirico, Robert D.; Frenkel, Michael; Magee, Joseph W.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Magee, Joseph/A-8496-2009; Ruscic, Branko/A-8716-2008 OI Magee, Joseph/0000-0002-9312-8593; Ruscic, Branko/0000-0002-4372-6990 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 461-PHYS PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781609518 ER PT J AU Fiore, J Marme, N Knemeyer, JP Piestert, O Hodak, JH Nesbitt, DJ AF Fiore, Julie Marme, Nicole Knemeyer, Jens-Peter Piestert, Oliver Hodak, Jose H. Nesbitt, David J. TI PHYS 20-Single molecule FRET studies of RNA folding: A reductionist approach to exploring tertiary interactions SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Nesbitt, David J.] Univ Colorado, JILA NIST, JILA Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Fiore, Julie; Hodak, Jose H.] Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Marme, Nicole; Knemeyer, Jens-Peter] Univ Heidelberg, German Canc Res Ctr, Heidelberg, Germany. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 20-PHYS PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781609474 ER PT J AU Frenklach, M Packard, A Djurisic, ZM Feeley, R Russi, T Golden, DM Gupta, A Bowman, CT Green, WH McRae, GJ Smith, PJ Wang, H Westmoreland, PR Allison, TC Frey, JG Pilling, MJ AF Frenklach, Michael Packard, Andrew Djurisic, Zoran M. Feeley, Ryan Russi, Trent Golden, David M. Gupta, Akhil Bowman, Craig T. Green, William H., Jr. McRae, Gregory J. Smith, Philip J. Wang, Hai Westmoreland, Phillip R. Allison, Thomas C. Frey, Jeremy G. Pilling, Michael J. TI PHYS 277-Process informatics for chemical reaction systems SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Frenklach, Michael; Packard, Andrew; Djurisic, Zoran M.; Feeley, Ryan; Russi, Trent] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mech Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Golden, David M.; Gupta, Akhil; Bowman, Craig T.] Stanford Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Green, William H., Jr.; McRae, Gregory J.] MIT, Dept Chem Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Smith, Philip J.] Univ Utah, Dept Chem Engn, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. [Wang, Hai] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. [Westmoreland, Phillip R.] Univ Massachusetts, Dept Chem Engn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. [Allison, Thomas C.] NIST, Computat Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Frey, Jeremy G.] Univ Southampton, Sch Chem, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England. [Pilling, Michael J.] Univ Leeds, Sch Chem, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. RI Green, William/C-9684-2012 OI Green, William/0000-0003-2603-9694 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 277-PHYS PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781609231 ER PT J AU Hacker, CA Richter, CA Richter, LJ AF Hacker, Christina A. Richter, Curt A. Richter, Lee J. TI COLL 604-Metal reactivity of aliphatic chains tethered to silicon and silicon oxide SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Hacker, Christina A.; Richter, Curt A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Richter, Lee J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Richter, Lee/N-7730-2016 OI Richter, Lee/0000-0002-9433-3724 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 604-COLL PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781603569 ER PT J AU Hay, MB Coskuner, O Jarvis, EAA Chaka, AM Myneni, SCB AF Hay, Michael B. Coskuner, Orkid Jarvis, Emily A. A. Chaka, Anne M. Myneni, Satish C. B. TI GEOC 102-Coordination environment of aqueous-phase Al SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Hay, Michael B.] Princeton Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Coskuner, Orkid; Jarvis, Emily A. A.] Stanford Univ, Phys & Chem Properties Div, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Myneni, Satish C. B.] Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 102-GEOC PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781605387 ER PT J AU Heinrich, F McGillivray, DJ Hall, JE Losche, M AF Heinrich, Frank McGillivray, Duncan J. Hall, James E. Loesche, Mathias TI PHYS 482-Amyloid beta peptide: Mechanisms of Alzheimer's toxicity SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Heinrich, Frank; McGillivray, Duncan J.; Loesche, Mathias] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Heinrich, Frank; McGillivray, Duncan J.; Loesche, Mathias] NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Hall, James E.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Physiol Biophys, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. RI McGillivray, Duncan/B-9819-2009 OI McGillivray, Duncan/0000-0003-2127-8792 NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 482-PHYS PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781609466 ER PT J AU Heltsley, R Kucklick, JR Schantz, MM AF Heltsley, Rebecca Kucklick, John R. Schantz, Michele M. TI ANYL 346-Microwave assisted extraction of hydroxylated compounds in human serum SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Heltsley, Rebecca; Kucklick, John R.] NIST, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. [Schantz, Michele M.] NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 346-ANYL PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781601002 ER PT J AU Jarvis, EAA Coskuner, O Chaka, AM AF Jarvis, Emily A. A. Coskuner, Orkid Chaka, Anne M. TI PHYS 121-Surface structure and reactivity of corundum metal oxides in the presence of oxygen SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Coskuner, Orkid] Stanford Univ, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 121-PHYS PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781609317 ER PT J AU Johnson, JM Sharma, J Pikal, M Sakai, VG Cicerone, MT AF Johnson, Jerainne M. Sharma, Jitendra Pikal, Michael Sakai, Victoria G. Cicerone, Marcus T. TI BIOT 207-Investigating fast local dynamics in saccharide-based glasses SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Johnson, Jerainne M.; Sharma, Jitendra; Cicerone, Marcus T.] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Pikal, Michael] Univ Connecticut, Sch Pharm, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. [Sakai, Victoria G.] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 207-BIOT PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781601621 ER PT J AU Johnson-White, B Delehanty, JB Lin, BC Rimmer, CA Sander, LC Ligler, FS AF Johnson-White, Brandy Delehanty, James B. Lin, Baochuan Rimmer, Catherine A. Sander, Lane C. Ligler, Frances S. TI COLL 28-Proanthocyanidins from cranberry for the prevention of bacterial cell adhesion SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Johnson-White, Brandy; Delehanty, James B.; Lin, Baochuan; Ligler, Frances S.] USN, Res Lab, Ctr Bio Mol Sci & Engn, Washington, DC 20375 USA. [Rimmer, Catherine A.; Sander, Lane C.] NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Johnson, Brandy/B-3462-2008; Lin, Baochuan/A-8390-2009 OI Johnson, Brandy/0000-0002-3637-0631; Lin, Baochuan/0000-0002-9484-0785 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 28-COLL PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781603728 ER PT J AU Kaye, SS Hartman, M Peterson, VK Liu, Y Long, JR AF Kaye, Steven S. Hartman, Michael Peterson, Vanessa K. Liu, Yun Long, Jeffrey R. TI INOR 934-Hydrogen storage in porous solids with coordinatively-unsaturated metal centers SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Kaye, Steven S.; Long, Jeffrey R.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Hartman, Michael; Peterson, Vanessa K.; Liu, Yun] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Liu, Yun/F-6516-2012 OI Liu, Yun/0000-0002-0944-3153 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 934-INOR PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781606328 ER PT J AU Lauenstein, GG Fay, RR Christensen, JD Warner, RA Leight, AK AF Lauenstein, Gunnar G. Fay, Roger R. Christensen, John D. Warner, Robert A. Leight, Andrew K. TI DSTR 30-Post-Katrina contaminant levels in sediments and oyster tissues of coastal Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama: A NOAA National Status and Trends program (NS&T) assessment and 20-year retrospective analysis of organochlorines, PAHs and trace elements SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Lauenstein, Gunnar G.; Christensen, John D.; Warner, Robert A.] NOAA, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, SSMC4, Silver Spring, MD 20901 USA. [Fay, Roger R.] TDI Brooks Int Inc, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. [Leight, Andrew K.] NOAA, CCEHBR, NOAA Cooperat Oxford Lab, Oxford, MD 31654 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 30-DSTR PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781602812 ER PT J AU Lee, W Ni, SL Kim, BS Satija, SK Mather, PT Esker, AR AF Lee, Woojin Ni, Suolong Kim, Byoung Suhk Satija, Sushil K. Mather, Patrick T. Esker, Alan R. TI POLY 618-Telechelic poly(ethylene oxide) amphiphiles with polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) endgroups at the air/water interface SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Lee, Woojin; Ni, Suolong; Esker, Alan R.] Virginia Tech, Dept Chem 0212, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. [Kim, Byoung Suhk] Univ Connecticut, Polymer Program, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. [Kim, Byoung Suhk] Univ Connecticut, Dept Chem Engn, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. [Satija, Sushil K.] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20854 USA. [Mather, Patrick T.] Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Macromol Sci & Engn, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. RI Kim, Byoung-Suhk/K-1573-2015 OI Kim, Byoung-Suhk/0000-0001-8070-3424 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 618-POLY PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DC UT WOS:000207781701705 ER PT J AU Lenhart, JL Fischer, DA AF Lenhart, Joseph L. Fischer, Daniel A. TI POLY 598-Synchrotron based surface science to probe structure and chemistry of polymeric interfacial regions SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Lenhart, Joseph L.] Sandia Natl Labs, Organ Mat Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. [Fischer, Daniel A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 598-POLY PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DC UT WOS:000207781701472 ER PT J AU Lin-Gibson, S Landis, FA Cooper, JA Stephens, JS Cicerone, MT AF Lin-Gibson, Sheng Landis, Forrest A. Cooper, James A. Stephens, Jean S. Cicerone, Marcus T. TI POLY 371-Structure-function characterization of photopolymerized dimethacrylate scaffolds SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Lin-Gibson, Sheng; Landis, Forrest A.; Cooper, James A.; Stephens, Jean S.; Cicerone, Marcus T.] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 371-POLY PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DC UT WOS:000207781701039 ER PT J AU Lindstrom, RM Downing, RG AF Lindstrom, Richard M. Downing, R. Gregory TI NUCL 18-Trace fissile measurement by delayed-neutron activation analysis at NIST SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Lindstrom, Richard M.; Downing, R. Gregory] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 18-NUCL PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781605420 ER PT J AU Lo, CS Tanwar, K Ghose, SK Chaka, AM Trainor, TP AF Lo, Cynthia S. Tanwar, Kunaljeet Ghose, Sanjit K. Chaka, Anne M. Trainor, Thomas P. TI GEOC 5-Structure and reactivity of Pb(II) on hydrated hematite and goethite, studied via density functional theory SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Lo, Cynthia S.] NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Tanwar, Kunaljeet; Trainor, Thomas P.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Chem & Biochem, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Ghose, Sanjit K.] Univ Chicago, Adv Photon Source, GSECARS, Consortium Adv Radiat Sources, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Chaka, Anne M.] NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 5-GEOC PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781605299 ER PT J AU Lowman, GM Jofre, AM Greene, ME Tang, JY Marino, JP Helmerson, K Goldner, LS AF Lowman, Geoffrey M. Jofre, Ana M. Greene, Mark E. Tang, Jianyong Marino, John P. Helmerson, Kristian Goldner, Lori S. TI PHYS 498-Quantitative single molecule FRET: Comparing surface immobilization and hydrosome encapsulation SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Lowman, Geoffrey M.; Greene, Mark E.; Tang, Jianyong; Goldner, Lori S.] NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Jofre, Ana M.; Helmerson, Kristian] NIST, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Marino, John P.] NIST, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RI Helmerson, Kristian/E-3683-2013 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 498-PHYS PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781609054 ER PT J AU Lucas, LA DeLongchamp, DM Vogel, BM Lin, EK Fasolka, MJ McCulloch, I Heeney, M Jabbour, GE AF Lucas, Leah A. DeLongchamp, Dean M. Vogel, Brandon M. Lin, Eric K. Fasolka, Michael J. McCulloch, Iain Heeney, Martin Jabbour, Ghassan E. TI POLY 626-Combinatorial investigation of polymer field effect transistors SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Lucas, Leah A.; Jabbour, Ghassan E.] Arizona State Univ, Dept Chem & Mat Engn, Tempe, AZ 85284 USA. [Lucas, Leah A.; Jabbour, Ghassan E.] Arizona State Univ, Flexible Display Ctr, Tempe, AZ 85284 USA. [DeLongchamp, Dean M.; Vogel, Brandon M.; Fasolka, Michael J.] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Lin, Eric K.] NIST, Elect Mat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [McCulloch, Iain; Heeney, Martin] Merck Chem, Southampton SO16 7QD, Hants, England. RI Vogel, Brandon/H-9834-2013 OI Vogel, Brandon/0000-0002-7370-9577 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 626-POLY PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DC UT WOS:000207781701314 ER PT J AU McGillivray, DJ Heinrich, F Ignatjev, I Vanderah, DJ Kasianowicz, JJ Valincius, G Losche, M AF McGillivray, Duncan J. Heinrich, Frank Ignatjev, Ilja Vanderah, David J. Kasianowicz, John J. Valincius, Gintaras Loesche, Mathias TI PHYS 243-Functional toxin pores in tethered bilayers: Membrane association of alpha-hemolysin SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [McGillivray, Duncan J.; Heinrich, Frank; Loesche, Mathias] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [McGillivray, Duncan J.; Heinrich, Frank; Loesche, Mathias] NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Ignatjev, Ilja; Valincius, Gintaras] Inst Biochem, LT-08662 Vilnius, Lithuania. [Ignatjev, Ilja; Valincius, Gintaras] Vilnius Gedimino Tech Univ, LT-08662 Vilnius, Lithuania. [Vanderah, David J.; Kasianowicz, John J.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI McGillivray, Duncan/B-9819-2009 OI McGillivray, Duncan/0000-0003-2127-8792 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 243-PHYS PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781609473 ER PT J AU Meuse, CW Vrettos, JS Smith, JR Cicerone, MT Hubbard, JB AF Meuse, Curtis W. Vrettos, John S. Smith, Jack R. Cicerone, Marcus T. Hubbard, Joseph B. TI COLL 394-Characterizing protein tertiary structure on surfaces SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Meuse, Curtis W.; Vrettos, John S.; Hubbard, Joseph B.] NIST, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Smith, Jack R.; Cicerone, Marcus T.] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 394-COLL PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781603384 ER PT J AU Mihailescu, M Gawrisch, K Worcester, DL AF Mihailescu, Mihaela Gawrisch, Klaus Worcester, David L. TI PHYS 490-In-depth structure of polyunsaturated lipid bilayers important for Rhodopsin function: A neutron diffraction study SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Mihailescu, Mihaela] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Mihailescu, Mihaela] NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Gawrisch, Klaus] NIAAA, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. [Worcester, David L.] Univ Missouri, Div Biol Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 490-PHYS PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781609465 ER PT J AU Perkins, BG Nesbitt, DJ AF Perkins, Bradford G., Jr. Nesbitt, David J. TI PHYS 410-State-resolved scattering dynamics of CO2 with liquid surfaces SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Perkins, Bradford G., Jr.] Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Nesbitt, David J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 410-PHYS PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781609264 ER PT J AU Shukla, N Svedberg, EB Nigra, M AF Shukla, Nisha Svedberg, Erik B. Nigra, Mike TI INOR 538-Synthesis of ternary quantum dots SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Shukla, Nisha; Nigra, Mike] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Inst Complex Engn Syst, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. [Svedberg, Erik B.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 538-INOR PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781606559 ER PT J AU Stowe, AC Gutowski, M Autrey, T Hess, NJ Schmid, BA Daemen, LL Hartl, M Proffen, T Brown, CM Mamantov, E Udovic, TJ AF Stowe, Ashley C. Gutowski, Maciej Autrey, Tom Hess, Nancy J. Schmid, Benjamin A. Daemen, Luke L. Hartl, Monika Proffen, Thomas Brown, Craig M. Mamantov, Eugene Udovic, Terrence J. TI FUEL 62-Neutron scattering studies of the hydrogen storage material ammonia borane SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Gutowski, Maciej] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Autrey, Tom] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Fundamental Sci Div, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Schmid, Benjamin A.] Univ Oregon, Dept Chem, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. [Daemen, Luke L.; Hartl, Monika] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Manuel Luj an Jr Neutron Scattering Ctr, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Proffen, Thomas] Los Alamos Natl Lab, LANSCE 12, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Brown, Craig M.; Mamantov, Eugene; Udovic, Terrence J.] NIST, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Brown, Craig M.] Indiana Univ, Cyclotron Facil, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012; Hartl, Monika/F-3094-2014; Proffen, Thomas/B-3585-2009; Hartl, Monika/N-4586-2016 OI Hartl, Monika/0000-0002-6601-7273; Proffen, Thomas/0000-0002-1408-6031; Hartl, Monika/0000-0002-6601-7273 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 62-FUEL PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781605268 ER PT J AU Stroscio, JA Celotta, RJ Crain, JN Tavazza, F Chaka, A AF Stroscio, J. A. Celotta, R. J. Crain, J. N. Tavazza, F. Chaka, A. TI COLL 503-Measurements of atom dynamics in atomically engineered nanostructures SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Stroscio, J. A.; Celotta, R. J.; Crain, J. N.; Tavazza, F.; Chaka, A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 503-COLL PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781603211 ER PT J AU Tang, JY Lowman, GM Goldner, LS AF Tang, Jianyong Lowman, Geoffrey M. Goldner, Lori S. TI PHYS 506-Single molecule dual beam confocal fluorescence microscopy: Probing conformational dynamics of biological macromolecules at multiple time scales SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Tang, Jianyong; Lowman, Geoffrey M.; Goldner, Lori S.] NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 506-PHYS PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781609339 ER PT J AU Tanwar, K Lo, CS Eng, PJ Ghose, SK Petitto, SC Trainor, TP AF Tanwar, Kunaljeet Lo, Cynthia S. Eng, Peter J. Ghose, Sanjit K. Petitto, Sarah C. Trainor, Thomas P. TI GEOC 41-An assessment of surface structure and reactivity modification induced by Fe(II) sorption on a-Fe2O3 (1-102) SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Tanwar, Kunaljeet; Petitto, Sarah C.; Trainor, Thomas P.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Chem & Biochem, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Lo, Cynthia S.] NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Eng, Peter J.] Univ Chicago, Consortium Adv Radiat Sources, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. [Ghose, Sanjit K.] Univ Chicago, Argonne Natl Lab, GSECARS, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 41-GEOC PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781605398 ER PT J AU Thorpe, MJ Jones, RJ Moll, KD Ye, J AF Thorpe, Michael J. Jones, R. Jason Moll, Kevin D. Ye, Jun TI ANYL 184-Broadband cavity ringdown spectroscopy for rapid and sensitive molecular detection SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Thorpe, Michael J.; Jones, R. Jason] Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, JILA Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Ye, Jun] Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 184-ANYL PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781601234 ER PT J AU Tirumala, VR Vogt, BD Lin, EK Watkins, JJ AF Tirumala, Vijay R. Vogt, Bryan D. Lin, Eric K. Watkins, James J. TI POLY 462-Influence of strongly interacting homopolymers on the long-range order in semicrystalline, amphiphilic block copolymer templates SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Tirumala, Vijay R.; Vogt, Bryan D.] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Lin, Eric K.] NIST, Elect Mat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Watkins, James J.] Univ Massachusetts, Dept Polymer Sci & Engn, Conte Natl Ctr Polymer Res, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 462-POLY PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DC UT WOS:000207781701328 ER PT J AU Trainor, TP Eng, P Chaka, AM Brown, GE Tanwar, K Petitto, SC Lo, CS Ghose, SK Waychunas, GA AF Trainor, Thomas P. Eng, Peter Chaka, Anne M. Brown, Gordon E., Jr. Tanwar, Kunaljeet Petitto, Sarah C. Lo, Cynthia S. Ghose, Sanjit K. Waychunas, Glenn A. TI COLL 420-Structure of the iron-oxide aqueous solution interface via coupled surface X-ray diffraction and density functional theory SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Trainor, Thomas P.; Tanwar, Kunaljeet; Petitto, Sarah C.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Chem & Biochem, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Eng, Peter; Ghose, Sanjit K.] Univ Chicago, Consortium Adv Radiat Sources, GSECARS, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Chaka, Anne M.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Brown, Gordon E., Jr.] SLAC, Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Lo, Cynthia S.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Waychunas, Glenn A.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 420-COLL PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781603484 ER PT J AU Tsang, W Awan, I Manion, JA AF Tsang, Wing Awan, Iftikhar Manion, Jeffrey A. TI FUEL 258-Combustion kinetics databases: Cracking of linear alkanes SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Tsang, Wing; Awan, Iftikhar; Manion, Jeffrey A.] NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 258-FUEL PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781605106 ER PT J AU Widegren, JA Magee, JW AF Widegren, Jason A. Magee, Joseph W. TI PHYS 54-Exploring the volatility of room-temperature ionic liquids SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Magee, Joseph W.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Expt Properties Fluids Grp, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Magee, Joseph/A-8496-2009 OI Magee, Joseph/0000-0002-9312-8593 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 54-PHYS PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781609196 ER PT J AU Zhao, YL Allison, TC Gonzalez, CA Hsiao, CY Marquez, M AF Zhao, Yi-Lei Allison, Thomas C. Gonzalez, Carlos A. Hsiao, Chiao-Yang Marquez, Manuel TI PHYS 560-Assessment of SC-alpha functional for the computation of transition state SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Zhao, Yi-Lei; Allison, Thomas C.; Gonzalez, Carlos A.; Hsiao, Chiao-Yang] NIST, Computat Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20877 USA. [Marquez, Manuel] Philip Morris Inc, Res Ctr, Interdisciplinary Network Emerging Sci & Technol, Richmond, VA 23234 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 560-PHYS PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DB UT WOS:000207781609238 ER PT J AU Zhao, YL Gonzalez, CA Marquez, M AF Zhao, Yi-Lei Gonzalez, Carlos A. Marquez, Manuel TI POLY 50-Theoretical study on an unexpected phosphine polymerzation by nitric oxide SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Zhao, Yi-Lei; Gonzalez, Carlos A.] NIST, Computat Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20877 USA. [Marquez, Manuel] Philip Morris Inc, INEST Grp, Res Ctr, Richmond, VA 23234 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 232 MA 50-POLY PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V15DC UT WOS:000207781701567 ER PT J AU Jefferies, SM McIntosh, SW Armstrong, JD Bogdan, TJ Cacciani, A Fleck, B AF Jefferies, Stuart M. McIntosh, Scott W. Armstrong, James D. Bogdan, Thomas J. Cacciani, Alessandro Fleck, Bernhard TI Magnetoacoustic portals and the basal heating of the solar chromosphere SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Sun : atmospheric motions; Sun : chromosphere; Sun : magnetic fields ID QUIET-SUN; PHOTOSPHERIC OSCILLATIONS; TRANSITION REGION; ELECTRIC-CURRENTS; MAGNETIC-FIELD; GRAVITY-WAVES; MODELS; ENERGY; CORONA; FREQUENCY AB We show that inclined magnetic field lines at the boundaries of large-scale convective cells (supergranules) provide "portals" through which low-frequency (< 5 mHz) magnetoacoustic waves can propagate into the solar chromosphere. The energy flux carried by these waves at a height of 400 km above the solar surface is found to be a factor of 4 greater than that carried by the high-frequency (> 15 mHz) acoustic waves, which are believed to provide the dominant source of wave heating of the chromosphere. This result opens up the possibility that low-frequency magnetoacoustic waves provide a significant source of energy for balancing the radiative losses of the ambient solar chromosphere. C1 Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, Kula, HI 96790 USA. SW Res Inst, Dept Space Studies, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, High Altitude Observ, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, ESA, Res & Sci Support Dept, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Jefferies, SM (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, 4761 Lower Kula Rd, Kula, HI 96790 USA. RI Fleck, Bernhard/C-9520-2012 NR 34 TC 107 Z9 108 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X EI 1538-4357 J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD SEP 10 PY 2006 VL 648 IS 2 BP L151 EP L155 DI 10.1086/508165 PN 2 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 082RB UT WOS:000240403800017 ER PT J AU Zhang, R Delworth, TL AF Zhang, Rong Delworth, Thomas L. TI Impact of Atlantic multidecadal oscillations on India/Sahel rainfall and Atlantic hurricanes SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; CLIMATE; VARIABILITY; SIMULATION AB Prominent multidecadal fluctuations of India summer rainfall, Sahel summer rainfall, and Atlantic Hurricane activity have been observed during the 20th century. Understanding their mechanism(s) will have enormous social and economic implications. We first use statistical analyses to show that these climate phenomena are coherently linked. Next, we use the GFDL CM2.1 climate model to show that the multidecadal variability in the Atlantic ocean can cause the observed multidecadal variations of India summer rainfall, Sahel summer rainfall and Atlantic Hurricane activity ( as inferred from vertical wind shear changes). These results suggest that to interpret recent climate change we cannot ignore the important role of Atlantic multidecadal variability. C1 NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. RP Zhang, R (reprint author), NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. EM rong.zhang@noaa.gov RI Delworth, Thomas/C-5191-2014; Zhang, Rong/D-9767-2014 OI Zhang, Rong/0000-0002-8493-6556 NR 21 TC 336 Z9 343 U1 10 U2 38 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 9 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 17 AR L17712 DI 10.1029/2006GL026267 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 082WN UT WOS:000240418000001 ER PT J AU Bates, NR Pequignet, AC Sabine, CL AF Bates, Nicholas R. Pequignet, A. Christine Sabine, Christopher L. TI Ocean carbon cycling in the Indian Ocean: 2. Estimates of net community production SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID PARTICULATE ORGANIC-CARBON; SOUTHEASTERN BERING SEA; ATLANTIC TIME-SERIES; ARABIAN SEA; INORGANIC CARBON; RESPIRATION RATES; EXPORT PRODUCTION; STATION ALOHA; NITROUS-OXIDE; PERSIAN-GULF AB [ 1] The spatiotemporal variability of ocean carbon cycling and air-sea CO(2) exchange in the Indian Ocean was examined using inorganic carbon data collected as part of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) cruises in 1995. Several carbon mass balance approaches were used to estimate rates of net community production (NCP) in the Indian Ocean. Carbon transports into and out of the Indian Ocean were derived using mass transport estimates of Robbins and Toole ( 1997) and Schmitz ( 1996), and transoceanic hydrographic and TCO(2) sections at 32 degrees S and across the Indonesian Throughflow. The derived NCP rates of 749 +/- 227 to 1572 +/- 180 Tg C yr(-1) (0.75 - 1.57 Pg C yr(-1)) estimated by carbon mass balance were similar to new production rates ( 1100 - 1800 Tg C yr(-1)) determined for the Indian Ocean by a variety of other methods (Louanchi and Najjar, 2000; Gnanadesikan et al., 2002). Changes in carbon inventories of the surface layer were also used to evaluate the spatiotemporal patterns of NCP. Significant NCP occurred in all regions during the Northeast Monsoon and Spring Intermonsoon periods. During the Southwest Monsoon and Fall Intermonsoon periods, the trophic status appears to shift from net autotrophy to net heterotrophy, particularly in the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, and 10 degrees N to 10 degrees S zones. C1 Bermuda Biol Stn Res Inc, Ferry Reach GE01, Bermuda. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Bates, NR (reprint author), Bermuda Biol Stn Res Inc, 17 Biol Stn Lane, Ferry Reach GE01, Bermuda. EM nick.bates@bbsr.edu RI Pequignet, Christine/H-5618-2014 NR 85 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD SEP 9 PY 2006 VL 20 IS 3 AR GB3021 DI 10.1029/2005GB002492 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 082XB UT WOS:000240419400002 ER PT J AU Bates, NR Pequignet, AC Sabine, CL AF Bates, Nicholas R. Pequignet, A. Christine Sabine, Christopher L. TI Ocean carbon cycling in the Indian Ocean: 1. Spatiotemporal variability of inorganic carbon and air-sea CO(2) gas exchange SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID ARABIAN SEA; ANTHROPOGENIC CO2; PACIFIC-OCEAN; SEASONAL-VARIATION; SURFACE SEAWATER; DIOXIDE SYSTEM; WATER COLUMN; WIND-SPEED; NITRATE; FLUXES AB [ 1] The spatiotemporal variability of upper ocean inorganic carbon parameters and air-sea CO(2) exchange in the Indian Ocean was examined using inorganic carbon data collected as part of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) cruises in 1995. Multiple linear regression methods were used to interpolate and extrapolate the temporally and geographically limited inorganic carbon data set to the entire Indian Ocean basin using other climatological hydrographic and biogeochemical data. The spatiotemporal distributions of total carbon dioxide (TCO(2)), alkalinity, and seawater pCO(2) were evaluated for the Indian Ocean and regions of interest including the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, and 10 degrees N - 35 degrees S zones. The Indian Ocean was a net source of CO(2) to the atmosphere, and a net sea-to-air CO(2) flux of + 237 +/- 132 Tg C yr(-1) (+ 0.24 Pg C yr(-1)) was estimated. Regionally, the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, and 10 degrees N - 10 degrees S zones were perennial sources of CO(2) to the atmosphere. In the 10 degrees S - 35 degrees S zone, the CO(2) sink or source status of the surface ocean shifts seasonally, although the region is a net oceanic sink of atmospheric CO(2). C1 Bermuda Biol Stn Res Inc, Ferry Reach GE01, Bermuda. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Bates, NR (reprint author), Bermuda Biol Stn Res Inc, 17 Biol Stn Lane, Ferry Reach GE01, Bermuda. EM nick.bates@bbsr.edu RI Pequignet, Christine/H-5618-2014 NR 54 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD SEP 9 PY 2006 VL 20 IS 3 AR GB3020 DI 10.1029/2005GB002491 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 082XB UT WOS:000240419400001 ER PT J AU Nowak, JB Huey, LG Russell, AG Tian, D Neuman, JA Orsini, D Sjostedt, SJ Sullivan, AP Tanner, DJ Weber, RJ Nenes, A Edgerton, E Fehsenfeld, FC AF Nowak, J. B. Huey, L. G. Russell, A. G. Tian, D. Neuman, J. A. Orsini, D. Sjostedt, S. J. Sullivan, A. P. Tanner, D. J. Weber, R. J. Nenes, A. Edgerton, E. Fehsenfeld, F. C. TI Analysis of urban gas phase ammonia measurements from the 2002 Atlanta Aerosol Nucleation and Real-Time Characterization Experiment (ANARChE) SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; AIRBORNE MEASUREMENTS; EMISSIONS; MODEL; EQUILIBRIUM; SUPERSITE; SYSTEM; CLOUD; NH3; POLLUTANTS AB Gas phase ammonia (NH3) measurements were made in July and August 2002 during the Atlanta Aerosol Nucleation and Real-Time Characterization Experiment with two different chemical ionization mass spectrometry techniques. Correlations between the 1 min data from both instruments yielded a slope of 1.17 and an intercept of -0.295 ppbv, with a linear correlation coefficient (r(2)) of 0.71. Ambient NH3 mixing ratios ranged from 0.4 to 13 ppbv. NH3 observations were compared to the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system as well as a thermodynamic equilibrium model, ISORROPIA, used by CMAQ to predict NH3 partitioning. A morning rise in both observed and modeled NH3 mixing ratios strongly suggests a regional influence due to automobile emissions. However, at midday the predicted NH3 decreased to less than 0.5 ppbv, while the observations remained around 3 ppbv. Both observed and modeled ammonium nitrate levels were too low to support the observed midday NH3 mixing ratios. ISORROPIA calculations of NH3 constrained by the total measured ammonia mass (NH3 + ammonium (NH4+)) agreed well with the observations (slope of 1.25 and r(2) of 0.75). For times when the net aerosol charge was near zero the agreement was excellent (slope of 1.22 and r(2) of 0.88). These results indicate that for most of the observed conditions, ISORROPIA could accurately predict NH3 partitioning. The observations suggest that local sunlight- or temperature-driven NH3 sources, such as soil emissions, may be responsible for the discrepancy between the model results and measured values. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Chem & Biomol Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Atmospher Res & Anal Inc, Cary, NC 27513 USA. RP Nowak, JB (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM john.nowak@noaa.gov RI Nowak, John/B-1085-2008; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013; Neuman, Andy/A-1393-2009; Sjostedt, Steven/B-5032-2015; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Nowak, John/0000-0002-5697-9807; Neuman, Andy/0000-0002-3986-1727; NR 50 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 3 U2 17 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 9 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D17 AR D17308 DI 10.1029/2006JD007113 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 082XN UT WOS:000240420600007 ER PT J AU Yang, ES Cunnold, DM Salawitch, RJ McCormick, MP Russell, J Zawodny, JM Oltmans, S Newchurch, MJ AF Yang, Eun-Su Cunnold, Derek M. Salawitch, Ross J. McCormick, M. Patrick Russell, James, III Zawodny, Joseph M. Oltmans, Samuel Newchurch, Michael J. TI Attribution of recovery in lower-stratospheric ozone SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID HALOGEN OCCULTATION EXPERIMENT; BALLOON-BORNE MEASUREMENTS; EXPERIMENT II MEASUREMENTS; TREND ANALYSIS; UARS PLATFORM; DOBSON SPECTROPHOTOMETERS; GEOPHYSICAL CONDITIONS; EUROPEAN VALIDATION; INSTRUMENTS ABOARD; EARTHS ATMOSPHERE AB Multiple satellite and ground-based observations provide consistent evidence that the thickness of Earth's protective ozone layer has stopped declining since 1997, close to the time of peak stratospheric halogen loading. Regression analyses with Effective Equivalent Stratospheric Chlorine (EESC) in conjunction with further analyses using more sophisticated photochemical model calculations constrained by satellite data demonstrate that the cessation of ozone depletion between 18 and 25 km altitude is consistent with a leveling off of stratospheric abundances of chlorine and bromine, due to the Montreal Protocol and its amendments. However, ozone increases in the lowest part of the stratosphere, from the tropopause to 18 km, account for about half of the improvement in total column ozone during the past 9 years at Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes. The increase in ozone for altitudes below 18 km is most likely driven by changes in transport, rather than driven by declining chlorine and bromine. Even with this evidence that the Montreal Protocol and its amendments are having the desired, positive effect on ozone above 18 km, total column ozone is recovering faster than expected because of the apparent transport driven changes at lower altitudes. Accurate prediction of future levels of stratospheric ozone will require comprehensive understanding of the factors that drive temporal changes at various altitudes and partitioning of the recent transport-driven increases between natural variability and changes in atmospheric structure perhaps related to anthropogenic climate change. C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Hampton Univ, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Global Monitoring Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Atmospher Sci, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. RP Yang, ES (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, 311 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. EM mike@nsstc.uah.edu RI Salawitch, Ross/B-4605-2009 OI Salawitch, Ross/0000-0001-8597-5832 NR 95 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 9 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D17 AR D17309 DI 10.1029/2005JD006371 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 082XN UT WOS:000240420600003 ER PT J AU Austin, J Li, F AF Austin, John Li, Feng TI On the relationship between the strength of the Brewer-Dobson circulation and the age of stratospheric air SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MODELS; TROPOSPHERE; TRANSPORT; EXCHANGE; CLIMATE AB The strength of the Brewer-Dobson circulation is computed for multi-decadal simulations of a coupled chemistry-climate model covering the period 1960 to 2100. The circulation strength, as computed from the tropical mass upwelling, generally increases throughout the simulations. The model also includes an age of air tracer which generally decreases during the simulations. The two different transport concepts of mass upwelling and reciprocal of the age of air are investigated empirically from the model simulations. The results indicate that the variables are linearly related in the model but with a change of gradient some time near 2005. Possible reasons for the change of gradient are discussed. C1 Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Austin, J (reprint author), Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Forrestal Campus,201 Forrestal Rd, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM john.austin@noaa.gov RI Li, Feng/H-2241-2012 NR 13 TC 63 Z9 65 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 8 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 17 AR L17807 DI 10.1029/2006GL026867 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 082WH UT WOS:000240417400006 ER PT J AU Gallagher, DT Smith, NN Kim, SK Heroux, A Robinson, H Reddy, PT AF Gallagher, D. Travis Smith, Natasha N. Kim, Sook-Kyung Heroux, Annie Robinson, Howard Reddy, Prasad T. TI Structure of the class IV adenylyl cyclase reveals a novel fold SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE antiparallel eight-stranded barrel; crystal structure; cyclic AMP; evolution; phosphonucleotide ID BORDETELLA-PERTUSSIS; MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS; THIAMINE TRIPHOSPHATASE; CATALYTIC MECHANISM; GUANYLYL CYCLASES; CALMODULIN; PROTEIN; TOXIN; ACTIVATION; INHIBITORS AB The crystal structure of the class IV adenylyl cyclase (AC) from Yersinia pestis (Yp) is reported at 1.9 angstrom resolution. The class IV AC fold is distinct from the previously described folds for class II and class III ACs. The dimeric AC-IV folds into an antiparallel eight-stranded barrel whose connectivity has been seen in only three previous structures: yeast RNA triphosphatase and two proteins of unknown function from Pyrococcus furiosus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Eight highly conserved ionic residues E10, E12, K14, R63, K76, K111, D126, and E136 lie in the barrel core and form the likely binding sites for substrate and divalent cations. A phosphate ion is observed bound to R63, K76, K111, and R113 near the center of the conserved cluster. Unlike the AC-II and AC-III active sites that utilize two-Asp motifs for cation binding, the AC-IV active site is relatively enriched in glutamate and features an ExE motif as its most conserved element. Homologs of Y. pestis AC-IV, including human thiamine triphosphatase, span the three kingdoms of life and delineate an ancient family of phosphonucleotide processing enzymes. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Biol, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Gallagher, DT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM travis.gallagher@nist.gov NR 47 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0022-2836 J9 J MOL BIOL JI J. Mol. Biol. PD SEP 8 PY 2006 VL 362 IS 1 BP 114 EP 122 DI 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.07.008 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 084QI UT WOS:000240549100010 PM 16905149 ER PT J AU Dunningham, JA Burnett, K Roth, R Phillips, WD AF Dunningham, J. A. Burnett, K. Roth, R. Phillips, W. D. TI Creation of macroscopic superposition states from arrays of Bose-Einstein condensates SO NEW JOURNAL OF PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID QUANTUM PHASE; TRANSITION; ATOMS; DECOHERENCE; SUPERFLUID; INSULATOR AB We consider how macroscopic quantum superpositions may be created from arrays of Bose - Einstein condensates. We study a system of three condensates in Fock states, all with the same number of atoms and show that this has the form of a highly entangled superposition of different quasi-momenta. We then show how, by partially releasing these condensates and detecting an interference pattern where they overlap, it is possible to create a macroscopic superposition of different relative phases for the remaining portions of the condensates. We discuss methods for confirming these superpositions. C1 Univ Leeds, Sch Phys & Astron, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Clarendon Lab, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. Tech Univ Darmstadt, Inst Kernphys, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dunningham, JA (reprint author), Univ Leeds, Sch Phys & Astron, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. EM j.a.dunningham@leeds.ac.uk RI Roth, Robert/B-6502-2008 NR 28 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 7 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1367-2630 J9 NEW J PHYS JI New J. Phys. PD SEP 8 PY 2006 VL 8 AR 182 DI 10.1088/1367-2630/8/9/182 PG 10 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 084AI UT WOS:000240503500003 ER PT J AU Andersen, MF Kaplan, A Grunzweig, T Davidson, N AF Andersen, M. F. Kaplan, A. Grunzweig, T. Davidson, N. TI Decay of quantum correlations in atom optics billiards with chaotic and mixed dynamics SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID STABILITY; SYSTEMS AB We perform echo spectroscopy on ultracold atoms in atom-optics billiards to study their quantum dynamics. The detuning of the trapping laser is used to change the "perturbation", which causes a decay in the echo coherence. Two different regimes are observed: first, a perturbative regime in which the decay of echo coherence is nonmonotonic and partial revivals of coherence are observed in contrast with the predictions of random matrix theory. These revivals are more pronounced in traps with mixed dynamics as compared to traps where the dynamics is fully chaotic. Next, for stronger perturbations, the decay becomes monotonic and independent of the strength of the perturbation. In this regime no clear distinction can be made between chaotic traps and traps with mixed dynamics. C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Phys Complex Syst, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. RP Andersen, MF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Kaplan, Ariel/F-3657-2010; Andersen, Mikkel/B-3806-2012 OI Kaplan, Ariel/0000-0002-9731-6962; NR 26 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD SEP 8 PY 2006 VL 97 IS 10 AR 104102 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.104102 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 082KA UT WOS:000240384300029 PM 17025821 ER PT J AU Gillis, KA Shinder, II Moldover, MR AF Gillis, K. A. Shinder, I. I. Moldover, M. R. TI Bulk viscosity, thermoacoustic boundary layers, and adsorption near the critical point of xenon SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LIQUID CRITICAL-POINT; DISPERSION AB We present an improved model for the dissipation and dispersion in an acoustic resonator filled with xenon near its critical temperature T-c. We test the model with acoustic measurements in stirred xenon that have a temperature resolution of (T - T-c)/T-c approximate to 7 x 10(-6). The model includes the frequency-dependent bulk viscosity calculated numerically from renormalization-group theory and it includes critical-point adsorption. Because the density of adsorbed xenon exceeds the critical density, the bulk viscosity's effect on surface dissipation is reduced, thereby improving the agreement between theory and experiment. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gillis, KA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Moldover, Michael/E-6384-2013 NR 16 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD SEP 8 PY 2006 VL 97 IS 10 AR 104502 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.104502 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 082KA UT WOS:000240384300031 ER PT J AU Schneider, H Weber, JM AF Schneider, Holger Weber, J. Mathias TI Infrared spectra of HC2-center dot(C2H2)(n) and O-2(-)center dot(C2H2)(n) clusters (n=2-5) SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ARGON PREDISSOCIATION SPECTROSCOPY; ANION COMPLEXES; PROTON-TRANSFER; PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; HYDROGEN-BOND; HYDRATION; DYNAMICS; WATER; MICROSOLVATION; ACETYLIDES AB We study the solvation of HC2- and O-2(-) with acetylene ligands by means of midinfrared photodissociation spectroscopy in the CH stretching region, monitoring C2H2 evaporation upon infrared photon absorption by the parent cluster ions. Our findings are interpreted with the help of density functional theory. The infrared spectra indicate that while the binding generally occurs through ionic H bonds, there are two different classes of ligands which differ in their binding strength. This holds true for both core ions, even though their electronic structures and charge distributions are very different. C1 Univ Karlsruhe, Inst Phys Chem, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany. Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Weber, JM (reprint author), Univ Karlsruhe, Inst Phys Chem, Kaiserstr 12, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany. EM weberjm@jila.colorado.edu RI Weber, J. Mathias/B-1618-2009 OI Weber, J. Mathias/0000-0002-5493-5886 NR 43 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD SEP 7 PY 2006 VL 125 IS 9 AR 094307 DI 10.1063/1.2347709 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 081XS UT WOS:000240351500018 PM 16965080 ER PT J AU Zhang, T Sun, DZ AF Zhang, Tao Sun, De-Zheng TI Response of water vapor and clouds to El Nino warming in three National Center for Atmospheric Research atmospheric models SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID COMMUNITY CLIMATE MODEL; RADIATION BUDGET EXPERIMENT; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; SYSTEM MODEL; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; VERSION-3 CAM3; ENERGY BUDGET; PARAMETERIZATION; CCM3; SIMULATION AB [ 1] The response of water vapor and clouds to El Nino warming over the tropical Pacific in the most recent three versions of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Atmosphere Model (CAM2, T42 CAM3, and T85 CAM3) is quantified and compared to observations. It is found that all three models have a stronger response in the greenhouse effect of water vapor than that indicated in Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) observations. The overestimate is most severe in the T85 CAM3 ( up to 36%). Compared with National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis, all three models have an excessive response of atmospheric moisture content in the upper troposphere, suggesting a cause for the excessive response in the greenhouse effect of water vapor. The response in the greenhouse effect of clouds ( the longwave forcing of clouds) in two of the models ( CAM2 and T42 CAM3) is significantly weaker than that indicated in ERBE observations, but it is comparable to the observed in the T85 CAM3. The improvement in the T85 CAM3 in simulating the response in the greenhouse effect is helped by a stronger response in the middle level clouds in the model ( compared to CAM2 and T42 CAM3). In contrast to the strong negative response in the shortwave forcing seen in the ERBE observations, the response of the shortwave forcing of clouds in the CAM2 and the T42 CAM3 is weak and even has a sign opposite to observations when it is averaged over the entire region of surface warming. The simulation of the response of the shortwave forcing in the T85 CAM3 is considerably improved, though the negative response over the equatorial Pacific is still not strong enough compared to ERBE observations. The stronger negative response in the shortwave forcing in the T85 CAM3 is apparently linked to a stronger response in the middle level cloud cover. All three models fail to simulate the observed pattern of the response in the low cloud cover over the central and eastern Pacific, resulting in deficiency in the response of the shortwave cloud forcing in that region. The deficiency in the low cloud cover response suggests that the low cloud cover scheme has room for improvement. C1 NOAA, Climate Diaagnost Ctr, Div Phys Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab,CIRES, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Zhang, T (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Diaagnost Ctr, Div Phys Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab,CIRES, Mail Code R-PSD1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM tao.zhang@noaa.gov NR 57 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 7 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D17 AR D17103 DI 10.1029/2005JD006700 PG 29 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 082XI UT WOS:000240420100002 ER PT J AU Langat, J Bellayer, S Hudrlik, P Hudrlik, A Maupin, PH Gilman, JW Raghavan, D AF Langat, J. Bellayer, S. Hudrlik, P. Hudrlik, A. Maupin, P. H. Gilman, J. W., Sr. Raghavan, D. TI Synthesis of imidazolium salts and their application in epoxy montmorillonite nanocomposites SO POLYMER LA English DT Article DE clay nanocomposites; thermal stability; confocal microscopy ID LAYERED-SILICATE NANOCOMPOSITES; VINYL-ESTER NANOCOMPOSITES; MELT-PROCESSING CONDITIONS; CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES; POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES; THERMAL-STABILITY; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; EXFOLIATION; DISPERSION; STYRENE AB Considerable research has been conducted in improving the performance characteristics of nanocomposites, however, relatively few attempts have been made to address the thermal stability of nanocomposites. An attempt is being made to improve the thermal properties of nanocomposites by synthesizing imidazolium salts from 2-methyl imidazole and ion exchanging the salts with clay minerals. This study focuses on the role of the chemistry of imidazolium salt(s) used in functionalizing clay and processing conditions in the formulation of epoxy nanocomposites. The nanodispersion of clay in an epoxy matrix is evaluated qualitatively by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electronic microscopy (TEM), and laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). We demonstrate the use of LCSM for quantitative image analysis and to study the dispersion of clay layers, tagged with a fluorescent dye in the epoxy matrix. XRD and TEM results reveal that the hand mixed nanocomposite has tactoid morphology, while ultrasonicated organoclay (without hydroxyl group) epoxy nanocomposite exhibits a mixed morphology, and an ultrasonicated organoclay (with hydroxyl group) epoxy nanocomposite had well dispersed clay distribution in the epoxy matrix. Results from the three complimentary techniques enable the characterization of the clay platelets over several length scales ranging from the micrometer to the nanometer scale. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Howard Univ, Dept Chem, Washington, DC 20059 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. US DOE, Off Basic Energy Sci, Off Sci, Washington, DC 20585 USA. RP Raghavan, D (reprint author), Howard Univ, Dept Chem, 525 Coll St,NW, Washington, DC 20059 USA. EM draghavan@howard.edu NR 59 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 3 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-3861 J9 POLYMER JI Polymer PD SEP 7 PY 2006 VL 47 IS 19 BP 6698 EP 6709 DI 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.06.067 PG 12 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 093MG UT WOS:000241171800030 ER PT J AU Atkinson, R Baulch, DL Cox, RA Crowley, JN Hampson, RF Hynes, RG Jenkin, ME Rossi, MJ Troe, J AF Atkinson, R. Baulch, D. L. Cox, R. A. Crowley, J. N. Hampson, R. F. Hynes, R. G. Jenkin, M. E. Rossi, M. J. Troe, J. TI Evaluated kinetic and photochemical data for atmospheric chemistry: Volume II - gas phase reactions of organic species SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID ABSORPTION CROSS-SECTIONS; OH RADICAL REACTIONS; METHYL VINYL KETONE; PHOTOLYSIS-RESONANCE FLUORESCENCE; ABSOLUTE RATE CONSTANTS; RELATIVE RATE CONSTANTS; OZONE-ALKENE REACTIONS; IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ATOM-INITIATED OXIDATION; TEMPERATURE-RANGE 240-440-K AB This article, the second in the series, presents kinetic and photochemical data evaluated by the IUPAC Subcommittee on Gas Kinetic Data Evaluation for Atmospheric Chemistry. It covers the gas phase and photochemical reactions of Organic species, which were last published in 1999, and were updated on the IUPAC website in late 2002, and subsequently during the preparation of this article. The article consists of a summary table of the recommended rate coefficients, containing the recommended kinetic parameters for the evaluated reactions, and eight appendices containing the data sheets, which provide information upon which the recommendations are made. C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Chem, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Cambridge CB2 1EP, England. Univ Calif Riverside, Air Pollut Res Ctr, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Univ Leeds, Sch Chem, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. Max Planck Inst Chem, Div Atmospher Chem, D-55020 Mainz, Germany. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, US Dept Commerce, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. CSIRO Energy Technol, Lucas Hts Sci & Technol Ctr, Bangor, NSW 2234, Australia. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Environm Sci & Technol, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, England. Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, LPAS, ENAC, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. Univ Gottingen, Inst Chem Phys, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany. RP Cox, RA (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Chem, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge CB2 1EP, England. EM rac26@cam.ac.uk RI ROSSI, Michel J./C-7878-2013 OI ROSSI, Michel J./0000-0003-3504-695X NR 931 TC 624 Z9 630 U1 35 U2 222 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PD SEP 6 PY 2006 VL 6 BP 3625 EP 4055 PG 431 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 083WT UT WOS:000240489600002 ER PT J AU Wagner, NL Wuest, A Christov, IP Popmintchev, T Zhou, XB Murnane, MM Kapteyn, HC AF Wagner, Nicholas L. Wuest, Andrea Christov, Ivan P. Popmintchev, Tenio Zhou, Xibin Murnane, Margaret M. Kapteyn, Henry C. TI Monitoring molecular dynamics using coherent electrons from high harmonic generation SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE spectroscopy; ultrafast; x-rays ID ATTOSECOND TIME-SCALE; LASER SYSTEM; PULSES; DIFFRACTION; FIELDS; PHASE; EXCITATION; VIBRATIONS; FREQUENCY; MOTION AB We report a previously undescribed spectroscopic probe that makes use of electrons rescattered during the process of high-order harmonic generation. We excite coherent vibrations in SF6 using impulsive stimulated Raman scattering with a short laser pulse. A second, more intense laser pulse generates high-order harmonics of the fundamental laser, at wavelengths of approximate to 20-50 nm. The high-order harmonic yield is observed to oscillate, at frequencies corresponding to all of the Raman-active modes of SF6, with an asymmetric mode most visible. The data also show evidence of relaxation dynamics after impulsive excitation of the molecule. Theoretical modeling indicates that the high harmonic yield should be modulated by both Raman and infrared-active vibrational modes. Our results indicate that high harmonic generation is a very sensitive probe of vibrational dynamics and may yield more information simultaneously than conventional ultrafast spectroscopic techniques. Because the de Broglie wavelength of the recolliding electron is on the order of interatomic distances, i.e., approximate to 1.5 angstrom, small changes in the shape of the molecule lead to large changes in the high harmonic yield. This work therefore demonstrates a previously undescribed spectroscopic technique for probing ultrafast internal dynamics in molecules and, in particular, on the chemically important ground-state potential surface. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Natl Sci Fdn Engn Res Ctr Extreme Ultraviolet Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Murnane, MM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM murnane@jila.colorado.edu RI Zhou, Xibin/C-1316-2011; Zhou, Xibin/B-5544-2009; Wagner, Nicholas/E-7437-2010; Popmintchev, Tenio/B-6715-2008; Kapteyn, Henry/H-6559-2011; Christov, Ivan/D-4446-2014 OI Popmintchev, Tenio/0000-0002-2023-2226; Kapteyn, Henry/0000-0001-8386-6317; Christov, Ivan/0000-0002-9146-6708 NR 47 TC 128 Z9 128 U1 3 U2 42 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD SEP 5 PY 2006 VL 103 IS 36 BP 13279 EP 13285 DI 10.1073/pnas.0605178103 PG 7 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 084DR UT WOS:000240512700007 PM 16895984 ER PT J AU Dyer, SD Dennis, T Street, LK Etzel, SM Germer, TA Dienstfrey, A AF Dyer, Shellee D. Dennis, Tasshi Street, Lara K. Etzel, Shelley M. Germer, Thomas A. Dienstfrey, Andrew TI Spectroscopic phase-dispersion optical coherence tomography measurements of scattering phantoms SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID REFRACTIVE-INDEX; GROUP DELAY; INTERFEROMETRY; LIGHT; WATER; WAVELENGTH; VELOCITY; LIQUIDS; SYSTEM; NM AB We demonstrate a novel technique to determine the size of Mie scatterers with high sensitivity. Our technique is based on spectral domain optical coherence tomography measurements of the phase dispersion that is induced by the scattering process. We use both Mie scattering predictions and dispersion measurements of phantoms to show that the scattering dispersion is very sensitive to small changes in the size and/or refractive index of the scatterer. We also show the light scattered from a single sphere is, in some cases, non-minimum phase. Therefore, the phase is independent of the intensity of the scattered light, and both intensity and phase must be measured directly in order to characterize more completely the scattering problem. Phase dispersion measurements may have application to distinguishing the size and refractive index of scattering particles in biological tissue samples. This manuscript describes work of the US government and is not subject to copyright. C1 NIST, Optoelect Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Math & Computat Sci Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Dyer, SD (reprint author), NIST, Optoelect Div, Mailstop 815-03,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM sdyer@boulder.nist.gov NR 28 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD SEP 4 PY 2006 VL 14 IS 18 BP 8138 EP 8153 DI 10.1364/OE.14.008138 PG 16 WC Optics SC Optics GA 083MN UT WOS:000240460100016 PM 19529186 ER PT J AU Moll, KD Jones, RJ Ye, J AF Moll, Kevin D. Jones, R. Jason Ye, Jun TI Output coupling methods for cavity-based high-harmonic generation SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID PULSE AMPLIFICATION; OPTICAL CAVITY AB We have investigated the coupling efficiency and cavity loss associated with a ring cavity that has a hole in one of the focusing mirrors. The aperture provides a means through which intracavity high-harmonic generation can be coupled from the cavity. By studying different cavity geometries and input modes we have found that the integration of phase-plates on the focusing mirrors provides the best performance in terms of input coupling efficiency, cavity loss, and output-coupling of the generated high harmonic light. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Moll, KD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM mollk@jila.colorado.edu RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011 NR 14 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 4 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD SEP 4 PY 2006 VL 14 IS 18 BP 8189 EP 8197 DI 10.1364/OE.14.008189 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA 083MN UT WOS:000240460100022 PM 19529192 ER PT J AU Huang, GX Deng, L Yan, JR Hu, BB AF Huang, Guoxiang Deng, L. Yan, Jiaren Hu, Bambi TI Quantum depletion of a soliton condensate SO PHYSICS LETTERS A LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE; OPTICAL-FIBERS; PERTURBATIONS AB We present rigorous results on the diagonalization of Bogoliubov Hamiltonian for a soliton condensate. Using the complete and orthonormalized set of eigenfunction for the Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations, we calculate exactly the quantum depletion of the condensate and show that two degenerate zero-modes, which originate from a U(1) gauge- and a translational-symmetry breaking of the system, induce the quantum diffusion and transverse instability of the soliton condensate. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 E China Normal Univ, Dept Phys, Shanghai 200062, Peoples R China. NIST, Electron & Opt Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Hong Kong Baptist Coll, Dept Phys, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. Hong Kong Baptist Coll, Ctr Nonlinear Studies, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. Hunan Normal Univ, Dept Phys, Hunan 410083, Peoples R China. Univ Houston, Dept Phys, Houston, TX 77204 USA. RP Huang, GX (reprint author), E China Normal Univ, Dept Phys, Shanghai 200062, Peoples R China. EM gxhuang@phy.ecnu.edu.cn NR 24 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0375-9601 J9 PHYS LETT A JI Phys. Lett. A PD SEP 4 PY 2006 VL 357 IS 2 BP 150 EP 153 DI 10.1016/j.physleta.2006.04.023 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 081ZT UT WOS:000240356800015 ER PT J AU Stouffer, RJ Russell, J Spelman, MJ AF Stouffer, Ronald J. Russell, Joellen Spelman, Michael J. TI Importance of oceanic heat uptake in transient climate change SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CARBON-CYCLE; MODELS; CIRCULATION; SENSITIVITY; SIMULATION; CO2 AB [1] The impact of the differences in the oceanic heat uptake and storage on the transient response to changes in radiative forcing is investigated using two newly developed coupled atmosphere-ocean models. In spite of its larger equilibrium climate sensitivity, one model (CM2.1) has smaller transient globally averaged surface air temperature (SAT) response than is found in the second model (CM2.0). The differences in the SAT response become larger as radiative forcing increases and the time scales become longer. The smaller transient SAT response in CM2.1 is due to its larger oceanic heat uptake. The heat storage differences between the two models also increase with time and larger rates of radiative forcing. The larger oceanic heat uptake in CM2.1 can be traced to differences in the Southern Ocean heat uptake and is related to a more realistic Southern Ocean simulation in the control integration. C1 Princeton Univ, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. Princeton Univ, Atmosph & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. RP Stouffer, RJ (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Forrestal Campus,201 Forrestal Rd, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. EM ronald.stouffer@noaa.gov OI Russell, Joellen/0000-0001-9937-6056 NR 22 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 2 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 17 AR L17704 DI 10.1029/2006GL027242 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 081QJ UT WOS:000240331800005 ER PT J AU Basu, S Wilson, J Richardson, M Ingersoll, A AF Basu, Shabari Wilson, John Richardson, Mark Ingersoll, Andrew TI Simulation of spontaneous and variable global dust storms with the GFDL Mars GCM SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; ORBITER CAMERA; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE; THERMAL TIDES; VIKING; CYCLE; TRANSPORT AB [1] We report on the successful simulation of global dust storms in a general circulation model. The simulated storms develop spontaneously in multiyear simulations and exhibit significant interannual variability. The simulated storms produce dramatic increases in atmospheric dustiness, global-mean air temperatures, and atmospheric circulation intensity, in accord with observations. As with observed global storms, spontaneous initiation of storms in the model occurs in southern spring and summer, and there is significant interannual variability in storm development: years with no storms are interspersed with years with storms of various sizes and specific seasonal date of initiation. Our results support the idea that variable and spontaneous global dust storm behavior can emerge from a periodically forced system (the only forcing being the diurnal and seasonal cycles) when the dust injection mechanism involves an activation threshold. In our simulations, surface wind stresses associated with resolved, large-scale (> 300 km) wind systems initiate the storms. These winds are generally associated with the seasonally migrating CO(2) cap boundary and sloping topography of the Hellas basin, thermal tides, and traveling waves. A very limited number of large storms begin with lifting along the frontal zones associated with traveling waves in the northern hemisphere. Explosive growth to global scales results from the intensification of the Hadley circulation and the activation of secondary dust-lifting centers. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Basu, S (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, 3150 TAMU, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM shabari_basu@yahoo.com NR 51 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD SEP 2 PY 2006 VL 111 IS E9 AR E09004 DI 10.1029/2005JE002660 PG 33 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 081SD UT WOS:000240336400002 ER PT J AU Bentz, DP Stutzman, PE AF Bentz, Dale P. Stutzman, Paul E. TI Curing, hydration, and microstructure of cement paste SO ACI MATERIALS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE curing; hydration; microstructure; porosity; scanning electron microscopy ID TEMPERATURE CURED PASTES; ICE FORMATION; AUTOGENOUS SHRINKAGE; RELATIVE-HUMIDITY; RESATURATION; SIMULATION AB This paper compare; hydration characteristics and microstructures of cement pastes with water-cement ratios (w/c) of 0.35 and 0.435, cured under saturated and sealed conditions. Degree of hydration is quantified by loss on ignition (LOI) measurements. The microstructures, and specifically the pore structures, of the hydrated pastes are evaluated using scanning electron microscopy and low temperature calorimetry. The w/c specimens (equal to 0.3.5), cured under sealed conditions first form a depercolated (disconnected) capillary pore system that later reconnects due to self-desiccation and autogenous shrinkage. Conversely, in the w/c specimens (equal to 0.435), there is some indication that sealed curing actually leads to an earlier depercolation of the remaining capillary pores than saturated curing, but without a subsequent, repercolation. The results indicate the criticality of proper curing for both w/c specimens, suggesting that curing for strength and curing for durability may require different practices and may provide the impetus for innovative curing strategies to produce concretes with optimum properties. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bentz, DP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 38 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER CONCRETE INST PI FARMINGTON HILLS PA 38800 COUNTRY CLUB DR, FARMINGTON HILLS, MI 48331 USA SN 0889-325X J9 ACI MATER J JI ACI Mater. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 2006 VL 103 IS 5 BP 348 EP 356 PG 9 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science GA 089AF UT WOS:000240851500007 ER PT J AU Saylor, DM McDermott, MK Fuller, ER AF Saylor, David M. McDermott, Martin K. Fuller, Edwin R., Jr. TI Analytical model for residual stresses in polymeric containers during cryogenic storage of hematopoietic stem cells SO ACTA BIOMATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE blood bags; hematopoietic stem cells (HSC); cryogenic storage; failure model; residual stresses; thermal expansion mismatch; gas evolution ID BAGS; ICE AB Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) therapy can significantly lower instances of infection in chemotherapy patients by accelerating the recovery of white blood cells in the body. However, therapy requires that HSCs be stored at cryogenic temperatures to retain the cells' ability to proliferate. Currently, cells are stored in polymeric blood bags that are subject to fracture at the extremely low storage temperatures, which leads to cell contamination, thereby reducing their effectiveness. Therefore, we have developed an analytical model to predict the accumulation of stresses that ultimately lead to crack initiation and bag fracture during cryogenic storage. Our model gives explicit relationships between stress state in the container and thermoelastic properties of the container material, container geometry, and environmental factors that include temperature of the system and pressure induced by excess gas evolving from the stored medium. Predictions based on the model are consistent with experimental observations of bag failures that occurred during cryogenic storage applications. Finally, the model can provide guidance in material selection and bag design to fabricate bags that will be less susceptible to fracture. (C) 2006 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US FDA, Ctr Devices & Radiol Hlth, Off Sci & Engn Labs, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Labs, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Saylor, DM (reprint author), US FDA, Ctr Devices & Radiol Hlth, Off Sci & Engn Labs, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. EM david.saylor@fda.hhs.gov NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1742-7061 J9 ACTA BIOMATER JI Acta Biomater. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 2 IS 5 BP 537 EP 546 DI 10.1016/j.actbio.2006.05.006 PG 10 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 080OO UT WOS:000240257600008 PM 16844438 ER PT J AU Prime, MB Gnaupel-Herold, T Baumann, JA Lederich, RJ Bowden, DM Sebring, RJ AF Prime, Michael B. Gnaeupel-Herold, Thomas Baumann, John A. Lederich, Richard J. Bowden, David M. Sebring, Robert J. TI Residual stress measurements in a thick, dissimilar aluminum alloy friction stir weld SO ACTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE residual stresses; friction stir welding; neutron diffraction; aluminium alloys ID CONTOUR METHOD; BUTT JOINTS; MICROSTRUCTURE; FATIGUE; STRAINS; STEEL; HEAT AB Plates (25.4 mm thick) of aluminum alloys 7050-T7451 and 2024-T351 were joined in a butt joint by friction stir welding (FSW). A 54 mm long test specimen was removed from the parent plate, and cross-sectional maps of residual stresses were measured using neutron diffraction and the contour method. The stresses in the test specimen peaked at only about 32 MPa and had the conventional "M" profile with tensile stress peaks in the heat-affected zone outside the weld. The asymmetric stress distribution is discussed relative to the FSW process and the regions of highest thermal gradients. The general agreement between the two measurement techniques validated the ability of each technique to measure the low-magnitude stresses, less than 0.05% of the elastic modulus. Subtle differences between the two were attributed to spatial variations in the unstressed lattice spacing (d(0)) and also intergranular strains affecting the neutron results. The FSW stresses prior to relaxation from removal of the test specimen were estimated to have been about 43 MPa, demonstrating the ability of FSW to produce low-stress welds in even fairly thick sections. To avoid the estimated 25% stress relaxation from removing the test specimen, the specimen would have had to be quite long because the St. Venant's characteristic distance in this case was more related to the transverse dimensions of the specimen than to the plate thickness. (c) 2006 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Boeing Co, St Louis, MO 63166 USA. RP Prime, MB (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM prime@lanl.gov OI Gnaupel-Herold, Thomas/0000-0002-8287-5091; Prime, Michael/0000-0002-4098-5620 NR 39 TC 110 Z9 120 U1 11 U2 75 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6454 J9 ACTA MATER JI Acta Mater. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 54 IS 15 BP 4013 EP 4021 DI 10.1016/j.actamat.2006.04.034 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 079JJ UT WOS:000240171600018 ER PT J AU Lack, DA Lovejoy, ER Baynard, T Pettersson, A Ravishankara, AR AF Lack, Daniel A. Lovejoy, Edward R. Baynard, Tahllee Pettersson, Anders Ravishankara, A. R. TI Aerosol absorption measurement using photoacoustic spectroscopy: Sensitivity, calibration, and uncertainty developments SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MEASURING LIGHT-ABSORPTION; PULSED CAVITY RING; OPTICAL EXTINCTION; CLIMATE-CHANGE; SPECTROMETER; INSTRUMENT; CELL; NEPHELOMETER AB Light absorption by aerosols is one of the most uncertain parameters associated with the direct and indirect aerosol effects on climate and is one of the most difficult quantities to measure. This article describes the development of a sensitive method of measuring aerosol absorption at 532 nm with excellent time response (detection limit: 0.08 Mm(-1), 60 second average) using photoacoustic absorption spectroscopy. An accurate calibration method (accuracy of 1-2%) at atmospherically relevant absorption levels and independent validation of the photoacoustic technique is presented. An upper limit to the instrument precision for aerosol absorption measurement is approximate to 6% (2 sigma, 30 sec) while instrument accuracy is calculated to be approximate to 5%. A standard for aerosol absorption measurement techniques using well characterized absorbing aerosol is also proposed. C1 NOAA, Earth System Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA. RP Lack, DA (reprint author), NOAA, Earth System Res Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM daniel.lack@noaa.gov RI Lack, Daniel/I-9053-2012; Ravishankara, Akkihebbal/A-2914-2011; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 NR 39 TC 112 Z9 113 U1 5 U2 38 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 EI 1521-7388 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 40 IS 9 BP 697 EP 708 DI 10.1080/02786820600803917 PG 12 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 054ZS UT WOS:000238418800006 ER PT J AU Vershinin, A Morton, S Leighfield, T Pankov, S Smith, L Quilliam, M Ramsdell, J AF Vershinin, A. Morton, S. Leighfield, T. Pankov, S. Smith, L. Quilliam, M. Ramsdell, J. TI Alexandrium in the Black Sea - identity, ecology and PSP toxicity SO AFRICAN JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Conference on Harmful Algae CY NOV 15-19, 2004 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA DE Alexandrium; Black Sea; HAB; phycotoxins; phytoplankton; saxitoxin; toxic algae ID TOXINS AB Alexandrium cf. tamarense was recorded for the first time along the north-eastern coast of the Black Sea in July 2001. Since then, it has been observed annually between May and October. A maximum density of Alexandrium spp. of 9 000 cells l(-1) was recorded during August 2004. Examination of the Black Sea Alexandrium spp. by scanning electron microscopy showed both A. tamarense and A. minutum to be present. Monitoring during 2000-2004 included the collection of mussel hepatopancreas samples and subsequent analysis for paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins. A receptor-binding assay showed a maximum value of 14 mu g STXdiHCI equivalents 100g(-1) tissue to correspond to ambient concentrations of A. tamarense of 300 cells l(-1). Analysis of the PSP toxins by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection showed the presence of GTX2, GTX3 and GTX5 in mussel hepatopancreas extracts. PSP in humans has not been reported in the Black Sea region of Russia. Nevertheless, the presence of Alexandrium spp. and of PSP toxins in shellfish are compelling reasons for the introduction of phycotoxin control methods and monitoring in Russian waters. C1 RAS, PP Shirshov Oceanol Inst, Moscow 17851, Russia. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Marine Biotoxins Program, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Ctr Marine Biotechnol, Anapa 353410, Russia. Inst Marine Biosci, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada. RP Vershinin, A (reprint author), RAS, PP Shirshov Oceanol Inst, Nakhimovsky Prospect 36, Moscow 17851, Russia. EM avershinin@mail.ru NR 7 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 3 PU NATL INQUIRY SERVICES CENTRE PTY LTD PI GRAHAMSTOWN PA 19 WORCESTER STREET, PO BOX 377, GRAHAMSTOWN 6140, SOUTH AFRICA SN 1814-232X J9 AFR J MAR SCI JI Afr. J. Mar. Sci. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 28 IS 2 BP 209 EP 213 DI 10.2989/18142320609504149 PG 5 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 091TA UT WOS:000241050000007 ER PT J AU Connell, L Ray, J Litaker, W Tester, P AF Connell, L. Ray, J. Litaker, W. Tester, P. TI Enhanced detection levels in a semi-automated sandwich hybridisation assay using a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) signal probe SO AFRICAN JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Conference on Harmful Algae CY NOV 15-19, 2004 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA DE peptide nucleic acid; PNA; sandwich hybridisation assay ID DINOPHYCEAE AB A peptide nucleic acid (PNA) signal probe was tested as a replacement for a typical DNA oligonucleotide-based signal probe in a semi-automated sandwich hybridisation assay designed to detect the harmful phytoplankton species Alexandrium tamarense. The PNA probe yielded consistently higher fluorescent signal intensities than the DNA-based signal probes without any loss of specificity. A combination of species-specific DNA-based capture probes and more generic PNA signal probes are suggested as an optimal configuration for semi-automated sandwich hybridisation assays, designed to detect harmful algal species. The DNA-based probe provides a cost-effective means of capturing RNA from different species, whereas the more expensive PNA signal probe provides enhanced signal intensity compared with traditional DNA probes. Configuring the PNA signal probe to bind multiple species can facilitate the development of new assays and reduce the per-assay cost of using PNA probes. C1 Univ Maine, Sch Marine Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Saigene Corp, Seattle, WA 98119 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Connell, L (reprint author), Univ Maine, Sch Marine Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. EM Laurie.connell@umit.maine.edu NR 15 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL INQUIRY SERVICES CENTRE PTY LTD PI GRAHAMSTOWN PA 19 WORCESTER STREET, PO BOX 377, GRAHAMSTOWN 6140, SOUTH AFRICA SN 1814-232X J9 AFR J MAR SCI JI Afr. J. Mar. Sci. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 28 IS 2 BP 237 EP 239 DI 10.2989/18142320609504154 PG 3 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 091TA UT WOS:000241050000012 ER PT J AU Tester, PA Kibler, SR Hobson, B Litaker, RW AF Tester, P. A. Kibler, S. R. Hobson, B. Litaker, R. W. TI A test of an autonomous underwater vehicle as a monitoring tool in shallow water SO AFRICAN JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Conference on Harmful Algae CY NOV 15-19, 2004 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA DE AUV; environmental monitoring technology; estuarine phytoplankton; salinity front ID DINOFLAGELLATE HETEROCAPSA-TRIQUETRA; BLOOM; TRANSPORT AB The utility of micro-autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) to detect hydrographic features that concentrate phytoplankton cells was evaluated during a study in a shallow tidal estuary. This study represented the first field test of Ranger(TM), a micro-AUV adapted for environmental applications. Four micro-AUVs were launched from a small vessel anchored in the Newport River, North Carolina, USA, in March 2003. Each AUV was equipped with a CTD sensor to measure depth, conductivity and temperature. They were programmed to operate autonomously in a prescribed area, moving back and forth over a 0.4km path, while undulating from the surface to the bottom for a period of similar to 2.5h. The study tested the ability of AUVs to detect a hydrographic feature (salinity frontal zone) associated with high phytoplankton abundance. In the course of the mission, the four AUVs collected approximately 145 000 discrete CTD measurements, which were used to map the progressive development of a salinity front in the estuary. The front was associated with more than a two-fold increase in phytoplankton fluorescence, illustrating the tight coupling between phytoplankton accumulation and hydrographic forcing in this system. C1 Natl Ocean Serv, Natl Oceanog & Atmospher Adm, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Nekton Res LLC, Durham, NC USA. RP Tester, PA (reprint author), Natl Ocean Serv, Natl Oceanog & Atmospher Adm, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM pat.tester@noaa.gov NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU NATL INQUIRY SERVICES CENTRE PTY LTD PI GRAHAMSTOWN PA 19 WORCESTER STREET, PO BOX 377, GRAHAMSTOWN 6140, SOUTH AFRICA SN 1814-232X J9 AFR J MAR SCI JI Afr. J. Mar. Sci. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 28 IS 2 BP 251 EP 255 DI 10.2989/18142320609504157 PG 5 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 091TA UT WOS:000241050000015 ER PT J AU Adams, NG MacFadyen, A Hickey, BM Trainer, VL AF Adams, N. G. MacFadyen, A. Hickey, B. M. Trainer, V. L. TI The nearshore advection of a toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia bloom and subsequent domoic acid contamination of intertidal bivalves SO AFRICAN JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Conference on Harmful Algae CY NOV 15-19, 2004 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA DE advection; Columbia River; domoic acid; downwelling; Pseudo-nitzschia; upwelling ID WASHINGTON COAST; RAZOR CLAMS; OCEANOGRAPHY AB Along the coast of Washington State, USA, periods of downwelling-favourable winds increase in frequency in late summer and may advect domoic acid (DA)-producing Pseudo-nitzschia to the coast where they toxify coastal razor clams Siliqua patula. During the late summer and early autumn of 2002, measurements of Pseudonitzschia species, particulate DA (pDA) and salinity were made in nearshore waters and at Kalaloch Beach. A shift in the relative abundance of Pseudo-nitzschia species was observed following a storm during 8-10 September. After a second storm during 16-18 September, Pseudo-nitzschia cell numbers and levels of pDA increased in nearshore waters. Salinity measured with moored sensors showed the presence of relatively fresh Columbia River plume water on the inner shelf for several weeks, beginning on 8 September and persisting for approximately eight days after the second storm. During that time, DA in intertidal razor clams accumulated to levels that exceeded the regulatory action limit. This study helps to clarify the complex role of the Columbia River plume in the advection of Pseudo-nitzschia populations to the Washington coast. C1 NOAA Fisheries, Marine Biotoxin Program, Environm Conservat Div, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Adams, NG (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Marine Biotoxin Program, Environm Conservat Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. EM nicolaus.adams@noaa.gov NR 17 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL INQUIRY SERVICES CENTRE PTY LTD PI GRAHAMSTOWN PA 19 WORCESTER STREET, PO BOX 377, GRAHAMSTOWN 6140, SOUTH AFRICA SN 1814-232X J9 AFR J MAR SCI JI Afr. J. Mar. Sci. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 28 IS 2 BP 271 EP 276 DI 10.2989/18142320609504161 PG 6 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 091TA UT WOS:000241050000019 ER PT J AU Dyble, J Tester, PA Litaker, RW AF Dyble, J. Tester, P. A. Litaker, R. W. TI Effects of light intensity on cylindrospermopsin production in the cyanobacterial HAB species Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii SO AFRICAN JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Conference on Harmful Algae CY NOV 15-19, 2004 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA DE cyanobacteria; cylindrospermopsin; Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii; HAB; light ID NORTHERN AUSTRALIA; GROWTH; CYANOPHYCEAE; NOSTOCALES; TEMPERATURE; MICROCYSTIS; AERUGINOSA; RESERVOIR; STRAINS; RATES AB The role of light intensity on growth and the production of the hepatotoxin cylindrospermopsin (CYN) in the cyanobacterial harmful algal bloom species Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii was investigated using cultured isolates grown in N-free media under a series of neutral density screens. Maximum growth as indicated by chlorophyll a concentrations was measured at 75 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1), whereas maximum intracellular and extracellular CYN concentrations occurred in cultures grown under the highest light intensity (140 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1)). During exponential growth phase, N-limited C. raciborskii cultures grown under light intensities of 18-75 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1) exhibited a strong linear relationship between light intensity and both intracellular and extracellular CYN concentrations. Extracellular CYN concentrations increased significantly as the culture moved from log to stationary growth phase. These results indicate that the highest intracellular toxin concentrations in the field are likely to occur in C. raciborskii populations that have been actively growing at light intensities of 75-150 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1) for more than two weeks, and that peak soluble toxin levels will be found at the end of a bloom. C1 NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Dyble, J (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM juli.dyble@noaa.gov NR 16 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 6 PU NATL INQUIRY SERVICES CENTRE PTY LTD PI GRAHAMSTOWN PA 19 WORCESTER STREET, PO BOX 377, GRAHAMSTOWN 6140, SOUTH AFRICA SN 1814-232X J9 AFR J MAR SCI JI Afr. J. Mar. Sci. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 28 IS 2 BP 309 EP 312 DI 10.2989/18142320609504168 PG 4 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 091TA UT WOS:000241050000026 ER PT J AU Shea, D Tester, P Cohen, J Kibler, S Varnam, S AF Shea, D. Tester, P. Cohen, J. Kibler, S. Varnam, S. TI Accumulation of brevetoxins by passive sampling devices SO AFRICAN JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Conference on Harmful Algae CY NOV 15-19, 2004 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA DE brevetoxins; exposure; harmful algal bloom; monitoring; passive sampling devices; red tide ID SEMIPERMEABLE-MEMBRANE DEVICES; FISH AB We report on initial investigations into the use of polymer-based passive sampling devices for the chronic time-integrated measure of brevetoxins in natural waters. Polyethylene membranes readily accumulated brevetoxins, but reached steady state within a few days, likely owing to surface saturation on the polyethylene membrane and steric hinderance of movement of the large brevetoxins through the membrane. In contrast, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) exhibited no apparent steric hindrance and followed linear uptake kinetics of brevetoxins for at least two weeks. The PDMS membranes show excellent promise as a passive sampling device for the measurement of chronic exposure to brevetoxins in nature. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Environm & Mol Toxicol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Ctr Marine Sci & Technol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Natl Ocean Serv, Beaufort, NC USA. Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm, Marine Lab, Beaufort, NC USA. RP Shea, D (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Environm & Mol Toxicol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM d_shea@ncsu.edu NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 2 PU NATL INQUIRY SERVICES CENTRE PTY LTD PI GRAHAMSTOWN PA 19 WORCESTER STREET, PO BOX 377, GRAHAMSTOWN 6140, SOUTH AFRICA SN 1814-232X J9 AFR J MAR SCI JI Afr. J. Mar. Sci. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 28 IS 2 BP 379 EP 381 DI 10.2989/18142320609504182 PG 3 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 091TA UT WOS:000241050000040 ER PT J AU Baugh, KA Bush, JM Bill, BD Lefebvre, KA Trainer, VL AF Baugh, K. A. Bush, J. M. Bill, B. D. Lefebvre, K. A. Trainer, V. L. TI Estimates of specific toxicity in several Pseudo-nitzschia species from the Washington coast, based on culture and field studies SO AFRICAN JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Conference on Harmful Algae CY NOV 15-19, 2004 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA DE domoic acid; Pseudo-nitzschia ID DOMOIC ACID PRODUCTION AB To gain an understanding of the species of Pseudonitzschia that are the major toxin producers in the Pacific Northwest, representative isolates from the Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms in the Pacific Northwest (ECOHAB-PNW) study site were grown as clonal cultures. Both particulate and dissolved domoic acid (DA) were measured at various stages of growth using a receptor-binding assay and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay respectively, and compared to toxin data obtained during a cruise in September 2003. A clonal P. multiseries culture isolated from a northern beach site contained the highest particulate DA (pDA) level of 70.4nmol l(-1) and released the highest amount of dissolved DA (dDA, > 5nmol l(-1)), illustrating the potential for this species to cause harm. A clonal P. australis isolate also produced relatively high levels of pDA (3.2nmol l(-1)) and dDA (4.3nmol l(-1)), whereas P delicatissima, P. cf. pseudodelicatissima, P pungens and P. fraudulenta produced low or undetectable levels of pDA and dDA. These culture studies suggest that the dDA levels of up to 17.6nmol l(-1) measured during September 2003 were owing to toxin produced and released primarily by P. australis cells. It is estimated that the maximum specific toxicity reached by P. australis at a toxic 'hot spot' off the Washington coast in mid-September 2003 was 94.4pg cell(-1). C1 NOAA Fisheries, Marine Biotoxin Program, Environm Conservat Div, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. RP Baugh, KA (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Marine Biotoxin Program, Environm Conservat Div, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. EM keri.baugh@noaa.gov NR 6 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 7 PU NATL INQUIRY SERVICES CENTRE PTY LTD PI GRAHAMSTOWN PA 19 WORCESTER STREET, PO BOX 377, GRAHAMSTOWN 6140, SOUTH AFRICA SN 1814-232X J9 AFR J MAR SCI JI Afr. J. Mar. Sci. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 28 IS 2 BP 403 EP 407 DI 10.2989/18142320609504187 PG 5 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 091TA UT WOS:000241050000045 ER PT J AU Bill, BD Cox, FH Horner, RA Borchert, JA Trainer, VL AF Bill, B. D. Cox, F. H. Horner, R. A. Borchert, J. A. Trainer, V. L. TI The first closure of shellfish harvesting due to domoic acid in Puget Sound, Washington, USA SO AFRICAN JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Conference on Harmful Algae CY NOV 15-19, 2004 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA DE domoic acid; Mytilus edulis; Pseudo-nitzschia australis; Puget sound; Washington State ID COAST AB The first domoic acid (DA)-related closure of shellfish harvesting in Puget Sound, Washington, USA, occurred in early September 2003 owing to a DA concentration of 29ppm measured in blue mussels Mytilus edulis from Fort Flagler, Kilisut Harbor. Subsequent beach and shipboard sampling in the area revealed a nearly monospecific bloom of the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis. DA was detected in several shellfish species over a 80km(2) area from 2 September through 22 October 2003. Concentrations of Pseudo-nitzschia up to 2.9 x 10(6) cells l(-1) and particulate DA up to 4.6 X 10(3)ng l(-1) were measured. Since the early 1990s, blooms containing multiple Pseudo-nitzschia species have been observed in Puget Sound and low levels of DA have been detected in shellfish, but highly toxic, nearly monospecific blooms had not been observed. We speculate that a more toxic 'oceanic' strain may recently have been advected from the Pacific Ocean or that local environmental conditions at the time of this bloom were more conducive to toxin production. C1 NOAA Fisheries, Marine Biotoxin Program, Environm Conservat Div, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. Washington State Dept Hlth, Food Safety & Shellfish Program, Olympia, WA 98504 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Bill, BD (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Marine Biotoxin Program, Environm Conservat Div, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. EM brian.d.bill@noaa.gov NR 15 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 9 PU NATL INQUIRY SERVICES CENTRE PTY LTD PI GRAHAMSTOWN PA 19 WORCESTER STREET, PO BOX 377, GRAHAMSTOWN 6140, SOUTH AFRICA SN 1814-232X J9 AFR J MAR SCI JI Afr. J. Mar. Sci. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 28 IS 2 BP 435 EP 440 DI 10.2989/18142320609504193 PG 6 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 091TA UT WOS:000241050000051 ER PT J AU Vroom, PS Page, KN Kenyon, JC Brainard, RE AF Vroom, Peter S. Page, Kimberly N. Kenyon, Jean C. Brainard, Russell E. TI Algae-dominated reefs SO AMERICAN SCIENTIST LA English DT Article ID NORTHWESTERN HAWAIIAN-ISLANDS; FRENCH FRIGATE SHOALS; ASSEMBLAGES C1 NOAA, Coral Reef Ecosoyst Div, Fisheries Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Bot, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Vroom, PS (reprint author), NOAA, Coral Reef Ecosoyst Div, Fisheries Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, 1125 B Ala Moana Blvd, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. EM pvroom@mail.nmfs.hawaii.edu NR 10 TC 30 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 10 PU SIGMA XI-SCI RES SOC PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 13975, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA SN 0003-0996 J9 AM SCI JI Am. Scientist PD SEP-OCT PY 2006 VL 94 IS 5 BP 430 EP 437 DI 10.1511/2006.61.1004 PG 8 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 074LU UT WOS:000239814500021 ER PT J AU Skov, H Brooks, SB Goodsite, ME Lindberg, SE Meyers, TP Landis, MS Larsen, MRB Jensen, B McConville, G Christensen, J AF Skov, Henrik Brooks, Steven B. Goodsite, Michael E. Lindberg, Steve E. Meyers, Tilden P. Landis, Matthew S. Larsen, Michael R. B. Jensen, Bjarne McConville, Glen Christensen, Jesper TI Fluxes of reactive gaseous mercury measured with a newly developed method using relaxed eddy accumulation SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Arctic; atmospheric mercury depletion episodes; conditional sampling; deposition; reactive gaseous mercury; emission; micrometeorology; snow-air exchange ID ATMOSPHERIC MERCURY; SPRINGTIME DEPLETION; POLAR SUNRISE; ARCTIC TROPOSPHERE; DYNAMIC OXIDATION; INTERSTITIAL AIR; STATION-NORD; SNOW; OZONE; SPECIATION AB There is a qualitative understanding that gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) is oxidized during Arctic spring to reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) that afterwards is removed by fast deposition to snow surfaces. The conditional sampling or relaxed eddy accumulation (REA), technique represents the first opportunity to directly measure fluxes of reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) to the snow pack in the Arctic. Using a micrometeorological method REA system, with a heated sampling system specifically designed for Arctic use, the dry deposition of RGM is measured after polar sunrise, in Barrow, Alaska. Heated KCl-coated manual RGM annular denuders were used as the accumulators with an inlet allowing only fine particles to pass (Cut off diameter 2.5 mu m). At 3 in above the snow pack significant RGM fluxes were measured each spring in 2001-2004. Both depositions and emissions were observed. The emissions were attributed to chemical formation of RGM at or near the snow surface. The surface resistance, R-c, for RGM was found to be very small and set to zero as a first estimate. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Environm Res Inst, Roskilde 4000, Denmark. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NOAA, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Data Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Skov, H (reprint author), Natl Environm Res Inst, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark. EM hsk@dmu.dk RI Goodsite, Michael/B-7321-2012; Landis, Matthew/P-5149-2014; Meyers, Tilden/C-6633-2016; Christensen, Jesper /E-9524-2011 OI Goodsite, Michael/0000-0002-4565-6607; Landis, Matthew/0000-0002-8742-496X; Skov, Henrik/0000-0003-1167-8696; Christensen, Jesper /0000-0002-6741-5839 NR 31 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 40 IS 28 BP 5452 EP 5463 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.04.061 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 088DE UT WOS:000240790900010 ER PT J AU Lelieveld, J Brenninkmeijer, CAM Joeckel, P Isaksen, ISA Krol, MC Mak, JE Dlugokencky, E Montzka, SA Novelli, PC Peters, W Tans, PP AF Lelieveld, J. Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M. Joeckel, P. Isaksen, I. S. A. Krol, M. C. Mak, J. E. Dlugokencky, E. Montzka, S. A. Novelli, P. C. Peters, W. Tans, P. P. TI New Directions: Watching over tropospheric hydroxyl (OH) SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article C1 Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. Univ Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway. SRON, NL-3584 CA Utrecht, Netherlands. SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Lelieveld, J (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. EM lelieveld@vw.mpch-mainz.mpg.de RI Jockel, Patrick/C-3687-2009; Krol, Maarten/B-3597-2010; Peters, Wouter/B-8305-2008; Brenninkmeijer, Carl/B-6860-2013; Krol, Maarten/E-3414-2013; Lelieveld, Johannes/A-1986-2013; OI Jockel, Patrick/0000-0002-8964-1394; Peters, Wouter/0000-0001-8166-2070; Montzka, Stephen/0000-0002-9396-0400 NR 0 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 40 IS 29 BP 5741 EP 5743 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.04.008 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 084HS UT WOS:000240524600019 ER PT J AU Myles, L Meyers, TP Robinson, L AF Myles, LaToya Meyers, Tilden P. Robinson, Larry TI Atmospheric ammonia measurement with an ion mobility spectrometer SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE ion mobility spectrometry; ammonia; Tampa AB An ion mobility spectrometry system was deployed during a field experiment to measure ambient ammonia (NH3). A dual-cell AirSentry ion mobility spectrometer (ASIMS) was utilized to measure ambient NH3 in suburban Tampa, FL from 1 to 16 October 2003. Statistical analysis of half-hourly averaged data showed that the concentration distribution was bimodal. The vicinity of the first mode of the data set had a mean and standard error of 1.4 +/- 0.1 ppb, which was ascribed to background levels of NH3, while the mean concentration of the second mode, 3.5 +/- 0.1 ppb, probably represented the contribution from local emission sources. Joint frequency distributions of NH3 concentration and 16 wind direction sectors were developed into pollution roses. The largest joint frequency values were from the NNW through NE sectors as well as the SW and SE sectors. Spikes in NH3 concentrations were observed in winds emanating from the N, NNE, S, and NW sectors. A comparison of a cumulative pollution rose and a map of known NH3 emitters in the vicinity of the sampling site showed a direct relationship between winds emanating from the sectors where fertilizer manufacturing facilities were located and high NH3 concentrations. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. Florida A&M Univ, Inst Environm Sci, Tallahassee, FL 32307 USA. RP Myles, L (reprint author), NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, 456 S Illinois Ave, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. EM LaToya.Myles@noaa.gov RI Myles, LaToya/Q-2470-2015; Meyers, Tilden/C-6633-2016 NR 14 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 40 IS 30 BP 5745 EP 5752 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.05.018 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 094CS UT WOS:000241217500001 ER PT J AU Le Marshall, J Jung, J Zapotocny, T Derber, J Treadon, R Lord, S Goldberg, M Wolf, W AF Le Marshall, J. Jung, J. Zapotocny, T. Derber, J. Treadon, R. Lord, S. Goldberg, M. Wolf, W. TI The application of AIRS radiances in numerical weather prediction SO AUSTRALIAN METEOROLOGICAL MAGAZINE LA English DT Article C1 NASA NOAA & DoD Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimila, Camp Springs, MD 20748 USA. RP Le Marshall, J (reprint author), NASA NOAA & DoD Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimila, Camp Springs, MD 20748 USA. RI Goldberg, Mitch/F-5589-2010; Wolf, Walter/E-7935-2011 OI Wolf, Walter/0000-0002-2102-8833 NR 10 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU AUSTRALIAN GOVT PUBL SERV PI CANBERRA PA PO BOX 84, CANBERRA, 2601, AUSTRALIA SN 0004-9743 J9 AUST METEOROL MAG JI Aust. Meteorol. Mag. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 55 IS 3 BP 213 EP 217 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 123ZO UT WOS:000243336600004 ER PT J AU Hammouda, B Worcestery, D AF Hammouda, Boualem Worcestery, David TI The denaturation transition of DNA in mixed solvents SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID HELIX-COIL EQUILIBRIA; NUCLEIC-ACIDS; CHAINS; PREDICTION; STABILITY; MOLECULES; HYDRATION AB The helix-to-coil denaturation transition in DNA has been investigated in mixed solvents at high concentration using ultraviolet light absorption spectroscopy and small-angle neutron scattering. Two solvents have been used: water and ethylene glycol. The "melting'' transition temperature was found to be 94 degrees C for 4% mass fraction DNA/d-water and 38 degrees C for 4% mass fraction DNA/d-ethylene glycol. The DNA melting transition temperature was found to vary linearly with the solvent fraction in the mixed solvents case. Deuterated solvents (d-water and d-ethylene glycol) were used to enhance the small-angle neutron scattering signal and 0.1M NaCl (or 0.0058 g/g mass fraction) salt concentration was added to screen charge interactions in all cases. DNA structural information was obtained by small-angle neutron scattering, including a correlation length characteristic of the inter-distance between the hydrogen-containing (desoxyribose sugar-amine base) groups. This correlation length was found to increase from 8.5 to 12.3 angstrom across the melting transition. Ethylene glycol and water mixed solvents were found to mix randomly in the solvation region in the helix phase, but nonideal solvent mixing was found in the melted coil phase. In the coil phase, solvent mixtures are more effective solvating agents than either of the individual solvents. Once melted, DNA coils behave like swollen water-soluble synthetic polymer chains. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Cold Neutrons Biol & Technol Project, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Irvine, CA 92717 USA. Univ Missouri, Div Biol, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Hammouda, B (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM hammouda@nist.gov FU NCRR NIH HHS [1R01 RR 14812, R01 RR014812] NR 23 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 11 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 91 IS 6 BP 2237 EP 2242 DI 10.1529/biophysj.106.083691 PG 6 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 078US UT WOS:000240130500028 PM 16815902 ER PT J AU Kim, SW Park, SU Pino, D de Arellano, JVG AF Kim, Si-Wan Park, Soon-Ung Pino, David Vila-Guerau de Arellano, Jordi TI Parameterization of entrainment in a sheared convective boundary layer using a first-order jump model SO BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE entrainment heat flux; first-order jump model; inversion layer depth; large-eddy simulation; sheared convective boundary layer ID LARGE-EDDY-SIMULATION; CAPPING INVERSION STRUCTURE; MIXED-LAYER; WIND SHEAR; DYNAMICS; GROWTH; FLOWS; TURBULENCE; EQUATIONS; ENERGY AB Basic entrainment equations applicable to the sheared convective boundary layer (CBL) are derived by assuming an inversion layer with a finite depth, i.e., the first-order jump model. Large-eddy simulation data are used to determine the constants involved in the parameterizations of the entrainment equations. Based on the integrated turbulent kinetic energy budget from surface to the top of the CBL, the resulting entrainment heat flux normalized by surface heat flux is a function of the inversion layer depth, the velocity jumps across the inversion layer, the friction velocity, and the convection velocity. The developed first-order jump model is tested against large-eddy simulation data of two independent cases with different inversion strengths. In both cases, the model reproduces quite reasonably the evolution of the CBL height, virtual potential temperature, and velocity components in the mixed layer and in the inversion layer. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Seoul, South Korea. Tech Univ Catalonia, Dept Appl Phys, Barcelona, Spain. Inst Space Studies Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain. Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Meterol & Air Qual Sect, Wageningen, Netherlands. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Kim, SW (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325,Broadway,R-CSD4, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM siwan.kim@noaa.gov RI Vila, Jordi /B-4538-2010; Kim, Si-Wan/I-3979-2013; Pino, David/F-7940-2014 OI Kim, Si-Wan/0000-0002-7889-189X; Pino, David/0000-0002-4512-0175 NR 33 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-8314 J9 BOUND-LAY METEOROL JI Bound.-Layer Meteor. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 120 IS 3 BP 455 EP 475 DI 10.1007/s10546-006-9067-3 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 082BP UT WOS:000240361800005 ER PT J AU Persily, AK Gorfain, J Brunner, G AF Persily, Andrew K. Gorfain, Josh Brunner, Greg TI Survey of ventilation rates in office buildings SO BUILDING RESEARCH AND INFORMATION LA English DT Article DE carbon dioxide; database; measurement; office buildings; ventilation; US AB Building ventilation is a primary determinant of indoor air quality in buildings as it impacts indoor contaminant concentrations and occupant comfort. However, relatively few measurements of office building ventilation performance have been conducted, and those data that exist generally have not employed consistent measurement methods and have not involved representative collections of buildings. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Building Assessment Survey and Evaluation (BASE) study involved indoor environmental measurements, including ventilation, in 100 US office buildings using a standardized protocol. This paper presents an analysis of the measured outdoor air ventilation rates, including comparisons with the requirements in the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard 62-2001 (2001). The outdoor ventilation rates measured using duct traverses at the air handler intakes are higher than might be expected, with a mean value of about 55 litres/second (1/s) per person. However, these elevated values are not so unexpected given the low occupant density (mean of about four persons per 100 m(2)) and the high outdoor air fractions (mean of about 35%). Air change rates based on peak carbon dioxide concentrations in the space are lower than the volumetric values with a mean of about 20 1/s per person. Questions exist regarding these peak carbon dioxide values based on the assumptions on which the determinations are based. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. US EPA, Off Radiat & Indoor Air, Indoor Environm Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Persily, AK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM andyp@nist.gov; brunner.gregory@epa.gov NR 10 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 10 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0961-3218 J9 BUILD RES INF JI Build. Res. Informat. PD SEP-OCT PY 2006 VL 34 IS 5 BP 459 EP 466 DI 10.1080/09613210600809128 PG 8 WC Construction & Building Technology SC Construction & Building Technology GA 096NH UT WOS:000241383600004 ER PT J AU Lee, TN Johns, E Melo, N Smith, RH Ortner, P Smith, D AF Lee, Thomas N. Johns, Elizabeth Melo, Nelson Smith, Ryan H. Ortner, Peter Smith, Dewitt TI On Florida Bay hypersalinity and water exchange SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID TIDAL CHANNELS; KEYS; VARIABILITY; TRANSPORT; USA AB Florida Bay is made up of a collection of shallow basins separated by mud banks and mangrove islands situated between the Florida mainland and the Florida Keys. The bay is located downstream of the Everglades discharge that has been altered over the past century due to South Florida land use practices, leading to reduced water delivery to Florida Bay and elevated salinities. The reduced freshwater flow has had the strongest impacts in the north-central region of the bay, in the vicinity of Whipray basin (WB), where extreme hypersalinity can develop along with degradation of water quality and seagrass die-off. We use direct measurement of water exchange between Whipray and surrounding regions for dry and wet seasons of 2001 together with detailed salinity surveys, sea level measurements, and freshwater flux estimates to evaluate water and salt balances, and to estimate basin water renewal rates and residence times. Water renewal of WB is strongly regulated by local wind forcing. Winds toward the east from the passage of cold fronts during the winter/spring dry season resulted in a mean eastward flow through Whipray of 11 m(3) s(-1), with inflows over the wide western mud banks, and outflows through the eastern and southern channels. Conversely, winds toward the southwest and west typical of the summer/fall wet season produced a mean throughflow of 3 m(3) s(-1), with inflows through the eastern channels and outflows over the western banks. The time required for complete renewal of WB waters is estimated at 6-12 mo. Water balances are used to estimate a weak seasonal average groundwater input to Whipray of 1.7 m(3) s(-1) during the dry season and a negative groundwater flow or downwelling of -4.7 m(3) s(-1) for the wet season. Hypersalinity development was found to be caused by the combination of reduced freshwater inputs during the dry season combined with weak basin water renewal rates. Hypersalinity development could be greatly reduced by diversion of freshwater to WB via McCormick Creek during dry seasons. C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. ENP, Homestead, FL 33034 USA. RP Lee, TN (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM tlee@rsmas.miami.edu RI Melo, Nelson/A-5983-2011; Johns, Elizabeth/I-3547-2013; Smith, Ryan/A-5706-2011 OI Melo, Nelson/0000-0001-7563-5420; Johns, Elizabeth/0000-0002-2181-5052; Smith, Ryan/0000-0001-9824-6989 NR 26 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 9 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 79 IS 2 BP 301 EP 327 PG 27 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 097JM UT WOS:000241443500005 ER PT J AU Shapiro, AC Rohmann, SO AF Shapiro, Aurelie C. Rohmann, Steven O. TI Mapping changes in submerged aquatic vegetation using Landsat imagery and benthic habitat data: Coral reef ecosystem monitoring in Vieques Sound between 1985 and 2000 SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL COASTAL RESOURCES; BOTTOM-TYPES; SYRINGODIUM-FILIFORME; SEAGRASS MEADOWS; THEMATIC MAPPER; ETM+; MANAGEMENT; DISPERSAL; ISLANDS; IKONOS AB Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) imagery for eastern Puerto Rico, collected January of 1985 and March of 2000, was used to perform a multi-temporal classification technique to identify and quantify the dynamics of submerged aquatic vegetation (seagrass and macroalgae) in a study area located in Vieques Sound, off the east coast of Puerto Rico. This change detection was validated using benthic habitat maps of the area created from 1999 aerial photography, and then contextually edited to map different types of change occurring within the study period, including recent sedimentation, changes in seagrass patchiness, and macroalgal cover. The results show that the distribution of seagrass meadows and macroalgae were expanding more than decreasing in the study area between 1985 and 2000. Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) growth was mainly occurring in deeper waters, whereas shallower seagrass meadows along the north shore of Vieques became increasingly patchy. This analysis demonstrates that the dynamic nature of seagrass meadows and macroalgae in the Vieques Sound can be assessed accurately and efficiently by satellite imagery. The ability to map and identify changes in extent of SAV is important coral reef ecosystem monitoring and targeting of vulnerable and affected areas for more specific research and further study. C1 NOAA, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Shapiro, AC (reprint author), NOAA, 1305 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM Aurelie.shapiro@noaa.gov NR 32 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 13 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 79 IS 2 BP 375 EP 388 PG 14 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 097JM UT WOS:000241443500010 ER PT J AU Kendall, MS Eschelbach, KA AF Kendall, Matthew S. Eschelbach, Katherine A. TI Spatial analysis of the benthic habitats within the limited-use zones around Vieques, Puerto Rico SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FISH AB We used a geographic information system (GIS) to analyze overlap between two preexisting spatial datasets, benthic habitat maps and marine zoning boundaries, to provide a spatial inventory of the benthic habitats around Vieques Island, Puerto Rico. We calculated the length of shoreline, area, and diversity of bottom habitats within and outside of the three limited-use areas offshore to a distance of 3 nmi around Vieques. Of note, 95% of the shoreline of Vieques, 100% of the mangroves and mud bottom, 96% of the macroalgae, nearly half of the coral reef/hard bottom, and higher diversity of benthic habitats were within the limited-use areas. The distribution of these features is the combined result of the island's geological, ecological, oceanographic, and ownership history. C1 NOAA, NOS Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Biogeog Team NSCI1, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Kendall, MS (reprint author), NOAA, NOS Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Biogeog Team NSCI1, 1305 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM matt.kendall@noaa.gov NR 17 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 79 IS 2 BP 389 EP 400 PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 097JM UT WOS:000241443500011 ER PT J AU Velden, C Harper, B Wells, F Beven, JL Ehr, R Olander, T Mayfield, M Guard, CC Lander, M Edson, R Avila, L Burton, A Turk, M Caroff, A Christian, A Caroff, P McCrone, P AF Velden, Christopher Harper, Bruce Wells, Frank Beven, John L., II ehr, Ray Olander, Timothy Mayfield, Max Guard, Charles Chip Lander, Mark Edson, Roger Avila, Lixion Burton, Andrew Turk, Mike Caroff, Akihiro Christian, Adam Caroff, Philippe McCrone, Paul TI The Dvorak tropical cyclone intensity estimation technique SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SATELLITE PICTURES; WIND SPEEDS; IMAGERY; AMSU C1 Univ Wisconsin, CIMSS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Syst Engn Australia, Brisbane, Qld, Australia. NOAA, Trop Predict Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA, NWSFO, Ft Collins, CO USA. Univ Guam, Mangilao, GU 96923 USA. Bur Meteorol, Perth, WA, Australia. NOAA, NESDIS, Satellite Anal Branch, Washington, DC 20233 USA. Meteo France, RSMC La Reunion, La Reunion, France. Japan Meteorol Agcy, Typhoon Ctr, RMSC Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. Joint Typhoon Warning Ctr, Honolulu, HI USA. USAF, Weather Agcy, Omaha, NE USA. RP Velden, C (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, CIMSS, 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM chrisv@ssec.wisc.edu NR 44 TC 114 Z9 117 U1 2 U2 14 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 87 IS 9 BP 1195 EP 1210 DI 10.1175/BAMS-87-9-1195 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 089UY UT WOS:000240908000015 ER PT J AU Pugh, RS Ellisor, MB Moors, AJ Porter, BJ Becker, PR Wise, SA AF Pugh, Rebecca S. Ellisor, Michael B. Moors, Amanda J. Porter, Barbara J. Becker, Paul R. Wise, Stephen A. TI New projects of the Marine Environmental Specimen Bank, Charleston, South Carolina SO CELL PRESERVATION TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 1538-344X J9 CELL PRESERV TECHNOL JI Cell Preserv. Technol. PD FAL PY 2006 VL 4 IS 3 MA 36 BP 228 EP 228 PG 1 WC Cell Biology; Medical Laboratory Technology SC Cell Biology; Medical Laboratory Technology GA 106OE UT WOS:000242109500044 ER PT J AU Erdogan, ST Quiroga, PN Fowler, DW Saleh, HA Livingston, RA Garboczi, EJ Ketcham, PM Hagedorn, JG Satterfield, SG AF Erdogan, S. T. Quiroga, P. N. Fowler, D. W. Saleh, H. A. Livingston, R. A. Garboczi, E. J. Ketcham, P. M. Hagedorn, J. G. Satterfield, S. G. TI Three-dimensional shape analysis of coarse aggregates: New techniques for and preliminary results on several different coarse aggregates and reference rocks SO CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE image and shape analysis; aggregate; composite; Modeling ID PARTICLES AB The shape of aggregates used in concrete is an important parameter that helps determine many concrete properties, especially the theology of fresh concrete and early-age mechanical properties. This paper discusses the sample preparation and image analysis techniques necessary for obtaining an aggregate particle image in 3-D, using X-ray computed tomography, which is then suitable for spherical harmonic analysis. The shapes of three reference rocks are analyzed for uncertainty determination via direct comparison to the geometry of their reconstructed images. A Virtual Reality Modeling Language technique is demonstrated that can give quick and accurate 3-D views of aggregates. Shape data on several different kinds of coarse aggregates are compared and used to illustrate potential mathematical shape analyses made possible by the spherical harmonic information. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Civil Engn, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Fed Highway Adm, Turner Fairbank Res Ctr, Mclean, VA 22101 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Garboczi, EJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM edward.garboczi@nist.gov RI Chen, Wei/A-5694-2010; Erdogan, Sinan/I-4880-2012 NR 22 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 19 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0008-8846 J9 CEMENT CONCRETE RES JI Cem. Concr. Res. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 36 IS 9 BP 1619 EP 1627 DI 10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.04.003 PG 9 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science GA 093ZI UT WOS:000241208400006 ER PT J AU Rinke, A Dethloff, K Cassano, JJ Christensen, JH Curry, JA Du, P Girard, E Haugen, JE Jacob, D Jones, CG Koltzow, M Laprise, R Lynch, AH Pfeifer, S Serreze, MC Shaw, MJ Tjernstrom, M Wyser, K Zagar, M AF Rinke, A. Dethloff, K. Cassano, J. J. Christensen, J. H. Curry, J. A. Du, P. Girard, E. Haugen, J. -E. Jacob, D. Jones, C. G. Koltzow, M. Laprise, R. Lynch, A. H. Pfeifer, S. Serreze, M. C. Shaw, M. J. Tjernstrom, M. Wyser, K. Zagar, M. TI Evaluation of an ensemble of Arctic regional climate models: spatiotemporal fields during the SHEBA year (vol 26, pg 459, 2006) SO CLIMATE DYNAMICS LA English DT Correction C1 Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Danish Inst Fundamental Metrol, Copenhagen, Denmark. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Univ Quebec, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Montreal, PQ H3C 3P8, Canada. RP Rinke, A (reprint author), Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, Telegrafenberg A43, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. EM arinke@awi-potsdam.de RI Dethloff, Klaus/B-4879-2014; Christensen, Jens/C-4162-2013; OI Christensen, Jens/0000-0002-9908-8203; Rinke, Annette/0000-0002-6685-9219 NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0930-7575 J9 CLIM DYNAM JI Clim. Dyn. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 27 IS 4 BP 433 EP 435 DI 10.1007/s00382-006-0157-1 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 061BY UT WOS:000238847400007 ER PT J AU Barker, PE Wagner, PD Stein, SE Bunk, DM Srivastava, S Omenn, GS AF Barker, Peter E. Wagner, Paul D. Stein, Stephen E. Bunk, David M. Srivastava, Sudhir Omenn, Gilbert S. TI Standards for plasma and serum proteomics in early cancer detection: A needs assessment report from the National Institute of Standards and Technology-National Cancer Institute Standards, Methods, Assays, Reagents and Technologies Workshop, August 18-19, 2005 SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID MASS-SPECTROMETRY DATA; REFERENCE SPECIMENS; PROTEIN IDENTIFICATION; PILOT PHASE; PROJECT; PEPTIDE; COLLECTION; SPECTRA AB NIST and the National Cancer Institute cosponsored a workshop on August 18-19, 2005, to examine needs for reference materials for early cancer detection. This meeting focused on standards, methods, assays, reagents, and technologies. Needs for plasma and serum proteomics, DNA methylation, and specimen reference collections were discussed, and recommendations from participants were solicited. This report summarizes the discussion and recommendations for proteomics reference materials. (c) 2006 American Association for Clinical Chemistry C1 NIST, NCI, Canc Biomarker Reference Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Mass Spectrometry Data Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Analyt Chem Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NCI, Canc Biomarkers Res Grp, Div Canc Prevent, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ Michigan, Ctr Biomed Proteom, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Ctr Computat Med & Biol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Barker, PE (reprint author), NIST, NCI, Canc Biomarker Reference Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM peter.barker@nist.gov FU NIDA NIH HHS [U54DA021519] NR 30 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 EI 1530-8561 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 52 IS 9 BP 1669 EP 1674 DI 10.1373/clinchem.200.067249 PG 6 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 080XV UT WOS:000240282700009 PM 16840585 ER PT J AU Christenson, RH Duh, SH Apple, FS Bodor, GS Bunk, DM Panteghini, M Welch, MJ Wu, AHB Kahn, SE AF Christenson, Robert H. Duh, Show Hong Apple, Fred S. Bodor, Geza S. Bunk, David M. Panteghini, Mauro Welch, Michael J. Wu, Alan H. B. Kahn, Stephen E. CA AACCCTI Standardization Comm TI Toward standardization of cardiac troponin I measurements part II: Assessing commutability of candidate reference materials and harmonization of cardiac troponin I assays SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES; ACUTE MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; UNSTABLE ANGINA; SERUM; IMMUNOASSAYS; METAANALYSIS; COMMITTEE; COLLEGE; BENEFIT AB Background: Cardiac tropoin I (cTnI) measurements show an similar to 20- to 40-fold difference between assays, and better standardization and harmonization are needed. Toward this goal, the AACC cTnI Standardization Committee collaborated with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in an earlier study to select 2 candidate reference materials (cRMs). Methods: Two troponin cRMs, a troponin C-troponin I-troponin T (CIT) complex from human heart tissue and a CIT complex from recombinant technology, were supplied to NIST for assessment of composition and purity, and cTnI value assignment. These cRMs and 6 cTnI-positive human serum pools were shipped to manufacturers of 15 cTnI assays. Commutability of the materials was examined by determining the numerical relationship for the cRM preparations between each manufacturer-specified field method and each of the other 14 field methods. These relationships were then compared with the corresponding numerical relationships for the human serum pools. Harmonization of methods was accomplished by determining regression parameters relative to the analytical system yielding values closest to the median for each serum pool. These regression parameters were used to recalculate pool values to harmonize the assays. Interassay CVs before and after harmonization were determined. Results: Characterization of the CIT and CI cRMs showed that these materials were of specified composition. The proportion of cTnI methods that demonstrated commutability for the CIT cRM was 45%; for the CI cRM, 39% of methods demonstrated commutability. Interassay cTnI variability for the field methods ranged from 82% to 97%, median 88%. After harmonization, variability of the serum pools for the cTnI methods was decreased to between 9.0% and 23%, median 15.5%. Conclusions: The proportion of methods demonstrating commutability was too low for use as a common calibrator for the cTnI field methods. However a simple strategy using serum pools can improve harmonization of field cTnI methods by more than 5-fold. The CIT cRM was selected by the AACC cTnI standardization committee, and a new lot has been classified as the cTnI certified reference material Standard Reference Material 2921 by NIST. (c) 2006 American Association for Clinical Chemistry C1 Univ Maryland, Med Ctr, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Hennepin Cty Med Ctr, Dept Lab Med & Pathol, Minneapolis, MN 55415 USA. Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Denver Hlth Med Ctr, Denver, CO USA. NIST, Analyt Chem Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Milan, Dipartimento Sci Clin Luigi Sacco, Milan, Italy. Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Loyola Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Maywood, IL 60153 USA. Loyola Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Cell Biol, Maywood, IL 60153 USA. Loyola Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Neurobiol & Anat, Maywood, IL 60153 USA. RP Christenson, RH (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Med Ctr, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, 22 S Greene St, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. EM rchristenson@umm.edu NR 25 TC 48 Z9 56 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 52 IS 9 BP 1685 EP 1692 DI 10.1373/068437 PG 8 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 080XV UT WOS:000240282700012 PM 16858078 ER PT J AU Sullivan, MC Cowen, RK Able, KW Fahay, MP AF Sullivan, Mark C. Cowen, Robert K. Able, Kenneth W. Fahay, Michael P. TI Applying the basin model: Assessing habitat suitability of young-of-the-year demersal fishes on the New York Bight continental shelf SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE habitat; recruitment; young-of-the-year; submersible; continental shelf; USA; Northwest Atlantic; New York Bight ID FLOUNDER LIMANDA-FERRUGINEA; MIDDLE ATLANTIC BIGHT; NURSERY HABITAT; SETTLEMENT; GROWTH; RECRUITMENT; FLATFISH; SIZE; POPULATION; MORTALITY AB The extent to which young-of-the-year (YOY) fish habitats become saturated with new recruits has remained relatively unevaluated for temperate, demersal, continental shelf fishes. MacCall's [1990. Dynamic Geography of Marine Fish Populations. Washington Sea Grant Program, University of Washington Press, Seattle, Washington] basin model was used as a framework for examining the dynamics of an assemblage of recently settled fishes in relation to available microhabitat on the New York Bight continental shelf (USA). For four abundant species (three flatfish, one merlucciid hake), density-specific patterns of microhabitat selection, spatial dispersion and overall cross-shelf habitat use were investigated using a research submersible over three cross-shelf transects during the late summer settlement season. Typically, recruits that saturated YOY habitats (> 1 ind/m(2)) were randomly distributed within underwater transects and formed weak associations with specific microhabitats. At lower densities (< 1 ind/m2), recruit spacing tended toward nonrandom (clumped/even) with increasing significant affinities for ecologically important substrates (i.e. Limanda ferruginea, sand wave crests/low shell hash). For Citharichthys arctifrons, clumping appeared to increase with complexity of the habitat. Several less-abundant species (i.e. Urophycis chuss, Tautogolabrus adspersus) formed tight associations with rare habitat features and may consequently encounter the greatest bottleneck for space during the benthic/pelagic transition. Although restricted by the scale of observation, these results begin to elucidate the mechanisms by which habitat quality and quantity moderate recruitment on the continental shelf. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Marine Biol & Fisheries, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Marine Field Stn, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Tickerton, NJ USA. James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Highlands 07732, NJ USA. RP Sullivan, MC (reprint author), Stockton State Coll, Marine Sci Program, Div Nat Sci & Math, POB 195, Pomona, NJ 08240 USA. EM Mark.Sullivan@stockton.edu NR 33 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 26 IS 14 BP 1551 EP 1570 DI 10.1016/j.csr.2006.03.012 PG 20 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 088CQ UT WOS:000240789500002 ER PT J AU Mead, S AF Mead, Steve TI Unique file identification in the National Software Reference Library SO DIGITAL INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article DE computer forensics; National Software Reference Library; file hashing; MD5; SHA-1; digital fingerprint; collisions; file signature AB The National Software Reference Library (NSRL) provides a repository of known software, file profiles, and file signatures for use by law enforcement and other organizations involved with computer forensic investigations. During a forensic investigation, hundreds of thousands of files may be encountered. The NSRL is used to identify known files. This can reduce the amount of time spent examining a computer. Matches for common operating systems and applications do not need to be searched, either manually or electronically, for evidence. Additionally, the NSRL is used to determine which software applications are present on a system. This may suggest how the computer was being used and provide information on how and where to search for evidence. This paper examines whether the techniques used to create file signatures in the NSRL produce unique results-a core characteristic that the NSRL depends on for the majority of its uses. The uniqueness of the file identification is analyzed via two methods: an empirical analysis of the file signatures within the NSRL and research into the recent attacks on the hash algorithms used to generate the file signatures within the NSRL. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mead, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8970, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM smead@nist.gov NR 32 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1742-2876 J9 DIGIT INVESTIG JI Digit. Investig. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 3 IS 3 BP 138 EP 150 DI 10.1016/j.diin.2006.08.010 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Computer Science GA 110CI UT WOS:000242355500015 ER PT J AU Lyle, JR AF Lyle, James R. TI A strategy for testing hardware write block devices SO DIGITAL INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th Annual Digital Forensics Research Workshop (DFRWS) CY AUG 14-16, 2006 CL W Lafayette, IN DE tool testing; write blocking; digital evidence; computer forensics; software testing AB There is a critical need in the law enforcement community to ensure the reliability of computer forensic tools. A capability is required to ensure that forensic software tools consistently produce accurate and objective test results. The goal of the Computer Forensic Tool Testing (CFTT) project at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is to establish a methodology for testing computer forensic software tools by development of general tool specifications, test procedures, and test sets. The results provide the information necessary for toolmakers to improve tools, for users to make informed choices about acquiring and using computer forensics tools, and for interested parties to understand the tools' capabilities. Our approach for testing computer forensic tools is based on well-recognized international methodologies for conformance testing and quality testing. This paper describes requirements and test assertions that make up a strategy for testing hardware write block devices. (c) 2006 DFRWS. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lyle, JR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8970, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jlyle@nist.gov NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1742-2876 J9 DIGIT INVESTIG JI Digit. Investig. PD SEP PY 2006 SI SI BP S3 EP S9 DI 10.1016/j.diin.2006.06.001 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Computer Science GA 110CK UT WOS:000242355700002 ER PT J AU Singhal, A Jajodia, S AF Singhal, Anoop Jajodia, Sushil TI Data warehousing and data mining techniques for intrusion detection systems SO DISTRIBUTED AND PARALLEL DATABASES LA English DT Article DE data warehouse; OLAP; data mining and analysis; computer security; intrusion detection AB This paper describes data mining and data warehousing techniques that can improve the performance and usability of Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS). Current IDS do not provide support for historical data analysis and data summarization. This paper presents techniques to model network traffic and alerts using a multi-dimensional data model and star schemas. This data model was used to perform network security analysis and detect denial of service attacks. Our data model can also be used to handle heterogeneous data sources (e.g. firewall logs, system calls, net-flow data) and enable up to two orders of magnitude faster query response times for analysts as compared to the current state of the art. We have used our techniques to implement a prototype system that is being successfully used at Army Research Labs. Our system has helped the security analyst in detecting intrusions and in historical data analysis for generating reports on trend analysis. C1 NIST, Comp Secur Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. George Mason Univ, Ctr Secure Informat Syst, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. RP Singhal, A (reprint author), NIST, Comp Secur Div, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8930, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM anoop.singhal@nist.gov NR 28 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-8782 J9 DISTRIB PARALLEL DAT JI Distrib. Parallel Databases PD SEP PY 2006 VL 20 IS 2 BP 149 EP 166 DI 10.1007/s10619-006-9496-5 PG 18 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA 075FH UT WOS:000239868700003 ER PT J AU Craig, JK Burke, BJ Crowder, LB Rice, JA AF Craig, J. Kevin Burke, Brian J. Crowder, Larry B. Rice, James A. TI Prey growth and size-dependent predation in juvenile estuarine fishes: Experimental and model analyses SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cohort dynamics; competitive release; density-dependent growth; estuarine fishes; flounder; Leiostomus xanthurus; Paralichthys lethostigma; size-dependent predation; size selection; size structure; spot; thinning ID LIFE-HISTORY; SELECTIVE MORTALITY; RAPID GROWTH; COMMUNITIES; POPULATIONS; DYNAMICS; BEHAVIOR AB The outcome of predation interactions between growing, size-structured predator and prey cohorts is difficult to predict. We manipulated the food resources available to juvenile spot subject to predation from southern flounder in a 60-day replicated pond experiment to test the hypothesis that spot growing slowly would experience higher predation mortality and stronger selection against small individuals than those growing rapidly. A nearly threefold difference in average growth rate between fast- and slow-growth treatments led to twofold higher predation mortality of slow-growing spot. Relative to no-flounder controls, larger spot were overrepresented at the end of the experiment in both treatments, but the magnitude of flounder size selection was much greater in the slow- growth treatment. The experimental results agreed qualitatively, but not quantitatively, with predictions from a prior size-dependent foraging model. In particular, the model significantly underestimated observed shifts in spot size structure to larger sizes. We hypothesized that competitive release and associated increases in spot growth due to thinning by flounder might reconcile this difference, and extended the model to incorporate this process. We then used the model to estimate the relative contribution of these two confounded predator effects (size-selective predation and thinning) to observed shifts in spot size structure. Model simulations indicated that the combined effects of size-selective predation and thinning could account for nearly all of the observed shift in spot size structure, but that thinning was the more important process. Our results highlight the utility of combining experimental and modeling approaches to unravel the complexities underlying interactions between growing, size-structured predator and prey cohorts. C1 Duke Univ, Marine Lab, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. NOAA, Fish Ecol Div, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Duke Univ, Ctr Marine Conservat, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Zool, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Craig, JK (reprint author), Duke Univ, Marine Lab, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, 135 Duke Marine Lab Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM kevin.craig@duke.edu NR 34 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 9 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD SEP PY 2006 VL 87 IS 9 BP 2366 EP 2377 DI 10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[2366:PGASPI]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 080MW UT WOS:000240253000026 PM 16995637 ER PT J AU Shackman, JG Munson, MS Kan, CW Ross, D AF Shackman, Jonathan G. Munson, Matthew S. Kan, Cheuk-Wai Ross, David TI Quantitative temperature gradient focusing performed using background electrolytes at various pH values SO ELECTROPHORESIS LA English DT Article DE background electrolyte; capillary electrophoresis; on-line sample focusing; temperature gradient focusing ID CAPILLARY-ZONE-ELECTROPHORESIS; ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION; SEPARATION; SAMPLES; ACIDS; OPTIMIZATION; FLUORESCENCE; ENANTIOMERS; SENSITIVITY; MIXTURES AB Temperature gradient focusing (TGF) has previously been shown to be a practical technique for simultaneous concentration and separation of a variety of samples. In this paper, we demonstrate that TGF can be conducted at a wide range of pH values. Techniques for first-order prediction of the suitability of a given BGE for focusing are discussed. Buffer suitability for TGF is assessed experimentally by simultaneously concentrating and separating a pair of fluorescent analytes. One analyte is held at constant concentration for use as an internal standard while the concentration of the other dye is varied. Peak area is shown to vary linearly with the input dye concentration. A high degree of resolution (R-s > 3) of fluorescein and carboxyfluorescein, as well as for two LysoSensor-based dyes, is also observed. Foucusing and separation by TGF was successfully conducted quantitatively in BGE solutions of pH from 3.0 to 10.5. C1 NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ross, D (reprint author), NIST, Div Analyt Chem, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8394, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM david.ross@nist.gov NR 38 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 3 U2 7 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0173-0835 J9 ELECTROPHORESIS JI Electrophoresis PD SEP PY 2006 VL 27 IS 17 BP 3420 EP 3427 DI 10.1002/elps.200600078 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 085EJ UT WOS:000240585900012 PM 16944457 ER PT J AU Houde, M Balmer, BC Brandsma, S Wells, RS Rowles, TK Solomon, KR Muir, DCG AF Houde, Magali Balmer, Brian C. Brandsma, Sicco Wells, Randall S. Rowles, Teri K. Solomon, Keith R. Muir, Derek C. G. TI Perfluoroalkyl compounds in relation to life-history and reproductive parameters in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from Sarasota Bay, Florida, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE perfluoroalkyl compounds; live-captured bottlenose dolphins; Sarasota Bay; reproductive history ID PERFLUOROOCTANE SULFONATE; MARINE MAMMALS; PERFLUORINATED ACIDS; EXPOSURE; RAT; FLUOROCHEMICALS; PREGNANCY; CHEMICALS; MOUSE; BIRDS AB Perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) were determined in plasma, milk, and urine of free-ranging bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from Sarasota Bay (FL, USA) during three winter and two summer capture-and-release programs (20022005). Plasma and urine samples were extracted using an ion-pairing method. Perfluoroalkyl compounds were extracted from milk samples using acetonitrile, and extracts were cleaned with graphitized nonporous carbon. All extracts were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Mean seasonal sum of PFCs (Sigma PFCs) detected in dolphin plasma ranged from 530 to 927 ng/g wet weight. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were found in concentrations between seasons, suggesting a constant exposure to PFCs. Overall, blubber thickness of dolphins did not correlate with PFC concentrations in plasma, suggesting an absence of PFC sequestration in blubber. Sexually immature calves (age, < 10 years; mean Sigma PFCs, 1,410 +/- 780 ng/ g wet wt) were significantly more contaminated (p < 0.001) than their mothers (mean Sigma PFCs, 366 +/- 351 ng/g wet wt). The reproductive history of females had a significant role in the burden of PFC contamination; PFC concentrations in nulliparous females (females that have not been observed with calves) were significantly greater than those detected in uniparous females (females that have been observed with one calf), suggesting an off-loading of PFCs during or after parturition. To investigate this hypothesis, PFCs were analyzed in milk samples (n = 10; mean Sigma PFCs, 134 +/- 76.1 ng/g wet wt), confirming a maternal transfer of PFCs through lactation in dolphins. Results from the present study showed that young and developing bottlenose dolphins are highly exposed to PFCs. These chemicals also were detected in urine (mean Sigma PFCs, 26.6 +/- 79 ng/g wet wt), indicating that the urinary system is an important pathway of PFC depuration in dolphins. C1 Univ Guelph, Dept Environm Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Natl Water Res Inst Branch, Environm Canada, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. Chicago Zool Soc, Mote Marine Lab, Sarasota, FL 34236 USA. Netherlands Inst Fisheries Res, NL-1970 AB Ijmuiden, Netherlands. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Muir, DCG (reprint author), Univ Guelph, Dept Environm Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. EM derek.muir@ec.gc.ca RI Brandsma, Sicco/N-1766-2013; OI Muir, Derek/0000-0001-6631-9776 NR 33 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 17 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 25 IS 9 BP 2405 EP 2412 DI 10.1897/05-499R.1 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 075UZ UT WOS:000239912100019 PM 16986796 ER PT J AU Kramida, AE Nave, G AF Kramida, A. E. Nave, G. TI The NeII spectrum SO EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL D LA English DT Article ID HOLLOW-CATHODE DISCHARGE; ENERGY-LEVELS; FE-II; INFRARED-SPECTRUM; NEUTRAL NEON; WAVELENGTHS; SUPERMULTIPLET; ULTRAVIOLET; AR AB Spectra of neon-filled hollow cathode discharge lamps were observed by means of high-resolution Fourier-transform spectroscopy (FTS) covering the region from vacuum ultraviolet to near infrared. By combining these new measurements with results of other FTS and grating spectroscopy observations, we compiled a complete list of approximately 1700 spectral lines of Ne II covering the range from 324 angstrom to 130000 angstrom. All known energy levels of Ne II were derived from this line list with improved accuracy. The newly optimized energy levels were used to derive a set of Ritz wavelength standards in the vacuum ultraviolet that are in good agreement with the previously used data. An improved classification of energy levels was made with the help of parametric calculations, and the existing controversy in the naming of strongly mixed levels was resolved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kramida, AE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Alexander.Kramida@nist.gov OI Kramida, Alexander/0000-0002-0788-8087 NR 29 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1434-6060 EI 1434-6079 J9 EUR PHYS J D JI Eur. Phys. J. D PD SEP PY 2006 VL 39 IS 3 BP 331 EP 350 DI 10.1140/epjd/e2006-00121-4 PG 20 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 070XL UT WOS:000239559800001 ER PT J AU Kerstens, K Vestergaard, N Squires, D AF Kerstens, Kristiaan Vestergaard, Niels Squires, Dale TI A short-run Johansen industry model for common-pool resources: planning a fishery's industrial capacity to curb overfishing SO EUROPEAN REVIEW OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE plant capacity; Danish vessels; industry; planning; efficiency ID DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS; PLANT-CAPACITY; EFFICIENCY; MANAGEMENT; FRONTIER AB Current methods for assessing capacity and its utilisation in fisheries operate at the firm-level, but neglect industry capacity. Here, we introduce the Johansen-Fare measure of plant capacity of the firm into a multi-output, frontier-based version of the short-run Johansen industry model. The model determines firm capacity utilisation such that current industry outputs are maintained, while minimising the use of fixed inputs at industry level and assuming abundant variable inputs. Policy extensions relevant to combating overfishing include tightening quotas, seasonal closures, linking economic and plant capacity, decommissioning schemes and area closures, implementation issues and equity considerations. The application to the Danish fisheries reveals substantial overcapacity in the Danish fleet. C1 Univ So Denmark, Dept Environm & Business Econ, DK-6700 Esbjerg, Denmark. Univ So Denmark, Ctr Fisheries & Aquaculture Management & Econ, DK-6700 Esbjerg, Denmark. IESEG Sch Management, CNRS, LEM, UMR 8179, Lille, France. SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, La Jolla, CA USA. RP Vestergaard, N (reprint author), Univ So Denmark, Dept Environm & Business Econ, Niels Bohrs Vej 9-10, DK-6700 Esbjerg, Denmark. EM nv@sam.sdu.dk RI Kerstens, Kristiaan/K-8507-2012; OI Kerstens, Kristiaan/0000-0003-3358-4332; Vestergaard, Niels/0000-0001-9270-2461 NR 41 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0165-1587 J9 EUR REV AGRIC ECON JI Eur. Rev. Agric. Econ. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 33 IS 3 BP 361 EP 389 DI 10.1093/erae/jb1017 PG 29 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 085FT UT WOS:000240589700005 ER PT J AU Miller, P Danielson, K Moody, G Slifka, A Drexler, E Hertzberg, J AF Miller, P. Danielson, K. Moody, G. Slifka, A. Drexler, E. Hertzberg, J. TI Matching index of refraction using a diethyl phthalate/ethanol solution for in vitro cardiovascular models SO EXPERIMENTS IN FLUIDS LA English DT Article ID FLOW; VELOCIMETRY; COMPLEX; LIQUID; PUMP AB Experiments studying cardiovascular geometries require a working fluid that matches the high index of refraction of glass and silicone, has a low viscosity, and is safe and inexpensive. A good candidate working fluid is diethyl phthalate (DEP), diluted with ethanol. Measurements were made of index of refraction and viscosity of varied dilutions at a range of temperatures, and empirical models are proposed. Material compatibility tests showed that only specific formulations of ABS, acrylic, vinyl and PVC are compatible. A silicone elastomer additionally tested negative for change in compliance with DEP exposure. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Mech Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. RP Hertzberg, J (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Mech Engn, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM hertzberg@colorado.edu RI Moody, Galan/J-5811-2014 OI Moody, Galan/0000-0001-7263-1483 NR 23 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0723-4864 J9 EXP FLUIDS JI Exp. Fluids PD SEP PY 2006 VL 41 IS 3 BP 375 EP 381 DI 10.1007/s00348-006-0146-5 PG 7 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA 077VA UT WOS:000240058000002 ER PT J AU Pitts, WM Murthy, AV de Ris, JL Filtz, JR Nygard, K Smith, D Wetterlund, I AF Pitts, William M. Murthy, Annageri V. de Ris, John L. Filtz, Jean-Remy Nygard, Kjell Smith, Debbie Wetterlund, Ingrid TI Round robin study of total heat flux gauge calibration at fire laboratories SO FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE calibrating; convective heat transfer; Gardon gauges; heat flux; round robin; Schmidt-Boelter gauges; thermal radiation AB Total heat flux gauges are widely employed in fire research and fire testing laboratories. Several fire laboratories have developed systems for calibrating these gauges. There are major differences between these calibration facilities, and prior to this work there had been no systematic check of the degree of agreement between calibrations from the different laboratories. This report describes the results of two round robins in which five fire laboratories performed independent calibrations of two sets of Gardon and Schmidt-Boelter total heat flux gauges (i.e., a total of four gauges). One set of the gauges was also calibrated by two additional laboratories whose primary focus is measurement and calibration. Even though systematic variations between calibrations from the different laboratories were identified, the degree of agreement is viewed as being satisfactory for most fire testing and research purposes. Additional experimental findings concerning gauge angular response and linearity are presented. The need to develop a better understanding of the relative response of this type of gauge to radiative and convective heat transfer is emphasized. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Aerotech Inc, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. FM Global Res, Norwood, MA 02062 USA. LNE French Natl Metrol & Testing Lab, F-78197 Trappes, France. SINTEF NBL Norwegian Fire Res Lab, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway. BRE, Fire Div, Watford WD25 9XX, England. SP Swedish Natl Testing & Res Inst, SE-50115 Boras, Sweden. RP Pitts, WM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM wpitts@nist.gov NR 12 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0379-7112 J9 FIRE SAFETY J JI Fire Saf. J. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 41 IS 6 BP 459 EP 475 DI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2006.04.004 PG 17 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 077WW UT WOS:000240063400005 ER PT J AU Sullivan, PJ Acheson, JM Angermeier, PL Faast, T Flemma, J Jones, CM Knudsen, EE Minello, TJ Secor, DH Wunderlich, R Zanetell, BA AF Sullivan, P. J. Acheson, J. M. Angermeier, P. L. Faast, T. Flemma, J. Jones, C. M. Knudsen, E. E. Minello, T. J. Secor, D. H. Wunderlich, R. Zanetell, B. A. TI Defining and implementing - Best available science for fisheries and environmental science, policy, and management SO FISHERIES LA English DT Article ID CONSERVATION BIOLOGY; VALUES; ECOLOGY AB In the United States, many of the laws governing environmental conservation and management stipulate that the best available science be used as the basis for policy and decision making. The Endangered Species Act, for example, requires that decisions on listing a species as threatened or endangered be made on the basis of the "best scientific and commercial data available." Similarly, National Standard 2 of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act states that conservation and management measures shall be based on "the best scientific information available." Further, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has emphasized the role of best available science in implementing the Clean Water Act (USEPA 1997). Determining what constitutes the best available science, however, is not straightforward, and scientists, policymakers, and stakeholders often have disparate ideas on how the concept should be defined and interpreted. The American Fisheries Society and the Estuarine Research Federation established a committee to consider what determines the best available science and how it might be used to formulate natural resource policies and procedures. This synopsis examines how scientists and nonscientists perceive science, what factors affect the quality and use of science, and how changing technology and societal preferences influence the availability and application of science. Because the issues surrounding the definition of best available science surface when managers and policymakers interpret and use science, we also discuss the interface between science and policy and explore ways in which scientists, policymakers, and managers can more effectively apply science to environmental policy. C1 Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Maine, Orono, ME 04469 USA. US Geol Survey, Blacksburg, VA USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Portland, OR USA. Prairie Rivers Network, Champaign, IL USA. Old Dominion Univ, Norfolk, VA USA. US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK USA. NOAA Fisheries, Galveston, TX USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Solomons, MD USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Lacey, WA USA. US Dept State, Washington, DC 20520 USA. RP Sullivan, PJ (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Secor, D/D-4367-2012 OI Secor, D/0000-0001-6007-4827 NR 33 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 19 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD SEP PY 2006 VL 31 IS 9 BP 460 EP 465 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 089HO UT WOS:000240871500011 ER PT J AU Tango, P Magnien, R Goshorn, D Bowers, H Michael, B Karrh, R Oldach, D AF Tango, P. Magnien, R. Goshorn, D. Bowers, H. Michael, B. Karrh, R. Oldach, D. TI Associations between fish health and Pfiesteria spp. in Chesapeake Bay and mid-Atlantic estuaries SO HARMFUL ALGAE LA English DT Article DE Chesapeake Bay; fish health; harmful algal blooms; Maryland; Menhaden; monitoring; PCR; Pfiesteria ID BREVOORTIA-TYRANNUS PISCES; TOXIC DINOFLAGELLATE; PISCICIDA; MENHADEN; MICROPREDATION; DINOPHYCEAE; CLUPEIDAE; EXOTOXIN; STRAINS; ASSAYS AB In response to concerns that there may be an association between harmful algal bloom (HAB) species and fish health, including the widespread use of fish health as one indicator of a possible HAB warranting further investigation, evidence for such an association was evaluated in Chesapeake Bay and other mid-Atlantic estuaries (1999-2001). A statistical approach was used, without invoking causality, to test whether there is an association between the prevalence of externally-visible lesions in fish populations above background levels and the presence of Pfiesteria spp. in co-located water and fish samples. Externally visible anomalies (e.g. ulcers, necrosis, parasites, etc.) were recorded for Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) and all other fish collected. Polyrnerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques were used to test for the presence of Pfiesteria spp. in water samples collected at routine and rapid response sampling events. No actively toxic Pfiesteria was found during this study. Fine-scale (within a given sample site) and broad-scale (estuary-wide sampling) comparisons showed positive associations between externally-visible fish lesions in menhaden populations and the presence of Pfiesteria spp. in co-located samples. Logistic regression modeling of Pfiesteria detection probabilities as a function of prevalence of menhaden with lesions was significant (P = 0.0096). Reductions in the false positive (tests indicating Pfiesteria presence when its absent) and false negative (tests indicating Pfiesteria is absent when it is actually present) rates occurred when the minimum sample size threshold increased from 1 to 30 fish (P = 0.003-0.001). This association served as a useful field indicator of potential HAB activity that could warrant further field investigation and testing. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Maryland Dept Nat Resources, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Inst Human Virol, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. RP Tango, P (reprint author), Maryland Dept Nat Resources, Tawes State Off Bldg,580 Taylor Ave,D-2, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. EM ptango@dnr.state.md.us NR 59 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 31 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1568-9883 J9 HARMFUL ALGAE JI Harmful Algae PD SEP PY 2006 VL 5 IS 4 BP 352 EP 362 DI 10.1016/j.hal.2006.04.008 PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 077KI UT WOS:000240027800003 ER PT J AU Lewitus, AJ Wetz, MS Willis, BM Burkholder, JM Parrow, MW Glasgow, HB AF Lewitus, Alan J. Wetz, Michael S. Willis, Bonnie M. Burkholder, JoAnn M. Parrow, Matthew W. Glasgow, Howard B. TI Grazing activity of Pfiesteria piscicida (Dinophyceae) and susceptibility to ciliate predation vary with toxicity status SO HARMFUL ALGAE LA English DT Article DE cryptophytes; grazing; microzooplankton; Pfiesteria piscicida; toxicity status ID HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS; FISH; MICROZOOPLANKTON; GROWTH AB Variability has been reported in the toxicity potential of Pfiesteria piscicida that is partly a function of the history of exposure to live fish. Grazing properties of P piscicida and its susceptibility to ciliate predation were compared in three functional types or toxicity states of this species: actively toxic cultures, cultures with temporary loss of demonstrable toxicity, and cultures with no demonstrable toxicity. Pronounced differences in predator-prey interactions were found between actively toxic cultures and cultures with reduced toxicity. When grown with Rhodomonas sp. (Cryptophyceae) prey, specific growth rates were relatively low in actively toxic cultures under both relatively high and low irradiances. In the cultures with reduced toxicity, prey chloroplast material was apparent in nearly 100% of dinollagellate cells 3 h after feeding, while chloroplast inclusions were found in < 40% of actively toxic cells for <= 16 h (high light) and <= 23 h (low light). These results suggest a relatively high reliance on phagotrophic carbon assimilation and more rapid response to algal prey availability in Pfiesteria cells with lower toxicity. Grazing by two euplotid benthic ciliates (Euplotes vannus and E. woodruffi) on P. piscicida also varied among functional types. Grazing on actively toxic P. piscicida cells did not occur, whereas net positive ingestion rates were calculated for the other prey cultures. These results support concurrent experimental findings that a natural assemblage of microzooplankton displayed lower grazing potential on actively toxic P piscicida than on cultures with reduced toxicity. In summary, pronounced differences in trophic interactions were found between actively toxic cultures and those with reduced or undetectable toxicity, providing additional evidence of the importance of cellular toxicity in the trophic ecology of Pfiesteria. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ S Carolina, Belle W Baruch Inst Marine Sci & Coastal Res, Baruch Marine Lab, Georgetown, SC 29442 USA. Marine Resources Res Inst, S Carolina Dept Nat Resources, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Ctr Appl Aquat Ecol, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. RP Lewitus, AJ (reprint author), NOAA, 1305 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM alan.lewitus@noaa.gov NR 31 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1568-9883 J9 HARMFUL ALGAE JI Harmful Algae PD SEP PY 2006 VL 5 IS 4 BP 427 EP 434 DI 10.1016/j.hal.2006.04.012 PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 077KI UT WOS:000240027800010 ER PT J AU Hood, RR Zhang, X Glibert, PA Roman, MR Stoecker, DK AF Hood, Raleigh R. Zhang, Xinsheng Glibert, Patricia M. Roman, Michael R. Stoecker, Diane K. TI Modeling the influence of nutrients, turbulence and grazing on Pfiesteria population dynamics SO HARMFUL ALGAE LA English DT Article DE Pfiesteria; ecosystem model; zooplankton grazing; turbulence; nutrients; DIN; DON ID HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS; PISCICIDA DINOPHYCEAE; ESTUARINE DINOFLAGELLATE; NITROGEN UPTAKE; CHESAPEAKE-BAY; NITRATE UPTAKE; COASTAL BAYS; PHYTOPLANKTON; GROWTH; PREY AB A semi-idealized marine ecosystem model, designed as a heuristic tool for exploring the population dynamics of non-inducible versus toxic forms of Pfiesteria is described. The model is based on empirical evidence suggesting that these differing functional types of Pfiesteria also differ substantially in terms of what they eat and how they utilize it to optimize their growth. Non-inducible strains are similar to other mixotrophic dinoflagellates, whereas toxic strains may consume organic matter and detritus, produce toxins and attack fish. In our model formulation we represent these differences in a simplified way: the non-inducible strain is kleptochloroplastidic and it can take up DIN, but it cannot utilize DON, whereas the toxic strain is heterotrophic, it cannot utilize DIN, but it can utilize DON directly. These differences give rise to very different impacts on prey and nutrient concentrations in our model. Under high DIN/DON ratio conditions, the non-inducible cells grew much faster and were therefore more likely to bloom, but this advantage is substantially mitigated when the DIN/DON ratio is low. A turbulence parameterization was also incorporated into our model. The effect of this was to reduce the grazing rate of Pfiesteria when turbulence levels are high. According to our model, increased turbulence is more detrimental to the toxic functional type because it grows more slowly. The further imposition of microzooplankton grazing in the model showed that top-down control effects can be very significant, which is consistent with both laboratory and field studies and the general idea that plankton blooms can only happen in the absence of substantial grazing control. In general, our model results suggest that non-toxic blooms are more likely to occur in more turbulent inorganic-nutrient rich conditions, which are often found in more open coastal and estuarine waters that are subject to high inorganic loading. In contrast, toxic blooms are more likely to occur in calm, organic-nutrient rich conditions, which are often found in shallow, protected tributaries that are subject to high organic nutrient loading. Our model results also support the idea that the absence of strong grazing pressure is a prerequisite to bloom formation for both non-inducible and toxic strains of Pfiesteria. These results are generally consistent with observed patterns of toxic Pfiesteria blooms in Chesapeake Bay, the Neuse River of North Carolina and many other coastal and estuarine environments. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maryland, Horn Point Environm Lab, Ctr Environm Sci, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA. NOAA, Chesapeake Bay Off, Cooperat Oxford Lab, Oxford, OH 21654 USA. RP Hood, RR (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Horn Point Environm Lab, Ctr Environm Sci, POB 775,2020 Horns Point Rd, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA. EM rhood@hpl.umces.edu RI hood, raleigh/F-9364-2013; stoecker, diane/F-9341-2013; roman, michael/F-9425-2013 NR 53 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1568-9883 J9 HARMFUL ALGAE JI Harmful Algae PD SEP PY 2006 VL 5 IS 4 BP 459 EP 479 DI 10.1016/j.hal.2006.04.014 PG 21 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 077KI UT WOS:000240027800013 ER PT J AU Colburn, LL Abbott-Jamieson, S Clay, PM AF Colburn, Lisa L. Abbott-Jamieson, Susan Clay, Patricia M. TI Anthropological applications in the management of federally managed fisheries: Context, institutional history, and prospectus SO HUMAN ORGANIZATION LA English DT Article DE fisheries anthropology; fisheries management; United States AB This special issue of Human Organization provides a selection of articles addressing the use of applied anthropology in fisheries management in the United States today. NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)(1) has employed anthropologists and sociologists internally and externally to support fisheries management since 1974, although it used economists earlier; recent expansion of NMFS' sociocultural analysis effort is generating new initiatives and findings of interest to the wider social science community. This introduction provides the background for this issue through a brief account of past, present, and future directions of this new growth area within applied anthropology. The origins and intent of the special issue are discussed first, followed by the institutional history of the integration of anthropologists and sociologists into fisheries management at NMFS and an outline of NMFS' developing sociocultural analysis program. Finally, the specific policies and themes addressed in the individual papers are related to broader policy issues and themes within fisheries anthropology and fisheries management. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Washington, DC USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv Headquarters, Off Sci & Technol, Washington, DC USA. RP Colburn, LL (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Washington, DC USA. NR 24 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOC APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGY PI OKLAHOMA CITY PA 3000 UNITED FOUNDERS BLVD, STE 148, OKLAHOMA CITY, OK 73112 USA SN 0018-7259 J9 HUM ORGAN JI Hum. Organ. PD FAL PY 2006 VL 65 IS 3 BP 231 EP 239 PG 9 WC Anthropology; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary SC Anthropology; Social Sciences - Other Topics GA 083MH UT WOS:000240459500002 ER PT J AU Olson, J AF Olson, Julia TI Changing property, spatializing difference: The sea scallop fishery in New Bedford, Massachusetts SO HUMAN ORGANIZATION LA English DT Article DE fisheries anthropology; property rights; common property; fisheries management; New Bedford Massachusetts ID ICELANDIC COD FISHERY; PER-RECRUIT ANALYSIS; PLACOPECTEN-MAGELLANICUS; MANAGEMENT; COMANAGEMENT; RIGHTS; CHAOS AB While the historical character of US fisheries has been dominated by the idea of open access, the last several decades have seen sometimes quite radical changes to this basic way of thinking. Government regulation has increasingly taken the form of limited access to fisheries by various means. The Atlantic Sea Scallop fishery in the Northeast US provides a unique insight into the meanings, practices, and implications of these changes in the character of property relations. While the fishery has seen rebounding success in the past few years, the scallop fishery also encapsulates a number of the changes and controversies confronting fisheries worldwide. At the same time, the regulatory regime has seen a shift towards area-based management, which underscores spatial heterogeneity of the resources while using a culturally constructed view of fishermen. New area-based management measures have forced into view a fundamental difference in access between a more property-oriented industrial style of fishing and an open access fishery. These differences are found in and through New Bedford, the largest scalloping port in the Northeast, opening up the notion of a fishing community to multiple interests, positions, and interpretations, with implications for understandings of management, community, and the social practices of fishing. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Olson, J (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 57 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 10 PU SOC APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGY PI OKLAHOMA CITY PA 3000 UNITED FOUNDERS BLVD, STE 148, OKLAHOMA CITY, OK 73112 USA SN 0018-7259 J9 HUM ORGAN JI Hum. Organ. PD FAL PY 2006 VL 65 IS 3 BP 307 EP 318 PG 12 WC Anthropology; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary SC Anthropology; Social Sciences - Other Topics GA 083MH UT WOS:000240459500008 ER PT J AU Maunder, MN Sibert, JR Fonteneau, A Hampton, J Kleiber, P Harley, SJ AF Maunder, Mark N. Sibert, John R. Fonteneau, Alain Hampton, John Kleiber, Pierre Harley, Shelton J. TI Interpreting catch per unit effort data to assess the status of individual stocks and communities SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cpue; ecosystem; fisheries management; Pacific Ocean; stock assessment; tuna ID LONG-TERM FLUCTUATIONS; COD GADUS-MORHUA; FISHERIES MANAGEMENT; BLUEFIN TUNA; EXPLOITED ECOSYSTEMS; REFERENCE POINTS; DYNAMIC-MODELS; TROPICAL TUNAS; PACIFIC-OCEAN; ATLANTIC AB Despite being one of the most common pieces of information used in assessing the status of fish stocks, relative abundance indices based on catch per unit effort (cpue) data are notoriously problematic. Raw cpue is seldom proportional to abundance over a whole exploitation history and an entire geographic range, because numerous factors affect catch rates. One of the most commonly applied fisheries analyses is standardization of cpue data to remove the effect of factors that bias cpue as an index of abundance. Even if cpue is standardized appropriately, the resulting index of relative abundance, in isolation, provides limited information for management advice or about the effect of fishing. In addition, cpue data generally cannot provide information needed to assess and manage communities or ecosystems. We discuss some of the problems associated with the use of cpue data and some methods to assess and provide management advice about fish populations that can help overcome these problems, including integrated stock assessment models, management strategy evaluation, and adaptive management. We also discuss the inappropriateness of using cpue data to evaluate the status of communities. We use tuna stocks in the Pacific Ocean as examples. (c) 2006 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 InterAmer Trop Tuna Commiss, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Univ Hawaii, Pelag Fisheries Res Program, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Ctr Rech Halieut Mediterraneenne & Trop, F-34203 Sete, France. Secretariat Pacific Community, Ocean Fisheries Programme, Noumea, New Caledonia. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Minist Fisheries, Wellington, New Zealand. RP Maunder, MN (reprint author), InterAmer Trop Tuna Commiss, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM nunaunder@iattc.org NR 85 TC 158 Z9 167 U1 7 U2 67 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 63 IS 8 BP 1373 EP 1385 DI 10.1016/j.icejms.2006.05.008 PG 13 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 084OP UT WOS:000240543100001 ER PT J AU Litzow, MA AF Litzow, Michael A. TI Climate regime shifts and community reorganization in the Gulf of Alaska: how do recent shifts compare with 1976/1977? SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE climate change; community ecology; North Pacific; Pacific Decadal Oscillation; regime shift; Subarctic; Victoria Pattern ID NORTH PACIFIC; GADOID OUTBURST; KODIAK ISLAND; BERING-SEA; ECOSYSTEM; OSCILLATION; FISHES; OCEAN; STATE; TEMPERATURE AB Climate regime shifts have recently occurred in the North Pacific (1998-1999) and the Arctic (2000), but the nature of biological reaction to these events is poorly understood. An index of local climate (1960-2005), and data from commercial fishery catches (1960-2004) and from small-mesh trawl surveys (1972-2005) are used to assess the impacts of these climate events in the Subarctic Gulf of Alaska. Non-linear regression showed that survey catch composition strongly responded to local climate at lags of 2 and 4 years, providing evidence of rapid ecological response to climate change in the system. A sequential regime shift detection method identified rapid change in local climate, and in survey and commercial catches following the well-documented regime shift to a positive state of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) in 1976/1977. However, the analysis failed to detect the 1998/1999 regime shift in local climate, or in survey or commercial catches. This result is consistent with the view that the 1998/1999 climate regime shift did not represent a reversion to a negative PDO state. Local temperature increased and local sea level pressure decreased in the Gulf of Alaska during the years 2001-2005, consistent with anthropogenic warming and recent spatial reorganization in Arctic climate. There was no evidence of community reorganization following this climate event. Further observation will be required to evaluate the persistence of this new climate pattern, and the nature of community reaction to it. (c) 2006 International Council forthe Exploration ofthe Sea. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. RP Litzow, MA (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 301 Res Court, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. EM mike.litzow@noaa.gov NR 39 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 20 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 EI 1095-9289 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 63 IS 8 BP 1386 EP 1396 DI 10.1016/j.icejms.2006.06.003 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 084OP UT WOS:000240543100002 ER PT J AU Kastelle, CR Kimura, DK AF Kastelle, Craig R. Kimura, Daniel K. TI Age validation of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) from the Gulf of Alaska using the disequilibrium of Pb-210 and Ra-226 SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE age determination; age validation; Pb-210/Ra-226; radiometric ageing; walleye pollock ID LONG-LIVED FISHES; RADIOMETRIC ANALYSIS; WESTERN GULF; OTOLITHS; SEBASTES; ATLANTICUS; PRECISION; LONGEVITY; COUNTS; RN-222 AB The walleye Pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) is a commercially important species in the North Pacific, and harvest quotas are dependent upon accurate determination of ages. The two techniques (called methods A and 13) currently used to interpret the growth zone patterns in walleye Pollock otoliths were compared. The age distributions from these two techniques differed; method B produced ages twice that of method A. Validation of ages from walleye Pollock has not been done previously. Radiometric ageing based on the ratio of Pb-210/Ra-226 was used to evaluate the accuracy of otolith growth zone counts, and it demonstrated that method A, which produced younger ages between 3 and 8 years, was correct. Walleye pollock grow older than the 3-8 year (method A) age range validated in this study. The experimental design was limited to a maximum method A age of 8 years, because available samples did not provide the minimum of 40 fish required for estimating a radiometric age. Our radiometric ageing study on walleye Pollock appears to be the first to use the Pb-210/Ra-226 radiometric age-validation method in a boreal fish species where all samples were potentially young, 8 years or less. In previous studies, radiometric ages often approached 100 years. Also, only one presumed year class was used, which was sampled in successive years. Therefore, Ra-226 sample measurements were averaged to provide lower error. (c) 2006 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Kastelle, CR (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM craig.kastelle@noaa.gov NR 44 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 63 IS 8 BP 1520 EP 1529 DI 10.1016/j.icesjms.2006.06.002 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 084OP UT WOS:000240543100014 ER PT J AU Montgomery, D Murphy, S AF Montgomery, Doug Murphy, Sandra TI Toward secure routing infrastructures SO IEEE SECURITY & PRIVACY LA English DT Article C1 US Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Internetworking Technol Res Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Montgomery, D (reprint author), US Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Internetworking Technol Res Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dougm@nist.gov; sandra.murphy@sparta.com NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 1540-7993 J9 IEEE SECUR PRIV JI IEEE Secur. Priv. PD SEP-OCT PY 2006 VL 4 IS 5 BP 84 EP 87 DI 10.1109/MSP.2006.135 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA 086UM UT WOS:000240698500017 ER PT J AU Hackman, C Levine, J Parker, TE Piester, D Becker, J AF Hackman, Christine Levine, Judah Parker, Thomas E. Piester, Dirk Becker, Juergen TI A straightforward frequency-estimation technique for GPS carrier-phase time transfer SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS FERROELECTRICS AND FREQUENCY CONTROL LA English DT Article AB Although Global Positioning System (GPS) carrier-phase time transfer (GPSCPTT) offers frequency stability approaching 10(-15) at averaging times of 1 d, a discontinuity occurs in the time-transfer estimates between the end of one processing batch (1-3 d in length) and the beginning of the next. The average frequency over a multiday analysis period often has been computed by first estimating and removing these discontinuities, i.e., through concatenation. We present a new frequency-estimation technique in which frequencies are computed from the individual batches then averaged to obtain the mean frequency for a multiday period. This allows the frequency to be computed without the uncertainty associated with the removal of the discontinuities and requires fewer computational resources. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NIST, Time & Frequency Div, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NIST, JILA, Boulder, CO USA. Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, D-3300 Braunschweig, Germany. RP Hackman, C (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM chackman@jila.colorado.edu RI Piester, Dirk/B-8132-2008 OI Piester, Dirk/0000-0003-2487-5613 NR 17 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0885-3010 J9 IEEE T ULTRASON FERR JI IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control PD SEP PY 2006 VL 53 IS 9 BP 1570 EP 1583 DI 10.1109/TUFFC.2006.1678185 PG 14 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Acoustics; Engineering GA 076BM UT WOS:000239932000007 PM 16964907 ER PT J AU Levi, F Shirley, JH Heavner, TP Yu, DH Jefferts, SR AF Levi, Filippo Shirley, Jon H. Heavner, Thomas P. Yu, Dai-Hyuk Jefferts, Steven R. TI Power dependence of the frequency bias caused by spurious components in the microwave spectrum in atomic fountains SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS FERROELECTRICS AND FREQUENCY CONTROL LA English DT Article ID ACCURACY EVALUATION; STANDARDS; SHIFTS AB The presence of spurious spectral components in the microwave excitation may induce frequency shifts in an atomic fountain frequency standard. We discuss how such shifts behave as a function of power variations of the excitation carrier and in the spur-to-carrier ratio. The discussion here is limited to the case of single-sideband spurs, which are generally much more troublesome due to their ability to cause frequency shifts. We find an extremely rich and unintuitive behavior of these frequency shifts. We also discuss how pulsed operation, typical of today's fountain frequency standards, relates to frequency shifts caused by spurs in the microwave spectrum. The conclusion of these investigations is that it is, at best, difficult to use elevated power microwaves in fountain frequency standards to test for the presence of spurs in the microwave spectrum. C1 Ist Elettrotecnico Nazl Galileo Ferraris, I-10135 Turin, Italy. NIST, Time & Frequency Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Korea Res Inst Stand & Sci, Div Phys Metrol, Taejon 305340, South Korea. RP Levi, F (reprint author), Ist Elettrotecnico Nazl Galileo Ferraris, I-10135 Turin, Italy. EM jefferts@boulder.nist.gov NR 12 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0885-3010 J9 IEEE T ULTRASON FERR JI IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control PD SEP PY 2006 VL 53 IS 9 BP 1584 EP 1589 DI 10.1109/TUFFC.2006.1678186 PG 6 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Acoustics; Engineering GA 076BM UT WOS:000239932000008 PM 16964908 ER PT J AU Zhang, N Vojcic, B Souryal, MR Larsson, EG AF Zhang, Nan Vojcic, Branimir Souryal, Michael R. Larsson, Erik G. TI Exploiting multiuser diversity in reservation random access SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE random access; multiuser diversity; Nakagaimi-m fading ID RAYLEIGH FADING CHANNELS; SENSE MULTIPLE-ACCESS; ALOHA RADIO NETWORKS; SLOTTED ALOHA; PSK MODULATION; CAPTURE; THROUGHPUT; CAPACITY AB In this paper, we study the uplink of a cellular network where reservation random access schemes such as reservation slotted ALOHA and reservation slotted nonpersistent ISMA are used for multiple access. When channel state information is not available to users when they contend for channel access, we find that capture effect inherent in wireless. communications can exploit the channel variations and reserve users with favorable channels for data transmission. We investigate two channel models where in the first model, channel variations come from time-varying Nakagami-m fading and in the second model, mobile users have both time-varying fading and path loss. C1 Texas Instruments Inc, Dallas, TX 75265 USA. George Washington Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Washington, DC 20052 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Adv Network Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD USA. Royal Inst Technol, Sch Elect Engn Commun Theory, Stockholm, Sweden. RP Zhang, N (reprint author), Texas Instruments Inc, Dallas, TX 75265 USA. EM nan.zhang@ti.com; vojcic@gwu.edu; souryal@nist.gov; erik.larsson@ee.kth.se NR 27 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1536-1276 J9 IEEE T WIREL COMMUN JI IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 5 IS 9 BP 2548 EP 2554 DI 10.1109/TWC.2006.04421 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 091TG UT WOS:000241050600031 ER PT J AU Giddings, L Soto, M AF Giddings, Lorrain Soto, Margarita TI Participation of Latin America and the Caribbean in the global climatological records, GHCN SO INTERCIENCIA LA Spanish DT Article AB It is impossible to overestimate the importance of historical meteorological records for studies of global climate change. Many of these studies are based on data in GHCN, the Global Historical Climatology Network, a meteorological data compilation available over the Internet that is comprised of voluntary contributions from all over the world. Even though the participation of countries is worthy of note, it should also be recognized that their contributions vary in quality and quantity, and especially in being tip to date. Data of many Latin American countries are incomplete and not up to date, which can cause errors in studies based on these data. Tables and figures show the participation of countries. In the name of researchers of climate change, the authors urge the authorities of all countries to change their policies so that their contributions' to GHCN will be more complete and up to date. C1 AC, Inst Ecol, Xalapa 991070, Veracruz, Mexico. Vanderbilt Univ, Nashville, TN 37240 USA. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. RP Giddings, L (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, NCDC, Climate Anal Branco, 151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. EM sotom@ecologia.edu.mx NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU INTERCIENCIA PI CARACAS PA APARTADO 51842, CARACAS 1050A, VENEZUELA SN 0378-1844 J9 INTERCIENCIA JI Interciencia PD SEP PY 2006 VL 31 IS 9 BP 632 EP 637 PG 6 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 094NJ UT WOS:000241245800006 ER PT J AU Xu, X Klemm, P Proctor, F Suh, SH AF Xu, X Klemm, P Proctor, F Suh, SH TI STEP-compliant process planning and manufacturing SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTER INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Auckland, Dept Mech Engn, Auckland 1, New Zealand. Inst Control Engn Machine Tools & Mfg Units ISW, D-70174 Stuttgart, Germany. NIST, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Pohang Univ Sci & Technol POSTECH, Natl Res Lab STEP NC & e Mfg, Pohang 790784, South Korea. RP Xu, X (reprint author), Univ Auckland, Dept Mech Engn, 20 Symonds St, Auckland 1, New Zealand. EM x.xu@auckland.ac.nz; peter.klemm@isw.uni-stuttgart.de; frederick.proctor@nist.gov; shs@postech.ac.kr OI Xu, Xun/0000-0001-6294-8153 NR 0 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0951-192X J9 INT J COMPUT INTEG M JI Int. J. Comput. Integr. Manuf. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 19 IS 6 BP 491 EP 494 DI 10.1080/09511920600669776 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Manufacturing; Operations Research & Management Science SC Computer Science; Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA 050MW UT WOS:000238093300001 ER PT J AU Kramer, TR Proctor, F Xu, X Michaloski, JL AF Kramer, TR Proctor, F Xu, X Michaloski, JL TI Run-time interpretation of STEP-NC: implementation and performance SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTER INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING LA English DT Article DE STEP-NC; machining operations; interpreter; functionality ID MACHINING SYSTEM AB This paper describes an experiment in building and running two STEP-NC interpreters for milling operations: one using ISO 14649, the other using AP 238 of ISO 10303. Both use STEP part 21 exchange files as input and call low-level machine control functions. Both include tool path generators and have sufficient functionality to execute the first example program at the end of part 11 of ISO 14649. The objectives and results were: (1) to determine if ISO 14649 and AP 238 contain sufficient information to run a machining centre (yes); (2) to determine whether AP 238 faithfully remodels the information in ISO 14649 for the functionality that was implemented (yes); (3) to determine whether real-time interpretation of STEP-NC is feasible (yes); (4) to determine the burden on systems programmers to build a STEP-NC interpreter (heavy); (5) to determine how interpretation time varies with. le size (linearly for both interpreters); and (6) to compare the speed with which the two formats can be interpreted. Using currently available software tools, ISO 14649 can be interpreted significantly faster, but both interpreters are so fast that interpretation time is negligible compared with running time. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Auckland, Sch Engn, Dept Mech Engn, Auckland 1, New Zealand. RP Kramer, TR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, MS8230, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM kramer@cme.nist RI Xu, Xun/K-7899-2015 OI Xu, Xun/0000-0001-6294-8153 NR 21 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0951-192X J9 INT J COMPUT INTEG M JI Int. J. Comput. Integr. Manuf. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 19 IS 6 BP 495 EP 507 DI 10.1080/09511920600622056 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Manufacturing; Operations Research & Management Science SC Computer Science; Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA 050MW UT WOS:000238093300002 ER PT J AU Harkless, JAW Irikura, KK AF Harkless, J. A. W. Irikura, K. K. TI Multi-determinant trial functions in the determination of the dissociation energy of the beryllium dimer: Quantum Monte Carlo study SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF QUANTUM CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th Annual Conference on Current Trends in Computational Chemistry CY NOV 04-05, 2005 CL Jackson, MS SP Jackson State Univ, USA Crops Engineers, USA Engineer Res & Dev Ctr DE quantum Monte Carlo; bond dissociation ID GROUND-STATE; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; WAVE-FUNCTIONS; ATOMS; MOLECULES; SYSTEMS; BE-2 AB Both variational Monte Carlo (VMC) and fixed-node diffusion Monte Carlo (DMC) are used to estimate the dissociation energy of Be,. The effect of using single- and multi-reference trial functions on the quality of the Monte Carlo estimates is investigated, with independent-particle wave functions ranging from a restricted Hartree-Fock (RHF) calculation up to a complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) with four valence electrons in 12 active orbitals. It was determined that the best trial function for DMC had a high cutoff for inclusion and included all 2s and 2p orbitals in a CASSCF(4,8) calculation. The best DMC estimate, D-e = 829(64) cm(-1), compares well with the experimental value of 839(10) cm(-1) but is lower than values from the best basis-set calculations. (C) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Howard Univ, Dept Chem, Washington, DC 20059 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Harkless, JAW (reprint author), Howard Univ, Dept Chem, 525 Coll St NW, Washington, DC 20059 USA. EM jharkless@howard.edu RI Irikura, Karl/A-4266-2009 OI Irikura, Karl/0000-0001-7515-6761 NR 26 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0020-7608 J9 INT J QUANTUM CHEM JI Int. J. Quantum Chem. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 106 IS 11 SI SI BP 2373 EP 2378 DI 10.1002/qua.21014 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Mathematics; Physics GA 062ZE UT WOS:000238984700010 ER PT J AU Smith, BL Bruno, TJ AF Smith, B. L. Bruno, T. J. TI Advanced distillation curve measurement with a model predictive temperature controller SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE boiling curve; complex fluids; distillation curve; hesitation; hydrocarbons; model predictive temperature controller ID IMPROVEMENTS; FUELS AB In previous work, several significant improvements in the measurement of distillation curves for complex fluids were introduced. The modifications to the classical measurement provide for (1) temperature and volume measurement(s) of low uncertainty, and most important, (2) a composition-explicit data channel in addition to the usual temperature-volume relationship. This latter modification is achieved with a new sampling approach that allows precise qualitative as well as quantitative analyses of each fraction, on the fly. In the new approach, the distillation temperature is measured in two locations. The temperature is measured in the usual location, at the bottom of the take-off in the distillation head, but it is also measured directly in the fluid. We have further modified our developmental instrument to incorporate a model predictive temperature controller. In response to either an equation-of-state calculation or a previous distillation curve, the programmable temperature controller increases the fluid temperature to achieve a constant mass flow rate of vapor through the distillation head. This approach eliminates the aberrations that one typically encounters in the data due to fluctuations in distillation rate, often referred to as hesitation. Thus, we can collect data from two temperature channels: one a true state point measurement (measured directly in the fluid) and the other comparable to previous data (measured in the head). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Bruno, TJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM bruno@boulder.nist.gov NR 13 TC 69 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 10 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 27 IS 5 BP 1419 EP 1434 DI 10.1007/s10765-006-0113-7 PG 16 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 104HB UT WOS:000241948400007 ER PT J AU Crozier, L Zabel, RW AF Crozier, Lisa Zabel, Richard W. TI Climate impacts at multiple scales: evidence for differential population responses in juvenile Chinook salmon SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biodiversity; environmental change; freshwater survival; global warming; habitat quality ID COLUMBIA RIVER-BASIN; PACIFIC SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS SPP.; WATER TEMPERATURE; HABITAT; SURVIVAL; FISH; MANAGEMENT; WEATHER; INDEXES AB 1. We explored differential population responses to climate in 18 populations of threatened spring-summer Chinook salmon Onchorynchus tshawytscha in the Salmon River basin, Idaho. 2. Using data from a long-term mark-release-recapture study of juvenile survival, we found that fall stream flow is the best predictor of average survival across all populations. 3. To determine whether all populations responded similarly to climate, we used a cluster analysis to group populations that had similar annual fluctuations in survival. The populations grouped into four clusters, and different environmental factors were important for different clusters. 4. Survival in two of the clusters was negatively correlated with summer temperature, and survival in the other two clusters was positively correlated with minimum fall stream flow, which in turn depends on snow pack from the previous winter. 5. Using classification and regression tree analysis, we identified stream width and stream temperature as key habitat factors that shape the responses of individual populations to climate. 6. Climate change will likely have different impacts on different populations within this metapopulation, and recognizing this diversity is important for accurately assessing risks. C1 NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Crozier, L (reprint author), NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM Lisa.Crozier@noaa.gov RI Crozier, Lisa/E-2248-2012; Zabel, Richard/F-7277-2015 OI Zabel, Richard/0000-0003-2315-0629 NR 48 TC 63 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 41 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-8790 J9 J ANIM ECOL JI J. Anim. Ecol. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 75 IS 5 BP 1100 EP 1109 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01130.x PG 10 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 070IY UT WOS:000239516500007 PM 16922845 ER PT J AU Pal, NR Mandal, AK Pal, S Das, J Lakshmanan, V AF Pal, Nikhil R. Mandal, Achintya K. Pal, Srimanta Das, Jyotirmay Lakshmanan, V. TI Fuzzy rule-based approach for detection of bounded weak-echo regions in radar images SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article AB A method for the detection of a bounded weak-echo region (BWER) within a storm structure that can help in the prediction of severe weather phenomena is presented. A fuzzy rule - based approach that takes care of the various uncertainties associated with a radar image containing a BWER has been adopted. The proposed technique automatically finds some interpretable ( fuzzy) rules for classification of radar data related to BWER. The radar images are preprocessed to find subregions ( or segments) that are suspected candidates for BWERs. Each such segment is classified into one of three possible cases: strong BWER, marginal BWER, or no BWER. In this regard, spatial properties of the data are being explored. The method has been tested on a large volume of data that are different from the training set, and the performance is found to be very satisfactory. It is also demonstrated that an interpretation of the linguistic rules extracted by the system described herein can provide important characteristics about the underlying process. C1 Indian Stat Inst, Elect & Commun Sci Unit, Kolkata 700108, W Bengal, India. Visva Bharati Univ, Gitanjali Net, Santini Ketan, W Bengal, India. Univ Oklahoma, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Pal, NR (reprint author), Indian Stat Inst, Elect & Commun Sci Unit, 203 BT Rd, Kolkata 700108, W Bengal, India. EM nikhil@isical.ac.in NR 19 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1558-8424 EI 1558-8432 J9 J APPL METEOROL CLIM JI J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 45 IS 9 BP 1304 EP 1312 DI 10.1175/JAM2408.1 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 093HN UT WOS:000241159100010 ER PT J AU Lane, TP Sharman, RD Frehlich, RG Brown, JM AF Lane, Todd P. Sharman, Robert D. Frehlich, Rod G. Brown, John M. TI Numerical Simulations of the wake of Kauai SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PAST 3-DIMENSIONAL OBSTACLES; HAWAIIAN CLOUD BANDS; STRATIFIED FLOW; ISLAND; DYNAMICS; TURBULENCE; RIDGES AB This study uses a series of numerical simulations to examine the structure of the wake of the Hawaiian island of Kauai. The primary focus is on the conditions on 26 June 2003, which was the day of the demise of the Helios aircraft within Kauai's wake. The simulations show that, in an east-northeasterly trade wind flow, Kauai produces a well-defined wake that can extend 40 km downstream of the island. The wake is bounded to the north and south by regions of strong vertical and horizontal shear - that is, shear lines. These shear lines mark the edge of the wake in the horizontal plane and are aligned approximately parallel to the upstream flow direction at each respective height. The highest-resolution simulations show that these shear lines can become unstable and break down through Kelvin - Helmholtz instability. The breakdown generates turbulent eddies that are advected both downstream and into the recirculating wake flow. Turbulence statistics are estimated from the simulation using a technique that analyzes model-derived structure functions. A number of sensitivity studies are also completed to determine the influence of the upstream conditions on the structure of the wake. These simulations show that directional shear controls the tilt of the wake in the north - south plane with height. These simulations also show that at lower incident wind speeds the wake has a qualitatively similar structure but is less turbulent. At higher wind speeds, the flow regime changes, strong gravity waves are generated, and the wake is poorly defined. These results are consistent with previous idealized studies of stratified flow over isolated obstacles. C1 Univ Melbourne, Sch Earth Sci, Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Lane, TP (reprint author), Univ Melbourne, Sch Earth Sci, Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia. EM tplane@unimelb.edu.au RI Lane, Todd/A-8804-2011; Brown, John/D-3361-2015 OI Lane, Todd/0000-0003-0171-6927; NR 31 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1558-8424 J9 J APPL METEOROL CLIM JI J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 45 IS 9 BP 1313 EP 1331 DI 10.1175/JAM2405.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 093HN UT WOS:000241159100011 ER PT J AU Nieto, M Allain, JP Titov, V Hendricks, MR Hassanein, A Rokusek, D Chrobak, C Tarrio, C Barad, Y Grantham, S Lucatorto, TB Rice, B AF Nieto, Martin Allain, Jean-Paul Titov, Vladimir Hendricks, Matthew R. Hassanein, Ahmed Rokusek, Daniel Chrobak, Christopher Tarrio, Charles Barad, Yaniv Grantham, Steven Lucatorto, Thomas B. Rice, Brian TI Effect of xenon bombardment on ruthenium-coated grazing incidence collector mirror lifetime for extreme ultraviolet lithography SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID EUV LITHOGRAPHY; LIGHT-SOURCE; NEXT-GENERATION; 13.5 NM; PLASMA; SIMULATION; POWER AB The effect of energetic xenon ion bombardment on the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) reflectivity performance of mirrors is of vital importance for the performance of discharge- and laser-produced plasma extreme ultraviolet lithography sources. To study these effects, we measured absolute and relative reflectivities at the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the Interaction of Materials with Particles and Components Testing facility to quantify the effects of singly ionized Xe ion bombardment on the reflectivity of Ru EUV collector mirrors. Results show that unity sputtering is reached at Xe+ energies near 400-500 eV. The Xe+-induced sputter yield decreases an order of magnitude with only a 60% decrease in energy. Incident angle-dependent data of Xe+ bombardment show that the sputter yield is weakly dependent on angle at energies near 1 keV. Dynamic measurements of in situ EUV reflectivity during Xe+ irradiation show that the oxygen state of the reflecting mirror has a significant effect on reflectivity performance. For example, 13.5 nm light reflecting from an oxygen-rich mirror results in over a 40% loss in reflectivity. These studies also found that the surface roughness increased only at the atomic scale (subnanometer scale) when exposed to energetic Xe+ and thus did not contribute to EUV reflectivity losses except for cases of very high fluences (> 10(16) cm(-2)). (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Intel Corp, Hillsboro, OR 97124 USA. RP Nieto, M (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM allain@anl.gov OI Nieto-Perez, Martin/0000-0001-6600-9786; Allain, Jean Paul/0000-0003-1348-262X NR 24 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD SEP 1 PY 2006 VL 100 IS 5 AR 053510 DI 10.1063/1.2337106 PG 9 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 085KH UT WOS:000240602500042 ER PT J AU Zhang, J Wang, SX AF Zhang, Jian Wang, Shunxin TI An automated 2D multipass Doppler radar velocity dealiasing scheme SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB An automated 2D multipass velocity dealiasing scheme has been developed to correct velocity fields when wind velocities are very large compared to the Nyquist velocity of the weather Doppler radars. The new velocity dealiasing algorithm is based on the horizontal continuity of velocity fields. The algorithm first determines a set of reference radials and gates by finding the weakest wind region. Then from these reference radials and gates, the scheme checks continuities among adjacent gates and corrects for the velocity values with large differences that are close to 2 x ( Nyquist velocity). Multiple passes of unfolding are performed and velocities identified as "folded" with low confidence in an earlier pass are not unfolded until a discontinuity is detected with high confidence at a subsequent pass. The new velocity dealiasing scheme does not need external reference velocity data as do many existing algorithms, thus making it more easily applicable. Over 1000 radar volume scans that include tornadoes, hurricanes, and typhoons are selected to test and to evaluate the new algorithm. The results show that the new algorithm is very robust and very computationally efficient. In cases with many data voids, the new algorithm shows improvements over the current WSR-88D operational velocity dealiasing scheme. The new dealiasing algorithm is a simple and stand-alone program that can be a very useful tool to various Doppler radar data users. C1 NOAA, OAR, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Zhang, J (reprint author), NOAA, OAR, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM jian.zhang@noaa.gov NR 9 TC 23 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 23 IS 9 BP 1239 EP 1248 DI 10.1175/JTECH1910.1 PG 10 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 087ZP UT WOS:000240781600006 ER PT J AU Hewitt, CD Broccoli, AJ Crucifix, M Gregory, JM Mitchell, JFB Stouffer, RJ AF Hewitt, C. D. Broccoli, A. J. Crucifix, M. Gregory, J. M. Mitchell, J. F. B. Stouffer, R. J. TI The effect of a large freshwater perturbation on the glacial north Atlantic Ocean using a coupled general circulation model SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; CLIMATE MODEL; SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; ATMOSPHERE MODEL; GREENLAND ICE; MAXIMUM; SEA; SIMULATION; PERIOD; RECORDS AB The commonly held view of the conditions in the North Atlantic at the last glacial maximum, based on the interpretation of proxy records, is of large-scale cooling compared to today, limited deep convection, and extensive sea ice, all associated with a southward displaced and weakened overturning thermohaline circulation (THC) in the North Atlantic. Not all studies support that view; in particular, the "strength of the overturning circulation" is contentious and is a quantity that is difficult to determine even for the present day. Quasi-equilibrium simulations with coupled climate models forced by glacial boundary conditions have produced differing results, as have inferences made from proxy records. Most studies suggest the weaker circulation, some suggest little or no change, and a few suggest a stronger circulation. Here results are presented from a three-dimensional climate model, the Hadley Centre Coupled Model version 3 (HadCM3), of the coupled atmosphere - ocean - sea ice system suggesting, in a qualitative sense, that these diverging views could all have occurred at different times during the last glacial period, with different modes existing at different times. One mode might have been characterized by an active THC associated with moderate temperatures in the North Atlantic and a modest expanse of sea ice. The other mode, perhaps forced by large inputs of meltwater from the continental ice sheets into the northern North Atlantic, might have been characterized by a sluggish THC associated with very cold conditions around the North Atlantic and a large areal cover of sea ice. The authors' model simulation of such a mode, forced by a large input of freshwater, bears several of the characteristics of the Climate: Long-range Investigation, Mapping, and Prediction (CLIMAP) Project's reconstruction of glacial sea surface temperature and sea ice extent. C1 Meteorol Off, Hadley Ctr, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Hewitt, CD (reprint author), Meteorol Off, Hadley Ctr, Fitzroy Rd, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England. EM chris.hewitt@metoffice.gov.uk RI Broccoli, Anthony/D-9186-2014; Gregory, Jonathan/J-2939-2016 OI Broccoli, Anthony/0000-0003-2619-1434; Gregory, Jonathan/0000-0003-1296-8644 NR 55 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 19 IS 17 BP 4436 EP 4447 DI 10.1175/JCLI3867.1 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 086LX UT WOS:000240676000020 ER PT J AU Lau, NC Nath, MJ AF Lau, Ngar-Cheung Nath, Mary Jo TI ENSO modulation of the interannual and intraseasonal variability of the East Asian monsoon - A model study SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID OUTGOING LONGWAVE RADIATION; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; TROPICAL PACIFIC SSTS; 40-50 DAY OSCILLATION; SUMMER MONSOON; EL-NINO; INTERDECADAL VARIATIONS; PART II; OCEAN; ATMOSPHERE AB The impacts of ENSO on the evolution of the East Asian monsoon have been studied using output from a general circulation model experiment. Observed monthly variations of the sea surface temperature (SST) field have been prescribed in the tropical eastern and central Pacific, whereas the atmosphere has been coupled to an oceanic mixed layer model beyond this forcing region. During the boreal summer of typical El Nino events, a low-level cyclonic anomaly is simulated over the North Pacific in response to enhanced condensational heating over the equatorial central Pacific. Advective processes associated with the cyclone anomaly lead to temperature tendencies that set the stage for the abrupt establishment of a strong Philippine Sea anticyclone (PSAC) anomaly in the autumn. The synoptic development during the onset of the PSAC anomaly is similar to that accompanying cold-air surges over East Asia. The air-sea interactions accompanying the intraseasonal variations (ISV) in the model atmosphere exhibit a strong seasonal dependence. During the summer, the climatological monsoon trough over the subtropical western Pacific facilitates positive feedbacks between the atmospheric and oceanic fluctuations. Conversely, the prevalent northeasterly monsoon over this region in the winter leads to negative feedbacks. The onset of the PSAC anomaly is seen to be coincident with a prominent episode of the leading ISV mode. The ENSO events could influence the amplitude of the ISV by modulating the large-scale flow environment in which the ISV are embedded. Amplification of the summer monsoon trough over the western Pacific during El Nino enhances air-sea feedbacks on intraseasonal time scales, thereby raising the amplitudes of the ISV. A weakening of the northeasterly monsoon in El Nino winters suppresses the frequency and strength of the cold-air surges associated with the leading ISV mode in that season. Many aspects of the model simulation of the relationships between ENSO and the East Asian monsoon are in agreement with observational findings. C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, GFDL, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Lau, NC (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, GFDL, POB 308,Forrestal Campus,US Route 1, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM gabriel.lau@noaa.gov NR 41 TC 50 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 19 IS 18 BP 4508 EP 4530 DI 10.1175/JCLI3878.1 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 090XI UT WOS:000240987000003 ER PT J AU Zuidema, P Mapes, B Lin, JL Fairall, C Wick, G AF Zuidema, Paquita Mapes, Brian Lin, Jialin Fairall, Chris Wick, Gary TI The interaction of clouds and dry air in the Eastern tropical Pacific SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID TOGA-COARE; WESTERN PACIFIC; WARM POOL; WATER-VAPOR; CONVECTION; PRECIPITATION; RADAR; TROPOSPHERE; MOISTURE; OCEAN AB Cloud radar observations of eastern Pacific intertropical convergence zone cloud vertical structure are interpreted in light of soundings, 100-km-scale divergence profiles calculated from precipitation radar Doppler velocities, and surface rain gauge data, from a ship at 10 degrees N, 95 degrees W during the 2001 East Pacific Investigation of Climate ( EPIC) experiment. The transition from convective to stratiform rain is clear in all four datasets, indicating a coherence from local to 100-km scale. A novel finding is dry air intrusions at altitudes of 6-8 km, often undercutting upper-level ice clouds. Two distinct dry air source regions are identified. One is a relatively dry area overlying the cooler waters of the Costa Rica oceanic thermocline dome, centered approximately 400 km east-northeast of the ship site. The other is the even drier near-equatorial subsidence zone south of 6 degrees-7 degrees N. The former source is somewhat peculiar to this specific ship location, so that the ship sample is not entirely representative of the region. The 20-25 September period is studied in detail, as it depicts two influences of the dry air on cloud vertical structure. One is the modulation of small-scale surface-based convection, evident as a weakening and narrowing of cloud radar reflectivity features. The other springs from intense sublimation cooling as differential advection brought snowing anvil clouds over the dry layers. During one half-day period of strong sublimation, the cooling rate is inferred to be several tens of degrees per day over a 100-hPa layer, based on a heat budget estimate at 100-km scale involving the horizontal wind divergence data. This is consistent with fluxing ice water contents of 0.05-0.10 g m(-3) derived from the cloud radar reflectivities. The temperature profile shows the dynamically expected response to this cooling, a positive-negative-positive temperature anomaly pattern centered on the sublimating layer. A buoyancy-sorting diagnostic model of convection indicates that these upper-troposphere temperature anomalies can cause premature detrainment of updrafts into the lower part of the cloudy layer, a feedback that may actively maintain these long-lasting dense anvils. Middle-troposphere southerly dry air inflow is also evident in large-scale analysis. Given the proximity of the dry equatorial subsidence zone to the eastern tropical Pacific, the differential advection of dry and cloudy air, the ensuing sublimation, and its dynamical aftereffects may play a role in establishing the region's climate, although the extent of their significance needs to be further established. C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, MPO, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Phys Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Zuidema, P (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, MPO, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM pzuidema@miami.edu RI Mapes, Brian/A-5647-2010; Zuidema, Paquita/C-9659-2013 OI Zuidema, Paquita/0000-0003-4719-372X NR 48 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 19 IS 18 BP 4531 EP 4544 DI 10.1175/JCLI3836.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 090XI UT WOS:000240987000004 ER PT J AU Russell, JL Stouffer, RJ Dixon, KW AF Russell, Joellen L. Stouffer, Ronald J. Dixon, Keith W. TI Intercomparison of the Southern Ocean circulations in IPCC coupled model control simulations SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID ANTARCTIC CIRCUMPOLAR CURRENT; WORLD OCEAN; MOMENTUM BALANCE; DRAKE PASSAGE; WIND STRESS; VARIABILITY; TRANSPORT AB The analyses presented here focus on the Southern Ocean as simulated in a set of global coupled climate model control experiments conducted by several international climate modeling groups. Dominated by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), the vast Southern Ocean can influence large-scale surface climate features on various time scales. Its climatic relevance stems in part from it being the region where most of the transformation of the World Ocean's water masses occurs. In climate change experiments that simulate greenhouse gas-induced warming, Southern Ocean air-sea heat fluxes and three-dimensional circulation patterns make it a region where much of the future oceanic heat storage takes place, though the magnitude of that heat storage is one of the larger sources of uncertainty associated with the transient climate response in such model projections. Factors such as the Southern Ocean's wind forcing, heat, and salt budgets are linked to the structure and transport of the ACC in ways that have not been expressed clearly in the literature. These links are explored here in a coupled model context by analyzing a sizable suite of preindustrial control experiments associated with the forthcoming Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Fourth Assessment Report. A framework is developed that uses measures of coupled model simulation characteristics, primarily those related to the Southern Ocean wind forcing and water mass properties, to allow one to categorize, and to some extent predict, which models do better or worse at simulating the Southern Ocean and why. Hopefully, this framework will also lead to increased understanding of the ocean's response to climate changes. C1 Princeton Univ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NOAA, GFDL, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Russell, JL (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, 1040 E 4th St, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM jrussell@geo.arizona.edu RI Dixon, Keith/L-7120-2015; OI Dixon, Keith/0000-0003-3044-326X; Russell, Joellen/0000-0001-9937-6056 NR 29 TC 105 Z9 108 U1 2 U2 20 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 19 IS 18 BP 4560 EP 4575 DI 10.1175/JCLI3869.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 090XI UT WOS:000240987000006 ER PT J AU Gares, PA Wang, Y White, SA AF Gares, Paul A. Wang, Yong White, Stephen A. TI Using LIDAR to monitor a beach nourishment project at Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina, USA SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE shoreline stabilization; horizontal beach and dune change; volumetric beach and dune change ID AIRBORNE TOPOGRAPHIC LIDAR; COASTAL DUNES; EROSION AB With beach nourishment widely used today to combat shoreline erosion, it is desirable to monitor the postnourishment shoreline to evaluate the projects' success. Implementing a monitoring program is difficult because of time and personnel requirements. Remotely sensed elevation data, in particular that derived from airborne light-detection and ranging (LIDAR) sensors, could be used because of its extensive coverage. In 1998, a beach-fill project was carried out at Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina, and coincidentally LIDAR data were collected annually in this location from 1997 to 2000. This project uses the LIDAR data to identify beach and dune zones and to compute volumetric changes for each zone. Spatial variations are analyzed by examining shoreline segments, in which beach and dune volumes are determined for the different surveys. Spatial and temporal changes in both the beach and dune zones are monitored following the initial fill project. The passage of hurricanes Bonnie and Floyd in the fall of 1998 and 1999, respectively, provided an opportunity to evaluate how the nourishment project was affected by major storms. About two thirds of the initial fill material was removed from the subaerial part of the beach in the first year, probably mostly as a result of the hurricanes. The highest rates of beach sediment loss occurred in the nourishment zones. There was some recovery in the following years. The dune system also changed, both losing and adding sediment in different time periods. The influence of human manipulation of the dune is evident in the cross-shore profiles and the volumetric data. There is little evidence that the fill material moved alongshore to nourish subaerial areas adjacent to nourished zone. Although the nourished beach undoubtedly provided a buffer against the storm waves, poststorm beach recovery was not evident 2 years after the storms, making the long-term success of this project questionable. C1 E Carolina Univ, Dept Geog, Greenville, NC 27858 USA. NOAA, Natl Geodet Survey, Remote Sensing Div, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Gares, PA (reprint author), E Carolina Univ, Dept Geog, Greenville, NC 27858 USA. EM garesp@mail.ecu.edu RI wang, yong/I-2004-2013 NR 32 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 12 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 22 IS 5 BP 1206 EP 1219 DI 10.2112/06A-0003.1 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 092YD UT WOS:000241132700018 ER PT J AU Zha, XF Foufou, S Sudarsan, R D Sriram, R AF Zha, Xuan F. Foufou, Sebti Sudarsan, Rachuri D Sriram, Ram TI Analysis and evaluation for STEP-based electromechanical assemblies SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SCIENCE IN ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE assemblability evaluation; design for assembly; assembly model; STEP; fuzzy analytic hierarchy process ID INTEGRATED DESIGN; SYSTEM; FEATURES; METHODOLOGY; TOOLS AB In this paper we propose an integrated approach to analysis and evaluation for STEP-based (STandard for the Exchange of Product model data, officially ISO 10303) electromechanical assemblies. First, two assembly representational models are brought up and elaborated: the EXPRESS/XML schema-based model and the NIST object-oriented UML-based open assembly model (OAM). Then, these two models are integrated, in which the OAM incorporates the EXPRESS/XML schema-based assembly model to completely capture the detailed geometric information. The proposed assembly evaluation approach uses the EXPRESS/XML schema-based model as the information source, and covers not only the geometric and physical characteristics of assembly parts but also the assembly operation data necessary to assemble the parts. The feature of this approach is the linkage of the STEP product definition to the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process for assembly evaluation. The proposed approach has the flexibility to be used in various assembly methods and different environments. A case study shows the feasibility of the proposed approach. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zha, XF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM zha@cme.nist.gov RI Foufou, Sebti/E-2081-2015 OI Foufou, Sebti/0000-0002-3555-9125 NR 58 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 1530-9827 J9 J COMPUT INF SCI ENG JI J. Comput. Inf. Sci. Eng. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 6 IS 3 BP 276 EP 287 DI 10.1115/1.2218368 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Manufacturing SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 085DV UT WOS:000240584400007 ER PT J AU Tenuta, LMA Cury, AAD Bortolin, MC Vogel, GL Cury, JA AF Tenuta, L. M. A. Cury, A. A. Del Bel Bortolin, M. C. Vogel, G. L. Cury, J. A. TI Ca, P-i, and F in the fluid of biofilm formed under sucrose SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 52nd ORCA Congress CY JUL 06-09, 2005 CL Indianapolis, IN DE fluid; biofilm; sucrose; calcium; phosphorus; fluoride; demineralization; remineralization ID DENTAL PLAQUE FLUID; ENAMEL DEMINERALIZATION; FLUORIDE RINSE; SITU; PHOSPHATE; CALCIUM; SALIVA; EXPOSURE; IONS; BINDING AB Calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphorus (P-i), and fluoride (F) concentrations are low in the whole plaque biofilm formed under exposure to sucrose. It was hypothesized that this would be reflected in the biofilm fluid, where these low values should greatly influence the de/remineralization process. Dental biofilms were formed in situ over enamel blocks mounted in palatal appliances and exposed 8 times/day to distilled water, glucose+fructose, or sucrose solutions for 14 days. While Ca, P-i, and F concentrations in the whole biofilms were significantly lower in the glucose+fructose and sucrose groups, no effect on biofilm fluid was observed, even after a cariogenic challenge. An increase in whole biofilm mineral ions was observed 24 hrs after the carbohydrate treatments were suspended, but this effect was also not observed in the fluid. These results suggest that there is a homeostatic mechanism that maintains biofilm fluid mineral ion concentration, regardless of its total concentration in the whole biofilm. C1 Univ Estadual Campinas, Fac Dent Piracicaba, BR-13414903 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. ADA Fdn, NIST, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Cury, JA (reprint author), Univ Estadual Campinas, Fac Dent Piracicaba, Av Limeira 901, BR-13414903 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. EM jcury@fop.unicamp.br RI Tenuta, Livia/D-2811-2012; OI Tenuta, Livia/0000-0003-4626-4477; Del Bel Cury, Altair/0000-0002-4329-0437 NR 30 TC 33 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCHI A D R/A A D R PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-3406 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 85 IS 9 BP 834 EP 838 PG 5 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 077EG UT WOS:000240010000011 PM 16931867 ER PT J AU Soler, T Ruiz-Morales, M AF Soler, Tomas Ruiz-Morales, Mario TI Letters from Carlos Ibanez e Ibanez de Ibero to Aime Laussedat: new sources for the history of nineteenth century geodesy SO JOURNAL OF GEODESY LA English DT Article DE history of geodesy; Carlos Ibanez; Aime Laussedat; private correspondence AB Recently found letters written by Carlos Ibanez e Ibanez de Ibero(1825-1891), first president of the International Geodetic Association, to geodesist-photogrammetrist Aime Laussedat (1819-1907) are discussed. The contents of these epistolary conversations reflect their personal preoccupation with solving the geodetic problems of the time (1857-1889) and their desire to develop and propagate geodetic knowledge across all international boundaries. C1 NOAA, Natl Geodet Survey, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Univ Granada, Escuela Tecn Super Ingn Caminos Canales & Puertos, E-18071 Granada, Spain. RP Soler, T (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Geodet Survey, 1315 East West Hwy, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM Tom.Soler@noaa.gov; mariorm@ugr.es RI Soler, Tomas/F-6386-2010 NR 51 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0949-7714 J9 J GEODESY JI J. Geodesy PD SEP PY 2006 VL 80 IS 6 BP 313 EP 321 DI 10.1007/s00190-006-0069-1 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing GA 081KV UT WOS:000240317400003 ER PT J AU Millet, DB Goldstein, AH Holzinger, R Williams, BJ Allan, JD Jimenez, JL Worsnop, DR Roberts, JM White, AB Hudman, RC Bertschi, IT Stohl, A AF Millet, Dylan B. Goldstein, Allen H. Holzinger, Rupert Williams, Brent J. Allan, James D. Jimenez, Jose L. Worsnop, Douglas R. Roberts, James M. White, Allen B. Hudman, Rynda C. Bertschi, Isaac T. Stohl, Andreas TI Chemical characteristics of North American surface layer outflow: Insights from Chebogue Point, Nova Scotia SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID ATLANTIC REGIONAL EXPERIMENT; VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; AEROSOL MASS-SPECTROMETER; PONDEROSA PINE PLANTATION; GROUND-BASED MEASUREMENTS; BIOMASS BURNING PLUMES; BOUNDARY-LAYER; EMISSION INVENTORIES; ATMOSPHERIC BUDGETS; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE AB [ 1] We present a factor analysis-based method for differentiating air masses on the basis of source influence and apply the method to a broad suite of trace gas and aerosol measurements collected at Chebogue Point, Nova Scotia, during the summer of 2004 to characterize the chemical composition of atmospheric outflow from eastern North America. CO, ozone, and aerosol mass were elevated by 30%, 56%, and more than 300% at Chebogue Point during U. S. outflow periods. Organic aerosol mass was highest during U. S. pollution events, but made up the largest fraction (70%) of the total aerosol during periods of primary and especially secondary biogenic influence, indicating the importance of both anthropogenic and biogenic organic aerosol. Anthropogenic and oxygenated volatile organic compounds account for the bulk of the gas-phase organic carbon under most conditions; however, biogenic compounds are important in terms of chemical reactivity. Biogenic emissions thus have a significant impact on the chemistry of air masses downwind of the polluted northeastern United States. Using output from a global 3-D model of atmospheric composition (GEOS-Chem), we estimate that CO directly emitted from U. S. pollution sources makes up 28% of the total CO observed at Chebogue Point during U. S. outflow events and 19% at other times, although more work is needed to improve U. S. emission estimates for CO and other pollutants. We conclude that the effects of North American pollution on the chemistry of the western North Atlantic boundary layer are pervasive and not restricted to particular events. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Div Ecosyst Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Manchester, Sch Earth Atmospher & Environm Sci, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Aerodyne Res Inc, Billerica, MA 01821 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Interdisciplinary Arts & Sci, Bothell, WA USA. Norwegian Inst Air Res, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway. RP Millet, DB (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, 20 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM dbm@io.harvard.edu RI Chem, GEOS/C-5595-2014; Roberts, James/A-1082-2009; Jimenez, Jose/A-5294-2008; Stohl, Andreas/A-7535-2008; Allan, James/B-1160-2010; Worsnop, Douglas/D-2817-2009; Holzinger, Rupert/C-9160-2009; Williams, Brent/A-2886-2013; Goldstein, Allen/A-6857-2011; Millet, Dylan/G-5832-2012; Hudman, Rynda/C-6118-2009 OI Roberts, James/0000-0002-8485-8172; Jimenez, Jose/0000-0001-6203-1847; Stohl, Andreas/0000-0002-2524-5755; Allan, James/0000-0001-6492-4876; Worsnop, Douglas/0000-0002-8928-8017; Goldstein, Allen/0000-0003-4014-4896; NR 77 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 1 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D23 AR D23S53 DI 10.1029/2006JD007287 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 081RK UT WOS:000240334500001 ER PT J AU Shamir, E Carpenter, TM Fickenscher, P Georgakakos, KP AF Shamir, Eylon Carpenter, Theresa M. Fickenscher, Peter Georgakakos, Konstantine P. TI Evaluation of the National Weather Service operational hydrologic model and forecasts for the American River basin SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID QUANTITATIVE PRECIPITATION FORECASTS; FUTURE CLIMATE SCENARIOS; RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODELS; FOLSOM LAKE RESPONSE; PARAMETER-ESTIMATION; UNITED-STATES; VERIFICATION; DESIGN; UNCERTAINTY; PREDICTIONS AB This paper evaluates the National Weather Service operational hydrologic model and operational flow forecasts for several subbasins of the American River. The evaluation includes: (1) the quality of the 6-h operational flow forecasts with up to 5 days lead time; (2) the hydrologic model ability to reproduce observed mean daily flows; and (3) the reliability of the ensemble streamflow predictions of the hydrologic model to reproduce extremes of the monthly volume of full natural flow to Folsom Lake. The results indicate that the model represents the observed flow record well for sites and/or flow ranges unaffected by upstream regulation. Real time operational forecast produced by a forecaster that considers model predictions have good skill out to 18 h with precipitation forecast contributing significantly to forecast uncertainty. Certain high-flow events with a spatially distributed mix of snow/rain over the basin may not be reproduced well by the basic spatially lumped structure of the operational snow-soil-channel model. It is suggested to incorporate upstream regulation rules into the operational models for better reproduction of observed medium and low flows. Routine evaluation based on a national archive of operational flow forecasts and observations is also recommended. C1 Hydrol Res Ctr, San Diego, CA 92130 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Natl Weather Serv, Calif Nevada River Forecast Ctr, Sacramento, CA 95821 USA. RP Shamir, E (reprint author), Hydrol Res Ctr, 12780 High Bluff Dr,Ste 250, San Diego, CA 92130 USA. EM eshamir@hrc-lab.org; tcarpenter@hrc-lab.org; peter.fickenscher@noaa.gov; kgeorgakakos@hrc-lab.org NR 50 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 8 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 1084-0699 J9 J HYDROL ENG JI J. Hydrol. Eng. PD SEP-OCT PY 2006 VL 11 IS 5 BP 392 EP 407 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2006)11:5(392) PG 16 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 077CP UT WOS:000240005600002 ER PT J AU Reipa, V Almeida, J Cole, KD AF Reipa, Vytas Almeida, Jamie Cole, Kenneth D. TI Long-term monitoring of biofilm growth and disinfection using a quartz crystal microbalance and reflectance measurements SO JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE biofilm; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; disinfection; quartz crystal microbalance; reflectance; chlorine ID MICROBIAL BIOFILMS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; CHLORINE PENETRATION; DISTRIBUTION-SYSTEM; ARTIFICIAL BIOFILM; BACTERIAL BIOFILMS; DISSIPATION FACTOR; CELL-ADHESION; FREQUENCY; SENSOR AB A biofilm reactor was constructed to monitor the long-term growth and removal of biofilms as monitored by the use of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and a novel optical method. The optical method measures the reflectance of white light off the surface of the quartz crystal microbalance electrode (gold) for determination of the biofilm thickness. Biofilm growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) on the surface was used as a model system. Bioreactors were monitored for over 6 days. Expressing the QCM data as the ratio of changes in resistance to changes in frequency (Delta R/Delta J) facilitated the comparison of individual biofilm reactor runs. The various stages of biofilm growth and adaptation to low nutrients showed consistent characteristic changes in the Delta R/Delta f ratio, a parameter that reflects changes in the viscoelastic properties of the biofilm. The utility of white light reflectance for thickness measurements was shown for those stages of biofilm growth when the solution was not turbid due to high numbers of unattached cells. The thickness of the biofilms after 6 days ranged from 48 mu m to 68 mu m. Removal of the biofilm by a disinfectant (chlorine) was also measured in real time. The combination of QCM and reflectance allowed us to monitor in real time changes in the viscoelastic properties and thickness of biofilms over long periods of time. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Biochem Sci Div, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cole, KD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Biochem Sci Div, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Kenneth.cole@nist.gov NR 38 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 4 U2 29 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-7012 J9 J MICROBIOL METH JI J. Microbiol. Methods PD SEP PY 2006 VL 66 IS 3 BP 449 EP 459 DI 10.1016/j.mimet.2006.01.016 PG 11 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA 072KF UT WOS:000239671600007 PM 16580080 ER PT J AU Ilyushin, VV Lovas, FJ Plusquellic, DF AF Ilyushin, V. V. Lovas, F. J. Plusquellic, D. F. TI Microwave spectrum of the heterodimers: CH3OH-CO2 and CH3OH-H2CO SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE molecular complex; dimer; methanol-carbondioxide; methanol-formaldehyde; microwave spectrum; structure; dipole moment ID EXCITED TORSIONAL STATES; ROTATIONAL SPECTRUM; CARBON-DIOXIDE; INTERNAL-ROTATION; METHANOL DIMER; GLOBAL FIT; COMPLEXES; TRANSITIONS; SPECTROSCOPY; MOLECULE AB Molecular complexes, dimers and heterodimers often show interesting structures, large amplitude internal motions and orientations for reaction coordinates. These properties were the motivations for the current study of the rotational spectra of the heterodimers, CH30H-CO2 and CH3OH-H2CO, in a pulsed nozzle Fourier-transform microwave (FTMW) spectrometer. In addition to studying the normal isotopic forms, several isotopologues containing C-13 or deuterium substituted atoms of each heterodimer were analyzed in order to obtain structural data of the complexes. All species showed splittings from internal rotation of the methyl group and splittings on the b-type transitions of the CH3OH-H2CO species suggesting rotation of the H2CO group between equivalent structural forms. Stark effect measurements on each of the parent species provided dipole moment components. Theoretical ab initio results are compared to the experimentally determined molecular parameters. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Acad Sci Ukraine, Inst Radio Astron, UA-61002 Kharkov, Ukraine. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Tech Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ilyushin, VV (reprint author), Natl Acad Sci Ukraine, Inst Radio Astron, Cherovonopraporna 4, UA-61002 Kharkov, Ukraine. EM ilyushin@rian.kharkov.ua NR 35 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2852 J9 J MOL SPECTROSC JI J. Mol. Spectrosc. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 239 IS 1 BP 94 EP 100 DI 10.1016/j.jms.2006.06.003 PG 7 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 081ER UT WOS:000240300500012 ER PT J AU Connolly, J Bertram, W Barker, J Buckley, C Edwards, T Knott, R AF Connolly, Joan Bertram, Willem Barker, John Buckley, Craig Edwards, Terry Knott, Robert TI Comparison of the structure on the nanoscale of natural oil-bearing and synthetic rock SO JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE oil-bearing rock; synthetic rock; ultra small-angle neutron scattering ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; FRACTAL GEOMETRY; PORE STRUCTURE; GENERATION; COALS AB The structures of natural oil-bearing and synthetic rock were investigated using the ultra small-angle neutron scattering (USANS) technique. The scattering data from different thickness of rock were analysed using a Fourier transform method developed to remove the effects of multiple scattering and to simulate the scattering from a thin rock sample. It was found that only the oil-bearing rock could be analysed using this method. The synthetic rock samples could not be well described by this theory and this is interpreted as due to structural variation in the samples induced by the production method. All the rock samples are found to be surface fractals. The synthetic rock is found to have a much lower fractal dimension (D-s=2.0), indicating a smoother interface than the natural oil-bearing rock (D-s=2.7). Crown Copyright (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Australian Nucl Sci & Technol Org, Menai, NSW 2234, Australia. Curtin Univ Technol, Dept Appl Phys, Perth, WA 6845, Australia. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. RP Knott, R (reprint author), Australian Nucl Sci & Technol Org, Private Mail Bag, Menai, NSW 2234, Australia. EM robert.knott@ansto.gov.au RI Buckley, Craig/B-6753-2013 OI Buckley, Craig/0000-0002-3075-1863 NR 19 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-4105 J9 J PETROL SCI ENG JI J. Pet. Sci. Eng. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 53 IS 3-4 BP 171 EP 178 DI 10.1016/j.petrol.2006.05.003 PG 8 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Petroleum SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 088CF UT WOS:000240788400003 ER PT J AU Presser, C AF Presser, Cary TI Application of a benchmark experimental database for multiphase combustion modeling SO JOURNAL OF PROPULSION AND POWER LA English DT Article ID COMPUTATIONAL FLUID-DYNAMICS; VALIDATION C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Presser, C (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM cpresser@nist.gov NR 22 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0748-4658 J9 J PROPUL POWER JI J. Propul. Power PD SEP-OCT PY 2006 VL 22 IS 5 BP 1145 EP 1148 DI 10.2514/1.21638 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 086JX UT WOS:000240670700025 ER PT J AU Abu-Asab, M Chaouchi, M Amri, H AF Abu-Asab, Mones Chaouchi, Mohamed Amri, Hakima TI Phyloproteomics: What phylogenetic analysis reveals about serum proteomics SO JOURNAL OF PROTEOME RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE cancer; dichotomous development; mass spectrometry; phylogenetics; phyloproteomics; proteomics; serum; transitional clades ID LASER-DESORPTION/IONIZATION-TIME; FLIGHT-MASS-SPECTROMETRY; OVARIAN-CANCER DETECTION; PROSTATE-CANCER; PATTERNS; CARCINOGENESIS; PATHWAYS; MEN AB Phyloproteomics is a novel analytical tool that solves the issue of comparability between proteomic analyses, utilizes a total spectrum-parsing algorithm, and produces biologically meaningful classification of specimens. Phyloproteomics employs two algorithms: a new parsing algorithm (UNIPAL) and a phylogenetic algorithm (MIX). By outgroup comparison, the parsing algorithm identifies novel or vanished MS peaks and peaks signifying up or down regulated proteins and scores them as derived or ancestral. The phylogenetic algorithm uses the latter scores to produce a biologically meaningful classification of the specimens. C1 NCI, Pathol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Ocean Serv, CO OPS Informat Syst Div, Silver Spring, MD USA. Georgetown Univ, Sch Med, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Washington, DC 20007 USA. RP Abu-Asab, M (reprint author), NCI, Pathol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA. EM mones@mail.nih.gov OI Abu-Asab, Mones/0000-0002-4047-1232 FU Intramural NIH HHS [Z99 CA999999] NR 24 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1535-3893 J9 J PROTEOME RES JI J. Proteome Res. PD SEP 1 PY 2006 VL 5 IS 9 BP 2236 EP 2240 DI 10.1021/pr0504485 PG 5 WC Biochemical Research Methods SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 079TL UT WOS:000240200700020 PM 16944935 ER PT J AU Miiller, AP AF Miiller, Archie P. TI Development of argon isotope reference standards for the US Geological Survey SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE argon isotope standards; K-Ar dating or potassium; argon dating; transportable pipette systems ID PHYSICAL ADSORPTION ISOTHERMS; DENSITY; WATER; PRESSURES; EQUATION AB The comparison of physical ages of geological materials measured by laboratories engaged in geochronological studies has been limited by the accuracy of mineral standards or monitors for which reported ages have differed by as much as 2%. In order to address this problem, the U. S. Geological Survey is planning to calibrate the conventional Ar-40/K-40 age of a new preparation of an international hornblende standard labeled MMhb-2. The K-40 concentration in MMhb-2 has already been determined by the Analytical Chemistry Division at NIST with an uncertainty of 0.2%. The Ar-40 concentration will be measured by the USGS using the argon isotope reference standards that were recently developed by NIST and are described in this paper. The isotope standards were constructed in the form of pipette/reservoir systems and calibrated by gas expansion techniques to deliver small high-precision aliquots of high-purity argon. Two of the pipette systems will deliver aliquots of Ar-38 having initial molar quantities of 1.567 x 10(-10) moles and 2.313 x 10(-10) moles with expanded (k = 2) uncertainties of 0.058 % and 0.054 %, respectively. Three other pipette systems will deliver aliquots ( nominally 4 x 10(-10) moles) of Ar-40:Ar-36 artificial mixtures with similar accuracy and with molar ratios of 0.9974 +/- 0.06 %, 29.69 +/- 0.06 %, and 285.7 +/- 0.08 % ( k = 2). These isotope reference standards will enable the USGS to measure the Ar-40 concentration in MMhb-2 with an expanded uncertainty of approximate to 0.1 %. In the process of these measurements, the USGS will re-determine the isotopic composition of atmospheric Ar and calculate a new value for its atomic weight. Upon completion of the USGS calibrations, the MMhb-2 mineral standard will be certified by NIST for its K and Ar concentrations and distributed as a Standard Reference Material (SRM). The new SRM and the NIST-calibrated transportable pipette systems have the potential for dramatically improving the accuracy of interlaboratory calibrations and thereby the measured ages of geological materials, by as much as a factor of ten. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Miiller, AP (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM archie.miiller@nist.gov NR 28 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 10 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2006 VL 111 IS 5 BP 335 EP 360 DI 10.6028/jres.111.025 PG 26 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 096LM UT WOS:000241378600001 PM 27274937 ER PT J AU Liggett, W AF Liggett, Walter TI Normalization and technical variation in gene expression measurements SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE calibration linearity; classifier performance; high-density microarrays; inter-laboratory study; latent variables; MAQC; microarray quality control; simultaneous F tests; sources of variation; statistical dependence ID MICROARRAY DATA; REPRODUCIBILITY; PLATFORMS; ARRAYS AB Using data from the Microarray Quality Control (MAQC) project, we demonstrate two data-analysis methods that shed light on the normalization of gene expression measurements and thereby on their technical variation. One is an improved method for normalization of multiple assays with mRNA concentrations related by a parametric model. The other is a method for characterizing limitations on the effectiveness of normalization in reducing technical variation. We apply our improved normalization to the four project materials as part of testing the linearity of the probe responses. We find that the lack of linearity is statistically significant but small enough that its sources cannot be easily identified. Applying our characterization method to assays of the same material, we show that there is a source of variation that cannot be eliminated by normalization and therefore must be dealt with by other means. Four high-density, single probe, one-color microarray platforms underlie our demonstration. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Liggett, W (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM walter.liggett@nist.gov NR 20 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 5 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2006 VL 111 IS 5 BP 361 EP 372 DI 10.6028/jres.111.026 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 096LM UT WOS:000241378600002 PM 27274938 ER PT J AU Machkour-Deshayes, N Stoup, J Lu, ZQJ Soons, J Griesmann, U Polvani, R AF Machkour-Deshayes, Nadia Stoup, John Lu, Z. Q. John Soons, Johannes Griesmann, Ulf Polvani, Robert TI Form-profiling of optics using the geometry measuring machine and the M-48 CMM at NIST SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE asphere and free form optics; form-profilometry; optical calibration metrology; surface metrology ID CURVATURE; TOPOGRAPHY; ACCURACY; ASPHERES AB We are developing an instrument, the Geometry Measuring Machine (GEMM), to measure the profile errors of aspheric and free form optical surfaces, with measurement uncertainties near 1 nm. Using GEMM, an optical profile is reconstructed from local curvatures of a surface, which are measured at points on the optic's surface. We will describe a prototype version of GEMM, its repeatability with time, a measurements registry practice, and the calibration practice needed to make nanometer resolution comparisons with other instruments. Over three months, the repeatability of GEMM is 3 nm rms, and is based on the constancy of the measured profile of an elliptical mirror with a radius of curvature of about 83 m. As a demonstration of GEMM's capabilities for curvature measurement, profiles of that same mirror were measured with GEMM and the NIST Moore M-48 coordinate measuring machine. Although the methods are far different, two reconstructed profiles differ by 22 nm peak-to-valley, or 6 nm rms. This comparability clearly demonstrates that with appropriate calibration, our prototype of the GEMM can measure complex-shaped optics. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Machkour-Deshayes, N (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM nadia.deshayes@nist.gov; john.stoup@nist.gov; john.lu@nist.gov; johannes.soons@nist.gov; ulf.griesmann@nist.gov; robert.polvani@nist.gov NR 22 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 7 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2006 VL 111 IS 5 BP 373 EP 384 DI 10.6028/jres.111.027 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 096LM UT WOS:000241378600003 PM 27274939 ER PT J AU Burns, DT O'Brien, M AF Burns, D. T. O'Brien, M. TI Comparison of the NIST and BIPM standards for air kerma in medium-energy x-rays SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE air kerma; free-air ionization chamber; primary standard; reference radiation qualities; medium-energy x-rays; x-ray calibration AB A comparison has been made of the air-kerma standards for medium-energy x-rays of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM). The comparison involved a series of measurements at the BIPM and the NIST using the air-kerma standards and three NIST reference-class transfer ionization chamber standards. Reference beam qualities in the range from 100 kV to 250 kV were used. The results show the standards to be in reasonable agreement within the combined standard uncertainty of the comparison of 0.37 %, although a significant trend with radiation quality is observed and the possible sources discussed. C1 Bur Int Poids & Mesures, F-92312 Sevres, France. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Burns, DT (reprint author), Bur Int Poids & Mesures, F-92312 Sevres, France. EM michelle.obrien@nist.gov NR 7 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 6 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2006 VL 111 IS 5 BP 385 EP 391 DI 10.6028/jres.111.028 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 096LM UT WOS:000241378600004 PM 27274940 ER PT J AU Mighell, AD AF Mighell, Alan D. TI Ambiguities in powder indexing: the impact of a quaternary lattice metric singularity on the characterization of mawsonite and chatkalite SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ambiguities in powder indexing; Chatkalite; derivative lattices; d-spacings; indexing programs; Mawsonite; quaternary lattice metric singularity; powder indexing; specialized lattices ID DICHOTOMY METHOD; SYMMETRY; PATTERNS AB A lattice metric singularity occurs when unit cells defining two ( or more) lattices yield the identical set of unique calculated d-spacings. The minerals Mawsonite and Chatkalite are of especial interest as both are characterized by tetragonal unit cells that correspond to the second member of a quaternary lattice metric singularity. This singularity includes lattices that are Cubic I, Tetragonal P, Orthorhombic F, and Orthorhombic P. The Mawsonite and Chatkalite lattices are unique in that they are highly specialized. In each case: ( 1) the determinative c/a ratio is very near 1/root 2, ( 2) the symmetrical scalars of the reduced form [ a . a : b . b : c . c = 1: 2: 2] have greater specialization than required for the given reduced form type, ( 3) the tetragonal lattice has derivative lattices of higher symmetry, and ( 4) the powder pattern is highly compressed. Mawsonite and Chatkalite serve as exemplar-type compounds. Their tetragonal structure has important implications in structure determination using powder diffraction data. First, any cubic I lattice - established solely on the basis of indexing procedures - may actually be tetragonal or orthorhombic. Second, in establishing the lattice of an unknown, results from powder data indexing require routine confirmation by other techniques ( e. g., single crystal, optical, etc.). C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mighell, AD (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM alan.mighell@nist.gov NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 5 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2006 VL 111 IS 5 BP 393 EP 399 DI 10.6028/jres.111.029 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 096LM UT WOS:000241378600005 PM 27274941 ER PT J AU Brown, SW Rice, JP Neira, JE Johnson, BC Jackson, JD AF Brown, S. W. Rice, J. P. Neira, J. E. Johnson, B. C. Jackson, J. D. TI Spectrally tunable sources for advanced radiometric applications SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE calibration; colorimetry; photometry; radiometry; source; tunable source ID LIGHT; OCEAN AB A common radiometric platform for the development of application-specific metrics to quantify the performance of sensors and systems is described. Using this platform, sensor and system performance may be quantified in terms of the accuracy of measurements of standardized sets of source distributions. The prototype platform consists of spectrally programmable light sources that can generate complex spectral distributions in the ultraviolet, visible and short-wave infrared regions for radiometric, photometric and colorimetric applications. In essence, the programmable spectral source is a radiometric platform for advanced instrument characterization and calibration that can also serve as a basis for algorithm testing and instrument comparison. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Brigham Young Univ, Provo, UT 84602 USA. RP Brown, SW (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM steven.brown@nist.gov; joe.rice@nist.gov; jorge.neira@nist.gov; c.johnson@nist.gov NR 19 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 9 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2006 VL 111 IS 5 BP 401 EP 410 DI 10.6028/jres.111.030 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 096LM UT WOS:000241378600006 PM 27274942 ER PT J AU Kiladis, GN Thorncroft, CD Hall, NMJ AF Kiladis, George N. Thorncroft, Chris D. Hall, Nicholas M. J. TI Three-dimensional structure and dynamics of African easterly waves. Part I: Observations SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ATLANTIC TROPICAL SYSTEMS; COUPLED EQUATORIAL WAVES; SYNOPTIC-SCALE WAVES; WEST-AFRICA; PHASE-III; NORTHERN SUMMER; SQUALL LINES; INTRASEASONAL VARIABILITY; VERTICAL STRUCTURE; PACIFIC ITCZ AB The mean structure of African easterly waves (AEWs) over West Africa and the adjacent Atlantic is isolated by projecting dynamical fields from reanalysis and radiosonde data onto space-time-filtered satellite-derived outgoing longwave radiation. These results are compared with previous studies and an idealized modeling study in a companion paper, which provides evidence that the waves bear a close structural resemblance to the fastest-growing linear normal mode of the summertime basic-state flow over Africa. There is a significant evolution in the three-dimensional structure of AEWs as they propagate along 10 degrees N across West Africa. At this latitude, convection occurs in northerly flow to the east of the Greenwich meridian, then shifts into the wave trough, and finally into southerly flow as the waves propagate offshore into the Atlantic ITCZ. In contrast, to the north of the African easterly jet along 15 degrees N convection remains in southerly flow throughout the waves' trajectory. Along 10 degrees N over West Africa, the location of convection is consistent with the adiabatic dynamical forcing implied by the advection of perturbation vorticity by the mean thermal wind in the zonal direction, as in the companion paper. Offshore, and along 15 degrees N, the relationship between the convection and dynamics is more complex, and not as easily explained in terms of dynamical forcing alone. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. SUNY Albany, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Albany, NY 12222 USA. Lab Etud Transferts Hydrol & Environm, Grenoble, France. RP Kiladis, GN (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM george.kiladis@noaa.gov RI Hall, Nicholas/M-4837-2015 NR 70 TC 126 Z9 126 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 63 IS 9 BP 2212 EP 2230 DI 10.1175/JAS3741.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 086MA UT WOS:000240676300003 ER PT J AU Hall, NMJ Kiladis, GN Thorncroft, CD AF Hall, Nicholas M. J. Kiladis, George N. Thorncroft, Chris D. TI Three-dimensional structure and dynamics of African easterly waves. Part II: Dynamical modes SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID PHASE III; DISTURBANCES; JET; SIMULATIONS; GENERATION; VIEW; GATE; GCM AB A primitive equation model is used to study the linear normal modes of the African easterly jet (AEJ). Reanalysis data from the summertime mean (June-September; JJAS) flow is used to provide zonally uniform and wavy basic states. The structure and growth rates of modes that grow over West Africa on these basic states are analyzed. For zonally uniform basic states, the modes resemble African easterly waves (AEWs) as in many previous studies, but they are quite baroclinic and surface intensified. For wavy basic states the modes have a longitudinal structure determined by the AEJ. They have a surface-intensified baroclinic structure upstream and a deep barotropic structure downstream, as confirmed by energy conversion diagnostics. These modes look remarkably similar to the composite easterly wave structures found by the authors in a companion paper. The similarity extends to the phase relationship of vertical velocity with streamfunction, which resembles OLR composites, suggesting a dynamical influence on convection. Without damping, the mode for the wavy basic state has a growth rate of 0.253 day(-1). With a reasonable amount of low-level damping this mode is neutralized. It has a period of 5.5 days and a wavelength of about 3500 km. Further results with monthly mean basic states show slight variations, as the wave packet essentially follows displacements of the jet core. Experiments focused on specific active and passive years for easterly waves (1988 and 1990) do not yield significantly different results for the modes. These results, and in particular, the stability of the system, lead to the conclusion that barotropic-baroclinic instability alone cannot explain the initiation and intermittence of AEWs, and a finite-amplitude initial perturbation is required. C1 Lab Etud Transferts Hydrol & Environm, Grenoble, France. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. SUNY Albany, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Albany, NY 12222 USA. RP Hall, NMJ (reprint author), LTHE, BP53, F-38041 Grenoble 9, France. EM Nick.Hall@hmg.inpg.fr RI Hall, Nicholas/M-4837-2015 NR 28 TC 75 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 63 IS 9 BP 2231 EP 2245 DI 10.1175/JAS3742.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 086MA UT WOS:000240676300004 ER PT J AU Das, M Gupta, AK Anderson, DM AF Das, Moumita Gupta, Anil K. Anderson, David M. TI Deep-sea paleoceanographic and surface productivity changes in the northwestern Arabian Sea driven by the Indian Southwest monsoon during the last millennium SO JOURNAL OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF INDIA LA English DT Article CT International Workshop on Indian Monsoon and Climate Variability During the Holocene CY MAY 17-18, 2004 CL Bangalore, INDIA SP Geol Soc India DE last millennium; foraminifera; organic flux; Southwest monsoon; Northwestern Arabian Sea ID RECENT BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA; SANTA-BARBARA BASIN; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; CONTINENTAL-SLOPE; ORGANIC-MATTER; NORTH-ATLANTIC; HOLOCENE; FLUX; PHYTODETRITUS; SEDIMENT AB We analyzed a 1000-year census record of benthic foraminifera in core RC 2730 (water depth 698 m), off the Oman Margin, northwestern Arabian Sea, to understand the influence of surface productivity on bottom water environments in response to changes in the intensity of the southwest (SW) monsoon winds. We employed knowledge of the ecology of recent deep-sea benthic foraminifera from different ocean basins for environmental interpretation of benthic assemblages. Benthic faunal data suggest that the interval 1200-1400 A.D. is marked by an increased influx of organic matter to the northwestern Arabian Sea floor that resulted from higher surface productivity during a stronger SW monsoon. This interval corresponds to the Medieval Warm Period and a wet phase in India. The organic flux was low during the Little Ice Age (1450-1850 A.D.) when the SW monsoon was weak. Over the last millennium, the SW monsoon was weakest during the Maunder Minimum, and since then it has shown a continuous intensification, coinciding with increased surface air temperatures. C1 Indian Inst Technol, Dept Geol & Geophys, Kharagpur 721302, W Bengal, India. NOAA, Paleoclimatol Program, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. RP Gupta, AK (reprint author), Indian Inst Technol, Dept Geol & Geophys, Kharagpur 721302, W Bengal, India. EM anilg@gg.iitkgp.ernet.in RI anderson, david/E-6416-2011 NR 55 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER INDIA PI NEW DELHI PA BARAKHAMBA RD 906-907, AKASH DEEP BUILDING, NEW DELHI, 110 001, INDIA SN 0016-7622 J9 J GEOL SOC INDIA JI J. Geol. Soc. India PD SEP PY 2006 VL 68 IS 3 BP 387 EP 394 PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 114OJ UT WOS:000242675200007 ER PT J AU Sobolewski, MA AF Sobolewski, Mark A. TI Real-time, noninvasive monitoring of on energy and ion current at a wafer surface during plasma etching SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A LA English DT Review ID INDUCTIVELY-COUPLED PLASMA; HIGH-DENSITY PLASMAS; END-POINT DETECTION; RADIO-FREQUENCY DISCHARGES; CAPACITIVE RF SHEATH; VOLTAGE MEASUREMENTS; IMPEDANCE ANALYSIS; GLOW-DISCHARGES; REFERENCE CELL; LOW-PRESSURE AB A noninvasive, nonperturbing technique for real-time monitoring of ion energy distributions and total ion current at a wafer surface during plasma processing has been used to monitor rapid changes in CF4/Ar etching plasmas in an inductively coupled, rf-biased plasma reactor. To mimic the effects of process recipe steps or reactor malfunctions, perturbations were made in the inductive source power, gas flow, and pressure, and the resulting effects on total ion current, sheath voltage, and ion energy were monitored. During etching of a thermal silicon dioxide film, smaller changes, which are caused by the etch process itself, were also observed. Sheath voltages determined by the noninvasive technique were in good agreement with simultaneous measurements made using a capacitive probe. In addition to providing a demonstration of the speed and accuracy of the technique, the results also provide useful information about the relative importance of different types of equipment malfunctions and suggest methods for minimizing their effects. In particular, operating at constant bias voltage, instead of constant bias power, gave more stable ion energies. The physical mechanisms that cause the observed changes in ion energy are discussed, and a comparison to other process monitoring methods is presented. No other noninvasive, nonperturbing method yields ion current or ion energies as accurately as the technique presented here. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sobolewski, MA (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mark.sobolewski@nist.gov NR 101 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 11 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0734-2101 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL A JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A PD SEP-OCT PY 2006 VL 24 IS 5 BP 1892 EP 1905 DI 10.1116/1.2335862 PG 14 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 089LF UT WOS:000240881400032 ER PT J AU Benson, KAS Manire, CA Ewing, RY Saliki, JT Townsend, FI Ehlers, B Romero, CH AF Benson, Kara A. Smolarek Manire, Charles A. Ewing, Ruth Y. Saliki, Jeremiah T. Townsend, Forrest I. Ehlers, Bernhard Romero, Carlos H. TI Identification of novel alpha- and gammaherpesviruses from cutaneous and mucosal lesions of dolphins and whales SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE herpesvirus; cetaceae; Alphaherpesvirinae; Gammaherpesvirinae; molecular identification ID DELPHINAPTERUS-LEUCAS; INCIDENTAL LESIONS; PHOCOENA-PHOCOENA; MARINE TURTLES; BRITISH WATERS; HERPESVIRUS; VIRUS; FIBROPAPILLOMATOSIS; INFECTIONS; MORTALITY AB Total DNA extracted from mucosal and skin lesions of captive and stranded cetaceans was analyzed for herpesvirus DNA by nested and direct polymerase chain reactions (PCR). The targeted sequences corresponded to a region of the DNA polymerase gene containing multiple conserved amino acid motifs. Herpesvirus genomic DNA fragments (222-244 bp) were amplified from 11 lesions by nested PCR and from eight lesions (similar to 730 bp) using direct PCR from US cetaceans. Fragments of various sizes were also amplified from skin, spleen and blood of a German dolphin. Sequencing and BLAST analysis of these DNA fragments indicated that alpha- or gammaherpesviruses were present in the cetacean lesions. Alphaherpesviruses were associated with skin lesions of three Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), while gammaherpesviruses were present in genital lesions of five Atlantic bottlenose dolphins, one Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus), one dwarf sperm whale (Kogia sima) and one Blainville's beaked whale (Mesoplodon densirostris), as well as in one oral lesion from an Atlantic bottlenose dolphin. Phylogenetic analysis of deduced amino acid sequences showed that the cetacean alphaherpesviruses were most closely related to human alphaherpesviruses, namely, herpes simplex-1 and -2. On the other hand, cetacean gammaherpesviruses were most closely related to Rhadinoviruses. These novel cetacean herpesviruses appeared to be distinct from known herpesviruses of marine and terrestrial vertebrates. The sequencing data strongly suggest that these viruses are most likely cetacean specific and possibly have coevolved with their cetacean hosts. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Infect Dis & Pathol, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. Dolphin & Whale Hosp, Mote Marine Lab & Aquarium, Sarasota, FL 34236 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Georgia, Athens Vet Diagnost Lab, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Bayside Hosp Anim, Ft Walton Beach, FL 32547 USA. Robert Koch Inst, D-13353 Berlin, Germany. RP Romero, CH (reprint author), Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Infect Dis & Pathol, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. EM romeroc@mail.vetmed.ufl.edu NR 21 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 3 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-0934 J9 J VIROL METHODS JI J. Virol. Methods PD SEP PY 2006 VL 136 IS 1-2 BP 261 EP 266 DI 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.03.033 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 073IC UT WOS:000239735200036 ER PT J AU Gayaldo, PF Nelson, K AF Gayaldo, Perry F. Nelson, Kitty TI Preliminary results of light transmission under residential piers in Lake Washington, King County, Washington: A comparison between prisms and grating SO LAKE AND RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE deck spacing; grating; light transmission; pier; prisms; salmon; shading AB During the summers of 2003 and 2004, 11 piers (two public and nine private) were evaluated for their ability to transmit light through the decking to the water surface below. Solid decking produces distinct shading that migrating juvenile Chinook salmon appear to avoid by swimming into deeper water where more potential predators live. Two new types of surface treatments (acrylic prisms and grating) were evaluated and compared to traditionally spaced decking as well as solid decking. Grating (with 37-58% open space) was found to transmit significantly more light to the water surface below (mean = 7.5% of full sunlight) than 23 x 5 cm acrylic prisms (mean = 0.7% of full sunlight). In other words, compared to full sunlight, grating transmits 10 times more light under the pier than acrylic prisms. In addition, light that passes through open grating penetrates the water evenly under the pier. Light transmitted through prisms concentrates beams of light that do not always reach the water surface. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Off Habitat Conservat, Restorat Ctr, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Off Habitat Conservat, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Gayaldo, PF (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Off Habitat Conservat, Restorat Ctr, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU NORTH AMER LAKE MANAGEMENT SOC PI MADISON PA PO BOX 5443, MADISON, WI 53705-5443 USA SN 1040-2381 J9 LAKE RESERV MANAGE JI Lake Reserv. Manag. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 22 IS 3 BP 245 EP 249 PG 5 WC Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 119QL UT WOS:000243027700008 ER PT J AU Meseck, SL Cutter, GA AF Meseck, Shannon L. Cutter, Gregory A. TI Evaluating the biogeochemical cycle of selenium in San Francisco Bay through modeling SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID MARINE-PHYTOPLANKTON; ESTUARY; LIGHT; BACTERIOPLANKTON; TRANSFORMATION; PARTICULATE; SPECIATION; SEDIMENTS; DYNAMICS; SELENATE AB A biogeochemical model was developed to simulate salinity, total suspended material, phytoplankton biomass, dissolved selenium concentrations (selenite, selenate, and organic selenide), and particulate selenium concentrations (selenite + selenate, elemental selenium, and organic selenide) in the San Francisco Bay estuary. Model-generated estuarine profiles of total dissolved selenium reproduced observed estuarine profiles at a confidence interval of 91-99% for 8 different years under various environmental conditions. The model accurately reproduced the observed dissolved speciation at confidence intervals of 81-98% for selenite, 72-91% for selenate, and 60-96% for organic selenide. For particulate selenium, model-simulated estuarine profiles duplicated the observed behavior of total particulate selenium (76-93%), elemental selenium (80-97%), selenite + selenate (77-82%), and organic selenide (70-83%). Discrepancies between model simulations and the observed data provided insights into the estuarine biogeochemical cycle of selenium that were largely unknown (e.g., adsorption/desorption). Forecasting simulations investigated how an increase in the discharge from the San Joaquin River and varying refinery inputs affect total dissolved and particulate selenium within the estuary. These model runs indicate that during high river flows the refinery signal is undetectable, but when river flow is low (70-day residence time) total particle-associated selenium concentrations can increase to > 2 mu g g(-1). Increasing the San Joaquin River discharge could also increase the total particle-associated selenium concentrations to > 1 mu g g(-1). For both forecasting simulations, particle-associated selenium was predicted to be higher than current conditions and reached levels where selenium could accumulate in the estuarine food web. C1 Old Dominion Univ, Dept Ocean Earth & Atmospher Sci, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. RP Meseck, SL (reprint author), US Dept Commerce, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 212 Rogers Ave, Milford, CT 06460 USA. RI Cutter, Gregory/C-7898-2017 OI Cutter, Gregory/0000-0001-6744-6718 NR 36 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 51 IS 5 BP 2018 EP 2032 PG 15 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 086LC UT WOS:000240673800007 ER PT J AU Hampton, SE Scheuerell, MD Schindler, DE AF Hampton, Stephanie E. Scheuerell, Mark D. Schindler, Daniel E. TI Coalescence in the Lake Washington story: Interaction strengths in a planktonic food web SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID NEOMYSIS-MERCEDIS; CLIMATE-CHANGE; TIME-SERIES; DAPHNIA; PHYTOPLANKTON; PREDATION; DYNAMICS; IMPACTS; WATERS; ALGAE AB Lake Washington is arguably the most famous case study of lake pollution and subsequent recovery, and the widely cited story implicates just a few major players in the lake's food web transformations. "The Lake Washington story" historically highlights key players that negatively affect other taxa-filamentous cyanobacteria, the influential grazer Daphnia, and its predator Neomysis. This food web model has been based variously on experiments, observation, and educated inference. Here we tested the robustness of that historical conceptual model in a single multivariate analysis of long-term data. Most aspects of the historical model are supported, but the analysis also suggests key roles for food resources not previously considered-the nutritious cryptomonads and ubiquitous picoplankton. This cohesive analysis helps align the historical model with recent studies emphasizing "bottom-up" controls in Lake Washington and similar systems, and demonstrates the usefulness of using long-term data analysis to validate results from traditional ecological approaches. C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Hampton, SE (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. EM shampton@uidaho.edu RI Scheuerell, Mark/N-6683-2016; OI Scheuerell, Mark/0000-0002-8284-1254; Hampton, Stephanie/0000-0003-2389-4249 NR 39 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 26 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 51 IS 5 BP 2042 EP 2051 PG 10 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 086LC UT WOS:000240673800009 ER PT J AU Ju, SJ Harvey, HR Gomez-Gutierrez, J Peterson, WT AF Ju, Se-Jong Harvey, H. Rodger Gomez-Gutierrez, Jaime Peterson, William T. TI The role of lipids during embryonic development of the euphausiids Euphausia pacifica and Thysanoessa spinifera SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID ANTARCTIC KRILL; SINKING RATES; FATTY-ACID; SUPERBA; EGGS; CRYSTALLOROPHIAS; DENSITY; PRESSURE; OCEAN AB To understand the role of lipids during early embryogenesis, major lipid classes together with individual fatty-acid and sterol composition were determined in embryos from multiple developmental stages of the euphausiids Euphausia pacifica and Thysanoessa spinifera. Average lipid content in embryos of E. pacifica and T. spinifera from the earliest stage (multicell) were 4.45 and 3.69 mu g embryo(-1), respectively. During development, the lipid content decreased at similar rates in the embryos of both species. In contrast to many crustacean eggs, phospholipids were the dominant lipid class in all embryonic stages, with decreasing concentrations seen during development. Individual fatty acids and sterols showed selective utilization during early developmental stages. The dominant fatty acids were 16:0 and 16:1 omega 7 and 20:5 omega 3, with most polyunsaturated fatty acids preferentially metabolized throughout early stages. An exception was 22:6 omega 3, which remained near constant through all stages. Cholesterol was the dominant sterol (> 82% of total sterols) in embryos, with only minor changes during development. The appearance of algal sterols and fatty alcohols, including phytol, in T. spinifera embryos suggests that considerable amounts of algal lipids are directly allocated to eggs during vitellogenesis. Despite the substantial changes in lipid amount and composition during embryo development, the presence of phospholipids as the dominate lipid store acts to moderate changes in egg-sinking rate for both species until the late (early and late limb-bud) stages of development. C1 Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. Ctr Interdisciplinario Ciencias Marinas, Dept Plancton & Ecol Marina, La Paz, Baja California, Mexico. Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Ju, SJ (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. EM sejongju@gmail.com RI Ju, Se-Jong/A-9029-2009 NR 40 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 51 IS 5 BP 2398 EP 2408 PG 11 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 086LC UT WOS:000240673800042 ER PT J AU Zug, GR Chaloupka, M Balazs, GH AF Zug, George R. Chaloupka, Milani Balazs, George H. TI Age and growth in olive ridley seaturtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) from the north-central Pacific: a skeletochronological analysis SO MARINE ECOLOGY-AN EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE LA English DT Article DE age; Cheloniidae; Lepidochelys olivacea; growth; humeral skeletal anatomy; non-parametric smoothing; North Pacific Ocean; Reptilia; seaturtle growth modeling; skeletochronology; Testudines ID LOGGERHEAD CARETTA-CARETTA; SEA-TURTLES; SOMATIC GROWTH; KEMPII; VALIDATION; ECOLOGY AB The olive ridley is the most abundant seaturtle species in the world but little is known of the demography of this species. We used skeletochronological data on humerus diameter growth changes to estimate the age of North Pacific olive ridley seaturtles caught incidentally by pelagic longline fisheries operating near Hawaii and from dead turtles washed ashore on the main Hawaiian Islands. Two age estimation methods [ranking, correction factor (CF)] were used and yielded age estimates ranging from 5 to 38 and 7 to 24 years, respectively. Rank age-estimates are highly correlated (r = 0.93) with straight carapace length (SCL), CF age estimates are not (r = 0.62). We consider the CF age-estimates as biologically more plausible because of the disassociation of age and size. Using the CF age-estimates, we then estimate the median age at sexual maturity to be around 13 years old (mean carapace size c. 60 cm SCL) and found that somatic growth was negligible by 15 years of age. The expected age-specific growth rate function derived using numerical differentiation suggests at least one juvenile growth spurt at about 10-12 years of age when maximum age-specific growth rates, c. 5 cm SCL year(-1), are apparent. C1 Natl Museum Nat Hist, Smithsonian Inst, Dept Vertebrate Zool, Washington, DC 20013 USA. Univ Queensland, Ecol Modelling Serv Pty Ltd, St Lucia, Qld, Australia. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific lsl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu Lab, Honolulu, HI USA. RP Zug, GR (reprint author), Natl Museum Nat Hist, Smithsonian Inst, Dept Vertebrate Zool, Washington, DC 20013 USA. EM zugg@si.edu NR 33 TC 23 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 11 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0173-9565 J9 MAR ECOL-EVOL PERSP JI Mar. Ecol.-Evol. Persp. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 27 IS 3 BP 263 EP 270 DI 10.1111/j.1439-0485.2006.00109.x PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 090PN UT WOS:000240963300008 ER PT J AU Field, JC Francis, RC AF Field, John C. Francis, Robert C. TI Considering ecosystem-based fisheries management in the California Current SO MARINE POLICY LA English DT Review DE ecosystem management; fisheries management; California Current ID HAKE MERLUCCIUS-PRODUCTUS; EL-NINO; FISH POPULATIONS; MARINE RESERVES; PACIFIC-OCEAN; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; SEBASTES-MELANOPS; WORLD FISHERIES; CURRENT SYSTEM; SUSTAINABILITY AB Recognizing that all management decisions have impacts on the ecosystem being exploited, an ecosystem-based approach to management seeks to better inform these decisions with knowledge of ecosystem structure, processes and functions. For marine fisheries in the California Current, along the West Coast of North America, such an approach must take into greater consideration the constantly changing climate-driven physical and biological interactions in the ecosystem, the trophic relationships between fished and unfished elements of the food web, the adaptation potential of life history diversity, and the role of humans as both predators and competitors. This paper reviews fisheries-based ecosystem tools, insights, and management concepts, and presents a transitional means of implementing an ecosystem-based approach to managing US fisheries in the California Current based on current scientific knowledge and interpretation of existing law. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NOAA, Santa Cruz Lab, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, NMFS, Santa Cruz, CA 95062 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fisheries Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Field, JC (reprint author), NOAA, Santa Cruz Lab, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, NMFS, 110 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95062 USA. EM John.Field@noaa.gov; bfrancis@u.washington.edu NR 119 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-597X J9 MAR POLICY JI Mar. Pol. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 30 IS 5 BP 552 EP 569 DI 10.1016/j.marpol.2005.07.004 PG 18 WC Environmental Studies; International Relations SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; International Relations GA 060OD UT WOS:000238810600010 ER PT J AU Irvine, GV Mann, DH Short, JW AF Irvine, Gall V. Mann, Daniel H. Short, Jeffrey W. TI Persistence of 10-year old Exxon Valdez oil on Gulf of Alaska beaches: The importance of boulder-armoring SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE boulder-armored beaches; Exxon valdez; Gulf of Alaska; oil spill; oil persistence; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH); oil mousse; chemical and physical weathering of oil; petroleum hydrocarbons ID PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; MUSSEL BEDS; SPILL; SEDIMENTS; HYDROCARBONS; TISSUES; GRAVEL AB Oil stranded as a result of the 1989 Exxon Valdez spill has persisted for > 10 years at study sites on Gulf of Alaska shores distant from the spill's origin. These sites were contaminated by "oil mousse", which persists in these settings due to armoring of underlying sediments and their included oil beneath boulders. The boulder-armored beaches that we resampled in 1999 showed continued contamination by subsurface oil, despite their exposure to moderate to high wave energies. Significant declines in surface oil cover occurred at all study sites. In contrast, mousse has persisted under boulders in amounts similar to what was present in 1994 and probably in 1989. Especially striking is the general lack of weathering of this subsurface oil over the last decade. Oil at five of the six armored-beach sites 10 years after the spill is compositionally similar to 11-day old Exxon Valdez oil. Analysis of movements in the boulder-armor that covers the study beaches reveals that only minor shifts have occurred since 1994, suggesting that over the last five, and probably over the last 10 years, boulder-armors have remained largely unmoved at the study sites. These findings emphasize the importance of particular geomorphic parameters in determining stranded oil persistence. Surface armoring, combined with stranding of oil mousse, results in the unexpectedly lengthy persistence of only lightly to moderately weathered oil within otherwise high-energy wave environments. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Fisheries Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Irvine, GV (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM gail_irvine@usgs.gov NR 33 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 52 IS 9 BP 1011 EP 1022 DI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.01.005 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 094PW UT WOS:000241252500013 PM 16524600 ER PT J AU Watson, JW Kerstetter, DW AF Watson, J. W. Kerstetter, D. W. TI Pelagic longline fishing gear: A brief history and review of research efforts to improve selectivity SO MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID FISHERIES; MORTALITY; CIRCLE; REDUCE; HOOKS; CATCH AB Pelagic longline gear had several independent evolutions, but the most widespread form appears to have been originally developed by the Japanese as early as the mid-19(th) century. Technological developments such as polyamide monofilament line and modern fishing vessel construction have resulted in the evolution and expansion of this gear type as the primary worldwide method of commercially harvesting large pelagic fishes such as broadbill swordfish and tunas. Although the adaptability of the gear through changes in materials, lengths, and deployment strategies has resulted in generally high selectivity for many target species, the bycatch of protected species by pelagic longlines is considered a global problem in the conservation effort to sustain populations of sea turtles, sea birds, and some istiophorid billfishes (sail-fished spearfishes, marlins). Recent research on the modification of pelagic longline fishing strategies uses this inherent adaptability of the gear to avoid or reduce the mortality of bycatch species. This is an alternative to the traditional management strategy of closed areas, which fishermen view as less effective and generally more restrictive (limiting) with respect to target catches. This work with academic partners and commercial fishermen has resulted in the development of bycatch reduction strategies which include safe handling and release gear and protocols, use of circle hooks in place of traditional J-style hooks, restrictions on gangion and mainline lengths, and corrole hooks. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pascagoula Lab, Harvesting Syst Div, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr,NOAA, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. RP Watson, JW (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pascagoula Lab, Harvesting Syst Div, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr,NOAA, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 21 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 13 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC INC PI COLUMBIA PA 5565 STERRETT PLACE, STE 108, COLUMBIA, MD 21044 USA SN 0025-3324 J9 MAR TECHNOL SOC J JI Mar. Technol. Soc. J. PD FAL PY 2006 VL 40 IS 3 BP 6 EP 11 PG 6 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 108XX UT WOS:000242273600003 ER PT J AU Dantzig, JA Boettinger, WJ Warren, JA McFadden, GB Coriell, SR Sekerka, RF AF Dantzig, J. A. Boettinger, W. J. Warren, J. A. McFadden, G. B. Coriell, S. R. Sekerka, R. F. TI Numerical modeling of diffusion-induced deformation SO METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID COUPLES; INTERDIFFUSION AB We present a numerical approach to modeling the deformation induced by the Kirkendall effect in binary alloys. The governing equations for isothermal binary diffusion are formulated with respect to inert markers and also with respect to the volume-averaged velocity. Relations necessary to convert between the two formulations are derived. Whereas the marker formulation is the natural one in which to pose constitutive laws, the volume formulation provides certain computational advantages. We therefore compute the diffusion and deformation with respect to the volume-centered velocity and then determine the corresponding fields with respect to the markers. Several problems involving one-dimensional (1-D) diffusion couples are solved for verification, and a problem involving two-dimensional (2-D) diffusion in a lap joint is solved to illustrate the power of the method in a more complex geometry. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Mech & Ind Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Thermodynam & Kinet Grp, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Math & Comp Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RP Dantzig, JA (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Mech & Ind Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. EM dantzig@uiuc.edu RI McFadden, Geoffrey/A-7920-2008; Warren, James/B-1698-2008 OI McFadden, Geoffrey/0000-0001-6723-2103; Warren, James/0000-0001-6887-1206 NR 10 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 14 PU MINERALS METALS MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 1073-5623 J9 METALL MATER TRANS A JI Metall. Mater. Trans. A-Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 37A IS 9 BP 2701 EP 2714 DI 10.1007/BF02586104 PG 14 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 082AD UT WOS:000240357800009 ER PT J AU Hoffman, JI Matson, CW Amos, W Loughlin, TR Bickham, JW AF Hoffman, J. I. Matson, C. W. Amos, W. Loughlin, T. R. Bickham, J. W. TI Deep genetic subdivision within a continuously distributed and highly vagile marine mammal, the Steller's sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE conservation genetics; genetic structure; gene flow; isolation by distance; microsatellite; phylogeography; pinniped; stocks ID MITOCHONDRIAL CONTROL REGION; ODOBENUS-ROSMARUS ROSMARUS; PHOCA-VITULINA-VITULINA; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; MICROSATELLITE VARIATION; POLYMORPHIC LOCI; DNA; DIFFERENTIATION; PATTERNS; MARKERS AB The Steller's sea lion Eumetopias jubatus is an endangered marine mammal that has experienced dramatic population declines over much of its range during the past five decades. Studies using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have shown that an apparently continuous population includes a strong division, yielding two discrete stocks, western and eastern. Based on a weaker split within the western stock, a third Asian stock has also been defined. While these findings indicate strong female philopatry, a recent study using nuclear microsatellite markers found little evidence of any genetic structure, implying extensive paternal gene flow. However, this result was at odds with mark-recapture data, and both sample sizes and genetic resolution were limited. To address these concerns, we increased analytical power by genotyping over 700 individuals from across the species' range at 13 highly polymorphic microsatellite loci. We found a clear phylogenetic break between populations of the eastern stock and those of the western and Asian stocks. However, our data provide little support for the classification of a separate Asian stock. Our findings show that mtDNA structuring is not due simply to female philopatry, but instead reflects a genuine discontinuity within the range, with implications for both the phylogeography and conservation of this important marine mammal. C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Duke Univ, Integrated Toxicol Program, LSRC, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. RP Hoffman, JI (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England. EM jih24@cam.ac.uk RI Matson, Cole/F-7992-2010; hoffman, joseph/K-7725-2012 OI Matson, Cole/0000-0002-6472-9357; hoffman, joseph/0000-0001-5895-8949 NR 52 TC 55 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 21 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0962-1083 EI 1365-294X J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 15 IS 10 BP 2821 EP 2832 DI 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02991.x PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 072VS UT WOS:000239701700010 PM 16911203 ER PT J AU Hayes, SA Pearse, DE Costa, DP Harvey, JT Le Boeuf, BJ Garza, JC AF Hayes, Sean A. Pearse, Devon E. Costa, Daniel P. Harvey, James T. Le Boeuf, Burney J. Garza, John Carlos TI Mating system and reproductive success in eastern Pacific harbour seals SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE harbour seals; mating system; paternity analysis; pinnipeds; polygyny; reproductive success ID MICROSATELLITE DNA MARKERS; PHOCA-VITULINA-VITULINA; GREY SEAL; GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION; ELEPHANT SEALS; NATURAL-POPULATIONS; SEXUAL SELECTION; PATERNITY; PATTERNS; PARENTAGE AB Harbour seals sometimes breed along inland travel corridors where females become clustered in space and time and males establish underwater acoustic display territories similar to terrestrial arenas known as resource-based leks. Under these conditions, we predicted that higher levels of polygyny would be observed than has been previously reported for this species mating in open coast environments without travel corridors. Reproductive success (RS) of 70 males was measured using 20 microsatellite DNA loci and likelihood-based paternity analysis of 136 offspring collected over 3 years. Most males were assigned either zero or one paternity with 80% confidence. The greatest number of pups assigned to one male in a season was two. Variance in RS was higher for males than females (which are biologically limited to one offspring per year) indicating low to mild polygyny. In addition, distributions of relatedness values among pups within year classes did not differ significantly from a simulated distribution with R = 0, indicating that half-siblings were uncommon. Overall, polygyny levels were low relative to terrestrial pinniped mating systems and similar to observations from a harbour seal population along an open coast. Due to large confidence intervals associated with our results, we cannot rule out the hypothesis that a travel corridor might increase the degree of polygyny skew relative to that observed in open coast environments. Habitat appeared to influence male strategies as the most successful males in open coast environments patrolled offshore, while the most successful male in this study defended a territory along the travel corridor. C1 SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fishesries Ecol Div, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Ecol & Evolutionary Biol Dept, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Moss Landing Marine Labs, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. RP Hayes, SA (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fishesries Ecol Div, 110 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM sean.hayes@noaa.gov NR 58 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 5 U2 16 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 15 IS 10 BP 3023 EP 3034 DI 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02984.x PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 072VS UT WOS:000239701700025 PM 16911218 ER PT J AU Smith, CT Park, L Vandoornik, D Seeb, W Seeb, E AF Smith, C. T. Park, L. Vandoornik, D. Seeb, W. Seeb, E. TI Characterization of 19 single nucleotide polymorphism markers for coho salmon SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY NOTES LA English DT Article DE 5 '-nuclease reaction; coho salmon; Oncorhynchus kisutch; SNP; TaqMan ID LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH AB We report 39 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) observed in 23 nuclear DNA sequences in coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch. High-throughput genotyping assays based on the 5'-nuclease reaction were developed for 17 of these nuclear SNPs and for two previously published mitochondrial DNA SNPs. Minor allele frequency differences (Delta q) among collections were between 5.2% and 51.2%, resulting in per locus F-ST estimates of 0.00-0.24 with an average of 0.09. C1 Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Smith, CT (reprint author), Alaska Dept Fish & Game, 333 Raspberry Rd, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. EM christian_smith@fishgame.state.ak.us NR 11 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1471-8278 J9 MOL ECOL NOTES JI Mol. Ecol. Notes PD SEP PY 2006 VL 6 IS 3 BP 715 EP 720 DI 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2006.01320.x PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 073YL UT WOS:000239778600041 ER PT J AU Lindsey, DT Hillger, DW Grasso, L Knaff, JA Dostalek, JF AF Lindsey, Daniel T. Hillger, Donald W. Grasso, Louie Knaff, John A. Dostalek, John F. TI GOES climatology and analysis of thunderstorms with enhanced 3.9-mu m reflectivity SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID DEEP CONVECTIVE STORM; CIRRUS CLOUDS; WATER CLOUDS; PARAMETERIZATION; TOP; MICROPHYSICS; SIMULATIONS; IMAGERY AB By combining observations from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite ( GOES) 3.9- and 10.7-mu m channels, the reflected component of the 3.9-mu m radiance can be isolated. In this paper, these 3.9-mu m reflectivity measurements of thunderstorm tops are studied in terms of their climatological values and their utility in diagnosing cloud-top microphysical structure. These measurements provide information about internal thunderstorm processes, including updraft strength, and may be useful for severe weather nowcasting. Three years of summertime thunderstorm-top 3.9-mu m reflectivity values are analyzed to produce maps of climatological means across the United States. Maxima occur in the high plains and Rocky Mountain regions, while lower values are observed over much of the eastern United States. A simple model is used to establish a relationship between 3.9-mu m reflectivity and ice crystal size at cloud top. As the mean diameter of a cloud-top ice crystal distribution decreases, more solar radiation near 3.9 mu m is reflected. Using the North American Regional Reanalysis dataset, the thermodynamic environment that favors thunderstorms with large 3.9-mu m reflectivity values is identified. In the high plains and mountains, environments with relatively dry boundary layers, steep lapse rates, and large vertical shear values favor thunderstorms with enhanced 3.9-mu m reflectivity. Thunderstorm processes that lead to small ice crystals at cloud top are discussed, and a possible relationship between updraft strength and 3.9-mu m reflectivity is presented. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, ORA, RAMMB, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Lindsey, DT (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, 1375 Campus Delivery, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM lindsey@cira.colostate.edu RI Lindsey, Dan/F-5607-2010; Hillger, Donald/F-5592-2010; Knaff, John /F-5599-2010 OI Lindsey, Dan/0000-0002-0967-5683; Hillger, Donald/0000-0001-7297-2640; Knaff, John /0000-0003-0427-1409 NR 20 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 134 IS 9 BP 2342 EP 2353 DI 10.1175/MWR3211.1 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 086DP UT WOS:000240654000003 ER PT J AU Majumdar, SJ Aberson, SD Bishop, CH Buizza, R Peng, MS Reynolds, CA AF Majumdar, S. J. Aberson, S. D. Bishop, C. H. Buizza, R. Peng, M. S. Reynolds, C. A. TI A comparison of adaptive observing guidance for Atlantic tropical cyclones SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID TRANSFORM KALMAN-FILTER; ATMOSPHERIC DATA ASSIMILATION; STORM RECONNAISSANCE PROGRAM; SINGULAR-VECTORS; TARGETED OBSERVATIONS; DROPWINDSONDE OBSERVATIONS; HORIZONTAL DEFORMATION; ENSEMBLE PREDICTION; PERTURBATION GROWTH; BAROCLINIC WAVES AB Airborne adaptive observations have been collected for more than two decades in the neighborhood of tropical cyclones, to attempt to improve short-range forecasts of cyclone track. However, only simple subjective strategies for adaptive observations have been used, and the utility of objective strategies to improve tropical cyclone forecasts remains unexplored. Two objective techniques that have been used extensively for midlatitude adaptive observing programs, and the current strategy based on the ensemble deep-layer mean (DLM) wind variance, are compared quantitatively using two metrics. The ensemble transform Kalman filter (ETKF) uses ensembles from NCEP and the ECMWF. Total-energy singular vectors (TESVs) are computed by the ECMWF and the Naval Research Laboratory, using their respective global models. Comparisons of 78 guidance products for 2-day forecasts during the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season are made, on both continental and localized scales relevant to synoptic surveillance missions. The ECMWF and NRL TESV guidance identifies similar large-scale target regions in 90% of the cases, but are less similar to each other in the local tropical cyclone environment (56% of the cases) with a more stringent criterion for similarity. For major hurricanes, all techniques usually indicate targets close to the storm center. For weaker tropical cyclones, the TESV guidance selects similar targets to those from the ETKF (DLM wind variance) in only 30% (20%) of the cases. ETKF guidance using the ECMWF ensemble is more like that provided by the NCEP ensemble (and DLM wind variance) for major hurricanes than for weaker tropical cyclones. Minor differences in these results occur when a different metric based on the ranking of fixed storm-relative regions is used. C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Meteorol & Phsy Oceanog, Miami, FL 33149 USA. USN, Res Lab, Monterey, CA USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, Berks, England. RP Majumdar, SJ (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Meteorol & Phsy Oceanog, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM smajumdar@rsmas.miami.edu RI Aberson, Sim/C-4891-2013; OI Aberson, Sim/0000-0002-3670-0100; Reynolds, Carolyn/0000-0003-4690-4171 NR 46 TC 67 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 134 IS 9 BP 2354 EP 2372 DI 10.1175/MWR3193.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 086DP UT WOS:000240654000004 ER PT J AU Okamoto, K Derber, JC AF Okamoto, Kozo Derber, John C. TI Assimilation of SSM/I radiances in the NCEP global data assimilation system SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID SPECIAL SENSOR MICROWAVE/IMAGER; VARIATIONAL ASSIMILATION; WIND-SPEED; RATES; RETRIEVALS; FORECASTS; IMPACT; MODEL; TOVS; TMI AB A technique for the assimilation of Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) data in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) global data assimilation and forecast system is described. Because the radiative transfer model used does not yet allow for cloud/rain effects, it is crucial to properly identify and exclude (or correct) cloud/rain-contaminated radiances using quality control (QC) and bias correction procedures. The assimilation technique is unique in that both procedures take into account the effect of the liquid cloud on the difference between observed and simulated brightness temperature for each SSM/I channel. The estimate of the total column cloud liquid water from observed radiances is used in a frequency-dependent cloud detection component of the QC and as a predictor in the bias correction algorithm. Also, a microwave emissivity Jacobian model with respect to wind speed is developed for oceanic radiances. It was found that the surface wind information in the radiance data can be extracted through the emissivity model Jacobian rather than producing and including a separate SSM/I wind speed retrieval. A two-month-long data assimilation experiment from July to August 2004 using NCEP's Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation analysis system and the NCEP operational forecast model was performed. In general, the assimilation of SSM/I radiance has a significant positive impact on the analyses and forecasts. Moisture is added in the Northern Hemisphere and Tropics and is slightly reduced in the Southern Hemisphere. The moisture added appears to be slightly excessive in the Tropics verified against rawinsonde observations. Nevertheless, the assimilation of SSM/I radiance data reduces model spinup of precipitation and substantially improves the dynamic fields, especially in measures of the vector wind error at 200 hPa in the Tropics. In terms of hurricane tracks, SSM/I radiance assimilation produces more cases with smaller errors and reduces the average error. No disruption of the Hadley circulation is found from the introduction of the SSM/I radiance data. C1 Japan Meteorol Agcy, Tokyo, Japan. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Washington, DC USA. RP Okamoto, K (reprint author), 1-3-4 Otema Chi,Chiyoda Ku, Tokyo 1008122, Japan. EM okamoto@naps.kishou.go.jp NR 25 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 134 IS 9 BP 2612 EP 2631 DI 10.1175/MWR3205.1 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 086DP UT WOS:000240654000018 ER PT J AU Cohen, RA Schultz, DM AF Cohen, Robert A. Schultz, David M. TI Comments on "Contraction rate and its relationship to frontogenesis, the Lyapunov exponent, fluid trapping, and airstream boundaries" - Reply SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. E Stroudsburg Univ, Dept Phys, E Stroudsburg, PA USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Schultz, DM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM david.schultz@noaa.gov RI Schultz, David M./A-3091-2010 OI Schultz, David M./0000-0003-1558-6975 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 134 IS 9 BP 2644 EP 2644 DI 10.1175/MWR3213.1 PG 1 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 086DP UT WOS:000240654000021 ER PT J AU Coe, HJ Kiffney, PM Pess, GR AF Coe, Holly J. Kiffney, Peter M. Pess, George R. TI A comparison of methods to evaluate the response of periphyton and invertebrates to wood placement in large Pacific Coastal rivers SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; STREAM; DEBRIS; RESTORATION; REHABILITATION; COLONIZATION; SALMONIDS; ALGAE AB The goal of our study was to evaluate the importance of placed wood for periphyton and invertebrates in two large Pacific Northwest rivers systems (bankfull width > 30 m) using artificial substrates, a widely used method in small streams, and natural substrates including cobble and wood. Preliminary findings suggest that artificial substrates were ineffective at mimicking invertebrate densities and community structure and periphyton biomass found on natural substrates. Artificial substrates were also logistically difficult to place and retrieve. As current methods for sampling wood are not designed for periphyton collection and are logistically difficult in large systems, we developed a new method for sampling both invertebrates and periphyton from wood in large rivers where log jams can be large and deep pool habitats are prevalent. This method proved highly effective at a) sampling invertebrates as well as finer, more easily dispersed components of periphyton and b) detecting biological responses to wood placement. Furthermore, our findings suggest that wood can be an effective instream restoration method in large river systems because it can serve as both physical refugia during high flows and as an important substrate for periphyton and invertebrates. Finally, wood supports a unique community of invertebrates that are often understudied and therefore underrepresented in lotic system studies. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Watershed Program, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Coe, HJ (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Watershed Program, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM Holly.Coe@noaa.gov NR 32 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD FAL PY 2006 VL 80 IS 4 BP 298 EP 307 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 135LB UT WOS:000244154000008 ER PT J AU Payne, MG Jiang, KJ Deng, L AF Payne, M. G. Jiang, Kaijun Deng, L. TI Highly efficient inelastic four-wave mixing using dual induced transparency and coherently prepared states SO OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID ELECTROMAGNETICALLY INDUCED TRANSPARENCY; NONLINEAR FREQUENCY-CONVERSION; QUANTUM; SPECTROSCOPY; INTERFERENCE; REFRACTION; OPTICS; INDEX; VAPOR AB We investigate a life time broadened and coherently prepared five-state system for multi-wave mixing processes. We show that very efficient wave mixing occurs, producing an unconventional mixing wave that has the characteristics of both conventional four-wave mixing (FWM) and stimulated hyper-Raman (SHR) emission. In addition, we show interesting multiple simultaneous multi-photon interference effects at large propagation distances and demonstrate more than 10 orders of magnitude suppression of populations of the probe wave terminal state and the near three-photon resonance mixing wave generating state. These new type of multi-photon interference based induced transparency effects, which are critically dependent on two distinctive relaxation processes involving both an external supplied and an internally generated fields, are fundamentally different from the conventional three-state electromagnetically induced transparency effect which does not depend on propagation. As a consequence, both the probe and the wave-mixing field to propagate nearly free of absorption and distortions in a highly dispersive medium. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NIST, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Chinese Acad Sci, Ctr Cold Atom Phys, Wuhan Inst Phys & Math, Wuhan, Peoples R China. RP Deng, L (reprint author), NIST, Div Electron & Opt Phys, 100 Bur Dr,MS8411, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM lu.deng@nist.gov RI Deng, Lu/B-3997-2012; Jiang, Kaijun/F-2712-2014 OI Jiang, Kaijun/0000-0003-3126-4335 NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0030-4018 J9 OPT COMMUN JI Opt. Commun. PD SEP 1 PY 2006 VL 265 IS 1 BP 246 EP 254 DI 10.1016/j.optcom.2006.03.054 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA 080BI UT WOS:000240221400036 ER PT J AU Cahn, JW Mishin, Y Suzuki, A AF Cahn, JW Mishin, Y Suzuki, A TI Duality of dislocation content of grain boundaries SO PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE LA English DT Article ID MECHANISMS; MOTION AB The Frank-Bilby equation (FBE) can give many solutions for the dislocation content of a grain boundary (GB); most of them are considered to have little physical reality except in limited ranges of the angles which characterize low-angle GBs. We explore two such solutions, each of which is an accurate description for a different low-angle tilt GB with the same tilt axis. We develop a model that uses the two solutions to predict the coupling factor between normal motion and the shear strain produced by any (low- or high-angle) GB. Within this model, the two FBE solutions give rise to two possible modes of coupled GB motion which for the same GB under the same stress differ in direction of motion. Using molecular dynamics simulations we confirm our model. We find positive and/or negative coupled GB motion for all misorientation angles, and the model gives accurate predictions for the shear produced even by high-angle GBs where individual dislocations cannot be resolved. At low temperatures dual behaviour is observed for the same high-angle GB and applied stress: both coupling modes are found with a switch between them after some time. This switch signifies a change in the effective dislocation content. Dual behaviour indicates that both solutions for the dislocation content can be meaningful for the same GB. At higher temperatures only one mode is seen for each GB under the same shear stress, and the switch between the two modes seems to occur discontinuously at some high misorientation angle. C1 George Mason Univ, Sch Computat Sci, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mishin, Y (reprint author), George Mason Univ, Sch Computat Sci, MSN 5C3,4400 Univ Dr, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. EM ymishin@gmu.edu RI Mishin, Yuri/P-2020-2015 NR 24 TC 90 Z9 91 U1 2 U2 23 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1478-6435 J9 PHILOS MAG JI Philos. Mag. PD SEP 1 PY 2006 VL 86 IS 25-26 BP 3965 EP 3980 DI 10.1080/14786430500536909 PG 16 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Physics GA 057AN UT WOS:000238567000011 ER PT J AU Gratias, D Beauchesne, JT Mompiou, F Caillard, D AF Gratias, D Beauchesne, JT Mompiou, F Caillard, D TI Geometry of dislocations in icosahedral quasicrystals SO PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE LA English DT Article ID AL-PD-MN; SYMMETRY; PLASTICITY; STABILITY; PATTERNS; MOTION; CLIMB AB Quasicrystals are complex metallic alloys that are ductile at high temperatures close to their melting point. It has been early recognized that their plasticity is due to a flux of moving linear defects in all respects similar to dislocations in ordinary crystals. The present paper is an attempt to propose in a short didactic review a simple synthetic analysis of the basic underlying geometry of quasicrystalline dislocations exemplified with experimental and calculated images of electron microscopy in icosahedral phases. C1 Off Natl Etud & Rech Aerosp, CNRS, LEM, F-92322 Chatillon, France. NIST, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. CNRS, CEMES, F-31055 Toulouse, France. RP Gratias, D (reprint author), Off Natl Etud & Rech Aerosp, CNRS, LEM, BP 72, F-92322 Chatillon, France. EM denis.gratias@onera.fr NR 32 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1478-6435 J9 PHILOS MAG JI Philos. Mag. PD SEP 1 PY 2006 VL 86 IS 25-26 BP 4139 EP 4151 DI 10.1080/14786430600575435 PG 13 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Physics GA 057AN UT WOS:000238567000022 ER PT J AU Band, YB Vardi, A AF Band, Y. B. Vardi, A. TI Collisional shifts in optical-lattice atom clocks SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID FREQUENCY STANDARDS AB We theoretically study the effects of elastic collisions on the determination of frequency standards via Ramsey-fringe spectroscopy in optical-lattice atom clocks. Interparticle interactions of bosonic atoms in multiply occupied lattice sites can cause a linear frequency shift, as well as generate asymmetric Ramsey-fringe patterns and reduce fringe visibility due to interparticle entanglement. We propose a method of reducing these collisional effects in an optical lattice by introducing a phase difference of pi between the Ramsey driving fields in adjacent sites. This configuration suppresses site-to-site hopping due to interference of two tunneling pathways, without degrading fringe visibility. Consequently, the probability of double occupancy is reduced, leading to cancellation of collisional shifts. C1 Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Dept Chem, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Ilse Katz Ctr Nanosci, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel. RP Band, YB (reprint author), Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Dept Chem, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel. RI Vardi, Amichay/D-8189-2011 OI Vardi, Amichay/0000-0002-8992-2129 NR 34 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD SEP PY 2006 VL 74 IS 3 AR 033807 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.74.033807 PG 10 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 091ZP UT WOS:000241067100132 ER PT J AU Glancy, S Knill, E Vasconcelos, HM AF Glancy, S. Knill, E. Vasconcelos, H. M. TI Entanglement purification of any stabilizer state SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID QUANTUM ERROR-CORRECTION; CODE AB We present a method for multipartite entanglement purification of any stabilizer state shared by several parties. In our protocol each party measures the stabilizer operators of a quantum error-correcting code on his or her qubits. The parties exchange their measurement results, detect or correct errors, and decode the desired purified state. We give sufficient conditions on the stabilizer codes that may be used in this procedure and find that Steane's seven-qubit code is the smallest error-correcting code sufficient to purify any stabilizer state. An error-detecting code that encodes two qubits in six can also be used to purify any stabilizer state. We further specify which classes of stabilizer codes can purify which classes of stabilizer states. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Math & Comp Sci, Informat Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. RP Glancy, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Math & Comp Sci, Informat Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. EM sglancy@boulder.nist.gov; knill@boulder.nist.gov; Hilma.M.DeVasconcelos.2@nd.edu RI Vasconcelos, Hilma/H-2980-2016 OI Vasconcelos, Hilma/0000-0001-7129-1026 NR 20 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD SEP PY 2006 VL 74 IS 3 AR 032319 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.74.032319 PG 11 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 091ZP UT WOS:000241067100046 ER PT J AU Kondorskiy, AD Presnyakov, LP Ralchenko, Y AF Kondorskiy, A. D. Presnyakov, L. P. Ralchenko, Yu. TI Selective excitation of metastable atomic states by femto- and attosecond laser pulses SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID ABOVE-THRESHOLD IONIZATION; COHERENT POPULATION; LIGHT-PULSES; FIELD; GENERATION; MOLECULES; RESONANCE AB The possibility of achieving highly selective excitation of low metastable states of hydrogen and helium atoms by using short laser pulses with reasonable parameters is demonstrated theoretically. Interactions of atoms with the laser field are studied by solving the close-coupling equations without discretization. The parameters of laser pulses are calculated using different kinds of optimization procedures. For the excitation durations of hundreds of femtoseconds direct optimization of the parameters of one and two laser pulses with Gaussian envelopes is used to introduce a number of simple schemes of selective excitation. To treat the case of shorter excitation durations, optimal control theory is used and the calculated optimal fields are approximated by sequences of pulses with reasonable shapes. A way to achieve selective excitation of metastable atomic states by using sequences of attosecond pulses is introduced. C1 PN Lebedev Phys Inst, Moscow 119991, Russia. Moscow Inst Phys & Technol, Dolgoprudnyi 141700, Moscow Region, Russia. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kondorskiy, AD (reprint author), PN Lebedev Phys Inst, Leninsky Pr 53, Moscow 119991, Russia. RI Kondorskiy, Alexey/N-2531-2015; Ralchenko, Yuri/E-9297-2016 OI Kondorskiy, Alexey/0000-0003-4412-565X; Ralchenko, Yuri/0000-0003-0083-9554 NR 43 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD SEP PY 2006 VL 74 IS 3 AR 033410 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.74.033410 PG 9 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 091ZP UT WOS:000241067100097 ER PT J AU O'Leary, DP Brennen, GK Bullock, SS AF O'Leary, Dianne P. Brennen, Gavin K. Bullock, Stephen S. TI Parallelism for quantum computation with qudits SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID COMPUTERS; SYSTEMS; STATE AB Robust quantum computation with d-level quantum systems (qudits) poses two requirements: fast, parallel quantum gates and high-fidelity two-qudit gates. We first describe how to implement parallel single-qudit operations. It is by now well known that any single-qudit unitary can be decomposed into a sequence of Givens rotations on two-dimensional subspaces of the qudit state space. Using a coupling graph to represent physically allowed couplings between pairs of qudit states, we then show that the logical depth (time) of the parallel gate sequence is equal to the height of an associated tree. The implementation of a given unitary can then optimize the tradeoff between gate time and resources used. These ideas are illustrated for qudits encoded in the ground hyperfine states of the alkali-metal atoms (87)Rb and (133)Cs. Second, we provide a protocol for implementing parallelized nonlocal two-qudit gates using the assistance of entangled qubit pairs. Using known protocols for qubit entanglement purification, this offers the possibility of high-fidelity two-qudit gates. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Comp Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Inst Adv Comp Studies, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Austrian Acad Sci, Inst Quantum Opt & Quantum Informat, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. IDA, Ctr Comp Sci, Bowie, MD 20715 USA. RP O'Leary, DP (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Comp Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM oleary@cs.umd.edu; gavin.brennen@uibk.ac.at; ssbullo@super.org RI Brennen, Gavin/C-2293-2009 OI Brennen, Gavin/0000-0002-6019-966X NR 25 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD SEP PY 2006 VL 74 IS 3 AR 032334 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.74.032334 PG 11 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 091ZP UT WOS:000241067100061 ER PT J AU Ronen, S Bortolotti, DCE Blume, D Bohn, JL AF Ronen, Shai Bortolotti, Daniele C. E. Blume, D. Bohn, John L. TI Dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates with dipole-dependent scattering length SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID ZERO-TEMPERATURE; MONTE-CARLO; GASES; MOLECULES AB We consider a Bose-Einstein condensate of polar molecules in a harmonic trap, where the effective dipole may be tuned by an external field. We demonstrate that taking into account the dependence of the scattering length on the dipole moment is essential to reproducing the correct energies and for predicting the stability of the condensate. We do this by comparing Gross-Pitaevskii calculations with diffusion Monte Carlo calculations. We find very good agreement between the results obtained by these two approaches once the dipole dependence of the scattering length is taken into account. We also examine the behavior of the condensate in nonisotropic traps. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Florence, LENS, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy. Univ Florence, Dipartimento Fis, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy. INFM, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy. Washington State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Bohn, JL (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM bohn@murphy.colorado.edu RI Ronen, Shai/B-7940-2008 OI Ronen, Shai/0000-0002-2239-2397 NR 42 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD SEP PY 2006 VL 74 IS 3 AR 033611 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.74.033611 PG 11 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 091ZP UT WOS:000241067100113 ER PT J AU Strauch, FW AF Strauch, Frederick W. TI Connecting the discrete- and continuous-time quantum walks SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID CELLULAR-AUTOMATA; MECHANICS; LATTICE AB Recently, quantized versions of random walks have been explored as effective elements for quantum algorithms. In the simplest case of one dimension, the theory has remained divided into the discrete-time quantum walk and the continuous-time quantum walk. Though the properties of these two walks have shown similarities, it has remained an open problem to find the exact relation between the two. The precise connection of these two processes, both quantally and classically, is presented. Extension to higher dimensions is also discussed. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Strauch, FW (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM frederick.strauch@nist.gov NR 29 TC 88 Z9 88 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD SEP PY 2006 VL 74 IS 3 AR 030301 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.74.030301 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 091ZP UT WOS:000241067100001 ER PT J AU Hong, T Kenzelmann, M Turnbull, MM Landee, CP Lewis, BD Schmidt, KP Uhrig, GS Qiu, Y Broholm, C Reich, D AF Hong, T. Kenzelmann, M. Turnbull, M. M. Landee, C. P. Lewis, B. D. Schmidt, K. P. Uhrig, G. S. Qiu, Y. Broholm, C. Reich, D. TI Neutron scattering from a coordination polymer quantum paramagnet SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID STRONG-COUPLING EXPANSIONS; SINGLET GROUND-STATE; SPIN LADDER; MAGNETIC EXCITATIONS; COMPOUND (VO)(2)P2O7; HEISENBERG LADDER; CHAIN COMPOUND; LINEAR-CHAIN; BOUND-STATES; SPECTRUM AB Inelastic neutron scattering measurements are reported for a powder sample of the spin-1/2 quantum paramagnet Cu(quinoxaline)Br-2. Magnetic neutron scattering is identified above an energy gap of 1.9 meV. Analysis of the sharp spectral maximum at the onset indicates that the material is magnetically quasi-one-dimensional. Consideration of the wave vector dependence of the scattering and polymeric structure further identifies the material as a two-legged spin-1/2 ladder. Detailed comparisons of the data to various models of magnetism in this material based on the single-mode approximation and the continuous unitary transformation are presented. The latter theory provides an excellent account of the data with leg exchange J(parallel to)=2.0 meV and rung exchange J(perpendicular to)=3.3 meV. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Clark Univ, Dept Phys, Worcester, MA 01610 USA. Clark Univ, Carlson Sch Chem, Worcester, MA 01610 USA. Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Inst Theoret Phys, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. Univ Saarland, D-66123 Saarbrucken, Germany. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Hong, T (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RI Schmidt, Kai /C-7286-2009; Hong, Tao/F-8166-2010; Broholm, Collin/E-8228-2011; Uhrig, Gotz/F-4940-2011; Kenzelmann, Michel/A-8438-2008; OI Hong, Tao/0000-0002-0161-8588; Broholm, Collin/0000-0002-1569-9892; Kenzelmann, Michel/0000-0001-7913-4826; Schmidt, Kai Phillip/0000-0002-8278-8238; Turnbull, Mark/0000-0002-0232-8224 NR 48 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD SEP PY 2006 VL 74 IS 9 AR 094434 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.74.094434 PG 9 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 089HQ UT WOS:000240871700061 ER PT J AU Oh, S Cicak, K Kline, JS Sillanpaa, MA Osborn, KD Whittaker, JD Simmonds, RW Pappas, DP AF Oh, Seongshik Cicak, Katarina Kline, Jeffrey S. Sillanpaa, Mika A. Osborn, Kevin D. Whittaker, Jed D. Simmonds, Raymond W. Pappas, David P. TI Elimination of two level fluctuators in superconducting quantum bits by an epitaxial tunnel barrier SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID JOSEPHSON-JUNCTION; CHARGE QUBITS; FLUX QUBIT; STATES; OSCILLATIONS; ALGORITHM; DYNAMICS; CIRCUIT AB Quantum computing based on Josephson junction technology is considered promising due to its scalable architecture. However, decoherence is a major obstacle. Here, we report evidence for improved Josephson quantum bits (qubits) using a single-crystal Al2O3 tunnel barrier. We have found an similar to 80% reduction in the density of the spectral splittings that indicate the existence of two-level fluctators (TLFs) in amorphous tunnel barriers. The residual similar to 20% TLFs can be attributed to interfacial effects that may be further reduced by different electrode materials. These results show that decoherence sources in the tunnel barrier of Josephson qubits can be identified and eliminated. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Oh, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Sillanpaa, Mika/A-3554-2013 NR 31 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD SEP PY 2006 VL 74 IS 10 AR 100502 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.74.100502 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 089HT UT WOS:000240872000007 ER PT J AU Rodriguez, JA Moss, SC Robertson, JL Copley, JRD Neumann, DA Major, J AF Rodriguez, J. A. Moss, S. C. Robertson, J. L. Copley, J. R. D. Neumann, D. A. Major, J. TI Neutron scattering studies of short-range order, atomic displacements, and effective pair interactions in a null-matrix (Ni0.52Pt0.48)-Ni-62 crystal SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID DISORDERED BINARY ALLOYS; ENERGY ELECTRON-DIFFRACTION; X-RAY-SCATTERING; CU-NI ALLOYS; DIFFUSE-SCATTERING; LOCAL ORDER; COMPOSITIONAL ORDER; MONTE-CARLO; SEGREGATION; ORIGINS AB The best known exception to the Heine-Sampson and Bieber-Gauthier arguments for ordering effects in transition metal alloys (similar to the Hume-Rothery rules) is a NiPt alloy, whose phase diagram is similar to that of the CuAu system. Using neutron scattering we have investigated the local atomic order in a null-matrix (Ni0.52Pt0.48)-Ni-62 single crystal. In a null-matrix alloy, the isotopic composition is adjusted so that the average neutron scattering length vanishes (Ni-62 has a negative scattering length nearly equal in magnitude to that of Pt). Consequently, all contributions to the total scattering depending on the average lattice are suppressed. The only remaining components of the elastic scattering are the short-range order (SRO) and size effect terms. These data permit the extraction of the SRO parameters (concentration-concentration correlations) as well as the displacement parameters (concentration-displacement correlations). Using the Krivoglaz-Clapp-Moss theory, we obtain the effective pair interactions (EPIs) between near neighbors in the alloy. The results can be used by theorists to model the alloy in the context of the electronic theory of alloy phase stability, including a preliminary evaluation of the local species-dependent displacements. Our maps of V(q), the Fourier transform of the EPIs, show very similar shapes in the experimental and reconstructed data. This is of importance when comparing to electronic structure calculations. C1 Univ Houston, Dept Phys, Houston, TX 77204 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Max Planck Inst Met Res, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany. RP Rodriguez, JA (reprint author), Univ Houston, Dept Phys, Houston, TX 77204 USA. RI Rodriguez-Rivera, Jose/A-4872-2013 OI Rodriguez-Rivera, Jose/0000-0002-8633-8314 NR 54 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD SEP PY 2006 VL 74 IS 10 AR 104115 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.74.104115 PG 11 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 089HT UT WOS:000240872000029 ER PT J AU Tian, L Carr, SM AF Tian, L. Carr, S. M. TI Scheme for quantum teleportation between nanomechanical modes SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID SINGLE-ELECTRON TRANSISTOR; CONTINUOUS VARIABLE SYSTEMS; PODOLSKY-ROSEN CHANNELS; SUPERCONDUCTING QUBIT; CRITERION; STATE AB We study a quantum teleportation scheme between two nanomechanical modes without local interaction. The nanomechanical modes are linearly coupled to and connected by the continuous variable modes of a superconducting circuit consisting of a transmission line and Josephson junctions. We calculate the fidelity of transferring Gaussian states at finite temperature and nonunit detector efficiency. For coherent states, a fidelity above the classical limit of 1/2 can be achieved for a large range of parameters. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tian, L (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8423, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Tian, Lin/I-3314-2013 OI Tian, Lin/0000-0001-6281-1034 NR 40 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD SEP PY 2006 VL 74 IS 12 AR 125314 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.74.125314 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 089HX UT WOS:000240872500063 ER PT J AU Xu, GY Gehring, PM Shirane, G AF Xu, Guangyong Gehring, P. M. Shirane, G. TI Coexistence and competition of local- and long-range polar orders in a ferroelectric relaxor SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID NEUTRON-SCATTERING; SINGLE-CRYSTALS; RAMAN-SCATTERING; ELECTRIC-FIELD; BEHAVIOR; MODEL AB We have performed a series of neutron diffuse scattering measurements on a single crystal of the solid solution Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O-3 doped with 8% PbTiO3, a relaxor compound with a Curie temperature T-C similar to 450 K, in an effort to study changes in local polar orders associated with the polar nanoregions (PNR) when the material enters the ferroelectric phase. The diffuse scattering intensity increases monotonically upon cooling in zero field, but the rate of increase varies dramatically around different Bragg peaks. These results can be explained by assuming that corresponding changes occur in the ratio of the optic and acoustic components of the atomic displacements within the PNR. Cooling in the presence of a modest electric field E oriented along the [111] direction alters the shape of diffuse scattering in reciprocal space, but does not eliminate the scattering as would be expected in the case of a classic ferroelectric material. This suggests that a field-induced redistribution of the PNR has taken place. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Phys & Mat Sci Dept, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Xu, GY (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Phys & Mat Sci Dept, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RI Xu, Guangyong/A-8707-2010; OI Xu, Guangyong/0000-0003-1441-8275; Gehring, Peter/0000-0002-9236-2046 NR 37 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 21 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 EI 1550-235X J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD SEP PY 2006 VL 74 IS 10 AR 104110 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.74.104110 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 089HT UT WOS:000240872000024 ER PT J AU Yang, CC Chung, MK Li, WH Chan, TS Liu, RS Lien, YH Huang, CY Chan, YY Yao, YD Lynn, JW AF Yang, C. C. Chung, M. K. Li, W. -H. Chan, T. S. Liu, R. S. Lien, Y. H. Huang, C. Y. Chan, Y. Y. Yao, Y. D. Lynn, J. W. TI Magnetic instability and oxygen deficiency in Na-doped TbMnO3 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID PEROVSKITE; POLARIZATION; HOMNO3; SODIUM AB Oxygen vacancies in TbMnO3 were created by monovalent Na+ doping. The effects of the interruption of the superexchange paths on the spin orderings were investigated. Chemical doping resulted in a much higher ordering temperature, which is probably associated with enhanced Tb-Tb coupling because of a reduction in Tb-Tb interatomic distances. The oxygen vacancies turned the modulated Mn spin structure into a simple commensurate one, presumably due to interruptions of the in-plane (Mn-O)-(O-Mn) superexchange paths, which reduced the significance of the next nearest-neighbor interactions of the Mn ions. The modulated spin structure of the Mn moments was found to reappear in systems with high Na doping, indicating that the anisotropic magnetic couplings had reemerged. C1 Natl Cent Univ, Dept Phys, Chungli 32054, Taiwan. Acad Sinica, Inst Phys, Taipei 11529, Taiwan. Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Chem, Taipei 106, Taiwan. Natl Taiwan Univ, Ctr Nanostorage Res, Taipei 106, Taiwan. Chinese Culture Univ, Inst Mat Mfg, Taipei 111, Taiwan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Li, WH (reprint author), Natl Cent Univ, Dept Phys, Chungli 32054, Taiwan. EM whli@phy.ncu.edu.tw RI Liu, Ru-Shi/A-6796-2010 OI Liu, Ru-Shi/0000-0002-1291-9052 NR 19 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD SEP PY 2006 VL 74 IS 9 AR 094409 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.74.094409 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 089HQ UT WOS:000240871700036 ER PT J AU Zhang, H Srolovitz, DJ Douglas, JF Warren, JA AF Zhang, Hao Srolovitz, David J. Douglas, Jack F. Warren, James A. TI Characterization of atomic motion governing grain boundary migration SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; SUPERCOOLED LIQUIDS; INSITU OBSERVATIONS; COOPERATIVE MOTION; SIMULATION; DISLOCATIONS; TRANSLATION; MECHANISMS; DIFFUSION; KINETICS AB Molecular dynamics simulations were employed to study atomic motion within stationary and migrating asymmetric tilt grain boundaries. We employ several measures of the "complexity" of the atomic trajectories, including the van Hove correlation function, the non-Gaussian parameter, and dynamic entropy. There are two key types of dynamical events within the grain boundaries (i) a stringlike cooperative motions parallel to the tilt axis and occurring on a characteristic time scale of approximate to 25 ps and (ii) atomic motion across the grain boundary plane occurring on a characteristic time scale of approximate to 150 ps. The characteristic times associated with each type of event decreases with increasing driving force for boundary migration. We present evidence as to how the driving force biases these types of events, leading to boundary migration. While the stringlike atomic motion is an intrinsic feature of grain boundary dynamics and is important for grain boundary migration, it is the second type of event that controls grain boundary migration rates. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Theoret & Computat Mat Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zhang, H (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. RI Zhang, Hao/A-3272-2008; Warren, James/B-1698-2008 OI Warren, James/0000-0001-6887-1206 NR 34 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 2 U2 16 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD SEP PY 2006 VL 74 IS 11 AR 115404 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.74.115404 PG 10 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 089HV UT WOS:000240872300102 ER PT J AU Anopchenko, A Psurek, T VanderHart, D Douglas, JF Obrzut, J AF Anopchenko, A. Psurek, T. VanderHart, D. Douglas, J. F. Obrzut, J. TI Dielectric study of the antiplasticization of trehalose by glycerol SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E LA English DT Article ID ELASTIC NEUTRON-SCATTERING; GLASS-TRANSITION; GAS SORPTION; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; STRUCTURAL RELAXATION; MALTOSE-GLYCEROL; WATER MIXTURES; DYNAMICS; PROTEIN; VISCOSITY AB Recent measurements have suggested that the antiplasticizing effect of glycerol on trehalose can significantly increase the preservation times of proteins stored in this type of preservative formulation. In order to better understand the physical origin of this phenomenon, we examine the nature of antiplasticization in trehalose-glycerol mixtures by dielectric spectroscopy. These measurements cover a broad frequency range between 40 Hz to 18 GHz (covering the secondary relaxation range of the fragile glass-former trehalose and the primary relaxation range of the strong glass-former glycerol) and a temperature (T) range bracketing room temperature (220 K to 350 K). The Havriliak-Negami function precisely fits our relaxation data and allows us to determine the temperature and composition dependence of the relaxation time tau describing a relative fast dielectric relaxation process appropriate to the characterization of antiplasticization. We observe that increasing the glycerol concentration at fixed T increases tau (i.e., the extent of antiplasticization) until a temperature dependent critical "plasticization concentration" x(wp) is reached. At a fixed concentration, we find a temperature at which antiplasticization first occurs upon cooling and we designate this as the "antiplasticization temperature," T-ant. The ratio of the tau values for the mixture and pure trehalose is found to provide a useful measure of the extent of antiplasticization, and we explore other potential measures of antiplasticization relating to the dielectric strength. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Anopchenko, A (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jack.douglas@nist.gov; jan.obrzut@nist.gov RI Anopchenko, Oleksiy/D-9478-2011; OI Obrzut, Jan/0000-0001-6667-9712 NR 89 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1539-3755 J9 PHYS REV E JI Phys. Rev. E PD SEP PY 2006 VL 74 IS 3 AR 031501 DI 10.1103/PhysRevE.74.031501 PN 1 PG 10 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 089HB UT WOS:000240870100059 PM 17025634 ER PT J AU Naydenov, B Ryan, P Teague, LC Boland, JJ AF Naydenov, B. Ryan, P. Teague, L. C. Boland, John J. TI Measuring the force of interaction between a metallic probe and a single molecule SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID 1,3-CYCLOHEXADIENE; JUNCTIONS; SURFACE AB Precision current measurements are recorded at 5 K during the approach and contact between a Pt-inked probe and the carbon-carbon double-bond region of an isolated 1,3-cyclohexadiene molecule chemisorbed on a Si(100) surface. Scanning tunneling spectroscopic data reveal systematic features in the current at specific probe-molecule separations. Aided by density functional theory calculations, we show that these features arise from interaction forces between the probe and molecule, which can be interpreted as the relaxation of the probe-molecule system prior to and during contact. C1 Univ Dublin Trinity Coll, Sch Chem, Dublin 2, Ireland. Univ Dublin Trinity Coll, CRANN, Dublin 2, Ireland. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Naydenov, B (reprint author), Univ Dublin Trinity Coll, Sch Chem, Dublin 2, Ireland. EM jboland@tcd.ie NR 22 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD SEP 1 PY 2006 VL 97 IS 9 AR 098304 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.098304 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 080HR UT WOS:000240239000067 PM 17026410 ER PT J AU Yang, Z Wong-Ng, W Cook, LP Kaduk, JA Huang, QZ AF Yang, Z. Wong-Ng, W. Cook, L. P. Kaduk, J. A. Huang, Q. Z. TI X-ray and neutron powder diffraction studies of (Ba1-xSrx)Y2CuO5 SO POWDER DIFFRACTION LA English DT Article DE (Ba1-xSrx)Y2CuO5; Rietveld refinements; X-ray and neutron powder diffraction; crystal structure and crystal chemistry; X-ray reference powder diffraction patterns ID YBCO-COATED CONDUCTORS; BOND-VALENCE PARAMETERS; PULSED-LASER DEPOSITION; BUFFER LAYERS; THIN-FILMS; CU-O; SUPERCONDUCTOR WIRES; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; CURRENT-DENSITY; Y2BACUO5 AB This paper reports the results of crystallography and crystal chemistry investigation of the (Ba1-xSrx)Y2CuO5 ("green phase") solid solution series by X-ray powder diffraction (XPD) and neutron powder diffraction techniques. The single phase regions for (Ba1-xSrx)Y2CuO5 were determined to be 0 <= x <= 0.3 for samples prepared at 810 degrees C in 100 Pa p(O2), and 0 <= x <= 0.7 for samples prepared at 930 degrees C in air. All single phase (Ba1-xSrx)Y2CuO5 samples are isostructural to BaY2CuO5 and can be indexed using an orthorhombic cell with the space group Prima. Lattice parameters, a, b, c and the cell volume, V, of the (Ba1-xSrx)Y2CuO5 members decrease linearly with increasing Sr substitution (x) on the Ba site. The general structure of(Ba1-xSrx)Y2CuO5 can be considered as having a three-dimensional interconnected network of [YO7],[(Ba,Sr)O-11], and [CuO5] polyhedra. The copper ions are located inside distorted [CuO5] "square" pyramids. These pyramids are connected by the [Y2O11] groups that are formed from two monocapped [YO7] trigonal prisms sharing a triangular face. The Ba2+ ions are found to reside in distorted 11-fold Coordinated cages. The oxygen sites are essentially fully occupied. XPD reference patterns, of two members of the series, (Ba0.3Sr0.7)Y2CuO5 and (Ba0.7Sr0.3)Y2CuO5, were prepared for inclusion in the powder diffraction file. (C) 2006 International Centre for Diffraction Data. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. BP Amoco Chem, Naperville, IL 60566 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Yang, Z (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 42 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 7 PU J C P D S-INT CENTRE DIFFRACTION DATA PI NEWTOWN SQ PA 12 CAMPUS BLVD, NEWTOWN SQ, PA 19073-3273 USA SN 0885-7156 J9 POWDER DIFFR JI Powder Diffr. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 21 IS 3 BP 200 EP 209 DI 10.1154/1.2217029 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA 087NP UT WOS:000240749400003 ER PT J AU Zhou, YS Cui, XP Li, XF AF Zhou Yushu Cui Xiaopeng Li Xiaofan TI Contribution of cloud condensate to surface rainfall process SO PROGRESS IN NATURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cloud condensate; surface rain rate; cloud resolving simulation ID DEEP CONVECTIVE REGIME; THERMODYNAMIC FOUNDATION; CUMULUS CONVECTION; MOIST ATMOSPHERE; SQUALL LINES; PHASE-III; SIMULATION; SYSTEMS; HEAT; GATE AB Contribution of cloud condensate to surface rainfall processes is investigated in a life span of tropical convection based on hourly data from a two-dimensional cloud resolving simulation. The model is forced by the large-scale vertical velocity, zonal wind and horizontal advections obtained from tropical ocean global atmosphere coupled ocean-atmosphere response experiment (TOGA COARE). The results show that during the genesis, development, and decay of tropical convection, calculations with water vapor overestimate surface rain rate, and cloud condensate plays an important role in correcting overestimation in surface rain rates. The analysis is carried out in deep convective clouds and anvil clouds during the development of tropical convection. The surface rain rates calculated with water vapor in deep convective clouds and anvil clouds have similar magnitudes, the large surface rain rate appears in deep convective clouds due to the consumption of water hydrometeors whereas the small surface rain rate occurs in anvil clouds because of the gain of ice hydrometeors. Further analysis of the grid data shows that the surface rain rates calculated with water vapor and with cloud condensate are negatively correlated with the correlation coefficient of - 0.85, and the surface rain rate calculated with cloud condensate is mainly contributed to the water hydrometeors in the tropical deep convective regime. C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Camp Springs, MD USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Zhou, YS (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. EM zys@mail.iap.ac.cn RI Li, Xiaofan/F-5605-2010; Li, Xiaofan/G-2094-2014 NR 27 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1002-0071 J9 PROG NAT SCI JI Prog. Nat. Sci. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 16 IS 9 BP 967 EP 973 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Materials Science; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 106SV UT WOS:000242122100011 ER PT J AU Nasonov, N Zhukova, P Hubbell, JH AF Nasonov, N. Zhukova, P. Hubbell, J. H. TI Parametric X-rays along the velocity direction of an emitting particle under conditions of the Cherenkov effect SO RADIATION PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE parametric X-rays; anomalous photoabsorption; Cherenkov effect; dynamical diffraction AB Peculiarities in the parametric X-rays along the velocity direction of a relativistic electron emitting in a regime where the Cherenkov effect is important are considered. It is shown that the emission yield can be increased substantially due to the modification of the anomalous photo absorption. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Belgorod State Univ, Lab Radiat Phys, Belgorod 308007, Russia. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ionizing Radiat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Nasonov, N (reprint author), Belgorod State Univ, Lab Radiat Phys, 14 Studencheskaya St, Belgorod 308007, Russia. EM nnn@bsu.edu.ru NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0969-806X J9 RADIAT PHYS CHEM JI Radiat. Phys. Chem. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 75 IS 9 BP 923 EP 926 DI 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2006.02.007 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 081GE UT WOS:000240304400001 ER PT J AU Burns, DT Allisy-Roberts, PJ Desrosiers, MF Nagy, VY Sharpe, PHG Laitano, RF Mehta, K Schneider, MKH Zhang, YL AF Burns, D. T. Allisy-Roberts, P. J. Desrosiers, M. F. Nagy, V. Yu. Sharpe, P. H. G. Laitano, R. F. Mehta, K. Schneider, M. K. H. Zhang, Y. L. TI CCRI supplementary comparison of standards for absorbed dose to water in Co-60 gamma radiation at radiation processing dose levels SO RADIATION PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON-BEAM RADIATION; DOSIMETERS; SYSTEM AB Six national standards for absorbed dose to water in Co-60 gamma. radiation at the dose levels used in radiation processing have been compared over the range from 5 to 30 kGy using the alanine dosimeters of the NIST and the NPL as the transfer dosimeters. The standards are in agreement at the level of around 0.5%, which is significantly smaller than the stated standard uncertainties. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Bur Int Poids & Mesures, F-92312 Sevres, France. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Phys Lab, Teddington TW11 0LW, Middx, England. Ist Nazl Metrol Radiaz Ionizzanti, Rome, Italy. IAEA, A-1400 Vienna, Austria. Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, D-3300 Braunschweig, Germany. Natl Inst Metrol, Beijing, Peoples R China. RP Burns, DT (reprint author), Bur Int Poids & Mesures, Pavillon Breteuil, F-92312 Sevres, France. EM dburns@bipm.org NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0969-806X J9 RADIAT PHYS CHEM JI Radiat. Phys. Chem. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 75 IS 9 BP 1087 EP 1092 DI 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2006.02.003 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 081GE UT WOS:000240304400024 ER PT J AU Sliski, A Soares, C Mitch, MG AF Sliski, Alan Soares, Christopher Mitch, Michael G. TI A fibre optic scintillator dosemeter for absorbed dose measurements of low-energy X-ray-emitting brachytherapy sources SO RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY LA English DT Article ID PLASTIC SCINTILLATORS; WATER AB A newly developed dosemeter using a 0.5 mm diameter x 0.5 mm thick cylindrical plastic scintillator coupled to the end of a fibre optic cable is capable of measuring the absorbed dose rate in water around low-activity, low-energy X-ray emitters typically used in prostate brachytherapy. Recent tests of this dosemeter showed that it is possible to measure the dose rate as a function of distance in water from 2 to 30 mm of a Pd-103 source of air-kerma strength 3.4 U (1 U = 1 mu Gy m(2) h(-1)), or 97 MBq (2.6 mCi) apparent activity, with good signal-to-noise ratio. The signal-to-noise ratio is only dependent on the integration time and background subtraction. The detector volume is enclosed in optically opaque, nearly water-equivalent materials so that there is no polar response other than that due to the shape of the scintillator volume chosen, in this case cylindrical. The absorbed dose rate very close to commercial brachytherapy sources can be mapped in an automated water phantom, providing a 3-D dose distribution with sub-millimeter spatial resolution. The sensitive volume of the detector is 0.5 mm from the end of the optically opaque waterproof housing, enabling measurements at very close distances to sources. The sensitive detector electronics allow the measurement of very low dose rates, as exist at centimeter distances from these sources. The detector is also applicable to mapping dose distributions from more complex source geometries such as eye applicators for treating macular degeneration. C1 Boston Sci, Lincoln, MA USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sliski, A (reprint author), Boston Sci, Lincoln, MA USA. EM asliski@bostonscience.com NR 4 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0144-8420 J9 RADIAT PROT DOSIM JI Radiat. Prot. Dosim. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 120 IS 1-4 BP 24 EP 27 DI 10.1093/rpd/ncj009 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 086RZ UT WOS:000240692000005 PM 16782747 ER PT J AU Gaza, R Bulur, E McKeever, SWS Soares, CG AF Gaza, R. Bulur, E. McKeever, S. W. S. Soares, C. G. TI Experimental determination of the dose deposition profile of a Sr-90 beta source SO RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY LA English DT Article AB Three different methods for characterising the dose deposition profile of a Sr-90/Y-90 radioactive source are described: GAFChromic film dosimetry, Thermoluminescence (TL) and Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL). For the film measurements, GAFChromic film samples were stacked at different depths between polyethylene terephthalate (PET) foils. For TL, the thickness of a TLD-500 dosemeter was gradually reduced by polishing and the TL from chips of different thickness was used in conjunction with a mathematical model based on the exponential attenuation of dose inside the crystal to determine the decay constant for the dose-depth profile. Finally, an OSL reader with confocal stimulation / detection capabilities was used to map the two-dimensional dose distribution in TLD-500 dosemeters as a function of depth. The shapes of the dose deposition profiles obtained from all the investigated methods are in good agreement. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Phys, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gaza, R (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Phys, 145 PS 2, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. EM rgaza@mdanderson.org RI Bulur, Enver/J-6320-2013 OI Bulur, Enver/0000-0002-4000-7966 NR 2 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 5 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0144-8420 J9 RADIAT PROT DOSIM JI Radiat. Prot. Dosim. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 120 IS 1-4 BP 33 EP 37 DI 10.1093/rpd/nci654 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 086RZ UT WOS:000240692000007 PM 16644945 ER PT J AU Soares, C Drupieski, C Wingert, B Pritchett, G Pagonis, V O'Brien, M Sliski, A Bilski, P Olko, P AF Soares, Christopher Drupieski, Chris Wingert, Brian Pritchett, Garey Pagonis, Vasilis O'Brien, Michelle Sliski, Alan Bilski, Pawel Olko, Pawel TI Absorbed dose measurements of a handheld 50 kV(P) X-ray source in water with thermoluminescence dosemeters SO RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY LA English DT Article ID AAPM PROTOCOL; 300 KV; RADIOTHERAPY; IPEMB; IAEA AB Absorbed dose rate measurements of a 50 kV(p) handheld X-ray probe source in a water phantom are described. The X-ray generator is capable of currents of up to 40 mu A, and is designed for cranial brachytherapy and intraoperative applications with applicators. The measurements were performed in a computer-controlled water phantom in which both the source and the detectors are mounted. Two different LiF thermoluminescence dosemeter (TLD) phosphors were employed for the measurements, MTS-N (LiF:Mg,Ti) and MCP-N (LiF:Mg,Cu,P). Two small ionisation chambers (0.02 and 0.0053 cm(3)) were also employed. The TLDs and chambers were positioned in watertight mounts made of water-equivalent plastic. The chambers were calibrated in terms of air-kerma rate, and conventional protocols were used to convert the measurements to absorbed dose rate. The TLDs were calibrated at National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in terms of absorbed dose rate using a Co-60 teletherapy beam and narrow-spectrum X-ray beams. For the latter, absorbed dose was inferred from air-kerma rate using calculated air-kerma-to-dose conversion factors. The reference points of the various detectors were taken as the center of the TLD volumes and the entrance windows of the ionisation chambers. Measurements were made at distances of 3-45 mm from the detector reference point to the source center. In addition, energy dependence of response measurements of the TLDs used was made using NIST reference narrow spectrum X-ray beams. Measurement results showed reasonable agreement in absorbed dose rate determined from the energy dependence corrected TLD readings and from the ionisation chambers. Volume averaging effects of the TLDs at very close distances to the source were also evident. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. McDaniel Coll, Westminster, MD USA. Boston Sci, Lincoln, MA USA. Inst Phys Nucl, Krakow, Poland. RP Soares, C (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM csoares@nist.gov RI Bilski, Pawel/G-5465-2012 OI Bilski, Pawel/0000-0002-0560-3404 NR 18 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0144-8420 J9 RADIAT PROT DOSIM JI Radiat. Prot. Dosim. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 120 IS 1-4 BP 78 EP 82 DI 10.1093/rpd/nci622 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 086RZ UT WOS:000240692000016 PM 16735571 ER PT J AU Soares, CG AF Soares, C. G. TI New developments in radiochromic film dosimetry SO RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY LA English DT Article ID OPHTHALMIC APPLICATORS; INTRAVASCULAR BRACHYTHERAPY; SOURCE WIRE; RADIATION; CALIBRATION; BRAIN AB NIST has been a pioneer in the use of radiochromic film for medical dosimetry applications. Beginning in 1988 with experiments with Sr-90/Y ophthalmic applicators, this work has continued into the present. A review of the latest applications is presented, which include high activity low-energy photon source dosimetry and ultra-high resolution film densitometry for dose enhancement near stents and microbeam radiation therapy dosimetry. An exciting recent development is the availability of a new radiochromic emulsion which has been developed for IMRT dosimetry. This emulsion is an order of magnitude more sensitive than was previously available. Measurements of the sensitivity and uniformity of samples of this new film are reported, using a spectrophotometer and two scanning laser densitometers. A unique feature of the new emulsion is that the peak of the absorbance spectrum falls at the wavelength of the HeNe lasers used in the densitometer, maximising sensitivity. When read at a wavelength of 633 nm, sensitivities on the order of 900 mAU Gy(-1) were determined for this new film type, compared with about 40 mAU Gy(-1) for type HS film, 20 mAU Gy(-1) for type MD-55-2 film, and 3 mAU Gy(-1) for type HD-810. Film uniformities were found to be good, on the order of 6% peak to peak. However, there is a strong polarisation effect in the samples examined, requiring care in film orientation during readout. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Soares, CG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM csoares@nist.gov RI Grams, Michael/G-5197-2011 NR 27 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 10 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0144-8420 J9 RADIAT PROT DOSIM JI Radiat. Prot. Dosim. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 120 IS 1-4 BP 100 EP 106 DI 10.1093/rpd/nci698 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 086RZ UT WOS:000240692000021 PM 16987914 ER PT J AU Baran, MP Bugay, OA Kolesnik, SP Maksimenko, VM Teslenko, VV Petrenko, TL Desrosiers, MF AF Baran, M. P. Bugay, O. A. Kolesnik, S. P. Maksimenko, V. M. Teslenko, V. V. Petrenko, T. L. Desrosiers, M. F. TI Barium dithionate as an EPR dosemeter SO RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURE AB Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) dosimetry is growing in popularity and this success has encouraged the search for other dosimetric materials. Previous studies of gamma-irradiated barium dithionate (BaS2O6 x 2H(2)O) have shown promise for its use as a radiation dosemeter. This work studies in greater detail several essential attributes of the system. Special attention has been directed to the study of EPR response dependences on microwave power, irradiation temperature, minimum detectable dose and post-irradiation stability. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Inst Semicond Phys, Kiev, Ukraine. RP Desrosiers, MF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM marcd@nist.gov NR 10 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0144-8420 J9 RADIAT PROT DOSIM JI Radiat. Prot. Dosim. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 120 IS 1-4 BP 202 EP 204 DI 10.1093/rpd/nci531 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 086RZ UT WOS:000240692000042 PM 16565205 ER PT J AU Sholom, S Chumak, V Desrosiers, M Bouville, A AF Sholom, S. Chumak, V. Desrosiers, M. Bouville, A. TI A transferability study of the EPR-tooth-dosimetry technique SO RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON-PARAMAGNETIC-RESONANCE; ENAMEL AB The transferability of a measurement protocol from one laboratory to another is an important feature of any mature, standardised protocol. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)-tooth dosimetry technique that was developed in Scientific Center for Radiation Medicine, AMS, Ukraine (SCRM) for routine dosimetry of Chernobyl liquidators has demonstrated consistent results in several inter-laboratory measurement comparisons. Transferability to the EPR dosimetry laboratory at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) was examined. Several approaches were used to test the technique, including dose reconstruction of SCRM-NIST inter-comparison samples. The study has demonstrated full transferability of the technique and the possibility to reproduce results in a different laboratory environment. C1 Sci Ctr Radiat Med, Kiev, Ukraine. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ionizing Radiat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, DHHS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Sholom, S (reprint author), Sci Ctr Radiat Med, Melnikova St,53, Kiev, Ukraine. EM sergey_sholom@yahoo.com RI Chumak, Vadim/N-6960-2015 OI Chumak, Vadim/0000-0001-6045-9356 NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0144-8420 J9 RADIAT PROT DOSIM JI Radiat. Prot. Dosim. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 120 IS 1-4 BP 210 EP 215 DI 10.1093/rpd/nci678 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 086RZ UT WOS:000240692000044 PM 16731688 ER PT J AU Desrosiers, MF Lin, M Cooper, SL Cui, Y Chen, KS AF Desrosiers, Marc F. Lin, Min Cooper, Sarenee L. Cui, Ying Chen, Kesheng TI A study of the irradiation temperature coefficient for L-alanine and DL-alanine dosemeters SO RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY LA English DT Article AB Alanine dosimetry is now well established both as a reference and routine dosemeter for industrial irradiation processing. Accurate dosimetry under the relatively harsh conditions of industrial processing requires a characterisation of the parameters that influence the dosemeter response. The temperature of the dosemeter during irradiation is a difficult quantity to measure so that the accuracy of the temperature coefficient that governs the dosemeter response becomes a critical factor. Numerous publications have reported temperature coefficients for several types of alanine dosemeters. The observed differences in the measured values were commonly attributed to the differences in the polymer binder or the experimental design of the measurement. However, the data demonstrated a consistent difference in the temperature coefficients between l-alanine and dl-alanine. Since there were no commonalities in the dosemeter composition or the measurement methods applied, a clear conclusion is not possible. To resolve this issue, the two isomeric forms of alanine dosemeters were prepared and irradiated in an identical manner. The results indicated that the dl-alanine temperature coefficient is more than 50% higher than the l-alanine temperature coefficient. C1 NIST, Ionising Radiat Div, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. China Inst Atom Energy, Radiometrol Ctr, Beijing 102413, Peoples R China. RP Desrosiers, MF (reprint author), NIST, Ionising Radiat Div, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM marcd@nist.gov NR 2 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0144-8420 J9 RADIAT PROT DOSIM JI Radiat. Prot. Dosim. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 120 IS 1-4 BP 235 EP 237 DI 10.1093/rpd/nci543 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 086RZ UT WOS:000240692000049 PM 16645000 ER PT J AU St John, TJ Cassata, JR Blake, PK Wallace, WH Minniti, R AF St John, T. J. Cassata, J. R. Blake, P. K. Wallace, W. H. Minniti, R. TI Technical aspects of the Naval Dosimetry Center quality assurance programme SO RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY LA English DT Article ID LIF-MG,CU,P AB The purpose of this paper is to describe the technical aspects of the Naval Dosimetry Center (NDC) quality programme. The Navy has been formally monitoring personnel for occupational exposure to ionising radiation since at least 1946. The current system, the DT-702/PD, is the Harshaw 8840 holder and 8841 card. New card and holder checks are performed to verify that the correct LiF elements and holder filters are in the correct location and are of the correct composition. Element correction coefficient (ECC) magnitude and repeatability are also verified. Several quality assurance parameters are checked by a specially designed shipping machine. Calibration cards are used to calibrate each reader and quality control cards are inserted throughout a group of field cards to verify reader operation during the read process. The success of the programme is measured by annual proficiency tests administered by the National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Programme and Pacific Northwest National Laboratories. C1 USN, Dosimetry Ctr, Bethesda, MD 20084 USA. Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, Portsmouth, NH USA. Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP St John, TJ (reprint author), USN, Dosimetry Ctr, Bethesda, MD 20084 USA. EM TJStjohn@mar.med.navy.mil OI wallace, william, hamish/0000-0001-8080-5674 NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0144-8420 J9 RADIAT PROT DOSIM JI Radiat. Prot. Dosim. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 120 IS 1-4 BP 273 EP 277 DI 10.1093/rpd/nci681 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 086RZ UT WOS:000240692000056 PM 16757494 ER PT J AU Babushok, VI DeLucia, FC Gottfried, JL Munson, CA Miziolek, AW AF Babushok, V. I. DeLucia, F. C., Jr. Gottfried, J. L. Munson, C. A. Miziolek, A. W. TI Double pulse laser ablation and plasma: Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy signal enhancement SO SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA PART B-ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Review DE laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS); double pulse; laser plasma; laser ablation ID ND-YAG LASER; ORTHOGONAL BEAM GEOMETRY; OPTICAL-EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY; FEMTOSECOND LASER; TEMPORAL DEPENDENCE; VACUUM-ULTRAVIOLET; ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS; PHYSICAL BASIS; STEEL ANALYSIS; LIBS ANALYSIS AB A review of recent results of the studies of double laser pulse plasma and ablation for laser induced breakdown spectroscopy applications is presented. The double pulse laser induced breakdown spectroscopy configuration was suggested with the aim of overcoming the sensitivity shortcomings of the conventional single pulse laser induced breakdown spectroscopy technique. Several configurations have been suggested for the realization of the double pulse laser induced breakdown spectroscopy technique: collinear, orthogonal pre-spark, orthogonal pre-heating and dual pulse crossed beam modes. In addition, combinations of laser pulses with different wavelengths, different energies and durations were studied, thus providing flexibility in the choice of wavelength, pulse width, energy and pulse sequence. The double pulse laser induced breakdown spectroscopy approach provides a significant enhancement in the intensity of laser induced breakdown spectroscopy emission lines up to two orders of magnitude greater than a conventional single pulse laser induced breakdown spectroscopy. The double pulse technique leads to a better coupling of the laser beam with the plasma plume and target material, thus providing a more temporally effective energy delivery to the plasma and target. The experimental results demonstrate that the maximum effect is obtained at some optimum separation delay time between pulses. The optimum value of the interpulse delay depends on several factors, such as the target material, the energy level of excited states responsible for the emission, and the type of enhancement process considered. Depending on the specified parameter, the enhancement effects were observed on different time scales ranging from the picosecond time level (e.g., ion yield, ablation mass) up to the hundred microsecond level (e.g., increased emission intensity for laser induced breakdown spectroscopy of submerged metal target in water). Several suggestions have been proposed to explain the mechanism of double pulse enhancement. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USA, Res Lab, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 USA. RP Babushok, VI (reprint author), NIST, Bldg 221,Room A111, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM babushok@nist.gov RI Gottfried, Jennifer/G-6333-2010; De Lucia, Frank/D-5630-2012; Munson, Chase/H-1667-2012 NR 103 TC 241 Z9 245 U1 19 U2 134 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0584-8547 J9 SPECTROCHIM ACTA B JI Spectroc. Acta Pt. B-Atom. Spectr. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 61 IS 9 BP 999 EP 1014 DI 10.1016/j.sab.2006.09.003 PG 16 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA 120NG UT WOS:000243091100002 ER PT J AU Bebu, I Rukhin, AL AF Bebu, Ionut Rukhin, Andrew L. TI Stationary distributions in the atom-on-demand problem SO STATISTICS & PROBABILITY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE binomial distribution; geometric distribution; geometric ergodicity; poisson distribution; stationary distribution AB In this note a probability model for the number of atoms in a magneto-optical trap is suggested. We study an ergodic Markov chain for the number of atoms in the trap under a feedback regime for different load distributions. Formulas for the stationary distribution of the process are derived in several cases. They can be used to adjust the loading rate of atoms to maximize the probability of a single atom in the trap. Approximate optimal regimes are found. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. UMBC, Dept Math & Stat, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. RP Rukhin, AL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Bldg 820, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM rukhin@math.umbc.edu NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-7152 J9 STAT PROBABIL LETT JI Stat. Probab. Lett. PD SEP 1 PY 2006 VL 76 IS 15 BP 1607 EP 1616 DI 10.1016/j.spl.2006.04.003 PG 10 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 069RW UT WOS:000239466900004 ER PT J AU Shiao, CH Juang, HMH AF Chih-Hui Shiao Hann-Ming Henry Juang TI Sensitivity study of the climate simulation over East Asia with the CWB regional spectral model SO TERRESTRIAL ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE CWB RSM; regional climate simulation; East Asian ID SEVERE PRECIPITATION EVENT; CENTRAL WEATHER BUREAU; LIMITED-AREA MODEL; SUMMER MONSOON; RESOLUTION; EVOLUTION; BOUNDARY; TAIWAN; CHINA; REGCM AB How accurate is the Taiwan Central Weather Bureau (CWB) regional spectral model (RSM)? An assessment is conducted by numerical simulation of Mei-Yu fronts and their associated precipitation patterns during May to August of 1998 using CWB RSM, driven by analysis from the CWB global forecast system. For this assessment, three episodes of East Asian Summer Monsoon heavy rainfall shown by Ding and Liu (2001) and an additional transition period from 26 May to 10 June were chosen to test the respective roles of domain size and model resolution sensitivity. Results indicate that the small domain (similar to 3500 by 3000 km(2)) simulation, but not the larger domain ( 7000 by 6000 km(2)) simulations, simulated the monsoon and Mei-Yu front heavy precipitation events accurately for all of the above periods. By comparing experimental results from various combinations of domain size and model resolution, we demonstrate that the simulated large-scale circulation and precipitation distribution were more sensitive to model domain size than to model horizontal resolution, whereas finer structures could only be achieved in the higher resolution simulations. Local characteristics of the precipitation over Taiwan Island, especially over the Central Mountains, were reasonably reproduced in the 20 km resolution simulation in terms of averages taken during the transition period and over the seasonal period from May to August. However, the CWB RSM with 20 km resolution might still be insufficient to resolve the severe precipitation events in southern Taiwan. C1 Cent Weather Bur, Ctr Res & Dev, Taipei, Taiwan. Natl Ctr Environm Protect, Environm Modeling Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Shiao, CH (reprint author), Cent Weather Bur, Ctr Res & Dev, Taipei, Taiwan. EM gfs12@rdc.cwb.gov.tw NR 23 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU CHINESE GEOSCIENCE UNION PI TAIPEI PA PO BOX 23-59, TAIPEI 10764, TAIWAN SN 1017-0839 J9 TERR ATMOS OCEAN SCI JI Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 17 IS 3 BP 593 EP 612 PG 20 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 114AI UT WOS:000242638700009 ER PT J AU Zeisler, R AF Zeisler, Rolf TI Standard sediment supplied for solid sampling SO TRAC-TRENDS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT News Item C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zeisler, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM rolf.zeisler@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0165-9936 J9 TRAC-TREND ANAL CHEM JI Trac-Trends Anal. Chem. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 25 IS 8 BP VI EP VI PG 1 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 090OW UT WOS:000240961600005 ER PT J AU Milston, RH Davis, MW Parker, SJ Olla, BL Clements, S Schreck, CB AF Milston, Ruth H. Davis, Michael W. Parker, Steven J. Olla, Bori L. Clements, Shaun Schreck, Carl B. TI Characterization of the physiological stress response in lingcod SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID TROUT SALMO-GAIRDNERI; JUVENILE CHINOOK SALMON; ACUTE HANDLING STRESS; YEARLING COHO SALMON; WILD RAINBOW-TROUT; EXHAUSTIVE EXERCISE; DISCARD MORTALITY; FRESH-WATER; CORTISOL; PLASMA AB The goal of this study was to describe the duration and magnitude of the physiological stress response in lingcod Ophiodon elongatus after exposure to brief handling and sublethal air stressors. The response to these stressors was determined during a 24-h recovery period by measuring concentrations of plasma cortisol, lactate, glucose, sodium, and potassium. Lingcod were subjected to brief handling followed by either a 15-min or a 45-min air stressor in the laboratory. After the 15-min stressor, an increase in cortisol or glucose could not be detected until after 5 min of recovery. Peak concentrations were measured after 30 min for cortisol and after 60 min for glucose and lactate. Glucose and lactate had returned to basal levels after 12 h, whereas cortisol did not return to basal levels until after 24 It of recovery. Immediately following a 45-min air stressor, all measured parameters were significantly elevated over levels in prestressor control fish. Cortisol concentrations tended to increase and reached a measured peak after 8 h of recovery, whereas glucose and lactate reached a measured peak after I h of recovery. Cortisol and lactate returned to basal levels within 24 h. Glucose, however, remained elevated even after 24 h of recovery. Plasma ions initially increased during the first hour of recovery, and the concentrations then declined to a level below that measured in control fish for the remainder of the 24-h recovery period. In addition, we evaluated the effect of fish size on the stress response. There was no significant difference between the stress response of smaller (41-49-cm [total length] and larger (50-67-cm) lingcod after 45 min air exposure. In general, both the magnitude and duration of the primary and secondary stress responses in lingcod are comparable to those of salmonids. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fisheries Serv, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Milston, RH (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM ruthmilston@hotmail.com NR 54 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 135 IS 5 BP 1165 EP 1174 DI 10.1577/T06-024.1 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 101DF UT WOS:000241718400003 ER PT J AU Clark, PE Pereira, JJ Auker, LA Parkins, CJ Vinokur, LM AF Clark, Paul E. Pereira, Jose J. Auker, Linda A. Parkins, Christopher J. Vinokur, Lauren M. TI Size-related variation in the diet of juvenile Tautogs from Long Island Sound SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID DECAPOD CRUSTACEANS; NEW-YORK; TAUTOGOLABRUS-ADSPERSUS; LABRID FISHES; RHODE-ISLAND; YOUNG TAUTOG; ONITIS; PATTERNS; EELGRASS; GROWTH AB Juvenile tautogs Tautoga onitis were collected from shallow-water nursery areas along the Connecticut coast of Long Island Sound from June through September of 2000, 2001, and 2003. A total of 164 juveniles (8.9-165 mm standard length) were collected using several different methods. The digestive tracts of 152 (92.68%) juveniles each contained at least one identifiable prey item; 12 (7.32%) stomachs were empty. The number of different identifiable prey taxa in the digestive tracts ranged from one to four. Juvenile tautogs from the study area consumed 21 mutually exclusive prey taxa. Over all size-classes, crustacean prey constituted a major component of the diet. Gammarid amphipods (present in 45.39% of the fish with food in their digestive tracts) and calanoid copepods (16.45%) were the predominant prey. Less commonly consumed prey included hermit crabs Pagurus spp., lady crabs Ovalipes ocellatus, mud crabs (Xanthidae), Asian shore crabs Hemigrapsus sanguineus, eggs of horseshoe crabs Limulus polyphemus, seven-spine bay shrimp Crangon septemspinosa, shore shrimp Palaemonetes spp., polychaete worms (Polychaeta), milky ribbon worms Cerebratulus lacteus, common Atlantic slipper shells Crepidula fornicata, eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica, and blue mussels Mytilus edulis. Hierarchical cluster analysis of prey consumed by young tautogs revealed three distinct size-related feeding groups: (1) small fish (9-30 mm) that consumed calanoid copepods and gammarid amphipods, (2) midsized fish (31-70 mm) that were generalist feeders, concentrating on polychaete worms and crustaceans, and (3) large fish (81-165 mm) that preyed on mollusks, shrimps, and crabs. C1 NOAA, Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Milford Lab, Milford, CT 06460 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Marine Ecosyst Res Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Coll Environm & Life Sci, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. RP Clark, PE (reprint author), NOAA, Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Milford Lab, 212 Rogers Ave, Milford, CT 06460 USA. EM paul.clark@noaa.gov NR 41 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 135 IS 5 BP 1361 EP 1370 DI 10.1577/T05-313.1 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 101DF UT WOS:000241718400018 ER PT J AU Moyes, CD Fragoso, N Musyl, MK Brill, RW AF Moyes, Christopher D. Fragoso, Nuno Musyl, Michael K. Brill, Richard W. TI Predicting postrelease survival in large pelagic fish SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ATLANTIC BLUEFIN TUNA; GULF-OF-MEXICO; ULTRASONIC TELEMETRY; MAKAIRA-NIGRICANS; THUNNUS-THYNNUS; SHARK BYCATCH; MARLIN; MOVEMENTS; POPULATIONS; METABOLISM AB Sharks, turtles, billfish, and marine mammals are frequently caught accidentally in commercial fisheries. Although conservationists and fisheries managers encourage the release of these nontarget species, the long-term outcome of released animals is uncertain. Using blue sharks Prionace glauca, we developed a model to predict the long-term survival of released animals based on analysis of small blood samples. About 5% of the sharks were landed in obviously poor condition (lethargic and unresponsive to handling); these moribund sharks were sampled and euthanized. A subset of the remaining sharks was sampled and tagged with pop-up satellite archival tags (PSATs). Each of the PSAT's that reported data (I I tags) showed that the sharks roamed at sea for at least 3 weeks postrelease. Five variables differentiated moribund sharks from survivors: plasma Mg2+ (moribund, 1.57 +/- 0.08 mM; survivor, 0.98 +/- 0.05 mM; P < 0.00001), plasma lactate (moribund, 27.7 +/- 4.1 mM; survivor, 5.80 +/- 2.96 mM; P < 0.001), erythrocyte heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) mRNA (relative levels: moribund, 3.96 +/- 0.53; survivor, 1.00 +/- 0.29; P < 0.005), plasma Ca2+ (moribund, 3.70 +/- 0.14 mM; survivor, 3.13 +/- 0.11; P < 0.005), and plasma K, (moribund, 7.01 +/- 0.66 mM; survivor, 5.12 +/- 0.44 mM; P < 0.05). These analyses were used to develop logistic regression models that could "predict" the long-term survival of captured sharks, including a larger group of sharks that we sampled but did not tag. The best logistic model, which incorporated Mg2+ and lactate, successfully categorized 95% of fish of known outcome (19 of 20). These analyses suggest that sharks landed in an apparently healthy condition are likely to survive long term if released (95% survival based on biochemical analyses; 100% based on PSATs). C1 Queens Univ, Dept Biol, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. Univ Hawaii, NOAA, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Pelag Fisheries Res Program, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Cooperat Marine Educ & Res Program, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. RP Moyes, CD (reprint author), Queens Univ, Dept Biol, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. EM moyesc@biology.queensu.ca NR 34 TC 97 Z9 100 U1 0 U2 21 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 135 IS 5 BP 1389 EP 1397 DI 10.1577/T05-224.1 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 101DF UT WOS:000241718400021 ER PT J AU Roni, P Morley, SA Garcia, P Detrick, C King, D Beamer, E AF Roni, Phil Morley, Sarah A. Garcia, Patsy Detrick, Chris King, Dave Beamer, Eric TI Coho salmon smolt production from constructed and natural floodplain habitats SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID WINTER REARING HABITAT; OREGON COASTAL STREAMS; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; JUVENILE SALMONIDS; GEOMORPHIC PROCESSES; WASHINGTON STREAMS; CUTTHROAT TROUT; CARNATION CREEK; RIVERINE PONDS AB We examined existing smolt trapping data from 30 constructed and natural floodplain habitats to determine whether the number (production), density, and length of coho salmon Oncorhynchus kistach smolts varied by project type and area. At 13 of the 30 sites we conducted detailed physical surveys to examine how morphology (shoreline irregularity), depth, and cover influenced smolt density and length. Mean smolt production for all sites averaged 2,492, density 0.37 smolts/m(2), and length 98.9 mm. We found no significant difference in smolt production or density between natural and constructed sites or among project types. Smolt length differed by project type and morphology, excavated ponds (gravel pits and mill ponds) producing significantly larger smolts than constructed groundwater or natural channels. Smolt production was positively correlated with wetted area. Smolt length was negatively correlated with density and distance from salt water, suggesting that sites further inland with cooler water temperatures had higher densities and smaller fish. Site perimeter, shoreline irregularity, depth, and percent cover were not significantly different among habitat types at intensively sampled sites, nor were they correlated with smolt production or smolt density. However, multiple regression analysis indicated that shoreline irregularity and percent cover explained 70% of the variation in smolt length. C1 NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, Watershed Program, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Habitat Program, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. Skagit River Syst Cooperat, La Conner, WA 98257 USA. RP Roni, P (reprint author), NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, Watershed Program, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM phil.roni@noaa.gov NR 54 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 2006 VL 135 IS 5 BP 1398 EP 1408 DI 10.1577/T05-296.1 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 101DF UT WOS:000241718400022 ER PT J AU Hiscox, AL Miller, DR Nappo, CJ Ross, J AF Hiscox, A. L. Miller, D. R. Nappo, C. J. Ross, J. TI Dispersion of fine spray from aerial applications in stable atmospheric conditions SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASABE LA English DT Article DE aerial application; controlled droplet application; insect control; lidar; meteorology; plume dispersion; spray drift ID BOUNDARY-LAYER; SMOKE PLUMES; DRIFT; STABILITY; AIRCRAFT AB A field study of aerial spray movement and dispersion was conducted at the New Mexico State University spray study site on the USDA Jornada Desert research ranch in April 2005. The purpose of the study was to measure the plume movement and in-plume spray concentrations of very fine droplets applied during calm, stable atmospheric conditions. Spray plume movement and dispersion were measured and recorded with a portable elastic-backscatter lidar Supporting meteorology and air turbulence measurements were made simultaneously with 3-D sonic anemometers. A Cessna T188C equipped with Micronair AU5000 rotary atomizers produced small droplets (volume mean diameter of 37.3 mu m). The amount of spray material remaining in the air decreased rapidly for I to 2 min, and thereafter remained nearly constant and drifted as a definable plume with the slight air currents. C1 Univ Connecticut, Dept Nat Resources Management & Engn, Storrs, CT USA. NOAA, Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Entomol Plant Pathol & Weed Sci, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Hiscox, AL (reprint author), 1376 Storrs Rd,U-4087, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. EM april.hiscox@uconn.edu RI Hiscox, April/C-2509-2008 OI Hiscox, April/0000-0001-8791-1488 NR 18 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL & BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASABE JI Trans. ASABE PD SEP-OCT PY 2006 VL 49 IS 5 BP 1513 EP 1520 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 106YS UT WOS:000242138500023 ER PT J AU Ankudinov, AL Elam, WT Sieber, JR Rehr, JJ AF Ankudinov, A. L. Elam, W. T. Sieber, J. R. Rehr, J. J. TI Chemical speciation via X-ray emission spectra SO X-RAY SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID BAND-STRUCTURE; FLUORESCENCE; PHOSPHORUS; SPECTROSCOPY; SCATTERING; SULFUR AB Since the early days of X-ray spectrometry, X-ray emission and fluorescence spectra have been used to investigate chemical speciation, e.g. the dependence on the formal oxidation state. Laboratory wavelength-dispersive spectrometers have adequate resolution for these measurements. However, almost all studies have employed empirical methods to interpret the spectra. We aim to place such methods on a quantitative basis by means of efficient ab initio calculations of the X-ray emission line shapes based on a self-consistent, real-space Green's function approach, as implemented in the X-ray spectroscopy code FEFF8.2. Calculations are presented for the phosphorus K-M-2,M-3, and the chromium L-series emission lines for a selection of simple compounds. These lines exhibit changes depending on the oxidation state and on the neighboring atoms in the compounds that can be observed with instruments available in many XRF laboratories. The calculated spectra, as modified by convolution with a model monochromator response function, are compared with measured spectra. Simulated and measured spectra are found to be in reasonable agreement, and show that the approach has the potential to yield quantitative information about the chemical state. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Phys, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Elam, WT (reprint author), Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Box 355640,1013 NE 40th St, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. EM wtelam@apl.washington.edu NR 20 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 7 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0049-8246 J9 X-RAY SPECTROM JI X-Ray Spectrom. PD SEP-OCT PY 2006 VL 35 IS 5 BP 312 EP 318 DI 10.1002/xrs.913 PG 7 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA 091BW UT WOS:000241001800009 ER PT J AU Reed, LA Siewicki, TC Shah, JC AF Reed, Lou Ann Siewicki, Thomas C. Shah, Jaymin C. TI The biopharmaceutics and oral bioavailability of two forms of oxytetracycline to the white shrimp, Litopenaeus setiferus SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE oxytetracycline; pharmacokinetics; physicochemical properties; biopharmaceutics; disposition; shrimp; Litopenaeus setiferus; infection; tissue residues ID RAINBOW-TROUT; COMPARATIVE PHARMACOKINETICS; FRESH-WATER; MEDICATED FEED; OXOLINIC ACID; SALMON; ACCUMULATION; DISSOLUTION; PERSISTENCE; VIBRIOSIS AB The pharmacokinetics of the antibiotic, oxytetracycline (OTC), were examined following oral dosing in the white shrimp, Litopenaeus setifierus. These studies were conducted to improve dosing efficacy and safety for OTC use in treating shrimp. Oxytetracycline is available commercially for feed preparation as a premix of two different forms of the parent drug, the dihydrate form (OXTC) and the monoalkyl (C8-18) trimethyl quaternary salt form (TMF). Both pharmacokinetics and physicochemical properties were studied under conditions simulating a marine environment. Physicochemical properties studied were solubility and short-term stability of the premixes and dissolution following incorporation of the premix into feed. The oral bioavailability of OTC from feed containing either form of OTC was evaluated and compared in shrimp following single and multiple dosing. Hemolymph levels of OTC at predetermined time intervals after dosing were measured by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The hemolymph OTC levels were fitted to appropriate pharmacokinetic models to determine parameters as is typically done in pharmacokinetic evaluations. OTC was more than twice as soluble from OXTC than from the TMF premix. After being pelleted with feed, dissolution studies showed nearly identical release profiles for the two OTC forms. It appears that the medicated feed acts like a matrix resulting in a controlled release dosage form for OTC with 100% release requiring about 24 It. The short-term stability study indicated that OTC from the TMF premix was more stable than OXTC in seawater under ambient conditions. While this might improve bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy, it will lengthen its residence time in the environment if released with consequent increased environmental risk. Hemolymph OTC concentration versus time profiles following single dose oral administration were well described by a triexponential equation suggesting a two compartment pharmacokinetic model. OTC was well absorbed from both salt forms when orally administered; bioavailability was better than reported in the literature for finfish. To evaluate bioequivalency, the rate and extent of absorption were compared for the two forms of OTC. The maximum hemolymph concentration (C-max) and time to achieve the maximum (t(max)) were not significantly different for the two forms, but the apparent bioavailability (F) and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) was found to be statistically greater for the OXTC form. In both cases, peak concentrations were delayed, suggesting a unique mechanism for absorption in shrimp. While single dose studies with individual shrimp suggested that OXTC was the preferred form of OTC, multiple dose studies with multiple shrimp showed that practically there is little difference in therapeutic efficacy or depuration times between the two forms of OTC. Overall, either form of OTC can be useful for the, aquaculturing of shrimp; it appears that OTC can be used safely in a product for human consumption following a reasonably short withdrawal period. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Dept Commerce, NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Pfizer Global Res & Dev, Groton, CT 06340 USA. RP Reed, LA (reprint author), US Dept Commerce, NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM LouAnn.Reed@noaa.gov; Jaymin_C_Shah@groton.pfizer.com NR 46 TC 18 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD AUG 31 PY 2006 VL 258 IS 1-4 BP 42 EP 54 DI 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.03.029 PG 13 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 080MV UT WOS:000240252900003 ER PT J AU Xiao, YG Huang, Q Ouyang, ZW Lynn, JW Liang, JK Rao, GH AF Xiao, Y. G. Huang, Q. Ouyang, Z. W. Lynn, J. W. Liang, J. K. Rao, G. H. TI Crystal and magnetic structures of Laves phase compound NdCo2 in the temperature range between 9 and 300 K SO JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article DE crystal and magnetic structures; neutron powder diffraction; Rietveld refinement; laves phase NdCo2 ID ITINERANT-ELECTRON METAMAGNETISM; NEUTRON POWDER DIFFRACTION; INTERMETALLIC COMPOUNDS; SYSTEMS; HOCO2; PR AB The crystal and magnetic structures of the Laves phase compound NdCo2 in the temperature range from 9 to 300K are determined by Rietveld refinement technique, using high-resolution neutron powder diffraction data. The compound crystallizes in space group Fd (3) over barm above the magnetic ordering temperature T-C (approximate to 100K), in space group I4(1)/amd below T-C and in space group Imma below the tetragonal-orthorhombic structural/magnetic transitions at T-M approximate to 42 K. The assignment of the space groups to the crystal structures of NdCo2 in different temperature ranges complies with the reported Mossbauer studies. Detailed information of the crystal and magnetic structures of NdCO2 at different temperatures are reported. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Phys, Beijing Natl Lab Condensed Matter Phys, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Acad Sinica, Int Ctr Mat Phys, Shenyang 110016, Peoples R China. RP Rao, GH (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Phys, Beijing Natl Lab Condensed Matter Phys, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China. EM ghrao@aphy.iphy.ac.cn RI Xiao, Yinguo/N-9069-2015 NR 17 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0925-8388 J9 J ALLOY COMPD JI J. Alloy. Compd. PD AUG 31 PY 2006 VL 420 IS 1-2 BP 29 EP 33 DI 10.1016/j.jallcom.2005.10.073 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 067JY UT WOS:000239299300007 ER PT J AU Balogh, MP Jones, CY Herbst, JF Hector, LG Kundrat, M AF Balogh, Michael P. Jones, Camille Y. Herbst, J. F. Hector, Louis G., Jr. Kundrat, Matthew TI Crystal structures and phase transformation of deuterated lithium imide, Li2ND SO JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article DE hydrogen absorbing materials; crystal structure; neutron diffraction; X-ray diffraction; order-disorder effects ID POWDER DIFFRACTION; HYDROGEN; TRANSITION AB We have investigated the crystal structure of deuterated lithium imide, Li2ND, by means of neutron and X-ray diffraction. An order-disorder transition occurs near 360 K. Below that temperature Li2ND can be described to the same level of accuracy as a disordered cubic (Fd3m) structure with partially occupied Li 32e sites or as a fully occupied orthorhombic (Ima2 or Imm2) structure. The high temperature phase is best characterized as disordered cubic (Fm3m) with D atoms randomized over the 1921 sites. Density functional theory calculations complement and support the diffraction analyses. We compare our findings in detail with previous studies. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Gen Motors Res & Dev Ctr, Chem & Environm Sci Lab, Warren, MI 48090 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Gen Motors Res & Dev Ctr, Mat & Proc Lab, Warren, MI 48090 USA. Aerotek Corp, Southfield, MI 48076 USA. RP Balogh, MP (reprint author), Gen Motors Res & Dev Ctr, Chem & Environm Sci Lab, 30500 Mound Rd, Warren, MI 48090 USA. EM michael.p.balogh@gm.com RI Kundrat, Matthew/D-2601-2009 NR 19 TC 70 Z9 71 U1 3 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0925-8388 EI 1873-4669 J9 J ALLOY COMPD JI J. Alloy. Compd. PD AUG 31 PY 2006 VL 420 IS 1-2 BP 326 EP 336 DI 10.1016/j.jallcom.2005.11.018 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 067JY UT WOS:000239299300058 ER PT J AU Mao, HT Talbot, R Troop, D Johnson, R Businger, S Thompson, AM AF Mao, Huiting Talbot, Robert Troop, Donald Johnson, Randy Businger, Steven Thompson, Anne M. TI Smart balloon observations over the North Atlantic: O-3 data analysis and modeling SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID 4-DIMENSIONAL DATA ASSIMILATION; WESTERN PACIFIC-OCEAN; SURFACE OZONE; PEM-WEST; CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS; CONTINENTAL OUTFLOW; REGIONAL EXPERIMENT; ATMOSPHERE; TRANSPORT; POLLUTION AB [ 1] The temporal and spatial variations of ozone (O-3) in polluted continental outflow over the North Atlantic were investigated during the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation (ICARTT) field campaign in July - August 2004. Our analysis utilized measurements of O-3 from three smart balloons traveling at 0.5 - 3 km altitude in combination with simulations using the MM5/SMOKE/CMAQ air quality modeling system. Model results for over and within 300 km off North America were corroborated by comparison to a suite of measurements from ground stations, ozonesondes, and the NOAA ship Ronald H. Brown cruising in the Gulf of Maine. A prominent feature of the O-3 distribution was the high mixing ratios over the North Atlantic, reaching a peak value of 171 ppbv, compared to the northeastern United States (< similar to 100 ppbv). The enhanced O3 levels over ocean, mostly observed at night, appeared to be the result of four factors: ( 1) a supply of precursors in prevailing flow off the polluted U. S. east coast, ( 2) significant daytime in situ chemical production, ( 3) minimal depositional loss to the ocean at the balloon altitudes, and ( 4) small nighttime chemical loss. An important implication is that quantification of O-3 export from the United States must include estimation of downwind chemical processing in polluted air masses. Balloons 3 and 4 were launched within 18 hours of each other, and their tracks allowed examination of horizontal gradients in O-3 across distances varying from 200 to 400 km. In air masses influenced by recent outflow (< 2 days) the O-3 gradient was - 0.2 to 0.2 ppbv km(-1), while by distant source regions (> 2 days) it exhibited only - 0.05 - 0.05 ppbv km(-1). These same two balloons encountered Hurricane Alex at different times, but both measured O-3 mixing ratios > 100 ppbv. Our model results show clearly that polluted air from the mid-Atlantic states was channeled directly into Alex's inflow region. Overall, variations in O-3 on timescales of tens of minutes to hours are attributed to its highly heterogeneous distribution in urban plumes, with variations over hours to days caused by changing source regions related to cyclonic activity. C1 Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Climate Change Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Field Res Div, Idaho Falls, ID 83402 USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Meteorol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Mao, HT (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Climate Change Res Ctr, Morse Hall,39 Coll Rd, Durham, NH 03824 USA. EM hmao@typhoon.sr.unh.edu RI Thompson, Anne /C-3649-2014 OI Thompson, Anne /0000-0002-7829-0920 NR 29 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 31 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D23 AR D23S56 DI 10.1029/2005JD006507 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 081RI UT WOS:000240334300001 ER PT J AU Watts, AB Sandwell, DT Smith, WHF Wessel, P AF Watts, A. B. Sandwell, D. T. Smith, W. H. F. Wessel, P. TI Global gravity, bathymetry, and the distribution of submarine volcanism through space and time SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Review ID SEASAT ALTIMETER DATA; OCEANIC LITHOSPHERE; ELASTIC THICKNESS; SOUTH-PACIFIC; SATELLITE ALTIMETRY; HOTSPOT VOLCANISM; LOUISVILLE RIDGE; INDIAN-OCEAN; LINE ISLANDS; HOT-SPOT AB [ 1] The seafloor is characterized by numerous seamounts and oceanic islands which are mainly volcanic in origin. Relatively few of these features (< similar to 0.1%), however, have been dated, and so little is known about their tectonic setting. One parameter that is sensitive to whether a seamount formed on, near, or far from a mid-ocean ridge is the elastic thickness, T-e, which is a proxy for the long-term strength of the lithosphere. Most previous studies are based on using the bathymetry to calculate the gravity anomaly for different values of T-e and then comparing the calculated and observed gravity anomaly. The problem with such an approach is that bathymetry data are usually limited to single-beam echo sounder data acquired along a ship track and these data are too sparse to define seamount shape. We therefore use the satellite-derived gravity anomaly to predict the bathymetry for different values of T-e. By comparing the predicted bathymetry to actual shipboard soundings in the vicinity of each locality in the Wessel global seamount database, we have obtained 9758 T-e estimates from a wide range of submarine volcanic features in the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic oceans. Comparisons where there are previous estimates show that bathymetric prediction is a robust way to estimate T-e and its upper and lower bounds. T-e at sites where there is both a sample and crustal age show considerable scatter, however, and there is no simple relationship between T-e and age. Nevertheless, we are able to tentatively assign a tectonic setting to each T-e estimate. The most striking results are in the Pacific Ocean where a broad swath of "on-ridge'' volcanism extends from the Foundation seamounts and Ducie Island/Easter Island ridge in the southeast, across the equator, to the Shatsky and Hess rises in the northwest. Interspersed among the on-ridge volcanism are "flank ridge'' and "off-ridge'' features. The Indian and Atlantic oceans also show a mix of tectonic settings. Off-ridge volcanism dominates in the eastern North Atlantic and northeast Indian oceans, while flank ridge volcanism dominates the northeastern Indian and western south Atlantic oceans. We have been unable to assign the flank ridge and off-ridge estimates an age, but the on-ridge estimates generally reflect, we believe, the age of the underlying oceanic crust. We estimate the volume of on-ridge volcanism to be similar to 1.1 x 10(6) km(3) which implies a mean seamount addition rate of similar to 0.007 km(3) yr(-1). Rates appear to have varied through geological time, reaching their peak during the Late/Early Cretaceous and then declining to the present-day. C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Oxford OX1 3PR, England. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Dept Geol & Geophys, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NOAA, Lab Satellite Altimetry, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Watts, AB (reprint author), Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PR, England. EM tony@earth.ox.ac.uk RI Smith, Walter/F-5627-2010; OI Smith, Walter/0000-0002-8814-015X; Sandwell, David/0000-0001-5657-8707 NR 104 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD AUG 31 PY 2006 VL 111 IS B8 AR B08408 DI 10.1029/2005JB004083 PG 26 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 081SI UT WOS:000240336900002 ER PT J AU Perkins, BG Nesbitt, DJ AF Perkins, Bradford G., Jr. Nesbitt, David J. TI Quantum-state-resolved CO2 scattering dynamics at the gas-liquid interface: Incident collision energy and liquid dependence SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID DIRECT INELASTIC-SCATTERING; SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; HOT HYDROGEN-ATOMS; SIMPLE CLASSICAL MODEL; ROTOR RIGID SURFACE; MOLECULAR-BEAM; SOLID-SURFACES; POLYATOMIC-MOLECULES; ROTATIONAL RAINBOWS; TRAPPING-DESORPTION AB Quantum-state-resolved dynamics at the gas-liquid interface are probed by colliding supersonically cooled molecular beams of CO2 with freshly formed liquid surfaces in a vacuum. Translational, rotational, and vibrational state distributions of both incident and scattered fluxes are measured by high-resolution direct infrared absorption spectroscopy and laser dopplerimetry in the 00(0)0 and 01(1)0 rovibrational manifolds of CO2 in the asymmetric stretch manifold. The present studies investigate the role of incident molecular beam energy (Einc) 1.6(1), 4.7(2), 7.7(2), and 10.6(8) kcal/ mol) on these distributions for a series of perfluorinated, hydrocarbon, and hydrogen-bonded liquids. Boltzmann analysis of the internal quantum-state populations provide evidence for nonthermal scattering dynamics, as confirmed by Dopplerimetry on the absorption profiles. The data provide quantum-state-resolved support for a dual channel picture of the scattering process, consisting of either prompt impulsive scattering (IS) or longer duration trapping-desorption (TD) events, with the fraction observed in each channel dependent on incident kinetic energy and the physical properties of the liquid surface. The clear evidence that internal CO2 rotational populations arising from the IS channel can be adequately described by a Boltzmann temperature (albeit with E-IS > RTS) is consistent with previous gas-solid scattering studies and suggests that even nominally "prompt" IS events reflect both single (i.e. direct) and multiple impulsive interactions with the liquid interface. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Nesbitt, DJ (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM djn@jila.colorado.edu NR 73 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 16 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD AUG 31 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 34 BP 17126 EP 17137 DI 10.1021/jp060980v PG 12 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 076XB UT WOS:000239990600045 PM 16928008 ER PT J AU Zangmeister, CD Robey, SW van Zee, RD Kushmerick, JG Naciri, J Yao, Y Tour, JM Varughese, B Xu, B Reutt-Robey, JE AF Zangmeister, C. D. Robey, S. W. van Zee, R. D. Kushmerick, J. G. Naciri, J. Yao, Y. Tour, J. M. Varughese, B. Xu, B. Reutt-Robey, J. E. TI Fermi level alignment in self-assembled molecular layers: The effect of coupling chemistry SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL THEORY; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY; METAL-SURFACES; VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY; GOLD ELECTRODES; ADSORPTION; MONOLAYERS; AU(111); CONDUCTANCE AB Photoelectron spectroscopy was used to explore changes in Fermi level alignment, within the pi-pi* gap, arising from modifications to the coupling chemistry of conjugated phenylene ethynylene oligomers to the Au surface. Self-assembled monolayers were formed employing either thiol (4,4'-ethynylphenyl-1-benzenethiol or OPE-T) or isocyanide (4,4'-ethynylphenyl-1-benzeneisocyanide or OPE-NC) coupling. The electronic density of states in the valence region of the two systems are nearly identical with the exception of a shift to higher binding energy by about 0.5 eV for OPE-NC. Corresponding shifts appear in C(1s) spectra and in the threshold near E-F. The lack of change in the optical absorption suggests that a rigid shift of the Fermi level within the pi-pi* gap is the major effect of modifying the coupling chemistry. Qualitative consideration of bonding in each case is used to suggest the influence of chemisorption-induced charge transfer as a potential explanation. Connections to other theoretical and experimental work on the effects of varying coupling chemistries are also discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Rice Univ, Dept Chem, Houston, TX 77005 USA. Rice Univ, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Houston, TX 77005 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Zangmeister, CD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM cdzang@nist.gov RI Kushmerick, James/C-2882-2008; Xu, Bo/C-6925-2008; Reutt-Robey, Janice /C-3517-2009; OI Xu, Bo/0000-0002-9804-1614; Reutt-Robey, Janice /0000-0002-9309-7854; Tour, James/0000-0002-8479-9328 NR 54 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 3 U2 17 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD AUG 31 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 34 BP 17138 EP 17144 DI 10.1021/jp060228u PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 076XB UT WOS:000239990600046 PM 16928009 ER PT J AU Behrenfeld, MJ Worthington, K Sherrell, RM Chavez, FP Strutton, P McPhaden, M Shea, DM AF Behrenfeld, Michael J. Worthington, Kirby Sherrell, Robert M. Chavez, Francisco P. Strutton, Peter McPhaden, Michael Shea, Donald M. TI Controls on tropical Pacific Ocean productivity revealed through nutrient stress diagnostics SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID SYNECHOCOCCUS SP PCC7942; IRON-DEFICIENCY; PHOTOSYSTEM-II; ELECTRON-TRANSPORT; PHYTOPLANKTON BLOOM; SOUTHERN-OCEAN; EL-NINO; FERTILIZATION; CHLOROPHYLL; LIMITATION AB In situ enrichment experiments have shown that the growth of bloom-forming diatoms in the major high-nitrate low-chlorophyll (HNLC) regions of the world's oceans is limited by the availability of iron(1-3). Yet even the largest of these manipulative experiments represents only a small fraction of an ocean basin, and the responses observed are strongly influenced by the proliferation of rare species rather than the growth of naturally dominant populations(4,5). Here we link unique fluorescence attributes of phytoplankton to specific physiological responses to nutrient stress, and use these relationships to evaluate the factors that constrain phytoplankton growth in the tropical Pacific Ocean on an unprecedented spatial scale. On the basis of fluorescence measurements taken over 12 years, we delineate three major ecophysiological regimes in this region. We find that iron has a key function in regulating phytoplankton growth in both HNLC and oligotrophic waters near the Equator and further south, whereas nitrogen and zooplankton grazing are the primary factors that regulate biomass production in the north. Application of our findings to the interpretation of satellite chlorophyll fields shows that productivity in the tropical Pacific basin may be 1.2 - 2.5 Pg C yr(-1) lower than previous estimates have suggested, a difference that is comparable to the global change in ocean production that accompanied the largest El Nino to La Nina transition on record(6). C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NASA, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Behrenfeld, MJ (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Cordley Hall 2082, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM mjb@science.oregonstate.edu RI Strutton, Peter/C-4466-2011; McPhaden, Michael/D-9799-2016 OI Strutton, Peter/0000-0002-2395-9471; NR 29 TC 125 Z9 136 U1 9 U2 59 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD AUG 31 PY 2006 VL 442 IS 7106 BP 1025 EP 1028 DI 10.1038/nature05083 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 078YF UT WOS:000240142000046 PM 16943835 ER PT J AU Rhodes, LD Durkin, C Nance, SL Rice, CA AF Rhodes, Linda D. Durkin, Colleen Nance, Shelly L. Rice, Casimir A. TI Prevalence and analysis of Renibacterium salmoninarum infection among juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in North Puget Sound SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE Renibacterium salmoninarum; hatchery fish interactions; logistic regression modeling; quantitative fluorescent antibody technique; qPCR ID BACTERIAL KIDNEY-DISEASE; IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY ELISA; BROOD STOCK SEGREGATION; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; PACIFIC SALMON; RAINBOW-TROUT; WILD SALMON; BROWN TROUT; SEA LICE; TRANSMISSION AB Renibacterium salmoninarum causes bacterial kidney disease (BKD), a chronic and sometimes fatal disease of salmon and trout that could lower fitness in populations with high prevalences of infection. Prevalence of R. salmoninarum infection among juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha inhabiting neritic marine habitats in North Puget Sound, Washington, USA, was assessed in 2002 and 2003. Fish were collected by monthly surface trawl at 32 sites within 4 bays, and kidney infections were detected by a quantitative fluorescent antibody technique (qFAT). The sensitivity of the qFAT was within an order of magnitude of the quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) sensitivity. Prevalence of infection was classified by fish origin (marked/hatchery vs. unmarked/likely natural spawn), month of capture, capture location and stock origin. The highest percentages of infected fish (63.5 to 63.8 %) and the greatest infection severity were observed for fish collected in Bellingham Bay. The lowest percentages were found in Skagit Bay (11.4 to 13.5 %); however, there was no difference in prevalence between marked and unmarked fish among the capture locations. The optimal logistic regression model of infection probabilities identified the capture location of Bellingham Bay as the strongest effect, and analysis of coded wire tagged (CWT) fish revealed that prevalence of infection was associated with the capture location and not with the originating stock. These results suggest that infections can occur during the early marine life stages of Chinook salmon that may be due to common reservoirs of infection or horizontal transmission among fish stocks. C1 NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Rhodes, LD (reprint author), NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 2525 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM linda.rhodes@noaa.gov OI Rhodes, Linda/0000-0003-4995-9426 NR 38 TC 21 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 7 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD AUG 30 PY 2006 VL 71 IS 3 BP 179 EP 190 DI 10.3354/dao071179 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 097XV UT WOS:000241484000001 PM 17058599 ER PT J AU Austin, J Wilson, RJ AF Austin, John Wilson, R. John TI Ensemble simulations of the decline and recovery of stratospheric ozone SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID SOLAR-CYCLE; CLIMATE MODELS; CHEMISTRY; VARIABILITY; DEPLETION; TRENDS AB [ 1] An ensemble of simulations of a coupled chemistry-climate model is completed for 1960 - 2100. The simulations are divided into two periods, 1960 - 2005 and 1990 - 2100. The modeled total ozone amount decrease throughout the atmosphere from the 1960s until about 2000 - 2005, depending on latitude. The Antarctic ozone hole develops rapidly in the model from about the late 1970s, in agreement with observations, but it does not disappear until about 2065, about 15 years later than previous estimates. Spring averaged ozone takes even longer to recover to 1980 values. Ozone amounts in the Antarctic are determined largely by halogen amounts. In contrast, in the Arctic, ozone recovers to 1980 values about 25 - 35 years earlier, depending on the recovery criterion adopted. By the end of the 21st century, the climate change associated with greenhouse gas changes gives rise to a significant superrecovery of ozone in the Arctic but a less marked recovery in the Antarctic. For both polar regions, ensemble and interannual variability is greater in the future than in the past, and hence the timing of the full recovery of polar ozone is very sensitive to the definition of recovery. It is suggested that the range of recovery rates between the hemispheres simulated in the model is related to the overall increase in the strength of the Brewer-Dobson circulation, driven by increases in greenhouse gas concentrations. C1 Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Austin, J (reprint author), Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM john.austin@noaa.gov NR 33 TC 80 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 30 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D16 AR D16314 DI 10.1029/2005JD006907 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 081QY UT WOS:000240333300004 ER PT J AU Kihn, EA Redmon, R Ridley, AJ Hairston, MR AF Kihn, E. A. Redmon, R. Ridley, A. J. Hairston, M. R. TI A statistical comparison of the AMIE derived and DMSP-SSIES observed high-latitude ionospheric electric field SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC-FIELD; CONVECTION PATTERNS; ALIGNED CURRENTS; IZMEM MODEL; POTENTIALS; ELECTRODYNAMICS; PREDICTION; DEPENDENCE; DIRECTION; STRENGTH AB [ 1] The ion drift velocities and electric field derived from the Assimilative Mapping of Ionospheric Electrodynamics technique (AMIE) are compared with the same parameters observed by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program's ( DMSP) Special Sensor Ions, Electrons, and Scintillation (SSIES) instrument. In addition the along-track cross polar cap potential, the correlation between the curves, and other metrics are compared and those results are binned by various criteria. The criteria include spacecraft, year, season, and magnetic activity level. We observed a reasonable correlation between the AMIE results and DMSP data with respect to the along-track potential, though the AMIE results tend to show a lower potential by some 30 - 50 percent, depending on spacecraft and orbit. Spacecraft in the same general orbits show similar relations with AMIE, implying that there is good intersatellite calibration for the DMSP array. There is a great deal of variability in the correlation, depending on season and activity level, and correlations with some of the spacecraft show a solar cycle dependance. It is further found that when we set a multifaceted criteria on each orbit for a DMSP-AMIE match, including along-track potential, V(y) correlation, and peak potential locations, the results correspond between 35% and 55% for the dawn-dusk spacecraft, while they only correspond 7% - 12% of the time for noon-midnight satellites. C1 NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Texas Dallas, William B Hanson Ctr Space Sci, Richardson, TX 75083 USA. Univ Michigan, Ctr Space Environm Modeling, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Colorado, Ctr Investigatory Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Kihn, EA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM eric.a.kihn@noaa.gov RI Kihn, Eric/A-8204-2009; Redmon, Robert/A-7688-2011; Ridley, Aaron/F-3943-2011; OI Redmon, Robert/0000-0001-5585-2719; Ridley, Aaron/0000-0001-6933-8534; Hairston, Marc/0000-0003-4524-4837 NR 22 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD AUG 30 PY 2006 VL 111 IS A8 AR A08303 DI 10.1029/2005JA011310 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 081SL UT WOS:000240337200001 ER PT J AU Gammons, CH Poulson, SR Pellicori, DA Reed, PJ Roesler, AJ Petrescu, EM AF Gammons, Christopher H. Poulson, Simon R. Pellicori, Damon A. Reed, Pamela J. Roesler, Amber J. Petrescu, Eugene M. TI The hydrogen and oxygen isotopic composition of precipitation, evaporated mine water, and river water in Montana, USA SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE stable isotopes; precipitation; evaporation; meteoric water; groundwater; surfacewater; Montana deuterium excess ID BERKELEY PIT LAKE; SEASONAL-VARIATION; STABLE HYDROGEN; GEOCHEMISTRY; O-18; DEUTERIUM; SAMPLES; BUTTE AB The isotopic composition of 42 samples of rain and snow collected in 2004 were used to construct a local meteoric water tine (LMWL) for Butte, Montana. The derived equation (delta D = 7.31 delta O-18 - 7.5, r(2) = 0.987), represents one of the first published LMWLs based on direct precipitation for any location in the northern Rocky Mountains. Samples of underground and surface mine waters in Butte, including the Berkeley pit-take and a nearby tailings pond, define a linear trend with a much lower slope and intercept than the LMWL (delta D = 5.00 delta O-18 - 49.5, r(2) = 0.991), consistent with non-equilibrium evaporation at an average relative humidity of roughly 65%. Detailed evaporation calculations are presented which indicate that the shallow Berkeley pit-take was approximately 25% evaporated in October, 2003, whereas the surface of the tailings pond was at least 50% evaporated. The intersection of the LMWL and mine water evaporation trend was used to calculate the average composition of recharge water to the flooded mine complex (delta D = -139 parts per thousand, delta O-18 = -18.0 parts per thousand). These values are considerably lighter than the weighted total of precipitation for the 2004 calendar year (delta D = -118 parts per thousand, delta O-18 = -15.37 parts per thousand), which is partly explained by the unusually tow snowfall that Montana experienced in 2004. Based on this study, the LMWL recently proposed by Kendall and Coplen (2001) [Kendall, C., Coplen, T.B., 2001. Distribution of oxygen-18 and deuterium in river waters across the United States, Hydrological Processes 15, 1363-1393] from regression of isotopic data from a number of Montana rivers is more accurately interpreted as an evaporation line. Isotopic trends based on river data should be treated with caution, particularly in a semi-arid region such as Montana where rivers are often influenced by dams and irrigation withdrawals. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Montana, Montana Tech, Geol Engn, Butte, MT 59701 USA. Univ Nevada, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Montana Bur Mines & Geol, Butte, MT USA. NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Missoula, MT USA. RP Gammons, CH (reprint author), Univ Montana, Montana Tech, Geol Engn, 1300 W Pk St, Butte, MT 59701 USA. EM cgammons@mtech.edu NR 37 TC 62 Z9 69 U1 6 U2 44 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD AUG 30 PY 2006 VL 328 IS 1-2 BP 319 EP 330 DI 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.12.005 PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 080LD UT WOS:000240248300026 ER PT J AU Seferos, DS Blum, AS Kushmerick, JG Bazan, GC AF Seferos, Dwight S. Szuchmacher Blum, Amy Kushmerick, James G. Bazan, Guillermo C. TI Single-molecule charge-transport measurements that reveal technique-dependent perturbations SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; SELECTIVE DEALKYLATION; ELECTRON-TRANSPORT; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; METAL JUNCTIONS; CONDUCTANCE; WIRES; GOLD; PARACYCLOPHANE AB We compare scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) imaging with single-molecule conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM)measurements by probing a series of structurally related thiol-terminated oligo(phenylenevinylene)s (OPVs) designed to have unique charge-transport signatures. When one or two methylene spacers are inserted between the thiol points of attachment and the OPV core, a systematic reduction in the imaged molecular transconductance and the current transmitted through a metal-moleculemetal junction containing the molecule is observed, indicating good agreement between STM and C-AFM measurements. However, a structure where the OPV backbone is interrupted by a [2.2] paracyclophane core has a low molecular transconductance, as determined from STM images, and a high measured single-molecule conductance. This apparent disconnect can be understood by comparing the calculated molecular orbital topology of the OPV with one thiol bound to a gold surface (the geometry in the STM experiment) with the topology of the molecule with both thiol termini bound to gold (relevant to C-AFM). In the former case, a single contact splits low-lying molecular orbitals into two discrete fragments, and in the latter case, molecular orbitals that span the entire molecule are observed. Although the difference in observed conductance between the two different measurements is resolved, the overall set of observations highlights the importance of using combined techniques to better characterize charge-transport properties relevant to molecular electronics. C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem, Inst Polymers & Organ Solids, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Biochem, Inst Polymers & Organ Solids, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mat, Inst Polymers & Organ Solids, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kushmerick, JG (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem, Inst Polymers & Organ Solids, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. EM james.kushmerick@nist.gov; bazan@chem.ucsb.edu RI Kushmerick, James/C-2882-2008; Bazan, Guillermo/B-7625-2014 NR 50 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 22 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 30 PY 2006 VL 128 IS 34 BP 11260 EP 11267 AR JA062898J DI 10.1021/ja062898j PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 076BR UT WOS:000239932500056 PM 16925445 ER PT J AU Pupillo, G Rey, AM Williams, CJ Clark, CW AF Pupillo, Guido Rey, Ana Maria Williams, Carl J. Clark, Charles W. TI Extended fermionization of 1D bosons in optical lattices SO NEW JOURNAL OF PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TONKS-GIRARDEAU GAS; SUPERFLUID; DYNAMICS; SYSTEMS; ATOMS AB We present a model that generalizes the Bose - Fermi mapping for strongly correlated one-dimensional (1D) bosons trapped in combined optical lattice plus parabolic potentials, to cases in which the average number of atoms per site is larger than one. Using a decomposition in arrays of disjoint strongly interacting gases, this model gives an accurate account of equilibrium properties of such systems, in parameter regimes relevant to current experiments. The application of this model to non-equilibrium phenomena is explored by a study of the dynamics of an atom cloud subject to a sudden displacement of the confining potential. Excellent agreement is found with results of recent experiments, without the use of any adjustable parameters. The simplicity and intuitive appeal of this model make it attractive as a general tool for understanding bosonic systems in the strongly correlated regime. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Austrian Acad Sci, Inst Quantum Opt & Quantum Informat, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Inst Theoret Atom & Mol & Opt Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Pupillo, G (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM guido.pupillo@uibk.ac.at RI Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009; Williams, Carl/B-5877-2009 OI Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885; NR 29 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1367-2630 J9 NEW J PHYS JI New J. Phys. PD AUG 30 PY 2006 VL 8 AR 161 DI 10.1088/1367-2630/8/8/161 PG 11 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 079VV UT WOS:000240206900012 ER PT J AU Rey, AM Satija, II Clark, CW AF Rey, Ana Maria Satija, Indubala I. Clark, Charles W. TI Hanbury Brown-Twiss interferometry for fractional and integer Mott phases SO NEW JOURNAL OF PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TONKS-GIRARDEAU GAS; ULTRACOLD ATOMS; INSULATOR-TRANSITION; OPTICAL LATTICE; SUPERFLUID; BOSONS; LIGHT AB The theoretical framework of Hanbury Brown - Twiss interferometry (HBTI) is used to study integer and fractionally filled Mott insulator (MI) phases in period-2 optical superlattices. In contrast to the quasimomentum distribution, this second order interferometry pattern exhibits high contrast fringes in the insulating phases. Our detailed study of HBTI suggests that this interference pattern signals the various superfluid - insulator transitions and therefore can be used as a practical method to determine the phase diagram of the system. We find that in the presence of a confining potential the insulating phases become robust as they exist for a finite range of atom numbers. Furthermore, we show that in the trapped case, the HBTI interferogram signals the formation of the MI domains and probes the shell structure of the system. C1 Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Inst Theoret Atom & Mol & Opt Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. George Mason Univ, Dept Phys, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. RP Rey, AM (reprint author), Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Inst Theoret Atom & Mol & Opt Phys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM arey@cfa.harvard.edu; isatija@physics.gmu.edu RI Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009 OI Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885 NR 32 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1367-2630 J9 NEW J PHYS JI New J. Phys. PD AUG 30 PY 2006 VL 8 AR 155 DI 10.1088/1367-2630/8/8/155 PG 25 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 079VV UT WOS:000240206900006 ER PT J AU Williams, JE Nygaard, N Clark, CW AF Williams, J. E. Nygaard, N. Clark, C. W. TI Theory of Feshbach molecule formation in a dilute gas during a magnetic field ramp SO NEW JOURNAL OF PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID FERMI GAS; ULTRACOLD MOLECULES; CONDENSATE; ATOMS AB Starting with coupled atom - molecule Boltzmann equations, we develop a simplified model to understand molecule formation observed in recent experiments. Our theory predicts several key features: ( i) the effective adiabatic rate constant is proportional to density; ( ii) in an adiabatic ramp, the dependence of molecular fraction on magnetic field resembles an error function whose width and centroid are related to the temperature; and ( iii) the molecular production efficiency is a universal function of the initial phase space density, the specific form of which we derive for a classical gas. Our predictions show qualitative agreement with the data from Hodby et al ( 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 120402) without the use of adjustable parameters. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Williams, JE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM james.williams@nist.gov RI Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009; Nygaard, Nicolai/B-4664-2009 OI Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885; NR 23 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1367-2630 J9 NEW J PHYS JI New J. Phys. PD AUG 30 PY 2006 VL 8 AR 150 DI 10.1088/1367-2630/8/8/150 PG 8 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 079VV UT WOS:000240206900001 ER PT J AU Walker, JT Robarge, WP Wu, Y Meyers, TP AF Walker, J. T. Robarge, W. P. Wu, Y. Meyers, T. P. TI Measurement of bi-directional ammonia fluxes over soybean using the modified Bowen-ratio technique SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE ammonia; dry deposition; compensation point; soybean; bi-directional flux ID ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN DEPOSITION; DRY DEPOSITION; COMPENSATION POINT; SURFACE-EXCHANGE; GRADIENT MEASUREMENTS; NORTH-CAROLINA; UNITED-STATES; OILSEED RAPE; VEGETATED SURFACES; LOLIUM-PERENNE AB Measurements of bi-directional ammonia (NH3) exchange over a fertilized soybean canopy are presented for an 8-week period during the summer of 2002. The modified Bowen-ratio approach was used to determine fluxes from vertical NH3 and temperature gradients in combination with eddy covariance sensible heat fluxes. The measurement site is located in an area of high NH3 emissions from animal production and fertilizer use. Ambient NH3 concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 43.9 mu g m(-3) (mu = 9.4 mu g m(-3)) during the experiment. The mean flux was -12.3 ng m(-2) s(-1), indicating that the canopy was a net sink for NH3; however, emission fluxes were consistently observed during the late morning and early afternoon. Deposition rates were highest when the canopy was wet (mu = -29.9 ng m(-2) s(-1)). Modeling results suggest that uptake via the leaf cuticle was the dominant deposition process and stomatal uptake only occurred during the first few hours after sunrise when the stomatal resistance and compensation point were low. The average stomatal compensation point was high (chi(s) = 11.5 mu g NH3 m(-3)), primarily due to high daytime temperatures (mu = 29 degrees C). Measured cuticular resistances were large (median R-w = 208 s m(-1)), most likely due to very dry conditions. The average NH3 flux corresponds to a dry-to-wet deposition ratio of 0.44. Median flux error was 51%, which was dominated by uncertainty in the vertical NH3 gradient due to sequential sampling between measurement heights. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Soil Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. RP Walker, JT (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM walker.johnt@epa.gov RI Walker, John/I-8880-2014; Meyers, Tilden/C-6633-2016 OI Walker, John/0000-0001-6034-7514; NR 75 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD AUG 29 PY 2006 VL 138 IS 1-4 BP 54 EP 68 DI 10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.03.011 PG 15 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 079ZQ UT WOS:000240216800005 ER PT J AU Daniel, JS Portmann, RW Miller, HL Solomon, S Langford, AO Eubank, CS Schofield, R Turner, DD Shupe, MD AF Daniel, J. S. Portmann, R. W. Miller, H. L. Solomon, S. Langford, A. O. Eubank, C. S. Schofield, R. Turner, D. D. Shupe, M. D. TI Cloud property estimates from zenith spectral measurements of scattered sunlight between 0.9 and 1.7 mu m SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID LIQUID WATER PATH; SOUTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; OXYGEN A-BAND; CIRRUS CLOUDS; MICROWAVE RADIOMETRY; OPTICAL DEPTH; RADIATION MEASUREMENTS; INFRARED RADIOMETER; RADAR MEASUREMENTS; JOINT STATISTICS AB [ 1] A theoretical approach is used to quantify the information available to retrieve cloud physical properties from data taken by a ground-based spectrometer measuring scattered sunlight in the near-infrared wavelength region. Three wavelength regions between 0.9 and 1.7 mu m, each containing water vapor, liquid, and ice absorption features, are examined using a differential optical absorption spectroscopy optimal estimation retrieval technique. Cloud properties that can be retrieved include path-integrated liquid water path and path-integrated ice water path (PLWP and PIWP), cloud liquid and ice temperatures, and the second moment of the photon path distribution. The accuracy of these cloud property retrievals is estimated for a variety of simulated conditions, with key analysis assumptions identified. The sensitivity of the measurements in the longest wavelength region to liquid water and ice is high, allowing for accurate estimates of PLWP and PIWP under optically thin clouds, while the shorter two wavelength bands provide more information under optically thicker clouds. Observations of mixed-phase clouds over Barrow, Alaska, are used to illustrate the practicality of the technique. Retrieved LWP values ( inferred from PLWP) are compared to LWP estimates from a microwave radiometer and an atmospheric emitted radiance interferometer; PIWP estimates are compared to IWP estimates from a millimeter-wave cloud radar. Cloud liquid temperature and photon path distribution information retrieved from these data are also presented. Furthermore, we suggest a technique for combining near-infrared spectral PLWP measurements with microwave radiometer observations to estimate cloud droplet effective radius. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Daniel, JS (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM john.s.daniel@noaa.gov RI Portmann, Robert/C-4903-2009; Langford, Andrew/D-2323-2009; Schofield, Robyn/A-4062-2010; Daniel, John/D-9324-2011; Miller, Henry/D-7628-2013; Eubank, Charles/H-5585-2013; Shupe, Matthew/F-8754-2011; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Portmann, Robert/0000-0002-0279-6087; Langford, Andrew/0000-0002-2932-7061; Schofield, Robyn/0000-0002-4230-717X; Miller, Henry/0000-0002-7155-8314; Shupe, Matthew/0000-0002-0973-9982; NR 82 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 29 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D16 AR D16208 DI 10.1029/2005JD006641 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 081QV UT WOS:000240333000002 ER PT J AU Schwarz, JP Gao, RS Fahey, DW Thomson, DS Watts, LA Wilson, JC Reeves, JM Darbeheshti, M Baumgardner, DG Kok, GL Chung, SH Schulz, M Hendricks, J Lauer, A Karcher, B Slowik, JG Rosenlof, KH Thompson, TL Langford, AO Loewenstein, M Aikin, KC AF Schwarz, J. P. Gao, R. S. Fahey, D. W. Thomson, D. S. Watts, L. A. Wilson, J. C. Reeves, J. M. Darbeheshti, M. Baumgardner, D. G. Kok, G. L. Chung, S. H. Schulz, M. Hendricks, J. Lauer, A. Kaercher, B. Slowik, J. G. Rosenlof, K. H. Thompson, T. L. Langford, A. O. Loewenstein, M. Aikin, K. C. TI Single-particle measurements of midlatitude black carbon and light-scattering aerosols from the boundary layer to the lower stratosphere SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID ELEMENTAL CARBON; AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS; ORGANIC AEROSOL; SPECTROMETER; SIZE; SOOT; INSTRUMENT; ABSORPTION; SULFATE; SULFUR AB [ 1] A single-particle soot photometer (SP2) was flown on a NASA WB-57F high-altitude research aircraft in November 2004 from Houston, Texas. The SP2 uses laser-induced incandescence to detect individual black carbon ( BC) particles in an air sample in the mass range of similar to 3 - 300 fg ( similar to 0.15 - 0.7 mu m volume equivalent diameter). Scattered light is used to size the remaining non-BC aerosols in the range of similar to 0.17 - 0.7 mu m diameter. We present profiles of both aerosol types from the boundary layer to the lower stratosphere from two midlatitude flights. Results for total aerosol amounts in the size range detected by the SP2 are in good agreement with typical particle spectrometer measurements in the same region. All ambient incandescing particles were identified as BC because their incandescence properties matched those of laboratory-generated BC aerosol. Approximately 40% of these BC particles showed evidence of internal mixing ( e. g., coating). Throughout profiles between 5 and 18.7 km, BC particles were less than a few percent of total aerosol number, and black carbon aerosol (BCA) mass mixing ratio showed a constant gradient with altitude above 5 km. SP2 data was compared to results from the ECHAM4/MADE and LmDzT-INCA global aerosol models. The comparison will help resolve the important systematic differences in model aerosol processes that determine BCA loadings. Further intercomparisons of models and measurements as presented here will improve the accuracy of the radiative forcing contribution from BCA. C1 NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Denver, Dept Engn, Denver, CO 80208 USA. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Ciencias Atmosfera, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. Droplet Measurement Technol Inc, Boulder, CO USA. Lab Sci Climat & Environm, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. DLR, Inst Phys Atmosphare, D-82234 Wessling, Germany. Boston Coll, Dept Chem, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Schwarz, JP (reprint author), NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM joshua.p.schwarz@noaa.gov; mdarbehe@du.edu RI Langford, Andrew/D-2323-2009; Slowik, Jay/F-4894-2011; Rosenlof, Karen/B-5652-2008; schwarz, joshua/G-4556-2013; Gao, Ru-Shan/H-7455-2013; Aikin, Kenneth/I-1973-2013; Watts, Laurel/G-4532-2013; Karcher, Bernd/D-5325-2014; Schulz, Michael/A-6930-2011; Fahey, David/G-4499-2013; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Langford, Andrew/0000-0002-2932-7061; Slowik, Jay/0000-0001-5682-850X; Rosenlof, Karen/0000-0002-0903-8270; schwarz, joshua/0000-0002-9123-2223; Watts, Laurel/0000-0002-0834-3329; Karcher, Bernd/0000-0003-0278-4980; Schulz, Michael/0000-0003-4493-4158; Fahey, David/0000-0003-1720-0634; NR 45 TC 240 Z9 251 U1 12 U2 91 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 29 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D16 AR D16207 DI 10.1029/2006JD007076 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 081QV UT WOS:000240333000004 ER PT J AU Warneke, C de Gouw, JA Stohl, A Cooper, OR Goldan, PD Kuster, WC Holloway, JS Williams, EJ Lerner, BM McKeen, SA Trainer, M Fehsenfeld, FC Atlas, EL Donnelly, SG Stroud, V Lueb, A Kato, S AF Warneke, C. de Gouw, J. A. Stohl, A. Cooper, O. R. Goldan, P. D. Kuster, W. C. Holloway, J. S. Williams, E. J. Lerner, B. M. McKeen, S. A. Trainer, M. Fehsenfeld, F. C. Atlas, E. L. Donnelly, S. G. Stroud, Verity Lueb, Amy Kato, S. TI Biomass burning and anthropogenic sources of CO over New England in the summer 2004 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID REACTION-MASS-SPECTROMETRY; CHLORINE EMISSIONS INVENTORY; DISPERSION MODEL FLEXPART; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; UNITED-STATES; TRICHLOROMETHANE CHLOROFORM; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; LOWER STRATOSPHERE; REACTIVE CHLORINE; CARBON-MONOXIDE AB [ 1] During the summer of 2004 large wildfires were burning in Alaska and Canada, and part of the emissions were transported toward the northeast United States, where they were measured during the NEAQS-ITCT 2k4 ( New England Air Quality Study Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation) study on board the NOAA WP-3 aircraft and the NOAA research vessel Ronald H. Brown. Using acetonitrile and chloroform as tracers the biomass burning and the anthropogenic fraction of the carbon monoxide ( CO) enhancement are determined. As much as 30% of the measured enhancement is attributed to the forest fires in Alaska and Canada transported into the region, and 70% is attributed to the urban emissions of mainly New York and Boston. On some days the forest fire emissions were mixed down to the surface and dominated the CO enhancement. The results compare well with the FLEXPART transport model, indicating that the total emissions during the measurement campaign for biomass burning might be about 22 Tg. The total U. S. anthropogenic CO sources used in FLEXPART are 25 Tg. FLEXPART model, using the U. S. EPA NEI-99 data, overpredicts the CO mixing ratio around Boston and New York in 2004 by about 50%. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Ft Hays State Univ, Dept Chem, Hays, KS 67601 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Warneke, C (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM carsten.warneke@noaa.gov RI Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; Stohl, Andreas/A-7535-2008; Williams, Eric/F-1184-2010; Atlas, Elliot/J-8171-2015; de Gouw, Joost/A-9675-2008; Warneke, Carsten/E-7174-2010; Kuster, William/E-7421-2010; Holloway, John/F-9911-2012; Cooper, Owen/H-4875-2013; Trainer, Michael/H-5168-2013; McKeen, Stuart/H-9516-2013; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013; Lerner, Brian/H-6556-2013 OI Stohl, Andreas/0000-0002-2524-5755; de Gouw, Joost/0000-0002-0385-1826; Kuster, William/0000-0002-8788-8588; Holloway, John/0000-0002-4585-9594; Lerner, Brian/0000-0001-8721-8165 NR 47 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 21 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 29 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D23 AR D23S15 DI 10.1029/2005JD006878 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 081RF UT WOS:000240334000001 ER PT J AU Ichino, T Gianola, AJ Lineberger, WC Stanton, JF AF Ichino, Takatoshi Gianola, Adam J. Lineberger, W. Carl Stanton, John F. TI Nonadiabatic effects in the photoelectron spectrum of the pyrazolide-d(3) anion: Three-state interactions in the pyrazolyl-d(3) radical SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID FRANCK-CONDON FACTORS; MULTISTATE VIBRONIC INTERACTIONS; INTRAMOLECULAR PROTON-TRANSFER; ANALYTIC ENERGY DERIVATIVES; QUANTUM MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; UV ABSORPTION-SPECTRUM; COUPLED-CLUSTER THEORY; JAHN-TELLER; CONICAL INTERSECTIONS; POLYATOMIC-MOLECULES AB The 351.1 nm photoelectron spectrum of the 1-pyrazolide-d(3) anion has been measured. The photoelectron angular distributions indicate the presence of nearly degenerate electronic states of the 1-pyrazolyl-d(3) radical. Equation-of-motion ionization potential coupled-cluster singles and doubles (EOMIP-CCSD) calculations have been performed to study the low-lying electronic states. The calculations strongly suggest that three electronic states, energetically close to each other, are accessed in the photodetachment process. Strong interactions of the pseudo-Jahn-Teller type in each pair of the three states are evident in the calculations for the radical at the anion geometry. Model diabatic potentials of the three states have been constructed around the anion geometry in terms of the anion reduced normal coordinates up to the second order. An analytic method to parametrize the quadratic vibronic coupling (QVC) model potentials has been introduced. Parameters of the QVC model potentials have been determined from the EOMIP-CCSD and CCSD(T) calculations. Simulations of the 1-pyrazolide-d(3) spectrum have been performed with the model Hamiltonian, treating all vibronic interactions amongst the three states simultaneously. The simulation reproduces the fine structure of the observed spectrum very well, revealing complicated nonadiabatic effects in the low-lying states of the radical. The ground state of the 1-pyrazolyl-d(3) radical is (2)A(2) and the electron affinity is 2.935 +/- 0.006 eV. The first excited state is B-2(1) with a term energy of 32 +/- 1 meV. While the high-symmetry (C-2v) stationary points of the X (2)A(2) and A B-2(1) states are minima, that of the state is a saddle point as a result of the pseudo-Jahn-Teller interactions with the other two states. The topology of the adiabatic potential energy surfaces is discussed. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Texas, Inst Theoret Chem, Dept Chem & Biochem, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Ichino, T (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM wcl@jila.colorado.edu; stanton@jfs1.cm.utexas.edu NR 79 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD AUG 28 PY 2006 VL 125 IS 8 AR 084312 DI 10.1063/1.2338043 PG 22 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 080GX UT WOS:000240237000027 PM 16965017 ER PT J AU Grigoriu, M Garboczi, E Kafali, C AF Grigoriu, M. Garboczi, E. Kafali, C. TI Spherical harmonic-based random fields for aggregates used in concrete SO POWDER TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aggregates; inclusions; Monte Carlo algorithms; multi-phase materials; random field models; spherical harmonic representations ID MOLECULAR-SURFACES; SHAPE; PARTICLE; IMAGES AB Two non-Gaussian random field models are developed for characterizing the geometry of star-like inclusions in two-phase or multi-phase materials. For illustration, the models are calibrated to the geometrical features of a population of 128 similar ASTM C57 aggregates used in concrete. The first model is a sum of spherical harmonic functions with random non-Gaussian coefficients. The second model is a nonlinear memoryless mapping of a sum of spherical harmonic functions with Gaussian coefficients. The two random field models are used to develop Monte Carlo algorithms for generating virtual aggregates. By construction, the virtual aggregates capture essential statistics of the target population of aggregates. The performance of the proposed models is assessed by quantitative and qualitative metrics. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Cornell Univ, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Grigoriu, M (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM mdg12@cornell.edu NR 29 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0032-5910 J9 POWDER TECHNOL JI Powder Technol. PD AUG 28 PY 2006 VL 166 IS 3 BP 123 EP 138 DI 10.1016/j.powtec.2006.03.026 PG 16 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 076QQ UT WOS:000239973200002 ER PT J AU Owen, RC Cooper, OR Stohl, A Honrath, RE AF Owen, R. C. Cooper, O. R. Stohl, A. Honrath, R. E. TI An analysis of the mechanisms of North American pollutant transport to the central North Atlantic lower free troposphere SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT; PARTICLE DISPERSION MODEL; CARBON-MONOXIDE; AIR-POLLUTION; BOUNDARY-LAYER; OZONE; EUROPE; PATHWAYS; CYCLONES; IRELAND AB We use the FLEXPART Lagrangian particle dispersion model and observations from the PICO-NARE station to identify and analyze the transport of North American anthropogenic emissions to the central North Atlantic lower free troposphere (FT) during July 2003. FLEXPART adequately captured the occurrence of CO transport events, simulating all but 1 of the 16 observed events while producing only 3 events not observed. Low-level transport (below 3 km) was responsible for most events. Three case studies of this type are presented. Export from the North American boundary layer in these events was the result of eastward advection over the ocean or transport in a weak warm conveyor belt airflow. Once over the ocean, transport was governed by geostrophic winds between the Azores/Bermuda High (ABH) and transient northerly lows. The varying locations of the ABH and northerly lows determine the pathway of this type of event. As a result, other events similar to those analyzed here reach Europe. Transported below 3 km, these events were observed in the lower FT over the Azores and were accompanied by O-3 enhancements. Thus the lower marine FT may provide a transport environment significantly different from the marine boundary layer, where O-3 destruction is believed to dominate. In the fourth case study, North American emissions were lofted to 6-8 km in a warm conveyor belt, captured for 2 days in the midtropospheric circulation of the associated cyclone, and then entrained in the same cyclone's dry airstream and transported down to the Azores. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Norwegian Inst Air Res, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway. RP Owen, RC (reprint author), Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. RI Stohl, Andreas/A-7535-2008; Cooper, Owen/H-4875-2013; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Stohl, Andreas/0000-0002-2524-5755; NR 43 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 26 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D23 AR D23S58 DI 10.1029/2006JD007062 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 078KE UT WOS:000240100800002 ER PT J AU Sorooshian, A Varutbangkul, V Brechtel, FJ Ervens, B Feingold, G Bahreini, R Murphy, SM Holloway, JS Atlas, EL Buzorius, G Jonsson, H Flagan, RC Seinfeld, JH AF Sorooshian, Armin Varutbangkul, Varuntida Brechtel, Fred J. Ervens, Barbara Feingold, Graham Bahreini, Roya Murphy, Shane M. Holloway, John S. Atlas, Elliot L. Buzorius, Gintas Jonsson, Haflidi Flagan, Richard C. Seinfeld, John H. TI Oxalic acid in clear and cloudy atmospheres: Analysis of data from International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation 2004 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID SOLUBLE DICARBOXYLIC-ACIDS; AEROSOL CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS; SECONDARY ORGANIC AEROSOL; CONDENSATION NUCLEI; SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; PARTICULATE MATTER; ARCTIC ATMOSPHERE; MARINE ATMOSPHERE; POLAR SUNRISE; WATER AB Oxalic acid is often the leading contributor to the total dicarboxylic acid mass in ambient organic aerosol particles. During the 2004 International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation (ICARTT) field campaign, nine inorganic ions (including SO42-) and five organic acid ions (including oxalate) were measured on board the Center for Interdisciplinary Remotely Piloted Aircraft Studies (CIRPAS) Twin Otter research aircraft by a particle-into-liquid sampler (PILS) during flights over Ohio and surrounding areas. Five local atmospheric conditions were studied: (1) cloud-free air, (2) power plant plume in cloud-free air with precipitation from scattered clouds overhead, (3) power plant plume in cloud-free air, (4) power plant plume in cloud, and (5) clouds uninfluenced by local pollution sources. The aircraft sampled from two inlets: a counterflow virtual impactor (CVI) to isolate droplet residuals in clouds and a second inlet for sampling total aerosol. A strong correlation was observed between oxalate and SO42- when sampling through both inlets in clouds. Predictions from a chemical cloud parcel model considering the aqueous-phase production of dicarboxylic acids and SO42- show good agreement for the relative magnitude of SO42- and oxalate growth for two scenarios: power plant plume in clouds and clouds uninfluenced by local pollution sources. The relative contributions of the two aqueous-phase routes responsible for oxalic acid formation were examined; the oxidation of glyoxylic acid was predicted to dominate over the decay of longer-chain dicarboxylic acids. Clear evidence is presented for aqueous-phase oxalic acid production as the primary mechanism for oxalic acid formation in ambient aerosols. C1 CALTECH, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. CALTECH, Dept Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Brechtel Mfg Inc, Hayward, CA USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Marine & Atmospher Chem, Miami, FL 33149 USA. USN, Ctr Interdisciplinary Remotely Piloted Aircraft S, Postgrad Sch, Marina, CA 93933 USA. RP Sorooshian, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM seinfeld@caltech.edu RI Holloway, John/F-9911-2012; Ervens, Barbara/D-5495-2013; Feingold, Graham/B-6152-2009; Atlas, Elliot/J-8171-2015; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; OI Holloway, John/0000-0002-4585-9594; Ervens, Barbara/0000-0002-6223-1635; Sorooshian, Armin/0000-0002-2243-2264 NR 54 TC 109 Z9 110 U1 4 U2 42 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 26 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D23 AR D23S45 DI 10.1029/2005JD006880 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 078KE UT WOS:000240100800001 ER PT J AU Tanimoto, H Mukai, H Hashimoto, S Norris, JE AF Tanimoto, Hiroshi Mukai, Hitoshi Hashimoto, Shigeru Norris, James E. TI Intercomparison of ultraviolet photometry and gas-phase titration techniques for ozone reference standards at ambient levels SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID INCREASING BACKGROUND OZONE; SURFACE OZONE; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; NORTH-AMERICA; AIR; TRANSPORT; DISTRIBUTIONS; POLLUTION; MAXIMUM; TRENDS AB Intercomparison experiments were made between two independent techniques for ozone (O-3) reference standards often used as the primary standards in air quality monitoring networks. These techniques include ultraviolet absorption photometry of O-3 at the 253.7-nm Hg line and gas-phase titration of O-3 with excess NO. For ultraviolet photometry, a well-designed and maintained standard reference photometer (SRP) built by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (USA) was employed. For gas-phase titration (GPT), an existing system was significantly modified by the National Institute for Environmental Studies (Japan) by using gravimetric NO/N-2 standard gases, accurate flow measurement systems based on laminar flow elements, and two chemiluminescence NO detectors to minimize uncertainty in the measurements, which had previously been a major shortcoming of this method. Uncertainty in the improved GPT system was reduced to less than 0.4% above 100 nmol mol(-1) O-3 mole fraction. A series of comparison runs between the two methods over the course of 13 months from August 2004 to August 2005 showed a significant discrepancy, which cannot be explained by the measurement uncertainties attributed to either SRP or GPT in the range of 80-800 nmol mol(-1) O-3, where GPT was about 2% higher than SRP. This result indicates possible biases in the currently existing O-3 reference standards and warrants further studies to identify and characterize possible sources of the systematic discrepancy. C1 Natl Inst Environm Studies, Asian Environm Res Grp, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058506, Japan. Natl Inst Environm Studies, Ctr Global Environm Res, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058506, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tanimoto, H (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Studies, Asian Environm Res Grp, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058506, Japan. EM tanimoto@nies.go.jp; lnmukaih@nies.go.jp; jnorris@nist.gov RI Tanimoto, Hiroshi/E-6779-2010 OI Tanimoto, Hiroshi/0000-0002-5424-9923 NR 36 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 26 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D16 AR D16313 DI 10.1029/2005JD006983 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 078KB UT WOS:000240100500001 ER PT J AU Abdulagatov, IM Azizov, ND AF Abdulagatov, I. M. Azizov, Nazim D. TI Densities, apparent and partial molar volumes of aqueous KBr solutions at high temperatures and high pressures SO FLUID PHASE EQUILIBRIA LA English DT Article DE apparent molar volumes; aqueous solutions; density; partial molar volume; potassium bromide; water ID POTASSIUM-BROMIDE; 30 MPA; 573 K; ALKALI-HALIDES; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS; LANTHANUM CHLORIDE; HEAT-CAPACITIES; NANO3 SOLUTIONS; DEGREES C AB Density of four (0.2378, 0.4645, 0.9440, and 2.23 10) mol kg(-1) binary aqueous KBr solutions have been measured with a constant-volume piezometer immersed in a precision liquid thermostat. Measurements were made at pressures up to 30 MPa. The range of temperature was from 298 to 629 K. The total uncertainty of density, pressure, temperature, and composition measurements were estimated to be less than 0.06%, 0.05%, 15 mK, and 0.02%, respectively. Apparent molar volumes phi(v) were derived using measured values of density for the solutions and for pure water calculated with IAPWS formulation. The apparent molar volumes were analytically extrapolated to zero concentration to yield partial molar volumes at infinite dilution (V) over bar (infinity)(2). The temperature, pressure, and concentration dependence of apparent and partial molar volumes were studied. The derived apparent molar volumes have been interpreted in terms of the Debye-Huckel theory (limiting law) of electrolyte solutions to accurate calculates the values of partial molar volume at infinite dilution (V) over bar (infinity)(2) and limiting slope A(v) as a function of temperature and pressure. All experimental and derived properties (apparent and partial molar volumes) are compared with the experimental values and correlations reported in the literature. The maximum of the apparent and partial molar volumes at temperature around 340-363 K depending on concentration and pressure was found. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Inst Geothermal Problems, Makhachkala, Russia. Azerbaijan State Oil Acad, Baku 370601, Azerbaijan. RP Abdulagatov, IM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM ilmutdin@boulder.nist.gov NR 61 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3812 J9 FLUID PHASE EQUILIBR JI Fluid Phase Equilib. PD AUG 25 PY 2006 VL 246 IS 1-2 BP 96 EP 110 DI 10.1016/j.fluid.2006.05.015 PG 15 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 072JM UT WOS:000239669700012 ER PT J AU Neuman, JA Parrish, DD Trainer, M Ryerson, TB Holloway, JS Nowak, JB Swanson, A Flocke, F Roberts, JM Brown, SS Stark, H Sommariva, R Stohl, A Peltier, R Weber, R Wollny, AG Sueper, DT Hubler, G Fehsenfeld, FC AF Neuman, J. A. Parrish, D. D. Trainer, M. Ryerson, T. B. Holloway, J. S. Nowak, J. B. Swanson, A. Flocke, F. Roberts, J. M. Brown, S. S. Stark, H. Sommariva, R. Stohl, A. Peltier, R. Weber, R. Wollny, A. G. Sueper, D. T. Hubler, G. Fehsenfeld, F. C. TI Reactive nitrogen transport and photochemistry in urban plumes over the North Atlantic Ocean SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID MOTOR-VEHICLE EMISSIONS; AMERICAN BOUNDARY-LAYER; UNITED-STATES; AIRCRAFT OBSERVATIONS; CARBON-MONOXIDE; NITRIC-ACID; NEW-ENGLAND; OZONE; NOY; TROPOSPHERE AB Photochemical and transport processes involving reactive nitrogen compounds were studied in plumes of urban pollutants using measurements obtained from the NOAA WP-3 aircraft during the ICARTT study in July and August 2004. Observations close to Boston and New York City were used to characterize urban emissions, and plume transport and transformation processes were studied in aged plumes located up to 1000 km downwind from the east coast of North America. Pollution was observed primarily below 1.5 km altitude in well-defined layers that were decoupled from the marine boundary layer. In aged plumes located over the North Atlantic Ocean, the nitric acid (HNO3) mixing ratios were large (up to 50 ppbv), and HNO3 accounted for the majority of reactive nitrogen. Plume CO and reactive nitrogen enhancement ratios were nearly equivalent in fresh and aged plumes. Efficient transport of HNO3 explained the observed trace gas ratios and abundances. Without substantial HNO3 loss, the ratio of HNO3 to NOx was between 13 and 42 in most highly aged plumes and sometimes exceeded calculated photochemical steady state values. Box model calculations that include nighttime reactions that convert NOx to HNO3 reproduce the observations. Photolysis and OH oxidation of over 10 ppbv of HNO3 that was in the troposphere for days resulted in reformation of hundreds of pptv of NOx, which is sufficient to maintain photochemical ozone production. Efficient transport of HNO3 over the North Atlantic Ocean for days carried both HNO3 and NOx far from their continental sources and increased their photochemical influence. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Norwegian Inst Air Res, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Neuman, JA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM andy.neuman@noaa.gov RI Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013; Neuman, Andy/A-1393-2009; Sommariva, Roberto/M-5361-2014; Stohl, Andreas/A-7535-2008; Nowak, John/B-1085-2008; Roberts, James/A-1082-2009; Hubler, Gerhard/E-9780-2010; Stark, Harald/E-7433-2010; Parrish, David/E-8957-2010; Holloway, John/F-9911-2012; Trainer, Michael/H-5168-2013; Ryerson, Tom/C-9611-2009; Brown, Steven/I-1762-2013 OI Neuman, Andy/0000-0002-3986-1727; Sommariva, Roberto/0000-0002-2728-5814; Stohl, Andreas/0000-0002-2524-5755; Nowak, John/0000-0002-5697-9807; Roberts, James/0000-0002-8485-8172; Parrish, David/0000-0001-6312-2724; Holloway, John/0000-0002-4585-9594; NR 42 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 17 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 25 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D23 AR D23S54 DI 10.1029/2005JD007010 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 078KC UT WOS:000240100600001 ER PT J AU Pinder, RW Adams, PJ Pandis, SN Gilliland, AB AF Pinder, Robert W. Adams, Peter J. Pandis, Spyros N. Gilliland, Alice B. TI Temporally resolved ammonia emission inventories: Current estimates, evaluation tools, and measurement needs SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID PITTSBURGH AIR-QUALITY; EASTERN UNITED-STATES; DAIRY-COWS; DEPOSITION; MODEL; SULFATE; PM2.5 AB [ 1] We evaluate the suitability of a three-dimensional chemical transport model ( CTM) as a tool for assessing ammonia emission inventories, calculate the improvement in CTM performance owing to recent advances in temporally varying ammonia emission estimates, and identify the observational data necessary to improve future ammonia emission estimates. We evaluate two advanced approaches to estimating the temporal variation in ammonia emissions: a process-based approach and an inverse-modeled approach. These inventories are used as inputs to a three-dimensional CTM, PMCAM(x). The model predictions of aerosol NH4+ concentration, NHx ( NHx equivalent to NH3 + NH4+) concentration, wet-deposited NH4+ mass flux, and NH4+ precipitation concentration are compared with observations. However, it should be cautioned that errors in model inputs other than the ammonia emissions may bias such comparisons. We estimate the robustness of each of these amodel-measurement comparisons as the ratio of the sensitivity to changes in emissions over the sensitivity to errors in the CTM inputs other than the ammonia emission inventory. We find the NHx concentration to be the only indicator that is sufficiently robust during all time periods. Using this as an indicator, the ammonia emission inventories with diurnal and seasonal variation improve the PMCAMx predictions in the summer and winter. In the United States, future efforts to improve the spatial and temporal accuracy of ammonia emission inventories are limited by a lack of a long-term, widespread network of highly time-resolved NHx measurements. C1 Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Engn & Publ Policy, Pittsburgh, PA 15217 USA. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15217 USA. Univ Patras, Dept Chem Engn, Patras 26500, Greece. NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Pinder, RW (reprint author), Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Engn & Publ Policy, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15217 USA. EM petera@andrew.cmu.edu RI Pinder, Robert/F-8252-2011; Pandis, Spyros/D-3680-2013; Adams, Peter/D-7134-2013; OI Pinder, Robert/0000-0001-6390-7126; Adams, Peter/0000-0003-0041-058X; Pandis, Spyros/0000-0001-8085-9795 NR 41 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 25 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D16 AR D16310 DI 10.1029/2005JD006603 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 078KA UT WOS:000240100400001 ER PT J AU Rivier, L Ciais, P Hauglustaine, DA Bakwin, P Bousquet, P Peylin, P Klonecki, A AF Rivier, L. Ciais, P. Hauglustaine, D. A. Bakwin, P. Bousquet, P. Peylin, P. Klonecki, A. TI Evaluation of SF6, C2Cl4, and CO to approximate fossil fuel CO2 in the Northern Hemisphere using a chemistry transport model SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; CARBON-DIOXIDE EMISSIONS; SULFUR-HEXAFLUORIDE; UNITED-STATES; TRACE GASES; TALL TOWER; AEROSOL; EUROPE; SCHEME AB [ 1] The distribution of the fossil fuel component in atmospheric CO2 cannot be measured directly at a cheap cost. Could anthropogenic tracers with source patterns similar to fossil fuel CO2 then be used for that purpose? Here we present and evaluate a methodology using surrogate tracers, CO, SF6, and C2Cl4, to deduce fossil fuel CO2. A three-dimensional atmospheric chemistry transport model is used to simulate the relationship between each tracer and fossil fuel CO2. In summertime the regression slopes between fossil fuel CO2 and surrogate tracers show large spatial variations for chemically active tracers ( CO and C2Cl4), although C2Cl4 presents less scatter than CO. At two tall tower sites in the United States ( WLEF, Wisconsin, and WITN, North Carolina), we found that in summertime the C2Cl4 ( CO) versus fossil CO2 slope is on average up to 15% ( 25%) higher than in winter. We show that for C2Cl4 this seasonal variation is due to OH oxidation. For CO the seasonal variation is due to both chemistry and mixing with nonanthropogenic CO sources. In wintertime the three surrogate tracers SF6, C2Cl4, and CO are about equally as good indicators of the presence of fossil CO2. However, our model strongly underestimates the variability of SF6 at both towers, probably because of unaccounted for emissions. Hence poor knowledge of emission distribution hampers the use of SF6 as a surrogate tracer. From a practical point of view we recommend the use of C2Cl4 as a proxy of fossil CO2. We also recommend the use of tracers to separate fossil CO2. Despite the fact that the uncertainty on the regression slope is on the order of 30%, the tracer approach is likely to have less bias than when letting one model with one inventory emission map calculate the fossil CO2 distribution. C1 CEA, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Rivier, L (reprint author), CEA, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. EM leonard.rivier@cea.fr RI Vuichard, Nicolas/A-6629-2011 NR 36 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 25 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D16 AR D16311 DI 10.1029/2005JD006725 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 078KA UT WOS:000240100400004 ER PT J AU Wilmouth, DM Stimpfle, RM Anderson, JG Elkins, JW Hurst, DF Salawitch, RJ Lait, LR AF Wilmouth, D. M. Stimpfle, R. M. Anderson, J. G. Elkins, J. W. Hurst, D. F. Salawitch, R. J. Lait, L. R. TI Evolution of inorganic chlorine partitioning in the Arctic polar vortex SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS; NASA ER-2 AIRCRAFT; PLUS CLO REACTION; LOWER STRATOSPHERE; OZONE LOSS; PRODUCT FORMATION; ANTARCTIC OZONE; 298 K; HO2; WINTER AB The first simultaneous, in situ atmospheric measurements of ClO, ClOOCl, ClONO2, and HCl, which together nearly compose total inorganic chlorine, Cl-y, were obtained using the NASA ER-2 aircraft, deployed from Kiruna, Sweden, during the SOLVE/THESEO mission. These chlorine measurements, along with Cly inferred from in situ measurements of organic chlorine source gases, offer an unprecedented opportunity to observe chlorine activation and recovery in the polar winter stratosphere and evaluate the inorganic chlorine budget, i.e., a test of the quantitative agreement between the sum of ClOx (ClO + 2 x ClOOCl), ClONO2, and HCl with Cl-y. Inside the Arctic vortex, inorganic chlorine is rarely fully activated with ClOx/Cl-y ranging from approximately 0.25 to 0.90. An apparent discrepancy in the inorganic chlorine budget for much of the midwinter correlates well with back trajectory solar zenith angle minimum and is consistent with the presence of Cl-2, which was not observable. Evaluation of the midwinter inorganic chlorine budget, excluding data where Cl-2 is present, yields (ClOx + ClONO2 + HCl)/Cl-y = 0.94 +/- 0.07. In contrast, a shortfall in the late winter inorganic chlorine budget is the result of an apparent low bias in the HCl measurements. A diurnal box model constructed to analyze chlorine recovery rates highlights the importance of not only the Cl + CH4 reaction in HCl formation, but also OH + ClO and potentially HO2 + ClO. We find that significant HCl production accompanied net ClONO2 production in the inorganic chlorine recovery phase of this Arctic winter. C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NOAA, Global Monitoring Div, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Wilmouth, DM (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM wilmouth@huarp.harvard.edu RI Salawitch, Ross/B-4605-2009; Hurst, Dale/D-1554-2016 OI Salawitch, Ross/0000-0001-8597-5832; Hurst, Dale/0000-0002-6315-2322 NR 46 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 25 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D16 AR D16308 DI 10.1029/2005JD006951 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 078KA UT WOS:000240100400007 ER PT J AU Campbell, CE Bendersky, LA Boettinger, WJ Ivester, R AF Campbell, C. E. Bendersky, L. A. Boettinger, W. J. Ivester, R. TI Microstructural characterization of Al-7075-T651 chips and work pieces produced by high-speed machining SO MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING LA English DT Article DE high-speed machining; orthogonal cutting; Al-7075 alloy ID DYNAMIC RECRYSTALLIZATION; ELECTRON MICROSCOPE; MATERIAL BEHAVIOR; ALLOY; ALUMINUM; MODEL; DEFORMATION; MECHANICS; STRESS; RATES AB High-speed orthogonal machining produced a series of Al-7075-T651 chips and work pieces for microstructural charcterization. The orthogonal machining conditions included two rake angles, three cuttings speeds, and a constant feed rate. The chips and work pieces were characterized using optical metallography, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and microhardness measurements. TEM observations indicated growth of the eta' precipitates and showed recrystallized equiaxed grains within the shear bands of the chips. Microhardness profiles of the work pieces showed a decrease in hardness at the work surface. The thickness of this deformation layer increased with cutting speed. Microstructural characterizations were correlated with calculated temperature-time profiles to investigate possible mechanisms for the observed microstructure changes. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Metrol Div, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Campbell, CE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM carelyn.campbell@nist.gov NR 37 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0921-5093 J9 MAT SCI ENG A-STRUCT JI Mater. Sci. Eng. A-Struct. Mater. Prop. Microstruct. Process. PD AUG 25 PY 2006 VL 430 IS 1-2 BP 15 EP 26 DI 10.1016/j.msea.2006.04.122 PG 12 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 074YX UT WOS:000239849700003 ER PT J AU Pufall, MR Rippard, WH Russek, SE Kaka, S Katine, JA AF Pufall, M. R. Rippard, W. H. Russek, S. E. Kaka, S. Katine, J. A. TI Electrical measurement of spin-wave interactions of proximate spin transfer nanooscillators SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PHASE-LOCKING; MAGNETIC MULTILAYERS; DRIVEN; EXCITATION; ARRAYS AB We have investigated the interaction mechanism between two nanocontact spin transfer oscillators made on the same magnetic spin valve multilayer. The oscillators phase lock when their precession frequencies are made similar, and a giant magnetoresistance signal is detectable at one contact due to precession at the other. Cutting the magnetic mesa between the contacts with a focused-ion beam modifies the contact outputs, eliminates the phase locking, and strongly attenuates the magnetoresistance coupling, which indicates that spin waves rather than magnetic fields are the primary interaction mechanism. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Seagate Technol, Pittsburgh, PA 15222 USA. Hitachi Global Storage Technol, San Jose, CA 95120 USA. RP Pufall, MR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 22 TC 85 Z9 85 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD AUG 25 PY 2006 VL 97 IS 8 AR 087206 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.087206 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 077QC UT WOS:000240043800052 PM 17026331 ER PT J AU Ciezak, JA Leao, JB Hudson, BS AF Ciezak, Jennifer A. Leao, Juscelino B. Hudson, Bruce S. TI Vibrational analysis of the inelastic neutron ascattering spectra of electron donor-acceptor complexes. II. Tetracyanoethylene-perylene by electronic structure calculations SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE-THEOCHEM LA English DT Article DE inelastic neutron scattering; electron donor-acceptor complexes; vibrational spectroscopy ID CHARGE-TRANSFER; POLYATOMIC-MOLECULES; CRYSTAL STRUCTURE; SCATTERING; SPECTROSCOPY; DYNAMICS AB The vibrational spectra of the electron donor-acceptor complex, tetracyanoethylene-perylene were measured at 4 K by inelastic neutron scattering (INS) using the filter analyzer neutron spectrometer (FANS) and at 20 K using the TOSCA instrument. A direct comparison of the measured spectrum was made to density functional calculations using the B3LYP/6-31G** treatment for the isolated complex, the PW91 pseudopotential plus plane-wave basis and the BLYP/dnd atom-centered basis solid-state methods. In general, comparisons of the observed and simulated spectra revealed that the PW91 method is slightly superior to the B3LYP/6-31G** and BLYP/dnd methods in predicting both vibrational frequency and intensity above 200 cm(-1). Below 200 cm(-1), the BLYP/dnd calculations gave slightly better intensity agreement. Six intermolecular vibrations were theoretically predicted with the three calculation methods and were experimentally confirmed. In addition, the molecular motions of the vibrations observed in the INS spectrum were tentatively assigned. Our calculations show that solid-state calculations are not required, at least in the case of the TCNE-perylene complex, to obtain reasonably accurate vibrational frequency information of electron donor-acceptor complexes. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Syracuse Univ, Dept Chem, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. RP Ciezak, JA (reprint author), USA, Res Lab, Weapons & Mat Res Directorate, Propuls Sci Branch, Aberdeen Prov Ground, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 USA. EM jciezak@arl.army.mil NR 27 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-1280 J9 J MOL STRUC-THEOCHEM JI Theochem-J. Mol. Struct. PD AUG 24 PY 2006 VL 767 IS 1-3 BP 23 EP 28 DI 10.1016/j.theochem.2006.04.037 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 089CQ UT WOS:000240858100005 ER PT J AU Yoshida, Y Wang, YH Shim, C Cunnold, D Blake, DR Dutton, GS AF Yoshida, Yasuko Wang, Yuhang Shim, Changsub Cunnold, Derek Blake, Donald R. Dutton, Geoffrey S. TI Inverse modeling of the global methyl chloride sources SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID BIOMASS BURNING EMISSIONS; PEM-WEST-B; REACTIVE CHLORINE; AIRCRAFT OBSERVATIONS; CARBON-MONOXIDE; SOUTH-ATLANTIC; PACIFIC-OCEAN; INVENTORY; BROMIDE; DISTRIBUTIONS AB Inverse modeling using the Bayesian least squares method is applied to better constrain the sources and sinks of atmospheric methyl chloride (CH3Cl) using observations from seven surface stations and eight aircraft field experiments. We use a three-dimensional global chemical transport model, the GEOS-Chem, as the forward model. Up to 39 parameters describing the continental/hemispheric and seasonal dependence of the major sources of CH3Cl are used in the inversion. We find that the available surface and aircraft observations cannot constrain all the parameters, resulting in relatively large uncertainties in the inversion results. By examining the degrees of freedom in the inversion Jacobian matrix, we choose a reduced set of parameters that can be constrained by the observations while providing valuable information on the sources and sinks. In particular, we resolve the seasonal dependence of the biogenic and biomass-burning sources for each hemisphere. The in situ aircraft measurements are found to provide better constraints on the emission sources than surface measurements. The a posteriori emissions result in better agreement with the observations, particularly at southern high latitudes. The a posteriori biogenic and biomass-burning sources decrease by 13 and 11% to 2500 and 545 Gg yr(-1), respectively, while the a posteriori net ocean source increases by about a factor of 2 to 761 Gg yr(-1). The decrease in biomass-burning emissions is largely due to the reduction in the emissions in seasons other than spring in the Northern Hemisphere. The inversion results indicate that the biogenic source has a clear winter minimum in both hemispheres, likely reflecting the decrease of biogenic activity during that season. C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Chem, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Yoshida, Y (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, 311 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. EM yyoshida@eas.gatech.edu RI Wang, Yuhang/B-5578-2014; Chem, GEOS/C-5595-2014 NR 36 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 23 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D16 AR D16307 DI 10.1029/2005JD006696 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 078JZ UT WOS:000240100300003 ER PT J AU Feely, RA Takahashi, T Wanninkhof, R McPhaden, MJ Cosca, CE Sutherland, SC Carr, ME AF Feely, R. A. Takahashi, T. Wanninkhof, R. McPhaden, M. J. Cosca, C. E. Sutherland, S. C. Carr, Mary-Elena TI Decadal variability of the air-sea CO2 fluxes in the equatorial Pacific Ocean SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID 1997-98 EL-NINO; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; NORTH PACIFIC; WATER; TEMPERATURE; CIRCULATION; PCO(2); ENSO; DISTRIBUTIONS; OSCILLATION AB In order to determine the interannual and decadal changes in the air-sea carbon fluxes of the equatorial Pacific, we developed seasonal and interannual relationships between the fugacity of CO2 (fCO(2)) and sea surface temperature (SST) from shipboard data that were applied to high-resolution temperature fields deduced from satellite data to obtain high-resolution large-scale estimates of the regional fluxes. The data were gathered on board research ships from November 1981 through June 2004 between 95 degrees W and 165 degrees E. The distribution of fCO(2sw) during five El Nino periods and four La Nina periods were documented. Observations made during the warm boreal winter-spring season and during the cooler boreal summer-fall season of each year enabled us to examine the interannual and seasonal variability of the fCO(2sw)-SST relationships. A linear fit through all of the data sets yields an inverse correlation between SST and fCO(2sw), with both interannual and seasonal differences in slope. On average, the surface water fCO(2) in the equatorial region has been increasing at a rate similar to the atmospheric CO2 increase. In addition, there appears to be a slight increase (similar to 27%) in the outgassing flux of CO2 after the 1997-1998 Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) regime shift. Most of this flux increase is due to increase in wind speeds after the spring of 1998, although increases in fCO(2sw) after 1998 are also important. These increases are coincident with the recent rebound of the shallow water meridional overturning circulation in the tropical and subtropical Pacific after the regime shift. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. RP Feely, RA (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Bin C15700,7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM richard.a.feely@noaa.gov RI McPhaden, Michael/D-9799-2016 NR 47 TC 79 Z9 81 U1 5 U2 24 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD AUG 23 PY 2006 VL 111 IS C8 AR C08S90 DI 10.1029/2005JC003129 PG 16 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 078KI UT WOS:000240101300001 ER PT J AU Kang, SHH Prabhu, VM Vogt, BD Lin, EK Wu, WL Turnquest, K AF Kang, Shuhui H. Prabhu, Vivek M. Vogt, Bryan D. Lin, Eric K. Wu, Wen-li Turnquest, Karen TI Effect of copolymer composition on acid-catalyzed deprotection reaction kinetics in model photoresists SO POLYMER LA English DT Article DE photoresist; photoacid; reaction-diffusion ID CHEMICALLY AMPLIFIED PHOTORESIST; DEEP-ULTRAVIOLET RESISTS; DIFFUSION; LITHOGRAPHY; SIMULATIONS; PERFORMANCE; BIAS AB The kinetics of the deprotection reaction in model photoresist materials was measured as a function of copolymer composition with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. A mathematical model was developed to analyze the deprotection kinetics in terms of the coupled reaction rate and acid-diffusion processes. The first-order reaction rate constant decreases as the non-reactive comonomer content increased. Additionally, the extent of reaction appears to saturate to different levels as a function of reaction temperature. The resulting composition-dependent reaction constant arises from a dramatically reduced acid transport rate due to a strong interaction of the acid with the increasing polar resist matrix. The reduced acid transport is consistent with the observed hydrogen bonding between the photoacid and methacrylic acid reaction product. These results provide important insight into the effect of the changing polymer composition on the acid-catalyzed reaction kinetics. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. SEMATECH, Austin, TX 78741 USA. RP Prabhu, VM (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM vprabhu@nist.gov RI Vogt, Bryan/H-1986-2012 OI Vogt, Bryan/0000-0003-1916-7145 NR 31 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-3861 J9 POLYMER JI Polymer PD AUG 23 PY 2006 VL 47 IS 18 BP 6293 EP 6302 DI 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.07.003 PG 10 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 080OY UT WOS:000240258600007 ER PT J AU Page, KA Adachi, K AF Page, Kirt A. Adachi, Keiichiro TI Dielectric relaxation in montmorillonite/polymer nanocomposites SO POLYMER LA English DT Article DE dielectric relaxation; nanocomposites; type-A polymers ID POLYMER/LAYERED-SILICATE NANOCOMPOSITES; UNDILUTED CIS-POLYISOPRENE; NORMAL-MODE RELAXATION; POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE); POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES; MACROMOLECULAR CHAINS; MELT-INTERCALATION; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; GLASS-TRANSITION; STATE AB We report dielectric relaxation behavior in blends of sodium montmorillonite particles (MM) with a series of polymers (i.e., polyisoprene (PI), poly(propylene glycol) (PPG), and poly(butylene oxide) (PBO)). These polymers are known to exhibit the dielectric normal mode due to the fluctuation of the end-to-end vector as well as the segmental mode due to local, segmental fluctuations. The data indicate that all blend systems exhibit an additional relaxation process at a temperature region below the glass transition temperature, T-g, of the pure polymer component. The intensity of the new relaxation process increases with the content of MM and hence the relaxation process can be assigned to the segmental motion of the chains intercalated in the interlayers of MM. On the other hand, the relaxation time of the normal mode reflecting the fluctuation of the end-to-end vector is the same as the neat polymers but the intensity of the relaxation process increases due to enhancement of the internal electric field by MM. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ So Mississippi, Sch Polymers & High Performance Mat, Hattiesburg, MS 39406 USA. Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Macromol Sci, Toyonaka, Osaka 5600043, Japan. RP Page, KA (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Bldg 224 Room B220,100 Bur Dr MS8542, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM kirt.page@nist.gov NR 46 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-3861 EI 1873-2291 J9 POLYMER JI Polymer PD AUG 23 PY 2006 VL 47 IS 18 BP 6406 EP 6413 DI 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.06.042 PG 8 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 080OY UT WOS:000240258600017 ER PT J AU Osborn, KD Keller, MW AF Osborn, K. D. Keller, M. W. TI Single-photon pump SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TURNSTILE DEVICE; ELECTRON AB The authors describe a gated quantum dot device called a single-photon pump that produces single photons on demand through the controlled tunneling of individual electrons and holes. Simulations using an InGaAs/GaAs dot show that two modes of operation are possible, with one mode particularly attractive for quantum cryptography applications because it cannot produce more than one photon per cycle. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Osborn, KD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM osborn@boulder.nist.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD AUG 21 PY 2006 VL 89 IS 8 AR 083518 DI 10.1063/1.2336616 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 077ND UT WOS:000240035400116 ER PT J AU Fisher, JA Xu, LH Suenram, RD Pate, B Douglass, K AF Fisher, Jonathan A. Xu, Li-Hong Suenram, R. D. Pate, Brooks Douglass, Kevin TI Conformational isomerism in 1-heptanal SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE LA English DT Article DE Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy; conformational isomerism; ab initio ID AB-INITIO CALCULATIONS; JET-COOLED FTMW; ROTATIONAL SPECTRA; DIPOLE-MOMENTS; CONFORMERS AB The rotational spectrum of 1-heptanal has been recorded over the 10-22 GHz region using a pulsed-molecular-beam, Fourier transform microwave spectrometer. The spectrum has been analyzed using the jb95 spectral analysis program. The spectra of 13 conformational isomers have been identified and assigned in the rich soup of observed transitions. Transitions of these isomers have relative intensities that are well above the intensity level of the onset of C-13 isotopomers, which are a factor of 100 down in intensity. In addition to the above 13 isomers, two additional spectra were identified and assigned that belong to dimers that consist of 1-heptanal and one water molecule. In order to map the observed spectra to conformational geometries, high-level ab initio calculations have been carried out. All 15 observed conformers have been associated with ab initio determined structure configurations. In general, the agreement in rotational constants and dipole intensity pattern between the ab initio results and the experimentally observed spectra is quite good. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ New Brunswick, Dept Phys Sci, Ctr Laser Atom & Mol Sci, St John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technl Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Chem, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. RP Xu, LH (reprint author), Univ New Brunswick, Dept Phys Sci, Ctr Laser Atom & Mol Sci, St John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada. EM xuli@unb.ca RI Xu, Li-Hong/J-5095-2015 NR 12 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-2860 J9 J MOL STRUCT JI J. Mol. Struct. PD AUG 21 PY 2006 VL 795 IS 1-3 BP 143 EP 154 DI 10.1016/j.molstruc.2006.02.049 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 088XY UT WOS:000240845600015 ER PT J AU Granasy, L Pusztai, T Borzsosnyi, T Toth, GI Tegze, G Warren, JA Douglas, JF AF Granasy, L Pusztai, T Borzsosnyi, T Toth, GI Tegze, G Warren, JA Douglas, JF TI Polycrystalline patterns in far-from-equilibrium freezing: a phase field study SO PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Frontiers in Solidification Science CY FEB 14-15, 2005 CL San Francisco, CA SP Div Mat Sci & Engn, Off Basic Energy Sci, US DOE ID INTERFACIAL FREE-ENERGY; SPHERULITIC CRYSTALLIZATION; ISOTACTIC POLYPROPYLENE; CRYSTAL-NUCLEATION; EUTECTIC GROWTH; SOLIDIFICATION; LIQUID; SIMULATION; PREDICTION; PARTICLES AB We discuss the formation of polycrystalline microstructures within the framework of phase field theory. First, the model is tested for crystal nucleation in a hard sphere system. It is shown that, when evaluating the model parameters from molecular dynamics simulations, the phase field theory predicts the nucleation barrier for hard spheres accurately. The formation of spherulites is described by an extension of the model that incorporates branching with a definite orientational mismatch. This effect is induced by a metastable minimum in the orientational free energy. Spherulites are an extreme example of polycrystalline growth, a phenomenon that results from the quenching of orientational defects (grain boundaries) into the solid as the ratio of the rotational to the translational diffusion coefficient is reduced, as is found at high undercoolings. It is demonstrated that a broad variety of spherulitic patterns can be recovered by changing only a few model parameters. C1 Res Inst Solid State Phys & Opt, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Granasy, L (reprint author), Res Inst Solid State Phys & Opt, POB 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary. EM grana@szfki.hu RI Pusztai, Tamas/A-5718-2012; Granasy, Laszlo/A-6221-2012; Warren, James/B-1698-2008 OI Pusztai, Tamas/0000-0002-1281-2933; Warren, James/0000-0001-6887-1206 NR 54 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 10 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1478-6435 J9 PHILOS MAG JI Philos. Mag. PD AUG 21 PY 2006 VL 86 IS 24 BP 3757 EP 3778 DI 10.1080/14786430500198569 PG 22 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Physics GA 050WI UT WOS:000238119600008 ER PT J AU Flad, JE Brown, SS Burkholder, JB Stark, H Ravishankara, AR AF Flad, Jonathan E. Brown, Steven S. Burkholder, James B. Stark, Harald Ravishankara, A. R. TI Absorption cross sections for the (A)over-tilde(2)A ''(0,9(0),0)<-(X)over-tilde(2)A '(0,0(1),0) band of the HCO radical SO PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID H-2 QUANTUM YIELDS; FORMALDEHYDE PHOTOLYSIS; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; WAVELENGTH DEPENDENCE; FORMYL RADICALS; RATE-CONSTANT; KINETICS; NM; SPECTRUM; PREDISSOCIATION AB Absorption cross sections for the (A) over tilde (2)A" (0,9(0),0) <- (X) over tilde (2)A' (0,0(1),0) band of HCO were determined at 295 K using pulsed laser photolysis combined with cavity ring-down spectroscopy. Formyl radicals (HCO) were produced from the reaction of atomic chlorine, generated by photolysis of Cl-2 at 335 nm, with formaldehyde. The concentration of HCO was calibrated using two independent photochemical methods. The peak cross section of the P(8) line was determined to be (1.98 +/- 0.36) x 10(-18) cm(2), and the intensity of the entire band was normalized to this line. The quoted 2 sigma uncertainty includes estimated systematic errors. Comparisons to previously reported values of HCO cross sections in this band are discussed. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Brown, SS (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM steven.s.brown@noaa.gov RI Stark, Harald/E-7433-2010; Burkholder, James/H-4914-2013; Brown, Steven/I-1762-2013; Ravishankara, Akkihebbal/A-2914-2011; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 NR 32 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 7 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1463-9076 J9 PHYS CHEM CHEM PHYS JI Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. PD AUG 21 PY 2006 VL 8 IS 31 BP 3636 EP 3642 DI 10.1039/b607185f PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 075ZO UT WOS:000239927000015 PM 16883392 ER PT J AU Vayshenker, I Li, XY Keenan, DA AF Vayshenker, Igor Li, Xiaoyu Keenan, Darryl A. TI Connector-induced offsets in optical fiber powermeters SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID POWER METERS AB We discuss issues related to calibration of optical fiber powermeters. The power readings may vary when using various types of fiber connectors, or even the same type of connectors made by different vendors. We study the connector effects by calibrating four types of optical fiber powermeters using six different fiber connectors from four vendors at three wavelengths. We found variations of as much as 12% due to the different reflection properties of the detector windows, connectors, and detectors. We also compared connector measurement results with the data obtained by using open beams. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Vayshenker, I (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM igor@boulder.nist.gov RI Vayshenker, Igor/H-9793-2013 OI Vayshenker, Igor/0000-0002-7098-3781 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD AUG 20 PY 2006 VL 45 IS 24 BP 6163 EP 6167 DI 10.1364/AO.45.006163 PG 5 WC Optics SC Optics GA 075CG UT WOS:000239859400016 PM 16892118 ER PT J AU Linsky, JL Draine, BT Moos, HW Jenkins, EB Wood, BE Oliveira, C Blair, WP Friedman, SD Gry, C Knauth, D Kruk, JW Lacour, S Lehner, N Redfield, S Shull, JM Sonneborn, G Williger, GM AF Linsky, Jeffrey L. Draine, Bruce T. Moos, H. W. Jenkins, Edward B. Wood, Brian E. Oliveira, Cristina Blair, William P. Friedman, Scott D. Gry, Cecile Knauth, David Kruk, Jeffrey W. Lacour, Sylvestre Lehner, Nicolas Redfield, Seth Shull, J. Michael Sonneborn, George Williger, Gerard M. TI What is the total deuterium abundance in the local galactic disk? SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Review DE galaxy : abundances; ISM : abundances; ISM : structure; solar neighborhood; ultraviolet : ISM ID ULTRAVIOLET-SPECTROSCOPIC-EXPLORER; ABSORPTION PROFILE SPECTROGRAPH; HUBBLE-SPACE-TELESCOPE; INTERSTELLAR MOLECULAR-HYDROGEN; BIG-BANG NUCLEOSYNTHESIS; BETA-CANIS-MAJORIS; FUSE MISSION; MILKY-WAY; COSMOLOGICAL PARAMETERS; COPERNICUS OBSERVATIONS AB Analyses of spectra obtained with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) satellite, together with spectra from the Copernicus and interstellar medium absorption profile spectrograph (IMAPS) instruments, reveal an unexplained, very wide range in the observed deuterium/hydrogen (D/H) ratios for interstellar gas in the Galactic disk beyond the Local Bubble. We argue that spatial variations in the depletion of deuterium onto dust grains can explain these local variations in the observed gas-phase D/H ratios. We present a variable deuterium depletion model that naturally explains the constant measured values of D/H inside the Local Bubble, the wide range of gas-phase D/H ratios observed in the intermediate regime [log N(H I) = 19.2-20.7], and the low gas-phase D/H ratios observed at larger hydrogen column densities. We consider empirical tests of the deuterium depletion hypothesis: ( 1) correlations of gas-phase D/H ratios with depletions of the refractory metals iron and silicon, and (2) correlation with the H-2 rotational temperature. Both of these tests are consistent with deuterium depletion from the gas phase in cold, not recently shocked regions of the ISM, and high gas-phase D/H ratios in gas that has been shocked or otherwise heated recently. We argue that the most representative value for the total (gas plus dust) D/H ratio within 1 kpc of the Sun is >= 23.1 +/- 2.4(1 sigma) parts per million (ppm). This ratio constrains Galactic chemical evolution models to have a very small deuterium astration factor, the ratio of primordial to total (D/H) ratio in the local region of the Galactic disk, which we estimate to be f(d) <= 1.19(-0.15)(+0.16)(1 sigma) or <= 1.12 +/- 0.14(1 sigma) depending on the adopted light-element nuclear reaction rates. C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Astrophys Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Astrophys Lab, F-13376 Marseille, France. Northwestern Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. Observ Paris, LESIA, F-92195 Meudon, France. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Astron, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Texas, McDonald Observ, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Observ Cosmol, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Linsky, JL (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM jlinsky@jila.colorado.edu RI Sonneborn, George/D-5255-2012; Kruk, Jeffrey/G-4047-2012; Jenkins, Edward/P-5684-2014; OI Jenkins, Edward/0000-0003-1892-4423; Draine, Bruce/0000-0002-0846-936X; Redfield, Seth/0000-0003-3786-3486 NR 127 TC 159 Z9 159 U1 0 U2 6 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD AUG 20 PY 2006 VL 647 IS 2 BP 1106 EP 1124 DI 10.1086/505556 PN 1 PG 19 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 074RR UT WOS:000239830000032 ER PT J AU Fischer, DA Moodenbaugh, AR Li, Q Gu, GD Zhu, YM Davenport, JW Welch, DO Su, HB AF Fischer, D. A. Moodenbaugh, A. R. Li, Qiang Gu, G. D. Zhu, Yimei Davenport, J. W. Welch, D. O. Su, Haibin TI Soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy of the mgb(2) boron K edge in an mgb(2)/mg composite SO MODERN PHYSICS LETTERS B LA English DT Article DE soft X-ray absorption; MgB2; superconductor ID ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; MGB2; SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AB Soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), using fluorescence yield, was used to study the boron K near edge in MgB2 superconductor. The sample consists of MgB2 CryStallites randomly oriented in a magnesium matrix. Abrasion of the sample surface in vacuum provides a surface relatively free of boron-containing impurities. The intrinsic boron K near edge spectrum of the sample at a temperature of 295 K is identified. This spectrum is then compared in detail with a spectrum calculated using the full potential linearized augmented plane wave method. Features predicted by the theory appear near the expected energies, with qualitative agreement regarding shape and intensity. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Fischer, DA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM daniel.fischer@nist.gov; moodenba@bnl.gov; HBSu@ntu.edu.sg RI Gu, Genda/D-5410-2013; OI Gu, Genda/0000-0002-9886-3255; Moodenbaugh, Arnold/0000-0002-3415-6762; Su, Haibin/0000-0001-9760-6567 NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA 5 TOH TUCK LINK, SINGAPORE 596224, SINGAPORE SN 0217-9849 EI 1793-6640 J9 MOD PHYS LETT B JI Mod. Phys. Lett. B PD AUG 20 PY 2006 VL 20 IS 19 BP 1207 EP 1216 DI 10.1142/S0217984906011736 PG 10 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 086GE UT WOS:000240661000008 ER PT J AU McPhaden, MJ Zhang, XB Hendon, HH Wheeler, MC AF McPhaden, Michael J. Zhang, Xuebin Hendon, Harry H. Wheeler, Matthew C. TI Large scale dynamics and MJO forcing of ENSO variability SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION; 1997-98 EL-NINO; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; WESTERLY WIND EVENTS; OCEAN HEAT-CONTENT; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; LA-NINA; MODEL; PREDICTION; ANOMALIES AB A simple two-predictor regression model is developed to estimate the relative influence of large-scale low frequency ocean-atmosphere dynamics and high frequency atmospheric forcing on peak sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies associated with El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variations for the period 1980 - 2005. One predictor is equatorial warm water volume (WWV), which is an index for the role that upper ocean heat content plays in regulating ENSO variability. The other predictor characterizes high frequency atmospheric forcing in the western Pacific linked to the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO). The two-predictor model accounts for about 60 - 65% of peak Nino3.4 SST anomaly variance at 2 - 3 season lead times and suggests about equal influence ( on average) of low frequency dynamical processes and the MJO on peak ENSO SST anomalies over the past 25 years. The implications of these results for ENSO prediction are discussed. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Bur Meteorol Res Ctr, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia. RP McPhaden, MJ (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM michael.j.mcphaden@noaa.gov RI Wheeler, Matthew/C-9038-2011; Zhang, Xuebin/A-3405-2012; McPhaden, Michael/D-9799-2016 OI Wheeler, Matthew/0000-0002-9769-1973; Zhang, Xuebin/0000-0003-1731-3524; NR 37 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD AUG 18 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 16 AR L16702 DI 10.1029/2006GL026786 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 076XM UT WOS:000239991700003 ER PT J AU Edwards, DP Petron, G Novelli, PC Emmons, LK Gille, JC Drummond, JR AF Edwards, D. P. Petron, G. Novelli, P. C. Emmons, L. K. Gille, J. C. Drummond, J. R. TI Southern Hemisphere carbon monoxide interannual variability observed by Terra/Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID BIOMASS BURNING EMISSIONS; FIRE EMISSIONS; EL-NINO; ART.; CO; INSTRUMENT; TRANSPORT; INDONESIA; PRECIPITATION; ATMOSPHERE AB [ 1] Biomass burning is an annual occurrence in the tropical Southern Hemisphere (SH) and represents a major source of regional pollution. Vegetation fires emit carbon monoxide ( CO), which because of its medium lifetime is an excellent tracer of tropospheric transport. CO is also one of the few tropospheric trace gases currently observed from satellite, and this provides long-term global measurements. In this paper, we use the 5-year CO data record from the Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument to examine the interannual variability of the SH CO loading and show how this relates to climate conditions which determine the intensity of fire sources. The MOPITT observations show an annual austral springtime peak in the SH zonal CO loading each year with dry season biomass burning emissions in South America, southern Africa, the maritime continent, and northwestern Australia. Although fires in southern Africa and South America typically produce the greatest amount of CO, the most significant interannual variation is due to varying fire activity and emissions from the maritime continent and northern Australia. We find that this variation in turn correlates well with the El Nino - Southern Oscillation precipitation index. Between 2000 and 2005, emissions were greatest in late 2002, and an inverse modeling of the MOPITT data using the Model of Ozone Research in the Troposphere (MOZART) chemical transport model estimates the Southeast Asia regional fire source for the year August 2002 to September 2003 to be 52 Tg CO. Comparison of the MOPITT retrievals and NOAA surface network measurements indicate that the latter do not fully capture the interannual variability or the seasonal range of the CO zonal average concentration because of biases associated with atmospheric and geographic sampling. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Global Monitoring Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1AS, Canada. RP Edwards, DP (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM edwards@ucar.edu; gabrielle.petron@noaa.gov; paul.c.novelli@noaa.gov; emmons@ucar.edu; gille@ucar.edu; james.drummond@utoronto.ca RI Pfister, Gabriele/A-9349-2008; Drummond, James/O-7467-2014; Emmons, Louisa/R-8922-2016 OI Emmons, Louisa/0000-0003-2325-6212 NR 35 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 18 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D16 AR D16303 DI 10.1029/2006JD007079 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 076XS UT WOS:000239992400006 ER PT J AU Gu, LH Meyers, T Pallardy, SG Hanson, PJ Yang, B Heuer, M Hosman, KP Riggs, JS Sluss, D Wullschleger, SD AF Gu, Lianhong Meyers, Tilden Pallardy, Stephen G. Hanson, Paul J. Yang, Bai Heuer, Mark Hosman, Kevin P. Riggs, Jeffery S. Sluss, Dan Wullschleger, Stan D. TI Direct and indirect effects of atmospheric conditions and soil moisture on surface energy partitioning revealed by a prolonged drought at a temperate forest site SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; CENTRAL MISSOURI; WATER RELATIONS; CLIMATE; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; VARIABILITY; ADAPTATION; CLOUDINESS; VEGETATION; RESPONSES AB [ 1] The purpose of this paper is to examine the mechanism that controls the variation of surface energy partitioning between latent and sensible heat fluxes at a temperate deciduous forest site in central Missouri, USA. Taking advantage of multiple micrometeorological and ecophysiological measurements and a prolonged drought in the middle of the 2005 growing season at this site, we studied how soil moisture, atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and net radiation affected surface energy partitioning. We stratified these factors to minimize potential confounding effects of correlation among them. We found that all three factors had direct effects on surface energy partitioning, but more important, all three factors also had crucial indirect effects. The direct effect of soil moisture was characterized by a rapid decrease in Bowen ratio with increasing soil moisture when the soil was dry and by insensitivity of Bowen ratio to variations in soil moisture when the soil was wet. However, the rate of decrease in Bowen ratio when the soil was dry and the level of soil moisture above which Bowen ratio became insensitive to changes in soil moisture depended on atmospheric conditions. The direct effect of increased net radiation was to increase Bowen ratio. The direct effect of VPD was very nonlinear: Increased VPD decreased Bowen ratio at low VPD but increased Bowen ratio at high VPD. The indirect effects were much more complicated. Reduced soil moisture weakened the influence of VPD but enhanced the influence of net radiation on surface energy partitioning. Soil moisture also controlled how net radiation influenced the relationship between surface energy partitioning and VPD and how VPD affected the relationship between surface energy partitioning and net radiation. Furthermore, both increased VPD and increased net radiation enhanced the sensitivity of Bowen ratio to changes in soil moisture and the effect of drought on surface energy partitioning. The direct and indirect effects of atmospheric conditions and soil moisture on surface energy partitioning identified in this paper provide a target for testing atmospheric general circulation models in their representation of land-atmosphere coupling. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NOAA, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Air Resources Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Forestry, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Gu, LH (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Bldg 1509, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM lianhong-gu@ornl.gov RI Gu, Lianhong/H-8241-2014; Hanson, Paul J./D-8069-2011; Wullschleger, Stan/B-8297-2012; Meyers, Tilden/C-6633-2016 OI Gu, Lianhong/0000-0001-5756-8738; Hanson, Paul J./0000-0001-7293-3561; Wullschleger, Stan/0000-0002-9869-0446; NR 34 TC 85 Z9 87 U1 4 U2 35 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 18 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D16 AR D16102 DI 10.1029/2006JD007161 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 076XS UT WOS:000239992400008 ER PT J AU Stroscio, JA Tavazza, F Crain, JN Celotta, RJ Chaka, AM AF Stroscio, Joseph A. Tavazza, Francesca Crain, Jason N. Celotta, Robert J. Chaka, Anne M. TI Electronically induced atom motion engineered CoCun nanostructures SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE; SINGLE-MOLECULE CHEMISTRY; MANIPULATION; EXCITATION; DYNAMICS; TIP AB We have measured the quantum yield for exciting the motion of a single Co atom in CoCun linear molecules constructed on a Cu(111) surface. The Co atom switched between two lattice positions during electron excitation from the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope. The tip location with highest probability for inducing motion was consistent with the position of an active state identified through electronic structure calculations. Atom motion within the molecule decreased with increased molecular length and reflected the corresponding variation in electronic structure. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stroscio, JA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM joseph.stroscio@nist.gov NR 17 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 17 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD AUG 18 PY 2006 VL 313 IS 5789 BP 948 EP 951 DI 10.1126/science.1129788 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 074MR UT WOS:000239817000037 PM 16917056 ER PT J AU Anderson, D Anghel, A Chau, JL Yumoto, K AF Anderson, David Anghel, Adela Chau, Jorge L. Yumoto, Kiyohumi TI Global, low-latitude, vertical ExB drift velocities inferred from daytime magnetometer observations SO SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article ID IONOSPHERIC ELECTRIC-FIELDS; EQUATORIAL ELECTROJET; JULIA RADAR; SATELLITE; ROCSAT-1 AB Navigation and communication, Department of Defense and civilian, customers rely on accurate, low-latitude specification of ionospheric parameters, globally, that are not currently realistic on a day-to-day basis. This paper describes, demonstrates, and speculates about the data sets that are required inputs to the operational ionospheric models that will correct these deficiencies. In order to investigate quiet time, vertical E x B drift velocities at two different longitude sectors, magnetometer observations were obtained for the period between January 2001 and December 2004 from the magnetometers at Jicamarca (0.8 degrees N dip latitude) and Piura (6.8 degrees N dip latitude) in Peru and from Davao (1.4 degrees S dip latitude) and Muntinlupa (6.3 degrees N dip latitude) in the Philippine sector. We choose only geomagnetically "quiet'' days, when the 3-hourly Kp value never exceeds a value of 3 over the entire day, and when the daily Ap value is less than 10. These are "binned'' into three seasons, December solstice, equinox, and June solstice periods. A neural network trained for the Peruvian sector was applied to each of the days in both the Peruvian and Philippine sectors, providing Delta H-inferred vertical E x B drift velocities between 0700 and 1700 local time. For each season, the average E x B drift velocity curves are compared with the Fejer-Scherliess, climatological E x B drift velocity curves in both the Peruvian and Philippine sectors. In the Peruvian sector, the comparisons are excellent, and in the Philippine sector they are very good. We demonstrate that realistic magnetometer-inferred E x B drifts can be obtained in the Peruvian sector on a day-to-day basis and speculate that on the basis of the average, quiet day comparisons, realistic E x B drifts can be obtained on quiet days in the Philippine sector. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Inst Geofis Peru, Radio Observ Jicamarca, Lima 13, Peru. Kyushu Univ, Space Environm Res Ctr, Higashi Ku, Fukuoka 8128581, Japan. RP Anderson, D (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Space Environm Ctr, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM david.anderson@noaa.gov RI Chau, Jorge/C-7568-2013 OI Chau, Jorge/0000-0002-2364-8892 NR 21 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1542-7390 J9 SPACE WEATHER JI Space Weather PD AUG 16 PY 2006 VL 4 IS 8 AR S08003 DI 10.1029/2005SW000193 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 077IZ UT WOS:000240023800001 ER PT J AU Liao, ZH Orendorff, CJ Sander, LC Pemberton, JE AF Liao, Zhaohui Orendorff, Christopher J. Sander, Lane C. Pemberton, Jeanne E. TI Structure-function relationships in high-density docosylsilane bonded stationary phases by Raman spectroscopy and comparison to octadecylsilane bonded stationary phases SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; STATE NMR-SPECTROSCOPY; MODIFIED SILICA-GELS; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHIC RETENTION; NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; ALKYL CHAIN CONFORMATION; H STRETCHING REGION; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; POLYMETHYLENE CHAIN; COLUMN SELECTIVITY AB Raman spectroscopy is used to investigate the effects of temperature, surface coverage, polymerization method (surface or solution polymerized), and nature of the alkylsilane precursor on alkyl chain conformational order in a series of high-density docosylsilane (C-22) stationary phases at surface coverages ranging from 3.61 to 6.97 mu mol/m(2). The results of this study contribute to an enhanced understanding of the shape-selective retention characteristics of these phases at a molecular level. Conformational order is evaluated using the intensity ratio of the antisymmetric and symmetric v(CH2) modes as well as the frequency at which these modes are observed. Alkyl chain order is shown to be dependent on surface coverage, alkyl chain length, and polymerization method. In general, alkyl chain order increases with surface coverage. Temperature-induced changes are observed between 250 and 350 K for the three phases with surface coverages between 3.61 and 4.89 mu mol/m(2). These changes occur over a broad range of temperatures characteristic of two-dimensional systems, but in general adhere to the behavior predicted for a simple first-order transition. This change is not believed to be an abrupt cooperative disassociation characteristic of a phase transition in a bulk phase, but instead is thought to involve significant changes in conformational order in segments of the surface-tethered molecules, mostly those segments at the outer edge of the alkylsilane. In contrast to the changes observed in coverages below 5 mu mol/m(2), a first-order change is not observed for the stationary phase with coverage of 6.97 mu mol/m(2). A molecular picture of the temperature-induced disorder is proposed with disorder originating at the distal carbon and propagating only a short distance toward the proximal carbon. A comparison is made between these C-22 stationary phases and similar high-density octadecylsilane (C-18) bonded phases. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Chem, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pemberton, JE (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Chem, 1306 E Univ Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM pembertn@u.arizona.edu RI Liao, Zhaohui/B-5330-2010 NR 67 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD AUG 15 PY 2006 VL 78 IS 16 BP 5813 EP 5822 DI 10.1021/ac060385p PG 10 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 073DO UT WOS:000239723200025 PM 16906728 ER PT J AU Cai, WJ Chen, FZ Powell, EN Walker, SE Parsons-Hubbard, KM Staff, GM Wang, YC Ashton-Alcox, KA Callender, WR Brett, CE AF Cai, Wei-Jun Chen, Feizhou Powell, Eric N. Walker, Sally E. Parsons-Hubbard, Karla M. Staff, George M. Wang, Yongchen Ashton-Alcox, Kathryn A. Callender, W. Russell Brett, Carlton E. TI Preferential dissolution of carbonate shells driven by petroleum seep activity in the Gulf of Mexico SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE carbonate preservation/dissolution; petroleum seeps; porewater chemistry; microelectrodes; taphonomy ID SEDIMENT-WATER-INTERFACE; LEE STOCKING ISLAND; DEEP-SEA SEDIMENTS; CONTINENTAL-SLOPE; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; CALCITE DISSOLUTION; ANAEROBIC OXIDATION; SULFATE REDUCTION; TAPHONOMIC TRENDS; MARINE-SEDIMENTS AB Authigenic carbonates are common at deep-sea petroleum seeps as a result of excess bicarbonate production during microbial degradation of hydrocarbons coupled to sulfate reduction. Consequently, these seep environments are supersaturated with respect to carbonates. This finding conflicts with taphonomic data that dissolution is the most pervasive mode of shell alteration at seeps. We provide here the first study linking the preservational process with the chemical characterization of the taphonomically-active zone at petroleum seep sites. This characterization is made possible using fine-scale porewater carbonate chemistry data and skeletal material deployed for 8 years at petroleum seep sites in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Microelectrode measurements of pH and pCO(2) identify a very restricted zone of CaCO3 undersaturation immediately below the sediment-water interface in otherwise supersaturated environments (i.e., sandwiched between supersaturated bottom seawater and sediment porewater). This zonation characterizes the taphonomically-active zone, and is a result of a highly compressed redox front between acid-generating aerobic oxidation of reduced chemical species including hydrocarbons, H2S, and planktonic-and-terrestrial organic carbon and base-generating sulfate reduction coupled to CH4 oxidation. Porewater geochemistry is spatially variable at seep sites, and produces variable shell-dissolution signatures. Shells deployed at seep sites have moderate to severe dissolution that is consistent with a much higher flux of total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from the porewater to the bottom water. Therefore, a mosaic of preservational conditions is directly related to the spatially and chemically varying taphonomically-active zones found at seep sites. These findings support the variability of carbonate preservation reported for globally-distributed Phanerozoic fossil seeps and the view that data from field taphonomy can significantly upgrade and validate carbonate destruction rates used in geochemical and climatic models. Carbon mass-balance analyses also lead to an important conclusion that carbonate dissolution forms a very important mechanism for benthic carbon recycling, possibly accounting for 50% of the benthic DIC flux to the bottom water in northern Gulf of Mexico petroleum seep sediments. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Marine Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Haskin Shellfish Res Lab, Port Norris, NJ 08349 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Geol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Oberlin Coll, Dept Geol, Oberlin, OH 44074 USA. Austin Community Coll, Dept Geol, Austin, TX 78758 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Monitoring & Assessment, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Geol, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. RP Cai, WJ (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Marine Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM wcai@uga.edu RI Cai, Wei-Jun/C-1361-2013 OI Cai, Wei-Jun/0000-0003-3606-8325 NR 60 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD AUG 15 PY 2006 VL 248 IS 1-2 BP 227 EP 243 DI 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.05.020 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 089AE UT WOS:000240851400019 ER PT J AU Altieri, KE Carlton, AG Lim, HJ Turpin, BJ Seitzinger, SP AF Altieri, Katye E. Carlton, Annmarie G. Lim, Ho-Jin Turpin, Barbara J. Seitzinger, Sybil P. TI Evidence for oligomer formation in clouds: Reactions of isoprene oxidation products SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SECONDARY ORGANIC AEROSOL; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; COPOLYMERS; COMPONENTS; POLYMERS; MATTER; WATER AB Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was used to investigate product formation in laboratory experiments designed to study secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in clouds. It has been proposed that water soluble aldehydes derived from aromatics and alkenes, including isoprene, oxidize further in cloud droplets forming organic acids and, upon droplet evaporation, SOA. Pyruvic acid is an important aqueous-phase intermediate. Time series samples from photochemical batch aqueous phase reactions of pyruvic acid and hydrogen peroxide were analyzed for product formation. In addition to the monomers predicted by the reaction scheme, products consistent with an oligomer system were found when pyruvic acid and OH radical were both present. No evidence of oligomer formation was found in a standard mix composed of pyruvic, glyoxylic, and oxalic acids prepared in the same matrix as the samples analyzed using the same instrument conditions. The distribution of high molecular weight products is consistent with oligomers composed of the mono-, oxo-, and di-carboxylic acids expected from the proposed reaction scheme. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Kyungpook Natl Univ, Dept Environm Engn, Taegu 702701, South Korea. Rutgers State Univ, Rutgers NOAA CMER Program, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. RP Altieri, KE (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. EM altieri@marine.rutgers.edu RI Carlton, Annmarie/A-7867-2011; Turpin, Barbara /D-8346-2012; Altieri, Katye/M-5231-2014 OI Carlton, Annmarie/0000-0002-8574-1507; Altieri, Katye/0000-0002-6778-4079 NR 28 TC 93 Z9 94 U1 5 U2 58 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X EI 1520-5851 J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD AUG 15 PY 2006 VL 40 IS 16 BP 4956 EP 4960 DI 10.1021/es052170n PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 072PI UT WOS:000239684900027 PM 16955892 ER PT J AU Liu, L Phanikumar, MS Molloy, SL Whitman, RL Shively, DA Nevers, MB Schwab, DJ Rose, JB AF Liu, Lobo Phanikumar, Mantha S. Molloy, Stephanie L. Whitman, Richard L. Shively, Dawn A. Nevers, Meredith B. Schwab, David J. Rose, Joan B. TI Modeling the transport and inactivation of E-coli and enterococci in the near-shore region of Lake Michigan SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BACTERIA; WATER; TEMPERATURE; SURVIVAL; FAECIUM; BEACH; SOLAR AB To investigate the transport and fate of fecal pollution at Great Lakes beaches and the health risks associated with swimming, the near-shore waters of Lake Michigan and two tributaries discharging into it were examined for bacterial indicators of human fecal pollution. The enterococcus human fecal pollution marker, which targets a putative virulence factors-the enterococcal surface protein (esp) in Enterococcus faecium, was detected in 2/28 samples (7%) in the tributaries draining into Lake Michigan and in 6/30 samples (20%) in Lake Michigan beaches. This was indicative of human fecal pollution being transported in the tributaries and occurrence at Lake Michigan beaches. To understand the relative importance of different processes influencing pollution transport and inactivation, a finite-element model of surf-zone hydrodynamics (coupled with models for temperature, E. coli and enterococci) was used. Enterococci appear to survive longer than E. coli, which was described using an overall first-order inactivation coefficient in the range 0.5-2.0 per day. Our analysis suggests that the majority of fecal indicator bacteria variation can be explained based on loadings from the tributaries. Sunlight is a major contributor to inactivation in the surf-zone and the formulation based on sunlight, temperature and sedimentation is preferred over the first-order inactivation formulation. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. US Geol Survey, Lake Michigan Ecol Res Stn, Porter, IN USA. RP Phanikumar, MS (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, A130 Engn Res Complex, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. EM phani@egr.msu.edu RI Phanikumar, Mantha/A-2523-2008; Schwab, David/B-7498-2012; OI Nevers, Meredith/0000-0001-6963-6734; Shively, Dawn/0000-0002-6119-924X NR 23 TC 64 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 26 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD AUG 15 PY 2006 VL 40 IS 16 BP 5022 EP 5028 DI 10.1021/es060438k PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 072PI UT WOS:000239684900037 PM 16955902 ER PT J AU Beechie, TJ Liermann, M Pollock, MM Baker, S Davies, J AF Beechie, Timothy J. Liermann, Martin Pollock, Michael M. Baker, Sarah Davies, Jeremy TI Channel pattern and river-floodplain dynamics in forested mountain river systems SO GEOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE channel-floodplain dynamics; channel pattern; bank erosion; bed load transport ID NORTHEAST BRITISH-COLUMBIA; LARGE WOODY DEBRIS; FLUVIAL PROCESSES; RIPARIAN VEGETATION; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; ISLAND FORMATION; ALLUVIAL RIVERS; DRAINAGE BASINS; WASHINGTON; MORPHOLOGY AB Channel pattern effectively stratifies the dynamics of rivers and floodplains in forested mountain river systems of the Pacific Northwest, USA. Straight channels are least dynamic, with relatively slow floodplain turnover and floodplains dominated by old surfaces. Braided channels are most dynamic, with floodplain turnover as low as 25 years and predominantly young floodplain surfaces. Island-braided and meandering channels have intermediate dynamics, with moderately frequent disturbances (erosion of floodplain patches) maintaining a mix of old and young surfaces. Return intervals for the erosion of floodplains increase in the order of braided, island-braided, meandering, and straight (8, 33, 60, and 89 years, respectively). A threshold for the lateral migration of a channel occurs at a bankfull width of 15-20 in. The most likely mechanism underlying this threshold is that larger channels are deep enough to erode below the rooting zone of bank vegetation. Above this threshold, channels not confined between valley walls exhibit channel patterns distinguishable by slope and discharge, and slope-discharge domains can be used to predict channel patterns. Meandering and braided patterns are most consistently identified by the model, and prediction errors are largely associated with indistinct transitions among channel patterns that are adjacent in plots of slope against discharge. Locations of straight channels are difficult to identify accurately with the current model. The predicted spatial distribution of channel patterns reflects a downstream decline in channel slope, which is likely correlated with a declining ratio of bed load to suspended load. Ecological theory suggests that biological diversity should be highest where the intermediate disturbance regime of island-braided channels sustains high diversity of habitat and successional states through time. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div,Watershed Program, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Beechie, TJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div,Watershed Program, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM Tim.Beechie@noaa.gov; Martin.Liermann@noaa.gov; Michael.Pollock@noaa.gov; Sarah.Baker@noaa.gov; Jeremy.Davies@noaa.gov NR 58 TC 83 Z9 85 U1 1 U2 34 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-555X J9 GEOMORPHOLOGY JI Geomorphology PD AUG 15 PY 2006 VL 78 IS 1-2 BP 124 EP 141 DI 10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.01.030 PG 18 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 080ZY UT WOS:000240288200009 ER PT J AU Houweling, S Rockmann, T Aben, I Keppler, F Krol, M Meirink, JF Dlugokencky, EJ Frankenberg, C AF Houweling, S. Roeckmann, T. Aben, I. Keppler, F. Krol, M. Meirink, J. F. Dlugokencky, E. J. Frankenberg, C. TI Atmospheric constraints on global emissions of methane from plants SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID NATURAL WETLANDS; MODEL; CH4 AB We investigate whether a recently proposed large source of CH4 from vegetation can be reconciled with atmospheric measurements. Atmospheric transport model simulations with and without vegetation emissions are compared with background CH4, delta C-13-CH4 and satellite measurements. For present - day CH4 we derive an upper limit to the newly discovered source of 125 Tg CH4 yr(-1). Analysis of preindustrial CH4, however, points to 85 Tg CH4 yr(-1) as a more plausible limit. Model calculations with and without vegetation emissions show strikingly similar results at background surface monitoring sites, indicating that these measurements are rather insensitive to CH4 from plants. Simulations with 125 Tg CH4 yr(-1) vegetation emissions can explain up to 50% of the previously reported unexpectedly high CH4 column abundances over tropical forests observed by SCIAMACHY. Our results confirm the potential importance of vegetation emissions, and call for further research. C1 Univ Utrecht, Inst Marine & Atmospher Res Utrecht, NL-3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands. Netherlands Inst Space Res, NL-3584 CA Utrecht, Netherlands. Max Planck Inst Nucl Phys, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany. Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Dept Meteorol & Air Qual, Wageningen, Netherlands. Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Heidelberg, Inst Environm Phys, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. Univ Utrecht, Inst Marine & Atmospher Res Utrecht, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, Netherlands. RP Houweling, S (reprint author), Univ Utrecht, Inst Marine & Atmospher Res Utrecht, Princetonpl 5, NL-3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands. EM s.houweling@phys.uu.nl RI Krol, Maarten/B-3597-2010; Keppler, Frank/F-4401-2012; Krol, Maarten/E-3414-2013; Rockmann, Thomas/F-4479-2015; Frankenberg, Christian/A-2944-2013 OI Rockmann, Thomas/0000-0002-6688-8968; Frankenberg, Christian/0000-0002-0546-5857 NR 20 TC 73 Z9 75 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD AUG 15 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 15 AR L15821 DI 10.1029/2006GL026162 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 076XJ UT WOS:000239991400002 ER PT J AU Seo, YS Satija, S AF Seo, Young-Soo Satija, Sushil TI No intrinsic depletion layer on a polystyrene thin film at a water interface SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID SURFACES AB Using neutron reflectivity, we found that there is no intrinsic depletion layer at a deuterated polystyrene (dPS) film and deuterium oxide (D2O) interface. A spun-cast film is susceptible to contamination on its surface from its surroundings during sample preparation. A contamination layer of hydrogenated organic material will be detected as a reduced scattering length density layer at the interface. We demonstrate that, by careful treatment of the film, contamination would be the primary cause of the reduced scattering length density layer at the interface. C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Seo, YS (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM yssseo@lgchem.com NR 11 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD AUG 15 PY 2006 VL 22 IS 17 BP 7113 EP 7116 DI 10.1021/la060736v PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 071JA UT WOS:000239596300004 PM 16893198 ER PT J AU Seol, Y Carpenter, AE Perkins, TT AF Seol, Yeonee Carpenter, Amanda E. Perkins, Thomas T. TI Gold nanoparticles: enhanced optical trapping and sensitivity coupled with significant heating SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TWEEZERS AB Gold nanoparticles appear to be superior handles in optical trapping assays. We demonstrate that relatively large gold particles (R-b = 50 nm) indeed yield a sixfold enhancement in trapping efficiency and detection sensitivity as compared to similar-sized polystyrene particles. However, optical absorption by gold at the most common trapping wavelength (1064 nm) induces dramatic heating (266 degrees C/W). We determined this heating by comparing trap stiffness from three different methods in conjunction with detailed modeling. Due to this heating, gold nanoparticles are not useful for temperature-sensitive optical-trapping experiments, but may serve as local molecular heaters. Also, such particles, with their increased detection sensitivity, make excellent probes for certain zero-force biophysical assays. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Seol, Y (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM tperkins@jila.colorado.edu RI Carpenter, Amanda/B-7227-2008 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [T32 GM 065103] NR 13 TC 172 Z9 173 U1 1 U2 44 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD AUG 15 PY 2006 VL 31 IS 16 BP 2429 EP 2431 DI 10.1364/OL.31.002429 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 077DR UT WOS:000240008400017 PM 16880845 ER PT J AU Bernard, EN Mofjeld, HO Titov, V Synolakis, CE Gonzalez, FI AF Bernard, E. N. Mofjeld, H. O. Titov, V. Synolakis, C. E. Gonzalez, F. I. TI Tsunami: scientific frontiers mitigation, forecasting and policy implications SO PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Discussion Meeting on Extreme Natural Hazards CY OCT 26-27, 2005 CL Royal Soc, London, ENGLAND HO Royal Soc DE tsunameter; tsunami; tsunami warning system; tsunami forecasting AB Tsunamis are an ever-present threat to lives and property along the coasts of most of the world's oceans. As the Sumatra tsunami of 26 December 2004 reminded the world, we must be more proactive in developing ways to reduce their impact on our global society. This article provides an overview of the state of knowledge of tsunamis, presents some challenges confronting advances in the field and identifies some promising frontiers leading to a global warning system. This overview is then used to develop guidelines for advancing the science of forecasting, hazard mitigation programmes and the development of public policy to realize a global system. Much of the information on mitigation and forecasting draws upon the development and accomplishments of a joint state/federal partnership that was forged to reduce tsunami hazards along US coastlines-the National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Programme. By integrating hazard assessment, warning guidance and mitigation activities, the programme has created a roadmap and a set of tools to make communities more resilient to local and distant tsunamis. Among the tools are forecasting, educational programmes, early warning systems and design guidance for tsunami-resilient communities. Information on international cooperation is drawn from the Global Earth Observing System of Systems (GEOSS). GEOSS provides an international framework to assure international compatibility and interoperability for rapid exchange of data and information. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ So Calif, Viterbi Sch Civil Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. RP Bernard, EN (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM eddie.n.bernard@noaa.gov RI Synolakis, Costas/B-3197-2008; OI Synolakis, Costas/0000-0003-0140-5379; Titov, Vasily/0000-0002-1630-3829 NR 19 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 15 PU ROYAL SOCIETY PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 1364-503X J9 PHILOS T R SOC A JI Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A-Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. PD AUG 15 PY 2006 VL 364 IS 1845 BP 1989 EP 2006 DI 10.1098/rsta.2006.1809 PG 18 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 075YM UT WOS:000239923700009 PM 16844645 ER PT J AU Synolakis, CE Bernard, EN AF Synolakis, Costas E. Bernard, Eddie N. TI Tsunami science before and beyond Boxing Day 2004 SO PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Discussion Meeting on Extreme Natural Hazards CY OCT 26-27, 2005 CL Royal Soc, London, ENGLAND HO Royal Soc DE tsunamis; tsunameter; tsunami forecasting; hydrodynamics; run-up; inundation ID NEW-GUINEA TSUNAMI; RUN-UP; SLOPING BEACH; SOLITARY WAVES; CIRCULAR ISLAND; LONG WAVES; EARTHQUAKE; PROPAGATION; GENERATION; EVOLUTION AB Tsunami science has evolved differently from research on other extreme natural hazards, primarily because of the unavailability until recently of instrumental recordings of tsunamis in the open ocean. Here, the progress towards developing tsunami inundation modelling tools for use in inundation forecasting is discussed historically from the perspective of hydrodynamics. The state-of-knowledge before the 26 December 2004 tsunami is described. Remaining aspects for future research are identified. One, validated inundation models need to be further developed through benchmark testing and instrumental tsunameter measurements and standards for operational codes need to be established. Two, a methodology is needed to better quantify short-duration impact forces on structures. Three, the mapping of vulnerable continental margins to identify unrecognized hazards must proceed expeditiously, along with palaeotsunami research to establish repeat intervals. Four, the development of better coupling between deforming seafloor motions and model initialization needs further refinement. Five, in an era of global citizenship, more comprehensive educational efforts on tsunami hazard mitigation are necessary worldwide. C1 Tech Univ Crete, Coastal Engn & Nat Hazards Lab, Chanea 73100, Greece. Univ So Calif, Viterbi Sch Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Synolakis, CE (reprint author), Tech Univ Crete, Coastal Engn & Nat Hazards Lab, Chanea 73100, Greece. EM costas@usc.edu RI Synolakis, Costas/B-3197-2008 OI Synolakis, Costas/0000-0003-0140-5379 NR 96 TC 141 Z9 141 U1 5 U2 42 PU ROYAL SOC PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 1364-503X J9 PHILOS T R SOC A JI Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A-Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. PD AUG 15 PY 2006 VL 364 IS 1845 BP 2231 EP 2265 DI 10.1098/rsta.2006.1824 PG 35 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 075YM UT WOS:000239923700024 PM 16844658 ER PT J AU Alava, JJ Keller, JM Kucklick, JR Wyneken, J Crowder, L Scott, GI AF Alava, Juan Jose Keller, Jennifer M. Kucklick, John R. Wyneken, Jeanette Crowder, Larry Scott, Geoffrey I. TI Loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) egg yolk concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and lipid increase during the last stage of embryonic development SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE loggerhead sea turtle; eggs; PCBs; organochlorine pesticides; reptile; lipid; embryonic development ID ORGANOCHLORINE CONTAMINANTS; CHORIOALLANTOIC MEMBRANES; FLORIDA; PCB; HATCHLINGS; RESIDUES; WILDLIFE; ISLAND; DDE AB Data are scarce describing the concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides in sea turtle eggs. The purpose of this study was to establish appropriate sample collection methodology to monitor these contaminants in sea turtle eggs. Contaminant concentrations were measured in yolk samples from eggs that failed to hatch from three loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) nests collected in southern Florida to determine if concentrations change through embryonic development. One to three egg yolk samples per nest were analyzed from early, middle, and late developmental stages (n=22 eggs total). PCB and pesticide concentrations were determined by gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD). Geometric mean concentrations of Sigma PCBs (52 congeners), Sigma DDTs, Sigma chlordanes, and dieldrin in all eggs were 65.0 (range = 7.11 to 3930 ng/g lipid), 67.1 (range = 7.88 to 1340 ng/g lipid), 37.0 (range =4.04 to 685 ng/g lipid), and 11.1 ng/g lipid (range = 1.69 to 44.0 ng/g lipid), respectively. Early and middle developmental stage samples had similar concentrations of PCBs and organochlorine pesticides on a wet-mass basis (ng/g tissue extracted), but the concentrations doubled by the late stage. This increase is most likely attributable to the 50% increase in lipid content observed in the late-stage yolk. These findings indicate that an early-stage sample cannot be directly compared to a late-stage sample, especially from different nests. These preliminary findings also allowed us to calculate the minimum number of eggs per nest required for analysis to obtain an acceptable mean concentration per nest. More research is required to investigate geographical trends of contaminant concentrations and potential health effects (i.e., abnormalities) caused by these contaminants on sea turtle development. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Univ S Carolina, Sch Environm, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Florida Atlantic Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA. Duke Univ, Marine Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Alava, JJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Hollings Marine Lab, 331 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM jalavasa@sfu.ca; Jennifer.Keller@noaa.gov RI Keller, Jennifer/C-5006-2008; Alava, Juan Jose/A-7731-2015 OI Alava, Juan Jose/0000-0002-6312-7776 NR 29 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD AUG 15 PY 2006 VL 367 IS 1 BP 170 EP 181 DI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.02.029 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 079MD UT WOS:000240179700016 PM 16581110 ER PT J AU Jones, GM Hu, BH Yang, CH Yang, MJ Hajdaj, R Hehein, G AF Jones, G. M. Hu, B. H. Yang, C. H. Yang, M. J. Hajdaj, Russell Hehein, Gerard TI Enhancement-mode metal-oxide-semiconductor single-electron transistor on pure silicon SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID QUANTUM DOTS; 2-DIMENSIONAL ELECTRON AB The authors demonstrate a silicon-based single-electron transistor (SET) in the few-electron regime. Our structure is similar to a metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor. The substrate, however, is undoped and could be isotope enriched so that any nonuniformity and spin decoherence due to impurity and nuclear spins can be minimized. A bilayer-gated configuration provides flexibility in manipulating single electrons. The stability chart measured at 4.2 K shows diamondlike domains with a charging energy of 18 meV, indicating a quantum dot of 20 nm in diameter. The benefits of using this enhancement-mode SET in silicon and its potential application for scalable quantum computing are discussed. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, College Pk, MD 20904 USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jones, GM (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, College Pk, MD 20904 USA. EM yang@ece.umd.edu NR 17 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD AUG 14 PY 2006 VL 89 IS 7 AR 073106 DI 10.1063/1.2337273 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 074WL UT WOS:000239842400070 ER PT J AU Parthangal, PM Cavicchi, RE Zachariah, MR AF Parthangal, Prahalad M. Cavicchi, Richard E. Zachariah, Michael R. TI A universal approach to electrically connecting nanowire arrays using nanoparticles - application to a novel gas sensor architecture SO NANOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LIGHT-EMITTING-DIODES; ALIGNED ZNO NANORODS; SENSING CHARACTERISTICS; GROWTH; NANOSTRUCTURES; NANOBELTS; FILM; CO AB We report on a novel, in situ approach toward connecting and electrically contacting vertically aligned nanowire arrays using conductive nanoparticles. The utility of the approach is demonstrated by development of a gas sensing device employing this nano-architecture. Well-aligned, single-crystalline zinc oxide nanowires were grown through a direct thermal evaporation process at 550 degrees C on gold catalyst layers. Electrical contact to the top of the nanowire array was established by creating a contiguous nanoparticle film through electrostatic attachment of conductive gold nanoparticles exclusively onto the tips of nanowires. A gas sensing device was constructed using such an arrangement and the nanowire assembly was found to be sensitive to both reducing (methanol) and oxidizing (nitrous oxides) gases. This assembly approach is amenable to any nanowire array for which a top contact electrode is needed. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn & Chem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zachariah, MR (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn & Chem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM mrz@umd.edu NR 27 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 14 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-4484 J9 NANOTECHNOLOGY JI Nanotechnology PD AUG 14 PY 2006 VL 17 IS 15 BP 3786 EP 3790 DI 10.1088/0957-4484/17/15/029 PG 5 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 072SP UT WOS:000239693600029 ER PT J AU Gregson, BP Millie, DF Cao, C Fahnenstiel, GL Pigg, RJ Fries, DP AF Gregson, Brian P. Millie, David F. Cao, Chuanhai Fahnenstiel, Gary L. Pigg, Ryan J. Fries, David P. TI Simplified enrichment and identification of environmental peptide toxins using antibody-capture surfaces with subsequent mass spectrometry detection SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 25th International Symposium on Separation and Analysis of Proteins, Peptides and Polynucleotides CY NOV 06-10, 2005 CL St Pete Beach, FL SP Agilent Technol Eka Chem, Rohm & Haas Co DE SELDI TOF-MS; surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry; cyanobacteria; microcystin; environmental toxins; immunoassay ID MICROCYSTIS-AERUGINOSA; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; WATER; CYANOBACTERIA; EXTRACTION; NODULARIN; EXPOSURE; IMMUNOASSAY; TECHNOLOGY; BLOOMS AB The development of a simplified assay for detection of congeners of the microcystin (MC) hepatotoxin is described that combines the extreme sensitivity of surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight MS (SELDI TOF-MS) with the superior selectivity of immunoaffinity interactions. Using methods similar to those of conventional immunoassays, MC standards were captured and enriched on immunoreactive ProteinChips coated with an MC-antibody and analyzed by TOF-MS. Unlike with conventional immunoassays, individual congeners were resolved from mixed pools. Assay conditions were optimized for the quantification of MC from untreated raw pond water at concentrations as low as 0.025 mu g L-1, well below the public health relevant guideline of 1 mu g L-1. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, Ctr Ocean Technol, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Univ S Florida, Florida Inst Oceanog, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Florida Fish & Wildlife Commiss, Florida Fish & Wildlife Res Inst, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Johnnie B Byrd Sr Alzheimers Ctr & Res Inst, Tampa, FL 33647 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Lake Michigan Field Stn, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. RP Gregson, BP (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, Ctr Ocean Technol, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. EM bgregson@marine.usf.edu NR 44 TC 3 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD AUG 11 PY 2006 VL 1123 IS 2 BP 233 EP 238 DI 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.05.088 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 073KJ UT WOS:000239741400012 PM 16797560 ER PT J AU Martin, RV Sioris, CE Chance, K Ryerson, TB Bertram, TH Wooldridge, PJ Cohen, RC Neuman, JA Swanson, A Flocke, FM AF Martin, Randall V. Sioris, Christopher E. Chance, Kelly Ryerson, Thomas B. Bertram, Timothy H. Wooldridge, Paul J. Cohen, Ronald C. Neuman, J. Andy Swanson, Aaron Flocke, Frank M. TI Evaluation of space-based constraints on global nitrogen oxide emissions with regional aircraft measurements over and downwind of eastern North America SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID OZONE MONITORING EXPERIMENT; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; NOX EMISSIONS; SATELLITE-OBSERVATIONS; UNITED-STATES; ANTHROPOGENIC EMISSIONS; GOME MEASUREMENTS; LIGHTNING NOX; AIR-QUALITY; ART. AB [ 1] We retrieve tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) columns for May 2004 to April 2005 from the SCIAMACHY satellite instrument to derive top-down emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) via inverse modeling with a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem). Simulated NO2 vertical profiles used in the retrieval are evaluated with airborne measurements over and downwind of North America (ICARTT); a northern midlatitude lightning source of 1.6 Tg N yr(-1) minimizes bias in the retrieval. Retrieved NO2 columns are validated (r(2) = 0.60, slope = 0.82) with coincident airborne in situ measurements. The top-down emissions are combined with a priori information from a bottom-up emission inventory with error weighting to achieve an improved a posteriori estimate of the global distribution of surface NOx emissions. Our a posteriori NOx emission inventory for land surface NOx emissions (46.1 Tg N yr(-1)) is 22% larger than the GEIA-based a priori bottom-up inventory for 1998, a difference that reflects rising anthropogenic emissions, especially from East Asia. A posteriori NOx emissions for East Asia (9.8 Tg N yr(-1)) exceed those from other continents. The a posteriori inventory improves the GEOS-Chem simulation of NOx, peroxyacetylnitrate, and nitric acid with respect to airborne in situ measurements over and downwind of New York City. The a posteriori is 7% larger than the EDGAR 3.2FT2000 global inventory, 3% larger than the NEI99 inventory for the United States, and 68% larger than a regional inventory for 2000 for eastern Asia. SCIAMACHY NO2 columns over the North Atlantic show a weak plume from lightning NOx. C1 Dalhousie Univ, Dept Phys & Atmospher Sci, Halifax, NS B3H 3J5, Canada. Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere Sci, Boulder, CO USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Martin, RV (reprint author), Dalhousie Univ, Dept Phys & Atmospher Sci, Halifax, NS B3H 3J5, Canada. EM randall.martin@dal.ca; csioris@cfa.harvard.edu; kchance@cfa.harvard.edu; thomas.b.ryerson@noaa.gov; tbertram@berkeley.edu; pjwool@socrates.berkeley.edu; cohen@cchem.berkeley.edu; andy.neuman@noaa.gov; ffl@ucar.edu RI Martin, Randall/A-2051-2008; Cohen, Ronald/A-8842-2011; Ryerson, Tom/C-9611-2009; Martin, Randall/C-1205-2014; Neuman, Andy/A-1393-2009; Chem, GEOS/C-5595-2014; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; OI Cohen, Ronald/0000-0001-6617-7691; Martin, Randall/0000-0003-2632-8402; Neuman, Andy/0000-0002-3986-1727; Chance, Kelly/0000-0002-7339-7577; Sioris, Christopher/0000-0003-1168-8755 NR 87 TC 114 Z9 117 U1 3 U2 26 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 11 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D15 AR D15308 DI 10.1029/2005JD006680 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 074BK UT WOS:000239787000005 ER PT J AU Griesmann, U AF Griesmann, Ulf TI Three-flat test solutions based on simple mirror symmetry SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID FLATS; INTERFEROMETER; CALIBRATION; OPTICS AB In interferometric surface and wavefront metrology, three-flat, tests are the archetypes of measurement procedures to separate errors in the interferometer reference wavefront from errors due to the test part surface, so-called absolute tests. What is believed to be a new class of solutions of the three-flat problem for circular flats is described in terms of functions that are symmetric or antisymmetric with respect to reflections at a single line passing through the center of the flat surfaces. The new solutions are simpler and easier to calculate than the known solutions based on twofold mirror symmetry or rotation symmetry. Strategies for effective azimuthal averaging and a method for determining the averaging error are also discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Griesmann, U (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM ulf.griesmann@osa.org NR 10 TC 54 Z9 65 U1 3 U2 12 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD AUG 10 PY 2006 VL 45 IS 23 BP 5856 EP 5865 DI 10.1364/AO.45.005856 PG 10 WC Optics SC Optics GA 073YX UT WOS:000239779900010 PM 16926872 ER PT J AU Snyder, LE Hollis, JM Jewell, PR Lovas, FJ Remijan, A AF Snyder, L. E. Hollis, J. M. Jewell, P. R. Lovas, F. J. Remijan, A. TI Confirmation of interstellar methylcyanodiacetylene (CH3C5N) SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE ISM : abundances; ISM : clouds; ISM : individual (TMC-1); ISM : molecules; radio lines : ISM ID MOLECULAR CLOUD-1 TMC-1; HYDROCARBON CHEMISTRY; MICROWAVE-SPECTRA; PHYSICS AB Ten spectral lines of the symmetric-top molecule methylcyanodiacetylene (CH3C5N) have been detected with the 100 m Green Bank Telescope (GBT) toward the Taurus molecular cloud TMC-1. Both K = 0 and 1 components of the 12, K-11, K, 13, K-12, K, 14, K-13, K, 15, K-14, K, and 16, K-15, K transitions were observed. Consistent with similar to 10 K kinetic temperature for the TMC-1 dark dust cloud, no higher K-components were detected. The CH3C5N spectra confirm an earlier identification report based on data obtained with the MPIfR 100 m telescope by Snyder and colleagues over 20 years ago. Methyl cyanide (CH3CN), methylcyanoacetylene (CH3C3N), and methylcyanodiacetylene all are found in TMC-1 in decreasing relative abundance, suggesting that simple carbon addition on grains may be possible even in dark clouds. However, the correct formation mechanism for CH3C5N is still not known to within several orders of magnitude. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Astron, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Space & Earth Data Comp Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Natl Radio Astron Observ, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Snyder, LE (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Astron, 1002 W Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 31 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 15 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD AUG 10 PY 2006 VL 647 IS 1 BP 412 EP 417 DI 10.1086/505323 PN 1 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 072BO UT WOS:000239647800035 ER PT J AU Lupton, J Butterfield, D Lilley, M Evans, L Nakamura, KI Chadwick, W Resing, J Embley, R Olson, E Proskurowski, G Baker, E de Ronde, C Roe, K Greene, R Lebon, G Young, C AF Lupton, John Butterfield, David Lilley, Marvin Evans, Leigh Nakamura, Ko-ichi Chadwick, William, Jr. Resing, Joseph Embley, Robert Olson, Eric Proskurowski, Giora Baker, Edward de Ronde, Cornel Roe, Kevin Greene, Ronald Lebon, Geoff Young, Conrad TI Submarine venting of liquid carbon dioxide on a Mariana Arc volcano SO GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE carbon dioxide; Mariana; submarine; volcano; geochemistry : subduction zone processes (3060,3613; 8170, 8413); marine geology and geophysics : hydrothermal systems (0450,1034,3616,4832,8135,8424); oceanography : biological and chemical :; hydrothermal systems (0450,1034,3017,3616,8135,8424) ID DE-FUCA RIDGE; TROUGH BACKARC BASIN; HYDROTHERMAL ACTIVITY; LOIHI SEAMOUNT; CHEMISTRY; FLUIDS; CO2; VOLATILES; HELIUM; FLUXES AB [ 1] Although CO2 is generally the most abundant dissolved gas found in submarine hydrothermal fluids, it is rarely found in the form of CO2 liquid. Here we report the discovery of an unusual CO2-rich hydrothermal system at 1600-m depth near the summit of NW Eifuku, a small submarine volcano in the northern Mariana Arc. The site, named Champagne, was found to be discharging two distinct fluids from the same vent field: a 103 degrees C gas-rich hydrothermal fluid and cold (< 4 degrees C) droplets composed mainly of liquid CO2. The hot vent fluid contained up to 2.7 moles/kg CO2, the highest ever reported for submarine hydrothermal fluids. The liquid droplets were composed of similar to 98% CO2, similar to 1% H2S, with only trace amounts of CH4 and H-2. Surveys of the overlying water column plumes indicated that the vent fluid and buoyant CO2 droplets ascended < 200 m before dispersing into the ocean. Submarine venting of liquid CO2 has been previously observed at only one other locality, in the Okinawa Trough back-arc basin (Sakai et al., 1990a), a geologic setting much different from NW Eifuku, which is a young arc volcano. The discovery of such a high CO2 flux at the Champagne site, estimated to be about 0.1% of the global MOR carbon flux, suggests that submarine arc volcanoes may play a larger role in oceanic carbon cycling than previously realized. The Champagne field may also prove to be a valuable natural laboratory for studying the effects of high CO2 concentrations on marine ecosystems. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Univ Washington, JISAO, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Oregon State Univ, CIMRS, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan. Inst Geol & Nucl Sci, Lower Hutt, New Zealand. RP Lupton, J (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 2115 SE OSU Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM john.e.lupton@noaa.gov RI Proskurowski, Giora/B-3862-2013; Butterfield, David/H-3815-2016 OI Butterfield, David/0000-0002-1595-9279 NR 40 TC 60 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1525-2027 J9 GEOCHEM GEOPHY GEOSY JI Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. PD AUG 10 PY 2006 VL 7 AR Q08007 DI 10.1029/2005GC001152 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 074AW UT WOS:000239785600001 ER PT J AU Santos, AMP Fiuza, AFG Laurs, RM AF Santos, A. M. P. Fiuza, A. F. G. Laurs, R. M. TI Influence of SST on catches of swordfish and tuna in the Portuguese domestic longline fishery SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID XIPHIAS-GLADIUS; NORTH-ATLANTIC; THERMAL FRONTS; SATELLITE; PATTERNS; PHYTOPLANKTON; DISTRIBUTIONS; ASSOCIATION; ALBACORE; RATES AB Catch-and-effort data from a longline vessel operating off the west coast of Portugal, and thermal imagery from NOAA satellites were employed to investigate the aggregation and availability of swordfish, bigeye and albacore tuna in relation to transient coastal upwelling features. We found a decreasing trend in swordfish catch per unit effort (CPUE) and an increasing trend in tuna species CPUE during the study period in apparent association with the progressively increasing intensity of the coastal upwelling regime from year to year. Swordfish CPUE were significantly higher on the warm side of surface thermal fronts associated with events of intensification/relaxation of coastal upwelling. The fishing efficiency for tuna species was significantly higher during peak upwelling conditions, in the close vicinity of mushroom-like structures at the edge of upwelling filaments. The present results do not support the existence of a preferred sea surface temperature (SST) range for these fish species. It is suggested that several mechanisms leading to the local concentration of prey provide adequate explanations for the aggregation of these species in the vicinity of frontal structures associated with coastal upwelling processes. C1 IPIMAR, INIAP, P-1449006 Lisbon, Portugal. Univ Lisbon, Inst Oceanog, Lisbon, Portugal. NOAA, NMFS Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, Pacific Grove, CA USA. RP Santos, AMP (reprint author), IPIMAR, INIAP, Av Brasilia, P-1449006 Lisbon, Portugal. EM amsantos@ipimar.pt RI Santos, A Miguel P/G-6030-2011 OI Santos, A Miguel P/0000-0001-9401-3504 NR 41 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 10 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD AUG 10 PY 2006 VL 27 IS 15 BP 3131 EP 3152 DI 10.1080/01431160600567811 PG 22 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 070PG UT WOS:000239534700005 ER PT J AU Hanson, DR Lovejoy, ER AF Hanson, D. R. Lovejoy, E. R. TI Measurement of the thermodynamics of the hydrated dimer and trimer of sulfuric acid SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC PARTICLES; NUCLEATION MECHANISMS; WATER; H2SO4; CLUSTERS; RATES; TROPOSPHERE; CLIMATE; AMMONIA; MODEL AB We report measurements of the equilibrium constants, K-p, for the water mediated clustering of two and three sulfuric acid molecules for atmospheric temperatures and relative humidities. Limits for Kp for the formation of the sulfuric acid tetramer and higher clusters as well as the kinetics of small sulfuric acid cluster growth are also presented. These results put strong constraints on the rate of nucleation in the atmosphere via the H2SO4/H2O neutral mechanism. We show that the neutral nucleation of H2SO4 and H2O is slower than ion-induced nucleation of H2SO4 and H2O for most conditions found in the middle and upper troposphere. These laboratory-based upper limits to the nucleation rates are also much lower than the predictions of the liquid drop model/classical nucleation theory. C1 NCAR, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Augsburg Coll, Dept Chem, Minneapolis, MN 55454 USA. NOAA, ESRL, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Hanson, DR (reprint author), NCAR, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 NR 30 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 3 U2 20 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD AUG 10 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 31 BP 9525 EP 9528 DI 10.1021/jp062844w PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 069RO UT WOS:000239466100001 PM 16884184 ER PT J AU Talukdar, RK Loukhovitskaya, EE Popovicheva, OB Ravishankara, AR AF Talukdar, Ranajit K. Loukhovitskaya, Ekaterina E. Popovicheva, Olga B. Ravishankara, A. R. TI Uptake of HNO3 on hexane and aviation kerosene soots SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID BLACK CARBON SOOT; NITRIC-ACID; HETEROGENEOUS REACTIONS; LOWER STRATOSPHERE; REACTION-MECHANISM; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; HYDROCARBON SOOT; REACTIVE UPTAKE; SURFACE-AREA; AEROSOL AB The uptake of HNO3 on aviation kerosene (TC-1) soot was measured as a function of temperature (253-295 K) and the partial pressure of HNO3, and the uptake of HNO3 on hexane soot was studied at 295 K and over a limited partial pressure of HNO3. The HNO3 uptake was mostly reversible and did not release measurable amounts of gas-phase products such as HONO, NO3, NO2 or N2O5. The heat of adsorption of HNO3 on soot was dependent on the surface coverage. The isosteric heats of adsorption, Delta H-0(isosteric), were determined as a function of coverage. Delta H-0(isosteric) values were in the range -16 to -13 kcal mol(-1). The heats of adsorption decrease with increasing coverage. The adsorption data were fit to Freundlich and to Langmuir-Freundlich isotherms. The heterogeneity parameter values were close to 0.5, which suggested that a HNO3 molecule can occupy two sites on the surface with or without being dissociated and that the soot surface could be nonuniform. Surface FTIR studies on the interaction of soot with HNO3 did not reveal formation of any minor product such as organic nitrate or nitro compound on the soot surface. Using our measured coverage, we calculate that the partitioning of gas-phase nitric acid to black carbon aerosol is not a significant loss process of HNO3 in the atmosphere. