FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Stumpf, RP Tomlinson, MC Calkins, JA Kirkpatrick, B Fisher, K Nierenberg, K Currier, R Wynne, TT AF Stumpf, Richard P. Tomlinson, Michelle C. Calkins, Julie A. Kirkpatrick, Barbara Fisher, Kathleen Nierenberg, Kate Currier, Robert Wynne, Timothy T. TI Skill assessment for an operational algal bloom forecast system SO JOURNAL OF MARINE SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE Forecasts; Harmful algal bloom; Karenia brevis; Model; Red tide; Skill assessment; Transport; Florida; Remote sensing; Gulf of Mexico ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; RED-TIDE TOXINS; KARENIA-BREVIS BLOOMS; OCEAN COLOR IMAGERY; AEROSOLIZED BREVETOXINS; FLORIDA; EXPOSURE; EVENTS; ASTHMA; COAST AB An operational forecast system for harmful algal blooms (HABs) in southwest Florida is analyzed for forecasting skill. The HABs, caused by the toxic dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis, lead to shellfish toxicity and to respiratory irritation. In addition to predicting new blooms and their extent, HAB forecasts are made twice weekly during a bloom event, using a combination of satellite derived image products, wind predictions, and a rule-based model derived from previous observations and research. These forecasts include: identification, intensification, transport, extent, and impact; the latter being the most significant to the public. Identification involves identifying new blooms as HABs and is validated against an operational monitoring program involving water sampling. Intensification forecasts, which are much less frequently made, can only be evaluated with satellite data on mono-specific blooms. Extent and transport forecasts of HABs are also evaluated against the water samples. Due to the resolution of the forecasts and available validation data, skill cannot be resolved at scales finer than 30 km. Initially, respiratory irritation forecasts were analyzed using anecdotal information, the only available data, which had a bias toward major respiratory events leading to a forecast accuracy exceeding 90%. When a systematic program of twice-daily observations from lifeguards was implemented, the forecast could be meaningfully assessed. The results show that the forecasts identify the occurrence of respiratory events at all lifeguard beaches 70% of the time. However, a high rate (80%) of false positive forecasts occurred at any given beach. As the forecasts were made at half to whole county level, the resolution of the validation data was reduced to county level, reducing false positives to 22% (accuracy of 78%). The study indicates the importance of systematic sampling, even when using qualitative descriptors, the use of validation resolution to evaluate forecast capabilities, and the need to match forecast and validation resolutions. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Stumpf, Richard P.; Tomlinson, Michelle C.] NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [Calkins, Julie A.] CSS, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [Kirkpatrick, Barbara; Nierenberg, Kate; Currier, Robert] Mote Marine Lab, Sarasota, FL 34236 USA. [Fisher, Kathleen] NOAA, Ctr Operat Oceanog Prod & Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [Wynne, Timothy T.] IMSG, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Stumpf, RP (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, 1305 East West Highway,9th Floor, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM Richard.stumpf@noaa.gov RI CALKINS, JULIE/K-2668-2012 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [P01 ES010594-09, P01 ES010594] NR 28 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 5 U2 30 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0924-7963 J9 J MARINE SYST JI J. Mar. Syst. PD FEB 20 PY 2009 VL 76 IS 1-2 BP 151 EP 161 DI 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.05.016 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Geology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 414GD UT WOS:000263851000011 PM 20628532 ER PT J AU Stow, CA Scavia, D AF Stow, Craig A. Scavia, Donald TI Modeling hypoxia in the Chesapeake Bay: Ensemble estimation using a Bayesian hierarchical model SO JOURNAL OF MARINE SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE Chesapeake Bay; Hypoxia; Streeter-Phelps; Bayesian; Hierarchical model; Uncertainty ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; EMPIRICAL BAYES; WATER-QUALITY; EUTROPHICATION; UNCERTAINTY; INFERENCE; ANOXIA AB Quantifying parameter and prediction uncertainty in a rigorous framework can be an important component of model skill assessment. Generally, models with lower uncertainty will be more useful for prediction and inference than models with higher uncertainty. Ensemble estimation, an idea with deep roots in the Bayesian literature, can be useful to reduce model uncertainty. It is based on the idea that simultaneously estimating common or similar parameters among models can result in more precise estimates. We demonstrate this approach using the Streeter-Phelps dissolved oxygen sag model fit to 29 years of data from Chesapeake Bay. Chesapeake Bay has a long history of bottom water hypoxia and several models are being used to assist management decision-making in this system. The Bayesian framework is particularly useful in a decision context because it can combine both expert-judgment and rigorous parameter estimation to yield model forecasts and a probabilistic estimate of the forecast uncertainty. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Stow, Craig A.] NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. [Scavia, Donald] Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Stow, CA (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM craig.stow@noaa.gov; scavia@umich.edu OI Scavia, Donald/0000-0002-2784-8269; Stow, Craig/0000-0001-6171-7855 FU GLERL; NOAA [NA05NOS4781204] FX We thank Jim Hagy for use of his estimates of nutrient loads and oxygen profiles. This paper is GLERL contribution number 1453. Supported in part by NOAA grant NA05NOS4781204. NR 37 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0924-7963 J9 J MARINE SYST JI J. Mar. Syst. PD FEB 20 PY 2009 VL 76 IS 1-2 BP 244 EP 250 DI 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.05.008 PG 7 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Geology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 414GD UT WOS:000263851000017 ER PT J AU Bienfang, R De Carlo, EH Christopher, S DeFelice, S Moeller, P AF Bienfang, R. De Carlo, E. H. Christopher, S. DeFelice, S. Moeller, P. TI Trace element concentrations in Coastal Hawaiian waters SO MARINE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Trace elements; Metals; Ciguatera; Ground water; Coastal; USA; Hawaii ID STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRIC METHOD; CENTRAL NORTH PACIFIC; OXYGEN MINIMUM; SEAWATER; METALS; IRON; COMPLEXATION; MANGANESE; STREAMS; OCEAN AB The objective of this work is to characterize the concentrations of selected trace elements (V, Mn, Ni, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Se, As, Mo, Cd, Pb, U) in diverse nearshore (50 m), coastal (1.5 km) and seawater well environments within the Hawaiian Archipelago using robust analytical methods that are appropriate for metals analyses in seawater. The sampling sites include locations having varying type, quality and quantity of freshwater input. In most coastal and nearshore cases. the trace element concentrations approximate values characteristic of offshore waters. Concentrations of trace elements in coastal waters that were enriched through either urban or agricultural inputs declined sharply within a short distance from shore; this is taken to indicate the predominant importance of physical mixing/advective processes along with particle scavenging in these dynamic areas. Trace element levels in seawater wells did not evidence any concentration trends consistent with island age suggesting little or no impact of island weathering on metal concentrations: concentration differences among wells appeared to be more dependent on well depth, redox conditions, and/or salinity. Sampling also targeted nearshore locales where ciguatera fish poisoning is prominent because of suggested linkages between trace element concentrations and aberrant dinoflagellate growth. Nearshore stations where ciguatera is prevalent failed to show clearly different trace element levels except for two prominent locales which showed elevated Mn and Fe concentrations. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Bienfang, R.; DeFelice, S.] Univ Hawaii, Ctr Oceans & Human Health, Pacific Res Ctr Marine Biomed, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Christopher, S.] Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Moeller, P.] NOAA NOS NCCOS CCEHBR, Marine Nat Prod Program, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Bienfang, R (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Ctr Oceans & Human Health, Pacific Res Ctr Marine Biomed, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM bienfang@soest.hawaii.edu FU National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences [P50ES012740]; National Institutes of Health; National Science Foundation [OCE04-32479]; [CA 8052-AO-001] FX This research was made possible through the Centers for Oceans and Human Health (COHH) program, of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P50ES012740), National Institutes of Health, and the National Science Foundation (OCE04-32479). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official view of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, the National Institutes of Health, or the National Science Foundation. This research was done cooperatively with work under CA 8052-AO-001 for the National Park Service. We thank S. Beavers, L Marrack, C. Settlemier, J. Sweeney, K. Hopkins and R. Cates for their logistical support. The comments of the editorin-chief and two anonymous reviewers on an earlier version of this paper are gratefully acknowledged.; Disclaimer: Certain commercial products and equipment are referenced to specify adequately the experimental and analytical procedures; The National Institute of Standards and Technology does not specifically endorse the commercial items used in this research. NR 62 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4203 J9 MAR CHEM JI Mar. Chem. PD FEB 20 PY 2009 VL 113 IS 3-4 BP 164 EP 171 DI 10.1016/j.marchem.2009.01.007 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Chemistry; Oceanography GA 440SC UT WOS:000265719000002 ER PT J AU Edwards, JK Solsona, B N, EN Carley, AF Herzing, AA Kiely, CJ Hutchings, GJ AF Edwards, Jennifer K. Solsona, Benjamin N, Edwin Ntainjua Carley, Albert F. Herzing, Andrew A. Kiely, Christopher J. Hutchings, Graham J. TI Switching Off Hydrogen Peroxide Hydrogenation in the Direct Synthesis Process SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID AU-PD CATALYSTS; SELECTIVE OXIDATION; COLLOIDAL PALLADIUM; AQUEOUS-MEDIUM; H2O2 FORMATION; H-2; O-2; GOLD; NANOPARTICLES; DESTRUCTION AB Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) is an important disinfectant and bleach and is currently manufactured from an indirect process involving sequential hydrogenation/ oxidation of anthaquinones. However, a direct process in which H(2) and O(2) are reacted would be preferable. Unfortunately, catalysts for the direct synthesis of H(2)O(2) are also effective for its subsequent decomposition, and this has limited their development. We show that acid pretreatment of a carbon support for gold- palladium alloy catalysts switches off the decomposition of H(2)O(2). This treatment decreases the size of the alloy nanoparticles, and these smaller nanoparticles presumably decorate and inhibit the sites for the decomposition reaction. Hence, when used in the direct synthesis of H(2)O(2), the acid- pretreated catalysts give high yields of H(2)O(2) with hydrogen selectivities greater than 95%. C1 [Edwards, Jennifer K.; Solsona, Benjamin; N, Edwin Ntainjua; Carley, Albert F.; Hutchings, Graham J.] Cardiff Univ, Sch Chem, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales. [Herzing, Andrew A.] NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Herzing, Andrew A.; Kiely, Christopher J.] Lehigh Univ, Ctr Adv Mat & Nanotechnol, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA. RP Hutchings, GJ (reprint author), Cardiff Univ, Sch Chem, Main Bldg,Park Pl, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales. EM hutch@cardiff.ac.uk RI Carley, Albert/A-7372-2010; Herzing, Andrew/D-6239-2012; Edwards, Jennifer/F-4518-2011; Solsona Espriu, Benjamin/H-2201-2015 OI Solsona Espriu, Benjamin/0000-0001-7235-2038 FU Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council of the United Kingdom; Johnson Matthey PLC (project ATHENA); European Union project AURICAT [HPRN-CT-2002-00174]; NSF [DMR-0079996, DMR-0304738, DMR-0320906] FX Supported by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council of the United Kingdom and Johnson Matthey PLC (project ATHENA) and the European Union (project AURICAT, HPRN-CT-2002-00174). C.J.K. and A.A.H. are funded by: NSF DMR-0079996, NSF DMR-0304738,and NSF-DMR-0320906. A.A.H. thanks the NRC for support through the postdoctoral associate program. We thank A. Roberts and C. Blomfield (Kratos Analytical) for assistance with XPS measurements, and P. Collier, P. Ellis, and P. Johnston (Johnson Matthey) for discussions on analysis, provision of ICP analysis data, and design of the sequential experiments. NR 23 TC 336 Z9 341 U1 25 U2 232 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD FEB 20 PY 2009 VL 323 IS 5917 BP 1037 EP 1041 DI 10.1126/science.1168980 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 409AK UT WOS:000263478400035 PM 19229032 ER PT J AU Wu, H Zhou, W Yildirim, T AF Wu, Hui Zhou, Wei Yildirim, Taner TI Methane Sorption in Nanoporous Metal-Organic Frameworks and First-Order Phase Transition of Confined Methane SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C LA English DT Article ID HYDROGEN STORAGE; DESIGN; FLUID AB Nanoporous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising materials for methane sorption and storage. Using neutron powder diffraction, we have directly determined the methane sorption sites in two prototypical MOF materials: zeolitic irnidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8, Zn(6)(N(2)C(4)H(5))(12)) and metal-organic framework-5 (MOF-5, Zn(4)O(13)(C(8)H(4))(3)). The primary methane adsorption sites are associated with the organic linkers in ZIF-8 and the metal oxide clusters in MOF-5. Methane molecules on these primary sites possess well-defined orientations, implying relatively strong binding with the framework. With higher methane loading, extra methane molecules populate the secondary sites and are confined in the framework. The confined methanes are orientationally disordered and stabilized by the intermolecular interactions. Below 100 K a maximum of similar to 18 and similar to 24 methane molecules per formula unit can be stored in ZIF-8 and MOF-5, corresponding to similar to 20 and similar to 50 wt % storage capacities, respectively. An unusual reversible methane-induced structural phase transition in MOF-host lattice is observed at similar to 60 K in both ZIF-8 and MOF-5 due to strong intermolecular interaction between confined methane molecules in the pores of the host lattice. C1 [Wu, Hui; Zhou, Wei] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Wu, Hui; Zhou, Wei] Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Yildirim, Taner] Univ Penn, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Wu, H (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM huiwu@nist.gov RI Wu, Hui/C-6505-2008; Zhou, Wei/C-6504-2008; yildirim, taner/A-1290-2009 OI Wu, Hui/0000-0003-0296-5204; Zhou, Wei/0000-0002-5461-3617; FU DOE through BES [DE-FG02-08ER46522] FX This work was partially supported by DOE through BES Grant No. DE-FG02-08ER46522 (T.Y.). NR 26 TC 68 Z9 71 U1 6 U2 63 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1932-7447 J9 J PHYS CHEM C JI J. Phys. Chem. C PD FEB 19 PY 2009 VL 113 IS 7 BP 3029 EP 3035 DI 10.1021/jp8103276 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 406MM UT WOS:000263299600053 ER PT J AU McGillivray, DJ Valincius, G Heinrich, F Robertson, JWF Vanderah, DJ Febo-Ayala, W Ignatjev, I Losche, M Kasianowicz, JJ AF McGillivray, Duncan J. Valincius, Gintaras Heinrich, Frank Robertson, Joseph W. F. Vanderah, David J. Febo-Ayala, Wilma Ignatjev, Ilja Loesche, Mathias Kasianowicz, John J. TI Structure of Functional Staphylococcus aureus alpha-Hemolysin Channels in Tethered Bilayer Lipid Membranes SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SUPPORTED MEMBRANES; ION-CHANNEL; X-RAY; PROTEIN; TOXIN; PORE; INSERTION; SURFACE AB We demonstrate a method for simultaneous structure and function determination of integral membrane proteins. Electrical impedance spectroscopy shows that Staphylococcus aureus a-hemolysin channels in membranes tethered to gold have the same properties as those formed in free-standing bilayer lipid membranes. Neutron reflectometry provides high-resolution structural information on the interaction between the channel and the disordered membrane, validating predictions based on the channel's x-ray crystal structure. The robust nature of the membrane enabled the precise localization of the protein within 1.1 angstrom. The channel's extramembranous cap domain affects the lipid headgroup region and the alkyl chains in the outer membrane leaflet and significantly dehydrates the headgroups. The results suggest that this technique could be used to elucidate molecular details of the association of other proteins with membranes and may provide structural information on domain organization and stimuli-responsive reorganization for transmembrane proteins in membrane mimics. C1 [McGillivray, Duncan J.; Heinrich, Frank; Loesche, Mathias] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [McGillivray, Duncan J.; Heinrich, Frank; Loesche, Mathias] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Phys, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. [Loesche, Mathias] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. [Valincius, Gintaras; Ignatjev, Ilja] Lithuania Acad Sci, Inst Biochem, LT-232600 Vilnius, Lithuania. [Robertson, Joseph W. F.; Kasianowicz, John J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Vanderah, David J.; Febo-Ayala, Wilma] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Losche, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM quench@cmu.edu RI Heinrich, Frank/A-5339-2010; Losche, Mathias/J-2986-2013; McGillivray, Duncan/B-9819-2009 OI Heinrich, Frank/0000-0002-8579-553X; Losche, Mathias/0000-0001-6666-916X; McGillivray, Duncan/0000-0003-2127-8792 FU National Science Foundation [CBET-0555201, 0457148]; National Institutes of Health [1 RO1 RR 14182, 1 P01 AG032131-01]; American Health Assistance Foundation [A2008-307]; Lithuanian State Science and Studies Foundation [T-31/07]; National Institute of Standards and Technology-NRC Research Associateship; National Institute of Standards and Technology Single Molecule Manipulation and Measurement; National Institute of Standards and Technology Office of Law Enforcement Standards FX This work was supported by the National Science Foundation (CBET-0555201 and 0457148), the National Institutes of Health (1 RO1 RR 14182 and 1 P01 AG032131-01), the American Health Assistance Foundation (A2008-307), the Lithuanian State Science and Studies Foundation (T-31/07), a National Institute of Standards and Technology-NRC Research Associateship to J.W.F.R., the National Institute of Standards and Technology Single Molecule Manipulation and Measurement Program, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology Office of Law Enforcement Standards. NR 36 TC 67 Z9 67 U1 5 U2 33 PU CELL PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 600 TECHNOLOGY SQUARE, 5TH FLOOR, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD FEB 18 PY 2009 VL 96 IS 4 BP 1547 EP 1553 DI 10.1016/j.bpj.2008.11.020 PG 7 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 450CE UT WOS:000266377800030 PM 19217871 ER PT J AU Gruber, N Gloor, M Fletcher, SEM Doney, SC Dutkiewicz, S Follows, MJ Gerber, M Jacobson, AR Joos, F Lindsay, K Menemenlis, D Mouchet, A Muller, SA Sarmiento, JL Takahashi, T AF Gruber, Nicolas Gloor, Manuel Fletcher, Sara E. Mikaloff Doney, Scott C. Dutkiewicz, Stephanie Follows, Michael J. Gerber, Markus Jacobson, Andrew R. Joos, Fortunat Lindsay, Keith Menemenlis, Dimitris Mouchet, Anne Mueller, Simon A. Sarmiento, Jorge L. Takahashi, Taro TI Oceanic sources, sinks, and transport of atmospheric CO2 SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Review ID ANTHROPOGENIC CARBON-DIOXIDE; AIR-SEA FLUX; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; INORGANIC CARBON; WIND-SPEED; INTERHEMISPHERIC TRANSPORT; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; CYCLE FEEDBACKS AB We synthesize estimates of the contemporary net air-sea CO2 flux on the basis of an inversion of interior ocean carbon observations using a suite of 10 ocean general circulation models (Mikaloff Fletcher et al., 2006, 2007) and compare them to estimates based on a new climatology of the air-sea difference of the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO(2)) (Takahashi et al., 2008). These two independent flux estimates reveal a consistent description of the regional distribution of annual mean sources and sinks of atmospheric CO2 for the decade of the 1990s and the early 2000s with differences at the regional level of generally less than 0.1 Pg C a(-1). This distribution is characterized by outgassing in the tropics, uptake in midlatitudes, and comparatively small fluxes in the high latitudes. Both estimates point toward a small(similar to -0.3 Pg C a(-1)) contemporary CO2 sink in the Southern Ocean (south of 44 degrees S), a result of the near cancellation between a substantial outgassing of natural CO2 and a strong uptake of anthropogenic CO2. A notable exception in the generally good agreement between the two estimates exists within the Southern Ocean: the ocean inversion suggests a relatively uniform uptake, while the pCO(2)-based estimate suggests strong uptake in the region between 58 degrees S and 44 degrees S, and a source in the region south of 58 degrees S. Globally and for a nominal period between 1995 and 2000, the contemporary net air-sea flux of CO2 is estimated to be -1.7 +/- 0.4 Pg C a(-1) (inversion) and -1.4 +/- 0.7 Pg C a(-1) (pCO(2)-climatology), respectively, consisting of an outgassing flux of river-derived carbon of similar to+0.5 Pg C a(-1), and an uptake flux of anthropogenic carbon of -2.2 +/- 0.3 Pg C a(-1) (inversion) and -1.9 +/- 0.7 Pg C a(-1) (pCO(2)-climatology). The two flux estimates also imply a consistent description of the contemporary meridional transport of carbon with southward ocean transport throughout most of the Atlantic basin, and strong equatorward convergence in the Indo-Pacific basins. Both transport estimates suggest a small hemispheric asymmetry with a southward transport of between -0.2 and -0.3 Pg C a(-1) across the equator. While the convergence of these two independent estimates is encouraging and suggests that it is now possible to provide relatively tight constraints for the net air-sea CO2 fluxes at the regional basis, both studies are limited by their lack of consideration of long-term changes in the ocean carbon cycle, such as the recent possible stalling in the expected growth of the Southern Ocean carbon sink. C1 [Gruber, Nicolas] ETH, Inst Biogeochem & Pollutant Dynam, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. [Gloor, Manuel] Univ Leeds, Sch Geog, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. [Gloor, Manuel] Univ Leeds, Inst Earth & Biosphere, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. [Gloor, Manuel] Univ Leeds, Inst Earth Energy & Environm, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. [Fletcher, Sara E. Mikaloff] Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Doney, Scott C.] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Dutkiewicz, Stephanie; Follows, Michael J.] MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Gerber, Markus; Joos, Fortunat; Mueller, Simon A.] Univ Bern, Inst Phys, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. [Jacobson, Andrew R.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Global Monitoring Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Lindsay, Keith] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Menemenlis, Dimitris] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Mouchet, Anne] Univ Liege, Astrophys & Geophys Inst, B-4000 Liege, Belgium. [Takahashi, Taro] Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. RP Gruber, N (reprint author), ETH, Inst Biogeochem & Pollutant Dynam, CHN E31-2,Univ Str 16, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. EM nicolas.gruber@env.ethz.ch; e.gloor@leeds.ac.uk; mikaloff@princeton.edu; sdoney@whoi.edu; stephd@ocean.mit.edu; mick@ocean.mit.edu; mgerber@climate.unibe.ch; andy.jacobson@noaa.gov; joos@climate.unibe.ch; klindsay@ucar.edu; menemenlis@jpl.nasa.gov; a.mouchet@ulg.ac.be; s.a.mueller@open.ac.uk; jls@princeton.edu; taka@ldeo.columbia.edu RI Gruber, Nicolas/B-7013-2009; Follows, Michael/G-9824-2011; Doney, Scott/F-9247-2010; Mouchet, Anne/K-1911-2014; OI Gruber, Nicolas/0000-0002-2085-2310; Doney, Scott/0000-0002-3683-2437; Mouchet, Anne/0000-0002-8846-3063; Mikaloff Fletcher, Sara/0000-0003-0741-0320; Joos, Fortunat/0000-0002-9483-6030 NR 111 TC 209 Z9 217 U1 10 U2 143 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 EI 1944-9224 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD FEB 18 PY 2009 VL 23 AR GB1005 DI 10.1029/2008GB003349 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 410XM UT WOS:000263611600003 ER PT J AU Simon, H Kimura, Y McGaughey, G Allen, DT Brown, SS Osthoff, HD Roberts, JM Byun, D Lee, D AF Simon, H. Kimura, Y. McGaughey, G. Allen, D. T. Brown, S. S. Osthoff, H. D. Roberts, J. M. Byun, D. Lee, D. TI Modeling the impact of ClNO2 on ozone formation in the Houston area SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; SOUTHEAST TEXAS; CHLORINE EMISSIONS; CARBON BOND; URBAN; CHEMISTRY; MECHANISM; KINETICS AB During the summer of 2006, nitryl chloride (ClNO2) mixing ratios of over 1 ppb were measured in the Houston urban area. Nitryl chloride is potentially important to atmospheric chemistry in urban environments because its photolysis products include both NO2 and chlorine atoms. Chlorine atoms have previously been shown to significantly increase ozone formation in urban Houston. Photochemical modeling was performed using the Comprehensive Air quality Model with extensions (CAMx) to estimate the effects of observed nitryl chloride concentrations on local chemistry in southeast Texas. CAMx was modified to include a formation mechanism for nitryl chloride as well as its photolysis reaction. Comparisons between model predictions and ambient measurements showed that the model-predicted ClNO2 concentrations were within the range of observed data. Model simulations predict that ClNO2 increases total reactive chlorine mass by 20-40% in the atmosphere of southeast Texas. Despite the high reactivity of chlorine, nitryl chloride caused only modest increases in ozone concentrations ( up to 1.0-1.5 ppb when baseline 1-h average ozone concentrations were between 60 and 85 ppb). The chemistry and physical processes which affect ozone formation were further investigated using box model simulations and a Lagrangian process analysis tool (LPA) within the gridded photochemical modeling simulations. These analyses showed that vertical dispersion and local atmospheric composition moderated the effect of nitryl chloride on ozone mixing ratios. C1 [Simon, H.] US EPA, Atmospher Modeling & Anal Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. [Simon, H.; Kimura, Y.; McGaughey, G.; Allen, D. T.] Univ Texas Austin, Ctr Energy & Environm Resources, Austin, TX 78758 USA. [Brown, S. S.; Osthoff, H. D.; Roberts, J. M.] NOAA, ESRL, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Byun, D.; Lee, D.] Univ Houston, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Houston, TX 77204 USA. RP Simon, H (reprint author), US EPA, Atmospher Modeling & Anal Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM simon.heather@epa.gov RI Roberts, James/A-1082-2009; simon, heather/E-4392-2011; Brown, Steven/I-1762-2013; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Roberts, James/0000-0002-8485-8172; simon, heather/0000-0001-7254-3360; FU Texas Air Research Center FX The authors thank Eric Williams and Brian Lerner (NOAA/ESRL Chemical Sciences Division) for the use of CO and NOx measurement data taken on board the R/V Ronald H. Brown. The authors also thank Joost A. de Gouw (NOAA/ESRL Chemical Sciences Division and CIRES), Jessica Gilman ( NOAA/ESRL Chemical Sciences Division and CIRES), and William C. Kuster ( NOAA/ESRL Chemical Sciences Division) for the use of their GC mass spectrometry data taken on board the R/V Ronald H. Brown and for their comments on preliminary versions of this manuscript. The United States Environmental Protection Agency through its Office of Research and Development collaborated in the research described here. It has been subjected to agency review and approved for publication. Support for this work was provided by the Texas Air Research Center. NR 25 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 9 U2 27 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 18 PY 2009 VL 114 AR D00F03 DI 10.1029/2008JD010732 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 410XS UT WOS:000263612200006 ER PT J AU Lin, X Telepeni, I Blake, AJ Dailly, A Brown, CM Simmons, JM Zoppi, M Walker, GS Thomas, KM Mays, TJ Hubberstey, P Champness, NR Schroder, M AF Lin, Xiang Telepeni, Irvin Blake, Alexander J. Dailly, Anne Brown, Craig M. Simmons, Jason M. Zoppi, Marco Walker, Gavin S. Thomas, K. Mark Mays, Timothy J. Hubberstey, Peter Champness, Neil R. Schroeder, Martin TI High Capacity Hydrogen Adsorption in Cu(II) Tetracarboxylate Framework Materials: The Role of Pore Size, Ligand Functionalization, and Exposed Metal Sites SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID HIGH H-2 ADSORPTION; INELASTIC NEUTRON-SCATTERING; CARBON MOLECULAR-SIEVES; ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS; AIR SEPARATION; SURFACE-AREA; COORDINATION-FRAMEWORK; KINETIC SELECTIVITY; POROUS MATERIALS; STORAGE AB A series of isostructural metal-organic framework polymers of composition [Cu(2)(L)(H(2)O)(2)] (L=tetracarboxylate ligands), denoted NOTT-nnn, has been synthesized and characterized. Single crystal X-ray structures confirm the complexes to contain binuclear Cu(II) paddlewheel nodes each bridged by four carboxylate centers to give a NbO-type network of 6(4).8(2) topology. These complexes are activated by solvent exchange with acetone coupled to heating cycles under vacuum to afford the desolvated porous materials NOTT-100 to NOTT-109. These incorporate a vacant coordination site at each Cu(II) center and have large pore volumes that contribute to the observed high H(2) adsorption. Indeed, NOTT-103 at 77 K and 60 bar shows a very high total H(2) adsorption of 77.8 mg g(-1) equivalent to 7.78 wt% [wt% = (weight of adsorbed H(2))/(weight of host material)] or 7.22 wt% [wt% = 100(weight of adsorbed H2)/(weight of host material + weight of adsorbed H(2))]. Neutron powder diffraction studies on NOTT-101 reveal three adsorption sites for this material: at the exposed Cu(II) coordination site, at the pocket formed by three {Cu(2)} paddle wheels, and at the cusp of three phenyl rings. Systematic virial analysis of the H2 isotherms suggests that the H2 binding energies at these sites are very similar and the differences are smaller than 1.0 kJ mol(-1), although the adsorption enthalpies for H(2) at the exposed Cu(II) site are significantly affected by pore metrics. Introducing methyl groups or using kinked ligands to create smaller pores can enhance the isosteric heat of adsorption and improve H(2) adsorption. However, although increasing the overlap of potential energy fields of pore walls increases the heat of H(2) adsorption at low pressure, it may be detrimental to the overall adsorption capacity by reducing the pore volume. C1 [Lin, Xiang; Blake, Alexander J.; Hubberstey, Peter; Champness, Neil R.; Schroeder, Martin] Univ Nottingham, Sch Chem, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England. [Telepeni, Irvin; Walker, Gavin S.] Univ Nottingham, Sch Mech Engn & Mfg Engn, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England. [Dailly, Anne] Gen Motors Corp, Environm Sci Lab, Warren, MI 48090 USA. [Brown, Craig M.; Simmons, Jason M.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Telepeni, Irvin; Zoppi, Marco] CNR, Inst Sistemi Complessi, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy. [Thomas, K. Mark] Newcastle Univ, No Carbon Res Labs, Sir Joseph Swan Inst Energy Res, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England. [Thomas, K. Mark] Newcastle Univ, Sch Chem Engn & Adv Mat, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England. [Mays, Timothy J.] Univ Bath, Dept Chem Engn, Bath BA2 7AY, Avon, England. RP Schroder, M (reprint author), Univ Nottingham, Sch Chem, Univ Pk, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England. EM M.Schroder@nottingham.ac.uk RI Champness, Neil/A-1342-2010; Blake, Alexander/C-3737-2012; Thomas, Keith/E-7832-2011; Schroder, Martin/I-5432-2013; Brown, Craig/B-5430-2009 OI Champness, Neil/0000-0003-2970-1487; Blake, Alexander/0000-0003-2257-8332; Thomas, Keith/0000-0002-8661-3099; Schroder, Martin/0000-0001-6992-0700; Brown, Craig/0000-0002-9637-9355 FU EPSRC; University of Nottingham; Royal Society Wolfson Merit Award; Royal Society Leverhulme Trust; U.S. Department of Energy; EU FX This paper is dedicated to Professor Jack Lewis, the Lord Lewis of Newnham, on the occasion of his 80th birthday. We thank the EPSRC (UK Sustainable Hydrogen Energy Consortium, http://www.uk-shee.org.uk/) and the University of Nottingham for support and funding. M.S. gratefully acknowledges receipt of a Royal Society Wolfson Merit Award and of a Royal Society Leverhulme Trust Senior Research Fellowship. The work at NCNR was partially supported by the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy within the Hydrogen Sorption Center of Excellence. We are grateful to STFC Daresbury Laboratory for the award of beam time on SRS Stations 9.8 and 16.2SMX and to Drs. J. E. Warren and T. J. Prior for experimental assistance. I.T., M.Z., and G.S.W. gratefully acknowledge support from the EU-FP6 HYTRAIN RTN project. NR 79 TC 461 Z9 463 U1 28 U2 258 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD FEB 18 PY 2009 VL 131 IS 6 BP 2159 EP 2171 DI 10.1021/ja806624j PG 13 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 427PW UT WOS:000264792200046 PM 19159298 ER PT J AU Fiore, AM Dentener, FJ Wild, O Cuvelier, C Schultz, MG Hess, P Textor, C Schulz, M Doherty, RM Horowitz, LW MacKenzie, IA Sanderson, MG Shindell, DT Stevenson, DS Szopa, S Van Dingenen, R Zeng, G Atherton, C Bergmann, D Bey, I Carmichael, G Collins, WJ Duncan, BN Faluvegi, G Folberth, G Gauss, M Gong, S Hauglustaine, D Holloway, T Isaksen, ISA Jacob, DJ Jonson, JE Kaminski, JW Keating, TJ Lupu, A Marmer, E Montanaro, V Park, RJ Pitari, G Pringle, KJ Pyle, JA Schroeder, S Vivanco, MG Wind, P Wojcik, G Wu, S Zuber, A AF Fiore, A. M. Dentener, F. J. Wild, O. Cuvelier, C. Schultz, M. G. Hess, P. Textor, C. Schulz, M. Doherty, R. M. Horowitz, L. W. MacKenzie, I. A. Sanderson, M. G. Shindell, D. T. Stevenson, D. S. Szopa, S. Van Dingenen, R. Zeng, G. Atherton, C. Bergmann, D. Bey, I. Carmichael, G. Collins, W. J. Duncan, B. N. Faluvegi, G. Folberth, G. Gauss, M. Gong, S. Hauglustaine, D. Holloway, T. Isaksen, I. S. A. Jacob, D. J. Jonson, J. E. Kaminski, J. W. Keating, T. J. Lupu, A. Marmer, E. Montanaro, V. Park, R. J. Pitari, G. Pringle, K. J. Pyle, J. A. Schroeder, S. Vivanco, M. G. Wind, P. Wojcik, G. Wu, S. Zuber, A. TI Multimodel estimates of intercontinental source-receptor relationships for ozone pollution SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Review ID EASTERN UNITED-STATES; REGIONAL AIR-QUALITY; MICS-ASIA-II; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; SURFACE OZONE; CARBON-MONOXIDE; NORTH-AMERICA; MACE-HEAD; BACKGROUND OZONE; TRANSATLANTIC TRANSPORT AB Understanding the surface O-3 response over a "receptor" region to emission changes over a foreign "source" region is key to evaluating the potential gains from an international approach to abate ozone (O-3) pollution. We apply an ensemble of 21 global and hemispheric chemical transport models to estimate the spatial average surface O-3 response over east Asia (EA), Europe (EU), North America (NA), and south Asia (SA) to 20% decreases in anthropogenic emissions of the O-3 precursors, NOx, NMVOC, and CO (individually and combined), from each of these regions. We find that the ensemble mean surface O-3 concentrations in the base case (year 2001) simulation matches available observations throughout the year over EU but overestimates them by > 10 ppb during summer and early fall over the eastern United States and Japan. The sum of the O-3 responses to NOx, CO, and NMVOC decreases separately is approximately equal to that from a simultaneous reduction of all precursors. We define a continental-scale "import sensitivity" as the ratio of the O-3 response to the 20% reductions in foreign versus "domestic" (i.e., over the source region itself) emissions. For example, the combined reduction of emissions from the three foreign regions produces an ensemble spatial mean decrease of 0.6 ppb over EU (0.4 ppb from NA), less than the 0.8 ppb from the reduction of EU emissions, leading to an import sensitivity ratio of 0.7. The ensemble mean surface O-3 response to foreign emissions is largest in spring and late fall (0.7-0.9 ppb decrease in all regions from the combined precursor reductions in the three foreign regions), with import sensitivities ranging from 0.5 to 1.1 (responses to domestic emission reductions are 0.8-1.6 ppb). High O-3 values are much more sensitive to domestic emissions than to foreign emissions, as indicated by lower import sensitivities of 0.2 to 0.3 during July in EA, EU, and NA when O-3 levels are typically highest and by the weaker relative response of annual incidences of daily maximum 8-h average O-3 above 60 ppb to emission reductions in a foreign region(< 10-20% of that to domestic) as compared to the annual mean response (up to 50% of that to domestic). Applying the ensemble annual mean results to changes in anthropogenic emissions from 1996 to 2002, we estimate a Northern Hemispheric increase in background surface O-3 of about 0.1 ppb a(-1), at the low end of the 0.1-0.5 ppb a(-1) derived from observations. From an additional simulation in which global atmospheric methane was reduced, we infer that 20% reductions in anthropogenic methane emissions from a foreign source region would yield an O-3 response in a receptor region that roughly equals that produced by combined 20% reductions of anthropogenic NOx, NMVOC, and CO emissions from the foreign source C1 [Fiore, A. M.; Horowitz, L. W.] NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. [Dentener, F. J.; Cuvelier, C.; Van Dingenen, R.; Marmer, E.] Commiss European Communities, Inst Environm & Sustainabil, DG Joint Res Ctr, I-21020 Ispra, Italy. [Wild, O.] Univ Lancaster, Dept Environm Sci, Lancester Environm Ctr, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, England. [Schultz, M. G.; Schroeder, S.] Forschungszentrum Julich, ICG 2, D-52425 Julich, Germany. [Hess, P.] Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Textor, C.] Univ Paris 06, GMES France Atmosphere, Serv Aeron, INSU,CNRS, F-75252 Paris, France. [Textor, C.; Schulz, M.; Szopa, S.; Hauglustaine, D.] CNRS, UVSQ, IPSL, CEA,Lab Sci Climat & Environm, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Doherty, R. M.; MacKenzie, I. A.; Stevenson, D. S.] Univ Edinburgh, Sch GeoSci, Edinburgh EH9 3JN, Midlothian, Scotland. [Sanderson, M. G.; Collins, W. J.; Pringle, K. J.] Hadley Ctr, Met Off, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England. [Shindell, D. T.; Faluvegi, G.] Columbia Univ, NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Zeng, G.; Pyle, J. A.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Chem, Natl Ctr Atmospher Sci, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England. [Atherton, C.; Bergmann, D.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Atmospher Earth & Energy Div, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. [Bey, I.; Folberth, G.] Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Lab Modelisat Chim Atmospher, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. [Carmichael, G.] Univ Iowa, Coll Engn, Ctr Global & Reg Environm Res, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. [Duncan, B. N.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, UMBC Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Gauss, M.; Isaksen, I. S. A.] Univ Oslo, Dept Geosci, N-0315 Oslo, Norway. [Gong, S.] Environm Canada, Air Qual Res Div, Sci & Technol Branch, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Hauglustaine, D.] European Sci Fdn, Life Earth & Environm Sci, F-67080 Strasbourg, France. [Holloway, T.] Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Sustainabil & Global Environm, Nelson Inst Environm Studies, Madison, WI 53726 USA. [Park, R. J.] Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Seoul 151742, South Korea. [Jonson, J. E.; Wind, P.] Norwegian Meteorol Inst, Oslo, Norway. [Kaminski, J. W.; Lupu, A.] York Univ, Ctr Res Earth & Space Sci, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada. [Keating, T. J.] US EPA, Off Air & Radiat, Washington, DC 20460 USA. [Montanaro, V.; Pitari, G.] Univ Aquila, Dept Phys, I-67100 Laquila, Italy. [Vivanco, M. G.] CIEMAT, Atmospher Pollut Unit, E-28040 Madrid, Spain. [Wojcik, G.] Northrop Grumman Corp, Atmospher Effects Grp, Chantilly, VA 20151 USA. [Zuber, A.] Commiss European Communities, Environm Directorate Gen, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium. [Jacob, D. J.; Park, R. J.; Wu, S.] Harvard Univ, Atmospher Chem Modeling Grp, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Fiore, AM (reprint author), NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, 201 Forrestal Rd, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM Arlene.Fiore@noaa.gov; frank.dentener@jrc.it; O.Wild@lancaster.ac.uk; kees.cuvelier@jrc.it; m.schultz@fz-juelich.de; hess@ucar.edu; christiane.textor@aero.jussieu.fr; michael.schulz@isce.ipsl.fr; ruth.doherty@ed.ac.uk; Larry.Horowitz@noaa.gov; iamack@staffmail.ed.ac.uk; Michael.sanderson@metoffice.gov.uk; dshindell@giss.nasa.gov; dstevens@staffmail.ed.ac.uk; sophie.szopa@Isce.ipsl.fr; rita.van-dingenen@jrc.it; Cynthia.Atherton@moore.org; dbergmann@llnl.gov; isabelle.bey@epfl.ch; gcarmich@engineering.uiowa.edu; bill.collins@metoffice.gov.uk; Bryan.N.Duncan@nasa.gov; greg.faluvegi@gmail.com; gerd.folberth@metoffice.gov.uk; Michael.gauss@geo.uio.no; Sunling.Gong@ec.gc.ca; dhauglustaine@esf.org; taholloway@wisc.edu; ivar.isaksen@geofysikk.uio.no; djacob@fas.harvard.edu; jan.eiof.jonson@met.no; jacek@yorku.ca; Keating.Terry@epamail.epa.gov; alexlupu@yorku.ca; elina.marmer@jrc.it; veronica.montanaro@aquila.infn.it; rjpark@snu.ac.kr; gianni.pitari@aquila.infn.it; pringle@mpch-mainz.mpg.de; John.Pyle@atm.ch.cam.ac.uk; s.schroeder@fz-juelich.de; m.garcia@ciemat.es; peter.wind@met.no; gary.wojcik@ngc.com; slwu@mtu.edu; Andre.ZUBER@ec.europa.eu RI Wild, Oliver/A-4909-2009; Collins, William/A-5895-2010; Pringle, Kirsty /A-4697-2013; Folberth, Gerd/F-7376-2010; Szopa, Sophie/F-8984-2010; Lupu, Alexandru/D-3689-2009; Pfister, Gabriele/A-9349-2008; mackenzie, ian/E-9320-2013; Bergmann, Daniel/F-9801-2011; Stevenson, David/C-8089-2012; Shindell, Drew/D-4636-2012; Duncan, Bryan/A-5962-2011; Schultz, Martin/I-9512-2012; Horowitz, Larry/D-8048-2014; Vivanco, Marta/L-9816-2014; Park, Rokjin/I-5055-2012; Hess, Peter/M-3145-2015; Schulz, Michael/A-6930-2011; Pitari, Giovanni/O-7458-2016; OI Wild, Oliver/0000-0002-6227-7035; Collins, William/0000-0002-7419-0850; Szopa, Sophie/0000-0002-8641-1737; Lupu, Alexandru/0000-0002-4520-5523; Bergmann, Daniel/0000-0003-4357-6301; Stevenson, David/0000-0002-4745-5673; Schultz, Martin/0000-0003-3455-774X; Horowitz, Larry/0000-0002-5886-3314; Vivanco, Marta/0000-0002-5828-1859; Park, Rokjin/0000-0001-8922-0234; Hess, Peter/0000-0003-2439-3796; Schulz, Michael/0000-0003-4493-4158; Pitari, Giovanni/0000-0001-7051-9578; Folberth, Gerd/0000-0002-1075-440X FU U.S. DOE Atmospheric Science Program (Office of Science, BER) at LLNL [DE-AC52-07NA27344]; NERC [NE/D012538/1]; NASA; UK Defra [AQ902]; DECC [GA01101]; MoD [CBC/2B/0417_Annex C5]; Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences; Ontario Ministry of the Environment; Canadian Foundation for Innovation; Ontario Innovation Trust; Spanish Ministry of the Environment; Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program [CATER 2007-3205] FX We are grateful to D. Jaffe and D. Reidmiller (University of Washington), and to A. Gnanadesikan and R. Stouffer (GFDL) and three anonymous reviewers for insightful comments on previous versions of the manuscript. C. A. and D. B. were supported primarily by the U.S. DOE Atmospheric Science Program (Office of Science, BER) at LLNL under contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. R. M. D., I. A. M., and D. S. S. acknowledge funding from NERC (NE/D012538/1); B.N.D. from NASA MAP; M. G. S., K.J.P., and W.J.C. from the UK Defra under contract AQ902 and the Joint DECC and MoD Programme, (DECC) GA01101 (MoD) CBC/2B/0417_Annex C5; A. L. and J. W. K. from the Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences, the Ontario Ministry of the Environment, the Canadian Foundation for Innovation and the Ontario Innovation Trust; and M. G. V. from the Spanish Ministry of the Environment. R. J. P. was partly supported by the Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program under grant CATER 2007-3205. NR 103 TC 183 Z9 187 U1 51 U2 174 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 17 PY 2009 VL 114 AR D04301 DI 10.1029/2008JD010816 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 410XQ UT WOS:000263612000001 ER PT J AU Chang, YS Rosati, AJ Zhang, S Harrison, MJ AF Chang, You-Soon Rosati, Anthony J. Zhang, Shaoqing Harrison, Matthew J. TI Objective analysis of monthly temperature and salinity for the world ocean in the 21st century: Comparison with World Ocean Atlas and application to assimilation validation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID REAL-TIME DATA; CLIMATE; DESIGN; SYSTEM AB A new World Ocean atlas of monthly temperature and salinity, based on individual profiles for 2003-2007 (WOA21c), is constructed and compared with the World Ocean Atlas 2001 (WOA01), the World Ocean Atlas 2005 (WOA05), and the data assimilation analysis from the Coupled Data Assimilation (CDA) system developed by the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL). First, we established a global data management system for quality control (QC) of oceanic observed data both in real time and delayed mode. Delayed mode QC of Argo floats identified about 8.5% (3%) of the total floats (profiles) up to December 2007 as having a significant salinity offset of more than 0.05. Second, all QCed data were gridded at 1 degrees by 1 degrees horizontal resolution and 23 standard depth levels using six spatial scales (large and small longitudinal, latitudinal, and cross-isobath) and a temporal scale. Analyzed mean temperature in WOA21c is warm with respect to WOA01 and WOA05, while salinity difference is less evident. Consistent differences among WOA01, WOA05, and WOA21c are found both in the fully and subsampled data set, which indicates a large impact of recent observations on the existing climatologies. Root mean square temperature and salinity differences and offsets of the GFDL's CDA results significantly decrease in the order of WOA01, WOA05, and WOA21c in most oceans and depths as well. This result suggests that the WOA21c is of use for the collocated assessment approach especially for high-performance assimilation models on the global scale. C1 [Chang, You-Soon; Rosati, Anthony J.; Zhang, Shaoqing; Harrison, Matthew J.] Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. [Chang, You-Soon] Natl Inst Meteorol Res, Seoul, South Korea. RP Chang, YS (reprint author), Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, 201 Forrestal Rd, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM you-soon.chang@noaa.gov FU National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (NOAA/GFDL); University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) FX This research was supported by the Visiting Scientist Program at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (NOAA/GFDL), administered by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR). We would like to acknowledge the international Argo and GTSPP Program for the rich publicly available databases. We are grateful to A. T. Wittenberg and H.-C. Lee for their comments on the earlier version of this paper. Suggestions made by anonymous reviewers were very constructive in the revision of the paper. NR 32 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9275 EI 2169-9291 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD FEB 17 PY 2009 VL 114 AR C02014 DI 10.1029/2008JC004970 PG 24 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 410YD UT WOS:000263613300003 ER PT J AU Strait, DS Weber, GW Neubauer, S Chalk, J Richmond, BG Lucas, PW Spencer, MA Schrein, C Dechow, PC Ross, CF Grosse, IR Wright, BW Constantino, P Wood, BA Lawn, B Hylander, WL Wang, Q Byron, C Slice, DE Smith, AL AF Strait, David S. Weber, Gerhard W. Neubauer, Simon Chalk, Janine Richmond, Brian G. Lucas, Peter W. Spencer, Mark A. Schrein, Caitlin Dechow, Paul C. Ross, Callum F. Grosse, Ian R. Wright, Barth W. Constantino, Paul Wood, Bernard A. Lawn, Brian Hylander, William L. Wang, Qian Byron, Craig Slice, Dennis E. Smith, Amanda L. TI The feeding biomechanics and dietary ecology of Australopithecus africanus SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE evolution; face; finite element analysis; hominin; diet ID FINITE-ELEMENT-ANALYSIS; ELASTIC PROPERTIES; ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE; DENTAL MICROWEAR; CORTICAL BONE; SOUTH-AFRICA; EVOLUTION; PARANTHROPUS; HYPOTHESES; HOMININS AB The African Plio-Pleistocene hominins known as australopiths evolved a distinctive craniofacial morphology that traditionally has been viewed as a dietary adaptation for feeding on either small, hard objects or on large volumes of food. A historically influential interpretation of this morphology hypothesizes that loads applied to the premolars during feeding had a profound influence on the evolution of australopith craniofacial form. Here, we test this hypothesis using finite element analysis in conjunction with comparative, imaging, and experimental methods. We find that the facial skeleton of the Australopithecus type species, A. africanus, is well suited to withstand premolar loads. However, we suggest that the mastication of either small objects or large volumes of food is unlikely to fully explain the evolution of facial form in this species. Rather, key aspects of australopith craniofacial morphology are more likely to be related to the ingestion and initial preparation of large, mechanically protected food objects like large nuts and seeds. These foods may have broadened the diet of these hominins, possibly by being critical resources that australopiths relied on during periods when their preferred dietary items were in short supply. Our analysis reconciles apparent discrepancies between dietary reconstructions based on biomechanics, tooth morphology, and dental microwear. C1 [Strait, David S.; Smith, Amanda L.] SUNY Albany, Dept Anthropol, Albany, NY 12222 USA. [Weber, Gerhard W.; Neubauer, Simon; Slice, Dennis E.] Univ Vienna, Dept Anthropol, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. [Neubauer, Simon] Max Planck Inst Evolutionary Anthropol, Dept Human Evolut, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany. [Chalk, Janine; Richmond, Brian G.; Lucas, Peter W.; Constantino, Paul; Wood, Bernard A.] George Washington Univ, Dept Anthropol, Ctr Adv Study Hominid Paleobiol, Washington, DC 20052 USA. [Richmond, Brian G.; Wood, Bernard A.] Smithsonian Inst, Human Origins Program, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Washington, DC 20560 USA. [Spencer, Mark A.; Schrein, Caitlin] Arizona State Univ, Inst Human Origins, Sch Human Evolut & Social Change, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. [Dechow, Paul C.] Baylor Coll Dent, Dept Biomed Sci, Texas A&M Hlth Sci Ctr, Dallas, TX 75246 USA. [Ross, Callum F.] Univ Chicago, Dept Organismal Biol & Anat, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. [Grosse, Ian R.] Univ Massachusetts, Dept Mech & Ind Engn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. [Wright, Barth W.] Kansas City Univ Med & Biosci, Dept Anat, Kansas City, MO 64106 USA. [Lawn, Brian] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Hylander, William L.] Duke Univ, Dept Biol Anthropol & Anat, Durham, NC 27708 USA. [Wang, Qian] Mercer Univ, Sch Med, Div Basic Med Sci, Macon, GA 31207 USA. [Byron, Craig] Mercer Univ, Dept Biol, Macon, GA 31207 USA. [Slice, Dennis E.] Florida State Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Dirac Sci Lib, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. RP Strait, DS (reprint author), SUNY Albany, Dept Anthropol, 1400 Washington Ave, Albany, NY 12222 USA. EM dstrait@albany.edu RI Weber, Gerhard/F-2583-2010; Neubauer, Simon/D-1317-2010 OI Neubauer, Simon/0000-0001-9113-5063 FU National Science Foundation(NSF) [0725219, 0725183, 0725147, 0725141, 0725136, 0725126, 0725122, 0725078]; European Union FP6 Marie Curie Actions [MRTN-CT-2005-019564] FX We thank Francis Thackeray and Stephanie Potze from the Transvaal Museum, Northern Flagship Institution, Pretoria, South Africa, for access to fossils and the staff of Selby Clark Clinic, Johannesburg, South Africa, and the Little Company of Mary Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa, for the scanning of specimens. We also thank Gary Schwartz, Peter Ungar, and Frederick Grine for constructive discussions about enamel thickness, dental microwear, and diet. This project was funded by grants from the National Science Foundation Physical Anthropology HOMINID program (NSF BCS 0725219, 0725183, 0725147, 0725141, 0725136, 0725126, 0725122, 0725078) and the European Union FP6 Marie Curie Actions MRTN-CT-2005-019564 "EVAN.'' NR 47 TC 125 Z9 126 U1 6 U2 40 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD FEB 17 PY 2009 VL 106 IS 7 BP 2124 EP 2129 DI 10.1073/pnas.0808730106 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 409OQ UT WOS:000263516100011 PM 19188607 ER PT J AU Meng, CL Li, ZL Zhan, X Shi, JC Liu, CY AF Meng, C. L. Li, Z. -L. Zhan, X. Shi, J. C. Liu, C. Y. TI Land surface temperature data assimilation and its impact on evapotranspiration estimates from the Common Land Model SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID VARIATIONAL DATA ASSIMILATION; ENERGY BALANCE COMPONENTS; COMMUNITY CLIMATE MODEL; EVAPORATION; FLUXES AB A variational data assimilation algorithm for assimilating land surface temperature (LST) in the Common Land Model (COLM) is implemented using the land surface energy balance as the adjoint physical constraint. In this data assimilation algorithm, the evaporative fraction of soil and canopy is adjusted according to the surface temperature observations. The analysis results from COLM with the LST assimilation algorithm compare well with the field observations from AmeriFlux data at four sites with different land surface conditions. These results indicate that the surface temperature assimilation method is efficient and effective when only one observation for each day is available (e. g., an observation at 1400 local solar time). A sensitivity analysis for the COLM estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) is also carried out, and the impact of the surface temperature data assimilation on the ET estimates is assessed. It is found that except for time periods with a heavy rainfall event, the ET estimates with the surface temperature assimilation once per day during 0800-1600 local solar time compare better with the AmeriFlux ET measurements than do those without the LST data assimilation. This study implies that the data assimilation algorithm for assimilating regional-scale remote sensing LST data into COLM is promising. C1 [Meng, C. L.; Li, Z. -L.] Inst Geog Sci & Nat Resources Res, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China. [Liu, C. Y.] Natl Climate Ctr, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. [Shi, J. C.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, ICESS, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Zhan, X.] NOAA, NESDIS, STAR, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Li, Z. -L.] ENSPS, LSIIT, TRIO, Illkirch Graffenstaden, France. [Shi, J. C.] Inst Remote Sensing Applicat, Beijing, Peoples R China. RP Meng, CL (reprint author), Inst Geog Sci & Nat Resources Res, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China. EM li@ensps.u-strasbg.fr RI Zhan, Xiwu/F-5487-2010 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [40425012]; CAS [KSCX2-YW-N-003] FX We express our gratitude to Yongjiu Dai for providing us with the Common Land Model (COLM) and to Youjun Dou for his unselfish help. We are indebted to Steve Margulis and two anonymous reviewers for their very helpful and stimulating comments, which greatly improved the quality of the manuscript. We also thank the AmeriFlux site for providing us with the in situ data for validating our assimilation algorithm. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant 40425012 and the knowledge innovation project of the CAS under grant KSCX2-YW-N-003. NR 15 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 3 U2 17 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD FEB 17 PY 2009 VL 45 AR W02421 DI 10.1029/2008WR006971 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 410ZB UT WOS:000263615700002 ER PT J AU Downs, CA Kramarsky-Winter, E Martinez, J Kushmaro, A Woodley, CM Loya, Y Ostrander, GK AF Downs, Craig A. Kramarsky-Winter, Esti Martinez, Jon Kushmaro, Ariel Woodley, Cheryl M. Loya, Yossi Ostrander, Gary K. TI Symbiophagy as a cellular mechanism for coral bleaching SO AUTOPHAGY LA English DT Article DE autophagy; coral; coral bleaching; Rab 7; symbiont; membrane ID AUTOPHAGY; ZOOXANTHELLAE; DEATH; STRESS AB Coral bleaching is a major contributor to the global declines of coral reefs. This phenomenon is characterized by the loss of symbiotic algae, their pigments or both. Despite wide scientific interest, the mechanisms by which bleaching occurs are still poorly understood. Here we report that the removal of the symbiont during light and temperature stress is achieved using the host's cellular autophagic-associated machinery. Host cellular and subcellular morphologies showed increased vacuolization and appearance of autophagic membranes surrounding a variety of organelles and surrounding the symbiotic algae. Markers of autophagy (Rab 7 and LAS) corroborate these observations. Results showed that during stress the symbiont vacuolar membrane is transformed from a conduit of nutrient exchange to a digestive organelle resulting in the consumption of the symbiont, a process we term symbiophagy. We posit that during a stress event, the mechanism maintaining symbiosis is destabilized and symbiophagy is activated, ultimately resulting in the phenomenon of bleaching. Symbiophagy may have evolved from a more general primordial innate intracellular protective pathway termed xenophagy. C1 [Downs, Craig A.; Kramarsky-Winter, Esti; Martinez, Jon; Ostrander, Gary K.] Univ Hawaii Manoa, Pacific Biosci Res Ctr, Kewalo Marine Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Downs, Craig A.] Haereticus Environm Lab, Clifford, VA USA. [Kramarsky-Winter, Esti; Loya, Yossi] Tel Aviv Univ, George S Wise Fac Life Sci, Dept Zool, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. [Kushmaro, Ariel] Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Natl Inst Biotechnol, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel. [Kushmaro, Ariel] Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Dept Biotechnol Engn, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel. [Woodley, Cheryl M.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC USA. RP Ostrander, GK (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Pacific Biosci Res Ctr, 2500 Campus Way,Suite 211, Honolulu, HI 96821 USA. EM gko@hawaii.edu RI KUSHMARO, ARIEL/F-1970-2012; Kramarsky-Winter, Esti/H-2205-2012; Loya, Yossi/J-3039-2012 NR 29 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 8 PU LANDES BIOSCIENCE PI AUSTIN PA 1002 WEST AVENUE, 2ND FLOOR, AUSTIN, TX 78701 USA SN 1554-8627 J9 AUTOPHAGY JI Autophagy PD FEB 16 PY 2009 VL 5 IS 2 BP 211 EP 216 PG 6 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 412KO UT WOS:000263723900008 PM 19066451 ER PT J AU Pease, LF Lipin, DI Tsai, DH Zachariah, MR Lua, LHL Tarlov, MJ Middelberg, APJ AF Pease, Leonard F., III Lipin, Daniel I. Tsai, De-Hao Zachariah, Michael R. Lua, Linda H. L. Tarlov, Michael J. Middelberg, Anton P. J. TI Quantitative Characterization of Virus-like Particles by Asymmetrical Flow Field Flow Fractionation, Electrospray Differential Mobility Analysis, and Transmission Electron Microscopy SO BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE virus; influenza; electrospray differential mobility analysis (ES-DMA); asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AFFFF); polyomavirus ID MAJOR CAPSID PROTEIN; LIGHT-SCATTERING; MAMMALIAN-CELLS; POLYOMA-VIRUS; DNA-BINDING; SURFACE; SIZE; VP1; SPECTROMETRY; MOLECULES AB Here we characterize virus-like particles (VLPs) by three very distinct, orthogonal, and quantitative techniques: electrospray differential mobility analysis (ES-DMA), asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation with multi-angle light scattering detection (AFFFF-MALS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). VLPs are biomolecular particles assembled from viral proteins with applications ranging from synthetic vaccines to vectors for deliver), of gene and drug therapies. VLPs may have polydispersed, multimodal size distributions, where the size distribution can be altered by subtle changes in the production process. These three techniques detect Subtle size differences in VLPs derived from the non-enveloped murine polyomavirus (MPV) following: (i) functionalization of the surface of VLPs with an influenza viral peptide fragment; (ii) packaging of foreign protein internally within the VLPs; and (iii) packaging of genomic DNA internally within the VLPs. These results demonstrate that ES-DMA and AFFFF-MALS are able to quantitatively determine VLP size distributions with greater rapidity and statistical significance than TEM, providing useful technologies for product development and process analytics. C1 [Lipin, Daniel I.; Lua, Linda H. L.; Middelberg, Anton P. J.] Univ Queensland, Australian Inst Bioengn & Nanotechnol, Ctr Biomol Engn, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. [Pease, Leonard F., III; Tsai, De-Hao; Zachariah, Michael R.; Tarlov, Michael J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Tsai, De-Hao; Zachariah, Michael R.] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Middelberg, APJ (reprint author), Univ Queensland, Australian Inst Bioengn & Nanotechnol, Ctr Biomol Engn, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. EM cbe@uq.edu.au RI Tsai, De-Hao/K-6702-2012; Middelberg, Anton/B-2434-2013; Lua, Linda/B-4879-2010 OI Tsai, De-Hao/0000-0002-2669-3007; Lua, Linda/0000-0002-9756-7083 FU National Research Council; Australian Research Council [FF0348465, DP0773111]; Australian National Health and Medical Research Council [409976]; University of Queensland Graduate School and Center for Biomolecular Engineering scholarships; Australian Research Council FX Up acknowledges support of a postdoctoral fellowship through the National Research Council. LHLL and APJM acknowledge the support of the Australian Research Council (Grants FF0348465 and DP0773111) and the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (Grant 409976). DIL is a recipient of University of Queensland Graduate School and Center for Biomolecular Engineering scholarships. APJM acknowledges support from the Australian Research Council through the award of a Federation Fellowship. We thank Yuan Yuan Fan of the University of Queensland for acquiring TEM images for use in this study and Kenneth 1). Cole and Rebecca A. Zangmeister for reading the Manuscript. NR 52 TC 61 Z9 61 U1 2 U2 43 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0006-3592 EI 1097-0290 J9 BIOTECHNOL BIOENG JI Biotechnol. Bioeng. PD FEB 15 PY 2009 VL 102 IS 3 BP 845 EP 855 DI 10.1002/bit.22085 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 396NK UT WOS:000262598200020 PM 18958863 ER PT J AU Taylor, MH Mountain, DG AF Taylor, Maureen H. Mountain, David G. TI The influence of surface layer salinity on wintertime convection in Wilkinson Basin, Gulf of Maine SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Gulf of Maine; Wilkinson Basin; Winter convection; Mixed layer depth; Salinity anomalies ID MIDDLE ATLANTIC BIGHT; GEORGES-BANK; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; OF-MAINE; OCEAN; WATER; CIRCULATION; FLUX; PRODUCTIVITY; ABUNDANCE AB observations suggest that the interannual variability of wintertime convection in Wilkinson Basin (WB) during 1977-2005 is related to the variation in the surface layer salinity in the western Gulf of Maine (wGOM). When the winter convection is stronger (weaker), the resulting deep-layer temperatures in the wGOM are colder (warmer), and the likelihood of deep winter mixing is greater when the wGOM salinities are high. This hypothesis was tested using a one-dimensional mixed layer model to simulate the water column structure over the cooling period. Comparisons were made between the convection potential for the range of observed late-fall salinity Values. Model results indicated that the mixed layer depth Could deepen by as much as 50% when the surface layer salinities in the wGOM were high. Sensitivity tests revealed that the surface layer salinity variability, and its influence on the water column density structure, was a significant factor, along with local climate variability, in determining the observed time series trend in springtime bottom layer temperatures. Density distributions in the wGOM in high salinity years suggested that winter-cooled water from the adjacent shallow coastal areas could become sufficiently dense to cascade into the deeper layers of WB and enhanced the convective cooling. The interannual variation in wintertime convection and in the resulting density structure has important implications for biological processes. The associated variation in deeper layer temperatures has been shown to influence the spatial distribution, timing of spawning, and growth rates of many demersal and mid-water fishery populations. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Taylor, Maureen H.; Mountain, David G.] NOAA Fisheries, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Taylor, MH (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM maureen.taylor@noaa.gov; mountain@email.arizona.edu NR 40 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD FEB 15 PY 2009 VL 29 IS 2 BP 433 EP 444 DI 10.1016/j.csr.2008.11.002 PG 12 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 412BZ UT WOS:000263699500006 ER PT J AU Millet, DB Atlas, EL Blake, DR Blake, NJ Diskin, GS Holloway, JS Hudman, RC Meinardi, S Ryerson, TB Sachse, GW AF Millet, Dylan B. Atlas, Elliot L. Blake, Donald R. Blake, Nicola J. Diskin, Glenn S. Holloway, John S. Hudman, Rynda C. Meinardi, Simone Ryerson, Thomas B. Sachse, Glen W. TI Halocarbon Emissions from the United States and Mexico and Their Global Warming Potential SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC HYDROXYL; METHYL CHLOROFORM; TROPOSPHERIC OH; ART.; INVENTORY; CHEMISTRY; RADICALS; CH3CN; OCEAN; CITY AB We use recent aircraft measurements of a comprehensive suite of anthropogenic halocarbons, carbon monoxide (CO), and related tracers to place new constraints on North American halocarbon emissions and quantify their global warming potential. Using a chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) we find that the ensemble of observations are consistent with our prior best estimate of the U.S. anthropogenic CO source, but suggest a 30% underestimate of Mexican emissions. We develop an optimized CO emission inventory on this basis and quantify halocarbon emissions from their measured enhancements relative to CO. Emissions continue for many compounds restricted under the Montreal Protocol, and we show that halocarbons make up an important fraction of the total greenhouse gas source for both countries: our best estimate is 9% (uncertainty range 6-12%) and 32% (21-52%) of equivalent CO2 emissions for the U.S. and Mexico, respectively, on a 20 year time scale. Performance of bottom-up emission inventories is variable, with underestimates for some compounds and overestimates for others. Ongoing methylchloroform emissions are significant in the U.S. (2.8 Gg/y in 2004-2006), in contrast to bottom-up estimates (< 0.05 Gg), with implications for tropospheric OH calculations. Mexican methylchloroform emissions are minor. C1 [Millet, Dylan B.] Univ Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. [Atlas, Elliot L.] Univ Miami, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Blake, Donald R.; Blake, Nicola J.; Meinardi, Simone] Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. [Diskin, Glenn S.; Sachse, Glen W.] NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Holloway, John S.; Ryerson, Thomas B.] NOAA CSD, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Hudman, Rynda C.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Millet, DB (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM dbm@umn.edu RI Hudman, Rynda/C-6118-2009; Millet, Dylan/G-5832-2012; Holloway, John/F-9911-2012; Ryerson, Tom/C-9611-2009; Chem, GEOS/C-5595-2014; Atlas, Elliot/J-8171-2015 OI Holloway, John/0000-0002-4585-9594; NR 46 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 3 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X EI 1520-5851 J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD FEB 15 PY 2009 VL 43 IS 4 BP 1055 EP 1060 DI 10.1021/es802146j PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 406MC UT WOS:000263298600017 PM 19320157 ER PT J AU Cage, B McNeely, JH Russek, SE Halpern, HJ AF Cage, Brant McNeely, James Halley Russek, Stephen E. Halpern, Howard J. TI Thermomagnetic properties of the Finland trityl radical SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE dynamic nuclear polarisation; magnetic cooling; magnetic susceptibility; magnetisation; organic compounds; paramagnetic materials; paramagnetic resonance; quantum computing; SQUIDs; thermomagnetic effects ID DYNAMIC NUCLEAR-POLARIZATION; CUPRIC SULFATE PENTAHYDRATE; SPIN-LATTICE-RELAXATION; PARAMAGNETIC-RESONANCE; EPR; SUSCEPTIBILITY; SYSTEMS; DESIGN; NMR AB The Finland trityl paramagnet is characterized by magnetic susceptibility and a new form of quantitative electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) that utilizes a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) as a detection method. This radical is of interest due to its use as a dynamic nuclear polarization agent as well as a potential magnetic refrigerant and quantum computing bit. The SQUID-EPR data show that the EPR linewidth of a concentrated trityl powder decreases dramatically from 4.4 to 1.4 mT as the temperature is increased from 1.8 to 10 K. The quantitative nature of SQUID-EPR is used to thermodynamically quantify the EPR energy transfer times and saturated fractions. At 95 GHz and 1.8 K, only 40% of the spins are in resonance at the onset of saturation. Conventional dc magnetic susceptibility over 1.8-150 K indicates an S=1/2 Curie-Weiss relationship with little long range interaction. Magnetization versus applied field at 1.8 and 4 K fits a Brillouin function with >80% electronic polarization at a normalized field of g mu(B)mu H-0/kT approximate to 3. These results provide information required for theoretical modeling and engineering of the trityl radical for a wide range of applications. C1 [Cage, Brant; McNeely, James Halley] IIT, Dept Biol Chem & Phys Sci, Chicago, IL 60616 USA. [Russek, Stephen E.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Halpern, Howard J.] Univ Chicago, Ctr EPR Imaging Vivo Physiol, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. RP Cage, B (reprint author), IIT, Dept Biol Chem & Phys Sci, Chicago, IL 60616 USA. EM pcage@iit.edu FU NIBIB [P41 EB002034]; National Cancer Institute [R01 CA98575]; IIT ERIF FX H. Halpern would like to acknowledge two NIH Grants funded by NIBIB (National Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering) (Grant No. P41 EB002034) and the National Cancer Institute (Grant No. R01 CA98575) for financial support. B. Cage would like to acknowledge the IIT ERIF grant for financial support. NR 32 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD FEB 15 PY 2009 VL 105 IS 4 AR 043905 DI 10.1063/1.3073992 PG 6 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 413OV UT WOS:000263803300052 PM 19529796 ER PT J AU Runcie, RM Dewar, H Hawn, DR Frank, LR Dickson, KA AF Runcie, Rosa M. Dewar, Heidi Hawn, Donald R. Frank, Lawrence R. Dickson, Kathryn A. TI Evidence for cranial endothermy in the opah (Lampris guttatus) SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE adipose tissue; citrate synthase; counter-current heat exchange; cranial endothermy; extraocular muscle; Lampris guttatus; lateral rectus; magnetic resonance imaging; moonfish; opah; regional endothermy; retia; superior rectus; temperature ID TUNA THUNNUS-OBESUS; MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY; BODY TEMPERATURES; EYE TEMPERATURES; BLUEFIN TUNA; BRAIN HEATER; FISHES; MUSCLE; WARM; MOVEMENTS AB Cranial endothermy evolved independently in lamnid sharks, billfishes and tunas, and is thought to minimize the effects of ambient temperature change on both vision and neural function during deep dives. The opah, Lampris guttatus, is a large epipelagic-mesopelagic predator that makes repeated dives into cool waters to forage. To determine if L. guttatus exhibits cranial endothermy, we measured cranial temperatures in live, decked fish and identified potential sources of heat and mechanisms to conserve heat. In 40 opah (95.1 +/- 7.6 cm fork length), the temperature of the tissue behind the eye was elevated by a mean (+/- s.e.m.) of 2.1 +/- 0.3 degrees C and a maximum of 6.3 degrees C above myotomal muscle temperature (T-m), used as a proxy for ambient temperature. Cranial temperature varied significantly with Tm and temperature elevation was greater at lower Tm. The proximal region of the paired lateral rectus extraocular muscle appears to be the primary source of heat. This muscle is the largest extraocular muscle, is adjacent to the optic nerve and brain and is separated from the brain only by a thin layer of bone. The proximal lateral rectus muscle is darker red in color and has a higher citrate synthase activity, indicating a higher capacity for aerobic heat production, than all other extraocular muscles. Furthermore, this muscle has a layer of fat insulating it from the gill cavity and is perfused by a network of arteries and veins that forms a putative counter-current heat exchanger. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that the opah can maintain elevated cranial temperatures. C1 [Runcie, Rosa M.; Dickson, Kathryn A.] Calif State Univ Fullerton, Dept Biol Sci, Fullerton, CA 92834 USA. [Dewar, Heidi] NOAA Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. [Hawn, Donald R.] Univ Hawaii, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Ecosyst & Oceanog Div, NOAA Fisheries, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Frank, Lawrence R.] Univ Calif San Diego, Ctr Sci Computat Imaging, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Frank, Lawrence R.] Univ Calif San Diego, Ctr Funct Magnet Resonance Imaging, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Dickson, KA (reprint author), Calif State Univ Fullerton, Dept Biol Sci, Fullerton, CA 92834 USA. EM kdickson@fullerton.edu FU NIH Minority Scientist Development Program at California State University Fullerton [R25 GM56820]; California State University Fullerton Senior Faculty Research Award; NSF [DBI-0446389]; NOAA [NA17RJ12301] FX We thank the captain and crew of the F/V Sea Pearl and Steve Foltz and Richard Traylor from Chesapeake Fish Company, San Diego, CA, for access to opah. Dan Cartamil, Nick Wegner and Scott Aalbers assisted with collecting chub mackerel. We are indebted to Dr Sean Walker for assistance with software, Steve Karl for microscopy expertise and assistance, Cameron Perry who completed the MRI segmentations, and Dr Robert Koch and Dr Bill Hoese for comments on earlier drafts. This research was supported by the NIH Minority Scientist Development Program at California State University Fullerton (#R25 GM56820), a California State University Fullerton Senior Faculty Research Award to K. A. D., an NSF grant to L. R. F. for the Digital Fish Library (#DBI-0446389), and the University of Hawaii Pelagic Fisheries Research Program under Cooperative Agreement NA17RJ12301 from NOAA. Deposited in PMC for release after 12 months. NR 46 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 5 U2 35 PU COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA BIDDER BUILDING CAMBRIDGE COMMERCIAL PARK COWLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4DL, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0022-0949 EI 1477-9145 J9 J EXP BIOL JI J. Exp. Biol. PD FEB 15 PY 2009 VL 212 IS 4 BP 461 EP 470 DI 10.1242/jeb.022814 PG 10 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 402RU UT WOS:000263031600010 PM 19181893 ER PT J AU Nayak, A Sorci, M Krueger, S Belfort, G AF Nayak, Arpan Sorci, Mirco Krueger, Susan Belfort, Georges TI A universal pathway for amyloid nucleus and precursor formation for insulin SO PROTEINS-STRUCTURE FUNCTION AND BIOINFORMATICS LA English DT Article DE amyloids; oligomers; critical nucleus; mechanism; structural model ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; FLUORINE-SUBSTITUTED ALCOHOLS; FIBRIL FORMATION; ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE; PROTEIN STABILITY; MOLECULAR-MECHANISM; X-RAY; AGGREGATION; NUCLEATION; KINETICS AB To help identify the etiological agents for amyloid-related diseases, attention is focused here on the fibrillar precursors, also called oligomers and protofibrils, and on modeling the reaction kinetics of the formation of the amyloid nucleus. Insulin is a favored model for amyloid formation, not only because amyloidosis can be a problem in diabetes, but also because aggregation and fibrillation causes problems during production, storage, and delivery. Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) is used to measure the temporal formation of insulin oligomers in H(2)O- and D(2)O-based solvents and obtain consistent evidence of the composition of the insulin nucleus that comprised three dimers or six monomers similar to that recently proposed in the literature. A simple molecular structural model that describes the growth of oligomers under a wide range of environmental conditions is proposed. The model first involves lengthening or end-on-end association of dimers to form three-dimer nuclei, and then exhibits broadening or side-on-side association of nuclei. Using different additives to demonstrate their influence on the kinetics of oligomer formation, we showed that, although the time required to form the nucleus was dependent on a specific system, they all followed a universal pathway for nucleus and precursor formation. The methods and analyses presented here provide the first experimental molecular size description of the details of amyloid nucleus formation and subsequent propagation to fibril precursors independent of kinetics. C1 [Nayak, Arpan; Sorci, Mirco; Belfort, Georges] Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Howard P Isermann Dept Chem & Biol Engn, Troy, NY 12180 USA. [Krueger, Susan] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Belfort, G (reprint author), Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Howard P Isermann Dept Chem & Biol Engn, Troy, NY 12180 USA. EM belfog@rpi.edu RI Nayak, Arpan/D-7587-2011 FU National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce FX We thank Arne Staby (Novo Nordisk A/S, Denmark) for supplying the human insulin. We also acknowledge the support of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce, in providing the neutron research facilities used in this work. A. N. also thanks University of Maryland at College Park, MD for travel support to visit NIST and Amit K. Dutta (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute) for useful discussion. NR 71 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 3 U2 22 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0887-3585 J9 PROTEINS JI Proteins PD FEB 15 PY 2009 VL 74 IS 3 BP 556 EP 565 DI 10.1002/prot.22169 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 396BH UT WOS:000262566700002 PM 18655073 ER PT J AU Haas, HL Freeman, CJ Logan, JM Deegan, L Gaines, EF AF Haas, Heather L. Freeman, Christopher J. Logan, John M. Deegan, Linda Gaines, Emily F. TI Examining mummichog growth and movement: Are some individuals making intra-season migrations to optimize growth? SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Animal movement; Estuary; Fundulus heteroclitus; Mummichogs; Stable isotopes ID KILLIFISH FUNDULUS-HETEROCLITUS; STABLE-ISOTOPE ANALYSES; SALT-MARSH; TURNOVER RATES; DIET; NITROGEN; CARBON; FISH; FRACTIONATION; DELTA-N-15 AB We used a combination of field experiments and stable isotopes to examine mummichog growth and movement within a New England estuary. We documented physical and biological patterns within the estuary by caging individually-marked fish in enclosures at four locations along a coastal river and measuring environmental parameters (e.g., salinity, tidal inundation) and fish characteristics (e.g., gut-contents, growth, and stable isotope values) at each location. The upstream location was fresh (1 ppt) at low tide, and the downstream location was saline at high tide (32 ppt). The upstream and downstream locations had more tidal inundation than the intermediate location. Fish gut contents were dominated by terrestrial insects at the upstream location, by algae and detritus at the intermediate locations, and by aquatic insects at the downstream location. Fish grew fastest at the upstream location and slowest at the downstream location. Stable isotope values (delta C-13 and delta N-15) of fish held in cages were significantly different at upstream, intermediate, and downstream locations. We transferred fish from one location to another in order to document how stable isotope values change when fish switch diets by moving within this estuary. Because differences in rates at which different tissue types approach the isotopic value of new diet sources can be used as a way to estimate the time since diet shift, we used the delta C-13 and delta N-15 values of liver and muscle as indicators of short term previous diet (liver) and longer term previous diet (muscle). We collected wild (uncaged) mummichogs from each location, and we compared their liver and muscle isotope values to values of fish that were transferred among locations. When fish were transferred from one location to another, their stable isotope values were intermediate between expected values at the previous and current locations. The liver approached stable isotope values representative of current location faster than muscle. Wild fish showed greater variation in stable isotope values than fish held in cages, Wild fish from the upstream location showed patterns in liver and muscle stable isotope values that were consistent with patterns in fish that were transferred from the downstream location to the upstream location (similar to 10 km away). These patterns in stable isotope values could have multiple causes including intra-season movement between downstream and upstream locations. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Haas, Heather L.; Freeman, Christopher J.; Logan, John M.; Deegan, Linda; Gaines, Emily F.] Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Haas, HL (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM heather.haas@noaa.gov FU NSF LTER [OCE-9726921, DEB 0213767] FX We are grateful to Marshall Otter for performing all stable isotope analysis and providing helpful advice and analysis throughout the development of this manuscript. Corey Lawrence assisted in field work, and Paul Fell and Scott Warren provided assistance with gut content analysis and identification. We thank Brian Fry for inspiring this project and for providing comments on the manuscript. This study was funded by NSF LTER grant OCE-9726921 and NSF DEB 0213767. NR 30 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 36 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 EI 1879-1697 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD FEB 14 PY 2009 VL 369 IS 1 BP 8 EP 16 DI 10.1016/j.jembe.2008.09.027 PG 9 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 411DL UT WOS:000263628100002 ER PT J AU Chow, S Suzuki, N Brodeur, RD Ueno, Y AF Chow, Seinen Suzuki, Nobuaki Brodeur, Richard D. Ueno, Yasuhiro TI Little population structuring and recent evolution of the Pacific saury (Cololabis saira) as indicated by mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Marine fish; Mitochondrial DNA; Nuclear DNA; Pacific saury; Population structure; Recent evolution ID NORTH PACIFIC; EPIPELAGIC NEKTON; CONTROL REGION; MARINE FISHES; GROWTH; OCEAN; POLYMORPHISM; SARDINES AB Genetic population structure of the Pacific saury (Cololabis saira) was investigated using nucleotide sequence analysis on the mitochondrial DNA control region (355-361 bp). Although the left domain of the control region is known to be highly variable in many species, extremely low nucleotide and haplotype diversities (pi-0.17% and h=0.418, respectively) were observed in a total of 141 individuals collected from five distant locales (East China Sea, Sea of Okhotsk, northwest Pacific, central North Pacific and northeast Pacific). No significant haplotype frequency differences were detected among widely separated samples, therefore we were unable to reject the null hypothesis of no genetic structuring in the Pacific saury population. Moderate levels of nucleotide substitution (p-distance) were observed between the Pacific saury and its Atlantic counterpart (Scomberesox saurus) in the control region (7.44%), cytochrome b gene (4.64%), and internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) (11.49%), indicating that the low sequence diversity of the control region in the Pacific saury is not due to the slow mutation rate. The molecular data suggest the Pacific saury may be a relatively recent offshoot among the extant members in the family Scomberesocidae. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Chow, Seinen] Natl Res Inst Fisheries Sci, Kanagawa 2360386, Japan. [Suzuki, Nobuaki] Seikai Natl Fisheries Res Inst, Okinawa 9070451, Japan. [Brodeur, Richard D.] NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Newport, OR 97365 USA. [Ueno, Yasuhiro] Tohoku Natl Fisheries Res Inst, Aomori 0310841, Japan. RP Chow, S (reprint author), Natl Res Inst Fisheries Sci, Nagai 6-31-1, Kanagawa 2360386, Japan. EM chow@affrc.go.jp FU Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, and Culture of Japan [17380126]; Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan FX We are grateful to Professor K. Numachi for kindly providing us his original research article, H. Sato, Hokkaido Fisheries Experimental Station, for supporting sample collection, and to H. Hasegawa, M. Michibayashi and K. Saito for their technical help for molecular analysis. We wish to thank P. Bentzen, S. Clifford and B. B. Collette for kindly providing the Atlantic saury samples. We thank S. Grant, M. Canino, and R. Baldwin for helpful comments on previous versions of this manuscript. This work was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas (B) (No. 17380126) from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, and Culture of Japan and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan. NR 44 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD FEB 14 PY 2009 VL 369 IS 1 BP 17 EP 21 DI 10.1016/j.jembe.2008.10.023 PG 5 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 411DL UT WOS:000263628100003 ER PT J AU Lirman, D Manzello, D AF Lirman, Diego Manzello, Derek TI Patterns of resistance and resilience of the stress-tolerant coral Siderastrea radians (Pallas) to sub-optimal salinity and sediment burial SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Corals; Resilience; Resistance; Salinity stress; Sediment burial ID AUSTRALIAN SCLERACTINIAN CORALS; LONG-TERM DECLINE; REEF CORALS; MULTIPLE STRESSORS; SUSPENDED SEDIMENT; CARIBBEAN CORALS; FLORIDA; REJECTION; ABUNDANCE; PORITES AB The coastal lagoons of south Florida, U.S., experience fluctuating levels of sedimentation and salinity and contain only a subset of the coral species found at the adjacent reefs of the Florida Reef Tract. The dominant species within these habitats is Siderastrea radians, which can reach densities of up to 68 colonies m(-2) and is commonly exposed to salinity extremes (<10 psu to >37 psu) and chronic sediment burial. In this study, we document the patterns of resistance and resilience of S. radians to sub-optimal salinity levels and sediment burial in a series of short-term, long-term, acute, chronic, single-stressor, and sequential-stressor experiments. S. radians displayed remarkable patterns of resistance and resilience and mortality was documented only under prolonged (>= 48 h) continuous exposure to salinity extremes (15 and 45 psu) and chronic sediment burial. A reduction in photosynthetic rates was documented for all salinity exposures and the decrease in photosynthesis was linearly related to exposure time. Negative impacts on photosynthetic rates were more severe under low salinity (15 psu) than under high salinity (45 psu). Corals exposed to intermediate, low-salinity levels (25 psu), exhibited initial declines in photosynthesis that were followed by temporary increases that may represent transient acclimatization patterns. The impacts of sediment burial were influenced by the duration of the burial period and ranged from a temporary reduction in photosynthesis to significant reductions in growth and tissue mortality. The maintenance of P/R ratios >1 and the rapid (< 24 h) recovery of photosynthetic rates after burial periods of 2-24 h indicates that S. radians is able to resist short-term burial periods with minor physiological consequences. However, as burial periods increase and colonies become covered at multiple chronic intervals, sediment burial resulted in extended photosynthetic recovery periods, reduced growth, and mortality. Under normal conditions (i.e., no salinity stress), S. radians was very effective at clearing sediments, and >50% of the colonies' surface area was cleared within I h. However, clearing rates were influenced by physiological status, and prior exposure to sub-optimal salinity significantly reduced the clearing rates of stressed colonies. The response of S. radians to disturbance documented in this study characterizes this species as highly stress-tolerant and provides an explanation for its present high abundance in both reef and marginal environments. Moreover, the key life-history attributes of S. radians, such as brooding reproductive strategy, small colony size, high stress-tolerance, and high recruitment rates, suggest the potential for this species to replace reef-building taxa under increased disturbance scenarios in Florida and elsewhere in the region. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Lirman, Diego] Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Marine Biol & Fisheries, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Manzello, Derek] NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Lirman, D (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Marine Biol & Fisheries, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM dlirman@rsmas.miami.edu RI Manzello, Derek/A-8661-2014 OI Manzello, Derek/0000-0002-0720-3041 FU NOAA's Coastal Ocean Program [NA17RJ1226]; EPA STAR [R-82745301-0]; Florida Department of Environmental Protection [NRD08] FX Funding for this project was provided by NOAA's Coastal Ocean Program (Award NA17RJ1226), EPA STAR Program (#Award R-82745301-0), and the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (Award NRD08). NR 61 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 30 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD FEB 14 PY 2009 VL 369 IS 1 BP 72 EP 77 DI 10.1016/j.jembe.2008.10.024 PG 6 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 411DL UT WOS:000263628100010 ER PT J AU Alken, P AF Alken, P. TI A quiet time empirical model of equatorial vertical plasma drift in the Peruvian sector based on 150 km echoes SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID REGION; SATELLITE; IONOSPHERE; JICAMARCA AB Equatorial vertical plasma drift is an important consequence of the E and F region dynamos. Understanding the climatology of vertical drift can provide significant insight into many ionospheric phenomena. In this study we present the first empirical model of vertical plasma drifts at 150 km altitude, observed by the Jicamarca Unattended Long-term studies of the Ionosphere and Atmosphere (JULIA) coherent scatter radar located in Peru. The model, called JULIA Vertical Drift Model (JVDM), describes the local time, seasonal, and solar flux behavior of the equatorial vertical drifts in the Peruvian sector. The model is valid from 0800 through 1600 local time, which is typically when JULIA makes vertical drift measurements. During very high solar flux conditions, however, the model is unreliable before 1000 local time owing to a lack of JULIA data. The model includes a climatology of the 150 km equatorial vertical drifts as well as an estimate of the day-to-day variability, which can be significant. The daytime drifts typically peak between 1000 and 1200 LT and have amplitudes of 25-30 m/s +/- 10 m/s. The model has been validated against the global empirical model of Scherliess and Fejer, with a total rms difference of under 4 m/s for 1000 to 1600 LT. This model will allow researchers to study daily variations in the equatorial electric field by subtracting the climatological mean. Model coefficients and software are available online at http://geomag.org/models and http://www.earthref.org. C1 [Alken, P.] NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, E GCI, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Alken, P.] Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Alken, P (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, E GCI, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM patrick.alken@noaa.gov NR 21 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD FEB 14 PY 2009 VL 114 AR A02308 DI 10.1029/2008JA013751 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 406YS UT WOS:000263331400005 ER PT J AU Stroud, JR Lesht, BM Schwab, DJ Beletsky, D Stein, ML AF Stroud, Jonathan R. Lesht, Barry M. Schwab, David J. Beletsky, Dmitry Stein, Michael L. TI Assimilation of satellite images into a sediment transport model of Lake Michigan SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID TOTAL PHOSPHORUS MODEL; GREAT-LAKES; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; RESUSPENSION EVENT; SUSPENDED MATTER; NORTH-SEA; CIRCULATION; SEAWIFS; OCEAN; RETRIEVAL AB In this paper we develop and examine several schemes for combining daily images obtained from the Sea-viewing Wide Field Spectrometer (SeaWiFS) with a two-dimensional sediment transport model of Lake Michigan. We consider two data assimilation methods, direct insertion and a kriging-based approach, and perform a forecasting study focused on a 2-month period in spring 1998 when a large storm caused substantial amounts of sediment resuspension and horizontal sediment transport in the lake. By beginning with the simplest possible forecast method and sequentially adding complexity we are able to assess the improvements offered by combining the satellite data with the numerical model. In our application, we find that data assimilation schemes that include both the data and the lake dynamics improve forecast root mean square error by 40% over purely model-based approaches and by 20% over purely data-based approaches. C1 [Stroud, Jonathan R.] George Washington Univ, Dept Stat, Washington, DC 20052 USA. [Beletsky, Dmitry] Univ Michigan, CILER, SNRE, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. [Lesht, Barry M.] Argonne Natl Lab, Appl Sci & Technol Directorate, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Schwab, David J.] NOAA, GLERL, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. [Stein, Michael L.] Univ Chicago, Dept Stat, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. RP Stroud, JR (reprint author), George Washington Univ, Dept Stat, 2140 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20052 USA. EM stroud@gwu.edu; bmlesht@anl.gov; david.schwab@noaa.gov; dima.beletsky@noaa.gov; stein@galton.uchicago.edu RI Schwab, David/B-7498-2012; OI Lesht, Barry/0000-0003-0801-4290; Beletsky, Dmitry/0000-0003-4532-0588 FU U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) [R-82940201] FX We thank the SeaWiFS Project and the Ocean Color Data Archive at the Goddard Space Flight Center for the production and distribution of the SeaWiFS data respectively. We also thank the EEGLE Project for collection and distribution of the in situ data used here. NOAA's Coastal Ocean Program supported work at ANL and GLERL, originally as part of EEGLE. Subsequent funding was provided by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through Science To Achieve Results (STAR) Cooperative Agreement R-82940201 to the University of Chicago for the Center for Integrating Statistical and Environmental Science (CISES). However, this research has not been subjected to the EPA's required peer and policy review and therefore does not necessarily reflect the views of the Agency, and no official endorsement should be inferred. This is GLERL contribution 1491. NR 52 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD FEB 14 PY 2009 VL 45 AR W02419 DI 10.1029/2007WR006747 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 406ZH UT WOS:000263332900002 ER PT J AU Wang, J Hu, HG Mizobata, K Saitoh, S AF Wang, Jia Hu, Haoguo Mizobata, Kohei Saitoh, Sei-ichi TI Seasonal variations of sea ice and ocean circulation in the Bering Sea: A model-data fusion study SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID ARCTIC-OCEAN; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; COUPLED MODEL; SHELF-EDGE; OSCILLATION; BASIN; TRANSPORT; PACIFIC AB A 9-km coupled ice-ocean model (CIOM) was implemented in the entire Bering Sea to investigate seasonal cycles of sea ice and ocean circulation under atmospheric forcing. Sea ice cover with a maximum of 0.6 x 10(6) km(2) in February to late March was reasonably reproduced by the Bering-CIOM and validated by Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) measurements. The model also captures some important spatial variability and downscaling processes such as polynyas and ridging, which the SSM/I measurements cannot reproduce because of their coarse (25 km) resolution. There are two distinct surface ocean circulation patterns in winter and summer on the Bering shelves because of the dominant winds, which are northeasterly in winter and southwesterly in summer. Summer low-temperature, high-salinity water mass (< 3 degrees C) on the Bering shelf is formed locally during winter because of strong vertical convection caused by salt injection when ice forms, wind, and wind-wave mixing on the shelf. The northward volume transport across the 62.5 degrees N line, with an annual mean of 0.8 +/- 0.33 Sv (1 Sv = 10(6) m(3) s(-1)) that is consistent with the measurements in the Bering Strait, has barotropic structure, which transports heat flux (with an annual mean of 7.74 TW; 1 TW = 10(12) W) northward. The Anadyr Current advects warmer, saltier water northward during summer; nevertheless, it reverses its direction to southward during winter because of predominant northeasterly and northerly wind forcing. Therefore, the Anadyr Current advects cold, salty water southward. The volume transport on the broad midshelf is northward year round, advecting heat (3.3 +/- 2.4 TW) and freshwater (-8 +/- 10 x 10(4) practical salinity unit (psu) m(3) s(-1)) northward. One important finding is that the Anadyr Current and the midshelf current are out of phase in volume and heat transports. The Alaskan Coastal Current also transports heat and freshwater northward on an annual basis. The Bering-CIOM also captures the winter dense water formation along the Siberian coast, which is promoted by the downwelling favorable northeasterly wind, and the summer upwelling due to the basin-scale upwelling favorable southwesterly wind, which brings up the cold, salty, and nutrient-rich water from the subsurface to the surface within a narrow strip along the west coast. This upwelling found in the model was also confirmed by satellite measurements in this study. C1 [Wang, Jia] NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48108 USA. [Hu, Haoguo] Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48108 USA. [Mizobata, Kohei] Tokyo Univ Marine Sci & Technol, Dept Ocean Sci, Minato Ku, Tokyo 1088477, Japan. [Saitoh, Sei-ichi] Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Fisheries Sci, Hakodate, Hokkaido 0418611, Japan. RP Wang, J (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 4840 S State Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48108 USA. EM jia.wang@noaa.gov; hghu@umich.edu; mizobata@kaiyodai.ac.jp; ssaitoh@salmon.fish.hokudai.ac.jp RI Mizobata, Kohei/D-6369-2012 OI Mizobata, Kohei/0000-0001-7531-2349 FU IARC/JAMSTEC Cooperative Agreement; University of Alaska Costal Marine Institute (CMI); Minerals Management Service (MMS); Joint Russian-American Long-term Census of the Arctic (NOAA RUSALCA) International Polar Year modeling project FX We thank supports from IARC/JAMSTEC Cooperative Agreement, University of Alaska Costal Marine Institute (CMI) and Minerals Management Service (MMS), and Joint Russian-American Long-term Census of the Arctic (NOAA RUSALCA) International Polar Year modeling project. We want to thank two anonymous reviewers for their very constructive comments, which helped significantly improve this paper. Thanks also go to Cathy Darnell of NOAA GLERL for editing this paper. This is also GLERL contribution 1495. NR 75 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD FEB 13 PY 2009 VL 114 AR C02011 DI 10.1029/2008JC004727 PG 24 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 406YJ UT WOS:000263330500001 ER PT J AU Zhou, HD Wiebe, CR Jo, YJ Balicas, L Urbano, RR Lumata, LL Brooks, JS Kuhns, PL Reyes, AP Qiu, Y Copley, JRD Gardner, JS AF Zhou, H. D. Wiebe, C. R. Jo, Y. -J. Balicas, L. Urbano, R. R. Lumata, L. L. Brooks, J. S. Kuhns, P. L. Reyes, A. P. Qiu, Y. Copley, J. R. D. Gardner, J. S. TI Chemical Pressure Induced Spin Freezing Phase Transition in Kagome Pr Langasites SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LATTICE; MAGNETS; ICE AB The 2D kagome system Pr(3)Ga(5)SiO(14) has been previously identified as a spin-liquid candidate in zero field, displaying no magnetic long-ranged order down to at least 35 mK. Perturbations upon such systems, either under applied fields or applied pressure, should induce a spin freezing phase transition, but there are very few experimental realizations of this phenomena other than the well-studied 3D pyrochlore Tb(2)Ti(2)O(7). In this Letter, we report the observation of a spin freezing phase transition in Pr(3)Ga(5)SiO(14) through the application of chemical pressure-that is, through a systematic substitution on the Si site with larger ions and an elongation of the nearest-neighbor Pr-Pr distance in the kagome lattice. This results in a suppression of the T(2) component of the heat capacity, and the reduction of the exchange constant eventually leads to dipolar-driven spin freezing. C1 [Zhou, H. D.; Wiebe, C. R.; Lumata, L. L.; Brooks, J. S.] Florida State Univ, Dept Phys, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. [Zhou, H. D.; Wiebe, C. R.; Jo, Y. -J.; Balicas, L.; Urbano, R. R.; Lumata, L. L.; Brooks, J. S.; Kuhns, P. L.; Reyes, A. P.] Florida State Univ, Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. [Qiu, Y.; Copley, J. R. D.; Gardner, J. S.] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Qiu, Y.] Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Gardner, J. S.] Indiana Univ, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA. RP Zhou, HD (reprint author), Florida State Univ, Dept Phys, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. EM cwiebe@magnet.fsu.edu RI Zhou, Haidong/O-4373-2016; Lumata, Lloyd/C-8813-2011; Urbano, Ricardo/F-5017-2012; Gardner, Jason/A-1532-2013 OI Lumata, Lloyd/0000-0002-3647-3753; FU NSF [DMR-0084173, DMR-0504769]; DOE [DE-FG06ER46269] FX This work utilized facilities supported in part by the NSF under Agreement No. DMR-0084173, the NSF Grant No. DMR-0504769, and the DOE Grant No. DE-FG06ER46269. A portion of this work was made possible by the NHMFL IHRP, the Schuller Program, the Jack E. Crow program, the EIEG program, and the State of Florida. NR 18 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD FEB 13 PY 2009 VL 102 IS 6 AR 067203 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.067203 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 407UJ UT WOS:000263389500061 PM 19257628 ER PT J AU Messick, GA AF Messick, Gretchen A. TI Haplosporidian parasite in Diporeia spp. amphipods from the Great Lakes region, USA SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE Parasite; Haplosporidian; Amphipod; Diporeia spp.; Great Lakes; Microscopy ID SPORES; ULTRASTRUCTURE; MICHIGAN AB Light microscope observations of a haplosporidian in Diporeia spp. amphipods from Lakes Michigan and Huron, USA, found that the parasite spore is operculate and measures 8.1 mu m in length and 6.1 mu m in width. Round to amorphous sporocysts averaging 23.6 mu m were present throughout hemal sinuses of infected amphipods. The number of developing spores within a sporocyst was highly variable and spores were observed in various stages of development. Electron microscopy revealed a lid over the operculum of developing spores and documented spores with fairly large and extensive ornamentation. This is the first haplosporidian reported in Diporeia spp. amphipods and only the second haplosporidian from freshwater species. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Cooperat Oxford Lab, Oxford, MD 21654 USA. RP Messick, GA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Cooperat Oxford Lab, 904 S Morris St, Oxford, MD 21654 USA. EM gretchen.messick@noaa.gov NR 23 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD FEB 12 PY 2009 VL 83 IS 2 BP 153 EP 157 DI 10.3354/dao02014 PG 5 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 419NZ UT WOS:000264227600008 PM 19326796 ER PT J AU Resing, JA Baker, ET Lupton, JE Walker, SL Butterfield, DA Massoth, GJ Nakamura, K AF Resing, Joseph A. Baker, Edward T. Lupton, John E. Walker, Sharon L. Butterfield, David A. Massoth, Gary J. Nakamura, Ko-ichi TI Chemistry of hydrothermal plumes above submarine volcanoes of the Mariana Arc SO GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE hydrothermal; volcano; arc; geochemistry; erupt; plume ID FLOW-INJECTION-ANALYSIS; PAPUA-NEW-GUINEA; WESTERN PACIFIC; ISLAND-ARC; SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETECTION; KASUGA SEAMOUNTS; ESMERALDA BANK; SEAWATER; FLUIDS; GEOCHEMISTRY AB Fifty submarine volcanoes of the Mariana Arc, covering 1200 km from 13.5 degrees N to 23.2 degrees N, were surveyed for hydrothermal activity. Of these 50 volcanoes, eight showed limited evidence of hydrothermal activity, while another 10 volcanoes displayed intense, chemically rich, hydrothermal plumes that allow detailed chemical characterization and insight into the hydrothermal activity forming the fluids that generate the plumes. The most active volcanoes exhibit a wide range of CO(2) to pH relationships, from the venting of acid-rich fluids, to CO(2)-rich fluids, to fluids rich in alkalinity and CO(2). These pH-CO(2)-alkalinity relationships are partially responsible for the wide range of Fe:Mn (3 to 32) observed at the different volcanoes. This chemical heterogeneity is further manifest in a wide range of CO(2):(3)He (3 x 10(9) to 55 x 10(9)), indicating that for all but one, >80% of the CO(2) venting from these volcanoes has a slab source. The helium, by contrast, has an upper mantle isotopic signature. The range of chemical conditions suggests that these volcanoes occupy various states of eruptive evolution ranging from ongoing magmatic activity to highly evolved hydrothermal systems. C1 [Resing, Joseph A.; Butterfield, David A.] Univ Washington, NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Massoth, Gary J.] Inst Geol & Nucl Sci Ltd, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand. [Nakamura, Ko-ichi] Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058561, Japan. RP Resing, JA (reprint author), Univ Washington, NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM resing@u.washington.edu RI Butterfield, David/H-3815-2016 OI Butterfield, David/0000-0002-1595-9279 FU NOAA Office of Exploration; PMEL Vents program; Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Oceans FX Carbon dioxide measurements were made by PMEL's CO2 group. Methane analyses were made by A. Graham. Editorial assistance was provided by R. Whitney. Special thanks to the captain and crew of the R/V Thomas Thompson. The maps used here were produced by S. Merle at the Newport, Oregon PMEL. This work was funded by NOAA Office of Exploration, the PMEL Vents program, and the Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Oceans. This is PMEL publication 3186 and JISAO publication 1469. NR 64 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 3 U2 21 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1525-2027 J9 GEOCHEM GEOPHY GEOSY JI Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. PD FEB 12 PY 2009 VL 10 AR Q02009 DI 10.1029/2008GC002141 PG 23 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 406XH UT WOS:000263327700001 ER PT J AU Popp, PJ Marcy, TP Gao, RS Watts, LA Fahey, DW Richard, EC Oltmans, SJ Santee, ML Livesey, NJ Froidevaux, L Sen, B Toon, GC Walker, KA Boone, CD Bernath, PF AF Popp, P. J. Marcy, T. P. Gao, R. S. Watts, L. A. Fahey, D. W. Richard, E. C. Oltmans, S. J. Santee, M. L. Livesey, N. J. Froidevaux, L. Sen, B. Toon, G. C. Walker, K. A. Boone, C. D. Bernath, P. F. TI Stratospheric correlation between nitric acid and ozone SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS; FOURIER-TRANSFORM SPECTROMETER; ARCTIC LOWER STRATOSPHERE; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; UNITED-STATES; ACE-FTS; HNO3; CHEMISTRY; O-3; DENITRIFICATION AB An extensive data set of nitric acid (HNO3) and ozone (O-3) measurements has been collected in the lower and middle stratosphere with in situ instruments onboard the NASA WB-57F aircraft and remote sounding instruments that include the JPL MkIV Interferometer, the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder, and the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer. The measurements utilized in this study span a broad latitudinal range between the deep tropics and northern high latitudes. The data are used to establish the robustness of the HNO3-O-3 correlation in the stratosphere and the latitudinal dependence in the correlation. Good agreement is found among the HNO3-O-3 correlations observed with the various instruments. Comparing HNO3-O-3 correlations relaxes the coincidence criteria necessary when making direct comparisons of HNO3 measurements and allows meaningful comparisons between data sets that are not closely matched in time or space. The utility of this correlation is further demonstrated by establishing vertical profiles of proxy HNO3 mixing ratios using the observed correlation and widely available ozonesonde data. These profiles expand the range of data available for validating remote measurements of HNO3. The HNO3-O-3 correlation is also demonstrated as a diagnostic for identifying locally enhanced HNO3 in the upper troposphere. In situ measurements of HNO3 near the tropical tropopause during the Aura validation campaigns are consistent with ACE-FTS observations, with both revealing extremely low mixing ratios (< 125 ppt) and a HNO3 minimum in this region. C1 [Boone, C. D.; Bernath, P. F.] Univ Waterloo, Dept Chem, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. [Bernath, P. F.] Univ York, Dept Chem, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. [Popp, P. J.; Marcy, T. P.; Gao, R. S.; Watts, L. A.; Fahey, D. W.] NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Santee, M. L.; Livesey, N. J.; Froidevaux, L.; Sen, B.; Toon, G. C.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Oltmans, S. J.] NOAA, Global Monitoring Div, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Richard, E. C.] Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Walker, K. A.] Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada. RP Popp, PJ (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Leeds Sch Business, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM peter.popp@colorado.edu RI Bernath, Peter/B-6567-2012; Gao, Ru-Shan/H-7455-2013; Watts, Laurel/G-4532-2013; Fahey, David/G-4499-2013; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Bernath, Peter/0000-0002-1255-396X; Watts, Laurel/0000-0002-0834-3329; Fahey, David/0000-0003-1720-0634; FU NASA; NOAA; Canadian Space Agency; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada FX The authors wish to thank the air and ground crews of the NASA WB-57F aircraft. This work was partially supported by the NASA Upper Atmospheric Research Program and NOAA Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Program. Work performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, was done under contract with NASA. The Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE), also known as SCISAT-1, is a Canadian-led mission mainly supported by the Canadian Space Agency and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. NR 44 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 12 PY 2009 VL 114 AR D03305 DI 10.1029/2008JD010875 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 406XY UT WOS:000263329400004 ER PT J AU Mason, SE Iceman, CR Tanwar, KS Trainor, TP Chaka, AM AF Mason, Sara E. Iceman, Christopher R. Tanwar, Kunaljeet S. Trainor, Thomas P. Chaka, Anne M. TI Pb(II) Adsorption on Isostructural Hydrated Alumina and Hematite (0001) Surfaces: A DFT Study SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C LA English DT Article ID BOND-VALENCE DETERMINATION; DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL THEORY; METAL OXIDE INTERFACES; RAY STANDING-WAVE; ALPHA-FE2O3(0001) SURFACE; SORPTION PRODUCTS; AB-INITIO; LEED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE AB The persistence of lead.(Pb) in contaminated topsoil is ranked as one of the most serious environmental issues in the U.S. and other countries. Adsorption of Pb at the aqueous interface of nanoscale metal oxide and metal (oxy)hydroxide particles is perhaps the most significant process responsible for controlling contaminant sequestration and mobility, but the process is poorly understood at the molecular level. Experimental studies of absorption of Pb onto bulk minerals have indicated significant differences in reactivity, but the molecular basis for these differences has remained elusive due to the challenges of observing and modeling the complex chemistry that exists at the water-oxide interface. In this work, we present a detailed ab initio theoretical investigation aimed at understanding the fundamental physical and chemical characteristics of Pb adsorption onto the (0001) surface of two common minerals, alpha-Al2O3 and alpha-Fe2O3. The results of our periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that the adsorption energy of Pb(II) on hematite is more than four times the value on isostructural alumina with the same fully hydroxylated surface stoichiometry due to bonding interactions enabled by the partially occupied Fe d-band. Site preference for Pb(II) adsorption on alumina is shown to depend strongly on the cost to disrupt highly stable hydrogen bonding networks on the hydrated surface, but is less of a factor for the stronger Pb-hematite interaction. C1 [Mason, Sara E.; Chaka, Anne M.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Iceman, Christopher R.; Tanwar, Kunaljeet S.; Trainor, Thomas P.] Univ Alaska, Dept Chem & Biochem, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Chaka, AM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM anne.chaka@nist.gov FU NSF [CBET-0404400, CHE-0431425] FX This work was supported by NSF Grants CBET-0404400 and CHE-0431425, and utilized the highperformance computational capabilities of the Arctic Region Supercomputing Center at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, and Helix Systems Biowulf cluster at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. S.E.M. was supported by a National Research Council (NRC) Postdoctoral Fellowship. NR 92 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 5 U2 60 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1932-7447 J9 J PHYS CHEM C JI J. Phys. Chem. C PD FEB 12 PY 2009 VL 113 IS 6 BP 2159 EP 2170 DI 10.1021/jp807321e PG 12 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 404EW UT WOS:000263134700018 ER PT J AU Eustis, S Robins, LH Nikoobakht, B AF Eustis, Susie Robins, Lawrence H. Nikoobakht, Babak TI Patterns of Ensemble Variation of the Optical Properties of ZnO Nanowires Grown with Copper and Gold Catalysts SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C LA English DT Article ID ZINC-OXIDE NANOWIRES; LUMINESCENCE PROPERTIES; EUTECTIC TEMPERATURE; FIELD-EMISSION; NANOSTRUCTURES; PHOTOLUMINESCENCE; NANONEEDLES; SUBSTRATE AB Understanding the source of variation of the optical properties within an ensemble of nanowires (NWs) is an important step toward fabrication of NWs with more uniform and better-controlled properties. This in turn will facilitate the development of complex architectures for device applications. Analysis of gold- and copper-catalyzed zinc oxide (ZnO) NWs grown in a high temperature tube furnace on a sapphire substrate shows that the structural and optical properties vary with NW growth sites on the substrate. Results show that there are systematic changes in the optical properties of the ZnO NWs from the center to the edge of the substrate, and also from "upstream" to "downstream" along the gas flow direction, implying changes in the availability of the source material and catalyst over the substrate surface during the growth. Photoluminescence microscopy has been used to map out these changes and unravel the growth patterns. We observe two distinct trends that are labeled the "edge" trend and the "gas flow" trend, respectively, and are linked to two growth phases. The first phase starts while the growth tube temperature and gas flow have not yet reached their final steady states. In this phase, due to the limited availability of the source material in gas phase, only metal nanodroplets that are located at the substrate edges have the advantage of early growth. While the edge NWs continue their growth, the second phase starts when the growth tube temperature and gas flow reach reasonable stabilities. Our results show that these two phases are more pronounced in the case of copper-catalyzed NWs. In the first phase, NWs have a better chance to grow at the substrate edges. In the second phase, copper diffuses downstream, causing an interesting variation in the optical properties of NWs. Numerous morphology examinations of NWs show that the variation in emission is related to the change in the ratio of the surface area to the bulk volume of the NWs within an ensemble of NWs. The patterns of the ZnO NW optical properties can be used as an indicator to follow the growth patterns of the NWs across the substrate. C1 [Eustis, Susie; Nikoobakht, Babak] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Robins, Lawrence H.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Nikoobakht, B (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8372, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM babak.nikoobakht@nist.gov RI Nikoobakht, Babak/D-7562-2011 NR 36 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1932-7447 J9 J PHYS CHEM C JI J. Phys. Chem. C PD FEB 12 PY 2009 VL 113 IS 6 BP 2277 EP 2285 DI 10.1021/jp808129j PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 404EW UT WOS:000263134700036 ER PT J AU Marino, AM Pooser, RC Boyer, V Lett, PD AF Marino, A. M. Pooser, R. C. Boyer, V. Lett, P. D. TI Tunable delay of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen entanglement SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID ELECTROMAGNETICALLY INDUCED TRANSPARENCY; CONTINUOUS-VARIABLES; QUANTUM; INFORMATION; PARADOX AB Entangled systems display correlations that are stronger than can be obtained classically. This makes entanglement an essential resource for a number of applications, such as quantum information processing, quantum computing and quantum communications(1,2). The ability to control the transfer of entanglement between different locations will play a key role in these quantum protocols and enable quantum networks(3). Such a transfer requires a system that can delay quantum correlations without significant degradation, effectively acting as a short- term quantum memory. An important benchmark for such systems is the ability to delay Einstein - Podolsky - Rosen ( EPR) levels of entanglement and to be able to tune the delay. EPR entanglement is the basis for a number of quantum protocols, allowing the remote inference of the properties of one system ( to better than its standard quantum limit) through measurements on the other correlated system. Here we show that a four- wave mixing process based on a double- lambda scheme in hot Rb-85 vapour allows us to obtain an optically tunable delay for EPR entangled beams of light. A significant maximum delay, of the order of the width of the cross- correlation function, is achieved. The four- wave mixing also preserves the quantum spatial correlations of the entangled beams. We take advantage of this property to delay entangled images, making this the first step towards a quantum memory for images(4). C1 [Marino, A. M.; Pooser, R. C.; Boyer, V.; Lett, P. D.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Marino, A. M.; Pooser, R. C.; Boyer, V.; Lett, P. D.] Univ Maryland, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Boyer, V.] Univ Birmingham, MUARC, Sch Phys & Astron, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England. RP Marino, AM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM alberto.marino@nist.gov RI Marino, Alberto/C-7193-2013; OI Pooser, Raphael/0000-0002-2922-453X FU Intelligence Community Postdoctoral Program FX C. P. is supported by the Intelligence Community Postdoctoral Program. NR 29 TC 82 Z9 86 U1 3 U2 32 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD FEB 12 PY 2009 VL 457 IS 7231 BP 859 EP 862 DI 10.1038/nature07751 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 406AF UT WOS:000263266700040 PM 19212406 ER PT J AU Loevenich, SN Brunner, E King, NL Deutsch, EW Stein, SE Aebersold, R Hafen, E AF Loevenich, Sandra N. Brunner, Erich King, Nichole L. Deutsch, Eric W. Stein, Stephen E. Aebersold, Ruedi Hafen, Ernst CA FlyBase Consortium TI The Drosophila melanogaster PeptideAtlas facilitates the use of peptide data for improved fly proteomics and genome annotation SO BMC BIOINFORMATICS LA English DT Article ID MASS-SPECTROMETRY; COMMUNITY LITERATURE; FLYBASE DATABASE; STATISTICAL-MODEL; PLASMA-PROTEINS; IDENTIFICATION; GENE; PROJECTS; SEARCH; TANDEM AB Background: Crucial foundations of any quantitative systems biology experiment are correct genome and proteome annotations. Protein databases compiled from high quality empirical protein identifications that are in turn based on correct gene models increase the correctness, sensitivity, and quantitative accuracy of systems biology genome-scale experiments. Results: In this manuscript, we present the Drosophila melanogaster PeptideAtlas, a fly proteomics and genomics resource of unsurpassed depth. Based on peptide mass spectrometry data collected in our laboratory the portal http://www.drosophila-peptideatlas.org allows querying fly protein data observed with respect to gene model confirmation and splice site verification as well as for the identification of proteotypic peptides suited for targeted proteomics studies. Additionally, the database provides consensus mass spectra for observed peptides along with qualitative and quantitative information about the number of observations of a particular peptide and the sample(s) in which it was observed. Conclusion: PeptideAtlas is an open access database for the Drosophila community that has several features and applications that support (1) reduction of the complexity inherently associated with performing targeted proteomic studies, (2) designing and accelerating shotgun proteomics experiments, (3) confirming or questioning gene models, and (4) adjusting gene models such that they are in line with observed Drosophila peptides. While the database consists of proteomic data it is not required that the user is a proteomics expert. C1 [Loevenich, Sandra N.; Aebersold, Ruedi; Hafen, Ernst] ETH, Inst Mol Syst Biol, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. [Loevenich, Sandra N.; Brunner, Erich] Univ Zurich, Ctr Model Organism Proteomes, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland. [Loevenich, Sandra N.] Univ Zurich, PhD Program Mol Life Sci, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. [King, Nichole L.; Deutsch, Eric W.; Aebersold, Ruedi] Inst Syst Biol, Seattle, WA 98103 USA. [King, Nichole L.] Data Management Ctr, Inc Res Inst Seismol, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. [Stein, Stephen E.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Aebersold, Ruedi] Univ Zurich, Fac Sci, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland. [Aebersold, Ruedi] ETH, Ctr Syst Physiol & Metab Dis, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. RP Loevenich, SN (reprint author), ETH, Inst Mol Syst Biol, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. EM loevenich@imsb.biol.ethz.ch; erich.brunner@molbio.unizh.ch; nichole.king@gmail.com; edeutsch@systemsbiology.org; steve.stein@nist.gov; aebersold@imsb.biol.ethz.ch; hafen@imsb.biol.ethz.ch OI Marygold, Steven/0000-0003-2759-266X; McQuilton, Peter/0000-0003-2687-1982; Tweedie, Susan/0000-0003-1818-8243 FU University Research Priority Program Systems Biology/Functional Genomics of the University of Zurich; University of Zurich; EMBO fellowship [127.00-2007)]; National Science Foundation; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the NIH [N01-HV-28179] FX We thank Marco Schmidt and Ralph Schlapbach from the Functional Genomics Center Zurich for very helpful system administration and general support. We also acknowledge Haiyun Song and Christian Koepfli for the provision of data and Konrad Basler for his support of the project. The project was funded by the University Research Priority Program Systems Biology/Functional Genomics of the University of Zurich. S. L. and E. B. are members of the Center for Model Organism Proteomes which is funded by the University of Zurich. S. L. was supported an the EMBO fellowship (ASTF No. 127.00-2007) as well as the Career Development Award of the University of Zurich. We gratefully acknowledge funding from the Swiss National Science Foundation and US federal funds from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the NIH under contract No. N01-HV-28179. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. NR 48 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 4 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD PI LONDON PA CURRENT SCIENCE GROUP, MIDDLESEX HOUSE, 34-42 CLEVELAND ST, LONDON W1T 4LB, ENGLAND SN 1471-2105 J9 BMC BIOINFORMATICS JI BMC Bioinformatics PD FEB 11 PY 2009 VL 10 AR 59 DI 10.1186/1471-2105-10-59 PG 12 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Mathematical & Computational Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Mathematical & Computational Biology GA 416LR UT WOS:000264008100001 PM 19210778 ER PT J AU Link, J Col, L Guida, V Dow, D O'Reilly, J Green, J Overholtz, W Palka, D Legault, C Vitaliano, J Griswold, C Fogarty, M Friedland, K AF Link, Jason Col, Laurel Guida, Vincent Dow, David O'Reilly, John Green, Jack Overholtz, William Palka, Debra Legault, Chris Vitaliano, Joseph Griswold, Carolyn Fogarty, Michael Friedland, Kevin TI Response of balanced network models to large-scale perturbation: Implications for evaluating the role of small pelagics in the Gulf of Maine SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE Network analysis; Energy budget; Food web; Trophodynamics; Ecosystem approaches to fisheries management; Tradeoffs ID NORTHERN BENGUELA ECOSYSTEM; HERRING CLUPEA-HARENGUS; GEORGES-BANK; ZOOPLANKTON ABUNDANCE; MANAGEMENT; FISHERY; COLLAPSE; ECOPATH; SEA; GROUNDFISH AB Exploring the response of an ecosystem, and subsequent tradeoffs among its biological community, to human perturbations remains a key challenge for the implementation of an ecosystem approaches to fisheries (EAF). To address this and related issues, we developed two network (or energy budget) models, Ecopath and Econetwrk, for the Gulf of Maine ecosystem. These models included 31 network "nodes" or biomass state variables across a broad range of trophic levels, with the present emphasis to particularly elucidate the role of small pelagics. After initial network balancing, various perturbation scenarios were evaluated to explore how potential changes to different fish, fisheries and lower trophic levels can affect model outputs. Categorically across all scenarios and interpretations thereof, there was minimal change at the second trophic levels and most of the "rebalancing" after a perturbation occur-red via alteration of the diet matrix. Yet the model results from perturbations to a balanced energy budget fall into one of three categories. First, some model results were intuitive and in obvious agreement with established ecological and fishing theory. Second, some model results were counter-intuitive upon initial observation, seemingly contradictory to known ecological and fishing theory; but upon further examination the results were explainable given the constraints of an equilibrium energy budget. Finally, some results were counter-intuitive and difficult to reconcile with theory or further examination of equilibrium constraints. A detailed accounting of biomass flows for example scenarios explores some of the non-intuitive results more rigorously. Collectively these results imply a need to carefully track biomass flows and results of any given perturbation and to critically evaluate the conditions under which a new equilibrium is obtained for these types of models, which has implications for dynamic simulations based off of them. Given these caveats, the role of small pelagics as a prominent component of this ecosystem remains a robust conclusion. We discuss how one might use this approach in the context of further developing an EAF, recognizing that a more holistic, integrated perspective will be required as we continue to evaluate tradeoffs among marine biological communities. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Link, Jason; Col, Laurel; Dow, David; Overholtz, William; Palka, Debra; Legault, Chris; Fogarty, Michael] Woods Hole Lab, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [O'Reilly, John; Green, Jack; Griswold, Carolyn; Friedland, Kevin] Narragansett Lab, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. [Guida, Vincent; Vitaliano, Joseph] James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. RP Link, J (reprint author), Woods Hole Lab, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM jlink@mercury.wh.whoi.edu NR 43 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD FEB 10 PY 2009 VL 220 IS 3 BP 351 EP 369 DI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.10.009 PG 19 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 405FX UT WOS:000263209400008 ER PT J AU Akgun, B Ugur, G Jiang, Z Narayanan, S Song, S Lee, H Brittain, WJ Kim, H Sinha, SK Foster, MD AF Akgun, Bulent Ugur, Goekce Jiang, Zhang Narayanan, Suresh Song, Sanghoon Lee, Heeju Brittain, William J. Kim, Hyunjung Sinha, Sunil K. Foster, Mark D. TI Surface Dynamics of "Dry" Homopolymer Brushes SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID PHOTON-CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY; COHERENT X-RAYS; CONCENTRATED POLYMER-SOLUTIONS; FILMS; CAPILLARY; MODES; SCATTERING; CROSSOVER; WAVES; TRANSITION AB The dynamics of the surface height fluctuations on layers of covalently tethered, nearly monodisperse polymer chains synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization were studied using X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy. The data reveal that both polystyrene and poly(n-butyl acrylate) "brushes" have structure at the Surface with length scales in the region of 620-3100 nm, but the surface features show no relaxation in a time window of 0.1...1000 s, even at temperatures more than 130 degrees C above the glass transition temperature of the corresponding untethered chains. This remarkable alteration of the dynamics, is compared with the suppression of fluctuations Oil this length Scale anticipated by thermodynamic theories. The alteration Of Surface dynamics by tethering has implications for wetting, friction, and adhesion. C1 [Akgun, Bulent; Ugur, Goekce; Brittain, William J.; Foster, Mark D.] Univ Akron, Maurice Morton Inst Polymer Sci, Akron, OH 44325 USA. [Akgun, Bulent] NIST, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Akgun, Bulent] Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Jiang, Zhang; Sinha, Sunil K.] Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Narayanan, Suresh] Argonne Natl Lab, Xray Sci Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Song, Sanghoon; Lee, Heeju; Kim, Hyunjung] Sogang Univ, Dept Phys & Interdisciplinary, Program Integrated Biotechnol, Seoul 121742, South Korea. RP Foster, MD (reprint author), Univ Akron, Maurice Morton Inst Polymer Sci, Akron, OH 44325 USA. EM mfoster@uakron.edu RI Akgun, Bulent/H-3798-2011; Jiang, Zhang/A-3297-2012 OI Jiang, Zhang/0000-0003-3503-8909 FU American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund [AC7-42995]; US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Science [DE-AC02-06CH11357]; Seoul Research & Business Development [10816]; National Science Foundation [DMR-0072977] FX B.A., G.U., and M.D.F. acknowledge the assistance of Scott Collins in performing air-sensitive synthetic steps and partial support made by the donors of The American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund for this research (AC7-42995). Use of the Advanced Photon Source was supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Science, under Contract DE-AC02-06CH11357. S.S., H.L., and H.K. acknowledge support from Seoul Research & Business Development Program (10816). W.J.B. acknowledges the support of the National Science Foundation (DMR-0072977). NR 39 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 20 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD FEB 10 PY 2009 VL 42 IS 3 BP 737 EP 741 DI 10.1021/ma801279z PG 5 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 402TD UT WOS:000263035100024 ER PT J AU Solomon, S Plattner, GK Knutti, R Friedlingstein, P AF Solomon, Susan Plattner, Gian-Kasper Knutti, Reto Friedlingstein, Pierre TI Irreversible climate change due to carbon dioxide emissions SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE dangerous interference; precipitation; sea level rise; warming ID GREENLAND ICE-SHEET; SEA-LEVEL RISE; MODEL; CO2; INCREASE; PROJECTIONS; ATMOSPHERE; OCEAN; CYCLE; 21ST-CENTURY AB The severity of damaging human-induced climate change depends not only on the magnitude of the change but also on the potential for irreversibility. This paper shows that the climate change that takes place due to increases in carbon dioxide concentration is largely irreversible for 1,000 years after emissions stop. Following cessation of emissions, removal of atmospheric carbon dioxide decreases radiative forcing, but is largely compensated by slower loss of heat to the ocean, so that atmospheric temperatures do not drop significantly for at least 1,000 years. Among illustrative irreversible impacts that should be expected if atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations increase from current levels near 385 parts per million by volume (ppmv) to a peak of 450-600 ppmv over the coming century are irreversible dry-season rainfall reductions in several regions comparable to those of the "dust bowl'' era and inexorable sea level rise. Thermal expansion of the warming ocean provides a conservative lower limit to irreversible global average sea level rise of at least 0.4-1.0 m if 21st century CO2 concentrations exceed 600 ppmv and 0.6-1.9 m for peak CO2 concentrations exceeding approximate to 1,000 ppmv. Additional contributions from glaciers and ice sheet contributions to future sea level rise are uncertain but may equal or exceed several meters over the next millennium or longer. C1 [Solomon, Susan] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Plattner, Gian-Kasper] ETH, Inst Biogeochem & Pollutant Dynam, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. [Knutti, Reto] ETH, Inst Atmospher & Climate Sci, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. [Friedlingstein, Pierre] Univ Versailles St Quentin, Commissariat Energie Atom Saclay, CNRS,Unite Mixte Rech 1572, Lab Sci Climat & Environm,Inst Pierre Simon Lapla, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. RP Solomon, S (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM susan.solomon@noaa.gov RI Knutti, Reto/B-8763-2008; Friedlingstein, Pierre/H-2700-2014; Plattner, Gian-Kasper/A-5245-2016; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Knutti, Reto/0000-0001-8303-6700; Plattner, Gian-Kasper/0000-0002-3765-0045; NR 45 TC 723 Z9 758 U1 133 U2 683 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD FEB 10 PY 2009 VL 106 IS 6 BP 1704 EP 1709 DI 10.1073/pnas.0812721106 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 405VO UT WOS:000263252500008 PM 19179281 ER PT J AU Gao, ST Cui, XP Li, XF AF Gao, Shouting Cui, Xiaopeng Li, Xiaofan TI A modeling study of relation between cloud amount and SST over Western Tropical Pacific cloudy regions during TOGA COARE SO PROGRESS IN NATURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Cloud amount; Sea surface temperature; Coupled ocean-cloud resolving atmosphere model; TOGA COARE ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; MICROSCALE STRUCTURE; DIURNAL-VARIATIONS; FRONTAL RAINBANDS; MIXED-LAYER; UPPER OCEAN; WARM POOL; CONVECTION; PRECIPITATION; RADIATION AB The relationship between cloud amount and sea surface temperature (SST) over Western Tropical Pacific cloudy regions during TOGA COARE is investigated based on hourly grid simulation data from a two-dimensional coupled ocean-cloud resolving atmosphere model. The model is forced by the large-scale vertical velocity and zonal wind observed and derived from TOGA COARE for a 50-day period. The cloud amount becomes smaller when the ocean surface gets warmer, which is similar to previous relations obtained from observational analyses. As SST increases, the atmospheric temperature increases whereas the surface sensible heat flux decreases. The atmospheric water vapor is not sensitive to SST whereas the surface evaporation flux decreases as SST increases. These indicate that the oceanic effects do not play an important role in determining atmospheric heat and water vapor budgets. The cold atmosphere produces a larger amount of ice clouds that cover a larger area than the warm atmosphere does. The large amounts of ice clouds lead to cooling of the ocean surface through reflecting large amount of solar radiation back to the space. Thus, the negative correlation between the cloud amount and SST only accounts for the important atmospheric effects on the ocean. (C) 2008 National Natural Science Foundation of China and Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier Limited and Science in China Press. All rights reserved. C1 [Gao, Shouting; Cui, Xiaopeng] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Lab Cloud Precipitat Phys & Severe Storms, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. [Li, Xiaofan] Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Camp Springs, MD USA. [Li, Xiaofan] NOAA, NESDIS, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Gao, ST (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Lab Cloud Precipitat Phys & Severe Storms, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. EM gst@lasg.iap.ac.cn RI Li, Xiaofan/F-5605-2010; Li, Xiaofan/G-2094-2014 FU National Basic Research Program of China [2004CB418301]; Chinese Academy of Sciences [KCL14014]; National Natural Sciences Foundation of China [40433007]; Knowledge Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences [IAP07214] FX This work was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China ( Grant No. 2004CB418301), the Chinese Academy of Sciences ( Grant No. KCL14014), the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China ( Grant No. 40433007) and the Knowledge Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences ( No. IAP07214). NR 40 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1002-0071 J9 PROG NAT SCI JI Prog. Nat. Sci. PD FEB 10 PY 2009 VL 19 IS 2 BP 187 EP 193 DI 10.1016/j.pnsc.2008.07.006 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Materials Science; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 410DN UT WOS:000263557100008 ER PT J AU Krylyuk, S Davydov, AV Levin, I Motayed, A Vaudin, MD AF Krylyuk, Sergiy Davydov, Albert V. Levin, Igor Motayed, Abhishek Vaudin, Mark D. TI Rapid thermal oxidation of silicon nanowires SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE elemental semiconductors; nanofabrication; nanowires; oxidation; semiconductor quantum wires; silicon ID FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS; MODEL; SIO2 AB Oxidation kinetics of silicon nanowires (SiNWs) subjected to rapid thermal oxidation (RTO) at 900 degrees C and 1000 degrees C in dry oxygen for exposure times ranging from 1 to 7.5 min is reported. For 1 min, SiNWs exhibit an enhanced oxidation rate compared to planar silicon, but for longer exposures the oxidation rates of SiNWs and planar Si are similar. Compared to furnace oxidation of SiNWs, RTO provides faster average oxidation rates and a weaker dependence of oxide shell thickness on the NW diameter. Our results demonstrate that RTO is an efficient approach for controlled oxidation of SiNWs. C1 [Krylyuk, Sergiy; Davydov, Albert V.; Levin, Igor; Motayed, Abhishek; Vaudin, Mark D.] NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Krylyuk, S (reprint author), NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM sergiy.krylyuk@nist.gov RI Davydov, Albert/F-7773-2010; Levin, Igor/F-8588-2010 OI Davydov, Albert/0000-0003-4512-2311; FU Office of Microelectronic Programs at NIST FX This work was supported in part by the Office of Microelectronic Programs at NIST. NR 16 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 EI 1077-3118 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD FEB 9 PY 2009 VL 94 IS 6 AR 063113 DI 10.1063/1.3079395 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 408BW UT WOS:000263409400090 ER PT J AU Song, Q Cao, H Ho, ST Solomon, GS AF Song, Q. Cao, H. Ho, S. T. Solomon, G. S. TI Near-IR subwavelength microdisk lasers SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE etching; gallium arsenide; III-V semiconductors; laser modes; microdisc lasers; optical fabrication; optical pumping; photolithography; semiconductor lasers; whispering gallery modes ID CAVITIES AB We report single-mode lasing in subwavelength GaAs disks under optical pumping. The disks are fabricated by standard photolithography and two steps of wet chemical etching. The simple fabrication method can produce submicron disks with good circularity, smooth boundary, and vertical sidewalls. The smallest lasing disks have a diameter of 627 nm and thickness of 265 nm. The ratio of the disk diameter to the vacuum lasing wavelength is about 0.7. Our numerical simulations confirm that the lasing modes are whispering-gallery modes with the azimuthal number as small as 4 and a modal volume of 0.97(lambda/n)(3). C1 [Song, Q.; Cao, H.] Yale Univ, Dept Appl Phys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. [Ho, S. T.] Northwestern Univ, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. [Solomon, G. S.] NIST, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Song, Q (reprint author), Yale Univ, Dept Appl Phys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. EM hui.cao@yale.edu RI Ho, Seng-Tiong/B-7172-2009; Cao, Hui/F-4815-2012; Song, Qinghai/C-2197-2014 FU NIST [70NANB6H6162]; NSF [ECCS-0823345] FX This work is supported partly by NIST under the Grant No. 70NANB6H6162 and by NSF under the Grant No. ECCS-0823345. NR 12 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 21 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD FEB 9 PY 2009 VL 94 IS 6 AR 061109 DI 10.1063/1.3081106 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 408BW UT WOS:000263409400009 ER PT J AU Gill, RE Tibbitts, TL Douglas, DC Handel, CM Mulcahy, DM Gottschalck, JC Warnock, N McCaffery, BJ Battley, PF Piersma, T AF Gill, Robert E., Jr. Tibbitts, T. Lee Douglas, David C. Handel, Colleen M. Mulcahy, Daniel M. Gottschalck, Jon C. Warnock, Nils McCaffery, Brian J. Battley, Philip F. Piersma, Theunis TI Extreme endurance flights by landbirds crossing the Pacific Ocean: ecological corridor rather than barrier? SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE bar-tailed godwit; satellite telemetry; endurance exercise; migration; climate change; weather ID BAR-TAILED GODWITS; BIRD MIGRATION; IMMUNE DEFENSE; NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE; STORM TRACKS; EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY; RADIO TRANSMITTERS; AVIAN MIGRATION; NONSTOP FLIGHT; CLIMATE-CHANGE AB Mountain ranges, deserts, ice fields and oceans generally act as barriers to the movement of land-dependent animals, often profoundly shaping migration routes. We used satellite telemetry to track the southward flights of bar-tailed godwits (Limosa lapponica baueri), shorebirds whose breeding and non-breeding areas are separated by the vast central Pacific Ocean. Seven females with surgically implanted transmitters flew non-stop 8117-11 680 km (10 153 +/- 1043 s.d.) directly across the Pacific Ocean; two males with external transmitters flew non-stop along the same corridor for 7008-7390 km. Flight duration ranged from 6.0 to 9.4 days (7.8 +/- 1.3 s.d.) for birds with implants and 5.0 to 6.6 days for birds with externally attached transmitters. These extraordinary non-stop flights establish new extremes for avian flight performance, have profound implications for understanding the physiological capabilities of vertebrates and how birds navigate, and challenge current physiological paradigms on topics such as sleep, dehydration and phenotypic flexibility. Predicted changes in climatic systems may affect survival rates if weather conditions at their departure hub or along the migration corridor should change. We propose that this transoceanic route may function as an ecological corridor rather than a barrier, providing a wind-assisted passage relatively free of pathogens and predators. C1 [Gill, Robert E., Jr.; Tibbitts, T. Lee; Handel, Colleen M.; Mulcahy, Daniel M.] USGS Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. [Douglas, David C.] USGS Alaska Sci Ctr, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. [Gottschalck, Jon C.] NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Warnock, Nils] PRBO Conservat Sci, Petaluma, CA 94954 USA. [McCaffery, Brian J.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Bethel, AK 99559 USA. [Battley, Philip F.] Univ Auckland, Sch Biol Sci, Auckland 1142, New Zealand. [Piersma, Theunis] Royal Netherlands Inst Sea Res NIOZ, Texel, Netherlands. [Piersma, Theunis] Univ Groningen, Anim Ecol Grp, Ctr Ecol & Evolutionary Studies, NL-9750 AA Haren, Netherlands. RP Gill, RE (reprint author), USGS Alaska Sci Ctr, 4210 Univ Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. EM robert_gill@usgs.gov RI Piersma, Theunis/D-1871-2012; OI Handel, Colleen/0000-0002-0267-7408 FU David and Lucile Packard Foundation; avian influenza surveillance monitoring programmes of the US Geological Survey; US Fish and Wildlife Service; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research FX We thank J. Conklin, W. Cook, M. Green, P. Gower, I. Hutzler, S. Lovibond, J. Melville, G. Vaughan and K. Woodley for field assistance. The expertise of M. Dementyev, T. Habraken, D. Melville, A. Riegen, R. Schuckard and P. Tomkovich was useful in capturing birds. The Miranda Shorebird Centre (K. Woodley), R. Schuckard and D. Melville hosted the New Zealand portion of the study. The Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge helped with accommodation and logistics in Alaska. P. Howey and the staff at Microwave Telemetry, Inc., provided valuable technical consultation. G. Hufford (Research Meteorologist, NOAA/National Weather Service) and S. McGree (Fiji Meteorological Service) were most helpful in providing information on climatology and meteorology of the North and South Pacific. A. Dekinga, R. Pyle and D. Melville kindly shared insights into godwits in Alaska, Hawaii and New Zealand. Capture and handling of birds in Alaska were done under USGS permit 20022; and that in New Zealand under New Zealand permits 2007/12 and 2007/38, issued to A. Riegen and R. Schuckard, respectively. T. Alerstam, H. Schmaljohann, D. Derksen, J. Hupp, M. Klaassen, R. Lanctot and R. Kirby made useful comments on earlier versions of the paper. This study was supported by The David and Lucile Packard Foundation (through S. Senner), the avian influenza surveillance monitoring programmes of the US Geological Survey (D. Derksen, S. Haseltine) and the US Fish and Wildlife Service (D. Rocque, K. Trust), and a grant from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) to M. Klaassen and T. P. Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government. NR 88 TC 185 Z9 199 U1 12 U2 98 PU ROYAL SOC PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 0962-8452 EI 1471-2954 J9 P ROY SOC B-BIOL SCI JI Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. PD FEB 7 PY 2009 VL 276 IS 1656 BP 447 EP 458 DI 10.1098/rspb.2008.1142 PG 11 WC Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 388EF UT WOS:000262002400007 PM 18974033 ER PT J AU Montzka, SA Hall, BD Elkins, JW AF Montzka, S. A. Hall, B. D. Elkins, J. W. TI Accelerated increases observed for hydrochlorofluorocarbons since 2004 in the global atmosphere SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MONTREAL PROTOCOL AB Tropospheric accumulation rates of the three most abundant hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) were up to two times faster during 2007 than measured in 2003-2004. Tropospheric chlorine from HCFCs increased at 10 pptCl/yr during 2006-2007, up from 6 pptCl/yr in 2003-2004, and offset declines in chlorine from other anthropogenic ozone-depleting substances in 2007 by approximately one-third. Derived global emissions for HCFCs increased by up to 60% since 2004, and, for HCFC-142b, emissions during 2007 were two times larger than projected recently. Measured tropospheric distributions suggest a shift in HCFC emissions to lower latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. These changes coincide with exponential increases in developing country production and consumption and decreases in other countries. When weighted by direct, 100-yr global warming potentials, HCFC emissions in 2007 amounted to 0.78 GtCO(2)-equivalents, or 30% larger than the average during 2000-2004, and were approximately 2.6% of fossilfuel and cement related CO(2) emissions. Citation: Montzka, S. A., B. D. Hall, and J. W. Elkins (2009), Accelerated increases observed for hydrochlorofluorocarbons since 2004 in the global atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L03804, doi: 10.1029/2008GL036475. C1 [Montzka, S. A.; Hall, B. D.; Elkins, J. W.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Montzka, SA (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM stephen.a.montzka@noaa.gov OI Montzka, Stephen/0000-0002-9396-0400 FU Atmospheric Composition and Climate Program; Research Program Division of NOAA's Climate Program Office FX We acknowledge the dedication of station personnel collecting samples and the assistance of C. Siso, L. Miller, G. Dutton, B. Miller, F. Moore, and J. Butler. SAM acknowledges useful discussions with L. Kuijpers, J. Daniel, and M. Prather. This work was supported in part by the Atmospheric Composition and Climate Program and in part by the Baseline Observatories portion of the Global Carbon Program of the Research Program Division of NOAA's Climate Program Office. NR 13 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD FEB 5 PY 2009 VL 36 AR L03804 DI 10.1029/2008GL036475 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 404SV UT WOS:000263174200007 ER PT J AU Didriche, K Lauzin, C Macko, P Herman, M Lafferty, WJ AF Didriche, K. Lauzin, C. Macko, P. Herman, M. Lafferty, W. J. TI Observation of the C2H2-N2O van der Waals complex in the overtone range using CW-CRDS SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID QUADRUPOLE HYPERFINE-STRUCTURE; NITROUS-OXIDE; MICROWAVE-SPECTRUM; OCS DIMER; SLIT JET; AR-HF; MU-M; SPECTROSCOPY; ACETYLENE; EXPANSION AB A slit nozzle supersonic expansion containing C2H2 (246 sccm) and N2O (355 sccm) seeded into Ar (1260 sccm) is investigated using CW cavity ring-down spectroscopy, in the 1.5 mu m range. The C2H2-N2O van der Waals complex is observed around the 2CH acetylenic band. Despite strong perturbations, 117 b-type lines are assigned. Their combined fit with published microwave data leads to new upper state and improved lower state rotational constants. The Lorentzian width of the assigned line profiles sets the mean lifetime to 1.6 ns. The rotational temperature is estimated to be 15 K from the comparison between observed and simulated spectra. (C) 2008 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved. C1 [Didriche, K.; Lauzin, C.; Macko, P.; Herman, M.] Univ Libre Bruxelles, Lab Chim Quant & Photophys, Fac Sci, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. [Lafferty, W. J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Macko, P.] Comenius Univ, Fac Math Phys & Informat, Bratislava 84248, Slovakia. RP Herman, M (reprint author), Univ Libre Bruxelles, Lab Chim Quant & Photophys, Fac Sci, CP 160-09,Ave Roosevelt 50, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. EM mherman@ulb.ac.be FU Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS [FRFC, IISN]; 'Action de Recherches Concertees de la Communaute francaise de Belgique' FX We are indebted to A. Rizopoulos (ULB) for helping during the experiments and to S. Robert (ULB) for identifying acetylene monomer lines. PM thanks FNRS and KD thanks FRIA for financial support. This work was sponsored by the Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS, contracts FRFC and IISN), the 'Action de Recherches Concertees de la Communaute francaise de Belgique'. It is performed within the activities of the 'LEA HiRes'. We thank Helen Leung (Amherst College) for sending us her microwave transitions corrected for the nitrogen quadrupole splitting. NR 23 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2614 J9 CHEM PHYS LETT JI Chem. Phys. Lett. PD FEB 3 PY 2009 VL 469 IS 1-3 BP 35 EP 37 DI 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.12.037 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 399LM UT WOS:000262801400006 ER PT J AU Campos-Delgado, J Kim, YA Hayashi, T Morelos-Gomez, A Hofmann, M Muramatsu, H Endo, M Terrones, H Shull, RD Dresselhaus, MS Terrones, M AF Campos-Delgado, J. Kim, Y. A. Hayashi, T. Morelos-Gomez, A. Hofmann, M. Muramatsu, H. Endo, M. Terrones, H. Shull, R. D. Dresselhaus, M. S. Terrones, M. TI Thermal stability studies of CVD-grown graphene nanoribbons: Defect annealing and loop formation SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID WALL CARBON NANOTUBES; PURIFICATION; RIBBONS; GRAPHITE; FILMS; FORM AB We present a high temperature heat treatment study of CVD-grown graphene nanoribbons annealed up to 2800 degrees C, demonstrating a progressive annihilation of lattice defects as the heat treatment temperature is raised. Starting at 1500 degrees C, single and multiple loop formation were observed on the ribbons edges as the temperature was increased. The structural changes of the samples are documented by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, TGA, SEM, and HRTEM. This work indicates that nanoribbon annealing eventually leads to defect-free samples, through graphitization and edge loop formation. The annealed material exhibits structural differences that could be tailored for a variety of specific applications. (C) 2009 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved. C1 [Campos-Delgado, J.; Morelos-Gomez, A.; Terrones, H.; Terrones, M.] IPICYT, Lab Nanosci & Nanotechnol Res LINAN, San Luis Potosi 78216, Mexico. [Campos-Delgado, J.; Morelos-Gomez, A.; Terrones, H.; Terrones, M.] IPICYT, Adv Mat Dept, San Luis Potosi 78216, Mexico. [Kim, Y. A.; Hayashi, T.; Endo, M.] Shinshu Univ, Fac Engn, Nagano 3808553, Japan. [Muramatsu, H.; Endo, M.] Shinshu Univ, Inst Carbon Sci & Technol, Nagano, Japan. [Hofmann, M.] MIT, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Hofmann, M.] MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Morelos-Gomez, A.; Shull, R. D.; Dresselhaus, M. S.