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Moscow 119992, Russia. RP Talukdar, RK (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Ranajit.K.Talukdar@noaa.gov RI TALUKDAR, RANAJIT/G-4530-2013; Ravishankara, Akkihebbal/A-2914-2011; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI TALUKDAR, RANAJIT/0000-0001-6017-8431; NR 38 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD AUG 10 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 31 BP 9643 EP 9653 DI 10.1021/jp060556u PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 069RO UT WOS:000239466100015 PM 16884198 ER PT J AU Stafford, GR Bertocci, U AF Stafford, G. R. Bertocci, U. TI In situ stress and nanogravimetric measurements during underpotential deposition of bismuth on (111)-textured Au SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID INDUCED SURFACE STRESS; X-RAY-SCATTERING; ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY; SCANNING-TUNNELING-MICROSCOPY; GOLD ELECTRODES; AU(111) ELECTRODES; REVERSIBLE ELECTRODEPOSITION; METAL-ELECTRODES; ATOMIC-STRUCTURE; FILM ELECTRODES AB The surface stress associated with the underpotential deposition (upd) of bismuth on (111)-textured Au is examined, using the wafer curvature method, in acidic perchlorate and nitrate supporting electrolyte. The surface stress is correlated to Bi coverage by independent nanogravimetric measurements using an electrochemical quartz crystal nanobalance. The mass increase measured in the presence of perchlorate is consistent with the (2 x 2) and (p x root 3)-2Bi adlayers reported in the literature. ClO4- does not play a significant role in the upd process. The complete Bi monolayer causes an overall surface stress change of about -1.4 N m(-1). We attribute this compressive stress to the formation of Bi-Au bonds which partially satisfy the bonding requirements of the Au surface atoms, thereby reducing the tensile surface stress inherent to the clean Au surface. At higher Bi coverage, an additional contribution to the compressive stress is due to the electrocompression of the (p x root 3)-2Bi adlayer. In nitric acid electrolyte, NO3- coadsorbs with Bi over the entire upd region but has little fundamental impact on adlayer structure and stress. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stafford, GR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 59 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 6 U2 19 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD AUG 10 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 31 BP 15493 EP 15498 DI 10.1021/jp062689l PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 069QM UT WOS:000239463300061 PM 16884272 ER PT J AU Fernandez, DE Carswell, JR Frasier, S Chang, PS Black, PG Marks, FD AF Fernandez, D. Esteban Carswell, J. R. Frasier, S. Chang, P. S. Black, P. G. Marks, F. D. TI Dual-polarized C- and Ku-band ocean backscatter response to hurricane-force winds SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL CYCLONES; GENERATED WAVES; MODEL FUNCTION; SCATTEROMETRY AB [ 1] Airborne ocean backscatter measurements at C- and Ku-band wavelengths and H and V polarizations at multiple incidence angles obtained in moderate to very high wind speed conditions (25 - 65 m s(-1)) during missions through several tropical cyclones are presented. These measurements clearly show that the normalized radar cross sections (NRCS) response stops increasing at hurricane-force winds for both frequency bands and polarizations except for high incidence angles at C- band and H polarization. The results also show the mean NRCS departing from a power law behavior for all the presented frequency bands, polarizations, and incidence angles, suggesting a reduction in the drag coefficient. The overall flattening of the azimuthal response of the NRCS is also very apparent in all cases. A new set of geophysical model functions (GMFs) at C- and Kuband are developed from these direct ocean backscatter observations for ocean surface winds ranging from 25 to 65 m s(-1). The developed GMFs provide a much more accurate characterization of the NRCS versus wind speed and direction, and their implementation in operational retrieval algorithms from satellite-based scatterometer observations would result in better wind fields. The differences between these measurements and other currently available GMFs, such as QuikSCAT, NSCAT2, CMOD4, and CMOD5, are reported. The implementation of these GMFs in retrieval algorithms will result in better wind fields from satellite-based scatterometers measurements. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Remote Sensing Solut, Barnstable, MA 02630 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Fernandez, DE (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, ORA, World Weather Bldg,Room 102A,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM daniel.fernandez@noaa.gov; carswell@rmss.us; frasier@ecs.umass.edu; paul.s.chang@noaa.gov; peter.black@noaa.gov; frank.marks@noaa.gov RI Chang, Paul/F-5580-2010; Marks, Frank/A-5733-2011; Frasier, Stephen/H-1536-2015 OI Chang, Paul/0000-0001-5113-0938; Marks, Frank/0000-0003-0371-5514; Frasier, Stephen/0000-0003-4287-2889 NR 25 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD AUG 9 PY 2006 VL 111 IS C8 AR C08013 DI 10.1029/2005JC003048 PG 17 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 074BN UT WOS:000239787300003 ER PT J AU Jones, RL Hu, TJ Soles, CL Lin, EK Reano, RM Casa, DM AF Jones, Ronald L. Hu, Tengjiao Soles, Christopher L. Lin, Eric K. Reano, Ronald M. Casa, Diego M. TI Real-time shape evolution of nanoimprinted polymer structures during thermal annealing SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article ID X-RAY-SCATTERING; CORRUGATION GRATINGS; LITHOGRAPHY; DECAY; ANGLE AB The real-time shape evolution of nanoimprinted polymer patterns is measured as a function of annealing time and temperature using critical dimension small-angle X-ray scattering (CD-SAXS). Periodicity, line width, line height, and sidewall angle are reported with nanometer resolution for parallel line/space patterns in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) both below and above the bulk glass transition temperature (T-G). Heating these patterns below T-G does not produce significant thermal expansion, at least to within the resolution of the measurement. However, above T-G the fast rate of loss in pattern size at early times transitions to a reduced rate in longer time regimes. The time-dependent rate of polymer flow from the pattern into the underlying layer, termed pattern "melting", is consistent with a model of elastic recovery from stresses induced by the molding process. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, CMC, CAT, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Jones, RL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM ronald.jones@nist.gov RI Casa, Diego/F-9060-2016; Reano, Ronald/J-9286-2014; OI Pang, Stella/0000-0002-4330-0877 NR 14 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 3 U2 18 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD AUG 9 PY 2006 VL 6 IS 8 BP 1723 EP 1728 DI 10.1021/nl0610861 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 071SY UT WOS:000239623900026 PM 16895363 ER PT J AU Scharf, FS Manderson, JP Fabrizio, MC AF Scharf, Frederick S. Manderson, John P. Fabrizio, Mary C. TI The effects of seafloor habitat complexity on survival of juvenile fishes: Species-specific interactions with structural refuge SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE behavior; foraging tactics; habitat complexity; juvenile survival; mobile fishing gear; prey vulnerability ID COD GADUS-MORHUA; TEMPERATE REEF FISHES; ATLANTIC COD; GEORGES-BANK; POSTSETTLEMENT MORTALITY; SUBSTRATE SELECTION; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; SEAGRASS MEADOWS; BENTHIC HABITAT; FISHING IMPACTS AB Marine fishes are often associated with structurally complex microhabitats that are believed to provide a refuge from predation. However, the effects of habitat complexity on predator foraging success can be strongly modified by predator and prey behaviors. We conducted a series of laboratory experiments to evaluate the effects of sea floor habitat complexity on juvenile fish survivorship using multiple predator (striped searobin and summer flounder) and prey (winter flounder, scup, and black sea bass) species to identify potentially important species-habitat interactions. Three habitats of varying complexity (bare sand, shell, and sponge) common to coastal marine environments were simulated in large aquaria (2.4 m diameter, 2400 L volume). Prey survivorship increased significantly with greater habitat complexity for each species combination tested. However, examination of multiple prey and predator species across habitats revealed important effects of predator x habitat and prey x habitat interactions on prey survival, which appeared to be related to species-specific predator and prey behavior in complex habitats. Significant species x habitat interactions imply that the impact of reduced seafloor habitat complexity may be more severe for some species than others. Our results indicate that the general effects of scalloor habitat complexity on juvenile fish survivorship may be broadly applicable, but that the interaction of particular habitats with search tactics of predators as well as habitat affinities and avoidance responses of prey can produce differences among species that contribute to variable mortality. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol & Marine Biol, Wilmington, NC 28403 USA. NMFS, James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, Behav Ecol Branch, Sandy Hook, NJ 07732 USA. RP Scharf, FS (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol & Marine Biol, 601 S Coll Rd, Wilmington, NC 28403 USA. EM scharff@uncw.edu OI Fabrizio, Mary/0000-0002-6115-5490 NR 62 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 7 U2 29 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD AUG 8 PY 2006 VL 335 IS 2 BP 167 EP 176 DI 10.1016/j.jembe.2006.03.018 PG 10 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 066MA UT WOS:000239232500002 ER PT J AU Whitney, ES Feng, D Nesbitt, DJ AF Whitney, Erin S. Feng Dong Nesbitt, David J. TI Jet-cooled infrared spectroscopy in slit supersonic discharges: Symmetric and antisymmetric CH2 stretching modes of fluoromethyl (CH2F) radical SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID HYDROGEN ABSTRACTION REACTIONS; SUBSTITUTED METHYL RADICALS; EQUILIBRIUM GEOMETRIES; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; DIODE-LASER; SPECTRA; RESONANCE; DYNAMICS; MOLECULES; MICROWAVE AB The combination of shot noise-limited direct absorption spectroscopy with long-path-length slit supersonic discharges has been used to obtain first high-resolution infrared spectra for jet-cooled CH2F radicals in the symmetric (nu(1)) and antisymmetric (nu(5)) CH2 stretching modes. Spectral assignment has yielded refined lower- and upper-state rotational constants and fine-structure parameters from least-squares fits to the sub-Doppler line shapes for individual transitions. The rotational constants provide indications of large amplitude vibrational averaging over a low-barrier double minimum inversion-bending potential. This behavior is confirmed by high-level coupled cluster singles/doubles/triples calculations extrapolated to the complete basis set limit and adiabatically corrected for zero point energy. The calculations predict a nonplanar equilibrium structure (theta approximate to 29 degrees, where theta is defined to be 180 degrees minus the angle between the C-F bond and the CH2 plane) with a 132 cm(-1) barrier to planarity and a vibrational bend frequency (nu(bend)approximate to 276 cm(-1)), in good agreement with previous microwave estimates (nu(bend)=300 (30) cm(-1)) by Hirota and co-workers [Y. Endo , J. Chem. Phys. 79, 1605 (1983)]. The nearly 2:1 ratio of absorption intensities for the symmetric versus antisymmetric bands is in good agreement with density functional theory calculations, but in sixfold contrast with simple local mode CH2 bond dipole predictions of 1:3. This discrepancy arises from a surprisingly strong dependence of the symmetric stretch intensity on the inversion bend angle and provides further experimental support for a nonplanar equilibrium structure. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Whitney, ES (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM djn@jila.colorado.edu NR 51 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD AUG 7 PY 2006 VL 125 IS 5 AR 054304 DI 10.1063/1.2208613 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 071BV UT WOS:000239573100015 PM 16942210 ER PT J AU Whitney, ES Haeber, T Schuder, MD Blair, AC Nesbitt, DJ AF Whitney, Erin S. Haeber, Thomas Schuder, Michael D. Blair, Andrew C. Nesbitt, David J. TI High-resolution infrared studies in slit supersonic discharges: CH2 stretch excitation of jet-cooled CH2Cl radical SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID EQUILIBRIUM GEOMETRIES; MICROWAVE-SPECTRUM; PHOTODISSOCIATION; ABSORPTION; KINETICS; LASER; SPECTROSCOPY; MOLECULES; RESONANCE; SYSTEM AB First high-resolution infrared spectra are presented for jet-cooled CH2 Cl-35 and CH2 Cl-37 radicals in the symmetric (nu(1)) CH2 stretching mode. A detailed spectral assignment yields refined lower and upper state rotational constants, as well as fine structure spin-rotation parameters from least-squares fits to the sub-Doppler line shapes for individual transitions. The rotational constants are consistent with a nearly planar structure, but do not exclude substantial large amplitude bending motion over a small barrier to planarity accessible with zero-point excitation. High level coupled cluster (singles/doubles/triples) calculations, extrapolated to the complete basis set limit, predict a slightly nonplanar equilibrium structure (theta similar to 11 degrees), with a vibrationally adiabatic treatment of the bend coordinate yielding a v=1 <- 0 anharmonic frequency (393 cm(-1)) in excellent agreement with matrix studies (nu(bend)similar to 400 cm(-1)). The antisymmetric CH2 stretch vibration is not observed despite high sensitivity detection (signal to noise ratio > 20:1) in the symmetric stretch band. This is consistent with density functional theory intensity calculations indicating a > 35-fold smaller antisymmetric stretch transition moment for CH2Cl, and yet contrasts dramatically with high-resolution infrared studies of CH2F radical, for which both symmetric and antisymmetric CH2 stretches are observed in a nearly 2:1 intensity ratio. A simple physical model is presented based on a competition between bond-dipole and "charge-sloshing" contributions to the transition moment, which nicely explains the trends in CH2X symmetric versus asymmetric stretch intensities as a function of electron withdrawing group (X=D,Br,Cl,F). (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Nesbitt, DJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM djn@jila.colorado.edu NR 46 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD AUG 7 PY 2006 VL 125 IS 5 AR 054303 DI 10.1063/1.2208612 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 071BV UT WOS:000239573100014 PM 16942209 ER PT J AU Hsu, SM Gates, RS AF Hsu, Stephen M. Gates, Richard S. TI Effect of materials on tribochemical reactions between hydrocarbons and surfaces SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID NITRIDE BOUNDARY LUBRICATION; DANGLING-BOND CENTERS; SILICON-NITRIDE; CHARGED-PARTICLES; CHEMICAL-COMPOUNDS; SINGLE-CRYSTAL; TRIBOEMISSION; MECHANISM; EMISSION; PHOTONS AB Tribochemistry can be defined as the chemical reactions between the surface and the lubricant molecules inside a sliding contact under boundary lubrication conditions. These reactions are important because they control the lubrication processes, and therefore they determine the reliability and durability of moving parts in machineries. In spite of its practical significance, our understanding of the nature of tribochemistry is limited, and to a large extent, empirical in nature, and mainly restricted to the steel-hydrocarbon system. As new materials emerge and are being applied to various applications, users are often hampered by the lack of knowledge of how these new materials can be effectively lubricated via tribochemical reactions, resulting in occasional premature failure and product recall. There are many tribochemical reactions which occur in a sliding system, such as tribocorrosion, electro-chemistry, hydrolysis of ceramics and anti-wear additive film formation. However, the fundamental basis of lubrication in most of the practical systems starts with the reactions between materials surfaces and hydrocarbon base oils. Without this reaction, for example, an anti-wear additive such as zinc dithiophosphate would not be effective. Therefore, in this paper, we will focus on the effect of materials on the basic tribochemical reactions between hydrocarbons and surfaces. This paper integrates existing information in the literature on the lubrication chemistry of various materials and provides a consistent framework in the context of tribochemistry. For discussion purposes, we will examine metals, semiconductors, and insulators. The preponderance of data in the metals-hydrocarbon systems suggests that thermochemistry and organometallic chemistry dominate the interfacial chemical reactions. For semiconductors and insulators, there is evidence that electrostatic charge induced electron emission plays an important role in the tribochemistry of these materials. Various measurement methods used to characterize tribochemical behaviours are introduced and discussed in terms of reactivity analysis and tribochemical mechanisms. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hsu, SM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 25 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 4 U2 15 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0022-3727 J9 J PHYS D APPL PHYS JI J. Phys. D-Appl. Phys. PD AUG 7 PY 2006 VL 39 IS 15 BP 3128 EP 3137 DI 10.1088/0022-3727/39/15/S02 PG 10 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 071DR UT WOS:000239578800003 ER PT J AU Levin, I Li, JH Slutsker, J Roytburd, AL AF Levin, Igor Li, Jianhua Slutsker, Julia Roytburd, Alexander L. TI Design of self-assembled multiferroic nanostructures in epitaxial films SO ADVANCED MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID BATIO3-COFE2O4 NANOSTRUCTURES AB Self-assembled multiferroic nanostructures with controllable morphologies are obtained by varying the stress state in epitaxial composite films containing ferrimagnetic CoFe2O4 and ferroelectric PbTiO3. The stress state can be controlled by using different substrate orientations and phase fractions. The figure shows the transition from CoFe2O4 magnetic nanorods embedded in a ferroelectric PbTiO3 matrix (a) to PbTiO3 ferroelectric nanorods in a CoFe2O4 matrix (b). C1 NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Levin, I (reprint author), NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM igor.levin@nist.gov RI Levin, Igor/F-8588-2010 NR 16 TC 136 Z9 142 U1 7 U2 68 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0935-9648 J9 ADV MATER JI Adv. Mater. PD AUG 4 PY 2006 VL 18 IS 15 BP 2044 EP + DI 10.1002/adma.200600288 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 076FK UT WOS:000239942200020 ER PT J AU Hurst, DF Lin, JC Romashkin, PA Daube, BC Gerbig, C Matross, DM Wofsy, SC Hall, BD Elkins, JW AF Hurst, D. F. Lin, J. C. Romashkin, P. A. Daube, B. C. Gerbig, C. Matross, D. M. Wofsy, S. C. Hall, B. D. Elkins, J. W. TI Continuing global significance of emissions of Montreal Protocol-restricted halocarbons in the United States and Canada SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS; METHYL CHLOROFORM; CHLORINE EMISSIONS; ATMOSPHERIC OBSERVATIONS; ANTHROPOGENIC EMISSIONS; BACKGROUND OBSERVATIONS; SULFUR-HEXAFLUORIDE; LOWER STRATOSPHERE; TRACE GASES; MACE HEAD AB Contemporary emissions of six restricted, ozone-depleting halocarbons, chlorofluorocarbon-11 (CFC-11, CCl3F), CFC-12 (CCl2F2), CFC-113 (CCl2FCClF2), methyl chloroform (CH3CCl3), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), and Halon-1211 (CBrClF2), and two nonregulated trace gases, chloroform (CHCl3) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), are estimated for the United States and Canada. The estimates derive from 900 to 2900 in situ measurements of each of these gases within and above the planetary boundary layer over the United States and Canada as part of the 2003 CO2 Budget and Regional Airborne-North America (COBRA-NA) study. Air masses polluted by anthropogenic sources, identified by concurrently elevated levels of carbon monoxide (CO), SF6, and CHCl3, were sampled over a wide geographical range of these two countries. For each polluted air mass, we calculated emission ratios of halocarbons to CO and employed the Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport (STILT) model to determine the footprint associated with the air mass. Gridded CO emission estimates were then mapped onto the footprints and combined with measured emission ratios to generate footprint-weighted halocarbon flux estimates. We present statistically significant linear relationships between halocarbon fluxes (excluding CCl4) and footprint-weighted population densities, with slopes representative of per capita emission rates. These rates indicate that contemporary emissions of five restricted halocarbons (excluding CCl4) in the United States and Canada continue to account for significant fractions (7-40%) of global emissions. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Global Monitoring Div, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Hurst, DF (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM dale.hurst@noaa.gov RI Gerbig, Christoph/L-3532-2013 OI Gerbig, Christoph/0000-0002-1112-8603 NR 60 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 4 PY 2006 VL 111 IS D15 AR D15302 DI 10.1029/2005JD006785 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 071JK UT WOS:000239597500004 ER PT J AU Besancon, BM Soles, CL Green, PF AF Besancon, Brian M. Soles, Christopher L. Green, Peter F. TI Glass transition of miscible binary polymer-polymer thin films SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID BLENDS; DYNAMICS; TEMPERATURE; POLYCARBONATE; POLYSTYRENE; CONFINEMENT; MIXTURES; BEHAVIOR; BULK; SIZE AB The average glass transition temperatures, T-g, of thin homopolymer films exhibit a thickness dependence, T-g(h), associated with a confinement effect and with polymer-segment-interface interactions. The T-g's of completely miscible thin film blends of tetramethyl bisphenol-A polycarbonate (TMPC) and deuterated polystyrene (dPS), supported by SiOx/Si, decrease with decreasing h for PS weight fractions phi > 0.1. This dependence is similar to that of PS and opposite to that of TMPC thin films. Based on an assessment of T-g(h,phi), we suggest that the T-g(h,phi) of miscible blends should be rationalized, additionally, in terms of the notion of a self-concentration and associated heterogeneous component dynamics. C1 Univ Texas, Dept Chem Engn, Austin, TX 78712 USA. NIST, Div Polymers, Bethesda, MD 20889 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Besancon, BM (reprint author), Univ Texas, Dept Chem Engn, Austin, TX 78712 USA. EM pfgreen@umich.edu NR 27 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 19 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD AUG 4 PY 2006 VL 97 IS 5 AR 057801 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.057801 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 070KI UT WOS:000239520300063 PM 17026142 ER PT J AU Godin, OA AF Godin, Oleg A. TI Recovering the acoustic Green's function from ambient noise cross correlation in an inhomogeneous moving medium SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID RECIPROCITY; EMERGENCE; FIELDS; FLUID; WAVES AB We study long-range correlation of diffuse acoustic noise fields in an arbitrary inhomogeneous, moving fluid. The flow reversal theorem is used to show that the cross-correlation function of ambient noise provides an estimate of a combination of the Green's functions corresponding to sound propagation in opposite directions between the two receivers. Measurements of the noise cross correlation allow one to quantify flow-induced acoustic nonreciprocity and evaluate both spatially averaged flow velocity and sound speed between the two points. C1 Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Godin, OA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Oleg.Godin@noaa.gov RI Godin, Oleg/E-6554-2011 OI Godin, Oleg/0000-0003-4599-2149 NR 15 TC 54 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD AUG 4 PY 2006 VL 97 IS 5 AR 054301 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.054301 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 070KI UT WOS:000239520300024 PM 17026103 ER PT J AU Benkoski, JJ Hu, H Karim, A AF Benkoski, Jason J. Hu, Hua Karim, Alamgir TI Generation of hierarchical topologies from photocrosslinkable, particle-stabilized emulsions SO MACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE biomimetic; colloids; crosslinking; interfaces; microstructure; photopolymerization; self-assembly ID LIQUID-LIQUID INTERFACES; GECKO FOOT-HAIR; COLLOIDAL CRYSTALLIZATION; WATER-REPELLENT; NANOPARTICLES; SURFACES; FILMS; SCALES AB We describe a way to obtain biomimetic, hierarchical surface morphologies. In order to mimic natural surfaces more accurately such as lotus leaves and gecko feet, we employ a strategy that bears many of the attractive characteristics of natural materials synthesis. The system in question consists of a photocurable monomer and water. To this quasi-two-component system we add polymer latex spheres. The monomer-water interface is then manipulated according to the well-established science of complex fluids. Drawing from the rich phase behavior of particle-stabilized emulsions, we demonstrate the creation of complex biomimetic morphologies over many length scales. The resulting. structures are then solidified by crosslinking the monomer with UV light. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Benkoski, JJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jason.benkoski@nist.gov NR 25 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1022-1336 J9 MACROMOL RAPID COMM JI Macromol. Rapid Commun. PD AUG 2 PY 2006 VL 27 IS 15 BP 1212 EP 1216 DI 10.1002/marc.200600272 PG 5 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 073GV UT WOS:000239731900003 ER PT J AU Davis, JM Swall, JL AF Davis, Jerry M. Swall, Jenise L. TI An examination of the CMAQ simulations of the wet deposition of ammonium from a Bayesian perspective SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE ammonium wet deposition; model evaluation; Bayesian statistical methods; spatial correlation; community multi-scale air quality (CMAQ) model; national acid deposition program (NADP); ammonia emissions ID UNITED-STATES; EMISSION INVENTORY AB The ability of the US Environmental Protection Agency's Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model to simulate the wet deposition of ammonium during 8-week winter and summer periods in 2001 is evaluated using observations from the National Acid Deposition Program (NADP) monitoring sites. The objective of this study is to ascertain the effects of precipitation simulations and emissions on CMAQ simulations of deposition. In both seasons, CMAQ tends to underpredict the deposition amounts. Based on the co-located measurements of ammonium wet deposition and precipitation at the NADP sites and on estimated precipitation amounts for each grid cell, Bayesian statistical methods are used to estimate ammonium wet deposition over all grid cells in the study region. To assess the effect of precipitation on the CMAQ simulations, our statistical method is run twice for each time period, using the simulated precipitation information provided to CMAQ and precipitation estimates based on data collected by the cooperative observer network. During the winter period when stratiform-type precipitation dominates, precipitation amounts do not seem to be a major factor in CMAQ's ability to simulate the wet deposition of ammonium. However, during the summer period when precipitation is mainly generated by convective processes, small portions of the region are identified in which problems with precipitation simulations may be adversely affecting CMAQ's estimates. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 US EPA, Atmospher Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Davis, JM (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, Box 8208, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM davisj@unity.ncsu.edu OI Swall, Jenise/0000-0001-8728-5771 NR 16 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 40 IS 24 BP 4562 EP 4573 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.04.007 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 066VB UT WOS:000239257200011 ER PT J AU Hanna, A Benjey, W AF Hanna, Adel Benjey, William TI Special issue on model evaluation: Evaluation of urban and regional Eulerian air quality models - Preface SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Carolina Environm Program, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Benjey, W (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM ahanna@unc.edu; benjey.william@epa.gov NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 40 IS 26 BP 4809 EP 4810 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.01.008 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 079KP UT WOS:000240175300001 ER PT J AU Eder, B Yu, SC AF Eder, Brian Yu, Shaocai TI A performance evaluation of the 2004 release of Models-3 CMAQ SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Annual Community-Modeling-and-Analysis-System-Users Conference CY OCT 18-20, 2004 CL Chapel Hill, NC SP Comm Modeling & Anal Syst Users DE community multiscale air quality (CMAQ) model; performance evaluation; ozone; PM2.5; sulfate; nitrate; ammonium; organic and elemental carbon ID AIR-QUALITY MODELS; UNITED-STATES AB This performance evaluation compares a full annual simulation (2001) of Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) (Version 4.4) covering the contiguous United States against monitoring data from four nationwide networks. This effort, which represents one of the most spatially and temporally comprehensive performance evaluations of the model, reveals that CMAQ varies considerably in its ability to simulate ambient air concentrations of critical gas and particulate matter species. Simulations of the peak 1- and 8-h ozone (03) concentrations during the "O-3 season" (April-September, 2001) were relatively good (correlation (r) = 0.68, 0.69; normalized mean bias (NMB) = 4.0%, 8.1%; and normalized mean error (NME) = 18.3%, 19.6%, respectively). The annual simulation of sulfate (SO42-) was also good (0.77 <= r <= 0.92, depending upon network) with relatively small error (25.0%<= NME <= 42.0%), though slightly negatively biased (-2.0%<= NMB <=-10.0%).The quality of ammonium (NH4+) simulations is similar to that pf SO42- (0.56 <= r <= 0.79; -4.0%<= NMB <= 14.0%, 35.0% <= NME <= 63.0%). Simulations of nitrate (NOD, elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) are relatively poor, as compared to the simulations of the other species. For NO3-, the simulation resulted in: 0.37 <= r <= 0.62; -16.0%<= NMB <= 4.0%; 80.0%<= NME <= 94.0%. For the carbon species, the r ranged from 0.35 (OC) to 0.47 (EC), with fairly large amounts of error (NME = 68.0% for OC, 58.0% for EC) though small amounts of bias (NMB = -6.0% for EC and 12% for OC). The quality of the PM2.5 Simulations, like PM2.5 itself, represented a compilation of the quality of all of the simulated particulate species (0.51 <= r <= 0.70, NMB = -3.0% and 45.0%<= NME <= 46.0%). Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NOAA, ARL, ASMD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Eder, B (reprint author), NOAA, ARL, ASMD, Mail Drop E243-01, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM eder@hpcc.epa.gov RI yu, shaocai/G-7806-2011; yu, shaocai/F-1394-2014 NR 19 TC 111 Z9 121 U1 1 U2 23 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 EI 1873-2844 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 40 IS 26 BP 4811 EP 4824 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.08.045 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 079KP UT WOS:000240175300002 ER PT J AU Swall, JL Davis, JM AF Swall, Jenise L. Davis, Jerry M. TI A Bayesian statistical approach for the evaluation of CMAQ SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Annual Community-Modeling-and-Analysis-System-Users Conference CY OCT 18-20, 2004 CL Chapel Hill, NC SP Comm Modeling & Anal Syst Users DE spatial analysis; Bayesian methods; air quality model; aerosol sulfate; model validation ID DAILY MORTALITY; AIR-POLLUTION; MODELS AB Bayesian statistical methods are used to evaluate Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model simulations of sulfate aerosol over a section of the eastern US for 4-week periods in summer and winter 2001. The observed data come from two U.S. Environmental Protection Agency data collection networks. The statistical methods used here address two problems that arise in model evaluation: the sparseness of the observational data which is to be compared to the model output fields and the comparison of model-generated grid cell averages with point-referenced monitoring data. A Bayesian hierarchical model is used to estimate the true values of the sulfate concentration field. Emphasis is placed on modeling the spatial dependence of sulfate over the study region, and then using this dependence structure to estimate average grid cell values for comparison with CMAQ. For the winter period, CMAQ tends to underpredict the sulfate concentrations over a large portion of the region. The CMAQ simulations for the summer period do not show this systematic underprediction of sulfate concentrations. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Atmospher Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Swall, JL (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, MD E243-01, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM Jenise.Swall@noaa.gov; Davis.Jerry@epa.gov OI Swall, Jenise/0000-0001-8728-5771 NR 26 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 40 IS 26 BP 4883 EP 4893 DI 10.1016/j.atmonsenv.2005.12.058 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 079KP UT WOS:000240175300007 ER PT J AU Eder, B Kang, DW Mathur, R Yu, SC Schere, K AF Eder, Brian Kang, Daiwen Mathur, Rohit Yu, Shaocai Schere, Ken TI An operational evaluation of the Eta-CMAQ air quality forecast model SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Annual Community-Modeling-and-Analysis-System-Users Conference CY OCT 18-20, 2004 CL Chapel Hill, NC SP Comm Modeling & Anal Syst Users DE air quality forecasting; ozone; model evaluation; Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model; Eta model ID SYSTEM AB The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), in partnership with the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), are developing an operational, nationwide Air Quality Forecasting (AQF) system. An experimental phase of this program, which couples NOAA's Eta meteorological model with EPA's Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model, began operation in June of 2004 and has been providing forecasts of ozone (O-3) concentrations over the northeastern United States. An important component of this AQF system has been the development and implementation of an evaluation protocol. Accordingly, a suite of statistical metrics that facilitates evaluation of both discrete- and categorical-type forecasts was developed and applied to the system in order to characterize its performance. The results reveal that the AQF system performed reasonably well in this inaugural season (mean domain wide correlation coefficient = 0.59), despite anomalously cool and wet conditions that were not conducive to the formation Of O-3. Due in part to these conditions the AQF system overpredicted concentrations, resulting in a mean bias of + 10.2 ppb (normalized mean bias = + 22.8%). In terms of error, the domain-wide root mean square error averaged 15.7 ppb (normalized mean error = 28.1%) for the period. Examination of the discrete and categorical metrics on a daily basis revealed that the AQF system's level of performance was closely related to the synoptic-scale meteorology impacting the domain. The model performed very well during periods when anticyclones, characterized by clear skies, dominated. Conversely, periods characterized by extensive cloud associated with fronts and/or cyclones, resulted in poor model performance. Subsequent analysis revealed that factors associated with CMAQ's cloud cover scheme contributed to this overprediction. Accordingly, changes to the cloud schemes are currently underway that are expected to significantly improve the AQF system's performance in anticipation of its second year of operation. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NOAA, ARL, ASMD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Eder, B (reprint author), NOAA, ARL, ASMD, Mail Drop E-243-01, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM eder@hpcc.epa.gov RI yu, shaocai/G-7806-2011; yu, shaocai/F-1394-2014 NR 10 TC 69 Z9 71 U1 2 U2 18 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 40 IS 26 BP 4894 EP 4905 DI 10.1016/j.atmonsenv.2005.12.062 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 079KP UT WOS:000240175300008 ER PT J AU Ching, J Herwehe, J Swall, J AF Ching, Jason Herwehe, Jerold Swall, Jenise TI On joint deterministic grid modeling and sub-grid variability conceptual framework for model evaluation SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Annual Community-Modeling-and-Analysis-System-Users Conference CY OCT 18-20, 2004 CL Chapel Hill, NC SP Comm Modeling & Anal Syst Users DE neighborhood-scale models; CMAQ fine scale modeling; sub-grid distributions; sub-grid variability; multiscale air-quality modeling ID PREDICTIONS; CHEMISTRY; OZONE AB The general situation (but exemplified in urban areas), where a significant degree of sub-grid variability (SGV) exists in grid models poses problems when comparing grid-based air-quality modeling results with observations. Typically, grid models ignore or parameterize processes and features that are at their sub-grid scale. Also, observations may be obtained in an area where significant spatial variability in the concentration fields exists. Consequently, model results and observations cannot be expected to be equal. To address this issue, we suggest a framework that can provide for qualitative judgements on model performance based on comparing observations to the grid predictions and its SGV distribution. Further, we (a) explore some characteristics of SGV, (b) comment on the contributions to SGV and (c) examine the implications to the modeling results at coarse grid resolution using examples from fine scale grid modeling of the Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, NERL, AMD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NOAA, ARL, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Ching, J (reprint author), US EPA, NERL, AMD, MD,E243-04 APMB, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM ching.jason@epa.gov OI Swall, Jenise/0000-0001-8728-5771 NR 18 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 40 IS 26 BP 4935 EP 4945 DI 10.1016/j.atmonsenv.2006.01.021 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 079KP UT WOS:000240175300011 ER PT J AU Gilliland, AB Appel, KW Pinder, RW Dennis, RL AF Gilliland, Alice B. Appel, K. Wyat Pinder, Robert W. Dennis, Robin L. TI Seasonal NH3 emissions for the continental united states: Inverse model estimation and evaluation SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Annual Community-Modeling-and-Analysis-System-Users Conference CY OCT 18-20, 2004 CL Chapel Hill, NC SP Comm Modeling & Anal Syst Users DE NH3 emissions; inverse modeling; top-down emission estimates; air quality modeling; seasonal variability ID PRECIPITATION CHEMISTRY DATA; NADP/NTN; NETWORK AB Significant uncertainty exists in the seasonal distribution of NH3 emissions since the predominant sources are animal husbandry and fertilizer application. Previous studies that estimated bottom-up and top-down NH3 emissions have provided the most comprehensive information available about the seasonality of NH3 emissions. In this study, this bottom-up and top-down emission information is combined with the most recent 2001 USEPA National Emission Inventory (NEI) to construct a best prior estimate of seasonal NH3 emissions. These emission estimates are then used in an annual 2001 USEPA Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model simulation for the continental United States. A key objective of this study is to evaluate these prior NH3 emission estimates and test the top-down inverse modeling method for a different year and a larger modeling domain than used previously. Based on the final posterior NH3 emission estimates, the inverse modeling results suggest that the annual total NEI NH3 emissions are reasonable and that a previous high bias in older USEPA emission inventories has been addressed in the updated inventory. Inverse modeling results suggest that the prior NH3 emission estimates should be increased in the summer and decreased in the winter, while results for the spring and fall are questionable due to precipitation prediction biases. A final conclusion from this study is that total NHx (NH3 and aerosol NH4+) air concentration data are essential for quantitative top-down analyses of NH3 emissions that can extend beyond what is possible using precipitation chemistry data. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 US EPA, NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Engn & Publ Policy, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RP Gilliland, AB (reprint author), US EPA, NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Mailroom E243-01, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM Alice.Gilliland@noaa.gov RI Pinder, Robert/F-8252-2011 OI Pinder, Robert/0000-0001-6390-7126 NR 21 TC 72 Z9 72 U1 1 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 40 IS 26 BP 4986 EP 4998 DI 10.1016/j.atmonsenv.2005.12.066 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 079KP UT WOS:000240175300015 ER PT J AU Phillips, SB Finkelstein, PL AF Phillips, Sharon B. Finkelstein, Peter L. TI Comparison of spatial patterns of pollutant distribution with CMAQ predictions SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Annual Community-Modeling-and-Analysis-System-Users Conference CY OCT 18-20, 2004 CL Chapel Hill, NC SP Comm Modeling & Anal Syst Users DE CMAQ; spatial statistical analysis; model evaluation; air pollution; air quality AB To evaluate the Models-3/Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system in reproducing the spatial patterns of aerosol concentrations over the country on timescales of months and years, the spatial patterns of model output are compared with those derived from observational data. Simple spatial interpolation procedures were applied to data from the Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNet) and Speciation Trends Network (STN) monitoring networks. Species included sulfate PM, total nitrate (NO(3)(-) + HNO(3)), and ammonium PM. Comparisons were made for the annual average concentrations for 2001, and for one lunar month (4 weeks), where the month chosen for each species represents the highest concentrations of the year. Comparisons between the modeled and interpolated spatial patterns show very good agreement in the location and magnitude of the maxima and minima, as well as the gradients between them. Some persistent biases are identified and noted. Limitations on our ability to describe the spatial pattern from sparse data as well as the limitations of the networks are briefly discussed. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Off Air & Radiat, Off Air Qual Planning & Stand, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Phillips, SB (reprint author), US EPA, Off Air & Radiat, Off Air Qual Planning & Stand, Mail Drop D243-01,109 TW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM phillips.sharon@epa.gov NR 14 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 40 IS 26 BP 4999 EP 5009 DI 10.1016/j.atmonsenv.2005.12.064 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 079KP UT WOS:000240175300016 ER PT J AU Arnold, JR Dennis, RL AF Arnold, J. R. Dennis, Robin L. TI Testing CMAQ chemistry sensitivities in base case and emissions control runs at SEARCH and SOS99 surface sites in the southeastern US SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Annual Community-Modeling-and-Analysis-System-Users Conference CY OCT 18-20, 2004 CL Chapel Hill, NC SP Comm Modeling & Anal Syst Users DE model evaluation; sensitivity analysis; chemical mechanism; emissions control strategies; differential sensitivity AB CMAQ was run to simulate urban and regional tropospheric conditions in the southeastern US over 14 days in July 1999 at 32, 8 and 2 km grid spacings. Runs were made with either of two older mechanisms, Carbon Bond IV (CB4) and the Regional Acid Deposition Model, version 2 (RADM2), and with the more recent and complete California Statewide Air Pollution Research Center, version 1999 mechanism (SAPRC99) in a sensitivity matrix with a full emissions base case and separate 50% control scenarios for emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOX) and volatile organic compounds (VOC). Results from the base case were compared to observations at the Southeastern Aerosol Research and Characterization Study (SEARCH) site at Jefferson Street in Atlanta, GA (JST) and the Southern Oxidant Study (SOS) Cornelia Fort Airpark (CFA) site downwind of Nashville, TN. In the base case, SAPRC99 predicted more ozone (03) than CB4 or RADM2 almost every hour and especially for afternoon maxima at both JST and CFA. Performance of the 8 km models at JST was better than that of the 32 km ones for all chemistries, reducing the I h peak bias by as much as 30 percentage points: at CFA only the RADM2 8 km model improved. The 2 km solutions did not show improved performance over the 8 km ones at either site, with normalized I It bias in the peak O-3 ranging from 21% at CFA to 43% at JST. In the emissions control cases, SAPRC99 was generally more responsive than CB4 and RADM2 to NOX and VOC controls, excepting hours at JST with predicted increased O-3 from NOX control. Differential sensitivity to chemical mechanism varied by more than +/- 10% for NOX control at JST and CFA, and in a similar range for VOC control at JST. VOC control at the more strongly NOX- limited urban CFA site produced a differential sensitivity response of < 5%. However, even when differential sensitivities in control cases were small, neither their sign nor their magnitude could be reliably determined from model performance in the full emissions case, meaning that the degree of O-3 response to a change in chemical mechanism can differ substantially with the level of precursor emissions. Hence we conclude that properly understanding the effects of changes in a model's chemical mechanism always requires emissions control cases as part of model sensitivity analysis. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab,Off Res & Dev, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm,Natl Exposure Res Lab, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. RP Arnold, JR (reprint author), US EPA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab,Off Res & Dev, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm,Natl Exposure Res Lab, 1200 6th Ave,9th FL,OEA-095, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. EM arnold.jeff@epa.gov NR 9 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 40 IS 26 BP 5027 EP 5040 DI 10.1016/j.atmonsenv.2005.05.055 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 079KP UT WOS:000240175300018 ER PT J AU Hogrefe, C Porter, PS Gego, E Gilliland, A Gilliam, R Swall, J Irwin, J Rao, ST AF Hogrefe, C. Porter, P. S. Gego, E. Gilliland, A. Gilliam, R. Swall, J. Irwin, J. Rao, S. T. TI Temporal features in observed and simulated meteorology and air quality over the Eastern United States SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Annual Community-Modeling-and-Analysis-System-Users Conference CY OCT 18-20, 2004 CL Chapel Hill, NC SP Comm Modeling & Anal Syst Users DE model evaluation; air quality modeling; particulate matter; spectral analysis; CMAQ ID PHOTOCHEMICAL MODELING SYSTEMS; PERFORMANCE; PREDICTIONS/; SULFATE; AMMONIA; URBAN AB Over the next several years, grid-based photochemical models such as the community multiscale air quality (CMAQ) model, the regional modeling system for aerosols and deposition (REMSAD), the comprehensive air quality model with extensions (CAMx), and other regional models will be used by regulatory agencies in the United States for designing emission control strategies to meet and maintain the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for O-3, PM2.5, and regional haze. In this study, temporal scale analysis is applied as a technique to evaluate an annual simulation of meteorology, O-3, and PM2.5 and its chemical components over the continental US utilizing two modeling systems. The spectral decomposition of total PM2.5 mass from hourly observations and CMAQ and REMSAD model predictions revealed that days of high PM2.5 concentrations are generally characterized by positive forcing from fluctuations having periods equal to or greater than a day (i.e., the diurnal, synoptic, and longer-term components) while the magnitude of intra-day fluctuations showed only small differences between average and episodic conditions. Both modeling systems did not capture most of the variability of the high-frequency, intra-day component for all variables for which hourly measurements were available. Furthermore, it is illustrated that correlations were insignificant on the intra-day time scale for all variables, suggesting that these models in the setup used for this study were not skillful in simulating the higher-frequency variations in meteorological variables and the levels of all pollutants. The models exhibited greatest skills at capturing longer-term (seasonal) fluctuations for temperature, wind speed, O-3, sulfate and nitrate. Correlations for total PM2.5, ammonium, elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC) and crustal PM2.5 correlations were highest for the synoptic time scale implying problems with factors other than meteorology, such as emissions or lateral chemical boundary conditions, in capturing the baseline fluctuations. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 SUNY Albany, Atmospher Sci Res Ctr, Albany, NY 12203 USA. Univ Idaho, Idaho Falls, ID 83402 USA. GEGO, Idaho Falls, ID 83401 USA. NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. John S Irwin & Associates, Raleigh, NC 27615 USA. RP Hogrefe, C (reprint author), New York State Dept Environm Conservat, Bur Air Qual Anal & Res, 625 Broadway, Albany, NY 12233 USA. EM chogrefe@dec.state.ny.us RI Xiongfei, Zhao/G-7690-2015; OI Swall, Jenise/0000-0001-8728-5771 NR 31 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 40 IS 26 BP 5041 EP 5055 DI 10.1016/j.atmonsenv.2005.12.056 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 079KP UT WOS:000240175300019 ER PT J AU Gilliam, RC Hogrefe, C Rao, ST AF Gilliam, Robert C. Hogrefe, Christian Rao, S. T. TI New methods for evaluating meteorological models used in air quality applications SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Annual Community-Modeling-and-Analysis-System-Users Conference CY OCT 18-20, 2004 CL Chapel Hill, NC SP Comm Modeling & Anal Syst Users DE model evaluation; MM5; K-Z filter; trajectories; correlation analysis ID EASTERN UNITED-STATES; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; BOUNDARY-LAYER; PREDICTIONS; PERFORMANCE; SYSTEMS; CIRCULATIONS; FORECASTS; AMERICA; ERROR AB Meteorological models in conjunction with air quality models are being used to simulate the transport and fate of pollutants in the atmosphere. Hence, there is a need for an extensive evaluation of the entire modeling system. In this study, several new techniques to assess the performance of mesoscale meteorological models are introduced with an emphasis on evaluating the variables and processes that have the potential to influence the air quality predictions, since errors in the meteorological fields are passed on to the air quality model. Model performance was diagnosed by examining the inter-correlation of observable variables in the atmosphere on distinct time scales: intraday, diurnal, and synoptic. It was found that the Mesoscale Model version 5 (MM5) model did replicate the observed relationship between intraday wind speed and temperature, intraday surface pressure and temperature, diurnal surface pressure and temperature as well as most of the correlations between variables on the synoptic timescale. However, a negative correlation between temperature and precipitation was evident in the observations on the intraday scale, but such relationship was not evident in the model output. Furthermore, the diurnal response of increasing wind speed with temperature was strong in the observed time series, but it was much weaker in the model. The correlation between diurnal changes in temperature and cloud fraction was consistently negative in the model whereas it was slightly positive in the observations. Wind profilers were used to examine the simulated boundary layer wind structure. Of the twelve sites examined, the average distance error between the 24-h observed and modeled trajectory was approximately 150km at height of 100m above the surface. Errors in transport of this magnitude (100-200 km) can produce errors in air quality predictions. It is not the intent of this study to establish quantitative links between the performance of the specific meteorological simulation analyzed here and subsequent air quality simulations. Rather, the results presented here draw attention to errors and inconsistencies in the meteorology that are passed on to the air quality model which, in turn, have the potential to cause errors in air quality model predictions. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. SUNY Albany, Atmospher Sci Res Ctr, Albany, NY 12222 USA. RP Gilliam, RC (reprint author), US EPA, NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Mail Drop E243-03,109 T-W,Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM robert.gilliam@noaa.gov NR 45 TC 56 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 40 IS 26 BP 5073 EP 5086 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.01.023 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 079KP UT WOS:000240175300021 ER PT J AU Kim, CH Kreidenweis, SM Feingold, G Anlauf, KG Leaitch, WR AF Kim, Cheol-Hee Kreidenweis, Sonia M. Feingold, Graham Anlauf, Kurt G. Leaitch, W. Richard TI Measurement and interpretation of cloud effects on the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and organoperoxides over Ontario, Canada SO ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE hydrogen peroxide (H2O2); organoperoxides (ROOH); cloud effect; free radicals ID CHEMISTRY; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; HYDROPEROXIDES; TROPOSPHERE; SUMMER; METHYL; AIR AB Measurements of gaseous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and organoperoxides (ROOH) in clear air and cloudy air were made from a Twin Otter aircraft over central Ontario, Canada, during March and April of 1990 as part of the Eulerian Model Evaluation Field Study (EMEFS). In clear boundary layer air (altitude 500 m to 1750 m), unperturbed by the presence of cloud, the ratio [H2O2]/[ROOH] depends on NO2 mixing ratios, while in the presence of cloud perturbing H2O2, the ratio [H2O2]/[ROOH] was significantly decreased compared with those in clear air mainly due to the high solubility of H2O2. In order to examine the effects of cloud processing on air that was detrained from cloud, we selected measurements made in cloud-free air located between two passes made in air with high liquid water content. Gaseous H2O2 concentrations in these detrained air masses were often higher than those in the cloudy air, and sometimes higher than those in the clear air for high NO2 conditions (> 500 ppt) but lower than clear-sky levels for low NO2 (< 500 ppt) conditions. This result is in general agreement with that from photochemical modeling, namely, for chemical regimes typical of high-NO2 (more polluted) conditions, where aqueous-phase reactions of dissolved HO2 lead to net production of H2O2(aq) that can subsequently be detrained from the cloud. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved. C1 Pusan Natl Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Pusan, South Korea. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Meteorol Serv Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada. RP Kim, CH (reprint author), Pusan Natl Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, San 30,Jangjeon Dong, Pusan, South Korea. EM chkim2@pusan.ac.kr RI Feingold, Graham/B-6152-2009; Kreidenweis, Sonia/E-5993-2011; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Kreidenweis, Sonia/0000-0002-2561-2914; NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0169-8095 J9 ATMOS RES JI Atmos. Res. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 81 IS 2 BP 140 EP 149 DI 10.1016/j.atmosres.2005.11.009 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 068IB UT WOS:000239365800003 ER PT J AU Xu, HHK Weir, MD Burguera, EF Fraser, AM AF Xu, HHK Weir, MD Burguera, EF Fraser, AM TI Injectable and macroporous calcium phosphate cement scaffold SO BIOMATERIALS LA English DT Article DE calcium phosphate cement; injectability; macroporous scaffold; strength; bone repair ID BONE SUBSTITUTE APPLICATIONS; IN-VIVO; POROUS HYDROXYAPATITE; POLYPHOSPHATE SCAFFOLDS; TETRACALCIUM PHOSPHATE; TISSUE-RESPONSE; APATITE CEMENT; CITRIC-ACID; ALPHA-TCP; CERAMICS AB Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) can be molded and self-hardens in vivo to form resorbable hydroxyapatite with excellent osteoconductivity. The objective of this study was to develop an injectable, macroporous and strong CPC, and to investigate the effects of porogen and absorbable fibers. Water-soluble mannitol was used as porogen and mixed with CPC at mass fractions from 0% to 50%. CPC with 0-40% mannitol was fully extruded under a syringe force of 10(N). The paste with 50% mannitol required a 100-N force which extruded only 66% of the paste. At fiber volume fraction of 0-5%, the paste was completely extruded. However, at 6% and 7.5% fibers, some fibers were left in the syringe after the paste was extruded. The injectable CPC scaffold had a flexural strength (mean +/- sd; n = 5) of (3.2 +/- 1.0) MPa, which approached the reported strengths for sintered porous hydroxyapatite implants and cancellous bone. In summary, the injectability of a ceramic scaffold, a macroporous CPC, was studies for the first time. Processing parameters were tailored to achieve high injectability, macroporosity, and strength. The injectable and strong CPC scaffold may be useful in surgical sites that are not freely accessible by open surgery or when using minimally invasive techniques. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Xu, HHK (reprint author), NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8546, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM hockin.xu@nist.gov RI Weir, Michael/M-7729-2013 OI Weir, Michael/0000-0002-7961-3787 FU NIDCR NIH HHS [R01 DE14190] NR 51 TC 114 Z9 125 U1 2 U2 33 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0142-9612 J9 BIOMATERIALS JI Biomaterials PD AUG PY 2006 VL 27 IS 24 BP 4279 EP 4287 DI 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.03.001 PG 9 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 052NT UT WOS:000238241100001 PM 16650891 ER PT J AU Stanley, C Rau, DC AF Stanley, Christopher Rau, Donald C. TI Preferential hydration of DNA: The magnitude and distance dependence of alcohol and polyol interactions SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID GLYCINE BETAINE; OSMOTIC-STRESS; HYDROPHOBIC INTERACTIONS; INTERMOLECULAR FORCES; UNCHARGED SOLUTES; DOUBLE HELICES; PROTEIN; EXCLUSION; SALTS; WATER AB The physical forces that underlie the exclusion of solutes from macromolecular surfaces can be probed in a similar way as the measurement of forces between macromolecules in condensed arrays using the osmotic stress technique and x-ray scattering. We report here the dependence of alcohol exclusion or, equivalently, the preferential hydration of DNA on the spacing between helices in condensed arrays. The actual forces describing exclusion are quite different from the commonly assumed steric crowding coupled with weak binding. For a set of 12 nonpolar alcohols, exclusion is due to repulsive hydration interactions with the charged DNA surface. Exclusion amplitudes do not depend simply on size, but rather on the balance between alkyl carbons and hydroxyl oxygens. Polyols are included at very close spacings. The distance dependence of polyol inclusion, however, is quite different from nonpolar alcohol exclusion, suggesting the underlying mechanism of interaction is different. C1 NICHHD, Lab Phys & Struct Biol, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rau, DC (reprint author), NICHHD, Lab Phys & Struct Biol, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. EM raud@mail.nih.gov OI Stanley, Christopher/0000-0002-4226-7710 FU Intramural NIH HHS NR 36 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 7 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 91 IS 3 BP 912 EP 920 DI 10.1529/biophysj.106.086579 PG 9 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 064KA UT WOS:000239086800017 PM 16714350 ER PT J AU Aberson, SD Black, ML Black, RA Burpee, RW Cione, JJ Landsea, CW Marks, FD AF Aberson, Sim D. Black, Michael L. Black, Robert A. Burpee, Robert W. Cione, Joseph J. Landsea, Christopher W. Marks, Frank D., Jr. TI Thirty years of tropical cyclone research with the NOAA P-3 aircraft SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Review ID DOPPLER RADAR OBSERVATIONS; STORM RECONNAISSANCE PROGRAM; CONVECTIVE VERTICAL MOTIONS; OUTER HURRICANE RAINBANDS; BOUNDARY-LAYER STRUCTURE; VELOCITY TRACK DISPLAY; SECONDARY WIND MAXIMA; INNER CORE STRUCTURE; 7 SEPTEMBER 1991; KINEMATIC STRUCTURE AB In 1976 and 1977, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration purchased two customized WP-3D (P-3) aircraft to conduct tropical cyclone (TC) research. During their first 30 years, the P-3s have proved to be invaluable research platforms, obtaining data at the micro- to synoptic scale, with missions conducted in 134 TCs in the Atlantic and eastern Pacific Oceans and near Australia. Analyses of the observations led to many new insights about TC structure, dynamics, thermodynamics, and environmental interactions. The real-time use of the information by the National Hurricane and Environmental Modeling Centers of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), as well as later research, has helped to increase the accuracy of wind, flood, and storm surge forecasts and severe weather warnings and has resulted in significant improvements to operational numerical model guidance for TC-track forecasts. In commemoration of the first 30 years of research with these aircraft, this manuscript presents a brief overview of the instrumentation aboard the aircraft and the major research findings during this period. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Miami, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Miami, FL 33152 USA. RP Aberson, SD (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM sim.aberson@noaa.gov RI Marks, Frank/A-5733-2011; Aberson, Sim/C-4891-2013; Black, Robert/C-9617-2009; CIONE, JOSEPH/B-2973-2014; Black, Michael/C-3250-2014 OI Marks, Frank/0000-0003-0371-5514; Aberson, Sim/0000-0002-3670-0100; Black, Robert/0000-0001-6938-125X; CIONE, JOSEPH/0000-0002-2011-887X; Black, Michael/0000-0001-9528-2888 NR 109 TC 36 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 87 IS 8 BP 1039 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-87-8-1039 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 074UM UT WOS:000239837300016 ER PT J AU Peterson, TC AF Peterson, Thomas C. TI Examination of potential biases in air temperature caused by poor station locations SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID MICROCLIMATE EXPOSURES; WEATHER STATIONS; TIME; NETWORK AB Questions have been raised about whether poor siting practices that have existed in recent years at some in situ weather-observing stations are causing a bias in U.S. temperature change analysis. This potential bias was examined using homogeneity-adjusted maximum, minimum, and mean temperature data from five stations in eastern Colorado-two with good current siting and three with poor current siting. No siting-induced bias was found in the homogeneity-adjusted data. Furthermore, the results indicate that homogeneity-adjusted time series from the stations with poor current siting represent the temperature variability and change in the region as a whole quite well because they are very similar to the time series from stations with excellent siting. C1 NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RP Peterson, TC (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, 151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. EM thomas.c.peterson@noaa.gov NR 14 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 EI 1520-0477 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 87 IS 8 BP 1073 EP 1080 DI 10.1175/BAMS-87-8-1073 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 074UM UT WOS:000239837300018 ER PT J AU Liebmann, B Allured, D AF Liebmann, Brant Allured, Dave TI Daily precipitation grids for South America - Reply SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NOAA, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Div Phys Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Liebmann, B (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Div Phys Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 87 IS 8 BP 1096 EP 1096 DI 10.1175/BAMS-87-8-1096 PG 1 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 074UM UT WOS:000239837300022 ER PT J AU Baird, RW Webster, DL McSweeney, DJ Ligon, AD Schorr, GS Barlow, J AF Baird, Robin W. Webster, Daniel L. McSweeney, Daniel J. Ligon, Allan D. Schorr, Gregory S. Barlow, Jay TI Diving behaviour of Cuvier's (Ziphius cavirostris) and Blainville's (Mesoplodon densirostris) beaked whales in Hawai'i SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID NIGHTTIME BEHAVIOR; ZIPHIIDAE; MILITARY; GAS AB Beaked whales (family Ziphiidae) are thought to be among the longest and deepest diving mammals, and some species appear to be prone to mass-strand in response to high-intensity sonar. We studied diving behaviour of Cuvier's (Ziphius cavirostris G. Cuvier, 1823) and Blainville's (Mesoplodon densirostris (Blainville, 1817)) beaked whales in Hawaiian waters using suction-cup-attached time-depth recorders. Six whales, two Cuvier's and four Blainville's, were tagged and 41 h of dive data were collected. While Cuvier's beaked whales were found in significantly deeper water depths (median depth = 2079 m) than Blainville's beaked whales (median depth = 922 m), several aspects of diving were similar between the two species: (i) both regularly dove for 48-68 min to depths greater than 800 m (maximum 1408 m for Blainville's and 1450 m for Cuvier's); (ii) ascent rates for long/deep dives were substantially slower than descent rates, while for shorter dives there were no consistent differences; and (iii) both spent prolonged periods of time (66-155 min) in the upper 50 m of the water column. Based on time intervals between dives for the Cuvier's beaked whales, such long dives were likely aerobic, but both species appeared to prepare for long dives by spending extended periods of time near the surface. C1 Cascadia Res Collect, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. Wild Whale Res Fdn, Holualoa, HI 96725 USA. Hawaiin Isl Humpback Whale Natl Marine Sanctuary, Kihei, HI 96753 USA. NOAA Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Baird, RW (reprint author), Cascadia Res Collect, 218 1-2 W 4th Ave, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. EM rwbaird@cascadiaresearch.org NR 24 TC 55 Z9 57 U1 5 U2 22 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 84 IS 8 BP 1120 EP 1128 DI 10.1139/Z06-095 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 098MM UT WOS:000241526400007 ER PT J AU Pendleton, GW Pitcher, KW Fritz, LW York, AE Raum-Suryan, KL Loughlin, TR Calkins, DG Hastings, KK Gelatt, TS AF Pendleton, Grey W. Pitcher, Kenneth W. Fritz, Lowell W. York, Anne E. Raum-Suryan, Kimberly L. Loughlin, Thomas R. Calkins, Donald G. Hastings, Kelly K. Gelatt, Thomas S. TI Survival of Steller sea lions in Alaska: a comparison of increasing and decreasing populations SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID CONTROL-REGION SEQUENCES; EUMETOPIAS-JUBATUS; CAPTURE-RECAPTURE; ALEUTIAN ISLANDS; DECLINE; GULF; PERFORMANCE; HYPOTHESIS; DYNAMICS; PACIFIC AB Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus (Schreber, 1776)) populations have had differing dynamics in different regions of Alaska over the past 30 years. The western population (west of 144 degrees W, near Cape Suckling) declined by approximately 85% between the 1970s and 2000, while the eastern population has increased at a rate of over 3%/year. Past research has indicated that the decline in the western population likely resulted from decreased juvenile survival and smaller declines in adult female survival and reproduction. Based on repeated observations (1987-2003) of sea lions branded as pups at Marmot Island (58.216 degrees N, 151.840 degrees W; western population; branded in 1987-1988) and at the Forrester Island rookery complex (54.859 degrees N, 133.539 degrees W; eastern population; branded in 1994-1995), we used mark-resight analyses to estimate age-specific survival probabilities. Juvenile sea lion survival probability at Marmot Island from 1988 to 1991 was lower than survival estimates at that location in the 1970s (assumed stable population) and lower than juvenile survival at Forrester Island from 1995 to 1998 (increasing population). Adult female survival at Marmot Island from 1992 to 2003 was only slightly reduced compared with that in the 1970s but was substantially lower than that at Forrester Island (1999-2003). In addition, and contrary to the typical pattern (e.g., Forrester Island), adult female survival probabilities at Marmot Island were indistinguishable from adult male survival probabilities. This suggests that regardless of which factors altered the dynamics of the western Steller sea lion population, they differentially affected females. C1 Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Div Wildlife Conservat, Douglas, AK 99824 USA. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Div Wildlife Conservat, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Pendleton, GW (reprint author), Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Div Wildlife Conservat, POB 240020, Douglas, AK 99824 USA. EM grey_pendleton@fishgame.state.ak.us NR 40 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 10 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 84 IS 8 BP 1163 EP 1172 DI 10.1139/Z06-103 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 098MM UT WOS:000241526400011 ER PT J AU Malins, DC Anderson, KM Jaruga, P Ramsey, CR Gilman, NK Green, VM Rostad, SW Emerman, JT Dizdaroglu, M AF Malins, Donald C. Anderson, Katie M. Jaruga, Pawel Ramsey, Callie R. Gilman, Naomi K. Green, Virginia M. Rostad, Steven W. Emerman, Joanne T. Dizdaroglu, Miral TI Oxidative changes in the DNA of stroma and epithelium from the female breast - Potential implications for breast cancer SO CELL CYCLE LA English DT Article DE age-related DNA changes; free radicals; mutagenic base lesions; oxidative DNA damage; DNA conformational changes ID GROWTH IN-VIVO; TUMOR-STROMA; INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; MAMMARY-GLAND; BASE-PAIRS; PHENOTYPE; MICROENVIRONMENT; CARCINOGENESIS; REPLICATION AB Reciprocal interactions between the stroma and epithelium are considered to be intimately associated with the development of breast cancer. In studies of whole breast tissues, a keen interest exists in the occurrence of the mutagenic DNA lesions 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyadenosine. However, there is an apparent lack of information on the presence of these lesions in the DNA of the stroma, epithelium, and myoepithelium, despite the fact that these oxidation products may significantly influence reciprocal interactions between these cell types implicated in carcinogenesis. We report age-related increases in concentrations of both lesions in the stromal DNA, which occur roughly commensurate with the known rise in breast cancer incidence between 30 and 40 years of age. However, no further increases in these concentrations occurred in the older women. Plots of lesion concentrations revealed an uneven distribution, with some younger women having relatively high concentrations and some older women having relatively low concentrations. This finding implies that while increased age is a probable factor in lesion accumulations, other factors may also be influential [ e. g., cellular concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS)]. Distinct differences were found between the base and backbone structures of the stromal DNA from younger women ( ages 17 - 30), compared to older women ( ages 50 - 62). In addition, comparisons of matched stromal, epithelial, and myoepithelial DNA ( from the same individual) showed no differences in DNA damage, suggesting a random attack by the hydroxyl radical on all three groups. Collectively, the findings imply that the structural changes in DNA described may potentially disrupt normal reciprocal interactions between the cell types, thus increasing breast cancer risk. C1 Pacific NW Res Inst, Biochem Oncol Program, Seattle, WA 98122 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Chem & Biochem Engn, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. Nicholas Copernicus Univ, Coll Med, Dept Clin Biochem, Bydgoszcz, Poland. CellNetix Pathol PLLC, Seattle, WA USA. Univ British Columbia, Fac Med, Dept Cellular & Physiol Sci, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Malins, DC (reprint author), Pacific NW Res Inst, Biochem Oncol Program, 720 Broadway, Seattle, WA 98122 USA. EM dcmalins@dcmalins.com RI Jaruga, Pawel/M-4378-2015 NR 31 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU LANDES BIOSCIENCE PI GEORGETOWN PA 810 SOUTH CHURCH STREET, GEORGETOWN, TX 78626 USA SN 1538-4101 J9 CELL CYCLE JI Cell Cycle PD AUG 1 PY 2006 VL 5 IS 15 BP 1629 EP 1632 DI 10.4161/cc.5.15.3098 PG 4 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 086UK UT WOS:000240698300009 PM 16880742 ER PT J AU Bullard, JW Stutzman, PE AF Bullard, Jeffrey W. Stutzman, Paul E. TI Analysis of CCRL proficiency cements 151 and 152 using the virtual cement and concrete testing laboratory SO CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Euroseminar on Microscopy Applied to Building Materials CY JUN 21-25, 2005 CL Univ Paisley, Paisley, SCOTLAND HO Univ Paisley DE building technology; computer modeling; cement; heat of hydration; hydration kinetics; particle size distribution; SEM imaging; strength development AB To test the ability of the Virtual Cement and Concrete Testing Laboratory (VCCTL) software to predict cement hydration properties, characterization of mineralogy and phase distribution is necessary. Compositional and textural characteristics of Cement and Concrete Reference Laboratory (CCRL) cements 151 and 152 were determined via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis followed by computer modeling of hydration properties. The general procedure to evaluate a cement is as follows: (1) two-dimensional SEM backscattered electron and X-ray microanalysis images of the cement are obtained, along with a measured particle size distribution (PSD); (2) based on analysis of these images and the measured PSD, three-dimensional microstructures of various water-to-cement ratios are created and hydrated using VCCTL, and (3) the model predictions for degree of hydration under saturated conditions, heat of hydration (ASTM C186), setting time (ASTM C191), and strength development of mortar cubes (ASTM C109) are compared to experimental measurements either performed at NIST or at the participating CCRL proficiency sample evaluation laboratories. For both cements, generally good agreement is observed between the model predictions and the experimental data. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bullard, JW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jeffrey.bullard@nist.gov RI Chen, Wei/A-5694-2010 NR 12 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0008-8846 J9 CEMENT CONCRETE RES JI Cem. Concr. Res. PD AUG PY 2006 VL 36 IS 8 BP 1548 EP 1555 DI 10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.05.024 PG 8 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science GA 081ED UT WOS:000240299100018 ER PT J AU Peterson, VK Brown, CM Livingston, RA AF Peterson, Vanessa K. Brown, Craig M. Livingston, Richard A. TI Quasielastic and inelastic neutron scattering study of the hydration of monoclinic and triclinic tricalcium silicate SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE quasielastic neutron scattering; inelastic neutron scattering; tricalcium silicate; cement ID PARTICLE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION; PORTLAND-CEMENT PASTES; SOLID-SOLUTIONS; KINETICS; SPECTROSCOPY; POLYMORPHISM; PHASE AB The hydration of Mg-stabilized triclinic and monoclinic tricalcium silicate samples were studied using quasielastic neutron scattering to follow the fixation of hydrogen into the reaction products and by applying hydration models to the data. The quantity of Ca(OH)(2) produced during hydration was also determined using inelastic neutron scattering. The monoclinic form was found to be intrinsically less reactive that the triclinic form. The monoclinic form was also confirmed to produce more product than the triclinic form after 50 h, a process found to occur through a longer, rather than earlier, nucleation and growth regime. Results indicated an increase in the permeability of the hydration layer product relative to the triclinic form and the increase in the length of the nucleation and growth regime was thus attributed to an alteration in morphology or structure of the hydration layer product, extending the time for diffusion limited mechanics to be reached. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maryland, Ctr Neatron Res, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Fed Highway Adm, Mclean, VA 22101 USA. RP Peterson, VK (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Ctr Neatron Res, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr MS 8562, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM v.peterson@chem.usyd.edu.au RI Brown, Craig/B-5430-2009 OI Brown, Craig/0000-0002-9637-9355 NR 33 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0301-0104 J9 CHEM PHYS JI Chem. Phys. PD AUG 1 PY 2006 VL 326 IS 2-3 BP 381 EP 389 DI 10.1016/j.chemphys.2006.02.016 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 068NH UT WOS:000239380700015 ER EF