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Terrones, M (reprint author), IPICYT, Lab Nanosci & Nanotechnol Res LINAN, Camino La Presa San Jose 2055,Lomas 4A Secc, San Luis Potosi 78216, Mexico. EM mterrones@ipicyt.edu.mx RI Muramatsu, Hiroyuki/B-8800-2011; Hofmann, Mario/A-8548-2008; Shull, Robert/F-5971-2013; Terrones, Mauricio/B-3829-2014; OI Muramatsu, Hiroyuki/0000-0003-0332-6703; Hofmann, Mario/0000-0003-1946-2478 FU NSF [CTS-05-06830, DMR-07-04197]; CONACYT-Mexico [56787, 45772]; Inter American Collaboration [58899]; SALUD-CONACYT [2004-01-013] FX The authors thank Dr. Gene Dresselhaus, D. Ramirez and G. Ramirez for valuable and fruitful discussions. This work is supported by NSF Grants NIRT CTS-05-06830 and DMR-07-04197. We also thank CONACYT-Mexico for Grants: 56787 (Laboratory for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research-LINAN), 45772 (MT), 58899-Inter American Collaboration (MT), 2004-01-013/SALUD-CONACYT (MT) and PhD scholarships (JCD, AMG). NR 28 TC 93 Z9 94 U1 9 U2 95 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2614 J9 CHEM PHYS LETT JI Chem. Phys. Lett. PD FEB 3 PY 2009 VL 469 IS 1-3 BP 177 EP 182 DI 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.12.082 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 399LM UT WOS:000262801400036 ER PT J AU Nooner, SL Chadwick, WW AF Nooner, Scott L. Chadwick, William W., Jr. TI Volcanic inflation measured in the caldera of Axial Seamount: Implications for magma supply and future eruptions SO GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE Juan de Fuca ridge; submarine volcanism; viscoelesticity; poroelasticity; magma chamber dynamics; marine geodesy ID DE-FUCA RIDGE; SIERRA-NEGRA-VOLCANO; EAST PACIFIC RISE; MIDOCEAN RIDGE; CONTINENTAL RUPTURE; GROUND DEFORMATION; NORTH-ICELAND; DYNAMICS; CONSTRAINTS; SEISMICITY AB Since 2000, ambient seawater pressure has been precisely measured at five seafloor benchmarks inside the summit caldera at Axial Seamount to monitor volcanic inflation, using a remotely operated vehicle to deploy a mobile pressure recorder (MPR) in campaign-style surveys. Additionally, seawater pressure has been measured at the caldera center with multiyear deployments of continuously recording bottom pressure recorders (BPRs). These pressure data (converted to depth) are currently the only measurements of volcanic inflation at a submarine volcano. We show new data spanning 2004 to 2007 documenting steady inflation of 12.7 +/- 0.4 cm/a at the caldera center. The spatial pattern of uplift is consistent with magma storage in a shallow reservoir underlying the caldera at a depth of similar to 3.5 km, and the current uplift rate implies that magma is being supplied to the volcano at a rate of similar to 7.5x10(6) m(3)/a. However, the supply rate immediately after the last eruption in 1998 was significantly higher, and the temporal pattern of uplift at Axial caldera appears to be governed by at least two processes occurring at very different time scales. We interpret the high uplift rates immediately following the 1998 eruption as either due to influx from one or more small satellite magma bodies or as the result of viscoelastic relaxation and/or poroelastic behavior of the crust surrounding the shallow magma chamber, and we present a numerical model which supports the latter interpretation. In contrast, we interpret the current lower uplift rate as due to a steady longterm magma supply from the mantle. This two component uplift pattern has not been observed on land volcanoes, suggesting that magma supply/storage processes beneath this ridge axis volcano differ from volcanoes on land (including Iceland). To reconstruct the uplift history at Axial, we fit the combined MPR and BPR data to two possible uplift scenarios, with which we forecast that the next eruption at Axial is likely to occur by about 2020, when most of the similar to 3 m of deflation that occurred during the 1998 eruption will have been recovered. C1 [Nooner, Scott L.] Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Geol Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. [Chadwick, William W., Jr.] Oregon State Univ, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. [Chadwick, William W., Jr.] NOAA, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Nooner, SL (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Geol Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. EM snooner@ldeo.columbia.edu; William.W.Chadwick@noaa.gov RI Wright, Dawn/A-4518-2011 OI Wright, Dawn/0000-0002-2997-7611 FU NOAA/PMEL [3150]; NOAAs West Coast and Polar Regions; National Science Foundation [OCE0725605] FX The authors would like the thank M. Poland and C. Chadwell for constructive reviews that improved the manuscript. Our research could not have been completed without the help of Mark Zumberge, who developed and maintains the MPR instrument package, and who has supported this project from the beginning. Special thanks to the ROPOS and Jason ROV teams who skillfully executed the MPR measurements and to the captains and crews of both the R/V Thomas Thompson and the R/V Atlantis who facilitated our scientific endeavors. The support of the NOAA/PMEL Engineering group is gratefully acknowledged. PMEL contribution number 3150. This work was funded by NOAAs West Coast and Polar Regions Undersea Research Center, the NOAAVents Program, and the National Science Foundation (grant OCE0725605). NR 48 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1525-2027 J9 GEOCHEM GEOPHY GEOSY JI Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. PD FEB 3 PY 2009 VL 10 AR Q02002 DI 10.1029/2008GC002315 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 404SI UT WOS:000263172900002 ER PT J AU Pozzo, DC AF Pozzo, Danilo C. TI Neutron-Scattering Probe of Complexes of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate and Serum Albumin during Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID POLYMER LIQUID-CRYSTALS; DNA-MOLECULES; PLURONIC F127; MECHANISM; SEPARATION; MIGRATION; DYNAMICS AB Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is used to probe the conformation of SDS-BSA protein surfactant complexes during electrophoresis in cross-linked polyacrylamide gels. Contrast variation permits independent probing of the structure of protein-surfactant complexes with negligible scattering contributions from the polyacrylamide matrix. The conformation of the protein complexes in the gel is found to be independent of the electric fields that are applied in this work (10 V/cm). Furthermore, there are no signs of large-scale macromolecular orientation (anisotropy) in the scattering patterns. However, the scattering shows that there are significant interparticle correlations between the protein-surfactant complexes that are electrophoretically inserted into the gel. These interactions develop when the total concentration of protein in the gels reaches values that are larger than similar to 1 mg/mL. The correlations are due to molecular crowding in the small fraction of pores that are available for protein migration. C1 [Pozzo, Danilo C.] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Pozzo, Danilo C.] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pozzo, DC (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Chem Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM dpozzo@u.washington.edu NR 30 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD FEB 3 PY 2009 VL 25 IS 3 BP 1558 EP 1565 DI 10.1021/la8039994 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 399VM UT WOS:000262827400045 PM 19125631 ER PT J AU Zhao, YL Flora, JW Thweatt, WD Garrison, SL Gonzalez, C Houk, KN Marquez, M AF Zhao, Yi-Lei Flora, Jason W. Thweatt, William David Garrison, Stephen L. Gonzalez, Carlos Houk, K. N. Marquez, Manuel TI Phosphine Polymerization by Nitric Oxide: Experimental Characterization and Theoretical Predictions of Mechanism SO INORGANIC CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID POST-HARTREE-FOCK; AB-INITIO; SOLID ARGON; OZONE COMPLEX; THIO ANALOGS; GAS-PHASE; PHOSPHORUS; CHEMISTRY; ACID; PRODUCTS AB A yellow solid material [PxHy] has been obtained in the reaction of phosphine (PH3) and nitric oxide (NO) at room temperature and characterized by thermogravimetric analysis mass spectrometry (TGA-MS) and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. In this work using complete basis set (CBS-QB3) methods a plausible mechanism has been investigated for phosphine polymerization in the presence of nitric oxide (NO). Theoretical explorations with the ab initio method suggest (a) instead of the monomer the nitric oxide dimer acts as an initial oxidant, (b) the resulting phosphine oxides (H3P=O <-> H3P+O-) in the gas phase draw each other via strong dipolar interactions between the P-O groups, and (c) consequently an autocatalyzed polymerization occurs among the phosphine oxides, forming P-P chemical bonds and losing water. The possible structures of polyhydride phosphorus polymer were discussed. In the calculations a series of cluster models was computed to simulate polymerization. C1 [Zhao, Yi-Lei; Garrison, Stephen L.; Gonzalez, Carlos; Marquez, Manuel] NIST, Ctr Theoret & Computat Nanosci, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Flora, Jason W.; Thweatt, William David] Altria Client Serv, Res Dev & Engn, Richmond, VA 23219 USA. [Houk, K. N.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Chem & Biochem, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Marquez, Manuel] Arizona State Univ, Harrington Dept Bioengn, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. [Marquez, Manuel] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Ctr Integrated Nanotechnol, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Zhao, YL (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Theoret & Computat Nanosci, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM yi-lei.zhao@nist.gov RI Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012; Liu, Peng/D-1233-2013 FU INEST, Interdisciplinary Network of Emerging Science and Technology FX Y.L.Z., W.D.T., and S.L.G. are INEST fellowship recipients (INEST, Interdisciplinary Network of Emerging Science and Technology). The authors thank the INEST group for support and NIST and NIH for administration and supercomputer time. Partial calculations were conducted in NIH Biowulf cluster. The synthesis and FFIR experiments were conducted by J.W.F. and TGA-MS by W.D.T. Certain commercial materials and equipment are identified in this paper in order to specify procedures completely. In no case does such identification imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology nor does it imply that the material or equipment identified is necessarily the best available for the purpose. NR 45 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 3 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0020-1669 EI 1520-510X J9 INORG CHEM JI Inorg. Chem. PD FEB 2 PY 2009 VL 48 IS 3 BP 1223 EP 1231 DI 10.1021/ic801917a PG 9 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear SC Chemistry GA 399EJ UT WOS:000262782900059 PM 19102679 ER PT J AU Artzi-Gerlitz, R Benkstein, KD Lahr, DL Hertz, JL Montgomery, CB Bonevich, JE Semancik, S Tarlov, MJ AF Artzi-Gerlitz, Reit Benkstein, Kurt D. Lahr, David L. Hertz, Joshua L. Montgomery, Christopher B. Bonevich, John E. Semancik, Steve Tarlov, Michael J. TI Fabrication and gas sensing performance of parallel assemblies of metal oxide nanotubes supported by porous aluminum oxide membranes SO SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL LA English DT Article DE Anodized aluminum oxide; Gas sensor; Nanotube; Sol-gel; Tungsten oxide ID SOL-GEL PROCESS; WO3 THIN-FILM; TUNGSTEN-OXIDE; CARBON NANOTUBES; HUMIDITY SENSOR; NO2; SEMICONDUCTOR; SENSITIVITY; TEMPLATE; NANOPARTICLES AB We describe a conductometric chemical sensor architecture based upon an assembly of parallel metal oxide nanotubes. In this design, an aluminum oxide membrane serves as both a template for growth of the sensing nanotubes and a scaffold to support the nanotubes and the top/bottom electrical contacts for sensing measurements. Important advantages of this sensing architecture are: (1) analyte molecules are detected within the nanotube interior thereby maximizing sensitivity; and (2) metal contacts for resistance measurements are easily and reproducibly established at the ends of the nanotubes. We demonstrate a proof-of-concept for this approach by fabricating and evaluating tungsten trioxide (WO3) nanotube-based conductometric devices. Nanotubes are formed in membrane pores (diameter approximate to 200 nm, length approximate to 60 mu m) by sol-gel deposition and characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photorelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Thin film Au contacts are deposited on the top/bottom of the WO3-coated membranes such that the tube-ends remain open, enabling conductometric sensing along the length of the WO3 nanotubes. The nanotube assemblies detect oxidizing (nitrogen dioxide) and reducing (methanol) gases at 200 degrees C, and exhibit responses two to three orders-of-magnitude greater than a planar WO3-film sensor. The enhanced sensitivity is attributed to the large surface area presented by the interior of the nanotube assemblies. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Artzi-Gerlitz, Reit; Benkstein, Kurt D.; Lahr, David L.; Hertz, Joshua L.; Montgomery, Christopher B.; Semancik, Steve; Tarlov, Michael J.] NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Bonevich, John E.] NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Artzi-Gerlitz, R (reprint author), NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM reit.artzigerlitzr@mail.nih.gov; kurt.benkstein@nist.gov RI Hertz, Joshua/B-7239-2012; OI Hertz, Joshua/0000-0003-0650-5141; Lahr, David/0000-0001-6283-0286 FU National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); NIST-National Research Council (NRC) Postdoctoral Associateship Program FX This work was supported by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). D.L.L. and J.L.H. gratefully acknowledge support provided through the NIST-National Research Council (NRC) Postdoctoral Associateship Program. NR 47 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 26 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0925-4005 J9 SENSOR ACTUAT B-CHEM JI Sens. Actuator B-Chem. PD FEB 2 PY 2009 VL 136 IS 1 BP 257 EP 264 DI 10.1016/j.snb.2008.10.056 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Electrochemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 409GM UT WOS:000263494200039 ER PT J AU Rasberry, S AF Rasberry, Stanley D. TI Entropy in quality systems SO ACCREDITATION AND QUALITY ASSURANCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Rasberry, Stanley D.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rasberry, S (reprint author), 1255 Glebe Rd, Lottsburg, VA 22511 USA. EM rasberry@rivnet.net NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0949-1775 J9 ACCREDIT QUAL ASSUR JI Accredit. Qual. Assur. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 14 IS 2 BP 65 EP 66 DI 10.1007/s00769-008-0477-4 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 403FW UT WOS:000263069500001 ER PT J AU Nolte, AJ Chung, JY Walker, ML Stafford, CM AF Nolte, Adam J. Chung, Jun Young Walker, Marlon L. Stafford, Christopher M. TI In situ Adhesion Measurements Utilizing Layer-by-Layer Functionalized Surfaces SO ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES LA English DT Article DE JKR; adhesion; layer by layer; polyelectrolyte; responsive; contact mechanics; roughness ID POLYELECTROLYTE MULTILAYER FILMS; THIN-FILMS; WEAK POLYELECTROLYTES; FORCE MICROSCOPY; YOUNGS MODULUS; ELASTIC SOLIDS; JKR METHOD; CONTACT; ADSORPTION; POLYMERS AB The adhesion between poly(dimethyisiloxane) (PDMS) hemispheres coated with layer-by-layer (LbL) assemblies of polyelectrolytes and rigid, planar substrates was investigated using Johnson, Kendall, and Roberts (JKR) contact mechanics. Measurements were performed against amine functionalized glass slides both in air aqueous solutions of controlled pH. Despite the increased density of negatively charged carboxylate groups LbL functionalized PDMS exhibited lower adhesion because of the combined effects of increased surface roughness and the high young is modulus of the coating. Measurements of coated PDMS in aqueous solutions revealed tunable adhesion behavior dominated by pH mediated changes in the mechanical properties of the coating Smoothing the surface of the LbL coatings by aqueous salt annealing led to a significant increase in adhesion. Our results suggest that LbL assembly can be an effective means of surface functionalization for in situ adhension measurements, but understanding and predicting the adhesion behavior requires comprehensive knowledge of the chemical mechanical and topological properties of the coating and how such properties change in response to the ambient enviroment. C1 [Nolte, Adam J.; Chung, Jun Young; Stafford, Christopher M.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Walker, Marlon L.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stafford, CM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM chris.stafford@nist.gov FU NIST/National Research Council Postdoctoral Fellowship Program FX The authors thank jing Zhou of NIST for experimental assistance, Aaron M. Forster and Nadia J. Edwin of NIST for careful reading of the manuscript, and jenny A. Lichter of MIT for helpful discussions. A.J.N. acknowledges the NIST/National Research Council Postdoctoral Fellowship Program for funding. NR 43 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 23 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1944-8244 J9 ACS APPL MATER INTER JI ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces PD FEB PY 2009 VL 1 IS 2 BP 373 EP 380 DI 10.1021/am8000874 PG 8 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 464VJ UT WOS:000267535700024 PM 20353226 ER PT J AU Wu, YH Walker, J Schwede, D Peters-Lidard, C Dennis, R Robarge, W AF Wu, Yihua Walker, John Schwede, Donna Peters-Lidard, Christa Dennis, Robin Robarge, Wayne TI A new model of bi-directional ammonia exchange between the atmosphere and biosphere: Ammonia stomatal compensation point SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ammonia; Deposition; Emission; Compensation point; Modeling; Bi-directional flux; Soybean ID DRY DEPOSITION MODEL; OILSEED RAPE; APOPLASTIC NH4+; GRADIENT MEASUREMENTS; GLUTAMINE-SYNTHETASE; BARLEY PLANTS; NH3 EXCHANGE; BARE SOIL; LEAVES; NITROGEN AB A new multi-layer canopy resistance model of bi-directional NH(3) exchange is presented. This new model, which is based on the Multi-Layer BioChemical deposition (MLBC) model [Wu, Y., Brashers, B., Finkelstein, P.L., Pleim, J.E., 2003a. A multiplayer biochemical dry deposition model. I. model formulation. J. Geophys. Res. 108, D1; Wu, Y., Brashers, B., Finkelstein, P.L., Pleim, J.E., 2003b. A multiplayer biochemical dry deposition model. II. Model evaluation. J. Geophys. Res. 108, D1], incorporates a parameterization for the ammonia stomatal compensation point that is theoretically derived to consider the effects of leaf temperature and apoplastic concentrations of NH(4)(+) and H(+). The new ammonia stomatal compensation point scheme accounts for the effects of deposition, emission and leaf temperature on the dynamics of apoplast [NH(4)(+)] and [H(+)]. The new model is evaluated against bidirectional NH(3) fluxes measured over fertilized soybean. The general patterns of observed deposition and emission are successfully reproduced when the ammonia stomatal compensation point is included. Driven by the effects of deposition, emission and leaf temperature, modeled apoplastic [NH(4)(+)] and [H(+)] display significant diurnal variation when the buffer effect of the underlying metabolic processes generating or consuming NH(4)(+) were ignored. Model predictive capability is improved slightly by incorporating the feedback into a dynamic stomatal compensation point. A simple implementation of the feedback mechanism in the current model provides opportunities for improvement. While the stomatal flux is shown to be an important process in the regulation of canopy-scale fluxes, it appears that exchange with leaf surface water and soil may also be important. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Wu, Yihua] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Walker, John] US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. [Schwede, Donna; Dennis, Robin] US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. [Peters-Lidard, Christa] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Robarge, Wayne] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Soil Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Wu, YH (reprint author), NOAA, NCEP, EMC, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Yihua.Wu@noaa.gov RI Peters-Lidard, Christa/E-1429-2012; Walker, John/I-8880-2014 OI Peters-Lidard, Christa/0000-0003-1255-2876; Walker, John/0000-0001-6034-7514 NR 68 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 149 IS 2 BP 263 EP 280 DI 10.1016/j.agrformet.2008.08.012 PG 18 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 397TH UT WOS:000262684500006 ER PT J AU Schantz, MM Christopher, SJ Davis, WC Day, RD Keller, JM Kucklick, JR Long, SE Mackey, EA Point, D Porter, BJ Poster, DL Sharpless, KE Turk, GC Wise, SA AF Schantz, Michele M. Christopher, Steven J. Davis, W. Clay Day, Rusty D. Keller, Jennifer M. Kucklick, John R. Long, Stephen E. Mackey, Elizabeth A. Point, David Porter, Barbara J. Poster, Dianne L. Sharpless, Katherine E. Turk, Gregory C. Wise, Stephen A. TI Spotlighting NIST SRMs Fish-Related Standard Reference Materials SO AMERICAN LABORATORY LA English DT Editorial Material ID POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS; CHLORINATED PESTICIDES C1 [Schantz, Michele M.; Christopher, Steven J.; Davis, W. Clay; Day, Rusty D.; Keller, Jennifer M.; Kucklick, John R.; Long, Stephen E.; Mackey, Elizabeth A.; Point, David; Porter, Barbara J.; Poster, Dianne L.; Sharpless, Katherine E.; Turk, Gregory C.; Wise, Stephen A.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Schantz, MM (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Michele.Schantz@nist.gov NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU INT SCIENTIFIC COMMUN INC PI SHELTON PA PO BOX 870, 30 CONTROLS DRIVE, SHELTON, CT 06484-0870 USA SN 0044-7749 J9 AM LAB JI Am. Lab. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 41 IS 2 BP 50 EP + PG 3 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 410YE UT WOS:000263613400011 ER PT J AU Hagwood, C AF Hagwood, Charles TI An Application of the Residue Calculus: The Distribution of the Sum of Nonhomogeneous Gamma Variates SO AMERICAN STATISTICIAN LA English DT Article DE Calculus of residues; Convolution of gamma variates; Gamma distribution; Quadratic form of normals AB The calculus of residues is one of the many beautiful tools that comes out of the field of complex variables. The calculus of residues is applied, together with the inversion formula for characteristic functions, to compute the non-gamma probability density function for the sum of gamma variates with different shape parameters. The distribution of the sum of gamma variates is needed in problems in statistical inference, as well as stochastic processes. This derivation seems more elegant than previous methods for deriving the density function of such a sum. Furthermore, the numerical computation is straightforward, especially in any symbolic computer language. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div Stop 8980, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hagwood, C (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div Stop 8980, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM hagwood@nist.gov NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1429 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0003-1305 J9 AM STAT JI Am. Stat. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 63 IS 1 BP 37 EP 39 DI 10.1198/tast.2009.0007 PG 3 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 477FF UT WOS:000268503300007 ER PT J AU Fallows, EA Cleary, TG Miller, JH AF Fallows, Eric A. Cleary, Thomas G. Miller, J. Houston TI Development of a multiple gas analyzer using cavity ringdown spectroscopy for use in advanced fire detection SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID LASER-ABSORPTION-SPECTROSCOPY; DOWN SPECTROSCOPY; CARBON-MONOXIDE; DIFFUSION FLAMES; MU-M; LAMINAR AB A portable cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CRDS) apparatus was used to detect effluents from small test fires in the Fire Emulator/Detector Evaluator (FE/DE) and a small room in the Building Fire and Research Laboratory at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The output from two lasers is combined to detect four combustion gases, CO, CO2, HCN, and C2H2, near simultaneously using CRDS. The goal of this work was to demonstrate the feasibility of using a CRDS sensor as a fire detector. Fire effluents were extracted from several test facilities and measurements of CO, CO2, HCN, and C2H2 were obtained every 25-30 s. In the FE/DE test, peak concentrations of the gases from smoldering paper were 420 parts in 10(6) (ppm) CO2 1600 ppm CO2, 530 parts in 10(9) (ppb) HCN, and 440 ppb C2H2. Peak gas concentrations from the small room were 270 ppm CO, 2100 ppm CO2, and 310 ppb C2H2. (C) 2009 Optical Society of America C1 [Fallows, Eric A.; Miller, J. Houston] George Washington Univ, Dept Chem, Washington, DC 20052 USA. [Cleary, Thomas G.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Miller, JH (reprint author), George Washington Univ, Dept Chem, 725 21st St NW, Washington, DC 20052 USA. EM Houston@gwu.edu RI Miller, John/B-7324-2009 FU NASA [NAG9-01480] FX The authors would like to thank NASA (Grant NAG9-01480) with contract monitors Darrel Jan and Greg Bearman for financial support. NR 49 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 11 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD FEB 1 PY 2009 VL 48 IS 4 BP 695 EP 703 DI 10.1364/AO.48.000695 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA 422FR UT WOS:000264413400030 PM 19183595 ER PT J AU Lowhorn, ND Wong-Ng, W Zhang, W Lu, ZQ Otani, M Thomas, E Green, M Tran, TN Dilley, N Ghamaty, S Elsner, N Hogan, T Downey, AD Jie, Q Li, Q Obara, H Sharp, J Caylor, C Venkatasubramanian, R Willigan, R Yang, J Martin, J Nolas, G Edwards, B Tritt, T AF Lowhorn, N. D. Wong-Ng, W. Zhang, W. Lu, Z. Q. Otani, M. Thomas, E. Green, M. Tran, T. N. Dilley, N. Ghamaty, S. Elsner, N. Hogan, T. Downey, A. D. Jie, Q. Li, Q. Obara, H. Sharp, J. Caylor, C. Venkatasubramanian, R. Willigan, R. Yang, J. Martin, J. Nolas, G. Edwards, B. Tritt, T. TI Round-robin measurements of two candidate materials for a Seebeck coefficient Standard Reference Material (TM) SO APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING LA English DT Article AB A Standard Reference Material (SRM (TM)) for the Seebeck coefficient is critical for inter-laboratory data comparison and for instrument calibration. To develop this SRM T, we have conducted an international round-robin measurement survey of two candidate materials-undoped Bi(2)Te(3) and constantan (55% Cu and 45% Ni alloy). Measurements were performed in two rounds by twelve laboratories involved in active thermoelectric research using a number of commercial and custom-built measurement systems and techniques. We report the results of these measurements and the statistical analysis performed. Based on this extensive study, we have selected Bi(2)Te(3) as the prototype standard material. C1 [Lowhorn, N. D.; Wong-Ng, W.; Zhang, W.; Lu, Z. Q.; Otani, M.; Thomas, E.; Green, M.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Tran, T. N.] USN, Ctr Surface Warfare, Bethesda, MD 20817 USA. [Dilley, N.] Quantum Design, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. [Ghamaty, S.; Elsner, N.] Hi Z Technol Inc, San Diego, CA 92126 USA. [Hogan, T.; Downey, A. D.] Michigan State Univ, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. [Jie, Q.; Li, Q.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. [Obara, H.] Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Ibaraki, Japan. [Sharp, J.] Marlow Ind Inc, Dallas, TX 75238 USA. [Caylor, C.; Venkatasubramanian, R.] Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. [Willigan, R.] United Technol Corp, E Hartford, CT 06108 USA. [Yang, J.] Gen Motors R&D Ctr, Warren, MI 48090 USA. [Martin, J.; Nolas, G.] Univ S Florida, Dept Phys, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. [Edwards, B.; Tritt, T.] Clemson Univ, Dept Phys, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Wong-Ng, W (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM winnie.wong-ng@nist.gov RI Yang, Jihui/A-3109-2009; Jie, Qing/H-3780-2011; Zhang, Weiping/C-6158-2014; Jie, Qing/N-8673-2013 NR 4 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 18 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0947-8396 J9 APPL PHYS A-MATER JI Appl. Phys. A-Mater. Sci. Process. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 94 IS 2 BP 231 EP 234 DI 10.1007/s00339-008-4876-5 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 377NE UT WOS:000261257100003 ER PT J AU Nino-Torres, CA Gardner, SC Zenteno-Savin, T Ylitalo, GM AF Nino-Torres, Carlos Alberto Gardner, Susan C. Zenteno-Savin, Tania Ylitalo, Gina M. TI Organochlorine Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in California Sea Lions (Zalophus californianus californianus) from the Gulf of California, Mexico SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID REPRODUCTIVE TRANSFER; BAJA-CALIFORNIA; NORTH PACIFIC; HARBOR SEALS; CONTAMINATION; ABUNDANCE; TOXICITY; P,P'-DDE; ISLANDS; BLUBBER AB We report concentrations of several classes of organochlorines (OCs) in the blubber of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) from the Gulf of California. Summed OC levels measured in 34 wild-ranging animals were, in general, lower than those previously reported in sea lions from the eastern Pacific. The rank order of OCs was Sigma DDTs (mean = 3400 ng g(-1) lipid weight [lw]) > Sigma PCBs (1400 ng g(-1) lw) > Sigma HCHs (50 ng g(-1) lw) >= Sigma CHLORs (46 ng g(-1) lw). The most abundant OC measured was the DDT metabolite, p, p'-DDE. No significant differences in OC profiles were found between genders or rookeries. Although the mean concentrations of OCs measured in adult males and females were similar, only adult females had significantly higher (p < 0.05) mean blubber concentrations of Sigma DDTs and Sigma HCHs than pups. C1 [Nino-Torres, Carlos Alberto] Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Postgrad Program Marine Sci & Limnol, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. [Gardner, Susan C.; Zenteno-Savin, Tania] NW Ctr Biol Res, Mexico City 23090, DF, Mexico. [Ylitalo, Gina M.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Nino-Torres, CA (reprint author), Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Postgrad Program Marine Sci & Limnol, AP 70-305,Ciudad Univ, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. EM carlosalni@gmail.com FU SEMARNAT-CONACYT [SEMARNAT-2002C01-0078] FX This research project was supported by funds provided by SEMARNAT-CONACYT, project SEMARNAT-2002C01-0078. We give special thanks to the Islas del Golfo de California (section La Paz) for their generous boat support during sample collection. We are indebted to UNAM for providing a fellowship to C. Nino-Torres to conduct this study as part of his Ph. D. dissertation. This work was greatly improved by the collaboration of NWFSC Environmental Conservation Division, and appreciation is extended to Daryle Boyd for training C. Nino-Torres in the OC analysis. Thanks go also to P. Tenorio, O. Lugo, R. Lopez, O. Martinez, N. Olguin, and everyone at the Chemical Ecology and Toxicology lab at CIBNOR, F. Elorriaga at CICIMAR, J. P. Gallo at CIAD, and the Estero del Soldado fishermen for assistance during field trips and sample analyses. The manuscript benefited from the suggestions of Doug Burrows, Tracy Collier, John Stein, and another anonymous compliance with Mexican laws and regulations, SEMARNAT permits no. SGPA/DGVS/13196 and no. SGPA/DGVS/00852/06. NR 41 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 9 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 56 IS 2 BP 350 EP 359 DI 10.1007/s00244-008-9181-y PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 422XP UT WOS:000264461300020 PM 18560925 ER PT J AU Piniak, GA Brown, EK AF Piniak, Gregory A. Brown, Eric K. TI Temporal Variability in Chlorophyll Fluorescence of Back-Reef Corals in Ofu, American Samoa SO BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID GREAT-BARRIER-REEF; MEASURED IN-SITU; PHOTOSYNTHETIC EFFICIENCY; PHOTOCHEMICAL EFFICIENCY; SEASONAL FLUCTUATIONS; ELECTRON-TRANSPORT; SYMBIOTIC ALGAE; DIURNAL CHANGES; PHOTOSYSTEM-II; PORITES-LOBATA AB Change in the yield of chlorophyll a fluorescence is a common indicator of thermal stress in corals. The present study reports temporal variability ill quantum yield measurements for 10 coral species in Ofu. American Samoa-a place known to experience elevated and variable seawater temperatures. In winter, the zooxanthellae generally had higher dark-adapted maximum quantum yield (F(v)/F(m)) higher light-adapted effective quantum yield (Delta F/F(m)), and lower relative electron transport rates (rETR) than in the summer. Temporal changes, appeared unrelated to the expected bleaching sensitivity of corals. All species Surveyed, with the exception of Montipora grisea. demonstrated significant temporal changes in the three fluorescence parameters. Fluorescence responses were influenced by the microhabitat-temporal differences in fluorescence parameters were Usually observed in the habitat with a more variable temperature regime (pool 300), while differences in F(v)/F(m) between species were observed only in the more environmentally stable habitat (pool 400). Such species-specific responses and microhabitat variability should be be considered when attempting to determine whether observed Situ changes are normal seasonal changes or early signs of , bleaching. C1 [Piniak, Gregory A.] USGS Pacific Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. [Brown, Eric K.] Hawaii Inst Marine Biol, Kaneohe, HI 96744 USA. RP Piniak, GA (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM greg.piniak@noaa.gov; Eric_Brown@nps.gov NR 48 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 10 PU MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY PI WOODS HOLE PA 7 MBL ST, WOODS HOLE, MA 02543 USA SN 0006-3185 J9 BIOL BULL-US JI Biol. Bull. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 216 IS 1 BP 55 EP 67 PG 13 WC Biology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 408NQ UT WOS:000263442100006 PM 19218492 ER PT J AU Espinoza, R AF Espinoza, Raimundo TI Intrinsic Value Can Help Conservation SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Letter C1 NOAA, Washington, DC 20230 USA. RP Espinoza, R (reprint author), NOAA, Washington, DC 20230 USA. EM respinoza@drna.gobierno.pr NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD FEB PY 2009 VL 59 IS 2 BP 101 EP 101 DI 10.1525/bio.2009.59.2.18 PG 1 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 404ON UT WOS:000263162800002 ER PT J AU Williams, DN Ananthakrishnan, R Bernholdt, DE Bharathi, S Brown, D Chen, M Chervenak, AL Cinquini, L Drach, R Foster, IT Fox, P Fraser, D Garcia, J Hankin, S Jones, P Middleton, DE Schwidder, J Schweitzer, R Schuler, R Shoshani, A Siebenlist, F Sim, A Strand, WG Su, M Wilhelmi, N AF Williams, D. N. Ananthakrishnan, R. Bernholdt, D. E. Bharathi, S. Brown, D. Chen, M. Chervenak, A. L. Cinquini, L. Drach, R. Foster, I. T. Fox, P. Fraser, D. Garcia, J. Hankin, S. Jones, P. Middleton, D. E. Schwidder, J. Schweitzer, R. Schuler, R. Shoshani, A. Siebenlist, F. Sim, A. Strand, W. G. Su, M. Wilhelmi, N. TI THE EARTH SYSTEM GRID Enabling Access to Multimodel Climate Simulation Data SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB By leveraging current technologies to manage distributed climate data in a unified virtual environment, the Earth System Grid (ESG) project is promoting data sharing between international research centers and diverse users. In transforming these data into a collaborative community resource, ESG is changing the way global climate research is conducted. Since ESG's production beginnings in 2004, its most notable accomplishment was to efficiently store and distribute climate simulation data of some 20 global coupled ocean-atmosphere models to the scores of scientific contributors to the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC); the IPCC collective scientific achievement was recognized by the award of a 2007 Nobel Peace Prize. Other international climate stakeholders such as the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) and the developers of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM) and of the Climate Science Computational End Station (CCES) also have endorsed ESG technologies for disseminating data to their respective user communities. In coming years, the recently created Earth System Grid Center for Enabling Technology (ESG-CET) will extend these methods to assist the international climate community in its efforts to better understand the global climate C1 [Williams, D. N.; Drach, R.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. [Ananthakrishnan, R.; Foster, I. T.; Fraser, D.; Siebenlist, F.] Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Bernholdt, D. E.; Chen, M.; Schwidder, J.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN USA. [Bharathi, S.; Chervenak, A. L.; Schuler, R.; Su, M.] Univ So Calif, Informat Serv Inst, Marina Del Rey, CA USA. [Brown, D.; Cinquini, L.; Fox, P.; Garcia, J.; Middleton, D. E.; Strand, W. G.; Wilhelmi, N.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Hankin, S.; Schweitzer, R.] NOAA PMEL, Seattle, WA USA. [Jones, P.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. [Shoshani, A.; Sim, A.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Williams, DN (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Mail Stop L-103,POB 808, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. EM williams13@llnl.gov OI Strand, Warren/0000-0001-9740-0104; Fox, Peter/0000-0002-1009-7163 NR 10 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 EI 1520-0477 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 90 IS 2 BP 195 EP 205 DI 10.1175/2008BAMS2459.1 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 418ZA UT WOS:000264187600004 ER PT J AU Brohan, P Allan, R Freeman, JE Waple, AM Wheeler, D Wilkinson, C Woodruff, S AF Brohan, Philip Allan, Rob Freeman, J. Eric Waple, Anne M. Wheeler, Dennis Wilkinson, Clive Woodruff, Scott TI MARINE OBSERVATIONS OF OLD WEATHER SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; AIR-TEMPERATURE; DATASET; ICOADS; ICE AB Weather observations are vital for climate change monitoring and prediction. For the world's oceans, there are many meteorological and oceanographic observations available back to the mid-twentieth century, but coverage is limited in earlier periods, and particularly also during the two world wars. Before 1850 there are currently very few instrumental observations available. Consequently, detailed observational estimates of surface climate change can be made only back to the mid-nineteenth century. To improve and extend this early coverage, scientists need more observations from these periods. Fortunately, many such observations exist in logbooks, reports, and other paper records, but their inclusion in the climatic datasets requires that these paper records be abstracted from the world's archives, digitized into an electronic form, and blended into existing climate databases. As a first step in this direction, selected Royal Navy logbooks from the period of 1938-47, kept in the U.K. National Archives, have been photographed and digitized. These have provided more than 1,500,000 new observations for this period, and a preliminary analysis has shown significant improvements to the record of climate change in the mid-twentieth century. C1 [Brohan, Philip; Allan, Rob] Met Off, Hadley Ctr Climate Change, Exeter, Devon, England. [Freeman, J. Eric] Sourcecorp NCDC, Asheville, NC USA. [Waple, Anne M.] STG Inc, NCDC, Reston, VA USA. [Wheeler, Dennis] Univ Sunderland, Dept Geog, Sunderland SR2 7EE, Durham, England. [Wilkinson, Clive] Univ E Anglia, Climat Res Unit, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. [Woodruff, Scott] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Brohan, P (reprint author), Met Off, Hadley Ctr Climate Change, Fitzroy Rd, Exeter, Devon, England. EM philip.brohan@metoffice.gov.uk NR 34 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 EI 1520-0477 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 90 IS 2 BP 219 EP + DI 10.1175/2008BAMS2522.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 418ZA UT WOS:000264187600006 ER PT J AU Litzow, MA Urban, D AF Litzow, Michael A. Urban, Daniel TI Fishing through (and up) Alaskan food webs SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID LIONS EUMETOPIAS-JUBATUS; BERING-SEA; PACIFIC-OCEAN; NORTH PACIFIC; COMMUNITY REORGANIZATION; WORLD FISHERIES; CLIMATE-CHANGE; REGIME SHIFT; ECOSYSTEM; COLLAPSE AB We used a 112-year time series of Alaskan fishery catches to test competing hypotheses concerning trends in mean catch trophic level, a widely used indicator of fisheries sustainability. We found that mean trophic level has generally remained steady or increased in recent decades on Alaska-wide and regional scales, indicating stable catches of high trophic level taxa. During historical periods of declining mean trophic level, catches of upper trophic level taxa either increased or remained steady, contrary to the predictions of the "fishing down the food web" hypothesis. Further, a climate index was highly correlated (r = 0.069-097) with mean trophic level and (or) the related fisheries in balance (FIB) index across climate regime shifts in the 1940s and 1970s, indicating that climate effects, particularly on high trophic level taxa, can act as the major driver of variability in these parameters. These results provide a contrast to the view of ubiquitous declines in mean trophic level of fishery catches, driven by overexploitation and serial stock replacement. C1 [Litzow, Michael A.; Urban, Daniel] NOAA Fisheries, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. [Urban, Daniel] Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. RP Urban, D (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 301 Res Court, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. EM dan.urban@noaa.gov NR 47 TC 13 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 18 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X EI 1205-7533 J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 66 IS 2 BP 201 EP 211 DI 10.1139/F08-207 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 429ZB UT WOS:000264957500004 ER PT J AU Rich, HB Quinn, TP Scheuerell, MD Schindler, DE AF Rich, Harry B., Jr. Quinn, Thomas P. Scheuerell, Mark D. Schindler, Daniel E. TI Climate and intraspecific competition control the growth and life history of juvenile sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in Iliamna Lake, Alaska SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID TO-ADULT SURVIVAL; PACIFIC SALMON; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; IMPACTS; FERTILIZATION; MIGRATION; RESPONSES; TRENDS AB Recent climate changes have had marked effects oil the ice-free season and thermal conditions in marly high-latitude lakes, but their ecological effects combine with density-dependent processes to affect fish growth and life history. To better understand the relative roles of climate and intraspecific density, we applied Gaussian state-space models to long-term data (1962-2006) oil growth of juvenile sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in Iliamna Lake, Alaska, USA. Both temperature and density influenced fry size at the end of their first growing season, but the positive effect of temperature exceeded the negative effects of density. Fry growth was affected by the magnitude of their own cohort more strongly than by the previous brood (i.e., yearlings). In contrast, density was more important (hall temperature in Lake Aleknagik, also in Bristol Bay, over the same period of record. probably because Iliamna Lake is cooler and has generally lower densities of juvenile sockeye salmon than Lake Aleknagik. In both lakes, the size of the fish at the end of the first growing season affects smolt size and m,e at seaward migration, hence survival at sea and age at Maturity, so the relative effects of climate and density depend oil the ecological context. C1 [Rich, Harry B., Jr.; Quinn, Thomas P.; Schindler, Daniel E.] Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Scheuerell, Mark D.] NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Rich, HB (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM hbjr@u.washington.edu RI Scheuerell, Mark/N-6683-2016 OI Scheuerell, Mark/0000-0002-8284-1254 FU National Science Foundation; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation FX We thank the many people whose fieldwork provided the data for this paper, but especially Pat Poe and Jennifer Scheuerell for assistance with the database. This is a contribution from the University of Washington's School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences' Alaska Salmon Program. We are grateful to the seafood processing industry, the National Science Foundation, and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation for financial support. We also thank the Alaska Department of Fish and Game for data sharing and their cooperation in many aspects or our research. NR 41 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 19 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 66 IS 2 BP 238 EP 246 DI 10.1139/F08-210 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 429ZB UT WOS:000264957500007 ER PT J AU Tsuang, BJ Tu, CY Tsai, JL Dracup, JA Arpe, K Meyers, T AF Tsuang, Ben-Jei Tu, Chia-Ying Tsai, Jeng-Lin Dracup, John A. Arpe, Klaus Meyers, Tilden TI A more accurate scheme for calculating Earth's skin temperature SO CLIMATE DYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE Air-sea interaction; Air-land interaction; Sea surface temperature; Land surface temperature; Snow; Ice; Skin layer; Numerical discretization; PILPS ID SENSIBLE HEAT; PILPS 2(D); SURFACE; MODEL; FOREST; IMPLEMENTATION; SIMULATIONS; PREDICTION; HYDROLOGY; RUSSIA AB The theoretical framework of the vertical discretization of a ground column for calculating Earth's skin temperature is presented. The suggested discretization is derived from the evenly heat-content discretization with the optimal effective thickness for layer-temperature simulation. For the same level number, the suggested discretization is more accurate in skin temperature as well as surface ground heat flux simulations than those used in some state-of-the-art models. A proposed scheme ("op(3,2,0)") can reduce the normalized root-mean-square error (or RMSE/STD ratio) of the calculated surface ground heat flux of a cropland site significantly to 2% (or 0.9 W m(-2)), from 11% (or 5 W m(-2)) by a 5-layer scheme used in ECMWF, from 19% (or 8 W m(-2)) by a 5-layer scheme used in ECHAM, and from 74% (or 32 W m(-2)) by a single-layer scheme used in the UCLA GCM. Better accuracy can be achieved by including more layers to the vertical discretization. Similar improvements are expected for other locations with different land types since the numerical error is inherited into the models for all the land types. The proposed scheme can be easily implemented into state-of-the-art climate models for the temperature simulation of snow, ice and soil. C1 [Tsuang, Ben-Jei; Tsai, Jeng-Lin] Natl Chung Hsing Univ, Dept Environm Engn, Taichung 40227, Taiwan. [Tu, Chia-Ying] Taiwan Typhoon & Flood Res Inst, Taichung 40763, Taiwan. [Dracup, John A.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Arpe, Klaus] Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Hamburg, Germany. [Meyers, Tilden] NOAA ARL, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Tsuang, BJ (reprint author), Natl Chung Hsing Univ, Dept Environm Engn, Taichung 40227, Taiwan. EM tsuang@nchu.edu.tw RI Meyers, Tilden/C-6633-2016 NR 51 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0930-7575 EI 1432-0894 J9 CLIM DYNAM JI Clim. Dyn. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 32 IS 2-3 BP 251 EP 272 DI 10.1007/s00382-008-0479-2 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 389IO UT WOS:000262086300007 ER PT J AU Compo, GP Sardeshmukh, PD AF Compo, Gilbert P. Sardeshmukh, Prashant D. TI Oceanic influences on recent continental warming SO CLIMATE DYNAMICS LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; CLIMATE-CHANGE; ATMOSPHERE MODEL; SST ANOMALIES; NORTH PACIFIC; WATER-VAPOR; SENSITIVITY; SIMULATIONS; CIRCULATION; TRENDS AB Evidence is presented that the recent worldwide land warming has occurred largely in response to a worldwide warming of the oceans rather than as a direct response to increasing greenhouse gases (GHGs) over land. Atmospheric model simulations of the last half-century with prescribed observed ocean temperature changes, but without prescribed GHG changes, account for most of the land warming. The oceanic influence has occurred through hydrodynamic-radiative teleconnections, primarily by moistening and warming the air over land and increasing the downward longwave radiation at the surface. The oceans may themselves have warmed from a combination of natural and anthropogenic influences. C1 [Compo, Gilbert P.; Sardeshmukh, Prashant D.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Earth Syst Res Lab, Cooperat Inst Res, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Compo, GP (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Earth Syst Res Lab, Cooperat Inst Res, Climate Diagnost Ctr, 325 Broadway R-PSD1, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM compo@colorado.edu OI COMPO, GILBERT/0000-0001-5199-9633 FU OAA Climate Program Office FX We thank the following colleagues and observational and modeling centers for providing data and model output: P. Brohan, P. Jones, the UK Met Office Hadley Center, and the University of East Anglia Climatic Research Unit for HadCRUT3v; N. Rayner and the UK Met Office Hadley Center for HadISST1.1; J. Hansen and NASA GISS for GISTEMP; T. Smith and NOAA/NCDC for MLASST; D. Dewitt and the IRI for ECHAM4.5 and ECHAM5 data; S. Schubert, P. Pegion, and NASA/GMAO for NSIPP data; M. Alexander, C. Deser, A. Phillips, G. Meehl, and the CCSM Climate Variability Working Group for CAM3 data; J. Kinter and the Center for Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Studies for COLA data; and N. C. Lau, J. Ploshay, and NOAA/GFDL for AM2 data. We thank M. Wallace for thoughtful comments. We also thank two reviewers and the editor E. Schneider for suggestions which improved an earlier version of this manuscript. This work was supported by the NOAA Climate Program Office. NR 53 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 11 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0930-7575 EI 1432-0894 J9 CLIM DYNAM JI Clim. Dyn. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 32 IS 2-3 BP 333 EP 342 DI 10.1007/s00382-008-0448-9 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 389IO UT WOS:000262086300012 ER PT J AU Erukhimova, T Zhang, R Bowman, KP AF Erukhimova, T. Zhang, R. Bowman, K. P. TI The climatological mean atmospheric transport under weakened Atlantic thermohaline circulation climate scenario SO CLIMATE DYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE Climate change; Atmospheric transport; Atlantic thermohaline circulation; Green's function analysis; Hadley cell ID MERIDIONAL OVERTURNING CIRCULATION; POLAR VORTEX; GENERAL-CIRCULATION; TROPICAL ATLANTIC; AIR PARCELS; STRATOSPHERE; AGE; TROPOSPHERE; MOTIONS; ENSO AB Global atmospheric transport in a climate subject to a substantial weakening of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation (THC) is studied by using climatological Green's functions of the mass conservation equation for a conserved, passive tracer. Two sets of Green's functions for the perturbed climate and for the present climate are evaluated from 11-year atmospheric trajectory calculations, based on 3-D winds simulated by GFDL's newly developed global coupled ocean-atmosphere model (CM2.1). The Green's function analysis reveals pronounced effects of the climate change on the atmospheric transport, including seasonally modified Hadley circulation with a stronger Northern Hemisphere cell in DJF and a weaker Southern Hemisphere cell in JJA. A weakened THC is also found to enhance mass exchange rates through mixing barriers between the tropics and the two extratropical zones. The response in the tropics is not zonally symmetric. The 3-D Green's function analysis of the effect of THC weakening on transport in the tropical Pacific shows a modified Hadley cell in the eastern Pacific, confirming the results of our previous studies, and a weakening (strengthening) of the upward and eastward motion to the south (north) of the Equator in the western Pacific in the perturbed climate as compared to the present climate. C1 [Erukhimova, T.] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Phys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. [Zhang, R.] GFDL NOAA, Princeton, NJ USA. [Bowman, K. P.] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Erukhimova, T (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Phys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM etanya@tamu.edu RI Bowman, Kenneth/A-1345-2012; Zhang, Rong/D-9767-2014 OI Bowman, Kenneth/0000-0002-2667-8632; Zhang, Rong/0000-0002-8493-6556 NR 36 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0930-7575 J9 CLIM DYNAM JI Clim. Dyn. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 32 IS 2-3 BP 343 EP 354 DI 10.1007/s00382-008-0402-x PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 389IO UT WOS:000262086300013 ER PT J AU Zhou, LM Dai, A Dai, YJ Vose, R Zou, CZ Tian, YH Chen, HS AF Zhou, Liming Dai, Aiguo Dai, Yongjiu Vose, Russell S. Zou, Cheng-Zhi Tian, Yuhong Chen, Haishan TI Spatial dependence of diurnal temperature range trends on precipitation from 1950 to 2004 SO CLIMATE DYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE Climate change and variability; DTR; Cloud cover; Precipitation; Land cover ID SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; MINIMUM TEMPERATURE; UNITED-STATES; CLIMATE; VEGETATION; SIMULATIONS; AEROSOLS; MAXIMUM; CLOUDS; IMPACT AB This paper analyzes the spatial dependence of annual diurnal temperature range (DTR) trends from 1950-2004 on the annual climatology of three variables: precipitation, cloud cover, and leaf area index (LAI), by classifying the global land into various climatic regions based on the climatological annual precipitation. The regional average trends for annual minimum temperature (T (min)) and DTR exhibit significant spatial correlations with the climatological values of these three variables, while such correlation for annual maximum temperature (T (max)) is very weak. In general, the magnitude of the downward trend of DTR and the warming trend of T (min) decreases with increasing precipitation amount, cloud cover, and LAI, i.e., with stronger DTR decreasing trends over drier regions. Such spatial dependence of T (min) and DTR trends on the climatological precipitation possibly reflects large-scale effects of increased global greenhouse gases and aerosols (and associated changes in cloudiness, soil moisture, and water vapor) during the later half of the twentieth century. C1 [Zhou, Liming] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Dai, Aiguo] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, P 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Dai, Yongjiu] Beijing Normal Univ, Sch Geog, Beijing 100875, Peoples R China. [Vose, Russell S.] Climate Anal Branch, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. [Zou, Cheng-Zhi] Off Res & Applicat, NOAA NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Tian, Yuhong] IMSG, NOAA NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Chen, Haishan] Nanjing Univ Informat Sci & Technol, Jiangsu Key Lab Meteorol Disaster, Nanjing 210044, Peoples R China. [Zhou, Liming] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Dai, Aiguo] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Vose, Russell S.] Natl Climat Ctr, Climate Anal Branch, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. [Zou, Cheng-Zhi] NOAA NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Tian, Yuhong] NOAA NESDIS, IMSG, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Chen, Haishan] Nanjing Univ Informat Sci & Technol, Jiangsu Key Lab Meteorol Disaster, Nanjing 210044, Peoples R China. RP Zhou, LM (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, 311 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. EM lz35@mail.gatech.edu RI Zou, Cheng-Zhi/E-3085-2010; Dai, Yongjiu/D-1070-2010; Zhou, Liming/A-2688-2012; Dai, Yongjiu/D-6261-2014; Dai, Aiguo/D-3487-2009; OI Dai, Yongjiu/0000-0002-3588-6644; Chen, Haishan/0000-0002-2403-3187 FU NSF [ATM-0720619]; DOE [DE-FG02-01ER63198]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [40405018, 40225013]; Foundation of Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster [KLME050205]; NUIST, China; Ministry of Education and State Administration for Foreign Experts Affairs of China; National Center for Atmospheric Research; National Science Foundation FX The authors wish to thank two anonymous reviewers for suggestions that improved the manuscript. This study was supported by the NSF grant ATM-0720619 and the DOE grant DE-FG02-01ER63198. H. Chen was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant 40405018 and the Foundation of Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster (KLME050205), NUIST, China. Y. Dai was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant 40225013 and the 111 Project of Ministry of Education and State Administration for Foreign Experts Affairs of China. The National Center for Atmospheric Research is supported by the National Science Foundation. NR 33 TC 58 Z9 65 U1 3 U2 32 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0930-7575 EI 1432-0894 J9 CLIM DYNAM JI Clim. Dyn. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 32 IS 2-3 BP 429 EP 440 DI 10.1007/s00382-008-0387-5 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 389IO UT WOS:000262086300019 ER PT J AU Ko, GH Hamins, A Bundy, M Johnsson, EL Kim, SC Lenhert, DB AF Ko, Gwon Hyun Hamins, Anthony Bundy, Matthew Johnsson, Erik L. Kim, Sung Chan Lenhert, David B. TI Mixture fraction analysis of combustion products in the upper layer of reduced-scale compartment fires SO COMBUSTION AND FLAME LA English DT Article DE Mixture fraction; Ventilation; Compartment fires; Combustion products; Carbon balance ID EQUIVALENCE RATIO CONCEPT; DIFFUSION FLAMES; ENCLOSURE FIRES; PYROLYSIS-GAS; MODELS AB A Mixture fraction analysis is performed to investigate the Characteristics of chemical species production in smoky compartment fires burning condensed-phase hydrocarbon fuels. A series of fire experiments were conducted in a 2/5 scale compartment based on the ISO-9705 room. Gas species and soot measurements were made at two locations in the upper layer of the compartment. The fuels considered, heptane, toluene, and polystyrene, generate highly smoky fires over a range of natural ventilation conditions. The mass fractions of measured chemical species, Such as unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and soot are presented as a function of mixture fraction and compared with state relationships based on the idealized reactions of a hydrocarbon fuel. The results show that plotting the local composition as a function of the mixture fraction adequately collapses hundreds of species measurements from an assortment of compartment conditions with varying heat release rates and spatial locations into a few coherent lines or bands. It is also shown that about half (or more) of the fuel carbon may exist in the form of carbonaceous soot in the upper layer of smoky compartment fires. Inclusion of soot in the mixture fraction analysis allows identification of fuel-rich or under-ventilated conditions. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of The Combustion Institute. C1 [Ko, Gwon Hyun; Hamins, Anthony; Bundy, Matthew; Johnsson, Erik L.; Lenhert, David B.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Kim, Sung Chan] Kyungil Univ, Sch Fire & Disaster Prevent, Kyungsan 712701, South Korea. RP Hamins, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8660, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM anthony.hamins@nist.gov FU Korean Government (MOEHRD) [KRF-2006-214-D00016] FX The authors would like to thank Laurean DeLauter, Edward Hnetkovsky, Mike Selepak, and Jay McElroy for their technical assistance and Kevin McGrattan, Jason Floyd, Rodney Bryant, Bill Pitts, Alex Maranghides, Bill Grosshandler, and Andrew Lock for helpful discussions. G.H. Ko gratefully acknowledges support from a Korean Research Foundation Grant funded through the Korean Government (MOEHRD) (KRF-2006-214-D00016). We are particularly grateful to the late Jack Lee for his enthusiastic assistance. NR 19 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0010-2180 J9 COMBUST FLAME JI Combust. Flame PD FEB PY 2009 VL 156 IS 2 BP 467 EP 476 DI 10.1016/j.combustflame.2008.08.012 PG 10 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 396LP UT WOS:000262593500018 ER PT J AU Qin, M Belarbi, R Ait-Mokhtar, A Nilson, LO AF Qin, Menghao Belarbi, Rafik Ait-Mokhtar, Abdelkarim Nilson, Lars-Olof TI Coupled heat and moisture transfer in multi-layer building materials SO CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE Coupled heat and moisture transfer; Modeling; Building materials; Experiments ID MASS-TRANSFER; PHASE-CHANGE; POROUS INSULATION; DIFFUSION; SLABS AB A dynamic mathematical model for simulating the coupled heat and moisture migration through multilayer porous building materials was proposed. Vapor content and temperature were chosen as the principal driving potentials. The discretization of the governing equations was done by the finite difference approach. A new experimental set-up was also developed in this study. The evolution of transient temperature and moisture distributions inside specimens were measured. The method for determining the temperature gradient coefficient was also presented. The moisture diffusion coefficient, temperature gradient coefficient, sorption-desorption isotherms were experimentally evaluated for some building materials (sandstone and lime-cement mortar). The model was validated by comparing with the experimental data with good agreement. Another advantage of the method lies in the fact that the required transport properties for predicting the non-isothermal moisture flow only contain the vapor diffusion coefficient and temperature gradient coefficient. They are relatively simple, and can be easily determined. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Qin, Menghao] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Nilson, Lars-Olof] Lund Univ, Div Bldg Mat, S-22100 Lund, Sweden. RP Qin, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8633, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mqin@nist.gov RI Qin, Menghao/B-4634-2017; OI Qin, Menghao/0000-0002-9020-6218; BELARBI, Rafik/0000-0003-4662-2094 NR 28 TC 47 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0950-0618 J9 CONSTR BUILD MATER JI Constr. Build. Mater. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 23 IS 2 BP 967 EP 975 DI 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.05.015 PG 9 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Materials Science GA 384YE UT WOS:000261779300043 ER PT J AU Keister, JE Peterson, WT Pierce, SD AF Keister, J. E. Peterson, W. T. Pierce, S. D. TI Zooplankton distribution and cross-shelf transfer of carbon in an area of complex mesoscale circulation in the northern California Current SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS LA English DT Article DE Zooplankton distributions; Upwelling filaments; Mesoscale circulation; California Current; Carbon cycling ID COASTAL TRANSITION ZONE; OREGON UPWELLING ZONE; CURRENT SYSTEM; DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; NEARSHORE RETENTION; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; VERTICAL MIGRATION; CONTINENTAL-MARGIN; BRITISH-COLUMBIA AB We conducted a research cruise in late summer (July-August) 2000 to study the effect of mesoscale circulation features on zooplankton distributions in the coastal upwelling ecosystem of the northern California Current. Our study area was in a region of complex coastline and bottom topography between Newport, Oregon (44.7 degrees N), and Crescent City, California (41.9 degrees N). Winds were generally strong and equatorward for > 6 weeks prior to the cruise, resulting in the upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich water along the coast and an alongshore upwelling jet. In the northern part of the study area, the jet followed the bottom topography, creating a broad, retentive area nearshore over a submarine shelf bank (Heceta Bank, 44-44.4 degrees N). In the south, a meander of the jet extended seaward off of Cape Blanco (42.8'N), resulting in the displacement of coastal water and the associated coastal taxa to > 100 km off the continental shelf. Zooplankton biomass was high both over the submarine bank and offshore in the meander of the upwelling jet. We used velocities and standing stocks of plankton in the upper 100m to estimate that 1 x 10(6) m(3) of water, containing an average zooplankton biomass of similar to 20 mg carbon m(-3), was transported seaward across the 2000-m isobath in the meandering jet each second. That flux equated to offshore transport of > 900 metric tons of carbon each day, and 4-5 x 10(4) tons over the 6-8 week lifetime of the circulation feature. Thus, mesoscale circulation can create disparate regions in which zooplankton populations are retained over the shelf and biomass can accumulate or, alternatively, in which high biomass is advected offshore to the oligotrophic deep sea. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Keister, J. E.] Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Peterson, W. T.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Newport, OR USA. [Pierce, S. D.] Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Keister, JE (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Box 357940, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM jkeister@u.washington.edu RI Keister, Julie/J-8720-2012 OI Keister, Julie/0000-0002-9385-5889 FU National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAH) [NA17RJ1362, NA860P0589]; US Department of Commerce (DOC); GLOBEC on NSF Grants [NA67RJ0151, OCE-0435619, OCE-0814698]; NSF [OCE-0435619]; US GLOBEC program, jointly funded by the National Science Foundation and NOAH [606] FX We thank T. Cowles and J, Barth, the captains and crew of the R/V New Horizon and R/V Wecoma, B. Hales for nutrient analysis, J. Fleischbein for CTD processing, and the many people who assisted with data collection at sea. Support for JEK was partially provided through Oregon State University's Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, award NA17RJ1362 from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAH), US Department of Commerce (DOC) and through GLOBEC on NSF Grants NA67RJ0151, OCE-0435619, and OCE-0814698. SDP was supported through NSF Grant OCE-0435619. WTP was funded through NOAH Grant # NA860P0589. The statements, findings, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of NOAA or the DOC. This paper is contribution # 606 from the US GLOBEC program, jointly funded by the National Science Foundation and NOAH. NR 89 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0637 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT I JI Deep-Sea Res. Part I-Oceanogr. Res. Pap. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 56 IS 2 BP 212 EP 231 DI 10.1016/j.dsr.2008.09.004 PG 20 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 402MS UT WOS:000263018400005 ER PT J AU Kirkali, G de Souza-Pinto, NC Jaruga, P Bohr, VA Dizdaroglu, M AF Kirkali, Gueldal de Souza-Pinto, Nadja C. Jaruga, Pawel Bohr, Vilhelm A. Dizdaroglu, Miral TI Accumulation of (5 ' S)-8,5 '-cyclo-2 '-deoxyadenosine in organs of Cockayne syndrome complementation group B gene knockout mice SO DNA REPAIR LA English DT Article DE Cockayne syndrome; 8,5 '-Cyclopurine-2 '-deoxynucleosides; Helix-distorting lesion; Hydroxyl radical; Intramolecular cyclization; Mass spectrometry; Nucleotide excision repair; Oxidatively induced DNA damage ID OXIDATIVE DNA-DAMAGE; BASE EXCISION-REPAIR; COLI FPG PROTEIN; HUMAN-CELLS; XERODERMA-PIGMENTOSUM; CELLULAR REPAIR; IONIZING-RADIATION; PURINE LESIONS; BREAST-CANCER; ACTIVE GENES AB Cockayne syndrome (CS) is a human genetic disorder characterized by sensitivity to UV radiation, neurodegeneration, premature aging among other phenotypes. CS complementation group B (CS-B) gene (csb) encodes the CSB protein (CSB) that is involved in base excision repair of a number of oxidatively induced lesions in genomic DNA in vivo. We hypothesized that CSB may also play a role in cellular repair of the DNA helix-distorting tandem lesion (5'S)-8,5'-cyclo-2'-deoxyadenosine (S-cdA). Among many DNA lesions. S-cdA is unique in that it represents a concomitant damage to both the sugar and base moieties of the same nucleoside. Because of the presence of the C8-C5' covalent bond, S-cdA is repaired by nucleotide excision repair unlike most of other oxidatively induced lesions in DNA, which are subject to base excision repair. To test our hypothesis, we isolated genomic DNA from brain, kidney and liver of wild type and csb knockout (csb(-/-)) mice. Animals were not exposed to any exogenous oxidative stress before the experiment. DNA samples were analysed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry with isotope-dilution. Statistically greater background levels of S-cdA were observed in all three organs of csb(-/-) mice than in those of wild type mice. These results suggest the in vivo accumulation of S-cdA in genomic DNA due to lack of its repair in csb(-/-) mice. Thus, this study provides, for the first time, the evidence that CSB plays a role in the repair of the DNA helix-distorting tandem lesion S-cdA. Accumulation of unrepaired S-cdA in vivo may contribute to the pathology associated with CS. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Kirkali, Gueldal; Jaruga, Pawel; Dizdaroglu, Miral] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Kirkali, Gueldal] Dokuz Eylul Univ, Dept Biochem, Fac Medicin, Izmir, Turkey. [de Souza-Pinto, Nadja C.] Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Bioquim, Inst Quim, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, Brazil. [Bohr, Vilhelm A.] NIA, Lab Mol Gerontol, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA. RP Dizdaroglu, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, 100 Bur Dr,MS8311, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM miral@nist.gov RI Souza-Pinto, Nadja/C-3462-2013; 3, INCT/H-4497-2013; Redoxoma, Inct/H-9962-2013; Jaruga, Pawel/M-4378-2015 OI Souza-Pinto, Nadja/0000-0003-4206-964X; FU Intramural NIH HHS [Z01 AG000727-15] NR 53 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1568-7864 J9 DNA REPAIR JI DNA Repair PD FEB 1 PY 2009 VL 8 IS 2 BP 274 EP 278 DI 10.1016/j.dnarep.2008.09.009 PG 5 WC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 405GU UT WOS:000263211900015 PM 18992371 ER PT J AU Boersma, PD Rebstock, GA Frere, E Moore, SE AF Boersma, P. Dee Rebstock, Ginger A. Frere, Esteban Moore, Sue E. TI Following the fish: penguins and productivity in the South Atlantic SO ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS LA English DT Article DE Argentina; central-place foraging; foraging distance; Magellanic Penguin; marine productivity; Patagonian shelf; satellite telemetry; South Atlantic; Spheniscus magellanicus; swimming speed ID FORAGING TRIP DURATION; TRACKED KING PENGUINS; CENTRAL-PLACE FORAGER; MAGELLANIC PENGUINS; SPHENISCUS-MAGELLANICUS; FALKLAND ISLANDS; PATAGONIAN SHELF; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; ENGRAULIS-ANCHOITA AB We tested four predictions for central-place foragers provisioning offspring along a gradient in primary production spanning 1000 km of coastline in Argentina, using male Magellanic Penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus). Three of the predictions were supported. (1) Foraging trip distances corresponded with the production gradient; penguins swam shorter distances (mean maximum distance: 60-110 km) at the southern colonies where production is higher and prey species aggregate nearshore, and longer distances (143-242 km) at the northern colonies where production is lower and prey species aggregate at offshore fronts. Within these broad regions, foraging locations coincided with tidal mixing fronts or high chlorophyll concentrations. (2) Foraging trips followed a pattern of intermediate speed and meandering when outbound (32% of locations at sea), slow meandering movements within the foraging areas (45%), and very fast and direct returns to the colony (23%). Regardless of how far they went, penguins spent the most time at the outer limits of their trips, and travel speed slowed there, consistent with foraging. In 54% of trips, penguins left foraging patches between 15:00 and 21:00 hours, presumably with full loads for chicks. Returning penguins swam up to 173 km/d (2 m/s), swimming day and night and arriving at all hours to feed chicks. (3) Penguins stayed longer in more distant than closer foraging areas, presumably to feed themselves to recover the increased cost of swimming. One prediction was not supported. (4) Following a long trip, penguins did not meander more on their next outbound trip. Most penguins returned repeatedly to the same area to forage or alternated between two areas. Overall, penguin foraging patterns reflected patterns of oceanographic production, making them important sentinels of environmental variation. C1 [Boersma, P. Dee; Rebstock, Ginger A.] Univ Washington, Dept Biol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Frere, Esteban] Univ Nacl Patagonia Austral, CONICET, Ctr Invest Puerto Deseado, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. [Moore, Sue E.] Univ Washington, NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Boersma, P. Dee] Wildlife Conservat Soc, Bronx, NY 10460 USA. RP Boersma, PD (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Biol, Box 351800, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM boersma@u.washington.edu FU The Wildlife Conservation Society; ExxonMobil Foundation; Esso Argentina; National Geographic Society; Thorne Foundation; Offield Foundation; Disney Wildlife Conservation Fund; MKCG Foundation; The Pew Charitable Trust; Friends of the Penguins; Wadsworth Endowed Chair in Conservation Science; Wildlife Conservation Society; Office of Tourism, Province of Chubut, Argentina FX The Wildlife Conservation Society, ExxonMobil Foundation, Esso Argentina, National Geographic Society, Thorne Foundation, Offield Foundation, Disney Wildlife Conservation Fund, MKCG Foundation, The Pew Charitable Trust marine fellows program, Friends of the Penguins, and the Wadsworth Endowed Chair in Conservation Science supported the project. The research was carried out under a joint agreement between the Wildlife Conservation Society and the Office of Tourism, Province of Chubut, Argentina. We thank the Provinces of Chubut and Santa Cruz and the Estancias La Regina and La Ernestina, Natalie Colm, Pinocho Cendron from San Julian, Ana Millones and Juan Pablo Martin from Puerto Deseado, and Rangers from National Park Monte Leon for help. Patricia Gandini helped with logistical arrangements. The chlorophyll a and SST data used in this study were acquired as part of the NASA's Earth Science Enterprise. The algorithms were developed by the MODIS Science Teams. The data were processed by the MODIS Adaptive Processing System (MODAPS) and Goddard Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) and are archived and distributed by the Goddard DAAC. Dave Stokes helped with data analysis of trip returns. We thank Gordon Orians, Ben Kerr, and anonymous reviewers for improving the manuscript. NR 88 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 27 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9615 EI 1557-7015 J9 ECOL MONOGR JI Ecol. Monogr. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 79 IS 1 BP 59 EP 76 DI 10.1890/06-0419.1 PG 18 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 410GX UT WOS:000263566600004 ER PT J AU DeLorenzo, ME Pennington, PL Chung, KW Finnegan, MC Fulton, MH AF DeLorenzo, M. E. Pennington, P. L. Chung, K. W. Finnegan, M. C. Fulton, M. H. TI Effects of the antifouling compound, Irgarol 1051, on a simulated estuarine salt marsh ecosystem SO ECOTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Irgarol; Estuarine; Salt marsh; Mesocosm; Toxicity ID PERIPHYTON COMMUNITIES; PIGMENT ANALYSES; FLOW-CYTOMETRY; ATRAZINE; ENDOSULFAN; HERBICIDES; MICROCOSMS; MESOCOSM AB Toxicity effects of the antifouling compound, Irgarol 1051, were examined using a simulated estuarine salt marsh ecosystem. The 35 day mesocosm exposure incorporated tidal flux and contained seawater, sediments, marsh grass, and estuarine biota. Irgarol (10.0 mu g/l) caused a significant reduction in phytoplankton biomass and primary productivity. HPLC pigment analysis indicated significant effects of irgarol on both phytoplankton and periphyton community composition, with decreased concentrations of pigments representative of diatom species. There was also a significant decrease in dissolved oxygen levels in the 10.0 mu g/l irgarol treatment. Growth of the hard shell clam was significantly reduced in the 1.0 and 10.0 mu g/l irgarol treatments. The effects observed occurred at irgarol concentrations greater than those typically measured in the environment. Prolonged exposure, the accumulation of irgarol in sediments, plant, or animal tissues, and the interaction of irgarol with other chemicals in the environment; however, could increase risk. C1 [DeLorenzo, M. E.; Pennington, P. L.; Chung, K. W.; Fulton, M. H.] NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. [Finnegan, M. C.] Coll Charleston, Grad Program Marine Biol, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP DeLorenzo, ME (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM Marie.DeLorenzo@noaa.gov NR 31 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 3 U2 9 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0963-9292 J9 ECOTOXICOLOGY JI Ecotoxicology PD FEB PY 2009 VL 18 IS 2 BP 250 EP 258 DI 10.1007/s10646-008-0278-x PG 9 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 396JZ UT WOS:000262589300011 PM 19015980 ER PT J AU Lee, P Tang, YH Kang, DW McQueen, J Tsidulko, M Huang, HC Lu, S Hart, M Lin, HM Yu, SC DiMego, G Stajner, I Davidson, P AF Lee, Pius Tang, Youhua Kang, Daiwen McQueen, Jeff Tsidulko, Marina Huang, Ho-Chun Lu, Sarah Hart, Mary Lin, Hsin-Mu Yu, Shaocai DiMego, Geoff Stajner, Ivanka Davidson, Paula TI Impact of consistent boundary layer mixing approaches between NAM and CMAQ SO ENVIRONMENTAL FLUID MECHANICS LA English DT Article CT Conference on Air Quality Modeling CY OCT, 2007 CL Univ N Carolina, Charlotte, NC SP US EPA HO Univ N Carolina DE Boundary layer; Turbulent mixing; Air quality forecast; Surface ozone; Ozonesondes and AIRNOW ID AIR-QUALITY MODELS; NONLOCAL CLOSURE-MODEL; GOVERNING EQUATIONS; PART I; FORMULATIONS; SYSTEM; OZONE AB Discrepancies in grid structure, dynamics and physics packages in the offline coupled NWS/NCEP NAM meteorological model with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model can give rise to inconsistencies. This study investigates the use of three vertical mixing schemes to drive chemistry tracers in the National Air Quality Forecast Capability (NAQFC). The three schemes evaluated in this study represent various degrees of coupling to improve the commonality in turbulence parameterization between the meteorological and chemistry models. The methods tested include: (1) using NAM predicted TKE-based planetary boundary height, h, as the prime parameter to derive CMAQ vertical diffusivity; (2) using the NAM mixed layer depth to determine h and then proceeding as in (1); and (3) using NAM predicted vertical diffusivity directly to parameterize turbulence mixing within CMAQ. A two week period with elevated surface O(3) concentrations during the summer 2006 has been selected to test these schemes in a sensitivity study. The study results are verified and evaluated using the EPA AIRNow monitoring network and other ozonesonde data. The third method is preferred a priori as it represents the tightest coupling option studied in this work for turbulent mixing processes between the meteorological and air quality models. It was found to accurately reproduce the upper bounds of turbulent mixing and provide the best agreement between predicted h and ozonesonde observed relative humidity profile inferred h for sites investigated in this study. However, this did not translate into the best agreement in surface O(3) concentrations. Overall verification results during the test period of two weeks in August 2006, did not show superiority of this method over the other 2 methods in all regions of the continental U.S. Further efforts in model improvement for the parameterizations of turbulent mixing and other surface O(3) forecast related processes are warranted. C1 [Lee, Pius] NCEP EMC, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Kang, Daiwen; Lin, Hsin-Mu; Yu, Shaocai] Sci & Technol Corp, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. [McQueen, Jeff; DiMego, Geoff] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Lee, Pius; Tang, Youhua; Tsidulko, Marina; Huang, Ho-Chun; Lu, Sarah; Hart, Mary] Sci Applicat Int Corp, Beltsville, MD USA. [Stajner, Ivanka] Noblis Inc, Falls Church, VA USA. [Davidson, Paula] NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Sci & Technol, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Lee, P (reprint author), NCEP EMC, W NP22 Room 207,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM pius.lee@noaa.gov RI yu, shaocai/G-7806-2011; Stajner, Ivanka/B-5228-2009; Tang, Youhua/D-5205-2016; Lee, Pius/D-5201-2016; yu, shaocai/F-1394-2014 OI Stajner, Ivanka/0000-0001-6103-3939; Tang, Youhua/0000-0001-7089-7915; NR 31 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1567-7419 J9 ENVIRON FLUID MECH JI Environ. Fluid Mech. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 9 IS 1 BP 23 EP 42 DI 10.1007/s10652-008-9089-0 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Mechanics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mechanics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources GA 416AG UT WOS:000263977000003 ER PT J AU Tang, YH Lee, P Tsidulko, M Huang, HC McQueen, JT DiMego, GJ Emmons, LK Pierce, RB Thompson, AM Lin, HM Kang, DW Tong, D Yu, SC Mathur, R Pleim, JE Otte, TL Pouliot, G Young, JO Schere, KL Davidson, PM Stajner, I AF Tang, Youhua Lee, Pius Tsidulko, Marina Huang, Ho-Chun McQueen, Jeffery T. DiMego, Geoffrey J. Emmons, Louisa K. Pierce, Robert B. Thompson, Anne M. Lin, Hsin-Mu Kang, Daiwen Tong, Daniel Yu, Shaocai Mathur, Rohit Pleim, Jonathan E. Otte, Tanya L. Pouliot, George Young, Jeffrey O. Schere, Kenneth L. Davidson, Paula M. Stajner, Ivanka TI The impact of chemical lateral boundary conditions on CMAQ predictions of tropospheric ozone over the continental United States SO ENVIRONMENTAL FLUID MECHANICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Air Quality Modeling CY OCT, 2007 CL Univ N Carolina, Charlotte, NC SP US EPA HO Univ N Carolina DE Air quality model; CMAQ; Boundary condition; Ozonesonde; AIRNOW; Chemical transport model; Ozone prediction ID MODELING SYSTEM; PART I; EMISSIONS; VARIABILITY; ASIA AB A sensitivity study is performed to examine the impact of lateral boundary conditions (LBCs) on the NOAA-EPA operational Air Quality Forecast Guidance over continental USA. We examined six LBCS: the fixed profile LBC, three global LBCs, and two ozonesonde LBCs for summer 2006. The simulated results from these six runs are compared to IONS ozonesonde and surface ozone measurements from August 1 to 5, 2006. The choice of LBCs can affect the ozone prediction throughout the domain, and mainly influence the predictions in upper altitude or near inflow boundaries, such as the US west coast and the northern border. Statistical results shows that the use of global model predictions for LBCs could improve the correlation coefficients of surface ozone prediction over the US west coast, but could also increase the ozone mean bias in most regions of the domain depending on global models. In this study, the use of the MOZART (Model for Ozone And Related chemical Tracers) prediction for CMAQ (Community Multiscale Air Quality) LBC shows a better surface ozone prediction than that with fixed LBC, especially over the US west coast. The LBCs derived from ozonesonde measurements yielded better O-3 correlations in the upper troposphere. C1 [Tang, Youhua; McQueen, Jeffery T.; DiMego, Geoffrey J.] NOAA NWS NCEP EMC, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Emmons, Louisa K.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Pierce, Robert B.] NOAA NESDIS Adv Satellite Prod Branch, Madison, WI USA. [Thompson, Anne M.] Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Lin, Hsin-Mu; Kang, Daiwen; Tong, Daniel; Yu, Shaocai] Sci & Technol Corp, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. [Mathur, Rohit; Pleim, Jonathan E.; Otte, Tanya L.; Pouliot, George; Young, Jeffrey O.; Schere, Kenneth L.] EPA Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. [Davidson, Paula M.] NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Sci & Technol, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [Stajner, Ivanka] Noblis Inc, Falls Church, VA USA. [Tang, Youhua; Lee, Pius; Tsidulko, Marina; Huang, Ho-Chun] Sci Applicat Int Corp, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Tang, YH (reprint author), NOAA NWS NCEP EMC, W-NP22 Room 207,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM youhua.tang@noaa.gov RI Tong, Daniel/A-8255-2008; Pierce, Robert Bradley/F-5609-2010; yu, shaocai/G-7806-2011; Stajner, Ivanka/B-5228-2009; Tang, Youhua/D-5205-2016; Lee, Pius/D-5201-2016; yu, shaocai/F-1394-2014; Emmons, Louisa/R-8922-2016; Pleim, Jonathan Pleim/C-1331-2017; Thompson, Anne /C-3649-2014; OI Pouliot, George/0000-0003-3406-4814; Tong, Daniel/0000-0002-4255-4568; Pierce, Robert Bradley/0000-0002-2767-1643; Stajner, Ivanka/0000-0001-6103-3939; Tang, Youhua/0000-0001-7089-7915; Emmons, Louisa/0000-0003-2325-6212; Pleim, Jonathan Pleim/0000-0001-6190-6082; Thompson, Anne /0000-0002-7829-0920; Spero, Tanya/0000-0002-1600-0422 NR 34 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 9 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1567-7419 EI 1573-1510 J9 ENVIRON FLUID MECH JI Environ. Fluid Mech. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 9 IS 1 SI SI BP 43 EP 58 DI 10.1007/s10652-008-9092-5 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Mechanics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mechanics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources GA 416AG UT WOS:000263977000004 ER PT J AU Gorline, JL Lee, P AF Gorline, Jerry Lee Lee, Pius TI Performance evaluation of NOAA-EPA developmental aerosol forecasts SO ENVIRONMENTAL FLUID MECHANICS LA English DT Article CT Conference on Air Quality Modeling CY OCT, 2007 CL Univ N Carolina, Charlotte, NC SP US EPA HO Univ N Carolina DE Air quality forecasting; Aerosols; Prediction; Verification; AQF; CMAQ; NOAA; NWS; NCEP; EPA ID MODEL; COMPONENT AB To aid air quality model development and assess air quality forecasts, the Meteorological Development Laboratory (MDL) provided categorical verification metrics for developmental aerosol predictions. The National Air Quality Forecasting Capability (NAQFC) generated 48 h (of) gridded hourly developmental predictions for the lower 48 states (CONUS) domain in 12 km horizontal spacing. The NAQFC uses the North American Mesoscale (NAM) model with EPA's Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model to produce predictions of ground level aerosol concentrations. We used bilinear interpolation to calculate predicted daily maximum values at the location of the observation sites. We compared these interpolated predicted values to the observed daily maximum to produce 2 x 2 contingency tables, with a threshold of 40 mu g/m(3) during the months of March-August, 2007. The model showed some degree of skill in predicting aerosol exceedances. These results are preliminary as the NAQFC model for aerosol prediction is in the developmental stage. A more comprehensive performance evaluation will be accomplished in 2008, when more data become available. Our verification metrics included categorical analyses for Fraction Correct (FC) or percent correct (FC x 100), Threat Score (TS) or Critical Success Index (CSI), Probability of Detection (POD), and the False Alarm Rate (FAR), Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and mean algebraic error or bias, where bias is forecast minus observation. Graphic products included weekly statistics for the CONUS displayed in the form of bar charts, scatterplots, and graphs. In addition, we split the CONUS into six geographic regions and provided regional statistics on a monthly basis. MDL produced spatial maps of daily 1-h maximum predicted aerosol values overlaid with the corresponding point observations. MDL also provided spatial maps of the daily maximum of the 24-h running average. We derived the 24-h running average from the 1-h average predicted aerosol values and observations. C1 [Gorline, Jerry Lee] NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Meteorol Dev Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [Lee, Pius] Sci Applicat Int Corp, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Gorline, JL (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Meteorol Dev Lab, 1325 E W Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM jerry.gorline@noaa.gov; Pius.Lee@noca.gov RI Lee, Pius/D-5201-2016 NR 9 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1567-7419 J9 ENVIRON FLUID MECH JI Environ. Fluid Mech. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 9 IS 1 BP 109 EP 120 DI 10.1007/s10652-008-9090-7 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Mechanics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mechanics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources GA 416AG UT WOS:000263977000008 ER PT J AU Santagata, S Bacela, K Reid, DF Mclean, KA Cohen, JS Cordell, JR Brown, CW Johengen, TH Ruiz, GM AF Santagata, Scott Bacela, Karolina Reid, David F. Mclean, Kevin A. Cohen, Jill S. Cordell, Jeffery R. Brown, Christopher W. Johengen, Thomas H. Ruiz, Gregory M. TI CONCENTRATED SODIUM CHLORIDE BRINE SOLUTIONS AS AN ADDITIONAL TREATMENT FOR PREVENTING THE INTRODUCTION OF NONINDIGENOUS SPECIES IN THE BALLAST TANKS OF SHIPS DECLARING NO BALLAST ON BOARD SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Introduced species; Ballast water; Zooplankton; Great Lakes; Salinity tolerance ID INVERTEBRATE RESTING EGGS; FRESH-WATER INVERTEBRATES; SALINITY TOLERANCE; GREAT-LAKES; RESIDUAL BALLAST; CHESAPEAKE BAY; NACL SALINITY; MACROINVERTEBRATES; SEA; ZOOPLANKTON AB Currently, seawater flushing is the only management strategy for reducing the number of viable organisms in residual sediments and water of ballast tanks of vessels declaring no ballast on board (NOBOB) that traffic ports of the eastern United States. Previously, we identified several species of freshwater and brackish-water peracarid crustaceans able to survive the osmotic shock that occurs during open-ocean ballast water exchange and, potentially, to disperse over long distances via ballasted ships and NOBOB vessels. We tested the efficacy of concentrated sodium chloride brine solutions as an additional treatment for eradicating the halotolerant taxa often present in the ballast tanks of NOBOB ships. The lowest brine treatments (30 ppt for 1 h) caused 100% mortality in several species of cladocerans and copepods collected from oligohaline habitats. Several brackish-water peracarid crustaceans, however, including some that can survive in freshwater as well, required higher brine concentrations and longer exposure durations (45-60 ppt for 3-24 h). The most resilient animals were widely introduced peracarid crustaceans that generally prefer mesohaline habitats but do not tolerate freshwater (required brine treatments of 60-110 ppt for 3-24 h). Brine treatments (30 ppt) also required less time to cause 100% mortality for eight taxa compared with treatments using 34 ppt seawater. Based on these experiments and published data, we present treatment strategies for the ballast tank biota often associated with NOBOB vessels entering the Great Lakes region. We estimate the lethal dosage of brine for 95% of the species in our experiments to be 110 ppt (95% confidence interval, 85-192 ppt) when the exposure time is 1 h and 60 ppt (95% confidence interval, 48-98 ppt) when the exposure duration is 6 h or longer. C1 [Santagata, Scott; Mclean, Kevin A.; Cohen, Jill S.; Brown, Christopher W.; Ruiz, Gregory M.] Smithsonian Environm Res Ctr, Marine Invas Lab, Edgewater, MD 21037 USA. [Bacela, Karolina] Univ Lodz, Dept Invertebrate Zool & Hydrobiol, PL-90237 Lodz, Poland. [Reid, David F.] NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. [Cordell, Jeffery R.] Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Johengen, Thomas H.] Univ Michigan, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Santagata, S (reprint author), Long Isl Univ, Dept Biol, CW Post Campus,720 No Blvd, Brookville, NY 11548 USA. EM scott.santagata@gmail.com RI Bacela-Spychalska, Karolina/E-4234-2015; OI Bacela-Spychalska, Karolina/0000-0003-4498-5107; Ruiz, Gregory/0000-0003-2499-441X FU National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Aquatic Invasive Species Program; University of Michigan FX We thank the following institutions and individuals: Z.R. Gasiunaite, Coastal Research and Planning Institute, Klaipeda University, Klaipeda, Lithuania; C. Stepien, Lake Erie Center, University of Toledo; Northwestern Michigan College Great Lakes Water Studies Institute; M. Laterveer, The Rotterdam Zoo/Aquarium; National Oceanographic Atmospheric Administration's laboratories at Alepna and Muskegon, Michigan, USA; and the Romberg Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies, San Francisco State University. Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Aquatic Invasive Species Program (National Center for Research on Aquatic Invasive Species), through the Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems Research administered by the University of Michigan. Contribution 1476 of the Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. NR 37 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 11 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 N 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 28 IS 2 BP 346 EP 353 DI 10.1897/08-140.1 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 398HN UT WOS:000262723300016 PM 18811222 ER PT J AU Law, BM Brown, MD Marchand, L Lurio, LB Hamilton, WA Kuzmenko, I Gog, T Satija, S Watkins, E Majewski, J AF Law, B. M. Brown, M. D. Marchand, L. Lurio, L. B. Hamilton, W. A. Kuzmenko, I. Gog, T. Satija, S. Watkins, E. Majewski, J. TI Adsorption at liquid interfaces: A comparison of multiple experimental techniques SO EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL-SPECIAL TOPICS LA English DT Article ID PROFILE AB It has proven to be a challenging task to quantitatively resolve the interfacial pro. le at diffuse interfaces, such as, the adsorption pro. le near a bulk binary liquid mixture critical point. In this contribution we examine the advantages and disadvantages of a variety of experimental techniques for studying adsorption, including neutron reflectometry, X-ray reflectometry and ellipsometry. Short length scale interfacial features are best resolved using neutron/X-ray reflectometry, whereas, large length scale interfacial features are best resolved using ellipsometry, or in special circumstances, neutron reflectometry. The use of multiple techniques severely limits the shape of the adsorption pro. le that can describe all experimental data sets. Complex interfaces possessing surface features on many different length scales are therefore best studied using a combination of neutron/X-ray reflectometry and ellipsometry. C1 [Law, B. M.; Brown, M. D.] Kansas State Univ, Dept Phys, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. [Marchand, L.; Lurio, L. B.] No Illinois Univ, Dept Phys, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA. [Hamilton, W. A.] ANSTO, Bragg Inst, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia. [Kuzmenko, I.; Gog, T.] Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Satija, S.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Watkins, E.; Majewski, J.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Law, BM (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Phys, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. EM bmlaw@phys.ksu.edu RI Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012; Law, Bruce/I-3605-2013 OI Law, Bruce/0000-0002-3877-8497 FU U. S. Department of Energy [DE-FG0202ER46020]; U. S. National Science Foundation [DMR-0603144] FX This work was partially supported by the U. S. Department of Energy through Grant No. DE-FG0202ER46020 and the U. S. National Science Foundation through Grant No. DMR-0603144. NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1951-6355 J9 EUR PHYS J-SPEC TOP JI Eur. Phys. J.-Spec. Top. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 167 BP 127 EP 132 DI 10.1140/epjst/e2009-00947-2 PG 6 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 419TU UT WOS:000264243400020 ER PT J AU Plummer, ML AF Plummer, Mark L. TI Assessing benefit transfer for the valuation of ecosystem services SO FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Review ID ECONOMIC VALUES; METAANALYSIS; WETLANDS AB The valuation of ecosystem services can play an important role in conservation planning and ecosystem-based management. Unfortunately, gathering primary, site-specific data is costly. As a result, a popular alternate method is to conduct a "benefit transfer" (applying economic value estimates from one location to a similar site in another location). Among the potential pitfalls of such an approach, the correspondence (or lack thereof) between the locations is probably the most important for evaluating the probable validity of the benefit transfer. A common type of benefit transfer in ecosystem service valuation applies an estimate of value per hectare to all areas having the same land-cover or habitat type, and is particularly susceptible to errors resulting from lack of correspondence. Enhancing the use of benefit transfers in this and other ecosystem service applications requires paying closer attention to simple guidelines, developed by economists, for improving validity and accuracy. C1 NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. RP Plummer, ML (reprint author), NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. EM mark.plummer@noaa.gov NR 38 TC 125 Z9 137 U1 5 U2 48 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1540-9295 J9 FRONT ECOL ENVIRON JI Front. Ecol. Environ. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 7 IS 1 BP 38 EP 45 DI 10.1890/080091 PG 8 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 401IN UT WOS:000262934500006 ER PT J AU Moore, SK Mantua, NJ Hickey, BM Trainer, VL AF Moore, Stephanie K. Mantua, Nathan J. Hickey, Barbara M. Trainer, Vera L. TI Recent trends in paralytic shellfish toxins in Puget Sound, relationships to climate, and capacity for prediction of toxic events SO HARMFUL ALGAE LA English DT Article DE Alexandrium catenella; Climate variability; Mytilus edulis; Paralytic shellfish toxins; Paralytic shellfish poisoning; Prediction; Puget Sound ID PACIFIC DECADAL OSCILLATION; NINO SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS; EL-NINO; ALEXANDRIUM-FUNDYENSE; WASHINGTON; MODEL; PRECIPITATION; VARIABILITY; MAINE AB Temporal and spatial trends in paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) in Puget Sound shellfish and their relationships with climate are investigated using long-term monitoring data since 1957. Data are selected for trend analyses based on the sensitivity of shellfish species to PSTs and their depuration rates, and the frequency of sample collection at individual sites. These criteria limit the analyses to the shellfish species Mytilus edulis at 20 sites from 1993 to 2007. Blue mussel toxicity is highly variable, but typically exceeds the regulatory limit for human consumption from July to November annually, with most closures occurring early in fall. Using blue mussel data only, we find no robust evidence to suggest that the frequency, magnitude, duration, or geographic scope of PST events in Puget Sound increased between 1993 and 2007. However, there is a significant basin-wide trend for closures to occur earlier in the year. There are no significant correlations between annual indices of mussel toxicity and aspects of the local and large-scale climate. Case studies of daily variations in local environmental factors leading up to exceptionally toxic events identify a combination of conditions that generally precedes most closures from 1993 to 2007. These results suggest that periods of warm air and water temperatures and low streamflow on sub-seasonal timescales may facilitate toxin accumulation in mussels. No relationships were found between water residence times in the surface layer and either streamflow or mussel toxicity. Recommendations are made for future monitoring to improve forecasting of PST risks in Puget Sound, an important region for recreational, commercial, and tribal subsistence shellfish harvesting. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Moore, Stephanie K.; Trainer, Vera L.] NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, W Coast Ctr Oceans & Human Hlth, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [Moore, Stephanie K.; Hickey, Barbara M.] Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Mantua, Nathan J.] Univ Washington, Climate Impacts Grp, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Mantua, Nathan J.] Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Moore, SK (reprint author), NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, W Coast Ctr Oceans & Human Hlth, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM stephanie.moore@noaa.gov FU NOAA Climate Program Office [NA17RJ1232] FX Shellfish toxicity data are used courtesy of the Washington State Department of Health. We thank N. Adams and S. Day for compiling the shellfish toxicity database used in this research, and A. Babson for providing residence time data. R. Horner,]. Wekell, K. Lefebvre, F. Cox, and J. Borchert provided highly valued comments at various stages of this project. This publication was supported by the West Coast Center for Oceans and Human Health as part of the NOAA Oceans and Human Health Initiative, WCCOHH publication no. 24. The WCCOHH is part of the National Marine Fisheries Service's Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, Washington. This work was also supported by a grant from the NOAA Climate Program Office to the Center for Science in the Earth System through the joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean under NOAA Cooperative Agreement NA17RJ1232. This is joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean Contribution no. 1424.[SS] NR 52 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 4 U2 43 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1568-9883 J9 HARMFUL ALGAE JI Harmful Algae PD FEB PY 2009 VL 8 IS 3 BP 463 EP 477 DI 10.1016/j.hal.2008.10.003 PG 15 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 409LF UT WOS:000263506500010 ER PT J AU Jones, PD Briffa, KR Osborn, TJ Lough, JM van Ommen, TD Vinther, BM Luterbacher, J Wahl, ER Zwiers, FW Mann, ME Schmidt, GA Ammann, CM Buckley, BM Cobb, KM Esper, J Goosse, H Graham, N Jansen, E Kiefer, T Kull, C Kuttel, M Mosley-Thompson, E Overpeck, JT Riedwyl, N Schulz, M Tudhope, AW Villalba, R Wanner, H Wolff, E Xoplaki, E AF Jones, P. D. Briffa, K. R. Osborn, T. J. Lough, J. M. van Ommen, T. D. Vinther, B. M. Luterbacher, J. Wahl, E. R. Zwiers, F. W. Mann, M. E. Schmidt, G. A. Ammann, C. M. Buckley, B. M. Cobb, K. M. Esper, J. Goosse, H. Graham, N. Jansen, E. Kiefer, T. Kull, C. Kuettel, M. Mosley-Thompson, E. Overpeck, J. T. Riedwyl, N. Schulz, M. Tudhope, A. W. Villalba, R. Wanner, H. Wolff, E. Xoplaki, E. TI High-resolution palaeoclimatology of the last millennium: a review of current status and future prospects SO HOLOCENE LA English DT Review DE Palaeoclimatology; high-resolution; last millennium; tree rings; dendroclimatology; chronology; uncertainty; corals; ice-cores; speleothems; documentary evidence; instrumental records; varves; borehole temperature; marine sediments; composite plus scaling; CPS; climate field reconstruction; CFR; pseudo-proxy approach; time series; climate forcing ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; TREE-RING-WIDTH; NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; STABLE-ISOTOPE RECORDS; LATE-HOLOCENE CLIMATE; MEDIEVAL WARM PERIOD; INTERTROPICAL CONVERGENCE ZONE; PROXY-BASED RECONSTRUCTIONS; CORAL-BASED RECONSTRUCTION; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL AB This review of late-Holocene palaeoclimatology represents the results from a PAGES/CLIVAR Intersection Panel meeting that took place in June 2006. The review is in three parts: the principal high-resolution proxy disciplines (trees, corals, ice cores and documentary evidence), emphasizing current issues in their e for climate reconstruction; the various approaches that have been adopted to combine multiple climate us proxy records to provide estimates of past annual-to-decadal timescale Northern Hemisphere surface temperatures and other climate variables, such as large-scale circulation indices; and the forcing histories used in climate model simulations of the past millennium. We discuss the need to develop a framework through which current and new approaches to interpreting these proxy data may be rigorously assessed using pseudo-proxies derived from climate model runs, where the 'answer' is known. The article concludes with a list of recommendations. First, more raw proxy data are required from the diverse disciplines and from more locations, as well as replication, for all proxy sources, of the basic raw measurements to improve absolute dating, and to better distinguish the proxy climate signal from noise. Second, more effort is required to improve the understanding of what individual proxies respond to, supported by more site measurements and process studies. These activities should also be mindful of the correlation structure of instrumental data, indicating which adjacent proxy records ought to be in agreement and which not. Third, large-scale climate reconstructions should be attempted using a wide variety of techniques, emphasizing those for which quantified errors can be estimated at specified timescales. Fourth, a greater use of climate model simulations is needed to guide the choice of reconstruction techniques (the pseudo-proxy concept) and possibly help determine where, given limited resources, future sampling should be concentrated. C1 [Jones, P. D.; Briffa, K. R.; Osborn, T. J.] Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Climat Res Unit, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. [Lough, J. M.] Australian Inst Marine Sci, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia. [van Ommen, T. D.] Australian Antarctic Div, Hobart Tasmania 7001, Australia. [van Ommen, T. D.] ACE CRC, Hobart Tasmania 7001, Australia. [Vinther, B. M.] Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst, Ctr Ice & Climate, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. [Luterbacher, J.; Kuettel, M.; Riedwyl, N.; Wanner, H.; Xoplaki, E.] Univ Bern, Oeschger Ctr Climate Change Res, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. [Luterbacher, J.; Kuettel, M.; Riedwyl, N.; Wanner, H.; Xoplaki, E.] Univ Bern, NCCR Climate, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. [Luterbacher, J.; Kuettel, M.; Riedwyl, N.; Wanner, H.; Xoplaki, E.] Univ Bern, Inst Geog Climatol & Meteorol, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. [Wahl, E. R.] Alfred Univ, Div Environm Studies & Geol, NOAA Paleoclimatol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Zwiers, F. W.] Environm Canada, Div Climate Res, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. [Mann, M. E.] Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, Ctr Earth Syst Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Schmidt, G. A.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Ammann, C. M.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Climate & Global Dynam Div, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Buckley, B. M.] Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Tree Ring Lab, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. [Cobb, K. M.] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Esper, J.] Swiss Fed Res Inst WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland. [Goosse, H.] Catholic Univ Louvain, Inst Astron & Geophys G Lemaitre, B-1348 Louvain, Belgium. [Graham, N.] Hydrol Res Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92130 USA. [Jansen, E.] Univ Bergen, Dept Geol, Bjerknes Ctr Climate Res, NO-5007 Bergen, Norway. [Kiefer, T.] PAGES Int Project Off, CH-3007 Bern, Switzerland. [Kull, C.] Advisory Body Climate Change, CH-3007 Bern, Switzerland. [Mosley-Thompson, E.] Ohio State Univ, Dept Geog, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Mosley-Thompson, E.] Ohio State Univ, Byrd Polar Res Ctr, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Overpeck, J. T.] Univ Arizona, Inst Study Planet Earth, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Schulz, M.] Univ Bremen, MARUM Ctr Marine Environm Sci, D-28334 Bremen, Germany. [Schulz, M.] Univ Bremen, Fac Geosci, D-28334 Bremen, Germany. [Tudhope, A. W.] Univ Edinburgh, Sch Geosci, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, Midlothian, Scotland. [Villalba, R.] IANIGLA CRICYT, Argentinean Inst Snow Ice & Environm Sci, RA-5500 Mendoza, Argentina. [Wolff, E.] British Antarctic Survey, Div Phys Sci, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. RP Jones, PD (reprint author), Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Climat Res Unit, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. EM p.jones@uea.ac.uk RI Briffa, Keith/C-8834-2009; Jones, Philip/C-8718-2009; Schmidt, Gavin/D-4427-2012; van Ommen, Tas/B-5020-2012; Lough, Janice/L-1682-2013; Wolff, Eric/D-7925-2014; Schulz, Michael/P-7276-2016; Osborn, Timothy/E-9740-2011; Mann, Michael/B-8472-2017; OI Jones, Philip/0000-0001-5032-5493; Schmidt, Gavin/0000-0002-2258-0486; van Ommen, Tas/0000-0002-2463-1718; Wolff, Eric/0000-0002-5914-8531; Schulz, Michael/0000-0001-6500-2697; Osborn, Timothy/0000-0001-8425-6799; Mann, Michael/0000-0003-3067-296X; Briffa, Keith/0000-0003-3323-3639; Villalba, Ricardo/0000-0001-8183-0310 FU Office of Science (BER); US Department of Energy [DE-FG0298ER62601]; UK Natural Environment Research Council [NER/T/S/2002/00440]; EC project Millennium [017008]; Australian Government's Cooperative Research Centres Programme; Antarctic Ecosystems and Climate CRC; US National Science Foundation [0542356]; National Center for Atmospheric Research FX The workshop that was the genesis of this paper, entitled 'Past Millennia Climate Variability - Synthesis and Outlook' was held in Wengen, Switzerland from 7 to 10 June 2006 and was organized by the international joint PAGES (Past Global Changes)/CLIVAR (Climate Variability and Predictability) intersection working group in concert with the PAGES office in Bern, Switzerland. The workshop, which was funded by EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute), PAGES, the Swiss NCCR-Climate Programme and CLIVAR, represented the continued efforts of the international PAGES/CLIVAR intersection to identify the key priority areas for future international collaborative research to advance understanding of the nature of natural climate variability and the extent to which human activities are causing change. The authors thank Henry Diaz, Frank Oldfield and an anonymous reviewer for thorough reviews. PDJ has been supported by the Office of Science (BER), US Department of Energy, Grant No. DE-FG0298ER62601). KRB and TJO also acknowledge funding from UK Natural Environment Research Council (NER/T/S/2002/00440). JE acknowledges funding from EC project Millennium (Grant No. 017008). TDvO acknowledges the support of the Australian Government's Cooperative Research Centres Programme, through the Antarctic Ecosystems and Climate CRC. HG is a research associate with Fonds National de la Recherche Scientific, Belgium. MEM acknowledges support from the US National Science Foundation (Grant No. 0542356). ERW acknowledges support for new research included in this paper from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (funded by the National Science Foundation) and Alfred University, USA. NR 513 TC 340 Z9 352 U1 15 U2 229 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 0959-6836 EI 1477-0911 J9 HOLOCENE JI Holocene PD FEB PY 2009 VL 19 IS 1 BP 3 EP 49 DI 10.1177/0959683608098952 PG 47 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 399PU UT WOS:000262812600001 ER PT J AU Chin, WH Qian, Y Giambene, G AF Chin, Woon Hau Qian, Yi Giambene, Giovanni TI ADVANCES IN COOPERATIVE AND RELAY COMMUNICATIONS SO IEEE COMMUNICATIONS MAGAZINE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Chin, Woon Hau] Inst Infocomm Res, Singapore, Singapore. [Chin, Woon Hau] Natl Univ Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. [Chin, Woon Hau] Toshibas Telecommun Res Lab, Bristol, Avon, England. [Qian, Yi] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Qian, Yi] Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Mayaguez, PR USA. [Giambene, Giovanni] Univ Florence, Dept Elect Engn, I-50121 Florence, Italy. [Giambene, Giovanni] OTE Marconi Grp, Florence, Italy. [Giambene, Giovanni] Univ Siena, Dept Informat Engn, I-53100 Siena, Italy. [Giambene, Giovanni] Univ Siena, Adv Course Telecommun Networks, I-53100 Siena, Italy. [Giambene, Giovanni] CNR, Italian Natl Res Council, Project Multimedialita, I-00185 Rome, Italy. RP Chin, WH (reprint author), Inst Infocomm Res, Singapore, Singapore. EM w.h.chin@ieee.org NR 0 TC 4 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0163-6804 J9 IEEE COMMUN MAG JI IEEE Commun. Mag. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 47 IS 2 BP 100 EP 101 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 402BH UT WOS:000262988700009 ER PT J AU Guo, H Lo, KT Qian, Y Li, J AF Guo, Hui Lo, Kwok-Tung Qian, Yi Li, Jiang TI Peer-to-Peer Live Video Distribution under Heterogeneous Bandwidth Constraints SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE Overlay network; layered video coding; live media streaming; multimedia communication; quality of service AB This paper presents a new collaborative peer-to-peer (P2P) streaming framework for heterogeneous bandwidth capacity of clients. The proposed architecture aims for two primary goals: 1) providing higher streaming quality by making best use of the extra available bandwidth that might exist among heterogeneous clients and 2) providing robustness and resilience to high churn rate of peers by introducing redundancy, both in network paths (multisender overlay) and data (multilayered video content). For achieving these goals, we employ a gossip-based data-driven scheme for partnership formation and layered video coding for bandwidth adaptivity. To solve multilayer bitstream allocation problem, we proposed two algorithms, namely optimized transmission policy and graceful degradation scheme algorithms. The proposed system has a complete self-regulation and in a decentralized fashion. Extensive simulations show that the proposed system achieves higher quality of service through peer-assisted streaming and layered video coding. The results also show that the system outperforms some previous schemes in system overhead and reliability for dynamic node behavior. C1 [Guo, Hui] China Petr Univ, Dept Comp Sci & Technol, Beijing 102200, Peoples R China. [Lo, Kwok-Tung] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Elect & Informat Engn Dept, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. [Qian, Yi] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Adv Network Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Li, Jiang] Howard Univ, Dept Comp Sci & Syst, Washington, DC 20059 USA. RP Guo, H (reprint author), China Petr Univ, Dept Comp Sci & Technol, Beijing 102200, Peoples R China. EM guohui_hust@hotmail.com; enktlo@polyu.edu.hk; yqian@nist.gov; lij@scs.howard.edu RI Lo, Kwok Tung/O-2143-2013 OI Lo, Kwok Tung/0000-0002-6443-9464 NR 30 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 7 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 1045-9219 J9 IEEE T PARALL DISTR JI IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 20 IS 2 BP 233 EP 245 DI 10.1109/TPDS.2008.76 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 386OH UT WOS:000261892000009 ER PT J AU Kasturi, R Goldgof, D Soundararajan, P Manohar, V Garofolo, J Bowers, R Boonstra, M Korzhova, V Zhang, J AF Kasturi, Rangachar Goldgof, Dmitry Soundararajan, Padmanabhan Manohar, Vasant Garofolo, John Bowers, Rachel Boonstra, Matthew Korzhova, Valentina Zhang, Jing TI Framework for Performance Evaluation of Face, Text, and Vehicle Detection and Tracking in Video: Data, Metrics, and Protocol SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE LA English DT Article DE Performance evaluation; object detection and tracking; baseline algorithms; face; text; vehicle ID DETECTION ALGORITHMS; IMAGES AB Common benchmark data sets, standardized performance metrics, and baseline algorithms have demonstrated considerable impact on research and development in a variety of application domains. These resources provide both consumers and developers of technology with a common framework to objectively compare the performance of different algorithms and algorithmic improvements. In this paper, we present such a framework for evaluating object detection and tracking in video: specifically for face, text, and vehicle objects. This framework includes the source video data, ground-truth annotations (along with guidelines for annotation), performance metrics, evaluation protocols, and tools including scoring software and baseline algorithms. For each detection and tracking task and supported domain, we developed a 50-clip training set and a 50-clip test set. Each data clip is approximately 2.5 minutes long and has been completely spatially/temporally annotated at the I-frame level. Each task/domain, therefore, has an associated annotated corpus of approximately 450,000 frames. The scope of such annotation is unprecedented and was designed to begin to support the necessary quantities of data for robust machine learning approaches, as well as a statistically significant comparison of the performance of algorithms. The goal of this work was to systematically address the challenges of object detection and tracking through a common evaluation framework that permits a meaningful objective comparison of techniques, provides the research community with sufficient data for the exploration of automatic modeling techniques, encourages the incorporation of objective evaluation into the development process, and contributes useful lasting resources of a scale and magnitude that will prove to be extremely useful to the computer vision research community for years to come. C1 [Kasturi, Rangachar; Goldgof, Dmitry; Soundararajan, Padmanabhan; Manohar, Vasant; Boonstra, Matthew; Korzhova, Valentina; Zhang, Jing] Univ S Florida, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. [Garofolo, John; Bowers, Rachel] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kasturi, R (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, 4202 E Fowler Ave,ENB 118, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. EM rlk@cse.udf.edu; goldgof@cse.udf.edu; paddu.sound@gmail.com; vmanohar@cse.udf.edu; john.garofolo@nist.gov; boonstra@cse.udf.edu; korzhova@cse.udf.edu; jzhang2@cse.udf.edu NR 57 TC 168 Z9 173 U1 0 U2 26 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 0162-8828 J9 IEEE T PATTERN ANAL JI IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 31 IS 2 BP 319 EP 336 DI 10.1109/TPAMI.2008.57 PG 18 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 385XL UT WOS:000261846800009 PM 19110496 ER PT J AU Smith, S Tsiamis, A McCallum, M Hourd, AC Stevenson, JTM Walton, AJ Dixson, RG Allen, RA Potzick, JE Cresswell, MW Orji, NG AF Smith, Stewart Tsiamis, Andreas McCallum, Martin Hourd, Andrew C. Stevenson, J. T. M. Walton, Anthony J. Dixson, Ronald G. Allen, Richard A. Potzick, James E. Cresswell, Michael W. Orji, Ndubuisi G. TI Comparison of Measurement Techniques for Linewidth Metrology on Advanced Photomasks SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SEMICONDUCTOR MANUFACTURING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Microelectronic Test Structures CY MAR 24-27, 2008 CL Univ Edinburgh, Edinburgh, SCOTLAND SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc, IEEE Solid State Circuits Soc HO Univ Edinburgh DE Advanced lithography; critical dimension (CD); electrical critical dimension (ECD); linewidth; metrology ID PHASE-SHIFTING MASKS; CD METROLOGY; STANDARD; OVERLAY; SEM AB This paper compares electrical, optical, and atomic force microscope (AFM) measurements of critical dimension (CD) made on a chrome on quartz photomask. Test structures suitable for direct, on-mask electrical probing have been measured using the above three techniques. These include cross-bridge linewidth structures and pairs of Kelvin bridge resistors designed to investigate dimensional mismatch. Overall, the results show very good agreement between the electrical measurements and those made with a calibrated CD-AFM system, while the optical metrology system overestimates the measured width. The uncertainty in each of the measurements has been considered, and for the first time an attempt has been made to describe the levels and sources of uncertainty in the electrical measurement of CD on advanced binary photomasks. C1 [Smith, Stewart; Tsiamis, Andreas; Stevenson, J. T. M.; Walton, Anthony J.] Univ Edinburgh, Inst Integrated Micro & Nano Syst, Sch Engn & Elect, Scottish Microelect Ctr, Edinburgh EH9 3JF, Midlothian, Scotland. [McCallum, Martin] Nikon Precis Europe GmbH, W Lothian EH54 7EZ, Scotland. [Dixson, Ronald G.; Allen, Richard A.; Potzick, James E.; Cresswell, Michael W.; Orji, Ndubuisi G.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Smith, S (reprint author), Univ Edinburgh, Inst Integrated Micro & Nano Syst, Sch Engn & Elect, Scottish Microelect Ctr, Edinburgh EH9 3JF, Midlothian, Scotland. EM Stewart.Smith@ed.ac.uk RI Walton, Anthony/A-1550-2010; Walton, Anthony/B-9108-2009; Smith, Stewart/C-1178-2008 OI Smith, Stewart/0000-0002-7004-9219 NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 5 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0894-6507 EI 1558-2345 J9 IEEE T SEMICONDUCT M JI IEEE Trans. Semicond. Manuf. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 22 IS 1 BP 72 EP 79 DI 10.1109/TSM.2008.2010733 PG 8 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA 406BD UT WOS:000263269100011 ER PT J AU Yu, HY Lee, CY Pang, W Zhang, H Brannon, A Kitching, J Kiin, ES AF Yu, Hongyu Lee, Chuang-yuan Pang, Wei Zhang, Hao Brannon, Alan Kitching, John Kiin, Eun Sok TI HBAR-Based 3.6 GHz Oscillator with Low Power Consumption and Low Phase Noise SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS FERROELECTRICS AND FREQUENCY CONTROL LA English DT Article ID VAPOR AB We have designed and built 2 oscillators at 1.2 and 3.6 GHz based on high-overtone bulk acoustic resonators (HBARs) for application in chip-scale atomic clocks (CSACs). The measured phase noise of the 3.6 GHz oscillator is -67 dBc/Hz at 300 Hz offset and -100 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz offset. The Allan deviation of the free-running oscillator is 1.5 X 10(-9) at one second integration time and the power consumption is 3.2 mW. The low phase noise allows the oscillator to be locked to a CSAC physics package without significantly degrading the clock performance. C1 [Yu, Hongyu] Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. [Lee, Chuang-yuan; Kiin, Eun Sok] Univ So Calif, Los Angeles, CA USA. [Pang, Wei] Avago Technol, Ft Collins, CO USA. [Zhang, Hao] Skyworks Solut Inc, Woburn, MA USA. [Brannon, Alan] Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Kitching, John] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. RP Yu, HY (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. FU Chip Scale Atomic Clock (CSAC); Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) [N66001-02-1-8918] FX This material is based upon work supported by the Chip Scale Atomic Clock (CSAC) program of die Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), wider contract # N66001-02-1-8918. This work is in part a contribution of NIST, all agency of the US government, and is not subject to copyright. NR 11 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0885-3010 J9 IEEE T ULTRASON FERR JI IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control PD FEB PY 2009 VL 56 IS 2 BP 400 EP 403 DI 10.1109/TUFFC.2009.1050 PG 4 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Acoustics; Engineering GA 398ED UT WOS:000262714500021 PM 19251528 ER PT J AU Lee, S Sriram, K Kim, K Kim, YH Golmie, N AF Lee, SuKyoung Sriram, Kotikalapudi Kim, Kyungsoo Kim, Yoon Hyuk Golmie, Nada TI Vertical Handoff Decision Algorithms for Providing Optimized Performance in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE High availability; intersystem handover; load balancing; mobility management; quality-of-service (QoS) management; seamless mobility; simulation modeling; vehicular ad hoc network (VANET); vertical handoff (VHO); wireless local area network (WLAN); Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) ID SEAMLESS; SERVICES; LANS AB There are currently a large variety of wireless access networks, including the emerging vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). A large variety of applications utilizing these networks will demand features such as real-time, high-availability, and even instantaneous high-bandwidth in some cases. Therefore, it is imperative for network service providers to make the best possible use of the combined resources of available heterogeneous networks (wireless area networks (WLANs), Universal Mobile Telecommunications Systems., VANETs, Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), etc.) for connection support. When connections need to migrate between heterogeneous networks for performance and high-availability reasons, seamless vertical handoff (VHO) is a necessary first step. In the near future, vehicular and other mobile applications will be expected to have seamless VHO between heterogeneous access networks. With regard to VHO performance, there is a critical need to develop algorithms for connection management and optimal resource allocation for seamless mobility. In this paper, we develop a VHO decision algorithm that enables a wireless access network to not only balance the overall load among all attachment points (e.g., base stations and access points) but also maximize the collective battery lifetime of mobile nodes (MNs). In addition, when ad hoc mode is applied to 3/4G wireless data networks, VANETs, and IEEE 802.11 WLANs for a more seamless integration of heterogeneous wireless networks, we devise a route-selection algorithm for forwarding data packets to the most appropriate attachment point to maximize collective battery lifetime and maintain load balancing. Results based on a detailed performance evaluation study are also presented here to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed algorithms. C1 [Lee, SuKyoung] Yonsei Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Seoul 120749, South Korea. [Sriram, Kotikalapudi; Golmie, Nada] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Adv Networking Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA. [Kim, Kyungsoo] Kyonggi Univ, Dept Math, Suwon 442760, South Korea. [Kim, Yoon Hyuk] Kyung Hee Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Yongin 446701, South Korea. RP Lee, S (reprint author), Yonsei Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Seoul 120749, South Korea. EM sklee@cs.yonsei.ac.kr; ksriram@nist.gov RI Sriram, Kotikalapudi/B-3294-2009 FU National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)/Office of Law Enforcement Standards; Ministry of Science and Technology, Korea, under the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation [R01-2006-000-10614-0] FX This work was supported in part by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)/Office of Law Enforcement Standards and in part by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Korea, under the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation Grant R01-2006-000-10614-0. NR 25 TC 110 Z9 127 U1 6 U2 27 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-9545 EI 1939-9359 J9 IEEE T VEH TECHNOL JI IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 58 IS 2 BP 865 EP 881 DI 10.1109/TVT.2008.925301 PG 17 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications; Transportation Science & Technology SC Engineering; Telecommunications; Transportation GA 411HE UT WOS:000263639300031 ER PT J AU Sriram, RD Fenves, SJ AF Sriram, Ram D. Fenves, Steven J. TI A life-saving role SO INDUSTRIAL ENGINEER LA English DT Article C1 [Sriram, Ram D.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Fenves, Steven J.] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RP Sriram, RD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU INST INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERS PI NORCROSS PA 3577 PARKWAY LANE, STE 200, NORCROSS, GA 30092 USA SN 1542-894X J9 IND ENG JI Ind. Eng PD FEB PY 2009 VL 41 IS 2 BP 34 EP 39 PG 6 WC Engineering, Industrial SC Engineering GA V18MM UT WOS:000208008900017 ER PT J AU Hersh, W Voorhees, E AF Hersh, William Voorhees, Ellen TI TREC genomics special issue overview SO INFORMATION RETRIEVAL LA English DT Editorial Material ID BIOLOGY DATABASE; INFORMATION; MOUSE; GENE; RETRIEVAL C1 [Hersh, William] Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Portland, OR 97201 USA. [Voorhees, Ellen] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hersh, W (reprint author), Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Portland, OR 97201 USA. EM hersh@ohsu.edu RI Voorhees, Ellen/D-1755-2013; OI Hersh, William/0000-0002-4114-5148 NR 48 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1386-4564 J9 INFORM RETRIEVAL JI Inf. Retr. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 12 IS 1 BP 1 EP 15 DI 10.1007/s10791-008-9076-6 PG 15 WC Computer Science, Information Systems SC Computer Science GA 414CZ UT WOS:000263842800001 ER PT J AU Yang, JC AF Yang, Jiann C. TI Response to "Commentary by Dr. Henryk Drulis" SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY LA English DT Letter DE Hydrogen; Safety; Storage AB One safety aspect of a material-based hydrogen storage system is the exposure of such system to a high-temperature environment (e.g., a fire) causing an increase in pressure. A simple analysis, based on a material balance, is provided to estimate the effect of temperature on equilibrium storage pressure in a material-based hydrogen storage system. Jiann C. Yang in Int I Hydrogen Energy 33 (2008) 4424-4426. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Association for Hydrogen Energy. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Yang, JC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jiann.yang@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0360-3199 J9 INT J HYDROGEN ENERG JI Int. J. Hydrog. Energy PD FEB PY 2009 VL 34 IS 3 BP 1629 EP 1629 DI 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.12.004 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Physical; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels GA 411QX UT WOS:000263666000062 ER PT J AU Villano, SM Eyet, N Lineberger, WC Bierbaum, VM AF Villano, Stephanie M. Eyet, Nicole Lineberger, W. Carl Bierbaum, Veronica M. TI Gas-phase reactions of halogenated radical carbene anions with sulfur and oxygen containing species SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article DE Selected-ion flow tube; Carbene anion; Radical anion; Nucleophilic displacement; Ion-molecule reaction ID DISPERSED FLUORESCENCE-SPECTRA; SINGLET-TRIPLET GAPS; (A)OVER-TILDE-(X)OVER-TILDE VIBRONIC BANDS; ION PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; SUBSTITUTED CARBENES; MULTIPHOTON DISSOCIATION; ELECTRONIC SPECTROSCOPY; CYCLOTRON RESONANCE; ABSOLUTE HEATS; CF2 AB The reactivities of mono- and dihalocarbene anions (CHCl(center dot-), CHBr(center dot-), CF(2)(center dot-), CCl(2)(center dot-), and CBrCl(center dot-)) were studied using a tandem flowing afterglow-selected ion flow tube instrument. Reaction rate constants and product branching ratios are reported for the reactions of these carbene anions with six neutral reagents (CS(2), COS, CO(2), O(2), CO, and N(2)O). These anions were found to demonstrate diverse chemistry as illustrated by formation of multiple product ions and by the observed reaction trends. The reactions of CHCl(center dot-) and CHBr(center dot-) occur with similar efficiencies and reactivity patterns. Substitution of a Cl atom for an H atom to form CCl(2)(center dot-) and CBrCl(center dot-) decreases the rate constants; these two anions react with similar efficiencies and reactivity trends. The CF(2)(center dot-) anion displays remarkably different reactivity; these differences are discussed in terms of its lower electron binding energy and the effect of the electronegative fluorine substituents. The results presented here are compared to the reactivity of the CH(2)(center dot-) anion, which has previously been reported. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved C1 [Bierbaum, Veronica M.] Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Bierbaum, VM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM veronica.bierbaum@colorado.edu FU AFOSR [FA9550-06-1-006]; NSF [CHE-0647088]; National Science Foundation FX We are pleased to dedicate this paper to Prof. Zdenek Herman, a dear friend, superb scientist, and charter member of the "Boulder Ion Gang." We gratefully acknowledge Prof. Charles H. DePuy for his insightful comments. This work was supported by the AFOSR (FA9550-06-1-006) and NSF (CHE-0647088). The computational results are based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under the following NSF programs: Partnerships for Advanced Computational Infrastructure, Distributed Terascale Facility (DTF) and Terascale Extensions: Enhancements to the Extensible Terascale Facility. NR 75 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1387-3806 J9 INT J MASS SPECTROM JI Int. J. Mass Spectrom. PD FEB 1 PY 2009 VL 280 IS 1-3 BP 12 EP 18 DI 10.1016/j.ijms.2008.07.007 PG 7 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 405AW UT WOS:000263195500003 ER PT J AU Khromchenko, VB Mekhontsev, SN Hanssen, LM AF Khromchenko, V. B. Mekhontsev, S. N. Hanssen, L. M. TI Design and Evaluation of Large-Aperture Gallium Fixed-Point Blackbody SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Blackbody; Emissivity; Fixed point; Gallium ID PERFORMANCE SPECTRAL RADIOMETER; EO CALIBRATION APPLICATIONS AB To complement existing water bath blackbodies that now serve as NIST primary standard sources in the temperature range from 15 degrees C to75 degrees C, a gallium fixed-point blackbody has been recently built. The main objectives of the project included creating an extended-area radiation source with a target emissivity of 0.9999 capable of operating either inside a cryo-vacuum chamber or in a standard laboratory environment. A minimum aperture diameter of 45mm is necessary for the calibration of radiometers with a collimated input geometry or large spot size. This article describes the design and performance evaluation of the gallium fixed-point blackbody, including the calculation and measurements of directional effective emissivity, estimates of uncertainty due to the temperature drop across the interface between the pure metal and radiating surfaces, as well as the radiometrically obtained spatial uniformity of the radiance temperature and the melting plateau stability. Another important test is the measurement of the cavity reflectance, which was achieved by using total integrated scatter measurements at a laser wavelength of 10.6 mu m. The result allows one to predict the performance under the low-background conditions of a cryo-chamber. Finally, results of the spectral radiance comparison with the NIST water-bath blackbody are provided. The experimental results are in good agreement with predicted values and demonstrate the potential of our approach. It is anticipated that, after completion of the characterization, a similar source operating at the water triple point will be constructed. C1 [Khromchenko, V. B.] Joint NIST USU Program Opt Sensor Calibrat, N Logan, UT USA. [Khromchenko, V. B.] Space Dynam Lab, N Logan, UT 84341 USA. [Mekhontsev, S. N.; Hanssen, L. M.] NIST, Opt Technol Div 844, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Khromchenko, VB (reprint author), Joint NIST USU Program Opt Sensor Calibrat, N Logan, UT USA. EM vladimir.khromchenko@nist.gov NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 30 IS 1 BP 9 EP 19 DI 10.1007/s10765-008-0459-0 PG 11 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 428JC UT WOS:000264842800002 ER PT J AU Envall, J Mekhontsev, SN Zong, Y Hanssen, LM AF Envall, J. Mekhontsev, S. N. Zong, Y. Hanssen, L. M. TI Spatial Scatter Effects in the Calibration of IR Pyrometers and Imagers SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Imager; Infrared (IR); Pyrometer; Radiometer; Size-of-source effect (SSE); Spatial scatter AB Differences in the calibration conditions and the real-life applications of infrared pyrometers, radiometers, or imagers can contribute to significant measurement errors due to the presence of scattered light from the areas surrounding the reference source during the calibration process or the measured object in the field measurements. This out-of-field scatter (also known as size-of-source effect, SSE) has to be analyzed separately for each artifact to ensure applicability of the calibration results to the scene of actual measurement. This article discusses SSE characterization methods and specific requirements for calibrating single-element radiometers in the near- and mid-IR parts of the optical radiation spectrum. Two new SSE tools developed at National Institute of Standards and Technology to support routine calibration of IR pyrometers, radiometers, and imagers at the recently developed Advanced Infrared Radiometry and Imaging (AIRI) facility are described. The results of characterization of different commonly used radiometers, including an industrial-grade pyrometer, a high-accuracy pyrometer, two different infrared spectrometers, and an infrared imager, are presented. C1 [Envall, J.; Mekhontsev, S. N.; Zong, Y.; Hanssen, L. M.] NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mekhontsev, SN (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8442, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM snm@nist.gov NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X EI 1572-9567 J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 30 IS 1 BP 167 EP 178 DI 10.1007/s10765-008-0547-1 PG 12 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 428JC UT WOS:000264842800015 ER PT J AU Hill, KD Gee, DJ Cross, CD Strouse, GF AF Hill, K. D. Gee, D. J. Cross, C. D. Strouse, G. F. TI NIST-NRC Comparison of Total Immersion Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Liquid-in-glass thermometer; Temperature comparison AB The use of liquid-in-glass (LIG) thermometers is described in many documentary standards in the fields of environmental testing, material testing, and material transfer. Many national metrology institutes, including the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the National Research Council of Canada (NRC), list calibration services for these thermometers among the Calibration Measurement Capabilities of Appendix C of the BIPM Key Comparison Database. NIST and NRC arranged a bilateral comparison of a set of total-immersionASTM- type LIG thermometers to validate their uncertainty claims. Two each of ASTM thermometer types 62C through 69C were calibrated at NIST and at NRC at four temperatures distributed over the range appropriate to each thermometer, in addition to the ice point. Collectively, the thermometers span a temperature range of - 38 degrees C to 305 degrees C. In total, 160 measurements (80 pairs) comprise the comparison data set. Pair-wise differences (T(NIST)-T(NRC)) were formed for each thermometer at each temperature. For 8 of the 80 pairs (10 %), the differences exceed the k = 2 combined uncertainties. These results support the claimed capabilities of NIST and NRC for the calibration of LIG thermometers. C1 [Hill, K. D.; Gee, D. J.] Natl Res Council Canada, Inst Natl Measurement Stand, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada. [Cross, C. D.; Strouse, G. F.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurements Div 836, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hill, KD (reprint author), Natl Res Council Canada, Inst Natl Measurement Stand, 1200 Montreal Rd,Bldg M-36, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada. EM ken.hill@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 30 IS 1 BP 341 EP 350 DI 10.1007/s10765-008-0546-2 PG 10 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 428JC UT WOS:000264842800032 ER PT J AU Bruce, S Strouse, GF AF Bruce, S. Strouse, G. F. TI Proficiency Testing for Achieving Accreditation in Thermometry SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Accreditation; Degree of equivalence; ITS-90; National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program; NVLAP; Proficiency test; Scope of Accreditation/Temperature; Thermometry; Traceability AB The establishment of traceability is an essential component of laboratory accreditation for calibration laboratories accredited by the National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program (NVLAP). Traceability requires that an unbroken chain of comparisons to national standards with stated and documented uncertainties be established. The use of proficiency testing is an important tool for validating uncertainty claims contained within a Scope of Accreditation. As such, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Thermometry Group conducts proficiency testing for NVLAP-accredited contact thermometry laboratories. These proficiency tests include thermometric fixed points, standard platinum resistance thermometers, industrial platinum resistance thermometers, thermistors, thermocouples, and liquid-in-glass thermometers. The NIST Thermometry Group proficiency tests scale inversely in difficulty as a function of the uncertainties contained within a facility's Scope of Accreditation. The offered proficiency tests are designed to establish confidence in the participant's calibration capabilities and uncertainty claims without being an undue burden to the calibration facility. The NIST Thermometry Group proficiency tests involve measurements of NIST-owned artifact(s) at NIST, measurements of the artifact(s) at the participant's calibration facility, and then a second set of measurements at NIST. On completion of the measurement phase of a proficiency test, a detailed report is generated to give the difference in temperature realization between that of the participant and NIST and the degree of equivalence. As part of the goal to improve the participant's measurement capabilities, the report also gives suggested solutions to any identified measurement issues that need attention. The role of proficiency testing as part of the process in achieving NVLAP accreditation in thermometry is discussed in the article. Additionally, the descriptions of the NIST Thermometry Group unbiased third-party proficiency tests and some unidentified participant results are given. C1 [Bruce, S.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Natl Voluntary Lab Accreditat Program, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Strouse, G. F.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Thermometry Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bruce, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Natl Voluntary Lab Accreditat Program, 100 Bur Dr,MS 2140, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM sbruce@nist.gov NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 30 IS 1 BP 351 EP 359 DI 10.1007/s10765-008-0436-7 PG 9 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 428JC UT WOS:000264842800033 ER PT J AU Bahr, DF Jennerjohn, SL Morris, DJ AF Bahr, D. F. Jennerjohn, S. L. Morris, D. J. TI Dislocation nucleation and multiplication in small volumes: The onset of plasticity during indentation testing SO JOM LA English DT Article ID AUSTENITIC STAINLESS-STEEL; DEPTH-SENSING INDENTATION; POP-IN PHENOMENON; INCIPIENT PLASTICITY; MECHANICAL-BEHAVIOR; SPHERICAL INDENTERS; CRYSTAL PLASTICITY; SINGLE-CRYSTAL; FILM FRACTURE; YIELD POINTS AB While classical studies of dislocation behavior have focused on the motion and multiplication of dislocations, recent advances in experimental methods allow studies that probe relatively dislocation-free volumes of materials. When the dislocation concept was initially developed 75 years ago, researchers were not easily able to examine the ultra-fine size scales of materials that would allow the onset of plasticity to be examined. This paper will review some recent developments in the area of incipient plasticity in materials and provide a historical context for current interest in testing mechanical behavior at small scales. C1 [Bahr, D. F.; Jennerjohn, S. L.] Washington State Univ, Dept Mech & Mat Engn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. [Morris, D. J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bahr, DF (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Mech & Mat Engn, POB 642920, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. EM dbahr@wsu.edu RI Bahr, David/A-6521-2012 OI Bahr, David/0000-0003-2893-967X NR 57 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 12 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1047-4838 EI 1543-1851 J9 JOM-US JI JOM PD FEB PY 2009 VL 61 IS 2 BP 56 EP 60 DI 10.1007/s11837-009-0029-3 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing GA 407QF UT WOS:000263378700010 ER PT J AU Sukovich, EM Kingsmill, DE Yuter, SE AF Sukovich, Ellen M. Kingsmill, David E. Yuter, Sandra E. TI Variability of Graupel and Snow Observed in Tropical Oceanic Convection by Aircraft during TRMM KWAJEX SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MEASURING MISSION TRMM; OPTICAL ARRAY PROBES; PART I; PRECIPITATION RETRIEVAL; PROFILING ALGORITHM; STRATIFORM CLOUDS; MODEL; MICROPHYSICS; PARTICLES; MESOSCALE AB Empirical characterization of graupel and snow in precipitating tropical convective clouds is important for refining satellite precipitation retrieval algorithms and cloud-resolving and radiative transfer models. Microphysics data for this analysis were collected by the University of North Dakota (UND) Citation and the National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA) DC-8 aircraft during the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Kwajalein Experiment (KWAJEX) in the western tropical Pacific Ocean. An ice particle identification algorithm was applied to two-dimensional optical array probe data for the purpose of identifying ice particle ensembles dominated by graupel or snow particles. These ensembles were accumulated along 1-km flight segments at temperatures below 0 degrees C. A third category, mixed graupel/snow, has characteristics between those of the predominately graupel and snow ensembles and can be used either in combination with the other two categories or separately. Snow particle ensembles compose 80% of UND Citation and 98% of NASA DC-8 ensemble data. For the UND Citation, graupel ensembles compose similar to 5% of the total with mixed graupel/snow ensembles composing similar to 15%. There were no graupel ensembles in the NASA DC-8 data, which were collected primarily at temperatures,< -35 degrees C. Particles too small to classify (< 150-mu m maximum dimension) compose 56% of UND Citation and 64% of NASA DC-8 particle images. Nearly all these "tiny'' particles occur coincident with particles >similar to 150 mm. Combining data from both aircraft, snow and mixed graupel/snow ensembles were evident over the full range of subfreezing temperatures (from 08 to -65 degrees C) sampled by the aircraft. In contrast, graupel ensembles were present primarily at temperatures >-10 degrees C. Accurate graupel identification was further supported by all graupel ensembles observed either coincident with or within a 10-km horizontal distance of radar-identified convective precipitation structures. C1 [Sukovich, Ellen M.; Kingsmill, David E.] Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Sukovich, Ellen M.; Kingsmill, David E.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. [Yuter, Sandra E.] N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Kingsmill, DE (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CIRES, UCB 216, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM david.kingsmill@colorado.edu RI Yuter, Sandra/E-8808-2015 OI Yuter, Sandra/0000-0002-3222-053X NR 44 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1558-8424 J9 J APPL METEOROL CLIM JI J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 48 IS 2 BP 185 EP 198 DI 10.1175/2008JAMC1940.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 429SG UT WOS:000264939800001 ER PT J AU Vickery, PJ Wadhera, D Powell, MD Chen, YZ AF Vickery, Peter J. Wadhera, Dhiraj Powell, Mark D. Chen, Yingzhao TI A Hurricane Boundary Layer and Wind Field Model for Use in Engineering Applications SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL CYCLONE CORE; GPS DROPWINDSONDE; PART II; SURFACE; PROFILES; DYNAMICS; BALANCE; JETS; DRAG AB This article examines the radial dependence of the height of the maximum wind speed in a hurricane, which is found to lower with increasing inertial stability (which in turn depends on increasing wind speed and decreasing radius) near the eyewall. The leveling off, or limiting value, of the marine drag coefficient in high winds is also examined. The drag coefficient, given similar wind speeds, is smaller for smaller-radii storms; enhanced sea spray by short or breaking waves is speculated as a cause. A fitting technique of dropsonde wind profiles is used to model the shape of the vertical profile of mean horizontal wind speeds in the hurricane boundary layer, using only the magnitude and radius of the "gradient'' wind. The method slightly underestimates the surface winds in small but intense storms, but errors are less than 5% near the surface. The fit is then applied to a slab layer hurricane wind field model, and combined with a boundary layer transition model to estimate surface winds over both marine and land surfaces. C1 [Vickery, Peter J.; Wadhera, Dhiraj; Chen, Yingzhao] Appl Res Associates Inc, Raleigh, NC USA. [Powell, Mark D.] NOAA, AOML, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL USA. RP Vickery, PJ (reprint author), 8540 Colonnade Ctr Dr,Suite 307, Raleigh, NC 27615 USA. EM pvickery@ara.com RI Vickery, Peter/D-2708-2012; Powell, Mark/I-4963-2013 OI Powell, Mark/0000-0002-4890-8945 NR 24 TC 64 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1558-8424 J9 J APPL METEOROL CLIM JI J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 48 IS 2 BP 381 EP 405 DI 10.1175/2008JAMC1841.1 PG 25 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 429SG UT WOS:000264939800013 ER PT J AU Heinselman, PL Stensrud, DJ Hluchan, RM Spencer, PL Burke, PC Elmore, KL AF Heinselman, P. L. Stensrud, D. J. Hluchan, R. M. Spencer, P. L. Burke, P. C. Elmore, K. L. TI Radar Reflectivity-Based Estimates of Mixed Layer Depth SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONVECTIVE BOUNDARY-LAYER; CLEAR-AIR; POLARIMETRIC RADAR; INSECTS; SENSITIVITY; ATMOSPHERE; HUMIDITY; DYNAMICS; BIRDS; MODEL AB This study investigates the potential for estimating mixed layer depth by taking advantage of the radial gradients in the radar reflectivity field produced by the large vertical gradients in water vapor mixing ratio that are characteristic of the mixing height. During the day, this relationship often results in a ring of maximum reflectivity observed to progress radially outward from the radar as mixed layer depth increases. A comparison of mixed layer depths estimated from the Oklahoma City WSR-88D (KTLX) with those estimated from a nearby 915-MHz profiler reveals that mixed layer depths from the WSR-88D are slightly too high (up to 0.3 km) during the first three hours of the diurnal cycle, nearly unbiased midday, and slightly too low (0.2 km or less) thereafter. The procedure estimates mixed layer depths only during the daytime hours from 1300 to 2300 UTC. The weather conditions for the 17 days studied were fairly quiescent, with sunny skies and light winds. C1 [Heinselman, P. L.; Spencer, P. L.; Elmore, K. L.] Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. [Heinselman, P. L.; Stensrud, D. J.; Spencer, P. L.; Elmore, K. L.] NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, OAR, Norman, OK 73069 USA. [Hluchan, R. M.] Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. [Burke, P. C.] Natl Weather Serv, NOAA, Norman, OK USA. RP Heinselman, PL (reprint author), 120 David L Boren Blvd,Suite 4900, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM pam.heinselman@noaa.gov FU NOAA/Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research [NA17RJ1227]; U.S. Department of Commerce FX Funding was provided by NOAA/Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research under NOAA-University of Oklahoma Cooperative Agreement NA17RJ1227, U.S. Department of Commerce. The statements, findings, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of NOAA or the U.S. DOC. The authors thank Jeff Basara and Don Giuliano of the Oklahoma Climate Survey for providing the 915-MHz profiler data. We also thank Robert Rabin and Dick Doviak for thought-provoking discussions that benefited this research and Doug Forsyth for his support. Official reviewers of the paper provided comments and insights that improved the paper's clarity and content. Thank you. NR 38 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 26 IS 2 BP 229 EP 239 DI 10.1175/2008JTECHA1091.1 PG 11 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 415AY UT WOS:000263907900006 ER PT J AU Tai, CK AF Tai, Chang-Kou TI The Temporal Aliasing Formulas for the Tandem Mission of Jason-1 and TOPEX/Poseidon SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID REPEAT ALTIMETRIC SATELLITE; COORDINATED CONSTELLATION AB The temporal aliasing formulas are derived for the Tandem Mission of Jason-1 and the Ocean Topography Experiment (TOPEX)/Poseidon. Previously, aliasing formulas were derived for a single satellite or a constellation of coordinated satellites, wherein the coordination is such that the collective samplings appear as if they were carried out by a single satellite. In this vein, Jason-1 and TOPEX/Poseidon are coordinated spatially but not temporally. The problem is treated as a general problem about the temporal phasing between any two satellites that are coordinated spatially so that the Tandem Mission is just one special case, whereas the temporally coordinated case is another special case. The present results do agree with the formulas for a constellation of coordinated satellites when the temporal phasing yields temporal coordination, as they should. The benefit of temporal coordination shows itself as having a higher spatial resolution for temporally aliased features. The physical implication is twofold. First, a high-frequency and low-wavenumber feature (e.g., the barotropic Rossby waves) has a better chance of being aliased as a low-frequency and higher-wavenumber feature in a perfectly coordinated mission than it has in the Tandem Mission. Second, in a perfectly coordinated mission, a high-frequency and high-wavenumber feature could be aliased as a low-frequency and high-wavenumber feature rather than as a low-frequency and low-wavenumber feature in the Tandem Mission. Despite the extreme mathematical complexity, the physical case is rather intuitive. Namely, the two satellites need temporal coordination to work as one in fending off temporal aliasing. Without it, the two satellites behave as two independent satellites, thus each reverting to their original (i.e., lower) spatial resolution capability in dealing with temporal aliasing. C1 NOAA NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Tai, CK (reprint author), NOAA NESDIS, E RA3, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM ck.tai@noaa.gov RI Tai, C.K./F-5628-2010 NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 26 IS 2 BP 352 EP 367 DI 10.1175/2008JTECHO610.1 PG 16 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 415AY UT WOS:000263907900014 ER PT J AU Zhang, Y Kim, JW Bhowmick, S Thompson, VP Rekow, ED AF Zhang, Yu Kim, Jae-Won Bhowmick, Sanjit Thompson, Van P. Rekow, E. Dianne TI Competition of Fracture Mechanisms in Monolithic Dental Ceramics: Flat Model Systems SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART B-APPLIED BIOMATERIALS LA English DT Article DE fatigue loading; occlusal cone fracture; cementation radial fracture; layered ceramic structures ID BRITTLE MATERIALS SUBJECT; QUASI-PLASTIC CERAMICS; LEAST 3 YEARS; LAYER STRUCTURES; HERTZIAN FRACTURE; LIQUID ENVIRONMENTS; COMPLICATION RATES; BILAYER STRUCTURES; OBSERVATION PERIOD; CONTACT DAMAGE AB Monolithic (single layer) glass-ceramic restorations often fail from chipping and fracture. Using blunt indentation of a model flat porcelain-like brittle layer bonded onto a dentin-like polymer support system, a variety of fatigue fracture modes has been identified and analyzed: outer cone, inner cone, and median cracks developing in the near-contact region at the occlusal surface; radial cracks developing at the internal cementation surface along the loading axis. Our findings indicate that monolithic glass-ceramic layers are vulnerable to both occlusal surface damage and cementation internal surface fracture. Clinical issues in the longevity of ceramic restorations are discussed in relation to biting force, physical properties of ceramic crowns and luting cement, and thicknesses of ceramic and cement layers. (c) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 88B: 402-411, 2009 C1 [Zhang, Yu; Kim, Jae-Won; Thompson, Van P.; Rekow, E. Dianne] NYU, Coll Dent, Dept Biomat & Biomimet, New York, NY 10010 USA. [Bhowmick, Sanjit] NIST, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zhang, Y (reprint author), NYU, Coll Dent, Dept Biomat & Biomimet, New York, NY 10010 USA. EM yz21@nyu.edu FU NIDCR NIH HHS [P01 DE010976, 1R01 DE017925, P01 DE010976-070008, P01 DE10976, R01 DE017925] NR 50 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 1552-4973 J9 J BIOMED MATER RES B JI J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B PD FEB PY 2009 VL 88B IS 2 BP 402 EP 411 DI 10.1002/jbm.b.31100 PG 10 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 397TB UT WOS:000262683900013 PM 18478533 ER PT J AU Abdulagatov, IM Safarov, JT Guliyev, TA Shahverdiyev, AN Hassel, EP AF Abdulagatov, Ilmutdin M. Safarov, Javid T. Guliyev, Tavakkul A. Shahverdiyev, Astan N. Hassel, Egon P. TI High Temperature and High Pressure Volumetric (Density and Apparent Molar Volumes) Properties of (CaCl2 + C2H5OH) Solutions SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA LA English DT Article ID T-S PROPERTIES; 40 MPA; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; V-PHI; BINARY-MIXTURES; 398.15 K; METHANOL; ETHANOL; CACL2; ELECTROLYTES AB The (p, rho, 7) and some derived volumetric properties such as apparent molar volumes V-phi of CaCl2 in ethanol, isothermal compressibility, and thermal expansion coefficients of (CaCl2 + C2H5OH) solutions at T = (298.15 to 398.15) K and pressures up to p = 40 MPa are reported. The density measurements were made at seven molalities of m = (0.09327, 0.17427, 0.43788, 0.68992, 0.98955, 1.26564, and 1.55045) mol.kg(-1) of CaCl2. An empirical correlation for the density of (CaCl2 + C2H5OH) as a function of pressure, temperature, and molality has been developed. This equation of state was used to calculate other volumetric properties such as isothermal compressibility and thermal expansion coefficients. The derived values of apparent molar volumes were extrapolated to zero concentration to calculate the values of apparent molar volumes (or partial molar volumes) at infinite dilution. C1 [Safarov, Javid T.; Hassel, Egon P.] Univ Rostock, Lehrstuhl Tech Thermodynam, D-18059 Rostock, Germany. [Safarov, Javid T.; Guliyev, Tavakkul A.; Shahverdiyev, Astan N.] Azerbaijan Tech Univ, AZ-1073 Baku, Azerbaijan. RP Abdulagatov, IM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM ilmutdin@boulder.nist.gov NR 20 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-9568 J9 J CHEM ENG DATA JI J. Chem. Eng. Data PD FEB PY 2009 VL 54 IS 2 BP 248 EP 255 DI 10.1021/je800234h PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 407NG UT WOS:000263371000013 ER PT J AU Diky, V Chirico, RD Kazakov, AF Muzny, CD Frenkel, M AF Diky, Vladimir Chirico, Robert D. Kazakov, Andrei F. Muzny, Chris D. Frenkel, Michael TI ThermoData Engine (TDE): Software Implementation of the Dynamic Data Evaluation Concept. 3. Binary Mixtures SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL INFORMATION AND MODELING LA English DT Article ID TECHNICAL APPLICATIONS; LIQUID-MIXTURES; DATA COMPILATIONS; POLAR FLUIDS; STATE; EQUATIONS; ENTHALPIES; EXPRESSION; NONPOLAR; STANDARD AB ThermoData Engine (TDE) is the first full-scale software implementation of the dynamic data evaluation concept, as reported recently in this journal. The present paper describes the first application of this concept to the evaluation of thermophysical properties for binary chemical systems. Five activity-coefficient models have been implemented for representation of phase-equilibrium data (vapor-liquid, liquid-liquid, and solid-liquid equilibrium): NRTL, UNIQUAC, Van Laar, Margules/Redlich-Kister, and Wilson. Implementation of these models in TDE is fully described. Properties modeled individually are densities, surface tensions, critical temperatures, critical pressures, excess enthalpies, and the transport properties-viscosity and thermal conductivity. Extensions to the class structure of the program are described with emphasis on special features allowing close linkage between mixture and pure-component properties required for implementation of the models. Details of gas-phase models used in conjunction with the activity-coefficient models are shown. Initial implementation of the dynamic data evaluation concept for reactions is demonstrated with evaluation of enthalpies of formation for compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Directions for future enhancements are outlined. C1 [Diky, Vladimir; Chirico, Robert D.; Kazakov, Andrei F.; Muzny, Chris D.; Frenkel, Michael] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Thermophys Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Frenkel, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Thermophys Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM frenkel@boulder.nist.gov FU National Institute of Standards and Technology FX The authors express their appreciation to Dr. S. Watanasiri (AspenTech, Burlington, MA, U.S.A.) and Dr. M. Satyro (Virtual Materials Group, Calgary, Canada) for their very valuable advice during development of TDE. In addition, the authors thank Drs. A. H. Harvey and M. L. Huber (both of NIST, Boulder, CO, U.S.A.) for their practical suggestions during testing of TDE. This is a contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, not subject to copyright in the United States. Trade names are provided only to specify procedures adequately and do not imply endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Similar products by other manufacturers may be found to work as well or better. NR 43 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1549-9596 J9 J CHEM INF MODEL JI J. Chem Inf. Model. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 49 IS 2 BP 503 EP 517 DI 10.1021/ci800345c PG 15 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry; Computer Science GA 411OF UT WOS:000263658200031 PM 19434848 ER PT J AU Vimont, DJ Alexander, M Fontaine, A AF Vimont, Daniel J. Alexander, Michael Fontaine, Abigail TI Midlatitude Excitation of Tropical Variability in the Pacific: The Role of Thermodynamic Coupling and Seasonality SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURES; OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE MODEL; NORTH PACIFIC; FOOTPRINTING MECHANISM; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; SST VARIABILITY; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; EL NINO; CIRCULATION; ENSO AB A set of ensemble model experiments using the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Atmospheric Model version 3.0 (CAM3) is run to investigate the tropical Pacific response to midlatitude atmospheric variability associated with the atmospheric North Pacific Oscillation (NPO). Heat flux anomalies associated with the NPO are used to force a set of model simulations during boreal winter (when the NPO is most energetic), after which the forcing is switched off and the coupled model evolves on its own. Sea surface temperature (SST) and wind anomalies continue to amplify in the tropical Pacific after the imposed forcing has been shut off, indicating that coupled ocean-atmosphere interactions in the tropical Pacific alter the spatial and temporal structure of variability associated with midlatitude forcing. The tropical circulation evolves through feedbacks between the surface wind, evaporation, and SST (the WES feedback), as well as through changes in the shortwave radiative heat flux (caused by changes in convection). Sensitivity experiments are run to investigate how thermodynamic coupling and seasonality affect the tropical response to NPO-related forcing. Seasonality is found to affect the WES feedback through (i) altering the sensitivity of surface evaporation to changes in the low-level wind field and (ii) altering the structure and strength of the lower-level wind response to SST anomalies. Thermodynamic coupling causes an equatorward and westward development of SST anomalies and an associated equatorward shift in the lower-level zonal wind anomalies. C1 [Vimont, Daniel J.; Fontaine, Abigail] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Madison, WI USA. [Vimont, Daniel J.; Fontaine, Abigail] Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Climat Res, Madison, WI USA. [Alexander, Michael] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Vimont, DJ (reprint author), 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM dvimont@wisc.edu RI Alexander, Michael/A-7097-2013 OI Alexander, Michael/0000-0001-9646-6427 NR 47 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 22 IS 3 BP 518 EP 534 DI 10.1175/2008JCLI2220.1 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 415AZ UT WOS:000263908000004 ER PT J AU Harrison, DE Chiodi, AM AF Harrison, D. E. Chiodi, A. M. TI Pre- and Post-1997/98 Westerly Wind Events and Equatorial Pacific Cold Tongue Warming SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; EL-NINO; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; TROPICAL PACIFIC; OCEAN RESPONSE; SCALE CIRCULATION; TOGA COARE; BURSTS; ANOMALIES; MODEL AB Westerly wind events (WWEs) in the western equatorial Pacific have previously been shown to cause significant warming of sea surface temperature (SST) in the eastern equatorial Pacific. Observational statistics compiled during and prior to the large El Nino event of 1997/98 link WWEs to substantial (up to 3 degrees C) warming in the eastern Pacific cold tongue region. Since 1998, however, relatively little WWE-related cold tongue warming has been observed, and warm equatorial Pacific SST anomalies (SSTAs) have tended to be trapped near the date line rather than extending to the American coast as in a classical El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) composite. Here, the relationship between WWEs and cold tongue warming is revisited using in situ and operational forecast winds and in situ and satellite-based SST. Significant differences are found in the basin-scale zonal wind anomalies associated with WWEs that occurred before and after 1997/98. Although the post-1997/98 composite WWE westerly anomalies are very similar to their predecessors within the WWE regions, conditions east of the WWE regions are different; there are enhanced equatorial easterlies in the post-1997/98 cases. General ocean circulation model experiments are conducted to explore the extent to which the observed changes in the character of post-1997/98 WWEs can explain the recent behavior of cold tongue SSTAs. It is found that the wind differences can account for the changes in the average cold tongue warming associated with pre- and post-1997/98 WWEs. C1 [Harrison, D. E.] NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Harrison, DE (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE,Box 354925, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM d.e.harrison@noaa.gov RI Harrison, Don/D-9582-2013; Chiodi, Andrew/Q-7818-2016 NR 36 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 22 IS 3 BP 568 EP 581 DI 10.1175/2008JCLI2270.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 415AZ UT WOS:000263908000007 ER PT J AU Bullard, JW Pauli, AT Garboczi, EJ Martys, NS AF Bullard, Jeffrey W. Pauli, Adam T. Garboczi, Edward J. Martys, Nicos S. TI A comparison of viscosity-concentration relationships for emulsions SO JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Emulsions; Viscosity; Effective medium theory ID ZERO-SHEAR VISCOSITY; PERCOLATION-THRESHOLD; POLYMER MELTS; SUSPENSIONS; PARTICLES AB Differential effective medium theory (D-EMT) has been used by a number of investigators to derive expressions for the shear viscosity of a colloidal suspension or an emulsion as a function of the volume fraction of the dispersed phase. Pal and Rhodes [R. Pal, E. Rhodes, J. Rheol. 33 (7) (1989) 1021-1045] used D-EMT to derive a viscosity-concentration expression for non-Newtonian emulsions, in which variations among different oil-water emulsions were accommodated by fitting the value of an empirical solvation factor by matching the volume fraction at which the ratio of each emulsion was experimentally observed to have a viscosity 100 times greater than that of the pure solvent. When the particles in suspension have occluded volume due to solvation or flocculation, we show that the application of D-EMT to the problem becomes more ambiguous than these investigators have indicated. In addition, the resulting equations either do not account for the limiting behavior near the critical concentration, that is, the concentration at which the viscosity diverges, or they incorporate this critical behavior in an ad hoc way. We suggest an alternative viscosity-concentration equation for emulsions, based on work by Bicerano and coworkers [J. Bicerano, J.F. Douglas, D.A. Brune, J. Macromol. Sci., Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys. C 39 (4) (1999) 561-642]. This alternative equation has the advantages that (1) its parameters are more closely related to physical properties of the suspension and (2) it recovers the correct limiting behavior both in the dilute limit and near the critical concentration for rigid particles. In addition, the equation can account for the deformability of flexible particles in the semidilute regime. The proposed equation is compared to the equation proposed by Pal and Rhodes. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 [Bullard, Jeffrey W.; Garboczi, Edward J.; Martys, Nicos S.] NIST, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Pauli, Adam T.] Western Res Inst, Laramie, WY USA. RP Bullard, JW (reprint author), NIST, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jeffrey.bullard@nist.gov; tpauli@uwyo.edu; edward.garboczi@nist.gov; nicos.martys@nist.gov NR 29 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 20 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9797 J9 J COLLOID INTERF SCI JI J. Colloid Interface Sci. PD FEB 1 PY 2009 VL 330 IS 1 BP 186 EP 193 DI 10.1016/j.jcis.2008.10.046 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 391JN UT WOS:000262229700027 PM 18995865 ER PT J AU Buhay, JE AF Buhay, Jennifer E. TI "COI-LIKE" SEQUENCES ARE BECOMING PROBLEMATIC IN MOLECULAR SYSTEMATIC AND DNA BARCODING STUDIES SO JOURNAL OF CRUSTACEAN BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cytochrome c oxidise subunit I; molecular taxonomy; numt; protein-coding gene; pseudogene ID GENUS ORCONECTES DECAPODA; FRESH-WATER CRAYFISH; CODON USAGE BIAS; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; BIOLOGICAL IDENTIFICATIONS; NUCLEAR GENOME; CYTOCHROME-B; STONE CRABS; CAMBARIDAE; AMPLIFICATION AB The cytochrome c oxidise subunit I (COI) gene plays a pivotal role in a global effort to document biodiversity and continues to be a gene of choice in phylogenetic and phylogeographic studies. Due to increased attention on this gene as a species' barcode, quality control and sequence homology issues are re-emerging. Taylor and Knouft (2006) attempted to examine gonopod morphology in light of the subgeneric classification scheme within the freshwater crayfish genus Orconectes using COI sequences. However, their erroneous analyses were not only based Oil supposed mitochondrial sequences but also incorporated many questionable sequences due to the possible presence of numts and manual editing or sequencing errors. In fact, 22 of the 86 sequences were flagged as "COI-like" by GenBank clue to the presence of stop colons and indels in what should be the open reading frame of a conservative protein-coding gene. A subsequent search of "COI-like" accessions in GenBank turned up a multitude of taxa across Crustacea from published and unpublished studies thereby warranting this illustrated discussion about quality control, pseudogenes, and sequence composition. C1 [Buhay, Jennifer E.] Univ S Carolina, Belle W Baruch Inst Marine Biol & Coastal Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. [Buhay, Jennifer E.] NOAA, IAP World Serv, Washington, DC USA. RP Buhay, JE (reprint author), Univ S Carolina, Belle W Baruch Inst Marine Biol & Coastal Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. EM jenbuhay@gmail.com NR 60 TC 137 Z9 140 U1 4 U2 48 PU CRUSTACEAN SOC PI SAN ANTONIO PA 840 EAST MULBERRY, SAN ANTONIO, TX 78212 USA SN 0278-0372 EI 1937-240X J9 J CRUSTACEAN BIOL JI J. Crustac. Biol. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 29 IS 1 BP 96 EP 110 DI 10.1651/08-3020.1 PG 15 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 401WN UT WOS:000262973400013 ER PT J AU Hoff, GR AF Hoff, G. R. TI Embryo developmental events and the egg case of the Aleutian skate Bathyraja aleutica (Gilbert) and the Alaska skate Bathyraja parmifera (Bean) SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE eastern Bering Sea; elasmobranch; oviparous; Rajidae; reproduction; tail filament ID EASTERN BERING-SEA; REPRODUCTIVE-BIOLOGY; SCYLIORHINUS-CANICULA; RAJA-BINOCULATA; LIFE-HISTORY; BIG SKATE; DOGFISH; ELASMOBRANCH; ERINACEA; WATERS AB Embryo development events were correlated with egg-case changes for the Aleutian skate Bathyraja aleutica and the Alaska skate Bathyraja parmifera. Yolk absorption underwent two phases: that of steady absorption during early development and that of rapid yolk absorption during the final development stages. Total length (L(T)) for 50% of the pre-hatching embryos egg-case jelly disappearance was 92.04 mm (range 81-102 mm) and 99.36 mm (range 81-100 mm) for B. aleutica and B. parmifera, respectively, allowing the inner chamber to open to seawater flow. The tail filament underwent three phases of growth: rapid elongation during early development (< 100 mm embryo L(T)), stasis of tail filament length during the remainder of embryo development and rapid absorption soon after hatching. Complete tail filament development coincided with the disappearance of egg-case jelly. Clasper buds first developed at embryos > 70 mm L(T) for both species and the sex ratio was 1:1 well before hatching. Egg cases that were devoid of an ova or developing embryo were c. 5.0 and 6.5% of the egg cases examined for B. aleutica and B. parmifera, respectively. Measurements showed that egg cases containing only egg jelly were smaller in both width and length than those possessing an ova. Embryo stages were punctuated with distinct events that correlated with egg case changes controlling the internal environment of the developing embryo. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Hoff, GR (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM jerry.hoff@noaa.gov FU North Pacific Research Board [415]; Alaska Fisheries Science Center FX I thank the skippers and crew of the F.Vs Ocean Explorer, Sea Storm, Nordic Fury, Arcturus, Aldebaran and Great Pacific. Thanks to the scientists at the Alaska Fisheries Science Center that helped with this study, their dedication is greatly appreciated. I especially thank D. Stevenson, S. Kotwicki, S. Gaichas, R. Reuter, E. Iwamoto, E. Acuna, E. Jorgenson and C. Gredzens. Thanks to B. Voss for his tremendous help with the literature searches and obtaining research materials. Thanks to B. Lauth, R. Nelson, G. Stauffer and G. Walters for their support. Thanks to T. Essington, D. Gunderson, D. Kimura, T. Pietsch and C. Rooper, for their review and helpful suggestions to improve this manuscript. This project was supported by North Pacific Research Board (NPRB grant #415), Essential Fish Habitat funding in 2004 and 2006 and generous financial support from the Alaska Fisheries Science Center. NR 39 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 13 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 74 IS 3 BP 483 EP 501 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.02138.x PG 19 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 402VB UT WOS:000263040100001 PM 20735574 ER PT J AU Jacobs, JM Stine, CB Baya, AM Kent, ML AF Jacobs, J. M. Stine, C. B. Baya, A. M. Kent, M. L. TI A review of mycobacteriosis in marine fish SO JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES LA English DT Review DE Chesapeake Bay; marine fish; mycobacteriosis; review; striped bass; wild fisheries ID BASS MORONE-SAXATILIS; POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; BAY STRIPED BASS; ZEBRAFISH DANIO-RERIO; CHESAPEAKE-BAY; RIBOSOMAL-RNA; SP-NOV.; NONTUBERCULOUS MYCOBACTERIA; GENUS MYCOBACTERIUM; RESEARCH FACILITIES AB Mycobacteriosis is a serious and often lethal disease of fish, affecting a wide range of species globally both in culture and wild settings. Caused by several species of the genus Mycobacterium, the disease has received considerable attention in recent years because of the discovery of new species in piscine hosts, epizootics in wild fisheries, and the ability of a few species to infect humans. The impact of this disease in aquaculture and the aquaria trade has been well reported and there is currently no widely accepted cure other than depopulation and facility disinfection. However, the impact on wild fisheries is poorly understood and may relate to species-specific interactions (host-pathogen) and possibly environmental stressors. In this review, much of what is known about mycobacteriosis in marine fish is summarized with particular attention to an epizootic in striped bass, Morone saxatilis, (Walbaum), in Chesapeake Bay, USA. C1 [Jacobs, J. M.] NOAA, NOS, NCCOS, Cooperat Oxford Lab, Oxford, MD 21654 USA. [Stine, C. B.] Univ Maryland, Aquat Pathobiol Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Baya, A. M.] Univ Maryland, VA MD Reg Coll Vet Med VMRCVM, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Kent, M. L.] Oregon State Univ, Ctr Fish Dis Res, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Jacobs, JM (reprint author), NOAA, NOS, NCCOS, Cooperat Oxford Lab, Oxford, MD 21654 USA. EM John.Jacobs@NOAA.gov RI Stine, Cynthia/F-1040-2011 NR 124 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 15 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0140-7775 J9 J FISH DIS JI J. Fish Dis. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 32 IS 2 BP 119 EP 130 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2008.01016.x PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 414JJ UT WOS:000263859400001 PM 19261041 ER PT J AU Elder, K Cline, D Liston, GE Armstrong, R AF Elder, Kelly Cline, Don Liston, Glen E. Armstrong, Richard TI NASA Cold Land Processes Experiment (CLPX 2002/03): Field Measurements of Snowpack Properties and Soil Moisture SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article AB A field measurement program was undertaken as part NASA's Cold Land Processes Experiment (CLPX). Extensive snowpack and soil measurements were taken at field sites in Colorado over four study periods during the two study years (2002 and 2003). Measurements included snow depth, density, temperature, grain type and size, surface wetness, surface roughness, and canopy cover. Soil moisture measurements were made in the near-surface layer in snow pits. Measurements were taken in the Fraser valley, North Park, and Rabbit Ears Pass areas of Colorado. Sites were chosen to gain a wide representation of snowpack types and physiographies typical of seasonally snow-covered regions of the world. The data have been collected with rigorous protocol to ensure consistency and quality, and they have undergone several levels of quality assurance to produce a high-quality spatial dataset for continued cold lands hydrological research. The dataset is archived at the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) in Boulder, Colorado. C1 [Elder, Kelly] USDA, US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. [Cline, Don] Natl Weather Serv, Natl Operat Remote Sensing Hydrol, Chanhassen, MN USA. [Liston, Glen E.] Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Armstrong, Richard] Univ Colorado, Natl Snow & Ice Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Elder, K (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 240 W Prospect Rd, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. EM kelder@fs.fed.us FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); Earth Observing System; Airborne Science; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Global Programs; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Civil Works Remote Sensing; U.S. Army Basic Research; U.S. Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station (RMRS); National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA); Japan Science and Technology Corporation; National Assembly for Wales; Strategic Research Investment Fund; Cardiff University FX This work was funded through the cooperation of many agencies and organizations including the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earth Science Enterprise, Terrestrial Hydrology Program, Earth Observing System Program, and Airborne Science Program; the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Global Programs, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Civil Works Remote Sensing Research Program; the U.S. Army Basic Research Program; the U.S. Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station (RMRS); the National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA); the Japan Science and Technology Corporation; the National Assembly for Wales, Strategic Research Investment Fund, Cardiff University. A portion of this study was conducted at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology, which was under contract to NASA. NR 6 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 6 U2 11 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 10 IS 1 BP 320 EP 329 DI 10.1175/2008JHM877.1 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 414GX UT WOS:000263853000022 ER PT J AU Elder, K Cline, D Goodbody, A Houser, P Liston, GE Mahrt, L Rutter, N AF Elder, Kelly Cline, Don Goodbody, Angus Houser, Paul Liston, Glen E. Mahrt, Larry Rutter, Nick TI NASA Cold Land Processes Experiment (CLPX 2002/03): Ground-Based and Near-Surface Meteorological Observations SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; DATABASE; SYSTEM; IDAHO AB A short-term meteorological database has been developed for the Cold Land Processes Experiment (CLPX). This database includes meteorological observations from stations designed and deployed exclusively for CLPX as well as observations available from other sources located in the small regional study area (SRSA) in north-central Colorado. The measured weather parameters include air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, barometric pressure, short- and longwave radiation, leaf wetness, snow depth, snow water content, snow and surface temperatures, volumetric soil moisture content, soil temperature, precipitation, water vapor flux, carbon dioxide flux, and soil heat flux. The CLPX weather stations include 10 main meteorological towers, 1 tower within each of the nine intensive study areas (ISA) and one near the local scale observation site (LSOS); and 36 simplified towers, with one tower at each of the four corners of each of the nine ISAs, which measured a reduced set of parameters. An eddy covariance system within the North Park mesocell study area (MSA) collected a variety of additional parameters beyond the 10 standard CLPX tower components. Additional meteorological observations come from a variety of existing networks maintained by the U. S. Forest Service, U. S. Geological Survey, Natural Resource Conservation Service, and the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research. Temporal coverage varies from station to station, but it is most concentrated during the 2002/03 winter season. These data are useful in local meteorological energy balance research and for model development and testing. These data can be accessed through the National Snow and Ice Data Center Web site. C1 [Elder, Kelly; Goodbody, Angus] USDA, US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. [Cline, Don] Natl Weather Serv, Natl Operat Remote Sensing Hydrol Ctr, Chanhassen, MN USA. [Houser, Paul] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Liston, Glen E.] Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Mahrt, Larry] Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Rutter, Nick] Univ Sheffield, Dept Geog, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England. RP Elder, K (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 240 W Prospect, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. EM kelder@fs.fed.us RI Houser, Paul/J-9515-2013; Rutter, Nick/F-6998-2014 OI Houser, Paul/0000-0002-2991-0441; Rutter, Nick/0000-0002-5008-3575 FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earth Science Enterprise; Terrestrial Hydrology; Earth Observing System; Airborne Science; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Global Programs; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Civil Works Remote Sensing; U.S. Army Basic Research; U.S. Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station; National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA); Japan Science and Technology Corporation; National Assembly for Wales; Strategic Research Investment Fund; Cardiff University FX This work was funded through the cooperation of many agencies and organizations including the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earth Science Enterprise, Terrestrial Hydrology Program, Earth Observing System Program, and Airborne Science Program; the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Global Programs; the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Civil Works Remote Sensing Research Program; the U.S. Army Basic Research Program; the U.S. Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station; the National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA); the Japan Science and Technology Corporation; and the National Assembly for Wales, Strategic Research Investment Fund, Cardiff University. A portion of this study was conducted at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology, under a contract to NASA. NR 12 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 10 IS 1 BP 330 EP 337 DI 10.1175/2008JHM878.1 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 414GX UT WOS:000263853000023 ER PT J AU Cline, D Yueh, S Chapman, B Stankov, B Gasiewski, A Masters, D Elder, K Kelly, R Painter, TH Miller, S Katzberg, S Mahrt, L AF Cline, Don Yueh, Simon Chapman, Bruce Stankov, Boba Gasiewski, Al Masters, Dallas Elder, Kelly Kelly, Richard Painter, Thomas H. Miller, Steve Katzberg, Steve Mahrt, Larry TI NASA Cold Land Processes Experiment (CLPX 2002/03): Airborne Remote Sensing SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID OCEAN SURFACE WIND; ALGORITHM; AREA AB This paper describes the airborne data collected during the 2002 and 2003 Cold Land Processes Experiment (CLPX). These data include gamma radiation observations, multi- and hyperspectral optical imaging, optical altimetry, and passive and active microwave observations of the test areas. The gamma observations were collected with the NOAA/National Weather Service Gamma Radiation Detection System (GAMMA). The CLPX multispectral optical data consist of very high-resolution color-infrared orthoimagery of the intensive study areas (ISAs) by TerrainVision. The airborne hyperspectral optical data consist of observations from the NASA Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS). Optical altimetry measurements were collected using airborne light detection and ranging (lidar) by TerrainVision. The active microwave data include radar observations from the NASA Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (AIRSAR), the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Polarimetric K(u)-band Scatterometer (POLSCAT), and airborne GPS bistatic radar data collected with the NASA GPS radar delay mapping receiver (DMR). The passive microwave data consist of observations collected with the NOAA Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer (PSR). All of the airborne datasets described here and more information describing data collection and processing are available online. C1 [Cline, Don] NOAA, NWS, Natl Operat Hydrol Remote Sensing Ctr, Chanhassen, MN 55317 USA. [Yueh, Simon; Chapman, Bruce] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Stankov, Boba; Gasiewski, Al; Masters, Dallas] Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Elder, Kelly] USDA, US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO USA. [Kelly, Richard] Univ Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. [Miller, Steve] Johnson Kunkel & Associates, Eagle, CO USA. [Painter, Thomas H.] Univ Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA. [Katzberg, Steve] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Langley, VA USA. [Mahrt, Larry] Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Cline, D (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, Natl Operat Hydrol Remote Sensing Ctr, 1735 Lake Dr W, Chanhassen, MN 55317 USA. EM donald.cline@noaa.gov RI Painter, Thomas/B-7806-2016 FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Earth Science Enterprise; Terrestrial Hydrology; Earth Observing System; Airborne Science; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Global Programs; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' Civil Works Remote Sensing Research; U.S. Army; National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA); Japan Science and Technology Corporation; National Assembly for Wales; Strategic Research Investment Fund FX More than 200 people participated in the planning and execution of CLPX 2002/03. Their efforts are very much appreciated. NR 16 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 10 IS 1 BP 338 EP 346 DI 10.1175/2008JHM883.1 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 414GX UT WOS:000263853000024 ER PT J AU Zabow, G Koretsky, AP Moreland, J AF Zabow, G. Koretsky, A. P. Moreland, J. TI Design and fabrication of a micromachined multispectral magnetic resonance imaging agent SO JOURNAL OF MICROMECHANICS AND MICROENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID IRON-OXIDE; NANOPARTICLES; NANOCRYSTALS; DEVICES; SENSITIVITY; MRI AB This paper describes the fabrication details of magnetic nano- and microstructures that enable a new class of multispectral magnetic resonance imaging agents. Magnetic field and associated geometrical fabrication constraints particular to these new multispectral contrast agents are described, and fabrication schemes based on both electrochemical deposition and thermal evaporation are presented. Relative advantages and disadvantages of top-down microfabrication approaches versus traditional bottom-up chemical synthesis routes are discussed with a focus on trade-offs between resulting microparticle functionality and fabrication process economy. It is shown that large numbers of contrast agent nano- or microstructures can be simultaneously fabricated, suggesting that top-down microfabricated contrast agents may represent an economical, attractive alternative to those based on chemically synthesized molecules or nanoparticles. C1 [Zabow, G.; Moreland, J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO USA. [Zabow, G.; Koretsky, A. P.] NINCDS, Lab Funct & Mol Imaging, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Zabow, G (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO USA. EM zabow@boulder.nist.gov RI Koretsky, Alan/C-7940-2015 OI Koretsky, Alan/0000-0002-8085-4756 FU NIH NINDS Intramural Research Program; National Research Council FX We thank Dr Stephen Dodd for helpful discussions, technical advice and assistance. This work was supported in part by the NIH NINDS Intramural Research Program. GZ also acknowledges support from a National Research Council fellowship award. NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 6 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0960-1317 J9 J MICROMECH MICROENG JI J. Micromech. Microeng. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 19 IS 2 AR 025020 DI 10.1088/0960-1317/19/2/025020 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 399FR UT WOS:000262786300021 ER PT J AU Scott, K Ritchie, NWM AF Scott, K. Ritchie, N. W. M. TI Analysis of 3D elemental mapping artefacts in biological specimens using Monte Carlo simulation SO JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY-OXFORD LA English DT Article DE Diatom; EDS; FIB; focused ion beam; Monte Carlo; SEM; X-ray microanalysis; 3D elemental mapping ID FOCUSED ION-BEAM; ELECTRON TOMOGRAPHY; 3-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS; X-RAY; MICROSCOPY; MICROANALYSIS; CELLS; RESOLUTION; PROGRAM AB In this paper, we present Monte Carlo simulation results demonstrating the feasibility of using the focused ion beam based X-ray microanalysis technique (FIB-EDS) for the 3D elemental analysis of biological samples. In this study, we used a marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana as our model organism and NISTMonte for the Monte Carlo simulations. We explored several beam energies commonly used for the X-ray microanalysis to examine their effects on the resulting 3D elemental volume of the model organism. We also performed a preliminary study on the sensitivity of X-ray analysis for detecting nanoparticles in the model. For the conditions considered in this work, we show that the X-ray mapping performed using the 5 keV beam energy results in 3D elemental distributions that closely reflect the elemental distributions in the original model. At 5 keV, the depth resolution of the X-ray maps is about 250 nm for the model organism. We also show that the nanoparticles that are 50 nm in diameter or greater are easily located. Although much work is still needed in generating more accurate biological models and simulating experimental conditions relevant to these samples, our results indicate that FIB-EDS is a promising technique for the 3D elemental analysis of some biological specimens. C1 [Scott, K.; Ritchie, N. W. M.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Scott, K (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM keana.scott@nist.gov RI Scott, Keana/J-5717-2015 NR 44 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 12 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-2720 J9 J MICROSC-OXFORD JI J. Microsc.-Oxf. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 233 IS 2 BP 331 EP 339 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2009.03124.x PG 9 WC Microscopy SC Microscopy GA 400TF UT WOS:000262890800014 PM 19220700 ER PT J AU Wang, WY Richter, CA AF Wang, Wenyong Richter, Curt A. TI Magnetic Tunnel Junctions with Self-Assembled Molecules SO JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Nanoscience and Technology CY JUN 04-06, 2007 CL Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Natl Steering Comm Nanotechnol, Natl Ctr Nanosci Technol, Minist Sci & Technol China, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, Minist Educ China, Chinese Acad Sci, China Assoc Sci & Technol DE Self-Assembled Monolayer; Spintronics; Tunneling Magnetoresistance ID MAGNETORESISTANCE; SPECTROSCOPY; MONOLAYERS; ELECTRONS; NI(111) AB Molecular magnetic tunnel junctions are fabricated and inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (JETS) provides unambiguous experimental evidence of the existence of molecular species in the devices. Tunneling spectroscopy is also used to investigate the spin-polarized inelastic tunneling processes in the molecular device. The results show that inelastic scattering due to molecular vibrations is likely the main cause of the observed JMR bias-dependence. C1 [Wang, Wenyong] Univ Wyoming, Dept Phys & Astron, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. [Richter, Curt A.] NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wang, WY (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Dept Phys & Astron, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS PI VALENCIA PA 26650 THE OLD RD, STE 208, VALENCIA, CA 91381-0751 USA SN 1533-4880 J9 J NANOSCI NANOTECHNO JI J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 9 IS 2 SI SI BP 1008 EP 1010 DI 10.1166/jnn.2009.C074 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 411MI UT WOS:000263653300074 PM 19441442 ER PT J AU Xiong, HD Wang, WY Suehle, JS Richter, CA Hong, WK Lee, TH AF Xiong, Hao D. Wang, Wenyong Suehle, John S. Richter, Curt A. Hong, Woong-Ki Lee, Takhee TI Noise in ZnO Nanowire Field Effect Transistors SO JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Nanoscience and Technology CY JUN 04-06, 2007 CL Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Natl Steering Comm Nanotechnol, Natl Ctr Nanosci Technol, Minist Sci & Technol China, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, Minist Educ China, Chinese Acad Sci, China Assoc Sci & Technol DE Zinc Oxide; Nanowire; 1/f Noise; Random Telegraph Signal ID 1/F NOISE; FLUCTUATIONS; DEVICES AB The noise power spectra in ZnO nanowire field effect transistors (FETs) were experimentally investigated and showed a classical 1/f dependence. A Hooge's constant of 5 x 10(-3) was estimated. This value is within the range reported for CMOS FETs with high-k dielectrics, supporting the concept that nanowires can be utilized for future beyond-CMOS electronic applications from the point of view of device noise properties. ZnO FETs measured in a dry O(2) environment displayed elevated noise levels compared to in vacuum. At low temperature, random telegraph signals are observed in the drain current. C1 [Xiong, Hao D.; Suehle, John S.; Richter, Curt A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Wang, Wenyong] Univ Wyoming, Dept Phys & Astron, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. [Hong, Woong-Ki; Lee, Takhee] Gwangju Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Kwangju 500712, South Korea. RP Xiong, HD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8120, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS PI STEVENSON RANCH PA 25650 NORTH LEWIS WAY, STEVENSON RANCH, CA 91381-1439 USA SN 1533-4880 J9 J NANOSCI NANOTECHNO JI J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 9 IS 2 BP 1041 EP 1044 DI 10.1166/jnn.2009.C082 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 411MI UT WOS:000263653300082 PM 19441450 ER PT J AU Manning, J Pelletier, E AF Manning, J. Pelletier, E. TI Environmental monitors on lobster traps (eMOLT): long-term observations of New England's bottom-water temperatures SO JOURNAL OF OPERATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID HOMARUS-AMERICANUS; MAINE; MODEL; GULF; CIRCULATION AB Nearly one hundred New England lobstermen have installed temperature sensor's on their traps to record hourly values at fixed locations since 2001. These moorings are distributed primarily along the shelf edge in the northern Mid-Atlantic Bight and along the entire western edge of the Gulf of Maine in a range of water depths (1-300m). Variability associated with tidal, wind, seasonal, and nter-annual processes can be depicted at nearly all sites. Tidal variation, for example, at certain times of the year in many locations can be significant (>10 degrees C). Wind forcing is shown to significantly modify the seasonal cycle at many locations such as in Massachusetts Bay where a dramatic turnover occurs in the Fall. Inter-annual anomalies are derived by removing seasonal cycles. Comparisons between sites and between years are made. The years 2002 and 2006, for example, are documented as warmer in general than other years at nearly all sites, While a direct correlation between temperature variability and lobster catch is difficult to quantify in the data collected thus far, preliminary investigations document the relationships on a seasonal time scale. The possibility of incorporating this network of moored sensors into a regional ocean observing system is addressed and the limitations are discussed. Given the minimum cost required to deploy the instrumentation and the sustained interest of the fishermen, the initiative provides a means to collect data continuously and a strategy for monitoring environmental change on climatic time scales. C1 [Manning, J.] NOAA, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA USA. [Pelletier, E.] Gulf Maine Lobster Fdn, Kennebunk, ME USA. RP Manning, J (reprint author), NOAA, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA USA. FU Northeast Consortium FX The authors thank the Northeast Consortium for several years of collaborative research funding. They also appreciate the help of Bonnie Spinazzola from the Atlantic Offshore Lobstermen Association, Jeremy Cates and Clare Grindal from the Downeast Lobster-men Association, Patrice McCarron from the Maine Lobstermen Association, and Dave Casoni from the Massachusetts Lobstermen Association for making eMOLT work, and, of course, the dozens of New England lobstermen for providing their time, insight, and effort. NR 12 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 8 PU INST MARINE ENGINEERING, SCI & TECHNOL PI LONDON PA 80 COLEMAN ST, LONDON EC2R 5BJ, ENGLAND SN 1755-876X J9 J OPER OCEANOGR JI J. Oper. Oceanogr. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 2 IS 1 BP 25 EP 33 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 509KF UT WOS:000271014300004 ER PT J AU Hayes, K Lewitus, A AF Hayes, K. Lewitus, A. TI EUTROPHICATION ASSESSMENT OF LAGOONAL DETENTION PONDS IN SOUTH CAROLINA, USA SO JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Hayes, K.] Univ S Carolina, Baruch Inst, Summerville, SC USA. [Lewitus, A.] NOAA, Ctr Sponsored Coastal Ocean Res, Silver Spring, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-3646 J9 J PHYCOL JI J. Phycol. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 45 BP 24 EP 24 PG 1 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 415BW UT WOS:000263910300079 ER PT J AU Zimba, P Moeller, P Beauchesne, K Triemer, R AF Zimba, P. Moeller, P. Beauchesne, K. Triemer, R. TI EUGLENOPHYCIN-A TOXIN PRODUCED BY CERTAIN EUGLENOIDS SO JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Zimba, P.] ARS, USDA, Catfish Genet Res Unit, Stoneville, MS USA. [Moeller, P.; Beauchesne, K.] NOAA, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC USA. [Triemer, R.] Michigan State Univ, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-3646 J9 J PHYCOL JI J. Phycol. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 45 BP 25 EP 25 PG 1 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 415BW UT WOS:000263910300082 ER PT J AU Strutton, P Wood, M Tweddle, J Cannon, D Hunter, M Foley, D Scott, B AF Strutton, P. Wood, M. Tweddle, J. Cannon, D. Hunter, M. Foley, D. Scott, B. TI ADVANCES IN UNDERSTANDING, PREDICTING AND TRACKING OREGON HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS SO JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Strutton, P.; Tweddle, J.] Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Wood, M.; Scott, B.] Univ Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. [Cannon, D.] Oregan Dept Agr, Food Safety Div, Salem, OR USA. [Hunter, M.] Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, Marine Resources Program, Salem, OR USA. [Foley, D.] NOAA Coast Watch, W Coast Reg Node, Pacific Grove, CA USA. [Strutton, P.; Wood, M.; Tweddle, J.; Foley, D.] Oregon State Univ, CIOSS, Cooperat Inst Oceanog Satellite Studies, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RI Strutton, Peter/C-4466-2011 OI Strutton, Peter/0000-0002-2395-9471 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-3646 J9 J PHYCOL JI J. Phycol. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 45 MA P42 BP 33 EP 33 PG 1 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 415BW UT WOS:000263910300107 ER PT J AU Gnanadesikan, A Anderson, WG AF Gnanadesikan, Anand Anderson, Whit G. TI Ocean Water Clarity and the Ocean General Circulation in a Coupled Climate Model SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; TROPICAL PACIFIC; SOLAR-RADIATION; PENETRATIVE RADIATION; PART I; PHYTOPLANKTON; PRODUCTIVITY; ATTENUATION; VARIABILITY; SIMULATION AB Ocean water clarity affects the distribution of shortwave heating in the water column. In a one-dimensional time-mean sense, increased clarity would be expected to cool the surface and heat subsurface depths as shortwave radiation penetrates deeper into the water column. However, wind-driven upwelling, boundary currents, and the seasonal cycle of mixing can bring water heated at depth back to the surface. This warms the equator and cools the subtropics throughout the year while reducing the amplitude of the seasonal cycle of temperature in polar regions. This paper examines how these changes propagate through the climate system in a coupled model with an isopycnal ocean component focusing on the different impacts associated with removing shading from different regions. Increasing shortwave penetration along the equator causes warming to the south of the equator. Increasing it in the relatively clear gyres off the equator causes the Hadley cells to strengthen and the subtropical gyres to shift equatorward. Increasing shortwave penetration in the less clear regions overlying the oxygen minimum zones causes the cold tongue to warm and the Walker circulation to weaken. Increasing shortwave penetration in the high-latitude Southern Ocean causes an increase in the formation of mode water from subtropical water. The results suggest that more attention be paid to the processes distributing heat below the mixed layer. C1 [Gnanadesikan, Anand] Princeton Univ, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Gnanadesikan, A (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Forrestal Campus,201 Forrestal Rd, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. EM anand.gnanadesikan@noaa.gov RI Gnanadesikan, Anand/A-2397-2008 OI Gnanadesikan, Anand/0000-0001-5784-1116 FU NASA [NNG06GC28G, NNX07AL801G] FX The authors thank the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory for support of these runs. WGA was supported by NASA under the ECCO consortium (Grant NNG06GC28G) and the Interdisciplinary Science initiative ( Grant NNX07AL801G). We thank Steve Griffies, Laura Jackson, and Andrew Wittenberg for reviewing this manuscript; Bonnie Samuels for help with the model setup and for running the control simulation; and Bob Hallberg, John Dunne, and Tony Rosati for useful discussions. Comments from Jack Barth and two anonymous reviewers are gratefully acknowledged. NR 47 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 EI 1520-0485 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 39 IS 2 BP 314 EP 332 DI 10.1175/2008JPO3935.1 PG 19 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 415LX UT WOS:000263936400003 ER PT J AU Qiu, B Chen, SM Kessler, WS AF Qiu, Bo Chen, Shuiming Kessler, William S. TI Source of the 70-Day Mesoscale Eddy Variability in the Coral Sea and the North Fiji Basin SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL COUNTERCURRENT; DEPTH-INTEGRATED FLOW; SOUTH-PACIFIC; ZONAL JETS; SATELLITE MEASUREMENTS; OCEAN CIRCULATION; TOPEX/POSEIDON; TEMPERATURE; ALTIMETRY; WATERS AB Large-amplitude sea surface height (SSH) variations with a wave period of 70 days and a wavelength of about 700 km are detected in the Coral Sea centered along similar to 16 degrees S and in the North Fiji Basin along similar to 18 degrees S. These mesoscale eddy signals have a well-defined annual cycle with a maximum in December/January and a minimum in May/June. As the southeasterly trades intercept the island mountains of Vanuatu and Fiji, they generate localized wind stress curl dipoles, which in turn induce the eastward-flowing Coral Sea Countercurrent (CSCC) and Fiji Basin Countercurrent (FBCC) in the Coral Sea and the North Fiji Basin, respectively. The high eddy variability band along 16 degrees S is hypothesized in this study as resulting from barotropic instability due to the lateral shear between the eastward-flowing CSCC and its neighboring westward-flowing North Caledonian and North Vanuatu jets (NCJ and NVJ). Based on stability analyses on the background NCJ-CSCC-NVJ system, it is found that the most unstable mode of the system has an equivalent barotropic structure and is insensitive to the specification of the background flow's vertical shear. This barotropic instability hypothesis is also supported by observations; specifically, the Reynolds stresses inferred from the observed SSH data are tilted against the meridional shear of the background NCJ-CSCC-NVJ flow. As the intensity of the NCJ-CSCC-NVJ shear fluctuates with the season, the growth rate of instability changes, resulting in seasonal amplitude modulations in the observed 70-day eddy signals. C1 [Qiu, Bo; Chen, Shuiming] Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Kessler, William S.] NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Qiu, B (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, 1000 Pope Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM bo@soest.hawaii.edu RI Qiu, Bo/D-9569-2017 NR 34 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 39 IS 2 BP 404 EP 420 DI 10.1175/2008JPO3988.1 PG 17 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 415LX UT WOS:000263936400008 ER PT J AU Dobrovolskas, D Mickevicius, J Tamulaitis, G Reipa, V AF Dobrovolskas, D. Mickevicius, J. Tamulaitis, G. Reipa, V. TI Photoluminescence of Si nanocrystals under selective excitation SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF SOLIDS LA English DT Article DE Nanostructures; Semiconductors; Luminescence ID SILICON NANOPARTICLES; POROUS SILICON; QUANTUM DOTS; LUMINESCENCE; CLUSTERS; SPECTROSCOPY; CYTOTOXICITY; PASSIVATION; CHEMISTRY; CDSE AB Photoluminescence of Si nanocrystals passivated by different alkanes (hexane, octane, and tridecane) was studied at room temperature. It is shown that the emission band shape is not affected by the length of the carbon chain in the alkanes used for passivation. A pronounced fine structure of the photoluminescence band consisting of peaks separated by 150-160 meV was observed under resonant excitation. The structure is interpreted by predominant contribution from Si nanocrystal groups with particular stable size/shape existing in addition to the previously reported nanocrystals with "magic" numbers of Si atoms. The contribution of these stable nanocrystals is revealed using selective resonant photoexcitation to the higher energy states in the discrete energy spectrum of such nanocrystals. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Dobrovolskas, D.; Mickevicius, J.; Tamulaitis, G.] Vilnius State Univ, Inst Mat Sci & Appl Res, LT-10222 Vilnius, Lithuania. [Dobrovolskas, D.; Mickevicius, J.; Tamulaitis, G.] Vilnius State Univ, Semicond Phys Dept, LT-10222 Vilnius, Lithuania. [Reipa, V.] NIST, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dobrovolskas, D (reprint author), Vilnius State Univ, Inst Mat Sci & Appl Res, LT-10222 Vilnius, Lithuania. EM darius.dobrovolskas@ff.vu.lt FU NATO Public Diplomacy Division FX We gratefully acknowledge support from the NATO Public Diplomacy Division. NR 33 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-3697 J9 J PHYS CHEM SOLIDS JI J. Phys. Chem. Solids PD FEB PY 2009 VL 70 IS 2 BP 439 EP 443 DI 10.1016/j.jpcs.2008.11.013 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Physics GA 415NJ UT WOS:000263940300034 ER PT J AU McDonald, MA Hildebrand, JA Wiggins, SM Johnston, DW Polovina, JJ AF McDonald, Mark A. Hildebrand, John A. Wiggins, Sean M. Johnston, David W. Polovina, Jeffrey J. TI An acoustic survey of beaked whales at Cross Seamount near Hawaii (L) SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID MESOPLODON-DENSIROSTRIS; ECHOLOCATION; BEHAVIOR; PREY AB An acoustic record from Cross Seamount, southwest of Hawaii, revealed sounds characteristic of beaked whale echolocation at the same relative abundance year-around (270 of 356 days), occurring almost entirely at night. The most common sound had a linear frequency upsweep from 35 to 100 kHz (the bandwidth of recording), an interpulse interval of 0.11 s, and duration of at least 932 mu s. A less common upsweep sound with shorter interpulse interval and slower sweep rate was also present. Sounds matching Cuvier's beaked whale were not detected, and Blainville's beaked whale sounds were detected on only one occasion. (C) 2009 Acoustical Society of America. [DOI: 10.1121/1.3050317] C1 [McDonald, Mark A.] WhaleAcoustics, Bellvue, CO 80512 USA. [Hildebrand, John A.; Wiggins, Sean M.] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Johnston, David W.] Duke Univ, Marine Lab, Nicholas Sch Environm, Div Marine Sci & Conservat, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. [Polovina, Jeffrey J.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Islands Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP McDonald, MA (reprint author), WhaleAcoustics, 11430 Rist Canyon Rd, Bellvue, CO 80512 USA. EM mark@whaleacoustics.com; jhildebrand@ucsd.edu; swiggins@ucsd.edu; david.johnston@duke.edu; jeffrey.polovina@noaa.gov NR 10 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 7 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 125 IS 2 BP 624 EP 627 DI 10.1121/1.3050317 PG 4 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 417TE UT WOS:000264100600007 PM 19206838 ER PT J AU Li, YP Chi, WG Sampath, S Goland, A Herman, H Allen, AJ Ilavsky, J AF Li, Yaping Chi, Weiguang Sampath, Sanjay Goland, Allen Herman, Herbert Allen, Andrew J. Ilavsky, Jan TI Process-Controlled Plasma-Sprayed Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Coatings: New Insights from Ultrasmall-Angle X-ray Scattering SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID THERMAL BARRIER COATINGS; MICROSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; ELASTIC PROPERTIES; PARTICLE-SIZE; DEPOSITS; CONDUCTIVITY; POROSITY; FEEDSTOCK; BEHAVIOR AB A multicomponent microstructure model is applied in ultrasmall-angle X-ray scattering studies of two groups of plasma-sprayed yttria-stabilized zirconia thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). One group was sprayed from a single powder feedstock using controlled processing conditions. The other group included three different feedstock morphologies (obtained from different manufacturing methods), each with a similar particle size distribution and sprayed under the same average controlled processing conditions. The microstructure is quantitatively related to the feedstock morphology and processing conditions. Relationships are explored among these microstructures and the coating properties (e.g., thermal conductivity, elastic modulus). The degree of microstructural anisotropy is demonstrated to be pore-size dependent, being more pronounced for larger pores, and more sensitive to feedstock morphology (powder processing) than to spray processing. The microstructure analysis indicates two broad distributions of interlamellar pores, which combined, account for 70%-80% of the pore volume. The total porosity is found to increase with decreasing particle temperature or velocity. For all coatings, a negative linear relationship exists between thermal conductivity and total porosity. Comparison of the new analysis is made with earlier small-angle neutron scattering results, and implications are considered for a more general application of this metrology in TBC microstructure design. C1 [Li, Yaping; Chi, Weiguang; Sampath, Sanjay; Goland, Allen; Herman, Herbert] SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. [Allen, Andrew J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Ilavsky, Jan] Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Herman, H (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. EM hherman@ms.cc.sunysb.edu RI Ilavsky, Jan/D-4521-2013; USAXS, APS/D-4198-2013 OI Ilavsky, Jan/0000-0003-1982-8900; FU U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences [DE-AC02-06CH11357] FX The use of the Advanced Photon Source was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. NR 46 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 92 IS 2 BP 491 EP 500 DI 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2008.02887.x PG 10 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 407IY UT WOS:000263358000031 ER PT J AU Pollock, MM Beechie, TJ Liermann, M Bigley, RE AF Pollock, Michael M. Beechie, Timothy J. Liermann, Martin Bigley, Richard E. TI STREAM TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIPS TO FOREST HARVEST IN WESTERN WASHINGTON SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE riparian ecology; fluvial processes; streamflow; land use/land cover change; temperature watershed management ID SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; DOUGLAS-FIR FORESTS; WATER TEMPERATURE; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; MICROCLIMATIC GRADIENTS; VEGETATION RESPONSES; CARNATION CREEK; CHINOOK SALMON; TAILED FROGS; LAND-USE AB We compared summer stream temperature patterns in 40 small forested watersheds in the Hoh and Clearwater basins in the western Olympic Peninsula, Washington, to examine correlations between previous riparian and basin-wide timber harvest activity and stream temperatures. Seven watersheds were unharvested, while the remaining 33 had between 25% and 100% of the total basin harvested, mostly within the last 40 years. Mean daily maximum temperatures were significantly different between the harvested and unharvested basins, averaging 14.5 degrees C and 12.1 degrees C, respectively. Diurnal fluctuations between harvested and unharvested basins were also significantly different, averaging 1.7 degrees C and 0.9 degrees C, respectively. Total basin harvest was correlated with average daily maximum temperature (r(2) = 0.39), as was total riparian harvest (r(2) = 0.32). The amount of recently clear-cut riparian forest (<20 year) within 600 m upstream of our monitoring sites ranged from 0% to 100% and was not correlated to increased stream temperatures. We used Akaike's Information Criteria (AIC) analysis to assess whether other physical variables could explain some of the observed variation in stream temperature. We found that variables related to elevation, slope, aspect, and geology explain between 5% and 14% more of the variability relative to the variability explained by percent of basin harvested (BasHarv), and that the BasHarv was consistently a better predictor than the amount of riparian forest harvested. While the BasHarv is in all of the models that perform well, the AIC analysis shows that there are many models with two variables that perform about the same and therefore it would be difficult to choose one as the best model. We conclude that adding additional variables to the model does not change the basic findings that there is a relatively strong relationship between maximum daily stream temperatures and the total amount of harvest in a basin, and strong, but slightly weaker relationship between maximum daily stream temperatures and the total riparian harvest in a basin. Seventeen of the 40 streams exceeded the Washington State Department of Ecology's (DOE) temperature criterion for waters defined as "core salmon and trout habitat'' (class AA waters). The DOE temperature criterion for class AA waters is any seven-day average of daily maximum temperatures in excess of 16 degrees C. The probability of a stream exceeding the water quality standard increased with timber harvest activity. All unharvested sites and five of six sites that had 25-50% harvest met DOEs water quality standard. In contrast, only nine of eighteen sites with 50-75% harvest and two of nine sites with >75% harvest met DOEs water quality standard. Many streams with extensive canopy closure, as estimated by the age of riparian trees, still had higher temperatures and greater diurnal fluctuations than the unharvested basins. This suggests that the impact of past forest harvest activities on stream temperatures cannot be entirely mitigated through the reestablishment of riparian buffers. C1 [Bigley, Richard E.] Washington State Dept Nat Resources, Olympia, WA USA. [Pollock, Michael M.; Beechie, Timothy J.; Liermann, Martin] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Pollock, MM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM Michael.Pollock@noaa.gov FU Washington Department of Natural Resources [BL6MRM] FX This research was funded by the Washington Department of Natural Resources, Grant # BL6MRM. Special thanks to Peter Kiffney and Correigh Greene of NOAAs Northwest Fisheries Science Center. Their constructive comments substantially improved the quality of this manuscript. We also thank Warren Scarlett, Sarah Baker, and Danielle Werner, who all contributed to the collection of the data used in this study. NR 55 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 3 U2 25 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 45 IS 1 BP 141 EP 156 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2008.00266.x PG 16 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 402QE UT WOS:000263027400013 ER PT J AU Davies-Jones, R AF Davies-Jones, Robert TI The Frontogenetical Forcing of Secondary Circulations. Part II: Properties of Q Vectors in Exact Linear Solutions SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID INTERMEDIATE MODELS; FORMULATION; FIELDS AB An exact solution of the primitive equations (PEs) and the corresponding exact solutions of the alternative balance (AB), geostrophic momentum (GM), and quasigeostrophic (QG) equations are presented. The PE solution illustrates how the temperature and horizontal vorticity fields evolve in a linear horizontal flow with constant deformation and vertical vorticity when the initial temperature field is also linear, as well as how ageostrophic circulations are produced. The other exact solutions show the errors produced by the various approximations and confirm that the AB solution is more accurate than the GM one and that the QG solution is almost always the most inexact. The utility of the Q vector and similar vectors is examined for each solution. The PE solution verifies that in a hyperbolic wind field (i) the isotherms eventually parallel the outflow axis, (ii) the ageostrophic circulation ultimately becomes normal to the outflow axis, (iii) thermal-wind balance becomes established in the direction normal to the isotherms, and (iv) the rotational component of the vector frontogenetical function decays. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Natl Weather Ctr, Norman, OK 73072 USA. RP Davies-Jones, R (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Natl Weather Ctr, 120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM Bob.Davies-Jones@noaa.gov NR 16 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 66 IS 2 BP 244 EP 260 DI 10.1175/2008JAS2803.1 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 415LZ UT WOS:000263936600003 ER PT J AU Gerber, EP Vallis, GK AF Gerber, Edwin P. Vallis, Geoffrey K. TI On the Zonal Structure of the North Atlantic Oscillation and Annular Modes SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; STORM-TRACKS; CLIMATE NOISE; DYNAMICS; VARIABILITY; PATTERNS; FLOW; EDDY; INSTABILITY; INDEX AB The zonal structure and dynamics of the dipolar patterns of intraseasonal variability in the extratropical atmosphere-namely, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the so-called annular modes of variability-are investigated in an idealized general circulation model. Particular attention is focused on the relationships linking the zonal structure of the stationary waves, synoptic variability (i.e., the storm tracks), and the zonal structure of the patterns of intraseasonal variability. Large-scale topography and diabatic anomalies are introduced to modify and concentrate the synoptic variability, establishing a recipe for a localized storm track. Comparison of the large-scale forcing, synoptic variability, and patterns of intraseasonal variability suggests a nonlinear relationship between the large-scale forcing and the variability. It is found that localized NAO-like patterns arise from the confluence of topographic and diabatic forcing and that the patterns are more localized than one would expect based on superposition of the responses to topography and thermal forcing alone. The connection between the eddy life cycle of growth and decay and the localization of the intraseasonal variability is investigated. Both the termination of the storm track and the localization of the intraseasonal variability in the GCM depend on a difluent region of weak upper-level flow, where eddies break and dissipate rather than propagate energy forward through downstream development. The authors' interpretation suggests that the North Atlantic storm track and the NAO are two manifestations of the same phenomenon. Conclusions from the GCM study are critiqued by comparison with observations. C1 [Gerber, Edwin P.] Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Appl Math, New York, NY USA. [Vallis, Geoffrey K.] GFDL, Princeton, NJ USA. [Vallis, Geoffrey K.] Princeton Univ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Gerber, EP (reprint author), NYU, Courant Inst Math Sci, 251 Mercer St, New York, NY 10012 USA. EM gerber@cims.nyu.edu OI Gerber, Edwin/0000-0002-6010-6638 FU National Science Foundation; Fannie and John Hertz Foundation FX The authors thank three anonymous reviewers for insightful comments on an early version of the manuscript, Dr. Paul Kushner for helpful discussions, and Dr. David Thompson for kindly providing the NAM and SAM loading patterns. The work was partially funded by the National Science Foundation, and EPG also thanks the Fannie and John Hertz Foundation for support. NR 28 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 66 IS 2 BP 332 EP 352 DI 10.1175/2008JAS2682.1 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 415LZ UT WOS:000263936600007 ER PT J AU Kemp, PS Tsuzaki, T Moser, ML AF Kemp, P. S. Tsuzaki, T. Moser, M. L. TI Linking behaviour and performance: intermittent locomotion in a climbing fish SO JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article DE lamprey; intermittent locomotion; migration; climbing; performance ID RAINBOW-TROUT; SWIMMING PERFORMANCE; SHOALHAVEN RIVER; TALLOWA DAM; KINEMATICS; EXERCISE; WATER; TEMPERATURE; MORPHOLOGY; ANGUILLA AB How locomotory performance is influenced by prior experience and behaviour is of adaptive significance. The relationship between kinematics, behaviour and performance was investigated by assessing a previously undescribed mode of climbing locomotion performed by adult Pacific lamprey. The lampreys were challenged with a 1.4 m vertical weir under an experimental setting. The majority of ascents used intermittent bouts of climbing (on an average approximately one-fifth of total ascent time) via powerful cycles of axial undulation at 0.35-1.25 Hz, interspersed with periods of stationary attachment with the oral disk. However, two of the most rapid ascents (57 and 85 s) occurred during one continuous bout at a low cycle frequency (c. 0.38 and 0.50 Hz). Probability of success and ascent time was positively related to experience climbing the weir. The ratio of time spent actively climbing to time spent resting decreased with distance travelled, indicating fatigue. Ascents with long periods of activity had correspondingly high durations of recovery. Moreover, time to ascend was positively related to the proportion of time spent stationary in ascents that took < 300 s. The findings suggest that modification of intermittent locomotion allows Pacific lamprey to compensate for variation in climbing performance and can extend distance travelled before exhaustion. C1 [Kemp, P. S.; Tsuzaki, T.] Univ Southampton, Int Ctr Ecohydraul Res, Sch Civil Engn & Environm, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England. [Moser, M. L.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fish Ecol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Kemp, PS (reprint author), Univ Southampton, Int Ctr Ecohydraul Res, Sch Civil Engn & Environm, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England. EM p.kemp@soton.ac.uk FU Bonneville Power Administration; University of Southampton; Society for Experimental Biology FX We thank Howard Pennington and Jeremy Roos for help with lamprey trapping and Aaron Jackson, Jakob Settle, Brandon Treloar and David Wolf for help with holding and transporting the lamprey. Jim Simonson and Jeff Moser designed fabricated and installed the climbing apparatus. Doug Dey, Debbie Docherty, Brad Eby, Mike Gessel, Jeanette Howard and Tom Ruehle provided logistical and administrative support. Major funding for this work was provided by the Bonneville Power Administration, University of Southampton, and the Society for Experimental Biology. NR 50 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 12 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0952-8369 EI 1469-7998 J9 J ZOOL JI J. Zool. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 277 IS 2 BP 171 EP 178 DI 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00525.x PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 397QW UT WOS:000262678200011 ER PT J AU Barnett, LAK Earley, RL Ebert, DA Cailliet, GM AF Barnett, Lewis A. K. Earley, Ryan L. Ebert, David A. Cailliet, Gregor M. TI Maturity, fecundity, and reproductive cycle of the spotted ratfish, Hydrolagus colliei SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID LIFE-HISTORY TRAITS; SKATE RAJA-ERINACEA; SPHYRNA-TIBURO; SEX STEROIDS; SCYLIORHINUS-CANICULA; CHIMAEROID FISH; LATITUDINAL VARIATION; FEMALE ELASMOBRANCHS; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; BONNETHEAD SHARKS AB Size at maturity, fecundity, and reproductive periodicity were estimated for the spotted ratfish, Hydrolagus colliei (Lay and Bennett, 1839), off the coast of California, Oregon, and Washington. Maximum body size and size at median maturity were greater for females than males. Skeletal muscle concentrations of the steroid hormones testosterone (T) and estradiol (E-2) predicted similar, but slightly smaller sizes at maturity than the morphological criterion. Stage of maturity for males was estimated identically using internal organs or external secondary sexual characters, thus allowing non-lethal maturity assessments. Size at median maturity was greater north of Point Conception for females, and north of Cape Mendocino for males. Peak parturition occurred from May to October, with increased concentrations of E-2 in skeletal muscle of females correlating with ovarian recrudescence during November to February. No significant seasonal trends in female T were apparent, but mean female 11-ketotestosterone (11KT) was 300% greater in April than any other month during the parturition season. There was a marginal evidence for increased number and size of ova with maternal size. Extrapolation of the hypothesized 6 to 8-month egg-laying season to observed mean parturition rates of captive specimens yielded an estimated annual fecundity of 19.5-28.9 egg cases. Differences in fecundity among higher taxonomic classifications of chondrichthyans were detected with chimaeriform fishes more fecund than lamniform, myliobatiform, squaliform, and rhinobatiform fishes, and less fecund than rajiform fishes. C1 [Barnett, Lewis A. K.; Earley, Ryan L.; Cailliet, Gregor M.] Moss Landing Marine Labs, Pacific Shark Res Ctr, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. [Barnett, Lewis A. K.] NOAA Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fisheries Ecol Div, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. [Earley, Ryan L.] Univ Alabama, Dept Biol Sci, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. RP Barnett, LAK (reprint author), Moss Landing Marine Labs, Pacific Shark Res Ctr, 8272 Moss Landing Rd, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. EM lewis.barnett@noaa.gov FU NOAA/NMFS; NOAA [NA04OAR4170038]; California State Resources Agency; PADI Foundation; Dr. Earl H. Myers and Ethel M. Myers Oceanographic and Marine Biology Trust; Western Division of the American Fisheries Society; San Jose State University FX This project was made possible by cooperation and assistance in sample collection provided by the NOAA NMFS Northwest Fishery Science Center, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Jonathan Cusick and the West Coast Groundfish Observer Program, and as Don Pearson and the NOAA NMFS Southwest Fisheries Science Center Fisheries Ecology Division. Thanks to Gilbert Van Dykhuizen for providing essential data regarding captive mating and parturition. This study was supported by funds from NOAA/NMFS to the National Shark Research Consortium, Pacific Shark Research Center, and in part by the National Sea Grant College Program of the U.S. Department of Commerce's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under NOAA Grant no. NA04OAR4170038, project number R/F-199, through the California Sea Grant College Program and in part by the California State Resources Agency. Additional funding was provided by grants from the PADI Foundation, Dr. Earl H. Myers and Ethel M. Myers Oceanographic and Marine Biology Trust, Western Division of the American Fisheries Society, and San Jose State University to LAKB. The methods used in this study comply with the current laws of the United States of America. NR 132 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 3 U2 23 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 0025-3162 EI 1432-1793 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 156 IS 3 BP 301 EP 316 DI 10.1007/s00227-008-1084-y PG 16 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 396FY UT WOS:000262578800008 ER PT J AU Warren, JD Santora, JA Demer, DA AF Warren, Joseph D. Santora, Jarrod A. Demer, David A. TI Submesoscale distribution of Antarctic krill and its avian and pinniped predators before and after a near gale SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CCAMLR 2000 SURVEY; SHORT-TERM CHANGES; WARM-CORE RING; EUPHAUSIA-SUPERBA; SOUTH-GEORGIA; SCOTIA SEA; CHINSTRAP PENGUINS; DIVING BEHAVIOR; ELEPHANT-ISLAND; BIOMASS AB We conducted two ship-based surveys of the nearshore ecosystem north of Livingston Island, Antarctica during 2-10 February 2005. Between the two surveys, a low-pressure system (963 mbar) passed through the area providing the opportunity to measure ecosystem parameters before and after a near gale. A ship-based multiple-frequency acoustic-backscatter survey was used to assess the distribution and relative abundance of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba). Net tows, hydrographic profiles, and meteorological data were collected to measure biological and physical processes that might affect the krill population. During the survey, the distribution and behavior of several krill predators [chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica), cape petrels (Daption capense), and Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella)] were measured from the vessel by visual observations. The survey encompassed an area of roughly 2,500 km(2), containing two submarine canyons with one to the west and one to the east of Cape Shirreff, which had different abundances of krill and predators. Several aspects of the nearshore ecosystem changed after the near gale including: hydrography of the upper 100 m of the water column, phytoplankton biomass, the abundance and distribution of krill, and the distribution of some krill predators. Differences in these parameters were also measured between the two canyons. These changes in the physical and biological environment during the survey period are quantified and show that the ecosystem exhibited significant changes over relatively short spatial (tens of kilometers) and time (tens of hours) scales. C1 [Warren, Joseph D.] SUNY Stony Brook, Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. [Santora, Jarrod A.] CUNY Coll Staten Isl, Dept Biol, Staten Isl, NY 10314 USA. [Demer, David A.] SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Warren, JD (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. EM joe.warren@stonybrook.edu FU National Science Foundation [OPP0338196, OPP-0633939, OPP-9983751]; NOAA's Antarctic Marine Living Resources program FX The Captain and crew of the RV Yuzhmorgeologiya provided excellent assistance in conducting this study. We greatly appreciate the assistance of D. J. Futuyma in collection of predator observations. Echosounder data were collected and processed by A. Cossio and C. Reiss. Zooplankton net tow data were collected and processed by K. Dietrich, R. Driscoll, D. Lombard, P. Kappes, T. Reddy, and S. Wilson who were led by V. Loeb. D. Needham and M. van den Berg collected the hydrographic data. C. D. Hewes provided the phytoplankton biomass measurements. C. Reiss, R. Veit, and several anonymous reviewers provided useful feedback on this manuscript. Support for this project was jointly provided by the Office of Polar Programs at the National Science Foundation ( grants # OPP0338196 and OPP-0633939 to J. D. W. and D. A. D.) and NOAA's Antarctic Marine Living Resources program led by R. Holt. J. A. S. was supported by National Science Foundation grant OPP-9983751 awarded to R. R. Veit. This is contribution # 1379 of the Marine Sciences Research Center at Stony Brook University. NR 57 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 0025-3162 EI 1432-1793 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 156 IS 3 BP 479 EP 491 DI 10.1007/s00227-008-1102-0 PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 396FY UT WOS:000262578800023 ER PT J AU Jester, RJ Baugh, KA Lefebvre, KA AF Jester, Rozalind J. Baugh, Keri A. Lefebvre, Kathi A. TI Presence of Alexandrium catenella and paralytic shellfish toxins in finfish, shellfish and rock crabs in Monterey Bay, California, USA SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WHOLE-CELL HYBRIDIZATION; SARDINE SARDINOPS-SAGAX; HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS; MARINE FOOD WEBS; DOMOIC ACID; DINOFLAGELLATE TOXINS; TELMESSUS-ACUTIDENS; SOUTHERN BENGUELA; FEEDING-BEHAVIOR; POISONING TOXINS AB The central California coast is a highly productive, biodiverse region that is frequently affected by the toxin-producing dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella. Despite the consistent presence of A. catenella along our coast, very little is known about the movement of its toxins through local marine food webs. In the present study, we investigated 13 species of commercial finfish and rock crabs harvested in Monterey Bay, California for the presence of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) and compared them to the presence of A. catenella and PSTs in sentinel shellfish over a 3-year period. Between 2003 and 2005, A. catenella was noted in 55% of surface water samples (n = 307) and reached a maximum concentration of 17,387 cells L(-1) at our nearshore site in Monterey Bay. Peak cell densities occurred in the month of July and were associated with elevated shellfish toxicity in the summers of 2004 and 2005. When A. catenella was present, particulate PSTs were detected 71% of the time and reached a maximum concentration of 962 ng STXeq L(-1). Of the 13 species tested, we frequently detected PSTs in Pacific sardines (Sardinops sagax; maximum 250 mu g STXeq 100 g(-1)), northern anchovies (Engraulis mordax; maximum 23.2 mu g STXeq 100 g(-1)), brown rock crabs (Cancer antennarius; maximum 49.3 mu g STXeq 100 g(-1)) and red rock crabs (C. productus; 23.8 mu g STXeq 100 g(-1)). PSTs were also present in one sample of Pacific herring (Clupea pallas; 13.3 mu g STXeq 100 g(-1)) and one sample of English sole (Pleuronectes vetulus; 4.5 mu g STXeq 100 g(-1)), and not detected in seven other species of flatfish tested. The presence of PSTs in several of these organisms reveals that toxins produced by A. catenella are more prevalent in California food webs than previously thought and also indicates potential routes of toxin transfer to higher trophic levels. C1 [Jester, Rozalind J.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Ocean Sci Dept, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [Baugh, Keri A.; Lefebvre, Kathi A.] NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Marine Biotoxins Program, Environm Conservat Div, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. RP Jester, RJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Ocean Sci Dept, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. EM rjester@edison.edu FU National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship; NOAA Center for Integrated Marine Technology (CIMT) [NA16OC2936-3]; University of California Office of the President Award [03T-CEQI-07-0062]; Friends of Long Marine Lab; PADI Foundation; Meyers Oceanographic and Marine Biology Trust Award FX We would like to thank the individuals who assisted in sample collection, especially Kurt Buck, Josh Plant, Capt. Lee Bradford, Chris Reeves, Don Pearson, Itchung Cheung, Veronica Vigilant and the crew of the R/V Pt. Lobos. Special thanks are due to Gregg Langlois of CDPH for information on local HAB conditions and to Vera Trainer for access to lab space and helpful discussions. This material is based on work supported under a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship and was funded by NOAA Center for Integrated Marine Technology (CIMT) project (NOAA Award # NA16OC2936-3) and a University of California Office of the President Award to M. Silver (03T-CEQI-07-0062). Additional funding was awarded to R. Jester by the Friends of Long Marine Lab, the PADI Foundation and the Meyers Oceanographic and Marine Biology Trust Award. NR 63 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 4 U2 12 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0025-3162 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 156 IS 3 BP 493 EP 504 DI 10.1007/s00227-008-1103-z PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 396FY UT WOS:000262578800024 ER PT J AU Payne, AT Kimpton, JA Kinnane, MN Chantler, CT AF Payne, A. T. Kimpton, J. A. Kinnane, M. N. Chantler, C. T. TI Simulation and minimization of nonlinear effects in backgammon- type multi-wire gas proportional counters SO MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE charge attenuation; multi-wire gas proportional counter; detector modelling; x-ray spectroscopy ID POSITION-SENSITIVE DETECTORS; AVALANCHE LOCALIZATION; READOUT TECHNIQUE; X-RAYS; CHAMBERS; MWPC; RESOLUTION; ANODE; WIRE AB The backgammon-type multi-wire gas proportional counter (MWPC) enables highly efficient detection of x-ray photons in two dimensions with good resolution and a wide range of energies and count rates. We develop a simulation which accurately describes the internal geometry of the detector and assists in the identification of several sources of nonlinear detector output. The sophistication of the model allows real solutions to be generated to minimize these effects. The result is an increase of 20% in the linear range, significant improvements to detector linearity, and improved output uniformity across both detector dimensions. These insights and methodology can be applied to other detector types and to future optimizations and developments of detector performance. C1 [Payne, A. T.; Kimpton, J. A.; Chantler, C. T.] Univ Melbourne, Sch Phys, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia. [Kinnane, M. N.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Payne, AT (reprint author), Univ Melbourne, Sch Phys, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia. EM chantler@unimelb.edu.au RI Chantler, Christopher/D-4744-2013 OI Chantler, Christopher/0000-0001-6608-0048 FU Australian Research Council FX We wish to thank Mr L F Smale for his development of the model and assistance. We would also like to thank the Australian Research Council for their funding of the project. NR 26 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 7 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-0233 EI 1361-6501 J9 MEAS SCI TECHNOL JI Meas. Sci. Technol. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 20 IS 2 AR 025601 DI 10.1088/0957-0233/20/2/025601 PG 7 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 396HJ UT WOS:000262582500031 ER PT J AU Levine, ZH Li, MD Reeves, AP Yankelevitz, DF Chen, JJ Siegel, EL Peskin, A Zeiger, DN AF Levine, Zachary H. Li, Mingdong Reeves, Anthony P. Yankelevitz, David F. Chen, Joseph J. Siegel, Eliot L. Peskin, Adele Zeiger, Diana N. TI A low-cost density reference phantom for computed tomography SO MEDICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE biological tissues; computerised tomography; diseases; lung; patient diagnosis; phantoms; polymer foams ID PULMONARY-EMPHYSEMA; LUNG; CT; DENSITOMETRY; SUBSTITUTES; RESOLUTION; VOLUME AB The authors characterized a commercially available foam composed of polyurethane and polyisocyanurate which is marketed for modeling parts in the aircraft, automotive, and related industries. The authors found that the foam may be suitable for use as a density reference standard in the range below -400 Hounsfield units. This range is coincident with the density of lung tissue. The foam may be helpful in making the diagnosis of lung disease more systematic. C1 [Levine, Zachary H.] NIST, Photon Phys Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Li, Mingdong] Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Reeves, Anthony P.] Cornell Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Yankelevitz, David F.] Cornell Univ, Weill Med Coll, New York, NY 10065 USA. [Chen, Joseph J.; Siegel, Eliot L.] Univ Maryland, Med Ctr, Dept Radiol, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. [Peskin, Adele] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Zeiger, Diana N.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Levine, ZH (reprint author), NIST, Photon Phys Grp, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM zlevine@nist.gov RI Li, Mingdong/G-6957-2014 OI Li, Mingdong/0000-0001-5890-7156 FU NIST [70NANB4H1120]; NIH [R01-CA-078905]; [R33CA101110-4] FX The authors are pleased to acknowledge helpful discussions, support, and encouragement from Ramalingam Chellappa, Nancy Chen, Charles Clark, Steven Grantham, Karen Kafadar, and Lisa Karam in performing this work. The authors thank Edward Hagley and Bruce Norman for technical assistance. The authors thank Jon Flint for supplying the samples. This work was supported by the NIST Grant No. 70NANB4H1120 (M. L.), NIH/NCI Grant No. R33CA101110-4 (A. P. R.), NIH Grant No. R01-CA-078905 (D. F. Y.), and congressional appropriations. The micro- CT work presented in this paper was performed under contract by Micro Photonics, Inc. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0094-2405 J9 MED PHYS JI Med. Phys. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 36 IS 2 BP 286 EP 288 DI 10.1118/1.3049596 PG 3 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 400FE UT WOS:000262852600002 PM 19291968 ER PT J AU Devic, S Tomic, N Soares, CG Podgorsak, EB AF Devic, Slobodan Tomic, Nada Soares, Christopher G. Podgorsak, Ervin B. TI Optimizing the dynamic range extension of a radiochromic film dosimetry system SO MEDICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE dosimetry; radiation therapy ID GAFCHROMIC EBT FILM; MV PHOTON FIELDS; IMRT-QA; DOSE MEASUREMENTS; ELECTRON-BEAMS; QUALITY-ASSURANCE; ENERGY-DEPENDENCE; DOCUMENT SCANNER; VERIFICATION; RADIOTHERAPY AB The authors present a radiochromic film dosimetry protocol for a multicolor channel radiochromic film dosimetry system consisting of the external beam therapy (EBT) model GAFCHROMIC (TM) film and the Epson Expression 1680 flat-bed document scanner. Instead of extracting only the red color channel, the authors are using all three color channels in the absorption spectrum of the EBT film to extend the dynamic dose range of the radiochromic film dosimetry system. By optimizing the dose range for each color channel, they obtained a system that has both precision and accuracy below 1.5%, and the optimized ranges are 0-4 Gy for the red channel, 4-50 Gy for the green channel, and above 50 Gy for the blue channel. C1 [Devic, Slobodan; Podgorsak, Ervin B.] McGill Univ, Ctr Hlth, Dept Med Phys, Montreal, PQ H3G 1A4, Canada. [Tomic, Nada] McGill Univ, Jewish Gen Hosp, Dept Radiat Oncol, Montreal, PQ H3T 1E2, Canada. [Soares, Christopher G.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ionizing Radiat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Devic, S (reprint author), McGill Univ, Ctr Hlth, Dept Med Phys, Montreal, PQ H3G 1A4, Canada. EM devic@medphys.mcgill.ca RI Grams, Michael/G-5197-2011 NR 47 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0094-2405 J9 MED PHYS JI Med. Phys. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 36 IS 2 BP 429 EP 437 DI 10.1118/1.3049597 PG 9 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 400FE UT WOS:000262852600015 PM 19291981 ER PT J AU Wang, CM Iyer, HK AF Wang, C. M. Iyer, Hari K. TI Fiducial intervals for the magnitude of a complex-valued quantity SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID UNCERTAINTY; INFERENCE AB This paper discusses a fiducial approach for constructing uncertainty intervals for the distance between k normal means and the origin. When k = 2 this distance is equivalent to the magnitude of a complex-valued quantity. A simulation study was conducted to assess the frequentist performance of the proposed fiducial intervals and to compare their performance with the methods from the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement and from Supplement 1 to the 'Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement'-Propagation of Distributions using a Monte Carlo Method. Our results indicate that the fiducial intervals generally outperform the GUM and GUM Supplement 1 methods with respect to frequentist coverage probabilities. Computer programs for calculating the fiducial intervals, written using open-source software, are listed. C1 [Wang, C. M.; Iyer, Hari K.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Iyer, Hari K.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Stat, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Wang, CM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jwang@boulder.nist.gov NR 14 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD FEB PY 2009 VL 46 IS 1 BP 81 EP 86 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/46/1/010 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 400ED UT WOS:000262849900013 ER PT J AU White, DR Strouse, GF AF White, D. R. Strouse, G. F. TI Observations on sub-range inconsistency in the SPRT interpolations of ITS-90 SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID PLATINUM RESISTANCE THERMOMETER; INTERNATIONAL TEMPERATURE SCALE; MELTING-POINT; TRIPLE POINT; PROPAGATION; UNCERTAINTY; MERCURY; NONUNIQUENESS; 0-DEGREES-C; GALLIUM AB The properties of the sub-range inconsistency (SRI or Type-I non-uniqueness) of the standard platinum resistance thermometer (SPRT) sub-ranges of the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) are investigated. Mathematically, SRI has the form of an interpolation error with zeros at each of the fixed points shared by the two interpolating equations, and a magnitude dependent on the differences in the ratios (W(r) - 1)/(W - 1) for each of the fixed points, where W is the resistance ratio R(T)/R(0.01 degrees C) and Wr is the reference resistance ratio defined by ITS-90. The calibration results for a set of 60 SPRTs were analysed to determine the SRI for the water-zinc and water-aluminium sub-ranges. The maximum SRI occurs near 93.15 degrees C, and has an average value of 0.12 mK and a standard deviation of 0.48 mK. The reciprocal of the ratio (W(r) - 1)/(W - 1), which is proportional to the sensitivity of the SPRT, was found to be 1.0 +/- 0.0004 for all 60 SPRTs, and was within 0.00005 for all fixed points for any one SPRT. This suggests that a single constraint on the value of the ratio might be a more useful and discerning SPRT-quality constraint than the current three ITS-90 constraints. C1 [White, D. R.] Measurement Stand Lab New Zealand, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand. [Strouse, G. F.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP White, DR (reprint author), Measurement Stand Lab New Zealand, POB 31310, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand. NR 25 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 7 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD FEB PY 2009 VL 46 IS 1 BP 101 EP 108 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/46/1/013 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 400ED UT WOS:000262849900016 ER PT J AU Possolo, A Toman, B Estler, T AF Possolo, Antonio Toman, Blaza Estler, Tyler TI Contribution to a conversation about the Supplement 1 to the GUM SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID SIMPLE LINEAR CALIBRATION; BAYESIAN-ANALYSIS; MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY; STATISTICS; GOLDSTEIN; INTERVALS; ARTICLES; BERGER AB A recent contribution to this journal describes a particular situation of uncertainty assessment where probabilistically symmetric coverage intervals, produced in accordance with the Supplement 1 to the GUM, cover the measurand with frequency much smaller than their nominal coverage probability, in a long sequence of simulated repetitions of the measurement process and corresponding uncertainty assessment, in each of which the value of the measurand is assumed known. These findings motivate our contribution to the ongoing, accelerating discussion of that Supplement, which began years before its publication, and has only gained momentum with the recent release of its final form. We begin by suggesting that the coverage intervals whose frequentist performance has been found to be poor, indeed are coverage intervals for a quantity different from the measurand that is the focus of attention, and we offer a fresh viewpoint where from to appreciate the situation. Next, we point out that the Monte Carlo method for uncertainty propagation that is the core contribution of Supplement 1 is valid under very general conditions, indeed much more general than the conditions Supplement 1 lists as sufficient for its valid application. To produce a coverage interval according to the Supplement 1 involves two steps: generating a sample of values of the measurand via a Monte Carlo procedure and then summarizing this sample into a coverage interval. Although the Supplement favours probabilistically symmetric intervals, it also states explicitly that other prescriptions are tenable. With this in mind, finally we explain that the choice of summarization can be interpreted as reflecting a priori beliefs about the measurand. In the particular case under consideration in the motivating contribution, where the measurand is known to be non-negative, the choice of either a probabilistically symmetric interval or an interval whose left endpoint is 0 would correspond to two quite different prior beliefs. Considering this lesson, we suggest that, in all cases, the best course of action is to adopt a Bayesian approach that naturally reveals all participating assumptions and beliefs openly, and makes all of them accessible to examination and criticism, as befits every scientific procedure. C1 [Possolo, Antonio; Toman, Blaza] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Informat Technol Lab, US Dept Commerce, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Estler, Tyler] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Precis Engn, Mfg Engn Lab, US Dept Commerce, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Possolo, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Informat Technol Lab, US Dept Commerce, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 35 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD FEB PY 2009 VL 46 IS 1 BP L1 EP L7 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/46/1/N01 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 400ED UT WOS:000262849900001 ER PT J AU Yarimbiyik, AE Schafft, HA Allen, RA Vaudin, MD Zaghloul, ME AF Yarimbiyik, A. Emre Schafft, Harry A. Allen, Richard A. Vaudin, Mark D. Zaghloul, Mona E. TI Experimental and simulation studies of resistivity in nanoscale copper films SO MICROELECTRONICS RELIABILITY LA English DT Article DE Copper; Interconnect; Matthiessen's rule; Resistivity; Size effects; Thin films ID GRAIN; DIMENSIONS AB The effect of film thickness on the resistivity of thin, evaporated copper films (approximately 10-150 nm thick) was determined from sheet resistance, film thickness, and mean grain-size measurements by using four-point probe, profilometer, and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods, respectively. The resistivity of these films increased with decreasing film thickness in a manner that agreed well with the dependence given by a versatile simulation program, published earlier, using the measured values for the mean grain size and fitting parameters for surface and grain boundary scattering. Measurements of the change in sheet resistance with temperature of these films and the known change in resistivity with temperature for pure, bulk copper were used to calculate the thickness of these films electrically by using Matthiessen's rule (this is often referred to as an "electrical thickness"). These values agreed to within 3 nm of those obtained physically with the profilometer. Hence, Matthiessen's rule can continue to be used to measure the thickness of a copper film and, by inference, the cross-sectional area of a copper line for dimensions well below the mean free path of electrons in copper at room temperature (39 nm). (C) Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Yarimbiyik, A. Emre; Schafft, Harry A.; Allen, Richard A.] NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Yarimbiyik, A. Emre; Zaghloul, Mona E.] George Washington Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Washington, DC 20052 USA. [Vaudin, Mark D.] NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Allen, RA (reprint author), NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM richard.allen@nist.gov NR 23 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 3 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0026-2714 J9 MICROELECTRON RELIAB JI Microelectron. Reliab. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 49 IS 2 BP 127 EP 134 DI 10.1016/j.microrel.2008.11.003 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 420ED UT WOS:000264270800004 ER PT J AU Gobush, K Kerr, B Wasser, S AF Gobush, Kathleen Kerr, Ben Wasser, Samuel TI Genetic relatedness and disrupted social structure in a poached population of African elephants SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE gene-drop analysis; Loxodonta africana; microsatellite loci; poaching; relatedness; social structure ID LOXODONTA-AFRICANA; NATURAL-POPULATIONS; NATIONAL-PARK; DNA; INDIVIDUALS; ASSOCIATION; BEHAVIOR; STRESS; LOCI AB We use genetic measures of relatedness and observations of female bonding to examine the demographic signature of historically heavy poaching of a population of free-ranging African elephants. We collected dung samples to obtain DNA and observed behaviour from 102 elephant families over a 25-month period in 2003-2005 in Mikumi National Park, Tanzania. Poaching reduced the population by 75% in the decade prior to the 1989 ivory trade ban; park records indicate that poaching dropped significantly in Mikumi following the ban. Using 10 microsatellite loci, DNA was genotyped in 203 elephants and pair-wise relatedness was calculated among adult females within and between groups. The Mikumi population is characterized by small group size, considerable variation in group relatedness, females with no first-order adult relatives and females that form only weak social bonds. We used gene-drop analysis and a model of a genetically intact pedigree to compare our observed Mikumi group relatedness to a simulated genetically intact unpoached expectation. The majority of groups in Mikumi contain 2 to 3 adults; of these, 45% were classified as genetically disrupted. Bonding, quantified with a pair-wise association index, was significantly correlated with relatedness; however only half of the females formed strong bonds with other females, and relatedness was substantially lower for a given bond strength as compared to an unpoached population. Female African elephants without kin demonstrated considerable behavioural plasticity in this disturbed environment, grouping with other females lacking kin, with established groups, or remaining alone, unable to form any stable adult female-bonds. We interpret these findings as the remaining effect of poaching disturbance in Mikumi, despite a drop in the level of poaching since the commercial trade in ivory was banned 15 years ago. C1 [Gobush, Kathleen; Kerr, Ben; Wasser, Samuel] Univ Washington, Dept Biol, Washington, DC USA. RP Gobush, K (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, 1601 Kapiolani Blvd,Suite 1100, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. EM gobush@u.washington.edu FU National Science Foundation pre-doctoral graduate student fellowship; Lindenberg Travel Grant; Morris Animal Foundation; Oracle; Miami MetroZoo; Sophie Danforth Conservation Fund FX This study was funded by a National Science Foundation pre-doctoral graduate student fellowship and Lindenberg Travel Grant to K.S. Gobush, the Morris Animal Foundation, Oracle, Miami MetroZoo, and the Sophie Danforth Conservation Fund. We would like to graciously thank B. & S. Mutayoba, C. & L. Foley, and J. Shemkunde for their help with this research and TANAPA (Tanzanian National Parks) and TAWIRI (Tanzanian Wildlife Research Institute) for permission to conduct this research. NR 40 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 4 U2 60 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 18 IS 4 BP 722 EP 734 DI 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.04043.x PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 399EE UT WOS:000262782400012 PM 19175507 ER PT J AU Reasor, PD Eastin, MD Gamache, JF AF Reasor, Paul D. Eastin, Matthew D. Gamache, John F. TI Rapidly Intensifying Hurricane Guillermo (1997). Part I: Low-Wavenumber Structure and Evolution SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID VORTEX ROSSBY-WAVES; SIMULATED TROPICAL CYCLONE; HIGH-RESOLUTION SIMULATION; PREDICTION SCHEME SHIPS; EYEWALL VERTICAL MOTION; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; INNER-CORE; DOPPLER RADAR; CONVECTIVE ASYMMETRIES; SCALE CHARACTERISTICS AB The structure and evolution of rapidly intensifying Hurricane Guillermo (1997) is examined using airborne Doppler radar observations. In this first part, the low-azimuthal-wavenumber component of the vortex is presented. Guillermo's intensification occurred in an environmental flow with 7-8 m s(-1) of deep-layer vertical shear. As a consequence of the persistent vertical shear forcing of the vortex, convection was observed primarily in the downshear left quadrant of the storm. The greatest intensification during the similar to 6-h Doppler observation period coincided with the formation and cyclonic rotation of several particularly strong convective bursts through the left-of-shear semicircle of the eyewall. Some of the strongest convective bursts were triggered by azimuthally propagating low-wavenumber vorticity asymmetries. Mesoscale budget analyses of axisymmetric angular momentum and relative vorticity within the eyewall are presented to elucidate the mechanisms contributing to Guillermo's structural evolution during this period. The observations support a developing conceptual model of the rapidly intensifying, vertically sheared hurricane in which shear-forced mesoscale ascent in the downshear eyewall is modulated by internally generated vorticity asymmetries yielding episodes of anomalous intensification. C1 [Reasor, Paul D.] Florida State Univ, Dept Meteorol, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. [Eastin, Matthew D.] Univ N Carolina, Dept Geog & Earth Sci, Charlotte, NC 28223 USA. [Gamache, John F.] NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Reasor, PD (reprint author), Florida State Univ, Dept Meteorol, 404 Love Bldg, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. EM reasor@met.fsu.edu RI Gamache, John/A-9702-2014; Reasor, Paul/B-2932-2014 OI Gamache, John/0000-0001-5624-0378; Reasor, Paul/0000-0001-6407-017X FU NSF [ATM-0514199, ATM-0652264] FX The authors are grateful to the scientists and flight crews from the NOAA HRD and Aircraft Operations Center for their efforts in collecting the data used in this study. We thank Frank Marks, John Kaplan, Scott Braun, and Dave Nolan for helpful discussions. The first author also thanks Jessica Fieux for her assistance with the budget analyses. Comments by Michael Bell and two anonymous reviewers were very beneficial and improved this paper. A portion of this work was completed while the second author was a National Research Council postdoctoral associate at the NOAA Hurricane Research Division. This work was supported by NSF Grants ATM-0514199 and ATM-0652264. NR 61 TC 88 Z9 88 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 137 IS 2 BP 603 EP 631 DI 10.1175/2008MWR2487.1 PG 29 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 419TP UT WOS:000264242900006 ER PT J AU Tyner, KM Wokovich, AM Doub, WH Buhse, LF Sung, LP Watson, SS Sadrieh, N AF Tyner, Katherine M. Wokovich, Anna M. Doub, William H. Buhse, Lucinda F. Sung, Li-Piin Watson, Stephanie S. Sadrieh, Nakissa TI Comparing methods for detecting and characterizing metal oxide nanoparticles in unmodified commercial sunscreens SO NANOMEDICINE LA English DT Article DE formulated products; nano-methods; nanotechnology; sunscreen; TiO(2); unmodified analysis; ZnO ID TITANIUM-DIOXIDE; SIZE; NANOTECHNOLOGY AB Aims: To determine if commercial sunscreens contain distinct nanoparticles and to evaluate analytical methods for their ability to detect and characterize nanoparticles in unmodified topical products using commercial sunscreens as a model. Methods: A total of 20 methods were evaluated for their ability to detect and characterize nanoparticles in unmodified commercial sunscreens. Results: Variable-pressure scanning-electron microscopy, atomic-force microscopy, laser-scanning confocal microscopy and X-ray diffraction were found to be viable and complementary methods for detecting and characterizing nanoparticles in sunscreens. Conclusions: it was determined that several of the commercial sunscreens contained distinct nanciparticles. No one method was able to completely characterize nanciparticles in the unmodified products but the viable methods provided complementary information regarding the nanoparticles and how they were interacting with the sunscreen matrix. C1 [Tyner, Katherine M.; Sadrieh, Nakissa] FDA, Ctr Drug Evaluat & Res, Silver Spring, MD 20993 USA. [Wokovich, Anna M.; Doub, William H.; Buhse, Lucinda F.] FDA, Ctr Drug Evaluat & Res, St Louis, MO 63101 USA. [Sung, Li-Piin; Watson, Stephanie S.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sadrieh, N (reprint author), FDA, Ctr Drug Evaluat & Res, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993 USA. EM nakissa.sadrieh@fda.hhs.gov NR 27 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 18 PU FUTURE MEDICINE LTD PI LONDON PA UNITEC HOUSE, 3RD FLOOR, 2 ALBERT PLACE, FINCHLEY CENTRAL, LONDON, N3 1QB, ENGLAND SN 1743-5889 J9 NANOMEDICINE-UK JI Nanomedicine PD FEB PY 2009 VL 4 IS 2 BP 145 EP 159 DI 10.2217/17435889.4.2.145 PG 15 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 411BA UT WOS:000263621200011 PM 19193182 ER PT J AU Schnell, RC Oltmans, SJ Neely, RR Endres, MS Molenar, JV White, AB AF Schnell, Russell C. Oltmans, Samuel J. Neely, Ryan R. Endres, Maggie S. Molenar, John V. White, Allen B. TI Rapid photochemical production of ozone at high concentrations in a rural site during winter SO NATURE GEOSCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Ozone is an air pollutant that can cause severe respiratory health effects. Photochemical ozone production near the Earth's surface is considered a summertime, urban phenomenon(1-3), where hourly average ozone concentrations can exceed 150 p.p.b., compared with background values of about 50 p.p.b., and wintertime ozone concentrations in the US are usually in the range of 35-50 p.p.b. (refs 1-3). Here we report rapid, diurnal photochemical production of ozone during air temperatures as low as 17 degrees C, in the rural Upper Green River Basin, Wyoming, in the vicinity of the Jonah-Pinedale Anticline natural gas field. We find that hourly average ozone concentrations rise from 10-30 p.p.b. at night to more than 140 p.p.b. shortly after solar noon, under the influence of a stagnant, high-pressure system that promotes cold temperatures, low wind speeds and limited cloudiness. Under these conditions, an intense, shallow temperature inversion develops in the lowest 100 m of the atmosphere, which traps high concentrations of ozone precursors at night. During daytime, photolytic ozone production then leads to the observed high concentrations. We suggest that similar ozone production during wintertime is probably occurring around the world under comparable industrial and meteorological conditions. C1 [Schnell, Russell C.; Oltmans, Samuel J.; Neely, Ryan R.; White, Allen B.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Endres, Maggie S.] Wyoming Dept Environm Qual, Cheyenne, WY 82002 USA. [Molenar, John V.] Air Resources Specialists Inc, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Schnell, RC (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM russell.c.schnell@noaa.gov RI Neely, Ryan/F-8702-2010 OI Neely, Ryan/0000-0003-4560-4812 NR 9 TC 78 Z9 85 U1 7 U2 39 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA SN 1752-0894 J9 NAT GEOSCI JI Nat. Geosci. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 2 IS 2 BP 120 EP 122 DI 10.1038/NGEO415 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 408TN UT WOS:000263458000014 ER PT J AU Sumner, JP Shapiro, EM Maric, D Conroy, R Koretsky, AP AF Sumner, James P. Shapiro, Erik M. Maric, Dragan Conroy, Richard Koretsky, Alan P. TI In vivo labeling of adult neural progenitors for MRI with micron sized particles of iron oxide: Quantification of labeled cell phenotype SO NEUROIMAGE LA English DT Article ID POSTNATAL RAT FOREBRAIN; SUBVENTRICULAR ZONE; OLFACTORY-BULB; NEURONAL MIGRATION; MAMMALIAN BRAIN; GENERATED NEURONS; RODENT BRAIN; STEM; OLIGODENDROCYTES; ASTROCYTES AB The subventricular zone (SVZ) is a continual source of neural progenitors throughout adulthood. Many of the animal models designed to study the migration of these cells from the ventricle to places of interest like the olfactory bulb or an injury site require histology to localize precursor cells. Here, it is demonstrated that up to 30% of the neural progenitors that migrate along the rostral migratory stream (RMS) in an adult rodent can be labeled for MRI via intraventricular injection of micron sized particles of iron oxide (MPIOs). The precursors migrating from the SVZ along the RMS were found to populate the olfactory bulb with all three types of neural cells; neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes. In all cases 10-30% of these cells were labeled in the RMS en route to the olfactory bulb. Ara- C, an anti- mitotic agent, eliminated precursor cells at the SVZ, RMS, and olfactory bulb and also eliminated the MRI detection of the precursors. This indicates that the MRI signal detected is due to progenitor cells that leave the SVZ and is not due to nonspeci. c diffusion of MPIOs. Using MRI to visualize neural progenitor cell behavior in individual animals during plasticity or disease models should be a useful tool, especially in combination with other information that MRI can supply. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 [Sumner, James P.; Conroy, Richard; Koretsky, Alan P.] NINDS, Lab Funct & Mol Imaging, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. [Shapiro, Erik M.] Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Radiol, New Haven, CT 06510 USA. [Maric, Dragan] NINDS, FACS Facil, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. [Conroy, Richard] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. RP Koretsky, AP (reprint author), NINDS, Lab Funct & Mol Imaging, NIH, Bldg 10,Room B1D728,10 Ctr Dr,MSC 1065, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. EM koretskya@ninds.nih.gov RI Conroy, Richard/D-1979-2009; Koretsky, Alan/C-7940-2015 OI Conroy, Richard/0000-0002-8896-6090; Koretsky, Alan/0000-0002-8085-4756 FU NINDS Intramural Research Program; NIH FX This research was supported by the NINDS Intramural Research Program of NIH. We thank N. Bouraoud and S. Dodd, for their technical assistance with animal surgeries and MRI, respectively. We also thank Carolyn Smith for use of the NINDS Light Imaging Facility. NR 34 TC 49 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1053-8119 J9 NEUROIMAGE JI Neuroimage PD FEB 1 PY 2009 VL 44 IS 3 BP 671 EP 678 DI 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.07.050 PG 8 WC Neurosciences; Neuroimaging; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 392KL UT WOS:000262301500008 PM 18722534 ER PT J AU Masuda, M Thrower, F Nichols, KM AF Masuda, Michele Thrower, Frank Nichols, Krista M. TI The Effects of Violating Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Assumptions on a Cluster-based Population Mixture Analysis of Steelhead Populations in Southeast Alaska SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; CHINOOK SALMON; MICROSATELLITE MARKERS; STOCK IDENTIFICATION; COHO SALMON; ASSIGNMENT; TETRANUCLEOTIDE; SOFTWARE; COLUMBIA AB Clustering methods for population mixture analysis assign individuals probabilistically to Populations based on their multilocus genotype data. An assumption of the methods is that loci satisfy Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) conditions within populations. We observed that violating this assumption by including loci measured as deviating from HWE in baseline samples for the mixture analysis at times introduced extra structure into the mixture sample, leading to biased composition estimates and overestimation of the number of populations. Provided that samples front at least some contributing populations are available and that baseline samples can safely be assumed to come from single populations. then a conservative approach to mixture analysis would be to include only those characters that conform to HWE in the baseline samples, but this approach could result in a loss of resolving power. To address this problem, we outlined an ad hoc method of selecting loci for their use in mixture analysis based on individual analyses of baseline samples. A subset of loci is selected for mixture analysis based on whether the loci contribute additional structure in the baseline populations, assuming that (1) baseline samples come from single populations and (2) any subpopulation structure resulting from the inclusion of loci measured as deviating from HWE is artifactual. Given that the final set may include only a few loci, the method would be most useful for small problems. We demonstrated the method on two sets of microsatellite loci (10 and 17 loci) genotyped in steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss sampled at Sashin Creek in southeast Alaska. The method for selecting loci for mixture analysis generally reduced bias in and improved the precision of composition estimates and reduced the overestimation of the number of populations. C1 [Masuda, Michele; Thrower, Frank] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Ted Stevens Marine Res Inst,Auke Bay Labs, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. [Nichols, Krista M.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Conservat Biol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [Nichols, Krista M.] Purdue Univ, Dept Biol Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. [Nichols, Krista M.] Purdue Univ, Dept Forestry & Nat Resources, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Masuda, M (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Ted Stevens Marine Res Inst,Auke Bay Labs, 17109 Point Lena Loop Rd, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM michele.masuda@noaa.gov NR 31 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 29 IS 1 BP 140 EP 150 DI 10.1577/M08-032.1 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 477FV UT WOS:000268505000014 ER PT J AU Pomeroy, JM Grube, H AF Pomeroy, J. M. Grube, H. TI HCI potential energy sputtering measured with magnetic tunnel junctions SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Workshop on Inelastic Ion-Surface Collisions CY SEP 21-26, 2008 CL Porquerolles, FRANCE DE Highly charged ions; Potential sputtering; Tunnel junction; Transport ID HIGHLY-CHARGED IONS; SLOW; SURFACES AB In this paper, the use of tunnel junctions as sensors for estimating the potential energy sputtering yield of highly charged ions (HCIs) incident on ultra-thin insulating films is experimentally explored. HCIs are known to strongly ablate insulating materials upon collision by destabilizing the solid's chemical structure in the region of impact and producing a mass loss, referred to as potential energy sputtering. In previous work, increased conductance of tunnel junctions due to highly charged ion irradiation was shown while demonstrating that tunnelling remains the dominant transport mechanism. These studies indicate that the conductance increases linearly with the number of HCIs and so, for any given tunnel barrier recipe and HCI charge state, the conductance per HCI can be found. Since the conductance of a tunnel junction is exponentially sensitive to its thickness, the increase in conductance can be used to evaluate an effective tunnel junction thickness reduction, which, in turn, can be explored as a metric for the potential energy sputtering of the tunnel barrier. These tunnel junction measurements provide new information about the nano-features formed on insulators by HCIs, and this paper considers the possibility of using these data to estimate potential energy sputtering. A method for relating the increased conductance to a mass loss is considered and compared against other potential energy sputtering measurements. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Pomeroy, J. M.; Grube, H.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pomeroy, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM joshua.pomeroy@nist.gov NR 14 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-583X J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH B JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms PD FEB PY 2009 VL 267 IS 4 BP 642 EP 645 DI 10.1016/j.nimb.2008.12.001 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 426WM UT WOS:000264739000020 ER PT J AU Schmitt, L Larsson, S Burdukiewicz, J Ziker, J Svedhage, K Zamon, J Steffen, H AF Schmitt, Lou Larsson, Stephan Burdukiewicz, Jan Ziker, John Svedhage, Krister Zamon, Jeannette Steffen, Holger TI CHRONOLOGICAL INSIGHTS, CULTURAL CHANGE, AND RESOURCE EXPLOITATION ON THE WEST COAST OF SWEDEN DURING THE LATE PALAEOLITHIC/EARLY MESOLITHIC TRANSITION SO OXFORD JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY LA English DT Review ID CAPELIN MALLOTUS-VILLOSUS; NORTH-ATLANTIC; GENETICAL EVOLUTION; BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY; HUNTER-GATHERERS; TIDAL CURRENTS; FAKSE-BUGT; SEA; RECIPROCITY; CLIMATE AB In this paper, we attempt to shed light on a probable cause of cultural change via a new avenue of approach. In brief, the paper represents a micro-study that addresses the Ahrensburgian culture group during the close of the Late Palaeolithic in north central Europe, and its relationship to the Hensbacka group found in central Bohuslan on the coast of western Sweden. Although we do not disagree that environmental conditions are a 'prime mover' of cultural change, we hold that it is not the only 'mover'. In addition, we also discuss the distinct possibility that the term 'microlithization' cannot be used as a synonym for the Mesolithic. The foundation of our micro-study is based on interdisciplinary concepts from the fields of archaeology, economic anthropology, geosciences, and marine zoology. C1 [Schmitt, Lou; Larsson, Stephan] Univ Gothenburg, Dept Archaeol, Gothenburg, Sweden. [Burdukiewicz, Jan] Univ Wroclaw, Inst Archaeol, PL-50138 Wroclaw, Poland. [Ziker, John] Boise State Univ, Dept Anthropol, Boise, ID 83725 USA. [Svedhage, Krister] Univ Gothenburg, Inst Conservat, Gothenburg, Sweden. [Zamon, Jeannette] NOAA Fisheries, Pt Adams Res Stn, Hammond, OR USA. [Steffen, Holger] Leibniz Univ Hannover, Hannover, Germany. RP Schmitt, L (reprint author), Univ Gothenburg, Dept Archaeol, Gothenburg, Sweden. RI Steffen, Holger/B-7782-2008; Burdukiewicz, Jan/C-1937-2012 OI Steffen, Holger/0000-0001-6682-6209; Burdukiewicz, Jan/0000-0001-5320-2114 NR 122 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0262-5253 J9 OXFORD J ARCHAEOL JI Oxf. J. Archaeol. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 28 IS 1 BP 1 EP 27 PG 27 WC Archaeology SC Archaeology GA 405XJ UT WOS:000263257200001 ER PT J AU Tian, M Zafarullah, I Chang, TJ Mohan, RK Babbitt, WR AF Tian, Mingzhen Zafarullah, Ijaz Chang, Tiejun Mohan, R. Krishna Babbitt, Wm. Randall TI Demonstration of geometric operations on the Bloch vectors in an ensemble of rare-earth metal atoms SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article DE geometry; photoexcitation; quantum computing; quantum optics; thulium; yttrium compounds ID COHERENT; CRYSTALS; IONS AB We demonstrate two types of basic Bloch vector rotations in thulium ion ensemble embedded in yttrium aluminum garnet crystal based on our previous work that designed the appropriate Hamiltonians driving Bloch vector rotations through geometric evolution in two-level atom. The angles of the geometric rotations were controlled by the relative phases of the laser pulses driving the rotations. The rotation angles were measured using photon echoes and compared with the corresponding theoretical values. The operation fidelity was calculated for both demonstrated rotations that resulted in average values of 94.00 and 99.96%, respectively. The schemes to improve the operation fidelity will be discussed. C1 [Tian, Mingzhen] George Mason Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. [Zafarullah, Ijaz; Babbitt, Wm. Randall] Montana State Univ, Dept Phys, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. [Chang, Tiejun] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Mohan, R. Krishna; Babbitt, Wm. Randall] Montana State Univ, Spectrum Lab, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Tian, M (reprint author), George Mason Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. FU Stimulate Competitive Research [W911NF-05-10358] FX The authors acknowledge the support from U. S. Army Research Office through Defense Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (Grant No. W911NF-05-10358) NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD FEB PY 2009 VL 79 IS 2 AR 022312 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.79.022312 PG 5 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 413TI UT WOS:000263815000057 ER PT J AU Becker, CA Olmsted, DL Asta, M Hoyt, JJ Foiles, SM AF Becker, C. A. Olmsted, D. L. Asta, M. Hoyt, J. J. Foiles, S. M. TI Atomistic simulations of crystal-melt interfaces in a model binary alloy: Interfacial free energies, adsorption coefficients, and excess entropy SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article DE adsorption; crystal orientation; entropy; fluctuations; free energy; interface phenomena; Lennard-Jones potential; liquid theory; melting point; molecular dynamics method; Monte Carlo methods; phase diagrams; surface energy ID SOLID-LIQUID INTERFACES; LENNARD-JONES CRYSTAL; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; STRUCTURAL MODEL; FLUID INTERFACE; EQUILIBRIUM; SURFACE; SOLIDIFICATION; DIRECTIONS; SYSTEMS AB Monte Carlo and molecular-dynamics simulations are employed in a study of the equilibrium structural and thermodynamic properties of crystal-melt interfaces in a model binary alloy system described by Lennard-Jones interatomic interactions with zero size mismatch, a ratio of interaction strengths equal to 0.75, and interspecies interactions given by Lorentz-Berthelot mixing rules. This alloy system features a simple lens-type solid-liquid phase diagram at zero pressure, with nearly ideal solution thermodynamics in the solid and liquid solution phases. Equilibrium density profiles are computed for (100)-oriented crystal-melt interfaces and are used to derive the magnitudes of the relative adsorption coefficients (Gamma((j))(i)) at six temperatures along the solidus/liquidus boundary. The values for Gamma((2))(1), the relative adsorption of the lower melting-point species (1) with respect to the higher melting point species (2), are found to vary monotonically with temperature, with values that are positive and in the range of a few atomic percent per interface site. By contrast, values of Gamma((1))(2) display a much more complex temperature dependence with a large peak in the magnitude of the relative adsorption more than ten times larger than those found for Gamma((2))(1). The capillary fluctuation method is used to compute the temperature dependence of the magnitudes and anisotropies of the crystal-melt interfacial free energy (gamma). At all temperatures we obtain the ordering gamma(100)>gamma(110)>gamma(111) for the high-symmetry (100), (110), and (111) interface orientations. The values of gamma monotonically decrease with decreasing temperature (i.e., increasing concentration of the lower melting-point species). Using the calculated temperature-dependent values of gamma and Gamma((2))(1) in the Gibbs adsorption theorem, we estimate that roughly 25% of the temperature dependence of gamma for the alloys can be attributed to interface adsorption, while the remaining contribution arises from the relative excess entropy S-xs((2)). C1 [Becker, C. A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Olmsted, D. L.; Foiles, S. M.] Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. [Asta, M.] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Hoyt, J. J.] McMaster Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada. RP Becker, CA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM cbecker@nist.gov OI Foiles, Stephen/0000-0002-1907-454X NR 44 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 6 U2 37 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD FEB PY 2009 VL 79 IS 5 AR 054109 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.79.054109 PG 13 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 413TM UT WOS:000263815400028 ER PT J AU Gadzuk, JW AF Gadzuk, J. W. TI Simple connections in alkali adsorption SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article DE adsorption; binding energy; caesium; copper; density functional theory; photoelectron spectra; silver; two-photon processes ID METAL-SURFACES; ELECTRON-GAS; PHOTOEMISSION-SPECTROSCOPY; FRUSTRATED DESORPTION; DIELECTRIC RESPONSE; ADSORBED ATOMS; FERMI-THOMAS; POINT CHARGE; NOBLE-METALS; CHEMISORPTION AB Stimulated by recent two-photon photoemission spectroscopy and density-functional theory studies by Petek and co-workers, a retrospective look at some fundamentals in the theory of ionic alkali adsorption on metal surfaces is presented that provides a simple correlation between free-atom ionization potentials, ionic size, adsorption heights, and spectroscopically observed alkali valence-electron binding energies. C1 NIST, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gadzuk, JW (reprint author), NIST, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM gadzuk@nist.gov NR 45 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD FEB PY 2009 VL 79 IS 7 AR 073411 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.79.073411 PG 3 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 413TQ UT WOS:000263815800021 ER PT J AU Haney, PM Heiliger, C Stiles, MD AF Haney, Paul M. Heiliger, Christian Stiles, Mark D. TI Bias dependence of magnetic exchange interactions: Application to interlayer exchange coupling in spin valves SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article DE exchange interactions (electron); spin valves ID TUNNEL-JUNCTIONS; OSCILLATIONS; LAYER AB We study how a bias voltage changes magnetic exchange interactions. We derive a general expression for magnetic exchange interactions for systems coupled to reservoirs under a bias potential and apply it to spin valves. We find that for metallic systems, the interlayer exchange coupling shows a weak oscillatory dependence on the bias potential. For tunneling systems, we find a quadratic dependence on the bias potential and derive an approximate expression for this bias dependence for a toy model. We give general conditions for when the interlayer exchange coupling is a quadratic function of bias potential. C1 [Haney, Paul M.; Heiliger, Christian; Stiles, Mark D.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Heiliger, Christian] Univ Maryland, Maryland NanoCtr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Haney, PM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM paul.haney@nist.gov RI Stiles, Mark/K-2426-2012 OI Stiles, Mark/0000-0001-8238-4156 NR 34 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD FEB PY 2009 VL 79 IS 5 AR 054405 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.79.054405 PG 9 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 413TM UT WOS:000263815400046 ER PT J AU Li, SL de la Cruz, C Huang, Q Chen, Y Lynn, JW Hu, JP Huang, YL Hsu, FC Yeh, KW Wu, MK Dai, PC AF Li, Shiliang de la Cruz, Clarina Huang, Q. Chen, Y. Lynn, J. W. Hu, Jiangping Huang, Yi-Lin Hsu, Fong-Chi Yeh, Kuo-Wei Wu, Maw-Kuen Dai, Pengcheng TI First-order magnetic and structural phase transitions in Fe1+ySexTe1-x SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID SUPERCONDUCTIVITY; DIAGRAM; SYSTEMS; FE2TE3; METAL; TE AB We use bulk magnetic susceptibility, electronic specific heat, and neutron scattering to study structural and magnetic phase transitions in Fe1+ySexTe1-x. Fe1.068Te exhibits a first-order phase transition near 67 K with a tetragonal-to-monoclinic structural transition and simultaneously develops a collinear antiferromagnetic (AF) order responsible for the entropy change across the transition. Systematic studies of the FeSe1-xTex system reveal that the AF structure and lattice distortion in these materials are different from those of FeAs-based pnictides. These results call into question the conclusions of present density-functional calculations, where FeSe1-xTex and FeAs-based pnictides are expected to have similar Fermi surfaces and therefore the same spin-density wave AF order. C1 [Li, Shiliang; de la Cruz, Clarina; Dai, Pengcheng] Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [de la Cruz, Clarina; Dai, Pengcheng] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Neutron Scattering Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Huang, Q.; Chen, Y.; Lynn, J. W.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Hu, Jiangping] Purdue Univ, Dept Phys, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. [Huang, Yi-Lin; Hsu, Fong-Chi; Yeh, Kuo-Wei; Wu, Maw-Kuen] Acad Sinica, Inst Phys, Taipei, Taiwan. RP Li, SL (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RI Li, Shiliang/B-9379-2009; Dai, Pengcheng /C-9171-2012; Hu, Jiangping/A-9154-2010; dela Cruz, Clarina/C-2747-2013; hu, jiangping /C-3320-2014 OI Dai, Pengcheng /0000-0002-6088-3170; Hu, Jiangping/0000-0003-4480-1734; dela Cruz, Clarina/0000-0003-4233-2145; FU U.S. NSF [DMR-0756568, PHY-0603759]; U.S. DOE [DE-FG02-05ER46202]; Division of Scientific User Facilities FX We thank David Singh for helpful discussions. This work was supported by the U.S. NSF under Grants No. DMR-0756568 and No. PHY-0603759, by the BES, U.S. DOE through Grant No. DE-FG02-05ER46202, and Division of Scientific User Facilities. NR 43 TC 357 Z9 360 U1 11 U2 82 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD FEB PY 2009 VL 79 IS 5 AR 054503 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.79.054503 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 413TM UT WOS:000263815400077 ER PT J AU Liu, Y Watson, SM Lee, T Gorham, JM Katz, HE Borchers, JA Fairbrother, HD Reich, DH AF Liu, Yaohua Watson, Shannon M. Lee, Taegweon Gorham, Justin M. Katz, Howard E. Borchers, Julie A. Fairbrother, Howard D. Reich, Daniel H. TI Correlation between microstructure and magnetotransport in organic semiconductor spin-valve structures SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article DE Auger electron spectra; cobalt; ferromagnetic materials; iron; magnetic domains; magnetic multilayers; magnetic structure; magnetoresistance; organic semiconductors; organic-inorganic hybrid materials; reflectometry; semiconductor junctions; spin dynamics; spin valves; X-ray reflection ID GIANT MAGNETORESISTANCE; FE/CR SUPERLATTICES; INJECTION; MULTILAYERS; INTERFACE; DEVICES; METAL AB We have studied magnetotransport in organic-inorganic hybrid multilayer junctions. In these devices, the organic semiconductor tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq(3)) formed a spacer layer between ferromagnetic (FM) Co and Fe layers. The thickness of the Alq(3) layer was in the range of 50-150 nm. Positive magnetoresistance (MR) was observed at 4.2 K in a current perpendicular to plane geometry, and this effect persisted up to room temperature. The devices' microstructure was studied by x-ray reflectometry, Auger electron spectroscopy, and polarized neutron reflectometry (PNR). The films show well-defined layers with modest average chemical roughness (3-5 nm) at the interface between the Alq(3) and the surrounding FM layers. Reflectometry shows that larger MR effects are associated with smaller FM/Alq(3) interface width (both chemical and magnetic) and a magnetically dead layer at the Alq(3)/Fe interface. The PNR data also show that the Co layer, which was deposited on top of the Alq(3), adopts a multidomain magnetic structure at low field and a perfect antiparallel state is not obtained. The origins of the observed MR are discussed and attributed to spin-coherent transport. A lower bound for the spin-diffusion length in Alq(3) was estimated as 43 +/- 5 nm at 80 K. However, the subtle correlations between microstructure and magnetotransport indicate the importance of interfacial effects in these systems. C1 [Liu, Yaohua; Reich, Daniel H.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. [Watson, Shannon M.; Borchers, Julie A.] NIST, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Lee, Taegweon; Katz, Howard E.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. [Lee, Taegweon; Katz, Howard E.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. [Gorham, Justin M.; Fairbrother, Howard D.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Chem, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RP Reich, DH (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. EM reich@jhu.edu RI Gorham, Justin/C-1236-2009; Katz, Howard/A-3352-2010; Liu, Yaohua/B-2529-2009; Riminucci, Alberto/D-7525-2011; OI Liu, Yaohua/0000-0002-5867-5065; Riminucci, Alberto/0000-0003-0976-1810; Gorham, Justin/0000-0002-0569-297X FU NSF [DMR-0520491]; National Institute of Standards and Technology, U. S. Department of Commerce; surface analysis laboratory at Johns Hopkins University FX This work was supported by NSF Grant No. DMR-0520491. We acknowledge the support of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, U. S. Department of Commerce, in providing the neutron research facilities used in this work. The AES measurements were carried out in the surface analysis laboratory at Johns Hopkins University. NR 42 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 24 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD FEB PY 2009 VL 79 IS 7 AR 075312 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.79.075312 PG 10 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 413TQ UT WOS:000263815800068 ER PT J AU Prodi, A Gilioli, E Cabassi, R Bolzoni, F Licci, F Huang, QZ Lynn, JW Affronte, M Gauzzi, A Marezio, M AF Prodi, Andrea Gilioli, Edi Cabassi, Riccardo Bolzoni, Fulvio Licci, Francesca Huang, Qingzhen Lynn, Jeff W. Affronte, Marco Gauzzi, Andrea Marezio, Massimo TI Magnetic structure of the high-density single-valent e(g) Jahn-Teller system LaMn7O12 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article DE crystal structure; electrical resistivity; exchange interactions (electron); Jahn-Teller effect; lanthanum compounds; magnetic structure; magnetisation; neutron diffraction; specific heat ID HIGH-PRESSURE SYNTHESIS; WEAK FERROMAGNETISM; NEUTRON-DIFFRACTION; PEROVSKITE-TYPE; SUPEREXCHANGE INTERACTION; EXCHANGE INTERACTIONS; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; LAMNO3; LA; TRANSITION AB We studied the structural and physical properties of powder samples of the high-pressure LaMn7O12 compound by means of neutron diffraction, dc magnetization, specific-heat, and dc electrical resistivity measurements. Our structural refinement shows that LaMn7O12 is the counterpart with quadruple perovskite structure of the well-known simple-perovskite LaMnO3 because both compounds are single-valent Mn3+ systems sharing a similar pseudocubic network of buckled corner-sharing MnO6 octahedra distorted by the Jahn-Teller (JT) effect. Besides this similarity, LaMn7O12 exhibits the following structural differences: (i) a monoclinic I2/m, instead of orthorhombic Pnma, structure; (ii) a much larger buckling of the MnO6 octahedra, corresponding to a Mn-O-Mn bond angle as small as psi=180 degrees-phi=136 degrees. At T-N,T-B=78 K, the neutron data show evidence of an antiferromagnetic (AFM) structure of the octahedral Mn3+ ions (B sites), which consists of ferromagnetically coupled antiferromagnetic ac planes. This structure, commonly referred to as C type, markedly differs from the A-type structure of LaMnO3, which consists of antiferromagnetically coupled ferromagnetic ac planes. We argue that this difference may be due not only to the different buckling, because the magnetic superexchange interaction is sensitive to phi, but also to the existence of two distinct JT distorted B sites, a characteristic feature of the quadruple perovskite structure not found in LaMnO3. A further feature of this structure is the presence of a pseudocubic sublattice of JT Mn3+ ions with square coordination (A(') site) in addition to the B-site sublattice. At T-N,A(')=21 K, the A(') sublattice of LaMn7O12 is found to form a second AFM structure consisting of AFM coupled ferromagnetic planes. This additional ordering appears to occur independently of that of the B sublattice. Finally, we observed a thermally activated insulating behavior of the resistivity similar to that previously reported for LaMnO3, which confirms the hypothesis that the superexchange interaction is predominant in single-valent systems while the double-exchange interaction is relevant only in mixed-valence or disordered systems. C1 [Gauzzi, Andrea] Univ Paris 06, Inst Mineral & Phys Milieux Condenses, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France. [Prodi, Andrea; Gilioli, Edi; Cabassi, Riccardo; Bolzoni, Fulvio; Licci, Francesca; Marezio, Massimo] CNR, Area Sci, Ist Mat Elettron & Magnetismo, I-43100 Parma, Italy. [Huang, Qingzhen; Lynn, Jeff W.] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Affronte, Marco] Univ Modena & Reggio Emilia, CNR, INFM, I-41100 Modena, Italy. [Affronte, Marco] Univ Modena & Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento Fis, I-41100 Modena, Italy. [Marezio, Massimo] CNRS, CRETA, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France. RP Prodi, A (reprint author), Univ Paris 06, Inst Mineral & Phys Milieux Condenses, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France. EM andrea.gauzzi@upmc.fr RI Affronte, Marco/P-2504-2016 OI Affronte, Marco/0000-0001-5711-7822 FU Fondazione A. Della Riccia; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) FX We thank G. Calestani, R. De Renzi, A. Daoud-Aladine, S. Lupi, and G. Rousse for helpful discussions. A. P. acknowledges financial support from the "Fondazione A. Della Riccia." E. G. acknowledges support from the Short Mobility Program of the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Italy. Part of the high-pressure synthesis work was carried out at the Bayerisches Geoinstitut of Bayreuth, Germany, in the framework of the European Transnational Access to Infrastructures Program. NR 31 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 35 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD FEB PY 2009 VL 79 IS 8 AR 085105 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.79.085105 PG 10 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 413TS UT WOS:000263816000018 ER PT J AU Purewal, JJ Keith, JB Ahn, CC Fultz, B Brown, CM Tyagi, M AF Purewal, J. J. Keith, J. B. Ahn, C. C. Fultz, B. Brown, C. M. Tyagi, M. TI Adsorption and melting of hydrogen in potassium-intercalated graphite SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article DE adsorption; diffusion; enthalpy; graphite intercalation compounds; hydrogen; melting; neutron diffraction; potassium compounds; spectral line intensity ID COMMENSURATE-INCOMMENSURATE TRANSITION; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; ALKALI-METALS; 2 DIMENSIONS; STORAGE; H-2; SPECTROMETER; DIFFUSION; 2ND-STAGE; CRYSTALS AB Volumetric adsorption and quasielastic neutron scattering are used to study the diffusion and thermodynamics of sorbed H(2) in the graphite intercalation compound KC(24). A sorption enthalpy of 8.5 kJ/mol at zero coverage is determined from H(2) adsorption isotherms. From measurements of total elastic-neutron-scattering intensity as a function of temperature, a melting transition of the H(2) adsorbate is observed at 35 K for KC(24)(H(2))(1). Quasielastic-neutron-scattering (QENS) spectra reveal distinct slow- and fast-H(2)-diffusion processes which exist simultaneously at temperatures above the transition point. The temperature dependence of the characteristic diffusion times follows an Arrhenius relation tau=tau(0) exp(E(a)/T), where tau(fast)(0)=1.0 +/- 0.1 ps, tau(slow)(0)=21 +/- 2 ps, E(a)(fast)=156 +/- 5 K, and E(a)(slow)=189 +/- 5 K. The fast-diffusion process is attributable to individual motions of H(2) molecules in a static potassium structure, and the slow-diffusion process could be attributable to fluctuations in H(2) particle density correlated with jumps of potassium atoms. The QENS spectra at low Q are used to discuss the dimensionality of the diffusion process. C1 [Purewal, J. J.; Keith, J. B.; Ahn, C. C.; Fultz, B.] CALTECH, WM Keck Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Brown, C. M.; Tyagi, M.] NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Tyagi, M.] Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Purewal, JJ (reprint author), CALTECH, WM Keck Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM purewal@caltech.edu RI Tyagi, Madhu Sudan/M-4693-2014; Brown, Craig/B-5430-2009 OI Tyagi, Madhu Sudan/0000-0002-4364-7176; Brown, Craig/0000-0002-9637-9355 FU National Science Foundation [DMR0454672]; Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy [DE-FC3605GO15079] FX This work utilized facilities supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Agreement No. DMR0454672 and was partially supported by the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy through the Hydrogen Sorption Center of Excellence under Contract No. DE-FC3605GO15079. NR 34 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD FEB PY 2009 VL 79 IS 5 AR 054305 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.79.054305 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 413TM UT WOS:000263815400041 ER PT J AU Tewary, VK Yang, B AF Tewary, V. K. Yang, B. TI Parametric interatomic potential for graphene SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article DE atomic forces; elastic constants; graphene; ionisation potential; lattice constants; nanostructured materials; phonons; potential energy functions ID ELASTIC-CONSTANTS; PHONON-DISPERSION; GRAPHITE; HYDROCARBONS; DIAMOND; SILICON; CARBON; ORDER AB A parametric interatomic potential is constructed for graphene. The potential energy consists of two parts: a bond energy function and a radial interaction energy function. The bond energy function is based on the Tersoff-Brenner potential model. It includes angular terms and explicitly accounts for flexural deformation of the lattice normal to the plane of graphene. It determines the cohesive energy of graphene and its equilibrium lattice constant. The radial energy function has been chosen such that it does not contribute to the binding energy or the equilibrium lattice constant but contributes to the interatomic force constants. The range of interaction of each atom extends up to its fourth-neighbor atoms in contrast to the Tersoff-Brenner potential, which extends only up to second neighbors. The parameters of the potential are obtained by fitting the calculated values to the cohesive energy, lattice constant, elastic constants, and phonon frequencies of graphene. The values of the force constants between an atom and other atoms that are within its fourth-neighbor distance are calculated. Analytical expressions are given for the elastic constants and the flexural rigidity of graphene. The flexural rigidity of the graphene lattice is found to be 2.13 eV, which is much higher than 0.797 eV calculated earlier using the Tersoff-Brenner potential. C1 [Tewary, V. K.] NIST, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Yang, B.] Florida Inst Technol, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Melbourne, FL 32901 USA. RP Tewary, VK (reprint author), NIST, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM tewary@boulder.nist.gov RI Yang, Bo/A-5716-2010 NR 27 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 18 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD FEB PY 2009 VL 79 IS 7 AR 075442 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.79.075442 PG 9 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 413TQ UT WOS:000263815800122 ER PT J AU Dengler, L Uslu, B Barberopoulou, A Yim, SC Kelly, A AF Dengler, L. Uslu, B. Barberopoulou, A. Yim, S. C. Kelly, A. TI The November 15, 2006 Kuril Islands-Generated Tsunami in Crescent City, California SO PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE 2006 Kuril Islands earthquake; Tsunami; Crescent City; Tsunami warning system; Coastal damage; Hazard mitigation AB On November 15, 2006, Crescent City in Del Norte County, California was hit by a tsunami generated by a M-w 8.3 earthquake in the central Kuril Islands. Strong currents that persisted over an eight-hour period damaged floating docks and several boats and caused an estimated $9.2 million in losses. Initial tsunami alert bulletins issued by the West Coast Alaska Tsunami Warning Center (WCATWC) in Palmer, Alaska were cancelled about three and a half hours after the earthquake, nearly five hours before the first surges reached Crescent City. The largest amplitude wave, 1.76-meter peak to trough, was the sixth cycle and arrived over two hours after the first wave. Strong currents estimated at over 10 knots, damaged or destroyed three docks and caused cracks in most of the remaining docks. As a result of the November 15 event, WCATWC changed the definition of Advisory from a region-wide alert bulletin meaning that a potential tsunami is 6 hours or further away to a localized alert that tsunami water heights may approach warning- level thresholds in specific, vulnerable locations like Crescent City. On January 13, 2007 a similar Kuril event occurred and hourly conferences between the warning center and regional weather forecasts were held with a considerable improvement in the flow of information to local coastal jurisdictions. The event highlighted the vulnerability of harbors from a relatively modest tsunami and underscored the need to improve public education regarding the duration of the tsunami hazards, improve dialog between tsunami warning centers and local jurisdictions, and better understand the currents produced by tsunamis in harbors. C1 [Dengler, L.] Humboldt State Univ, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. [Uslu, B.; Barberopoulou, A.] Univ So Calif, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. [Uslu, B.] NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Yim, S. C.] Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Kelly, A.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Dengler, L (reprint author), Humboldt State Univ, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. EM lad1@humboldt.edu; Uslu@noaa.gov; yim@oregonstate.edu; annabelkelly@gmail.com RI Barberopoulou, Aggeliki/C-5903-2014 NR 26 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER BASEL AG PI BASEL PA PICASSOPLATZ 4, BASEL, 4052, SWITZERLAND SN 0033-4553 J9 PURE APPL GEOPHYS JI Pure Appl. Geophys. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 166 IS 1-2 BP 37 EP 53 DI 10.1007/s00024-008-0429-2 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 418XP UT WOS:000264183600003 ER PT J AU Cook, JC AF Cook, J. C. TI Design and estimated performance of a new neutron guide system for the NCNR expansion project SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article DE coatings; fission research reactors; neutron beams; particle optics ID TRANSMISSION PROPERTIES; CHOPPER SPECTROMETER; OPTICAL-DEVICES; NIST CENTER; SUPERMIRROR AB An integral part of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Center for Neutron Research (NCNR) expansion project is the addition of five cold neutron guide tubes serving multiple experimental stations in an expanded guide hall. The guides have curved-straight arrangements in the horizontal plane, employing horizontally or vertically defocusing and focusing sections in some cases to improve transmission efficiency or for beam reshaping. The horizontally curved sections eliminate direct lines of sight between the source and the experimental stations, and the outer (concave) surfaces generally have higher critical angles than the inner (convex) surfaces. These features result in well-filtered cold neutron beams with no intensity losses at shorter wavelengths with respect to curved guides having the higher critical angle coatings on both surfaces. For all guides the critical angle of the outer coating of the curved section is selected to achieve a desirable characteristic wavelength, consistent with the instrument requirements. On guides where the scattering-plane beam divergence must be strictly limited, the inner radial coatings of the curved sections and the side coatings and lengths of the final straight sections are chosen to produce the desired beam divergence while the outer radial coating is selected so as to obtain a spatial-angular uniformity of the transmitted beam that is not achievable using a curved guide alone. The long-wavelength transmission of such guides tends to exceed that of equivalent straight guides using crystal filters. C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cook, JC (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, 100 Bureau Dr,Stop 6103, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 43 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 3 U2 10 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 EI 1089-7623 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 80 IS 2 AR 023101 DI 10.1063/1.3077144 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 413OX UT WOS:000263803500001 PM 19256634 ER PT J AU Villanueva-Fierro, I Popp, CJ Dixon, RW Martin, RS Gaffney, JS Marley, NA Harris, JM AF Villanueva-Fierro, Ignacio Popp, Carl J. Dixon, Roy W. Martin, Randal S. Gaffney, Jeffrey S. Marley, Nancy A. Harris, Joyce M. TI GROUND LEVEL CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF AIR TRANSPORTED FROM THE 1998 MEXICAN-CENTRAL AMERICAN FIRES TO THE SOUTHWESTERN USA SO REVISTA INTERNACIONAL DE CONTAMINACION AMBIENTAL LA English DT Article DE biomass; fires; air quality; transport; stratosphere ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; TRANSFORM INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY; LABORATORY BIOMASS FIRES; WOOD-BURNING FIREPLACES; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; EMISSIONS; AEROSOL; FORMALDEHYDE; OZONE; ACETALDEHYDE AB In May 1998, a large number of forest fires in the region of southern Mexico and Central America, released huge amounts of contaminants that were transported over the Pacific Ocean, then, due to a change in air current direction, the primary (ontaminants and their secondary pollutant products impacted central New Mexico after 5 to 6 days transport time The total distance traveled was approximately 3000 km from the fire source Background measurements of a number of key chemical markers were taken before and during the haze incursion at a site located at Socorro NM A number of days before the haze episode in NM, large areas of Texas, Louisiana and the lower Mississippi River valley were also inundated by smoke from the fires The sum of carbonyl compounds was 5 6 ppbv before and 15 5 ppbv during the smoke even, the sum of carboxylic acids went from 7 2 ppbv to 8 6 ppbv, C1-C2 hydrocarbons went from 270 ppbv to 133 ppbv, particulate NO(3)(-) went from 0 1 to 1 3 mu g/m(3), SO(4)(-2) went from 1 2 to 3 4 mu g/m(3), and PM(10) concentrations remained between the range measured before the episode (15-20 mu g/m(3)) The results indicate the significant impact on a rural site from long range transport of primary and secondary smoke pollutants from biomass burning events and the importance of these species being primarily in the gaseous and fine aerosol size range These fine aerosols are important as climate forcing agents and in reducing air quality and visibility C1 [Villanueva-Fierro, Ignacio] Becario COFAA, Dept Ciencias Ambientales, CIIDIR IPN Unidad Durango, Durango 34000, Dgo, Mexico. [Popp, Carl J.] New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Dept Chem, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. [Dixon, Roy W.] Calif State Univ Sacramento, Dept Chem, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. [Martin, Randal S.] Utah State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Logan, UT 84322 USA. [Gaffney, Jeffrey S.] Univ Arkansas, Dept Chem, Little Rock, AR 72204 USA. [Marley, Nancy A.] Univ Arkansas, Grad Inst Technol, Little Rock, AR 72204 USA. [Harris, Joyce M.] NOAA, Off Ocean & Atmospher Res, ERL CMDL, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Villanueva-Fierro, I (reprint author), Becario COFAA, Dept Ciencias Ambientales, CIIDIR IPN Unidad Durango, Sigma S-N,Fracc 20 Noviembre 2, Durango 34000, Dgo, Mexico. RI Xiongfei, Zhao/G-7690-2015; OI Villanueva-Fierro, Ignacio/0000-0001-7751-9271 NR 53 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 7 PU CENTRO CIENCIAS ATMOSFERA UNAM PI MEXICO CITY PA CIRCUITO EXTERIOR, MEXICO CITY CU 04510, MEXICO SN 0188-4999 J9 REV INT CONTAM AMBIE JI Rev. Int. Contam. Ambient. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 25 IS 1 BP 23 EP 32 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 687XF UT WOS:000284811000003 ER PT J AU O'Malley, SP McGrath, C AF O'Malley, Stephen P. McGrath, Chris TI Real-Time Current Measurements Improve Vessel Safety and Port Efficiency SO SEA TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 [O'Malley, Stephen P.] OceanTechUSA Inc, Delaware, OH USA. [McGrath, Chris] Ctr Operat Oceanog Prod & Serv, Natl Ocean Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Div Engn, Chesapeake, VA USA. RP O'Malley, SP (reprint author), OceanTechUSA Inc, Delaware, OH USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPASS PUBLICATIONS, INC PI ARLINGTON PA 1501 WILSON BLVD., STE 1001, ARLINGTON, VA 22209-2403 USA SN 0093-3651 J9 SEA TECHNOL JI Sea Technol. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 50 IS 2 BP 41 EP + PG 6 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA 416NZ UT WOS:000264014100005 ER PT J AU Ho, SP Goldberg, M Kuo, YH Zou, CZ Schreiner, W AF Ho, Shu-Peng Goldberg, Mitch Kuo, Ying-Hwa Zou, Cheng-Zhi Schreiner, William TI Calibration of Temperature in the Lower Stratosphere from Microwave Measurements Using COSMIC Radio Occultation Data: Preliminary Results SO TERRESTRIAL ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC Mission Early Results Workshop CY APR 15, 2006 CL Vandenberg, CA DE FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC; Temperature in the Lower Stratosphere; AMSU ID GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM; TROPOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE; EARTHS ATMOSPHERE; ERROR ANALYSIS; MSU CHANNEL-2; SOUNDING UNIT; GPS/MET DATA; GPS; VALIDATION; TRENDS AB Accurate, consistent, and stable observations from different satellite missions are crucial for climate change detection. In this study, we use Global Positioning System (GPS) Radio Occultation (RO) data from the early phase of the FORMOSAT-3/Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) mission, which was successfully launched on 15 April 2006, to inter-calibrate Temperature in the Lower Stratosphere (TLS) taken from Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) microwave measurements from different satellites for potential improvements of stratospheric temperature trend analysis. Because of the limited number of COSMIC soundings in the early phase of the mission, these results are considered preliminary. In this study, we use COSMIC RO data to simulate microwave brightness temperatures for comparison with AMSU Ch9 measurements (e.g., TLS) on board NOAA15, 16, and 18. Excellent correlation was found between synthetic COSMIC brightness temperatures (Tbs) and Tbs from NOAA15, NOAA 16, and NOAA18, respectively. However, systematic differences on the order of 0.7 to 2 K were found between COSMIC and AMSU observations over Antarctica. Our results demonstrate that synthetic COSMIC Tbs are very useful in identifying inter-satellite offsets among AMSU measurements from different satellites. To demonstrate the long-term stability of GPS RO data, we compare COSMIC dry temperature profiles to those from collocated CHAMP profiles, where CHAMP was launched in 2001. The fact that the CHAMP and COSMIC dry temperature difference between 500 and 10 hPa ranges from -0.35 K (at 10 hPa) to 0.25 K (at 30 hPa) and their mean difference is about -0.034 K demonstrates the long-term stability of GPS RO signals. In order to demonstrate the potential usage of the GPS RO calibrated AMSU Tbs to inter-calibrate other overlapping AMSU Tbs, we examine the uncertainty of the calibration coefficients derived from AMSU-GPS RO pairs. We found the difference between COSMIC calibrated AMSU Tbs and those from CHAMP to be in the range of +/-0.07 K with a 0.1 K standard deviation. This demonstrates the robustness of the calibration coefficients found from AMSU-GPS RO pairs and shows the potential to use the calibrated AMSU Tbs to calibrate other overlapping AMSU Tbs where no coincident GPS RO, data are available. C1 [Ho, Shu-Peng; Kuo, Ying-Hwa] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Ho, Shu-Peng; Kuo, Ying-Hwa; Schreiner, William] Univ Corp Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Goldberg, Mitch; Zou, Cheng-Zhi] NOAA NESDIS Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Ho, SP (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM spho@ucar.edu RI Zou, Cheng-Zhi/E-3085-2010; Goldberg, Mitch/F-5589-2010 NR 37 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 9 PU CHINESE GEOSCIENCE UNION PI TAIPEI PA PO BOX 23-59, TAIPEI 10764, TAIWAN SN 1017-0839 EI 2311-7680 J9 TERR ATMOS OCEAN SCI JI Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 20 IS 1 BP 87 EP 100 DI 10.3319/TAO.2007.12.06.01(F3C) PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 434GV UT WOS:000265264100008 ER PT J AU Coker, C Dymond, KF Budzien, SA Chua, DH Liu, JY Anderson, DN Basu, S Pedersen, TR AF Coker, Clayton Dymond, Kenneth F. Budzien, Scott A. Chua, Damien H. Liu, Jann-Yenq Anderson, David N. Basu, Sunanda Pedersen, Todd R. TI Observations of the Ionosphere Using the Tiny Ionospheric Photometer SO TERRESTRIAL ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC Mission Early Results Workshop CY APR 15, 2006 CL Vandenberg, CA DE Far ultraviolet; Ionosphere; Equatorial anomaly; Irregularities ID ELECTRON-DENSITY AB The Tiny Ionospheric Photometer (TIP) on the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC) characterizes the nighttime ionosphere using 135.6-nm radiative recombination emission. TIP measures horizontal structure of the ionosphere with high precision and high spatial resolution. Latitudinal, longitudinal, and temporal distribution of the nighttime ionosphere is specified. We present a review of ionospheric observations made with TIP during the first five months of operation. Comparisons are made with other ionospheric sensors in order to validate the TIP observations and to demonstrate TIP resolution and sensitivity performance. Equatorial anomalies observed by TIP are compared with estimates of the E x B vertical drift during the post-sunset pre-reversal enhancement in the Peruvian sector. Low latitude irregularity structures observed by TIP are compared with measurements from ground-based sensors including: imaging photometers, ionosonde, and UHF scintillation receivers. Detailed measurements of low latitude density depletion depth and width are provided. Global ionospheric morphology observed by TIP is compared with similar observations by COSMIC radio occultation, and the GAIM model. The complexity of the underlying neutral winds is revealed by the TIP ionospheric morphology. C1 [Coker, Clayton; Dymond, Kenneth F.; Budzien, Scott A.; Chua, Damien H.] USN, Res Lab, Div Space Sci, Washington, DC 20375 USA. [Liu, Jann-Yenq] Natl Cent Univ, Inst Space Sci, Chungli 32054, Taiwan. [Anderson, David N.] Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Space Weather Predict Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Basu, Sunanda] Boston Univ, Ctr Space Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA. [Pedersen, Todd R.] USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA USA. RP Coker, C (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Div Space Sci, Washington, DC 20375 USA. EM clayton.coker@nrl.navy.mil RI 魏, 孝慈/D-1493-2012; Liu, Jann-Yenq/Q-1668-2015; OI Pedersen, Todd/0000-0002-6940-0112 NR 17 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 4 PU CHINESE GEOSCIENCE UNION PI TAIPEI PA PO BOX 23-59, TAIPEI 10764, TAIWAN SN 1017-0839 J9 TERR ATMOS OCEAN SCI JI Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 20 IS 1 BP 227 EP 235 DI 10.3319/TAO.2008.01.18.02(F3C) PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 434GV UT WOS:000265264100018 ER PT J AU Yuan, HL Lu, CG McGinley, JA Schultz, PJ Jamison, BD Wharton, L Anderson, CJ AF Yuan, Huiling Lu, Chungu McGinley, John A. Schultz, Paul J. Jamison, Brian D. Wharton, Linda Anderson, Christopher J. TI Evaluation of Short-Range Quantitative Precipitation Forecasts from a Time-Lagged Multimodel Ensemble SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION; CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS; INITIAL CONDITION; MODEL; SIMULATIONS; RESOLUTION; SKILL; PARAMETERIZATION; PERTURBATIONS; SENSITIVITY AB Short-range quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs) and probabilistic QPFs (PQPFs) are investigated for a time-lagged multimodel ensemble forecast system. One of the advantages of such an ensemble forecast system is its low-cost generation of ensemble members. In conjunction with a frequently cycling data assimilation system using a diabatic initialization [such as the Local Analysis and Prediction System (LAPS)], the time-lagged multimodel ensemble system offers a particularly appealing approach for QPF and PQPF applications. Using the NCEP stage IV precipitation analyses for verification, 6-h QPFs and PQPFs from this system are assessed during the period of March-May 2005 over the west-central United States. The ensemble system was initialized by hourly LAPS runs at a horizontal resolution of 12 km using two mesoscale models, including the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) and the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model with the Advanced Research WRF (ARW) dynamic core. The 6-h PQPFs from this system provide better performance than the NCEP operational North American Mesoscale (NAM) deterministic runs at 12-km resolution, even though individual members of the MM5 or WRF models perform comparatively worse than the NAM forecasts at higher thresholds and longer lead times. Recalibration was conducted to reduce the intensity errors in time-lagged members. In spite of large biases and spatial displacement errors in the MM5 and WRF forecasts, statistical verification of QPFs and PQPFs shows more skill at longer lead times by adding more members from earlier initialized forecast cycles. Combing the two models only reduced the forecast biases. The results suggest that further studies on time-lagged multimodel ensembles for operational forecasts are needed. C1 [Yuan, Huiling; Lu, Chungu; McGinley, John A.; Schultz, Paul J.; Jamison, Brian D.; Wharton, Linda; Anderson, Christopher J.] NOAA, ESRL, Global Syst Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Lu, Chungu; Anderson, Christopher J.] Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Yuan, Huiling] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Yuan, HL (reprint author), NOAA, ESRL, Global Syst Div, R GSD7,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM huiling.yuan@noaa.gov RI Jamison, Brian/M-1109-2015 FU NOAA Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research FX This research was performed while H. Yuan held a National Research Council Research Associateship Award at NOAA/ESRL. We thank Drs. Alexander MacDonald and Steven Koch for discussions on the subject, Steve Albers for conducting the NOAA internal review, and Ann Reiser for providing the technical edit. This research was funded by the NOAA Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official policy or position of NOAA. We also thank the three anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions. NR 46 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 24 IS 1 BP 18 EP 38 DI 10.1175/2008WAF2007053.1 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 429SJ UT WOS:000264940100002 ER PT J AU Gaffin, DM AF Gaffin, David M. TI On High Winds and Foehn Warming Associated with Mountain-Wave Events in the Western Foothills of the Southern Appalachian Mountains SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID WASHINGTON CASCADE MOUNTAINS; CYCLE; SIDE AB Extremely high winds of 40-49 m s(-1) [90-110 miles per hour (mph)] were reported across the western foothills of the southern Appalachian Mountains on 22-23 December 2004, 17 October 2006, 24-25 February 2007, and 1 March 2007. The high winds in all four of these events were determined to be the result of mountain waves, as strong southeast winds became perpendicular to the mountains with a stable boundary layer present below 750 hPa and a veering wind profile that increased with height. Adiabatic warming of the descending southeasterly winds was also observed at the Knoxville airport during all four events (although of varying intensities), with the 850-hPa air mass immediately upwind of the Smoky Mountains determined to be the source region of these foehn winds. An interesting similarity among these four events was the location of the strongest 850-hPa winds northwest of the region, with a rapidly decreasing speed gradient observed over the mountains. These 850-hPa winds northwest of the mountains were also stronger than the 700-hPa winds in the region. It was hypothesized that strong low-level divergence developed in the foothills, as the stronger 850-hPa winds on the western side accelerated away from the mountains while the mountains prevented a rapid return flow from the eastern side. This low-level divergence likely helped to further strengthen the mountain-wave-induced mesolow and high winds in the western foothills. A 12-yr climatology of high wind events induced by mountain waves at Cove Mountain was also constructed. This climatology revealed that these events occurred primarily at night between November and March. Composite maps of mountain-wave events that produced warning-level and advisory-level winds revealed that an axis of stronger 850-hPa winds was typically located west of the mountains (away from the foothills). This finding (using reanalysis data instead of model data) further suggested that low-level divergence normally contributed to the intensity of mountain-wave-induced mesolows and winds in the western foothills of the southern Appalachian Mountains. C1 Natl Weather Serv, Morristown, TN 37814 USA. RP Gaffin, DM (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, 5974 Commerce Blvd, Morristown, TN 37814 USA. EM david.gaffin@noaa.gov NR 21 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 24 IS 1 BP 53 EP 75 DI 10.1175/2008WAF2007096.1 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 429SJ UT WOS:000264940100004 ER PT J AU Pettegrew, BP Market, PS Wolf, RA Holle, RL Demetriades, NWS AF Pettegrew, Brian P. Market, Patrick S. Wolf, Raymond A. Holle, Ronald L. Demetriades, Nicholas W. S. TI A Case Study of Severe Winter Convection in the Midwest SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID SQUALL LINES; MESOSCALE; FORECAST; MODEL; PRECIPITATION; THUNDERSTORMS; SYSTEMS; EVENTS; COAST; WIND AB Between 2100 UTC 11 February 2003 and 0200 UTC 12 February 2003, a line of thunderstorms passed swiftly through parts of eastern Iowa and into north-central Illinois. Although this storm somewhat resembled a warm season, line-type mesoscale convective system, it was unique in that the thunderstorm winds exceeded the severe criterion (50 kt; 25.7 m s(-1)) during a snowburst. While the parent snowband deposited only 4 cm of snow, it did so in a short period and created a treacherous driving situation because of the ensuing near-whiteout conditions caused by strong winds that reached the National Weather Service severe criteria, as the line moved across central Illinois. Such storms in the cold season rarely occur and are largely undocumented; the present work seeks to fill this void in the existing literature. While this system superficially resembled a more traditional warm season squall line, deeper inspection revealed a precipitation band that failed to conform to that paradigm. Radar analysis failed to resolve any of the necessary warm season signatures, as maximum reflectivities of only 40-45 dBZ reached no higher than 3.7 km above ground level. The result was low-topped convection in a highly sheared environment. Moreover, winds in excess of 50 kt (25.7 m s(-1)) occurred earlier in the day without thunderstorm activity, upstream of the eventual severe thundersnow location. Perhaps of greatest importance is the fact that the winds in excess of the severe criterion were more the result of boundary layer mixing, and largely coincident with the parent convective line. This event was a case of forced convection, dynamically linked to its parent cold front via persistent frontogenesis and the convective instability associated with it; winds sufficient for a severe thunderstorm warning, while influenced by convection, resulted from high momentum mixing downward through a dry-adiabatic layer. C1 [Pettegrew, Brian P.; Market, Patrick S.] Univ Missouri, Dept Soil Environm & Atmospher Sci, Columbia, MO USA. [Wolf, Raymond A.] Natl Weather Serv Off, Davenport, IA USA. [Holle, Ronald L.; Demetriades, Nicholas W. S.] Vaisala Inc, Tucson, AZ USA. RP Pettegrew, BP (reprint author), NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, ESRL, GSD, 325 S Broadway,RIGS5, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM brinn.p.pettegrew@noaa.gov FU National Science Foundation (NSF) [ATM-0239010]; U. S. Department of Energy FX This work is supported in part by the National Science Foundation (NSF), Award ATM-0239010. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of NSF. The authors also wish to express their gratitude to Mr. Joseph Clark for his help with GIS and the drafting of several figures, and to Steve Lack for his help with the processing of WSR-88D level II data. Also, we thank three anonymous reviewers whose efforts helped to improve the final manuscript. Finally, Rapid Update Cycle data were obtained from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program sponsored by the U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research, Environmental Sciences Division. NR 25 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 4 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 24 IS 1 BP 121 EP 139 DI 10.1175/2008WAF2007103.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 429SJ UT WOS:000264940100008 ER PT J AU Brotzge, J Erickson, S AF Brotzge, J. Erickson, S. TI NWS Tornado Warnings with Zero or Negative Lead Times SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID DETECTION ALGORITHM; WSR-88D; RADAR AB During a 5-yr period of study from 2000 to 2004, slightly more than 10% of all National Weather Service (NWS) tornado warnings were issued either simultaneously as the tornado formed (i.e., with zero lead time) or minutes after initial tornado formation but prior to tornado dissipation (i.e., with "negative'' lead time). This study examines why these tornadoes were not warned in advance, and what climate, storm morphology, and sociological factors may have played a role in delaying the issuance of the warning. This dataset of zero and negative lead time warnings are sorted by their F-scale ratings, geographically by region and weather forecast office (WFO), hour of the day, month of the year, tornado-to-radar distance, county population density, and number of tornadoes by day, hour, and order of occurrence. Two key results from this study are (i) providing advance warning on the first tornado of the day remains a difficult challenge and (ii) the more isolated the tornado event, the less likelihood that an advance warning is provided. WFOs that experience many large-scale outbreaks have a lower proportion of warnings with negative lead time than WFOs that experience many more isolated, one-tornado or two-tornado warning days. Monthly and geographic trends in lead time are directly impacted by the number of multiple tornado events. Except for a few isolated cases, the impacts of tornado-to-radar distance, county population density, and storm morphology did not have a significant impact on negative lead-time warnings. C1 [Brotzge, J.] Univ Oklahoma, Ctr Anal & Predict Storms, Norman, OK 73072 USA. [Erickson, S.] NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Brotzge, J (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Ctr Anal & Predict Storms, 120 David L Boren Blvd,Suite 2500, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM jbrotzge@ou.edu FU Engineering Research Centers Program of the National Science Foundation [0313747] FX We thank Brent Macaloney at NWS Headquarters for supplying us with the tornado record data used in this study, and Harold Brooks, Rodger Brown, Michael Richman, Liz Quoetone, and three anonymous reviewers for excellent suggestions to improve this manuscript. Thanks to James Hocker for his GIS expertise. This work is supported by the Engineering Research Centers Program of the National Science Foundation under NSF Award 0313747. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. NR 19 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 24 IS 1 BP 140 EP 154 DI 10.1175/2008WAF2007076.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 429SJ UT WOS:000264940100009 ER PT J AU James, KA Stensrud, DJ Yussouf, N AF James, Kenneth A. Stensrud, David J. Yussouf, Nusrat TI Value of Real-Time Vegetation Fraction to Forecasts of Severe Convection in High-Resolution Models SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID LAND-COVER DATA; MESOSCALE CIRCULATIONS; ETA SIMULATIONS; BOUNDARY-LAYER; SOIL-MOISTURE; SURFACE; PREDICTION; SENSITIVITY; PARAMETERIZATION; PRECIPITATION AB Near-real-time values of vegetation fraction are incorporated into a 2-km nested version of the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting (ARW) model and compared to forecasts from a control run that uses climatological values of vegetation fraction for eight severe weather events during 2004. It is hypothesized that an improved partitioning of surface sensible and latent heat fluxes occurs when incorporating near-real-time values of the vegetation fraction into models, which may result in improved forecasts of the low-level environmental conditions that support convection and perhaps even lead to improved explicit convective forecasts. Five of the severe weather events occur in association with weak synoptic-scale forcing, while three of the events occur in association with moderate or strong synoptic-scale forcing. Results show that using the near-real-time values of the vegetation fraction alters the values and structure of low-level temperature and dewpoint temperature fields compared to the forecasts using climatological vegetation fractions. The environmental forecasts that result from using the real-time vegetation fraction are more thermodynamically supportive of convection, including stronger and deeper frontogenetic circulations, and statistically significant improvements of most unstable CAPE forecasts compared to the control run. However, despite the improved environmental forecasts, the explicit convective forecasts using real-time vegetation fractions show little to no improvement over the control forecasts. The convective forecasts are generally poor under weak synoptic-scale forcing and generally good under strong synoptic-scale forcing. These results suggest that operational forecasters can best use high-resolution forecasts to help diagnose environmental conditions within an ingredients-based forecasting approach. C1 [Stensrud, David J.] NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Natl Weather Ctr, Norman, OK 73072 USA. [James, Kenneth A.] NOAA, NWS Forecast Off, Norman, OK 73072 USA. [Yussouf, Nusrat] Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK USA. RP Stensrud, DJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Natl Weather Ctr, Rm 4358,120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM david.stensrud@noaa.gov OI Yussouf, Nusrat/0000-0003-4998-1770 FU NOAA/Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research [NA17RJ1227]; U. S. Department of Commerce FX The authors gratefully acknowledge the advice and assistance of Drs. Kim Elmore, Alan Shapiro, and Lance Leslie during research. The constructive comments of three reviewers enhanced the presentation and are very much appreciated. Partial funding was provided by NOAA/Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research under NOAA/University of Oklahoma Cooperative Agreement NA17RJ1227, U. S. Department of Commerce. NR 29 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 24 IS 1 BP 187 EP 210 DI 10.1175/2008WAF2007097.1 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 429SJ UT WOS:000264940100011 ER PT J AU Brill, KF AF Brill, Keith F. TI A General Analytic Method for Assessing Sensitivity to Bias of Performance Measures for Dichotomous Forecasts SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID SKILL; EVENTS; SCORE AB Performance measures computed from the 2 x 2 contingency table of outcomes for dichotomous forecasts are sensitive to bias. The method presented here evaluates how the probability of detection (POD) must change as bias changes so that a performance measure improves at a given value of bias. A critical performance ratio (CPR) of the change of POD to the change in bias is derived for a number of performance measures. If a change in POD associated with a bias change satisfies the CPR condition, the performance measure will indicate an improved forecast. If a perfect measure of performance existed, it would always exhibit its optimal value at bias equal to one. Actual measures of performance are susceptible to bias, indicating a better forecast for bias values not equal to one. The CPR is specifically applied to assess the conditions for an improvement toward a more favorable value of several commonly used performance measures as bias increases or decreases through the value one. All performance measures evaluated are found to have quantifiable bias sensitivity. The CPR is applied to analyzing a performance requirement and bias sensitivity in a geometric model. C1 NOAA, Ctr Sci, NCEP, HPC, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Brill, KF (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Sci, NCEP, HPC, W NP32,Room 410B-2,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM keith.brill@noaa.gov NR 15 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 24 IS 1 BP 307 EP 318 DI 10.1175/2008WAF2222144.1 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 429SJ UT WOS:000264940100018 ER PT J AU Evans, M Jurewicz, ML AF Evans, Michael Jurewicz, Michael L., Sr. TI Correlations between Analyses and Forecasts of Banded Heavy Snow Ingredients and Observed Snowfall SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID CONDITIONAL SYMMETRIC INSTABILITY; NORTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; CONTINENTAL WINTER CYCLONE; HIGH-RESOLUTION; SNOWSTORMS; EVOLUTION AB North American Mesoscale (NAM) model forecasts of the occurrence, magnitude, depth, and persistence of ingredients previously shown to be useful in the diagnosis of banded and/or heavy snowfall potential are examined for a broad range of 25 snow events, with event total snowfall ranging from 10 cm (4 in.) to over 75 cm (30 in.). The ingredients examined are frontogenetical forcing, weak moist symmetric stability, saturation, and microphysical characteristics favorable for the production of dendritic snow crystals. It is shown that these ingredients, previously identified as being critical indicators for heavy and/or banded snowfall in major storms, are often found in smaller snowfall events. It is also shown that the magnitude, depth, and persistence of these ingredients, or combinations of these ingredients, appear to be good predictors of event total snowfall potential. In addition, a relationship is demonstrated between temporal trends associated with one of the ingredients (saturated, geostrophic equivalent potential vorticity) and event total snowfall. Correlations between forecast values of these ingredients and observed snowfall are shown to decrease substantially as forecast lead time increases beyond 12 h. It is hypothesized that model forecast positioning and timing errors are primarily responsible for the lower correlations associated with longer-lead forecasts. This finding implies that the best forecasts beyond 12 h may be produced by examining the diagnostics of heavy snow ingredients from a single, high-resolution model to determine snowfall potential, then using ensemble forecasting approaches to determine the most probable location and timing of any heavy snow. C1 [Evans, Michael; Jurewicz, Michael L., Sr.] Natl Weather Serv Forecast Off, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Binghamton, NY USA. RP Evans, M (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv Forecast Off, 32 Dawes Dr, Johnson City, NY 13790 USA. EM michael.evans@noaa.gov NR 23 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 EI 1520-0434 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 24 IS 1 BP 337 EP 350 DI 10.1175/2008WAF2007105.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 429SJ UT WOS:000264940100020 ER PT J AU Bunkers, MJ AF Bunkers, Matthew J. TI Comments on "Observational Analysis of the Predictability of Mesoscale Convective Systems'' SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Editorial Material ID ENVIRONMENTS C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Rapid City, SD 57701 USA. RP Bunkers, MJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, 300 E Signal Dr, Rapid City, SD 57701 USA. EM matthew.bunkers@noaa.gov NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 24 IS 1 BP 351 EP 355 DI 10.1175/2008WAF2222129.1 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 429SJ UT WOS:000264940100021 ER PT J AU Buckel, JA PessUtti, JP Rosendale, JE Link, JS AF Buckel, Jeffrey A. Pessutti, Jeffrey P. Rosendale, John E. Link, Jason S. TI Interactions between bluefish and striped bass: Behavior of bluefish under size- and number-impaired conditions and overlap in resource use SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bluefish; Striped bass; Competition; Diet overlap; Habitat overlap ID SUMMER-SPAWNED COHORTS; FISHERIES MANAGEMENT; BIOENERGETICS MODELS; POMATOMUS-SALTATRIX; MORONE-SAXATILIS; COMPETITION; GROWTH; ENERGETICS; MORTALITY; STOCK AB A decline in bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix L.) recreational landings during the 1990s and the early 2000s led to multiple theories on the ultimate cause. One theory was that a large portion of the bluefish population moved offshore and was unavailable to nearshore recreational fishers: one reason given for the movement offshore was increased competition with striped bass (Morone saxatilis W.). We conducted laboratory experiments (feeding and non-feeding) to examine behavioral interactions between adult bluefish and sub-adult striped bass in a large (121,000 Q research aquarium. Additionally, we examined diet and habitat overlap of bluefish and striped bass from the fall and spring bottom trawl surveys conducted by the National Marine Fisheries Service. Observations of feeding trials for the following treatments were made: nonimpaired (i.e., same number and size of bluefish and striped bass), size-impaired (i.e., large striped bass/small bluefish), number-impaired (i.e.,10 striped bass/3bluefish), and single-species controls. Within a species, there was no difference in a variety of behavioral measures (e.g., attack rate, capture success, ingestion rate, and activity) between mixed- and control treatments under non-impaired or size-impaired conditions. However, behavior of number-impaired bluefish differed from control and size-impaired fish suggesting that striped bass may have a negative influence on bluefish foraging when bluefish are "out-numbered". Feeding had a strong effect on swimming speeds for both species. Diet and habitat overlap between bluefish and striped bass in continental shelf waters was low. Overall, foraging behavior in mixed-species treatments and field observations suggest no competitive interactions between adult bluefish and sub-adult striped bass. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Buckel, Jeffrey A.] N Carolina State Univ, Ctr Marine Sci & Technol, Dept Zool, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. [Pessutti, Jeffrey P.; Rosendale, John E.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. [Link, Jason S.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. RP Buckel, JA (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Ctr Marine Sci & Technol, Dept Zool, 303 Coll Circle, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. EM jeffrey_buckel@ncsu.edu FU National Research Council-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); Research Associateship; NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service-institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences at Rutgers University Bluefish/Striped Bass Dynamics FX We thank personnel of the Behavioral Ecology Branch at the James J. Howard Marine Sciences Laboratory (NOAA/NMFS) for assistance with fish collections and laboratory experiments especially Mike Temple for analysis of video recordings and Allan Stoner for discussions on experimental design; comments from Kevin Craig and Kyle Hartman greatly improved the manuscript. This work was supported by a National Research Council-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Research Associateship (to J.A.B.) and a grant from the NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service-institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences at Rutgers University Bluefish/Striped Bass Dynamics program (to J.A.B.). [SS] NR 41 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 EI 1879-1697 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD JAN 31 PY 2009 VL 368 IS 2 BP 129 EP 137 DI 10.1016/j.jembe.2008.09.002 PG 9 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 399JN UT WOS:000262796300004 ER PT J AU Sandwell, DT Smith, WHF AF Sandwell, David T. Smith, Walter H. F. TI Global marine gravity from retracked Geosat and ERS-1 altimetry: Ridge segmentation versus spreading rate SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID OCEANIC TRANSFORM FAULTS; SATELLITE ALTIMETRY; SEA-FLOOR; THERMAL CONTRACTION; GEODETIC MISSION; RATE DEPENDENCE; BATHYMETRIC PREDICTION; MESOSCALE VARIABILITY; FIELD RECOVERY; FRACTURE-ZONES AB Three approaches are used to reduce the error in the satellite-derived marine gravity anomalies. First, we have retracked the raw waveforms from the ERS-1 and Geosat/GM missions resulting in improvements in range precision of 40% and 27%, respectively. Second, we have used the recently published EGM2008 global gravity model as a reference field to provide a seamless gravity transition from land to ocean. Third, we have used a biharmonic spline interpolation method to construct residual vertical deflection grids. Comparisons between shipboard gravity and the global gravity grid show errors ranging from 2.0 mGal in the Gulf of Mexico to 4.0 mGal in areas with rugged seafloor topography. The largest errors of up to 20 mGal occur on the crests of narrow large seamounts. The global spreading ridges are well resolved and show variations in ridge axis morphology and segmentation with spreading rate. For rates less than about 60 mm/a the typical ridge segment is 50-80 km long while it increases dramatically at higher rates (100-1000 km). This transition spreading rate of 60 mm/a also marks the transition from axial valley to axial high. We speculate that a single mechanism controls both transitions; candidates include both lithospheric and asthenospheric processes. C1 [Sandwell, David T.] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Smith, Walter H. F.] NOAA, Lab Satellite Altimetry, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Sandwell, DT (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM dsandwell@ucsd.edu RI Wright, Dawn/A-4518-2011; Smith, Walter/F-5627-2010; OI Wright, Dawn/0000-0002-2997-7611; Smith, Walter/0000-0002-8814-015X; Sandwell, David/0000-0001-5657-8707 FU National Science Foundation [OCE NAG5 - 13673)]; Office of Naval Research [N00014-06-1-0140] FX We thank the associate editor and reviewers for suggesting improvements to the manuscript. This work was partly supported by the National Science Foundation (OCE NAG5 - 13673) and the Office of Naval Research (N00014-06-1-0140). The manuscript contents are solely the opinions of the authors and do not constitute a statement of policy, decision, or position on behalf of NOAA or the U. S. Government. NR 90 TC 311 Z9 331 U1 6 U2 48 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JAN 31 PY 2009 VL 114 AR B01411 DI 10.1029/2008JB006008 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 401ZU UT WOS:000262984000003 ER PT J AU Warneke, C Bahreini, R Brioude, J Brock, CA de Gouw, JA Fahey, DW Froyd, KD Holloway, JS Middlebrook, A Miller, L Montzka, S Murphy, DM Peischl, J Ryerson, TB Schwarz, JP Spackman, JR Veres, P AF Warneke, C. Bahreini, R. Brioude, J. Brock, C. A. de Gouw, J. A. Fahey, D. W. Froyd, K. D. Holloway, J. S. Middlebrook, A. Miller, L. Montzka, S. Murphy, D. M. Peischl, J. Ryerson, T. B. Schwarz, J. P. Spackman, J. R. Veres, P. TI Biomass burning in Siberia and Kazakhstan as an important source for haze over the Alaskan Arctic in April 2008 SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article AB During the ARCPAC (Aerosol, Radiation, and Cloud Processes affecting Arctic Climate) airborne field experiment in April 2008 in northern Alaska, about 50 plumes were encountered with the NOAA WP-3 aircraft between the surface and 6.5 km. Onboard measurements and the transport model FLEXPART showed that most of the plumes were emitted by forest fires in southern Siberia-Lake Baikal area and by agricultural burning in Kazakhstan-southern Russia. Unexpectedly, these biomass burning plumes were the dominant aerosol and gas-phase features encountered in this area during April. The influence on the plumes from sources other than burning was small. The chemical characteristics of plumes from the two source regions were different, with higher enhancements relative to CO for most gas and aerosol species from the agricultural fires. In 2008, the fire season started earlier than usual in Siberia, which may have resulted in unusually efficient transport of biomass burning emissions into the Arctic. Citation: Warneke, C., et al. (2009), Biomass burning in Siberia and Kazakhstan as an important source for haze over the Alaskan Arctic in April 2008, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L02813, doi: 10.1029/2008GL036194. C1 [Warneke, C.; Bahreini, R.; Brioude, J.; Brock, C. A.; de Gouw, J. A.; Fahey, D. W.; Froyd, K. D.; Holloway, J. S.; Middlebrook, A.; Murphy, D. M.; Peischl, J.; Ryerson, T. B.; Schwarz, J. P.; Spackman, J. R.; Veres, P.] NOAA Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO USA. [Miller, L.; Montzka, S.] NOAA ESRL Global Monitoring Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Warneke, C.; Bahreini, R.; Brioude, J.; de Gouw, J. A.; Froyd, K. D.; Holloway, J. S.; Miller, L.; Peischl, J.; Schwarz, J. P.; Spackman, J. R.; Veres, P.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Warneke, C (reprint author), NOAA Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO USA. EM carsten.warneke@noaa.gov RI Fahey, David/G-4499-2013; Warneke, Carsten/E-7174-2010; Peischl, Jeff/E-7454-2010; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; Veres, Patrick/E-7441-2010; Brioude, Jerome/E-4629-2011; Middlebrook, Ann/E-4831-2011; Brock, Charles/G-3406-2011; Murphy, Daniel/J-4357-2012; Holloway, John/F-9911-2012; Froyd, Karl/H-6607-2013; Ryerson, Tom/C-9611-2009; de Gouw, Joost/A-9675-2008 OI Montzka, Stephen/0000-0002-9396-0400; Fahey, David/0000-0003-1720-0634; Peischl, Jeff/0000-0002-9320-7101; Veres, Patrick/0000-0001-7539-353X; Middlebrook, Ann/0000-0002-2984-6304; Brock, Charles/0000-0002-4033-4668; Murphy, Daniel/0000-0002-8091-7235; Holloway, John/0000-0002-4585-9594; de Gouw, Joost/0000-0002-0385-1826 NR 23 TC 139 Z9 141 U1 3 U2 56 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 30 PY 2009 VL 36 AR L02813 DI 10.1029/2008GL036194 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 401ZB UT WOS:000262982000002 ER PT J AU Capotondi, A Combes, V Alexander, MA Di Lorenzo, E Miller, AJ AF Capotondi, Antonietta Combes, Vincent Alexander, Michael A. Di Lorenzo, Emanuele Miller, Arthur J. TI Low-frequency variability in the Gulf of Alaska from coarse and eddy-permitting ocean models SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID NORTHEAST PACIFIC-OCEAN; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; EASTERN GULF; HAIDA EDDIES; CIRCULATION; SURFACE; SATELLITE; TOPEX/POSEIDON; PRECIPITATION; ALTIMETER AB An eddy-permitting ocean model of the northeast Pacific is used to examine the ocean adjustment to changing wind forcing in the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) at interannual-to-decadal timescales. It is found that the adjustment of the ocean model in the presence of mesoscale eddies is similar to that obtained with coarse-resolution models. Local Ekman pumping plays a key role in forcing pycnocline depth variability and, to a lesser degree, sea surface height (SSH) variability in the center of the Alaska gyre and in some areas of the eastern and northern GOA. Westward Rossby wave propagation is evident in the SSH field along some latitudes but is less noticeable in the pycnocline depth field. Differences between SSH and pycnocline depth are also found when considering their relationship with the local forcing and leading modes of climate variability in the northeast Pacific. In the central GOA pycnocline depth variations are more clearly related to changes in the local Ekman pumping than SSH. While SSH is marginally correlated with both Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO) indices, the pycnocline depth evolution is primarily related to NPGO variability. The intensity of the mesoscale eddy field increases with increasing circulation strength. The eddy field is generally more energetic after the 1976-1977 climate regime shift, when the gyre circulation intensified. In the western basin, where eddies primarily originate from intrinsic instabilities of the flow, variations in eddy kinetic energy are statistically significant correlated with the PDO index, indicating that eddy statistics may be inferred, to some degree, from the characteristics of the large-scale flow. C1 [Capotondi, Antonietta; Alexander, Michael A.] NOAA, ESRL, PSD, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Capotondi, Antonietta] Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Capotondi, Antonietta] CIRES, Boulder, CO USA. [Combes, Vincent; Di Lorenzo, Emanuele] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Miller, Arthur J.] Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 93093 USA. RP Capotondi, A (reprint author), NOAA, ESRL, PSD, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM antonietta.capotondi@noaa.gov RI Alexander, Michael/A-7097-2013; Di Lorenzo, Emanuele/E-9107-2012 OI Alexander, Michael/0000-0001-9646-6427; Di Lorenzo, Emanuele/0000-0002-1935-7363 FU National Science Foundation [OCE-0452743, OCE-0452692, OCE-0452654, NSF GLOBEC OCE-0606575] FX We thank Patrick Cummins for providing the time series of winter pycnocline depth at Ocean Weather Station Papa and the GLOBEC program for the long-term measurements at station GAK1. The easy access to oceanic observations (e.g., GAK1 and AVISO) has been very valuable and greatly appreciated. This study was supported by the National Science Foundation (OCE-0452743, OCE-0452692, OCE-0452654, and NSF GLOBEC OCE-0606575). We thank the two anonymous reviewers for their excellent and constructive comments and suggestions. NR 46 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9275 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD JAN 30 PY 2009 VL 114 AR C01017 DI 10.1029/2008JC004983 PG 17 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 401ZM UT WOS:000262983100003 ER PT J AU Kofu, M Lee, SH Fujita, M Kang, HJ Eisaki, H Yamada, K AF Kofu, M. Lee, S. -H. Fujita, M. Kang, H. -J. Eisaki, H. Yamada, K. TI Hidden Quantum Spin-Gap State in the Static Stripe Phase of High-Temperature La2-xSrxCuO4 Superconductors SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID COPPER-OXIDE SUPERCONDUCTORS; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; CUPRATE SUPERCONDUCTORS; TRANSITION-TEMPERATURE; DYNAMICS; FLUCTUATIONS; EXCITATIONS; YBA2CU3O6+X; SPECTRUM; SYSTEM AB Low-energy spin excitations were investigated in the static stripe phase of La2-xSrxCuO4 using elastic and inelastic neutron scattering on single crystals. For x=1/8 in which long-range static stripe order exists, an energy gap of E-g=4 meV exists in the excitation spectrum in addition to strong quasielastic, incommensurate spin fluctuations associated with the static stripes. When x increases, the spectral weight of the spin fluctuations shifts from the quasielastic continuum to the excitation spectrum above E-g. The dynamic correlation length as a function of energy and the temperature evolution of the energy spectrum suggest a phase separation of two distinct magnetic phases in real space. C1 [Kofu, M.; Lee, S. -H.] Univ Virginia, Dept Phys, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. [Fujita, M.; Yamada, K.] Tohoku Univ, Inst Mat Res, Sendai, Miyagi 9808577, Japan. [Kang, H. -J.] NIST, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Eisaki, H.] Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Nanoelect Res Inst, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058565, Japan. RP Kofu, M (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Dept Phys, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. RI Yamada, Kazuyoshi/C-2728-2009; Fujita, Masaki/D-8430-2013 FU U.S. DOE [DE-FG02-07ER46384]; U.S. DOC-NIST [70NANB7H6035]; U.S. NSF [DMR-0454672] FX We thank J. M. Tranquada, Y. B. Kim, M. Matsuura, and T. Matsumura for helpful discussions and C. H. Lee, K. Hirota, and T. J. Sato for their support during sample growth and bulk property characterization. Work at University of Virginia and NCNR was supported by the U.S. DOE through No. DE-FG02-07ER46384, the U.S. DOC-NIST through No. 70NANB7H6035, and the U.S. NSF through No. DMR-0454672. NR 41 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JAN 30 PY 2009 VL 102 IS 4 AR 047001 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.047001 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 401YC UT WOS:000262978600059 PM 19257463 ER PT J AU Xiao, S Hollberg, L Diddams, SA AF Xiao, S. Hollberg, L. Diddams, S. A. TI Low-noise synthesis of microwave and millimetre-wave signals with optical frequency comb generator SO ELECTRONICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PHASE MODULATOR AB The phase noise of a 20 GHz picosecond optical pulse train generated by a modulator-based optical frequency comb generator is analysed. The residual timing jitter is <= 10 fs for Fourier frequencies from 10 Hz to 10 MHz. Photodetection of the optical pulse train provides millimetre-wave signals with similarly low residual jitter at 40, 60, and 80 GHz with applicable powers of -7.5, -10.5, and -13 dBm, respectively. C1 [Xiao, S.; Diddams, S. A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Xiao, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, MS 847,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM sxiao@boulder.nist.gov RI Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013 NR 13 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU INST ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY-IET PI HERTFORD PA MICHAEL FARADAY HOUSE SIX HILLS WAY STEVENAGE, HERTFORD SG1 2AY, ENGLAND SN 0013-5194 J9 ELECTRON LETT JI Electron. Lett. PD JAN 29 PY 2009 VL 45 IS 3 BP 170 EP 171 DI 10.1049/el:20093593 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 400ND UT WOS:000262874100024 ER PT J AU Aguilar, E Barry, AA Brunet, M Ekang, L Fernandes, A Massoukina, M Mbah, J Mhanda, A do Nascimento, DJ Peterson, TC Umba, OT Tomou, M Zhang, X AF Aguilar, E. Barry, A. Aziz Brunet, M. Ekang, L. Fernandes, A. Massoukina, M. Mbah, J. Mhanda, A. do Nascimento, D. J. Peterson, T. C. Umba, O. Thamba Tomou, M. Zhang, X. TI Changes in temperature and precipitation extremes in western central Africa, Guinea Conakry, and Zimbabwe, 1955-2006 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID RIVER DISCHARGE; F-TEST; CLIMATE AB Understanding how extremes are changing globally, regionally, and locally is an important first step for planning appropriate adaptation measures, as changes in extremes have major impacts. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's synthesis of global extremes was not able to say anything about western central Africa, as no analysis of the region was available nor was there an adequate internationally exchanged long-term daily data set available to use for analysis of extremes. This paper presents the first analysis of extremes in this climatically important region along with analysis of Guinea Conakry and Zimbabwe. As per many other parts of the world, the analysis shows a decrease in cold extremes and an increase in warm extremes. However, while the majority of the analyzed world has shown an increase in heavy precipitation over the last half century, central Africa showed a decrease. Furthermore, the companion analysis of Guinea Conakry and Zimbabwe showed no significant increases. C1 [Aguilar, E.; Brunet, M.] Univ Rovira & Virgili, Dept Geog, Ctr Climate Change, E-43002 Tarragona, Spain. [Barry, A. Aziz] Natl Meteorol & Hydrol Serv, Conakry, Guinea. [Brunet, M.] Univ E Anglia, Climat Res Unit, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. [Ekang, L.] Cabinet Minist Transports, Libreville, Gabon. [Fernandes, A.] Inst Natl Meteorol, Sao Tome, Sao Tome & Prin. [Massoukina, M.] Serv Meteorol Natl, Brazzaville, Congo. [Mbah, J.] Direct Meteorol Natl Cameroon, Douala, Cameroon. [Mhanda, A.] Zimbabwe Meteorol Serv Dept, Harare, Zimbabwe. [do Nascimento, D. J.] Inst Nacl Hidrometeorol & Geofis, Luanda, Angola. [Peterson, T. C.] NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. [Umba, O. Thamba] Agence Natl Meteorol & Teledetect Satellite, Kinshasa, Congo. [Tomou, M.] Direct Gen Aviat Civile & Meteorol, Bangui, Cent Afr Republ. [Zhang, X.] Meteorol Serv Canada, Climate Res Branch, Downsview, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. RP Aguilar, E (reprint author), Univ Rovira & Virgili, Dept Geog, Ctr Climate Change, Campus Ctr, E-43002 Tarragona, Spain. EM enric.aguilar@urv.cat; aazizb@hotmail.com; manola.brunet@urv.cat; metgabon@inet.ga; axfernandes40@hotmail.com; massoukina@yahoo.fr; justohfr@yahoo.fr; amhanda@weather.utande.co.zw; donascy@yahoo.com.br; Thomas.C.Peterson@noaa.gov; tomou_martin@yahoo.fr; Zuebin.Zhang@ec.gc.ca RI Manola, Brunet-India/E-8239-2010; Aguilar, Enric/L-4971-2014 OI Manola, Brunet-India/0000-0002-9386-710X; FU World Meteorological Organization (WMO); Commission for Climatology (CCl); World Climate Research Programme (WCRP); Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR); Spanish Comision Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CICYT) [CGL2007-65546-C03-02, CGL2006-13327-C04-03] FX This paper would not be possible without the Brazzaville workshop which was supported by the UK Met Office through WMO Voluntary Contribution Program funds and coordinated by WMO's World Climate Data and Monitoring Programme and hosted by the Direction de la Meteorologie Nationale du Congo. The workshop was run under the ETCCDI formula. The World Meteorological Organization Joint Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) is jointly sponsored by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Commission for Climatology (CCl), the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) project on Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR), and, since 2006, the Joint WMO-Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of the United National Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM). The workshop attendees very much appreciated the hospitality provided by Alphonse Kanga and his office and the logistic and scientific support provided by Omar Baddour and Hamma Kontongomde of WMO World Climate Data and Monitoring Programme, WCDMP. The WCDMP has also made possible the publication of this article. We would like also to thank Xiaolan Wang and Feng Yang of the Meteorological Service of Canada for developing and providing RHtest and RClimDex programs and Lisa Alexander of Monash University in Australia for providing the global indices trends. Finally, the time spent by Enric Aguilar and Manola Brunet on this work was funded by the Spanish Comision Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CICYT) under the research grants CGL2007-65546-C03-02 (CAFIDEXPI) and CGL2006-13327-C04-03 (CLICAL). NR 22 TC 77 Z9 84 U1 5 U2 31 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 29 PY 2009 VL 114 AR D02115 DI 10.1029/2008JD011010 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 401ZF UT WOS:000262982400006 ER PT J AU Waliser, DE Li, JLF Woods, CP Austin, RT Bacmeister, J Chern, J Del Genio, A Jiang, JH Kuang, ZM Meng, H Minnis, P Platnick, S Rossow, WB Stephens, GL Sun-Mack, S Tao, WK Tompkins, AM Vane, DG Walker, C Wu, D AF Waliser, Duane E. Li, Jui-Lin F. Woods, Christopher P. Austin, Richard T. Bacmeister, Julio Chern, Jiundar Del Genio, Anthony Jiang, Jonathan H. Kuang, Zhiming Meng, Huan Minnis, Patrick Platnick, Steve Rossow, William B. Stephens, Graeme L. Sun-Mack, Szedung Tao, Wei-Kuo Tompkins, Adrian M. Vane, Deborah G. Walker, Christopher Wu, Dong TI Cloud ice: A climate model challenge with signs and expectations of progress SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Review ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; HIGH-LEVEL CLOUDS; MICROWAVE SOUNDING UNIT; LARGE-SCALE MODELS; WATER-VAPOR; SAGE-II; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; EFFECTIVE-RADIUS; TROPICAL CIRRUS; DIURNAL CYCLE AB Present-day shortcomings in the representation of upper tropospheric ice clouds in general circulation models (GCMs) lead to errors in weather and climate forecasts as well as account for a source of uncertainty in climate change projections. An ongoing challenge in rectifying these shortcomings has been the availability of adequate, high-quality, global observations targeting ice clouds and related precipitating hydrometeors. In addition, the inadequacy of the modeled physics and the often disjointed nature between model representation and the characteristics of the retrieved/observed values have hampered GCM development and validation efforts from making effective use of the measurements that have been available. Thus, even though parameterizations in GCMs accounting for cloud ice processes have, in some cases, become more sophisticated in recent years, this development has largely occurred independently of the global-scale measurements. With the relatively recent addition of satellite-derived products from Aura/Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) and CloudSat, there are now considerably more resources with new and unique capabilities to evaluate GCMs. In this article, we illustrate the shortcomings evident in model representations of cloud ice through a comparison of the simulations assessed in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report, briefly discuss the range of global observational resources that are available, and describe the essential components of the model parameterizations that characterize their "cloud'' ice and related fields. Using this information as background, we (1) discuss some of the main considerations and cautions that must be taken into account in making model-data comparisons related to cloud ice, (2) illustrate present progress and uncertainties in applying satellite cloud ice (namely from MLS and CloudSat) to model diagnosis, (3) show some indications of model improvements, and finally (4) discuss a number of remaining questions and suggestions for pathways forward. C1 [Waliser, Duane E.; Li, Jui-Lin F.; Woods, Christopher P.; Jiang, Jonathan H.; Vane, Deborah G.; Wu, Dong] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Austin, Richard T.; Stephens, Graeme L.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Bacmeister, Julio; Chern, Jiundar; Platnick, Steve; Tao, Wei-Kuo] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Del Genio, Anthony] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Kuang, Zhiming; Walker, Christopher] Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Kuang, Zhiming; Walker, Christopher] Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Meng, Huan] NOAA, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Minnis, Patrick; Sun-Mack, Szedung] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Rossow, William B.] CUNY City Coll, Cooperat Remote Sensing Sci & Technol Ctr, New York, NY 10031 USA. [Tompkins, Adrian M.] European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England. RP Waliser, DE (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM flycool99@yahoo.com; cp.woods@gmail.com; austin@atmos.colostate.edu; bacmj@gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov; jchern@agnes.gsfc.nasa.gov; adelgenio@giss.nasa.gov; jonatha.h.jiang@jpl.nasa.gov; kzm@atmos.washington.edu; Huan.Meng@noaa.gov; Patrick.minnis-1@nasa.gov; steven.platnick@nasa.gov; wbrossow@gmail.com; stephens@atmos.colostate.edu; Szedung.sun-mack-1@nasa.gov; tao@agnes.gsfc.nasa.gov; Tompkins@ictp.it; deborah.g.vane@jpl.nasa.gov; cwalker@fas.harvard.edu; dwu@mls.jpl.nasa.gov RI Meng, Huan/F-5613-2010; Del Genio, Anthony/D-4663-2012; Platnick, Steven/J-9982-2014; Minnis, Patrick/G-1902-2010; Rossow, William/F-3138-2015; Tompkins, Adrian/N-6472-2013; Wu, Dong/D-5375-2012 OI Meng, Huan/0000-0001-6449-890X; Del Genio, Anthony/0000-0001-7450-1359; Platnick, Steven/0000-0003-3964-3567; Minnis, Patrick/0000-0002-4733-6148; Tompkins, Adrian/0000-0003-0975-6691; NR 105 TC 148 Z9 151 U1 3 U2 30 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 29 PY 2009 VL 114 AR D00A21 DI 10.1029/2008JD010015 PG 27 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 401ZF UT WOS:000262982400002 ER PT J AU Sarris, T Li, X Singer, HJ AF Sarris, T. Li, X. Singer, H. J. TI A long-duration narrowband Pc5 pulsation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID RADAR OBSERVATIONS; SYNCHRONOUS ORBIT; SOLAR-WIND; PC-5 WAVE; MICROPULSATIONS; OSCILLATIONS; INSTABILITY; PLASMA; DRIVEN; ISEE-1 AB We report on a rare event of a narrowband ULF magnetospheric pulsation that is observed at geosynchronous orbit over five consecutive days in the recovery period of a magnetospheric storm, with frequencies ranging from 5 to 9 mHz. The pulsation displays distinctive localization, being observed over several hours of local time in the noon and postnoon sectors during successive passes of GOES-8 and GOES-9. Geotail, which is traversing the outer magnetosphere a couple of RE farther out from geosynchronous orbit at the time the pulsations are observed, shows no distinct narrowband fluctuation in the magnetic field, excluding oscillations in the solar wind as a possible source of the pulsations. On the ground, several of the IMAGE magnetometers observe pulsations with similar spectral characteristics. By performing a phase cross-spectrogram analysis on measurements from adjacent and latitudinally aligned ground stations we estimate the azimuthal mode number m of the pulsation, which we find to range between 20 and 55. Phase difference calculations indicate an eastward phase propagation of these pulsations. Density measurements from LANL spacecraft at geosynchronous orbit show evidence of a plasmasphere refilling process that is slower than usual, possibly associated with the observed slow frequency decrease and the unusually long lasting of the pulsations. C1 [Sarris, T.] Democritus Univ Thrace, Dept Elect Engn, GR-67100 Xanthi, Greece. [Sarris, T.; Li, X.] Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Singer, H. J.] NOAA, Space Weather Predict Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Sarris, T (reprint author), Democritus Univ Thrace, Dept Elect Engn, GR-67100 Xanthi, Greece. EM tsarris@ee.duth.gr NR 34 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD JAN 29 PY 2009 VL 114 AR A01213 DI 10.1029/2007JA012660 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 401ZW UT WOS:000262984200001 ER PT J AU ElMassalami, M Rapp, RE Chaves, FAB Moreno, R Takeya, H Ouladdiaf, B Lynn, JW Huang, Q Freitas, RS Oliveria, NF AF ElMassalami, M. Rapp, R. E. Chaves, F. A. B. Moreno, R. Takeya, H. Ouladdiaf, B. Lynn, J. W. Huang, Q. Freitas, R. S. Oliveria, N. F., Jr. TI Synthesis and magnetic characterization of TmCo2B2C SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article ID RARE-EARTH; SUPERCONDUCTING LUNI2B2C; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; TMNI2B2C; TRANSITIONS; BREAKDOWN; ELEMENT; ORDER AB A new quaternary intermetallic borocarbide TmCo2B2C has been synthesized via rapid-quench of an arc-melted ingot. Elemental and powder-diffraction analyses established its correct stoichiometry and single-phase character. The crystal structure is isomorphous with that of TmNi2B2C (I4/mmm) and is stable over the studied temperature range. Above 7 K, the paramagnetic state follows modified Curie-Weiss behavior (chi = C/(T - theta) + chi(0)) wherein chi(0) = 0.008(1) emu mol(-1) with the temperature-dependent term reflecting the paramagnetism of the Tm subsystem: mu(eff) = 7.6(2) mu(B) (in agreement with the expected value for a free Tm3+ ion) and theta = -4.5(3) K. Long-range ferromagnetic order of the Tm sublattice is observed to develop around similar to 1 K. No superconductivity is detected in TmCo2B2C down to 20 mK, a feature which is consistent with the general trend in the RCo2B2C series. Finally, the influence of the rapid-quench process on the magnetism (and superconductivity) of TmNi2B2C will be discussed and compared to that of TmCo2B2C. C1 [ElMassalami, M.; Rapp, R. E.; Chaves, F. A. B.; Moreno, R.] Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Inst Fis, BR-21945972 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. [Takeya, H.] Natl Inst Mat Sci, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050047, Japan. [Ouladdiaf, B.] Inst Laue Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France. [Lynn, J. W.; Huang, Q.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Freitas, R. S.; Oliveria, N. F., Jr.] Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Fis, BR-05315970 Sao Paulo, Brazil. RP ElMassalami, M (reprint author), Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Inst Fis, Caixa Postal 68528, BR-21945972 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. RI D2B, Instrument/F-1072-2012; Freitas, Rafael/K-1034-2013; ElMassalami, Mohammed /C-1979-2013; OI ElMassalami, Mohammed /0000-0003-3543-1946; Freitas, Rafael/0000-0002-0225-6195 FU Brazilian agencies CNPq [485058/2006-5]; Faperj [E-26/171.343/2005] FX We acknowledge partial financial support from the Brazilian agencies CNPq (485058/2006-5) and Faperj (E-26/171.343/2005). Identification of commercial equipment in the text is not intended to imply recommendation or endorsement by National Institute of Standards and Technology. We would like to thank Jiying Li for his assistance with the data analysis using the position sensitive detector on BT-7. NR 28 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 4 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-8984 J9 J PHYS-CONDENS MAT JI J. Phys.-Condes. Matter PD JAN 28 PY 2009 VL 21 IS 4 AR 046007 DI 10.1088/0953-8984/21/4/046007 PG 9 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 393EW UT WOS:000262354700041 ER PT J AU Kavouras, IG Etyemezian, V DuBois, DW Xu, J Pitchford, M AF Kavouras, Ilias G. Etyemezian, Vicken DuBois, David W. Xu, Jin Pitchford, Marc TI Source reconciliation of atmospheric dust causing visibility impairment in Class I areas of the western United States SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID MINERAL DUST; WIND EROSION; PARTICLE SPECIATION; NUTRIENT INPUTS; ASIAN AEROSOLS; NORTH-AMERICA; AEOLIAN DUST; APRIL 1998; SOILS; EXTINCTION AB Aerosol data from the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments ( IMPROVE) network, air mass backward trajectories, land use maps, soil characteristics maps, diagnostic ratios of elemental composition, and multivariate linear regression were utilized as part of a semiquantitative analysis. The purpose of the analysis was to determine the types of dust-causing events that contribute to low visibility at a given site when the sum of extinction from coarse mass ( CM) and fine soil (FS) was larger than any other aerosol component and the reconstructed aerosol extinction coefficient was among the 20% highest ( calculated on a calendar year basis) for that site. For these "worst dust days,'' the above tools were used to ascribe the cause of low visibility to one of the following types of events: ( 1) transcontinental transport of dust originating from Asia; ( 2) windblown dust events from sources located nearby the site and; ( 3) transport of windblown dust from sources upwind of the site. Depending on the weight of evidence, a low or high level of confidence was associated with the assignment of one of these three events. Absence of convincing evidence resulted in ascribing the worst dust day to "undetermined events.'' Of the 610 worst dust days over the 2001 - 2003 period, 51% were associated with one of the three event types with high confidence and an additional 30% were accounted for with low confidence. Of the 496 worst dust days associated with an event ( either low or high confidence), Asian dust was the assigned event on 55 days ( for 2001 - 2002), locally generated windblown dust on 201 days, and transport from upwind source areas susceptible to wind erosion on 240 days. Events associated with windblown episodes from source areas in the United States and Mexico exhibited the highest dust concentrations. Asian dust events were associated with lower dust concentrations and a larger FS-to-CM ratio. Some variations between Asian dust and continental North American dust were observed in organic matter (OMC), black carbon ( LAC), and nitrate (NO3-) content. None of the tools used in this study was adequate for identifying events associated with mechanically released dust by anthropogenic activities including, agriculture, construction and motor vehicle travel on paved and unpaved roads. Some of the worst dust days may have been caused by these types of activities, especially in central Arizona and northern and Southern California, where the fraction of undetermined events was higher than in other regions within the western United States. All in all, the methods and results of this study can help improve the performance of large-scale dust emission models and provide insight into the distribution of the types of events that cause dust resultant haze in relatively remote areas of the western United States. C1 [Kavouras, Ilias G.; Etyemezian, Vicken; DuBois, David W.] Desert Res Inst, Div Atmospher Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. [Pitchford, Marc] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Air Resources Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. [Xu, Jin] Calif Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA 95812 USA. RP Kavouras, IG (reprint author), Desert Res Inst, Div Atmospher Sci, 755 E Flamingo Rd, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. EM ilias.kavouras@dri.edu RI Kavouras, Ilias/H-7056-2012; DuBois, David/F-6380-2015; OI Kavouras, Ilias/0000-0003-0436-3784; DuBois, David/0000-0003-2560-505X; Kavouras, Ilias/0000-0003-0342-5306 FU Western Regional Air Partnership FX This research was supported by Western Regional Air Partnership. We thank Lee Alter, Tom Moore, Mark Green, and the members of the Dust Emissions Forum for useful comments on data analysis. We are also grateful to the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality and to the Western Regional Climate Center for providing meteorological data. For their work on back-trajectory analyses, we thank Anthony DeLeon, Alexandra Nikolich, Robert Powell, Joanne DeLellis, Karl, Graham, and George Nikolich. NR 44 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 27 PY 2009 VL 114 AR D02308 DI 10.1029/2008JD009923 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 401ZE UT WOS:000262982300001 ER PT J AU Ablett, JM Woicik, JC Tokei, Z List, S Dimasi, E AF Ablett, J. M. Woicik, J. C. Tokei, Zs. List, S. Dimasi, E. TI Phase identification of self-forming Cu-Mn based diffusion barriers on p-SiOC:H and SiO2 dielectrics using x-ray absorption fine structure SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE copper alloys; diffusion barriers; manganese alloys; metallic thin films; porous materials; segregation; X-ray absorption spectra ID MG ALLOY-FILMS; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; GRAIN-GROWTH; SEGREGATION; INTERCONNECTS; CONSTITUENTS AB X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy has been used to study the chemical and structural properties of self-forming diffusion barrier layers from Cu-8 at. % Mn alloy films on porous low-k and thermally grown SiO2 dielectrics. For the porous low-k/Cu(Mn) system, we provide evidence that the interface is composed of MnSiO3 and MnO with near complete Mn segregation from the alloy film; however, we find that the self-forming process does not go to full completion on thermally grown SiO2 substrates. C1 [Ablett, J. M.] Synchrotron Soleil, Lorme Merisiers, F-91192 Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Woicik, J. C.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Tokei, Zs.] IMEC, B-3001 Louvain, Belgium. [List, S.] Intel Assignee Semicond Res Org, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. [Dimasi, E.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Ablett, JM (reprint author), Synchrotron Soleil, Lorme Merisiers, BP 48, F-91192 Gif Sur Yvette, France. EM james.ablett@synchroton-soleil.fr FU U.S. Department of Energy, Division of Materials Sciences, and Division of Chemical Sciences [DE-AC02-98CH10886]; National Institute of Standards and Technology FX Research was carried out at the National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, which is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Division of Materials Sciences, and Division of Chemical Sciences under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886. Additional support was provided by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. We gratefully acknowledge Dr. D. McKeown and Dr. B. Ravel for providing Mn standards and standards data. NR 26 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 19 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JAN 26 PY 2009 VL 94 IS 4 AR 042112 DI 10.1063/1.3068500 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 401VY UT WOS:000262971800057 ER PT J AU Orloff, ND Tian, W Fennie, CJ Lee, CH Gu, D Mateu, J Xi, XX Rabe, KM Schlom, DG Takeuchi, I Booth, JC AF Orloff, N. D. Tian, W. Fennie, C. J. Lee, C. H. Gu, D. Mateu, J. Xi, X. X. Rabe, K. M. Schlom, D. G. Takeuchi, I. Booth, J. C. TI Broadband dielectric spectroscopy of Ruddlesden-Popper Srn+1TinO3n+1 (n=1,2,3) thin films SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE dielectric thin films; permittivity; strontium compounds ID AUGMENTED-WAVE METHOD; HOMOLOGOUS SERIES; EPITAXIAL-GROWTH; MICROWAVE; SRTIO3; TUNABILITY; DEPENDENCE; INFINITY; AXIS; N=1 AB We explore the frequency-dependent relative permittivity of Ruddlesden-Popper series Srn+1TinO3n+1 (n=1,2,3) thin films as a function of temperature and dc electric field. Interdigitated capacitors and coplanar waveguides were used to extract the frequency response from 500 Hz to 40 GHz. At room temperature, the in-plane relative permittivities (epsilon(11)) obtained for Srn+1TinO3n+1 (n=1,2,3) were 42 +/- 3, 54 +/- 3, and 77 +/- 2, respectively, and were independent of frequency. At low temperatures, epsilon(11) increases and electric field tunability develops in Sr4Ti3O10. C1 [Orloff, N. D.; Takeuchi, I.] Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Orloff, N. D.; Takeuchi, I.] Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Orloff, N. D.; Booth, J. C.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Tian, W.; Lee, C. H.; Schlom, D. G.] Cornell Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Fennie, C. J.] Cornell Univ, Sch Appl & Engn Phys, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Lee, C. H.; Xi, X. X.] Penn State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Mateu, J.] Univ Politecn Cataluna, Dept Signal Theory & Commun, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain. [Rabe, K. M.] Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. RP Orloff, ND (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM orloff@nist.gov RI Gu, Dazhen/B-4854-2012; Schlom, Darrell/J-2412-2013; mateu, jordi/H-7285-2015 OI Schlom, Darrell/0000-0003-2493-6113; mateu, jordi/0000-0001-9833-9966 FU National Science Foundation [DMR-0507146, DMR-0820404, DMR-0520471 MRSEC, DMR-0820404 MRSEC, ARO W911NF-07-1-0410] FX The authors thank S. Kamba, A. Lewandowski, H. Romero, D. Novotny, C. Long, and D. I. Orloff for their help in performing this work. This work was partially supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Nos. DMR-0507146, DMR-0820404, and DMR-0520471 MRSEC, DMR-0820404 MRSEC, and ARO W911NF-07-1-0410. NR 39 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 4 U2 34 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JAN 26 PY 2009 VL 94 IS 4 AR 042908 DI 10.1063/1.3046792 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 401VY UT WOS:000262971800079 ER PT J AU Rampulla, DM Oncel, N Abelev, E Yi, YW Knappe, S Bernasek, SL AF Rampulla, D. M. Oncel, N. Abelev, E. Yi, Y. W. Knappe, S. Bernasek, S. L. TI Effects of organic film morphology on the formation of Rb clusters on surface coatings in alkali metal vapor cells SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE atomic force microscopy; insulating thin films; magnetometers; monolayers; organic compounds; rubidium; surface structure; X-ray photoelectron spectra ID SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; ATOM PENETRATION; DYNAMICS; GOLD AB Surface relaxation rates differ for spin-polarized alkali atoms interacting with monolayer or bilayer octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) coatings. The morphology and composition of Rb vapor-exposed films of OTS have been studied with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). On OTS monolayers, numerous small (< 500 nm wide) Rb containing islands nucleate at the boundaries of the similar to 1-2 mu m wide organic domains. On OTS bilayers, singular large (similar to 3 mu m wide) Rb containing islands were found. Alkali island formation mediated by surface structure could affect the antirelaxation behavior of organic coatings used in atomic magnetometer cells. C1 [Rampulla, D. M.; Oncel, N.; Abelev, E.; Bernasek, S. L.] Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Yi, Y. W.] Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Yi, Y. W.] Univ Colorado, Liquid Crystal Mat Res Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Knappe, S.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Bernasek, SL (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM sberna@princeton.edu RI Yi, Youngwoo/B-1262-2010 OI Yi, Youngwoo/0000-0001-6455-4449 FU Office of Naval Research MURI [N00014-05-1-0406] FX This work was supported by an Office of Naval Research MURI Grant No. N00014-05-1-0406. The authors thank Scott Seltzer, Joe Dennes, and Hugh Robinson for helpful discussions and Hugh Robinson for the preparation of the vapor cells. NR 20 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JAN 26 PY 2009 VL 94 IS 4 AR 041116 DI 10.1063/1.3073711 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 401VY UT WOS:000262971800016 ER PT J AU Alexandrov, MD Schmid, B Turner, DD Cairns, B Oinas, V Lacis, AA Gutman, SI Westwater, ER Smirnov, A Eilers, J AF Alexandrov, Mikhail D. Schmid, Beat Turner, David D. Cairns, Brian Oinas, Valdar Lacis, Andrew A. Gutman, Seth I. Westwater, Ed R. Smirnov, Alexander Eilers, James TI Columnar water vapor retrievals from multifilter rotating shadowband radiometer data SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION MEASUREMENT; RESOLUTION IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER; SOLAR TRANSMITTANCE MEASUREMENTS; OPTICAL DEPTH MEASUREMENTS; SPECTRAL-LINE DATABASE; 0.94 MU-M; MICROWAVE RADIOMETER; SUN PHOTOMETER; PRECIPITABLE WATER; ABSORPTION-BAND AB The multifilter rotating shadowband radiometer (MFRSR) measures direct and diffuse irradiances in the visible and near-infrared spectral range. In addition to characteristics of atmospheric aerosols, MFRSR data also allow retrieval of precipitable water vapor (PWV) column amounts, which are determined from the direct normal irradiances in the 940-nm spectral channel. The HITRAN 2004 spectral database was used in our retrievals to model the water vapor absorption. We present a detailed error analysis describing the influence of uncertainties in instrument calibration and spectral response, as well as those in available spectral databases, on the retrieval results. The results of our PWV retrievals from the Southern Great Plains (SGP) site operated by the Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program were compared with correlative standard measurements by microwave radiometers (MWRs) and a global positioning system (GPS) water vapor sensor, as well as with retrievals from other solar radiometers (AERONET's CIMEL, AATS-6). Some of these data are routinely available at the SGP's Central Facility; however, we also used measurements from a wider array of instrumentations deployed at this site during the water vapor intensive observation period (WVIOP2000) in September-October 2000. The WVIOP data show better agreement between different solar radiometers or between different microwave radiometers (both groups showing relative biases within 4%) than between these two groups of instruments, with MWR values being consistently higher (up to 14%) than those from solar instruments (especially in the large PWV column amount range). We also demonstrate the feasibility of using MFRSR network data for creation of 2D data sets comparable with that of the MODIS satellite water vapor product. C1 [Alexandrov, Mikhail D.] Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Appl Math, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Alexandrov, Mikhail D.; Cairns, Brian; Oinas, Valdar; Lacis, Andrew A.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Eilers, James] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Gutman, Seth I.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Oinas, Valdar] Sigma Space Partners LLC, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Schmid, Beat] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Atmospher Sci & Global Change Div, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Smirnov, Alexander] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Turner, David D.] Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Space Sci & Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Westwater, Ed R.] Univ Colorado, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Westwater, Ed R.] Univ Colorado, NOAA CU Ctr Environm Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Smirnov, Alexander] Sci Syst & Applications Inc, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Alexandrov, MD (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Appl Math, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025 USA. EM malexandrov@giss.nasa.gov RI Lacis, Andrew/D-4658-2012; OI Cairns, Brian/0000-0002-1980-1022 FU Office of Biological and Environmental Research of the U. S. Department of Energy FX This research was supported by the Office of Biological and Environmental Research of the U. S. Department of Energy as part of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program. We would like to thank S. J. Keihm for making JPL WVR measurements available, D. McIntosh and K. Longo for help with AATS-6 measurements, P. Kiedron and J. Michalsky for useful and stimulating discussions, and R. Wagener for his efforts to maintain AERONET site at SGP's Central Facility. NR 93 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 24 PY 2009 VL 114 AR D02306 DI 10.1029/2008JD010543 PG 28 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 398RO UT WOS:000262749400005 ER PT J AU Randel, WJ Shine, KP Austin, J Barnett, J Claud, C Gillett, NP Keckhut, P Langematz, U Lin, R Long, C Mears, C Miller, A Nash, J Seidel, DJ Thompson, DWJ Wu, F Yoden, S AF Randel, William J. Shine, Keith P. Austin, John Barnett, John Claud, Chantal Gillett, Nathan P. Keckhut, Philippe Langematz, Ulrike Lin, Roger Long, Craig Mears, Carl Miller, Alvin Nash, John Seidel, Dian J. Thompson, David W. J. Wu, Fei Yoden, Shigeo TI An update of observed stratospheric temperature trends SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID 11-YEAR SOLAR-CYCLE; QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATION; HISTORICAL RADIOSONDE DATA; TEMPORAL HOMOGENIZATION; TROPICAL STRATOSPHERE; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; OZONE DEPLETION; COOLING TREND; PART II; CLIMATE AB An updated analysis of observed stratospheric temperature variability and trends is presented on the basis of satellite, radiosonde, and lidar observations. Satellite data include measurements from the series of NOAA operational instruments, including the Microwave Sounding Unit covering 1979-2007 and the Stratospheric Sounding Unit (SSU) covering 1979-2005. Radiosonde results are compared for six different data sets, incorporating a variety of homogeneity adjustments to account for changes in instrumentation and observational practices. Temperature changes in the lower stratosphere show cooling of similar to 0.5 K/decade over much of the globe for 1979-2007, with some differences in detail among the different radiosonde and satellite data sets. Substantially larger cooling trends are observed in the Antarctic lower stratosphere during spring and summer, in association with development of the Antarctic ozone hole. Trends in the lower stratosphere derived from radiosonde data are also analyzed for a longer record (back to 1958); trends for the presatellite era (1958-1978) have a large range among the different homogenized data sets, implying large trend uncertainties. Trends in the middle and upper stratosphere have been derived from updated SSU data, taking into account changes in the SSU weighting functions due to observed atmospheric CO2 increases. The results show mean cooling of 0.5-1.5 K/decade during 1979-2005, with the greatest cooling in the upper stratosphere near 40-50 km. Temperature anomalies throughout the stratosphere were relatively constant during the decade 1995-2005. Long records of lidar temperature measurements at a few locations show reasonable agreement with SSU trends, although sampling uncertainties are large in the localized lidar measurements. Updated estimates of the solar cycle influence on stratospheric temperatures show a statistically significant signal in the tropics (similar to 30 degrees N-S), with an amplitude (solar maximum minus solar minimum) of similar to 0.5 K (lower stratosphere) to similar to 1.0 K (upper stratosphere). C1 [Randel, William J.; Wu, Fei] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Austin, John] NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. [Barnett, John] Univ Oxford, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Planetary Phys, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. [Claud, Chantal] Ecole Polytech, CNRS, IPSL, Meteorol Dynam Lab,UMR8539, F-91128 Palaiseau, France. [Gillett, Nathan P.] Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Climat Res Unit, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. [Keckhut, Philippe] Univ Versailles St Quentin, Serv Aeron, F-91371 Verrieres Le Buisson, France. [Langematz, Ulrike] Free Univ Berlin, Inst Meteorol, D-12165 Berlin, Germany. [Lin, Roger; Long, Craig; Miller, Alvin] NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, NCEP, Natl Weather Serv, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Mears, Carl] Remote Sensing Syst, Santa Rosa, CA 95401 USA. [Nash, John] Met Off, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England. [Seidel, Dian J.] NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [Shine, Keith P.] Univ Reading, Dept Meteorol, Reading RG6 6BB, Berks, England. [Thompson, David W. J.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Yoden, Shigeo] Kyoto Univ, Dept Geophys, Kyoto 6068502, Japan. RP Randel, WJ (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM randel@ucar.edu RI Shine, Keith/D-9093-2012; Thompson, David/F-9627-2012; YODEN, SHIGEO/P-9065-2014; Randel, William/K-3267-2016; OI Shine, Keith/0000-0003-2672-9978; Randel, William/0000-0002-5999-7162; Claud, Chantal/0000-0001-7613-9525 FU World Climate Research Program (WCRP); Stratospheric Processes and their Role in Climate (SPARC) Program; U.S. National Science Foundation; NOAA Geophysical Dynamics Laboratory; European Commission; GEOmon FX We acknowledge the World Climate Research Program (WCRP) Stratospheric Processes and their Role in Climate (SPARC) Program, which supported several meetings of the coauthors over the past few years. We thank several colleagues for suggestions and comments on the manuscript, including Melissa Free, Leopold Haimberger, John Lanzante, Steven Sherwood, Peter Thorne, and Kevin Trenberth. Peter Thorne also provided easy access to the IUK, RAOBCORE1.4, and RICH data sets. Three anonymous reviewers provided constructive suggestions for improving the manuscript. The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the U.S. National Science Foundation. John Austin's research was administered by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research at the NOAA Geophysical Dynamics Laboratory. Some data used in this paper were obtained as part of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) and is publicly available at http:// www. ndacc. org. Lidar investigations are partly supported by the European Commission through the GEOmon project. NR 80 TC 143 Z9 145 U1 6 U2 37 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 23 PY 2009 VL 114 AR D02107 DI 10.1029/2008JD010421 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 398RN UT WOS:000262749300003 ER PT J AU Danshita, I Clark, CW AF Danshita, Ippei Clark, Charles W. TI Heavily Damped Motion of One-Dimensional Bose Gases in an Optical Lattice SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TONKS-GIRARDEAU GAS AB We study the dynamics of strongly correlated one-dimensional Bose gases in a combined harmonic and optical lattice potential subjected to sudden displacement of the confining potential. Using the time-evolving block decimation method, we perform a first-principles quantum many-body simulation of the experiment of Fertig et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 120403 (2005)] across different values of the lattice depth ranging from the superfluid to the Mott insulator regimes. We find good quantitative agreement with this experiment: the damping of the dipole oscillations is significant even for shallow lattices, and the motion becomes overdamped with increasing lattice depth as observed. We show that the transition to overdamping is attributed to the decay of superfluid flow accelerated by quantum fluctuations, which occurs well before the emergence of Mott insulator domains. C1 [Danshita, Ippei] Tokyo Univ Sci, Dept Phys, Fac Sci, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1628601, Japan. [Clark, Charles W.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Clark, Charles W.] Univ Maryland, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Danshita, I (reprint author), Tokyo Univ Sci, Dept Phys, Fac Sci, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1628601, Japan. RI Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009 OI Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885 NR 29 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JAN 23 PY 2009 VL 102 IS 3 AR 030407 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.030407 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 398HR UT WOS:000262723700007 PM 19257333 ER PT J AU Kofu, M Kim, JH Ji, S Lee, SH Ueda, H Qiu, Y Kang, HJ Green, MA Ueda, Y AF Kofu, M. Kim, J. -H. Ji, S. Lee, S. -H. Ueda, H. Qiu, Y. Kang, H. -J. Green, M. A. Ueda, Y. TI Weakly Coupled s=1/2 Quantum Spin Singlets in Ba3Cr2O8 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATION; GROUND-STATE; TLCUCL3; FIELD AB Using single crystal inelastic neutron scattering with and without the application of an external magnetic field and powder neutron diffraction, we have characterized magnetic interactions in Ba3Cr2O8. Even without a field, we found that there exist three singlet-to-triplet excitation modes in the (h, h, l) scattering plane. Our complete analysis shows that the three modes are due to spatially anisotropic interdimer interactions that are induced by lattice distortions of the tetrahedron of oxygens surrounding the Jahn-Teller active Cr5+(3d(1)). The strong intradimer coupling of J(0)=2.38(2) meV and weak interdimer interactions (|J(inter)|<= 0.52(2) meV) makes Ba3Cr2O8 a good model system for weakly coupled s=1/2 quantum spin dimers. C1 [Kofu, M.; Kim, J. -H.; Ji, S.; Lee, S. -H.] Univ Virginia, Dept Phys, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. [Ji, S.; Qiu, Y.; Kang, H. -J.; Green, M. A.] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Ueda, H.; Ueda, Y.] Univ Tokyo, Inst Solid State Phys, Kashiwa, Chiba 2778581, Japan. [Qiu, Y.; Kang, H. -J.; Green, M. A.] Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Kofu, M (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Dept Phys, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. RI Ji, Sungdae/G-3808-2010 OI Ji, Sungdae/0000-0001-6736-3103 FU U. S. DOE [DE-FG02-07ER46384]; U. S. NSF [DMR-0454672]; U. S. DOC-NIST [70NANB7H6035] FX We thank A. Lamacraft, D. Khomskii, M. V. Mostovoy, C. D. Batista, S. Hass, and S. Ishihara for helpful discussions. Work at the University of Virginia and NCNR was supported by the U. S. DOE through DE-FG02-07ER46384 and the U. S. NSF through DMR-0454672,respectively. S. J. is partially supported by the U. S. DOC-NIST through 70NANB7H6035. NR 16 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 20 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JAN 23 PY 2009 VL 102 IS 3 AR 037206 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.037206 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 398HR UT WOS:000262723700063 PM 19257389 ER PT J AU Yildirim, T AF Yildirim, T. TI Strong Coupling of the Fe-Spin State and the As-As Hybridization in Iron-Pnictide Superconductors from First-Principle Calculations SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article AB From first-principles calculations, we unravel surprisingly strong interactions between arsenic ions in iron pnictides, the strength of which is controlled by the Fe-spin state. Reducing the Fe-magnetic moment weakens the Fe-As bonding, and in turn, increases As-As interactions, causing giant reduction in the c axis. For the CaFe(2)As(2) system, this reduction is as large as 1.4 A. Since the large c reduction has been recently observed only under high pressure, our results suggest that the iron magnetic moment should be present in Fe-pnictides at all times at ambient pressure. Finally, the conventional electron-phonon coupling in the collapsed phase of CaFe(2)As(2) gives a maximum T(c) of 0.6 K and cannot explain the similar to 12 K superconductivity observed in some experiments. Implications of these findings on the mechanism of superconductivity in iron pnictides are discussed. C1 [Yildirim, T.] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Yildirim, T.] Univ Penn, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Yildirim, T (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM taner@nist.gov RI yildirim, taner/A-1290-2009 NR 23 TC 197 Z9 200 U1 2 U2 32 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JAN 23 PY 2009 VL 102 IS 3 AR 037003 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.037003 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 398HR UT WOS:000262723700057 PM 19257383 ER PT J AU Widegren, JA Bruno, TJ AF Widegren, Jason A. Bruno, Thomas J. TI Thermal Decomposition Kinetics of Propylcyclohexane SO INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SURROGATE MIXTURE MODEL; THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES; DISTILLATION CURVES; REACTION PATHWAYS; AVIATION FUELS; PYROLYSIS; ALKYLCYCLOHEXANES; IMPROVEMENTS; TEMPERATURES; MECHANISMS AB As part of a large-scale thermophysical property measurement project, the decomposition kinetics of propylcyclohexane was investigated. Decomposition reactions were performed at 375, 400, 425, and 450 degrees C in stainless steel ampule reactors. At each temperature, the extent of decomposition was determined as a function of time by gas chromatography. These data were used to derive first-order rate constants for the decomposition of propylcyclohexane. Decomposition rate constants ranged from 3.66 x 10(-7) s(-1) at 375 degrees C to 8.63 x 10(-5) s(-1) at 450 degrees C. Among other things, these rate constants are useful for planning property measurements at high temperatures. Based on the amount of time required for 1% of the sample to decompose (t(0.01)), we found that allowable instrument residence times ranged from about 8 It at 375 degrees C to about 2 min at 450 degrees C. The kinetic data were also used to determine Arrhenius parameters of A = 2.56 x 10(16) s(-1) and E(a) = 283 kJ . mol(-1). In addition to the decomposition kinetics, we have also done a GC-MS analysis in order to identify the most abundant decomposition products. C1 [Widegren, Jason A.; Bruno, Thomas J.] NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Bruno, TJ (reprint author), NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM bruno@boulder.nist.gov FU Wright Laboratory Aero Propulsion and Power Directorate [MIPR F4FBEY6346G001] FX We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Wright Laboratory Aero Propulsion and Power Directorate (MIPR F4FBEY6346G001). NR 43 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0888-5885 J9 IND ENG CHEM RES JI Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. PD JAN 21 PY 2009 VL 48 IS 2 BP 654 EP 659 DI 10.1021/ie8008988 PG 6 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 397QT UT WOS:000262677900012 ER PT J AU Krekelberg, WP Shen, VK Errington, JR Truskett, TM AF Krekelberg, William P. Shen, Vincent K. Errington, Jeffrey R. Truskett, Thomas M. TI Response to "Comment on 'Residual multiparticle entropy does not generally change sign near freezing' " [J. Chem. Phys. 130, 037101 (2009)] SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE entropy; freezing ID HARD-SPHERES; LIQUIDS AB We respond to a Comment on our recent paper [J. Chem. Phys.128, 161101 (2008)] regarding the connection between the change in sign of the residual multiparticle entropy and the freezing transition. C1 [Krekelberg, William P.; Truskett, Thomas M.] Univ Texas Austin, Dept Chem Engn, Austin, TX 78712 USA. [Shen, Vincent K.] NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Errington, Jeffrey R.] SUNY Buffalo, Dept Chem & Biol Engn, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. [Truskett, Thomas M.] Univ Texas Austin, Inst Theoret Chem, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Truskett, TM (reprint author), Univ Texas Austin, Dept Chem Engn, Austin, TX 78712 USA. EM krekel@che.utexas.edu; vincent.shen@nist.gov; jerring@buffalo.edu; truskett@che.utexas.edu RI Truskett, Thomas/D-4624-2009; Errington, Jeffrey/E-8644-2011; Truskett, Thomas/C-4996-2014 OI Truskett, Thomas/0000-0002-6607-6468; Errington, Jeffrey/0000-0003-0365-0271; NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD JAN 21 PY 2009 VL 130 IS 3 AR 037102 DI 10.1063/1.3058798 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 397OJ UT WOS:000262671700044 ER PT J AU Parnell, SR Babcock, E Nunighoff, K Skoda, MWA Boag, S Masalovich, S Chen, WC Georgii, R Wild, JM Frost, CD AF Parnell, S. R. Babcock, E. Nuenighoff, K. Skoda, M. W. A. Boag, S. Masalovich, S. Chen, W. C. Georgii, R. Wild, J. M. Frost, C. D. TI Study of spin-exchange optically pumped He-3 cells with high polarisation and long lifetimes SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article DE Neutron spin filter; Nuclear spin polarised He-3; Neutron scattering; NMR; Magnetostatic cavity ID FILTERS; CAVITY; GAS AB We present a detailed investigation in to He-3 neutron spin filter cells polarised by spin exchange optical pumping (SEOP). We include measurements of the absolute He-3 polarisation using neutron transmission and characterisation of both the X-factor and He-3 relaxation times (T-1) for a number of cells. For one cell we calculated a Maximum He-3 polarisation of 79% with a T, of 633 h. The measured X-factor of this cell, X = 0.17 +/- 0.01, is low. For all cells polarisations of > 71% are observed. In addition we present He-3 relaxation data for a new design of magneto-static cavity with a field of high homogeneity Delta B/B-0 approximate to 3.5 x 10(-4) cm(-1). This compact device provides a magnetic field in an orientation suitable for in situ optical pumping that minimises the field inhomogeneity contribution to the T, to 930h in a 1 bar cell, the longest reported on beam thus far. The results suggest that high He-3 polarisation with long relaxation times can now be routinely obtained with SEOP, enabling time independent incident beam polarisation to be easily implemented across many different neutron Scattering instruments. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Parnell, S. R.; Wild, J. M.] Univ Sheffield, Acad Unit Radiol, Sheffield S10 2JF, S Yorkshire, England. [Parnell, S. R.; Skoda, M. W. A.; Boag, S.; Frost, C. D.] Rutherford Appleton Lab, ISIS, Neutron & Muon Facil, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. [Babcock, E.] Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France. [Nuenighoff, K.] Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Festkorperforsch, D-52425 Julich, Germany. [Masalovich, S.; Georgii, R.] Tech Univ Munich, Neutronenforsch Quelle Heinz Maier Leibnitz, D-85747 Garching, Germany. [Chen, W. C.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Parnell, SR (reprint author), Univ Sheffield, Acad Unit Radiol, Sheffield S10 2JF, S Yorkshire, England. EM s.r.parnell@sheffield.ac.uk RI Babcock, Earl/E-6700-2011; Parnell, Steven/J-4574-2013 OI Babcock, Earl/0000-0002-4215-2075; FU EPSRC [EP/D070252/1]; STFC [CC/DO00130/1]; European Commission [RII3-CT-2003-505925] FX The authors would like to thank Dr. T. Gentile for loan of the cell Lion and feedback on this work. Dr. A. loffe for useful discussions and O. Lykhvar for technical support during our experiments at FRM-2. This research project has been supported by EPSRC [EP/D070252/1], STFC [CC/DO00130/1] and the European Commission under the 6th Framework Programme through the Key Action: Strengthening the European Research Area, Research Infrastructures. Contract no: RII3-CT-2003-505925. NR 22 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD JAN 21 PY 2009 VL 598 IS 3 BP 774 EP 778 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2008.10.009 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 399UT UT WOS:000262825500015 ER PT J AU Machol, JL Marchbanks, RD Senff, CJ McCarty, BJ Eberhard, WL Brewer, WA Richter, RA Alvarez, RJ Law, DC Weickmann, AM Sandberg, SP AF Machol, Janet L. Marchbanks, Richard D. Senff, Christoph J. McCarty, Brandi J. Eberhard, Wynn L. Brewer, William A. Richter, Ronald A. Alvarez, Raul J., II Law, Daniel C. Weickmann, Ann M. Sandberg, Scott P. TI Scanning tropospheric ozone and aerosol lidar with double-gated photomultipliers SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID STIMULATED RAMAN-SCATTERING; AIRBORNE LIDAR; DIAL MEASUREMENTS; EXCIMER-LASER; ULTRAVIOLET; SYSTEM; PROFILES; EXTINCTION AB The Ozone Profiling Atmospheric Lidar is a scanning four-wavelength ultraviolet differential absorption lidar that measures tropospheric ozone and aerosols. Derived profiles from the lidar data include ozone concentration, aerosol extinction, and calibrated aerosol backscatter. Aerosol calibrations assume a clear air region aloft. Other products include cloud base heights, aerosol layer heights, and scans of particulate plumes from aircraft. The aerosol data range from 280 m to 12 km with 5 m range resolution, while the ozone data ranges from 280 m to about 1.2 km with 100 m resolution. In horizontally homogeneous atmospheres, data from multiple-elevation angles is combined to reduce the minimum altitude of the aerosol and ozone profiles to about 20m. The lidar design, the characterization of the photomultiplier tubes, ozone and aerosol analysis techniques, and sample data are described. Also discussed is a double-gating technique to shorten the gated tum-on time of the photomultiplier tubes, and thereby reduce the detection of background light and the outgoing laser pulse. (C) 2009 Optical Society of America C1 [Machol, Janet L.; Marchbanks, Richard D.; Senff, Christoph J.; McCarty, Brandi J.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Machol, Janet L.; Marchbanks, Richard D.; Senff, Christoph J.; McCarty, Brandi J.; Eberhard, Wynn L.; Brewer, William A.; Richter, Ronald A.; Alvarez, Raul J., II; Law, Daniel C.; Weickmann, Ann M.; Sandberg, Scott P.] NOAA, ESRL, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Marchbanks, RD (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM richard.marchbanks@noaa.gov RI McCarty, Brandi/H-5971-2013; Senff, Christoph/I-2592-2013; Brewer, Wm Alan/I-3920-2013; Weickmann, Ann/I-4445-2013; Marchbanks, Richard/I-4410-2013; Sandberg, Scott/I-4875-2013; Alvarez, Raul/I-4879-2013; Eberhard, Wynn/B-5402-2015; Machol, Janet/D-5896-2016; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Machol, Janet/0000-0002-0344-0314; FU NASA Earth Science Technology Office FX The PMT studies were partially funded by the Instrument Incubator Program of the NASA Earth Science Technology Office as part of the Global Ozone Lidar Demonstrator Project. We thank Hamamatsu Photonics for the donation of the glass for the fluorescence experiments. NR 60 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 4 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD JAN 20 PY 2009 VL 48 IS 3 BP 512 EP 524 DI 10.1364/AO.48.000512 PG 13 WC Optics SC Optics GA 406FO UT WOS:000263280600010 PM 19151820 ER PT J AU Wan, XQ Chang, P Saravanan, R Zhang, R Schmidt, MW AF Wan, Xiuquan Chang, Ping Saravanan, R. Zhang, Rong Schmidt, Matthew W. TI On the interpretation of Caribbean paleo-temperature reconstructions during the Younger Dryas SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; INTERTROPICAL CONVERGENCE ZONE; WESTERN TROPICAL ATLANTIC; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; NORTH-ATLANTIC; LAST DEGLACIATION; OCEAN; VARIABILITY; HISTORY; RECORDS AB A conundrum exists regarding whether the sea-surface temperatures decreased or increased over the southern Caribbean and the western Tropical Atlantic region during the Younger Dryas when the North Atlantic cooled substantially and the Atlantic thermohaline circulation was weakened significantly. Despite the proximity of core locations, some proxy reconstructions record a surface cooling, while others indicate a warming. We suggest that this seemingly paradoxical finding may, at least partially, be attributed to the competing physical processes that result in opposing signs of temperature change in the region in response to weakened North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Our coupled ocean-atmosphere model experiments indicate that the temperature response over the southern Caribbean and Western Tropical Atlantic regions is complex and can vary considerably in small spatial scales, depending on the nature of physical processes that dominate. Citation: Wan, X., P. Chang, R. Saravanan, R. Zhang, and M. W. Schmidt ( 2009), On the interpretation of Caribbean paleotemperature reconstructions during the Younger Dryas, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L02701, doi: 10.1029/2008GL035805. C1 [Wan, Xiuquan; Chang, Ping; Schmidt, Matthew W.] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. [Saravanan, R.] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. [Zhang, Rong] NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. RP Wan, XQ (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, MS 3146, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM xiuquanwan@tamu.edu RI Saravanan, Ramalingam/G-8879-2012; Chang, Ping /A-1642-2013; Zhang, Rong/D-9767-2014 OI Saravanan, Ramalingam/0000-0002-0005-6907; Chang, Ping /0000-0002-9085-0759; Zhang, Rong/0000-0002-8493-6556 FU National Science Foundation (NSF) [OCE-0623364, 90411010]; China 111 Project [B07036] FX National Science Foundation (NSF) grant OCE-0623364, China 111 Project B07036 and China NSF grant 90411010 support this work. Comments from two anonymous reviewers were constructive to improve the overall quality of the paper. NR 27 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 20 PY 2009 VL 36 AR L02701 DI 10.1029/2008GL035805 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 398QS UT WOS:000262747200001 ER PT J AU Martin, MJ Foreman, SM Schibli, TR Ye, J AF Martin, Michael J. Foreman, Seth M. Schibli, T. R. Ye, Jun TI Testing ultrafast mode-locking at microhertz relative optical linewidth SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID CARRIER-ENVELOPE PHASE; LASER FREQUENCY COMBS; LOCKED LASERS; FEMTOSECOND LASER; LATTICE CLOCK; UNCERTAINTY; NOISE; STABILIZATION; MOLECULES; METROLOGY AB We report new limits on the phase coherence of the ultrafast mode-locking process in an octave-spanning Ti:sapphire comb. We find that the mode-locking mechanism correlates optical phase across a full optical octave with less than 2.5 mu Hz relative linewidth. This result is at least two orders of magnitude below recent predictions for quantum-limited individual comb-mode linewidths, verifying that the mode-locking mechanism strongly correlates quantum noise across the comb spectrum. (C) 2008 Optical Society of America C1 [Martin, Michael J.; Foreman, Seth M.; Schibli, T. R.; Ye, Jun] Univ Colorado, JILA, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Martin, Michael J.; Foreman, Seth M.; Schibli, T. R.; Ye, Jun] Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Martin, MJ (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM Michael.J.Martin@colorado.edu RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011 FU DARPA; NIST; NSF FX We thank J. Hall, S. Cundiff, J. Wahlstrand, and K. Cossel for their insightful input and discussions; and C. Menyuk for illuminating the effect of higher-order noise correlations on our results and a careful reading of the manuscript. This work is supported by DARPA, NIST, and NSF. NR 31 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 8 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD JAN 19 PY 2009 VL 17 IS 2 BP 558 EP 568 DI 10.1364/OE.17.000558 PG 11 WC Optics SC Optics GA 408JW UT WOS:000263432300019 PM 19158868 ER PT J AU Mollenhauer, MAM Carter, BJ Peden-Adams, MM Bossart, GD Fair, PA AF Mollenhauer, Meagan A. M. Carter, Barbara J. Peden-Adams, Margie M. Bossart, Gregory D. Fair, Patricia A. TI Gene expression changes in bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, skin cells following exposure to methylmercury (MeHg) or perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Methylmercury; Perfluorooctane sulfonate; Tursiops; Gene expression; Dolphin ID STENELLA-COERULEOALBA MEYEN; CEREBELLAR GRANULE CELLS; IN-VITRO EXPOSURE; METHYL-MERCURY; HEAVY-METALS; PERFLUORINATED COMPOUNDS; CARETTA-CARETTA; MARINE MAMMALS; BELUGA WHALES; RAT-LIVER AB Methylmercury (MeHg) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) bioaccumulate and biomagnify in the environment and increasing concentrations of these pollutants have been found in wildlife and humans. Both chemicals are worldwide contaminants with wide ranging biological effects and have been identified in relatively high concentrations in apex level marine mammals such as bottlenose dolphins. The primary objective of this study was to determine if exposure to MeHg or PFOS would alter the gene expression in primary bottlenose dolphin epidermal cell cultures. Primary skin cells were isolated and cultured from skin samples collected from wild bottlenose dolphins. The cells were subsequently exposed to 13 ppm PFOS or 1 ppm MeHg and changes in gene expression were analyzed by suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) and quantitative real-time PCR (QPCR). 116 genes were positively identified in the dolphin skin cells by SSH. Of these, 16 total genes were analyzed by QPCR (9 and 11 genes following PFOS or MeHg exposure, respectively, with four overlapping genes). Results indicate MeHg significantly alters gene expression patterns following 24 h exposure, but has no measurable effect after only 1 h. PFOS exposure, however, caused significant alterations following both 1 and 25 h. Overall, the changes in gene expression observed indicate these concentrations of MeHg and PFOS significantly alter normal gene expression patterns. The changes in gene expression following exposure to these contaminants not only indicate a cellular stress response, but also decreased cell cycle progression and cellular proliferation and reduced protein translation. Alterations in normal cellular biology, like those observed, may lead to changes in health in marine mammals exposed to contaminants; however, this warrants further investigation. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Mollenhauer, Meagan A. M.; Peden-Adams, Margie M.] Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Pediat, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. [Mollenhauer, Meagan A. M.; Peden-Adams, Margie M.] Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol & Pathobiol, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. [Peden-Adams, Margie M.] Med Univ S Carolina, Marine Biomed & Environm Sci Ctr, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. [Carter, Barbara J.] EcoArray Inc, Gainesville, FL USA. [Peden-Adams, Margie M.] Myst Aquarium & Inst Explorat, Mystic, CT USA. [Bossart, Gregory D.] Harbor Branch Oceanog Inst Inc, Ft Pierce, FL 34946 USA. [Fair, Patricia A.] NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC USA. RP Mollenhauer, MAM (reprint author), Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Pediat, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM willimea@musc.edu FU NOAA/NOS/CCEHBR FX The authors would like to thank the numerous researchers and marine mammal specialists who participated in the dolphin capture-release studies. We also would like to acknowledge Drs. James Ryan, Thomas Greig, Mrs.Jeanine Morey and two anonymous reviewers for editing this manuscript. Support for this study was provided by NOAA/NOS/CCEHBR. This publication does not constitute an endorsement of any commercial product or intend to be an opinion beyond scientific or other results obtained by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). No reference shall be made to NOAA, or this publication furnished by NOAA, to any advertising or sales promotion which would indicate or imply that NOAA recommends or endorses any proprietary product mentioned herein, or which has as its purpose an interest to cause the advertised product to be used or purchased because of this publication. B. Carter is employed by EcoArray Inc., a company commercializing the technology used in this paper. This work constitutes Scientific Contribution Number 177 from the Sea Research Foundation NR 79 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 30 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD JAN 18 PY 2009 VL 91 IS 1 BP 10 EP 18 DI 10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.09.013 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 402NT UT WOS:000263021100002 PM 19010555 ER PT J AU Del Vecchio, R Subramaniam, A Uz, SS Ballabrera-Poy, J Brown, CW Blough, NV AF Del Vecchio, Rossana Subramaniam, Ajit Uz, Stephanie Schollaert Ballabrera-Poy, Joaquim Brown, Christopher W. Blough, Neil V. TI Decadal time-series of SeaWiFS retrieved CDOM absorption and estimated CO2 photoproduction on the continental shelf of the eastern United States SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-MATTER; MIDDLE ATLANTIC BIGHT; CARBON-MONOXIDE; PHOTOCHEMICAL PRODUCTION; OCEAN COLOR; INORGANIC CARBON; NATURAL-WATERS; PHOTOOXIDATION; CHLOROPHYLL; ATTENUATION AB Published algorithms were employed to convert SeaWiFS images of normalized water-leaving-radiance to absorption images of CDOM (chromophoric dissolved organic matter). The best performing algorithm was employed to produce decadal time-series of CDOM monthly composites from 1998 through 2007. Deficits in CDOM absorption coefficient for surface waters across the shelf over the summer were then acquired relative to the uniformly mixed waters prior to and following stratification (spring and fall, respectively). Estimates were attained of the photochemical oxidation of carbon to CO2 on and beyond the shelf of the Middle Atlantic Bight. Approximately 3-7 X 10 10 g C as CO2 were estimated to be produced via photooxidation of CDOM over the summertime, highlighting the significance of CDOM photochemistry and pointing out the importance of CO2 photoproduction at a global scale. In principle, this approach could be applied to global ocean color data. Citation: Del Vecchio, R., A. Subramaniam, S. Schollaert Uz, J. Ballabrera-Poy, C. W. Brown, and N.V. Blough (2009), Decadal time-series of SeaWiFS retrieved CDOM absorption and estimated CO2 photoproduction on the continental shelf of the eastern United States, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L02602, doi:10.1029/2008GL036169. C1 [Del Vecchio, Rossana; Uz, Stephanie Schollaert] Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Ballabrera-Poy, Joaquim] CSIC, ICM, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain. [Blough, Neil V.] Univ Maryland, Dept Chem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Brown, Christopher W.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Subramaniam, Ajit] Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Earth Inst, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. RP Del Vecchio, R (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM rossdv@umd.edu; ajit@ldeo.columbia.edu; ses@essic.umd.edu; joaquim@cmima.csic.es; christopher.w.brown@noaa.gov; neilb@umd.edu RI Brown, Christopher/B-8213-2008; Blough, Neil/B-7727-2009; OI Brown, Christopher/0000-0002-9905-6391; Ballabrera-Poy, Joaquim/0000-0002-1753-221X; Subramaniam, Ajit/0000-0003-1316-5827 NR 34 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 17 PY 2009 VL 36 AR L02602 DI 10.1029/2008GL036169 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 396YH UT WOS:000262628200007 ER PT J AU Verma, S Worden, J Pierce, B Jones, DBA Al-Saadi, J Boersma, F Bowman, K Eldering, A Fisher, B Jourdain, L Kulawik, S Worden, H AF Verma, Sunita Worden, John Pierce, Brad Jones, Dylan B. A. Al-Saadi, Jassim Boersma, Folkert Bowman, Kevin Eldering, Annmarie Fisher, Brendan Jourdain, Line Kulawik, Susan Worden, Helen TI Ozone production in boreal fire smoke plumes using observations from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer and the Ozone Monitoring Instrument SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; AURA MISSION; VALIDATION; RETRIEVAL; MODEL; NO2; OBJECTIVES; SATELLITE; ALGORITHM; GASES AB We examine the photochemical processes governing the production of ozone in smoke from large Siberian fires that formed in July 2006 using colocated O-3 and CO profiles as measured by the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer as well as NO2 and aerosol optical depths as measured by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument. The Real-Time Air Quality Model (RAQMS) is used to explain the observed variations of O3. Enhanced levels of ozone up to 90 parts per billion (ppbv) are observed near and away from the Siberian fires (60 degrees N and 100 degrees E) when sunlight and NOx are available. We also observe significantly low O-3 amounts (less then 30 ppbv) in the smoke plume from Siberian fires in conjunction with optically thick aerosols. Despite this wide variance in observed ozone values, the mean ozone value for all observations of the smoke plume is close to background levels of approximately 55 ppbv in the free troposphere. Using RAQMS we show that optically thick aerosols in the smoke plume can substantially reduce the photochemical production of ozone and this can explain why the observed mean ozone amount for all plume observations is not much larger than background values of 55 ppbv. However, the anonymously low ozone amounts of 30 ppbv or less point toward other unresolved processes that reduce ozone below background levels in the plume. C1 [Verma, Sunita; Worden, John; Bowman, Kevin; Eldering, Annmarie; Fisher, Brendan; Jourdain, Line; Kulawik, Susan; Worden, Helen] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Pierce, Brad] NOAA, Adv Satellite Prod Branch, NESDIS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Jones, Dylan B. A.] Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada. [Al-Saadi, Jassim] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Boersma, Folkert] Harvard Univ, Sch Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Verma, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM verma.sunita@gmail.com RI Pierce, Robert Bradley/F-5609-2010; Boersma, Klaas/H-4559-2012; Jones, Dylan/O-2475-2014 OI Pierce, Robert Bradley/0000-0002-2767-1643; Boersma, Klaas/0000-0002-4591-7635; Jones, Dylan/0000-0002-1935-3725 FU Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology; Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada; Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences FX We would like to thank Jennifer Logan and Daniel Jacob for there helpful suggestions in the analysis of this data. The work described here is performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contracts from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. D. B. A. J. was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada and the Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences. The views, opinions, and findings contained in this report are those of the author(s) and should not be construed as an official National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration or United States Government position, policy, or decision. We are grateful to the NASA/GSFC MODIS Rapid Response Project (http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/) for the provision of fire maps. NR 49 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 17 PY 2009 VL 114 AR D02303 DI 10.1029/2008JD010108 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 396YK UT WOS:000262628500001 ER PT J AU Liu, CK Nguyen, T Yang, TJ Lee, SB AF Liu, Chien-Kuo Nguyen, Tinh Yang, Tsong-Jen Lee, Sanboh TI Melting and chemical behaviors of isothermally crystallized gamma-irradiated syndiotactic polystyrene SO POLYMER LA English DT Article DE Irradiated syndiotactic polystyrene; Phase transformation; Isothermal annealing ID OPTICAL RADIATION HARDNESS; ALPHA-FORM; SCINTILLATOR POLYMERS; AIR ATMOSPHERES; SCISSION YIELDS; COLOR-CENTERS; BETA-FORM; POLYMORPHISM; CROSSLINKING; TEMPERATURE AB Melting and chemical behaviors of isothermally crystallized gamma-irradiated sPS have been investigated using differential scanning calorimetry, FTIR, and X-ray diffraction techniques. Amorphous sPS samples were subjected to gamma radiation in vacuum and in oxygen at different doses from 200 to 1000 kGy. Irradiated samples were heated to 310 degrees C, cooled to 220-260 degrees C range, held for 10 min, and re-melted. Three melting endothermic peaks observed for irradiated and non-irradiated samples isothermally crystallized at 220 degrees C were decomposed into individual Gaussian distributions, and enthalpies of the total melting endotherm and individual peaks were determined. Both alpha and beta crystalline forms coexist in the crystallized irradiated sPS, regardless of the radiation treatment environment. Dose and irradiation environment have a great effect on the melting behaviors and chemical structures of the isothermally crystallized gamma-irradiated sPS. Crystallinity increases with increasing dose of irradiation in both vacuum and oxygen, with level of increase is greater in oxygen. The three melting peak temperatures decrease with increasing dose regardless of irradiation environments. Ketone and aldehyde oxidized products are formed in the isothermally crystallized gamma-irradiated sPS in oxygen through a combination of hydrogen abstraction or chain scission process and hydroxyl free radicals formation. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Liu, Chien-Kuo; Lee, Sanboh] Natl Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Mat Sci, Hsinchu, Taiwan. [Nguyen, Tinh] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Yang, Tsong-Jen] Feng Chia Univ, Dept Mat Sci, Taichuang, Taiwan. RP Lee, SB (reprint author), Natl Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Mat Sci, Hsinchu, Taiwan. EM sblee@mx.nthu.edu.tw FU National Science Council, Taiwan FX This work was supported by the National Science Council, Taiwan. NR 35 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-3861 EI 1873-2291 J9 POLYMER JI Polymer PD JAN 16 PY 2009 VL 50 IS 2 BP 499 EP 509 DI 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.11.034 PG 11 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 396LE UT WOS:000262592400021 ER PT J AU Oguchi, H Zambano, A Yu, M Hattrick-Simpers, J Banerjee, D Liu, Y Wang, ZL Liu, JP Lofland, SE Josell, D Takeuchi, I AF Oguchi, H. Zambano, A. Yu, M. Hattrick-Simpers, J. Banerjee, D. Liu, Y. Wang, Z. L. Liu, J. P. Lofland, S. E. Josell, D. Takeuchi, I. TI The effect of CoPt crystallinity and grain texturing on properties of exchange-coupled Fe/CoPt systems SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE cobalt alloys; exchange interactions (electron); iron; Kerr magneto-optical effect; magnetic multilayers; magnetisation; nanocomposites; platinum alloys; transmission electron microscopy; X-ray diffraction ID NANOCRYSTALLINE PERMANENT-MAGNETS; NANOCOMPOSITE MAGNETS; SPRING MAGNET; THIN-FILMS; MICROSTRUCTURE; BILAYERS; FEPT; MAGNETIZATION; COERCIVITY; REMANENCE AB The effect of the crystallinity and the grain texturing of CoPt hard layers on exchange coupled Fe/CoPt soft/hard magnetic systems was studied using gradient thickness multilayer thin films. We have studied the hard layer structures by transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction, and characterized the exchange coupling interaction through magnetization loops obtained by the magneto-optical Kerr effect measurement. We found that exchange coupling strongly depends on the crystalline characteristics of the CoPt hard layer. There is correlation between the mixture of different grain orientations of the CoPt hard layer and coupling efficiency. In particular, interlayer coupling is enhanced when there is only one orientation, namely, the L1(0) CoPt structure with its c-axis inclined at 45 degrees with respect to the substrate plane. An increased degree of mixture of the latter with the in-plane-c-axis L1(0) CoPt structure is detrimental to obtaining one-phase-like magnetization loops. The present work points to the importance of controlling the crystalline properties of the hard layer in order to enhance the maximum energy product (BH)(max) in hard/soft nanocomposite magnets. C1 [Oguchi, H.; Zambano, A.; Yu, M.; Hattrick-Simpers, J.; Banerjee, D.; Takeuchi, I.] Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Yu, M.] Univ New Orleans, Adv Mat Res Inst, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA. [Liu, Y.; Wang, Z. L.] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Mat Sci & Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Liu, J. P.] Univ Texas Arlington, Dept Phys, Arlington, TX 76019 USA. [Hattrick-Simpers, J.; Lofland, S. E.] Rowan Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Glassboro, NJ 08028 USA. [Josell, D.] NIST, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Oguchi, H (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM ohguchi@mail.umd.edu RI Wang, Zhong Lin/E-2176-2011; Liu, Yuzi/C-6849-2011; Oguchi, Hiroyuki/R-5305-2016; OI Wang, Zhong Lin/0000-0002-5530-0380; Lofland, Samuel/0000-0002-1024-5103 FU ONR/MURI [N00014-05-1-0497] FX This work was supported by the ONR/MURI under Grant No. N00014-05-1-0497. NR 36 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JAN 15 PY 2009 VL 105 IS 2 AR 023912 DI 10.1063/1.3068330 PG 7 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 401VQ UT WOS:000262970900074 ER PT J AU Xu, D Sriram, V Ozolins, V Yang, JM Tu, KN Stafford, GR Beauchamp, C AF Xu, Di Sriram, Vinay Ozolins, Vidvuds Yang, Jenn-Ming Tu, K. N. Stafford, Gery R. Beauchamp, Carlos TI In situ measurements of stress evolution for nanotwin formation during pulse electrodeposition of copper SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE ab initio calculations; compressive strength; copper; electrodeposition; metallic thin films; stress measurement; stress relaxation; tensile strength; twin boundaries ID WEBER THIN-FILMS; INTRINSIC STRESS; ULTRAHIGH-STRENGTH; FLOW-STRESS; METAL-FILMS; POLYCRYSTALLINE; COALESCENCE; MULTILAYERS; DEPOSITION; TWINS AB In situ stress measurements were performed during high frequency pulse electrodeposition of nanotwinned Cu thin films. Periodic stress changes during pulse-on and pulse-off periods were observed. The stress profile showed an abrupt increase in tensile stress to about 400 MPa during the pulse-on period and a stress relaxation during the pulse-off period. First-principles calculations predict that a complete relaxation of the tensile stress allows the formation of nanotwins separated by 28 nm or more. This is in good agreement with the results obtained from microstructural analysis of the Cu films fabricated during in situ stress measurements. C1 [Xu, Di; Sriram, Vinay; Ozolins, Vidvuds; Yang, Jenn-Ming; Tu, K. N.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Stafford, Gery R.; Beauchamp, Carlos] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Xu, D (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM dixu@ucla.edu RI Ozolins, Vidvuds/D-4578-2009 FU NSF/NIRT [CMS-0506841]; FCRP Center for Functional Engineered NanoArchitectonics (FENA); Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231]; [DMR-0427638] FX The UCLA authors greatly acknowledge the support by NSF/NIRT Contract No. CMS-0506841. V.O. acknowledges financial support from the NSF ITR program under Grant No. DMR-0427638 and by the FCRP Center for Functional Engineered NanoArchitectonics (FENA). V. S. acknowledges the National Center for Electron Microscopy which is supported by the Scientific User Facilities Division of the Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U. S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231 for TEM sample preparation. Certain trade names are mentioned for experimental information only. In no case does it imply a recommendation or endorsement by NIST. NR 34 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 28 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JAN 15 PY 2009 VL 105 IS 2 AR 023521 DI 10.1063/1.3068191 PG 6 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 401VQ UT WOS:000262970900038 ER PT J AU Liu, JC Schaaf, C Strahler, A Jiao, ZT Shuai, YM Zhang, QL Roman, M Augustine, JA Dutton, EG AF Liu, Jicheng Schaaf, Crystal Strahler, Alan Jiao, Ziti Shuai, Yanmin Zhang, Qingling Roman, Miguel Augustine, John A. Dutton, Ellsworth G. TI Validation of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) albedo retrieval algorithm: Dependence of albedo on solar zenith angle SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID REFLECTANCE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION; LAND-SURFACE ALBEDO; PRODUCTS; BUDGET; BRDF AB The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF)/albedo algorithm uses multiday, multiband MODIS surface reflectance products from Terra and Aqua to produce a global albedo product at a 500 m resolution (Collection 5). This paper evaluates the ability of the MODIS albedo product to represent albedos at all diurnal solar zenith angles through a comparison with field measurements from the Surface Radiation Budget Network (SURFRAD) and the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains (ARM/SGP) stations. The results show that, for most of the sites, the overall accuracy of the MODIS albedo is within 0.05 and shows an increasing negative bias and increased RMSE as zenith angle increases beyond 70 degrees-75 degrees as compared to the ground observations. The full inversion of the MODIS BRDF/albedo algorithm has a higher inversion quality than the backup algorithm. Site heterogeneity and spatial-scale mismatch between the MODIS and ground observations are the major factors contributing to the discrepancy between the MODIS albedo and the field measurements. C1 [Liu, Jicheng; Schaaf, Crystal; Strahler, Alan; Jiao, Ziti; Shuai, Yanmin; Zhang, Qingling; Roman, Miguel] Boston Univ, Dept Geog & Environm, Boston, MA 02215 USA. [Augustine, John A.; Dutton, Ellsworth G.] NOAA, Global Monitoring Div, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Liu, JC (reprint author), Boston Univ, Dept Geog & Environm, 675 Commonwealth Ave,Room 437, Boston, MA 02215 USA. EM jicheng.liu@noaa.gov RI Shuai, Yanmin/G-1329-2012; Liu, Jicheng/B-4575-2009; Roman, Miguel/D-4764-2012 OI Roman, Miguel/0000-0003-3953-319X NR 22 TC 81 Z9 91 U1 1 U2 18 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 15 PY 2009 VL 114 AR D01106 DI 10.1029/2008JD009969 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 396YJ UT WOS:000262628400001 ER PT J AU Mountain, RD AF Mountain, Raymond D. TI An Internally Consistent Method for the Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Surface Tension: Application to Some TIP4P-Type Models of Water SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID ALGORITHM; PREDICTION AB A set of molecular dynamics simulations of three members of the TIP4P model family for water (TIP4P, TIP4P/2005, TIP4P-i) are performed to illustrate the appropriate procedures to employ when simulating the planar interface between coexisting liquid and vapor phases. A method for efficiently including the long-range parts of the intermolecular dispersion interactions introduced by Janecek (J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 6264) is used. This method produces an interfacial region that is internally consistent with the dynamics of the molecules. A set of procedures are presented to verify that the surface tension estimate has converged and to obtain the underlying uncertainty of the surface tension estimate. The surface tension for the models is determined for temperatures between 300 and 550 K with an uncertainty of about 2 mN/m for this temperature range. The uncertainty is not sensitive to the temperature, but the relative uncertainty increases strongly with temperature. The surface tension is not sensitive to the system size in this temperature range provided at least 500 molecules are used, and it is shown that a thermostat does not bias the computed values. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem & Biochem Reference Data Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mountain, RD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem & Biochem Reference Data Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM raymond.mountain@nist.gov NR 27 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD JAN 15 PY 2009 VL 113 IS 2 BP 482 EP 486 DI 10.1021/jp8012514 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 392TF UT WOS:000262324400012 PM 19086867 ER PT J AU Cromer, CL Hurst, KE Li, XY Lehman, JH AF Cromer, Christopher L. Hurst, Katherine E. Li, Xiaoyu Lehman, John H. TI Black optical coating for high-power laser measurements from carbon nanotubes and silicate SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PYROELECTRIC DETECTOR AB We describe a coating based on potassium silicate, commonly known as water glass, and multiwall carbon nanotubes. The coating has a high absorbance (0.96 at 1064 nm in wavelength) and a laser damage threshold that is comparable to that of ceramic coatings presently used for commercial thermopiles for high-power laser measurements. In addition to a potassium silicate-based coating we discuss sodium silicate, lithium silicate, and a commercially available ceramic coating. We document the coating process and experiments that demonstrate that the laser damage threshold at 1064 nm is 15 kW/cm(2). C1 [Cromer, Christopher L.; Hurst, Katherine E.; Li, Xiaoyu; Lehman, John H.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Lehman, JH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM lehman@boulder.nist.gov NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD JAN 15 PY 2009 VL 34 IS 2 BP 193 EP 195 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 405IX UT WOS:000263217600027 PM 19148252 ER PT J AU Son, YB Gardner, WD Mishonov, AV Richardson, MJ AF Son, Young Baek Gardner, Wilford D. Mishonov, Alexey V. Richardson, Mary Jo TI Multispectral remote-sensing algorithms for particulate organic carbon (POC): The Gulf of Mexico SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Particulate organic carbon (POC); Satellite ocean color algorithm; Maximum Normalized Difference Carbon Index (MNDCI); SeaWiFS; The Gulf of Mexico ID TEXAS-LOUISIANA SHELF; ATLANTIC TIME-SERIES; OCEAN COLOR; MISSISSIPPI RIVER; SATELLITE DATA; IN-SITU; GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; CONTINENTAL-SHELF AB To greatly increase the spatial and temporal resolution for studying carbon dynamics in the marine environment, we have developed remote-sensing algorithms for particulate organic carbon (POC) by matching in situ POC measurements in the Gulf of Mexico with matching SeaWiFS remote-sensing reflectance. Data on total particulate matter (PM) as well as POC collected during nine cruises in spring, summer and early winter from 1997-2000 as part of the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico (NEGOM) study were used to test algorithms across a range of environments from low %POC coastal waters to high %POC open-ocean waters. Finding that the remote-sensing reflectance clearly exhibited a peak shift from blue-to-green wavelengths with increasing POC concentration, we developed a Maximum Normalized Difference Carbon Index (MNDCI) algorithm which uses the maximum band ratio of all available blue-to-green wavelengths, and provides a very robust estimate over a wide range of POC and PM concentrations (R(2)=0.99, N=58). The algorithm can be extrapolated throughout the region of shipboard sampling for more detailed coverage and analysis. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Son, Young Baek] Nagasaki Univ, Dept Fisheries, Nagasaki 8528521, Japan. [Son, Young Baek; Gardner, Wilford D.; Richardson, Mary Jo] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. [Mishonov, Alexey V.] Natl Oceanog Data Ctr, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Son, YB (reprint author), Nagasaki Univ, Dept Fisheries, 1-14 Bunkyo, Nagasaki 8528521, Japan. EM sonyb@nagasaki-u.ac.jp RI Mishonov, Alexey/F-3211-2011; Gardner, Wilford/E-2579-2012 OI Mishonov, Alexey/0000-0002-2958-8747; FU Minerals Management Service's Northeastern Gulf of Mexico Physical Oceanography Program (NEGOM) [98-0060]; Fellowship Texas AM University; NSF [OCE-9986762, OCE-0137171]; NASA SeaWiFS FX We thank Christina Bernal for collecting the shipboard data for this paper as part of her TAMU thesis work during the Minerals Management Service's Northeastern Gulf of Mexico Physical Oceanography Program (NEGOM; OCS Study 98-0060). The help from scientists and technicians who participated in NEGOM is also appreciated. Support for YBS was provided by a Fellowship Texas A&M University. NSF grants OCE-9986762 and OCE-0137171 provided partial support. Discussions with Anthony Filippi and comments from reviewers were significantly helpful and appreciated. SeaWiFS data are the property of GeoEye Corporation, and their use here is in accordance with the SeaWiFS Research Data Use Terms and Conditions Agreement of the NASA SeaWiFS project and gratefully acknowledged. NR 61 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD JAN 15 PY 2009 VL 113 IS 1 BP 50 EP 61 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2008.08.011 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 388AQ UT WOS:000261993100005 ER PT J AU Vargas, M Brown, CW Sapiano, MRP AF Vargas, M. Brown, C. W. Sapiano, M. R. P. TI Phenology of marine phytoplankton from satellite ocean color measurements SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC; DECADAL CHANGES; CLIMATE-CHANGE; SPRING BLOOM; GLOBAL OCEAN; CHLOROPHYLL; MODULATION; MISMATCH; TRENDS; VIEW AB Climate change is expected to affect the timing and magnitude of numerous environmental conditions, including temperature, wind, and precipitation. Amongst other repercussions, such alterations will engender a response in marine ecosystem productivity manifested by changes in the timing and magnitude of phytoplankton biomass and primary productivity. Several investigations have examined the change in magnitude in chlorophyll concentration in relation to changing environmental conditions, but little has been done to examine the change in the timing of the annual cycle of phytoplankton biomass. In order to establish a baseline from which to assess any future changes in the phenology of phytoplankton biomass, we constructed nine-year climatologies of phytoplankton bloom onset, maturity, start of bloom decay, and termination in the central North Atlantic. This was accomplished by extracting annual values of these phenological markers from Generalized Linear Models fit to pentad (five-day) estimates of SeaWiFS chlorophyll concentrations dating from 1998 to 2006. This novel modeling approach, which produced results consistent with known patterns of phytoplankton bloom dynamics in this region, provides a statistically robust approach to detect and account for changes in the annual cycle of phytoplankton biomass. Citation: Vargas, M., C. W. Brown, and M. R. P. Sapiano (2009), Phenology of marine phytoplankton from satellite ocean color measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L01608, doi:10.1029/2008GL036006. C1 [Vargas, M.] NOAA, NESDIS, STAR, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Brown, C. W.; Sapiano, M. R. P.] Univ Maryland, Cooperat Inst Climate Studies, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Vargas, M (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, STAR, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, 5200 Auth Rd Suite 712, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM marco.vargas@noaa.gov RI Sapiano, Mathew/F-4688-2010; Brown, Christopher/B-8213-2008; Vargas, Marco/F-5629-2010 OI Brown, Christopher/0000-0002-9905-6391; Vargas, Marco/0000-0001-6103-7278 FU National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) FX The authors would like to thank the Ocean Biology Processing Group and the Distributed Active Archive Center at the Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, for the production and distribution of these data, respectively. This study was supported by the Center for Satellite Applications and Research of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The views, opinions, and findings contained in this report are those of the author(s) and should not be construed as an official National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration or U. S. Government position, policy, or decision. NR 24 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 21 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 14 PY 2009 VL 36 AR L01608 DI 10.1029/2008GL036006 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 396YE UT WOS:000262627900001 ER PT J AU Safronova, UI Bista, R Bruch, R Ralchenko, Y AF Safronova, U. I. Bista, R. Bruch, R. Ralchenko, Yu TI Dielectronic recombination of the Xe8+ ion and satellite lines of the Xe7+ ion SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID FINITE-DENSITY PLASMAS; MANY-BODY CALCULATIONS; HIGHLY IONIZED XENON; ALKALI-METAL ATOMS; RATE COEFFICIENTS; EXCITED-STATES; ISOELECTRONIC SEQUENCE; OSCILLATOR-STRENGTHS; EXCITATION-ENERGIES; TRANSITION RATES AB The Hartree-Fock relativistic method (Cowan code) and the relativistic many-body perturbation theory are used to perform a large-scale calculation of atomic parameters for dielectronic recombination (DR) of Pd-like Xe8+. The energy levels, radiative transition probabilities and autoionization rates are reported for 4d(9)4fnl, 4d(9)5l'nl, (n = 5-8) and 4d(9)6lnl (n = 6-7) states in Ag-like Xe7+. The partial and total DR rate coefficients are calculated with account of high-n states, and contribution of different atomic configurations to DR is discussed. The branching ratios and intensity factors are calculated for dielectronic satellite lines. The obtained results can be used for modelling of various Xe plasmas including those used in lithography applications. C1 [Safronova, U. I.; Bista, R.; Bruch, R.] Univ Nevada, Dept Phys, Reno, NV 89557 USA. [Ralchenko, Yu] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Safronova, U. I.] Russian Acad Sci, Inst Spect, Moscow V71, Russia. RP Safronova, UI (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Dept Phys, Reno, NV 89557 USA. EM ulyanas@unr.edu; rajan@physics.unr.edu; bruch@physics.unr.edu; yuri.ralchenko@nist.gov RI Ralchenko, Yuri/B-7687-2011; Ralchenko, Yuri/E-9297-2016 OI Ralchenko, Yuri/0000-0003-0083-9554 FU US Department of Energy FX This work is supported in part by the Office of Fusion Energy Sciences of the US Department of Energy (Yu R). NR 33 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-4075 J9 J PHYS B-AT MOL OPT JI J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys. PD JAN 14 PY 2009 VL 42 IS 1 AR 015001 DI 10.1088/0953-4075/42/1/015001 PG 14 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 385VY UT WOS:000261842900002 ER PT J AU Wang, K Zangmeister, RA Levicky, R AF Wang, Kang Zangmeister, Rebecca A. Levicky, Rastislav TI Equilibrium Electrostatics of Responsive Polyelectrolyte Monolayers SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID RAY PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; POTENTIAL DISTRIBUTION; DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS; CHAIN MOLECULES; VOLTAMMETRIC RESPONSE; MODIFIED ELECTRODES; MULTIVALENT SALTS; FORMAL POTENTIALS AB The physical behavior of polyelectrolytes at solid-liquid interfaces presents challenges both in measurement and in interpretation. An informative, yet often overlooked, property that characterizes the equilibrium organization of these systems is their membrane or rest potential. Here a general classification scheme is presented of the relationship between the rest potential and structural response of polyelectrolyte films to salt concentration. A numerical lattice theory, adapted from the polymer community, is used to analyze the rest potential response of end-tethered polyelectrolyte layers in which electrostatics and short-range contact interactions conspire to bring about different structural states. As an experimental quantity the rest potential is a readily accessible, nonperturbing metric of the equilibrium structure of a polyelectrolyte layer. A first set of measurements is reported on monolayers of end-tethered, single-stranded DNA in monovalent (NaCl) and divalent (MgCl(2)) counterion environments. Intriguingly, in NaCl electrolyte at least two different mechanisms appear by which the DNA layers can structurally relax in response to changing salt conditions. In MgCl(2) the layers appear to collapse. The possible molecular mechanisms behind these behaviors are discussed. These studies provide insight into phenomena more generally underlying polyelectrolyte applications in the chemical, environmental, and biotechnological fields. C1 [Wang, Kang; Levicky, Rastislav] NYU, Polytech Inst, Dept Chem & Biol Engn, Brooklyn, NY 11201 USA. [Zangmeister, Rebecca A.] NIST, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Levicky, R (reprint author), NYU, Polytech Inst, Dept Chem & Biol Engn, 333 Jay St, Brooklyn, NY 11201 USA. EM rlevicky@poly.edu RI wang, kang/A-2678-2013; Zangmeister, Rebecca/D-6641-2017 OI Zangmeister, Rebecca/0000-0002-0540-6240 FU National Science Foundation [DMR 07-06170] FX The described work was supported by the National Science Foundation under Award No. DMR 07-06170. The authors are g rateful to Brian Olmsted for assistance with analysis of the surface roughness of gold-coated slides. NR 87 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 19 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD JAN 14 PY 2009 VL 131 IS 1 BP 318 EP 326 DI 10.1021/ja807435q PG 9 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 394WF UT WOS:000262483100063 PM 19072232 ER PT J AU Thorpe, MJ Adler, F Cossel, KC de Miranda, MHG Ye, J AF Thorpe, Michael J. Adler, Florian Cossel, Kevin C. de Miranda, Marcio H. G. Ye, Jun TI Tomography of a supersonically cooled molecular jet using cavity-enhanced direct frequency comb spectroscopy SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ARRAY SPECTRAL DISPERSERS; RING-DOWN SPECTROSCOPY; MODE-LOCKED LASERS; ABSORPTION-SPECTROSCOPY; RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY; POLAR-MOLECULES; BAND; GAS; METROLOGY; BEAMS AB Cavity-enhanced direct frequency comb spectroscopy is used to obtain simultaneously high resolution and broad spectral-bandwidth measurements of a supersonically cooled jet of acetylene molecules. We demonstrate a complete spatial mapping of density, velocity, and internal state distributions of a cold molecular jet via tomographic reconstructions. These measurements reveal interesting and never-before-observed features of the pulsed jet expansion, including anomalous C(2)H(2) absorption lineshapes and anomalous spatial variations of the rotational temperature distribution. The demonstrated capabilities establish this technique as a powerful new tool for studies of cold molecules. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Thorpe, MJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM thorpe@jilaul.colorado.edu RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011 FU AFOSR; DARPA; NIST; NSF FX We thank B. Sawyer, K. Lehmann, T. Schibli, and J.L. Hall for useful discussions and AFOSR, DARPA, NIST, and NSF for funding. Corresponding author: M.J. Thorpe (thorpe@jilau1.colorado.edu). NR 49 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 3 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2614 J9 CHEM PHYS LETT JI Chem. Phys. Lett. PD JAN 13 PY 2009 VL 468 IS 1-3 BP 1 EP 8 DI 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.11.064 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 389XS UT WOS:000262129500001 ER PT J AU Nikoobakht, B AF Nikoobakht, Babak TI A Scalable Platform for Integrating Horizontal Nanochannels with Known Registries to Microchannels SO CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID NANOTUBE MEMBRANES; FABRICATION; NANOWIRES; GROWTH; MOLECULES; CHANNEL; OXIDE AB Controlling the location and physical orientation of nanobuilding blocks in assemblies of nanodevices become challenging tasks when it comes to the use of "bottom-up" chemical approaches for nanodevice fabrication. Here, a strategy is reported for in situ fabrication of horizontal nanochannels, which allows control over their orientation and average pore size to an unprecedented range of similar to 5-20 nm. Using this approach, we selectively fabricated nanochannels with controlled average pore sizes at known positions on a sapphire surface. Equally important, nanochannels, either single or group, are addressable photolithographically and integrable to microchannels without the use of any high resolution lithography. This technique uses horizontal ZnO nanowires (NWs) as a sacrificial template and could provide the capability of fabrication of complex micro- and nanofluidic platforms. Cross-sections of nanowires and nanochannels are prepared via a focused-ion beam and examined by electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. C1 NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Nikoobakht, B (reprint author), NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8372, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM babakn@nist.gov RI Nikoobakht, Babak/D-7562-2011 NR 22 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0897-4756 J9 CHEM MATER JI Chem. Mat. PD JAN 13 PY 2009 VL 21 IS 1 BP 27 EP 32 DI 10.1021/cm801893z PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 391XC UT WOS:000262266500009 ER PT J AU Ohtani, S Miyoshi, Y Singer, HJ Weygand, JM AF Ohtani, S. Miyoshi, Y. Singer, H. J. Weygand, J. M. TI On the loss of relativistic electrons at geosynchronous altitude: Its dependence on magnetic configurations and external conditions SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID OUTER RADIATION BELT; SOLAR-WIND; STORM; MAGNETOSPHERE; ACCELERATION; MAGNETOPAUSE; DIFFUSION; TIME AB The present study statistically examines geosynchronous magnetic configurations and external conditions that characterize the loss of geosynchronous MeV electrons. The loss of MeV electrons often takes place during magnetospheric storms, but it also takes place without any clear storm activity. It is found that irrespective of storm activity, the day-night asymmetry of the geosynchronous H (north-south) magnetic component is pronounced during electron loss events. For the loss process, the magnitude, rather than the duration, of the magnetic distortion appears to be important, and its effective duration can be as short as similar to 30 min. The solar wind dynamic pressure tends to be high and interplanetary magnetic field B(Z) tends to be southward during electron loss events. Under such external conditions the dayside magnetopause moves closer to Earth, and the day-night magnetic asymmetry is enhanced. As a consequence the area of closed drift orbits shrinks. The magnetic field at the subsolar magnetopause, which is estimated from force balance with the solar wind dynamic pressure, is usually stronger than the nightside geosynchronous magnetic field during electron loss events. It is therefore suggested that geosynchronous MeV electrons on the night side are very often on open drift paths when geosynchronous MeV electrons are lost. Whereas the present result does not preclude the widely accepted idea that MeV electrons are lost to the atmosphere by wave-particle interaction, it suggests that magnetopause shadowing is another plausible loss process of geosynchronous MeV electrons. C1 [Ohtani, S.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. [Miyoshi, Y.] Nagoya Univ, Solar Terr Environm Lab, Nagoya, Aichi 4648601, Japan. [Singer, H. J.] NOAA, Space Weather Predict Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Weygand, J. M.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Ohtani, S (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Johns Hopkins Rd, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. EM ohtani@jhuapl.edu RI Miyoshi, Yoshizumi/B-5834-2015; Ohtani, Shinichi/E-3914-2016 OI Miyoshi, Yoshizumi/0000-0001-7998-1240; Ohtani, Shinichi/0000-0002-9565-6840 FU NASA [NNX06AD76G, NNX07AG07G, NG-04GA93G, NNX07AC93G]; NSF [ATM 02-08501] FX The Sym-H index was provided by T. Iyemori through the World Data Center for Geomagnetism, Kyoto. The ACE/MFI and SWEPAM data sets were provided by C. W. Smith and D. J. McComas, respectively. Work at JHU/APL was supported by NASA grants NNX06AD76G and NNX07AG07G. Work at UCLA was supported by a NSF grant ATM 02-08501 and NASA grants NG-04GA93G and NNX07AC93G. NR 27 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD JAN 13 PY 2009 VL 114 AR A01202 DI 10.1029/2008JA013391 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 396YT UT WOS:000262629400002 ER PT J AU Dougherty, DB Jin, W Cullen, WG Reutt-Robey, JE Robey, SW AF Dougherty, Daniel B. Jin, Wei Cullen, William G. Reutt-Robey, Janice E. Robey, Steven W. TI Striped domains at the pentacene:C-60 interface SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE carbon; monolayers; organic semiconductors; scanning tunnelling microscopy; semiconductor thin films; silver ID SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE; SOLAR-CELLS; MONOLAYER; SURFACES; AU(111); ENERGY; DIPOLE; IMAGE AB Scanning tunneling microscopy observations of the initial growth stages of the first layer of pentacene on a monolayer film of C-60 on Ag(111) are presented. Pentacene films nucleate and grow with molecules standing up at the pentacene:C-60 interface similar to thin film phases observed on weakly interacting substrates such as SiO2. Unlike reported thin film pentacene phases, those on 1 monolayer C-60/Ag(111) exhibit a striated morphology with domains of 4 nm nominal width. This long range pattern of periodic pentacene displacements relative to the substrate is the response to stress induced in the pentacene film by its interaction with the rigid C-60 support. C1 [Dougherty, Daniel B.; Robey, Steven W.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Jin, Wei; Reutt-Robey, Janice E.] Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Jin, Wei; Cullen, William G.; Reutt-Robey, Janice E.] Univ Maryland, Mat Res Sci & Engn Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Cullen, William G.] Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Dougherty, DB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dbdoughe@ncsu.edu RI Reutt-Robey, Janice /C-3517-2009 OI Reutt-Robey, Janice /0000-0002-9309-7854 FU Department of Commerce through the NIST Small Grants Program and the University of Maryland NSF MRSEC [DMR-05-20471] FX We are grateful to Rebecca Cantrell and Paulette Clancy for sharing preliminary computational results. This work was supported by the Department of Commerce through the NIST Small Grants Program and the University of Maryland NSF MRSEC under Contract No. DMR-05-20471. STM measurements were carried out using the University of Maryland NSF-Shared Experimental Facilities. NR 25 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 22 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JAN 12 PY 2009 VL 94 IS 2 AR 023103 DI 10.1063/1.3046721 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 395PB UT WOS:000262534900065 ER PT J AU Griffith, WC Jimenez-Martinez, R Shah, V Knappe, S Kitching, J AF Griffith, W. Clark Jimenez-Martinez, Ricardo Shah, Vishal Knappe, Svenja Kitching, John TI Miniature atomic magnetometer integrated with flux concentrators SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE ferrites; magnetic flux; magnetic noise; magnetic permeability; magnetic relaxation; magnetic sensors; magnetisation; magnetometers; manganese compounds; zinc compounds ID MAGNETIC-FIELD AB High permeability magnetic flux concentrators are used to enhance the sensitivity of an atomic magnetometer operating in the spin-exchange relaxation-free regime. The magnetometer uses a millimeter scale (87)Rb vapor cell and either mu-metal or Mn-Zn ferrite flux concentrators. The measured sensitivity gives excellent agreement with calculations of thermal noise from the concentrator material. The mu-metal concentrators allow a sensitivity of 50 fT Hz(-1/2), limited by thermal current magnetic noise. The ferrite concentrators are limited by thermal magnetization noise at low frequencies, and reach a sensitivity of 10 fT Hz(-1/2) for frequencies above 125 Hz. C1 [Griffith, W. Clark; Jimenez-Martinez, Ricardo; Knappe, Svenja; Kitching, John] NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Shah, Vishal] Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Griffith, WC (reprint author), NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM clark.griffith@nist.gov OI Griffith, William Clark/0000-0002-0260-1956 FU Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) FX The authors thank S. Schima for help in preparing the cell assembly, S.-K. Lee for help with the noise estimations, H. B. Dang for information on ferrite permeability measurements, and Y.-J. Wang and J. Preusser for valuable discussions. This work was supported by the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP). NR 12 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 3 U2 11 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JAN 12 PY 2009 VL 94 IS 2 AR 023502 DI 10.1063/1.3056152 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 395PB UT WOS:000262534900081 ER PT J AU Wang, SF Venimadhav, A Guo, SM Chen, K Li, Q Soukiassian, A Schlom, DG Katz, MB Pan, XQ Wong-Ng, W Vaudin, MD Xi, XX AF Wang, Shufang Venimadhav, A. Guo, Shengming Chen, Ke Li, Qi Soukiassian, A. Schlom, Darrell G. Katz, Michael B. Pan, X. Q. Wong-Ng, Winnie Vaudin, Mark D. Xi, X. X. TI Structural and thermoelectric properties of Bi2Sr2Co2Oy thin films on LaAlO3 (100) and fused silica substrates SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE bismuth compounds; electrical resistivity; p-n heterojunctions; pulsed laser deposition; rectification; Seebeck effect; strontium compounds; thin films ID COBALT OXIDES; CA3CO4O9; SYSTEM AB We have grown Bi2Sr2Co2Oy thin films on LaAlO3 (100) and fused silica substrates by pulsed laser deposition. The films on LaAlO3 are c-axis oriented and partially in-plane aligned with multiple domains, while the films on fused silica are preferred c-axis oriented without in-plane alignment. The Seebeck coefficient and resistivity of films on both substrates are comparable to those of single crystals. An oxide p-n heterojunction was formed by depositing Bi2Sr2Co2Oy film on Nb-doped SrTiO3 single crystal, which showed a rectifying behavior. These thin films and heterostructures may be used for future thermoelectric applications. C1 [Wang, Shufang; Venimadhav, A.; Guo, Shengming; Chen, Ke; Li, Qi; Xi, X. X.] Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Wang, Shufang; Soukiassian, A.; Schlom, Darrell G.; Xi, X. X.] Penn State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Venimadhav, A.] Indian Inst Technol Kharagpur, Cryogen Engn Ctr, Kharagpur 721302, W Bengal, India. [Guo, Shengming] Tsinghua Univ, Dept Phys, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. [Katz, Michael B.; Pan, X. Q.] Univ Michigan, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Wong-Ng, Winnie; Vaudin, Mark D.] NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wang, SF (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM suw16@psu.edu RI Schlom, Darrell/J-2412-2013 OI Schlom, Darrell/0000-0003-2493-6113 FU DOE [DE-FG0201ER45907]; NSF [DMR-0405502, DMR-0507146, DMR-0315633] FX We thank Professor Terasaki for stimulating discussions that initiated this work. The thermal conductivity of a film was measured in Professor Cahill's laboratory at the U. Illinois, for which we acknowledge gratefully. This work was partially supported by DOE under Grant No. DE-FG0201ER45907 (X. X. X.) and NSF under Grant Nos. DMR-0405502 (Q. L.), DMR-0507146 (D. G. S. and X. X. X.), and DMR-0315633 (X. Q. P.). NR 21 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 23 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JAN 12 PY 2009 VL 94 IS 2 AR 022110 DI 10.1063/1.3072803 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 395PB UT WOS:000262534900044 ER PT J AU Wang, CZ Lee, SK AF Wang, Chunzai Lee, Sang-Ki TI Reply to comment by Joseph J. Barsugli on "Global warming and United States landfalling hurricanes'' SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Wang, Chunzai] NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Lee, Sang-Ki] Univ Miami, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Wang, CZ (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM chunzai.wang@noaa.gov RI Wang, Chunzai /C-9712-2009; Lee, Sang-Ki/A-5703-2011 OI Wang, Chunzai /0000-0002-7611-0308; Lee, Sang-Ki/0000-0002-4047-3545 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 10 PY 2009 VL 36 AR L01706 DI 10.1029/2008GL035111 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 393NL UT WOS:000262379900002 ER PT J AU Cooper, OR Eckhardt, S Crawford, JH Brown, CC Cohen, RC Bertram, TH Wooldridge, P Perring, A Brune, WH Ren, X Brunner, D Baughcum, SL AF Cooper, O. R. Eckhardt, S. Crawford, J. H. Brown, C. C. Cohen, R. C. Bertram, T. H. Wooldridge, P. Perring, A. Brune, W. H. Ren, X. Brunner, D. Baughcum, S. L. TI Summertime buildup and decay of lightning NOx and aged thunderstorm outflow above North America SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID PARTICLE DISPERSION MODEL; NITROGEN-OXIDES; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; TROPOPAUSE REGION; TRANSPORT MODELS; STRATOSPHERE; CONVECTION; CHEMISTRY; AIRCRAFT; PARAMETERIZATION AB This study explores the upper tropospheric anticyclone above eastern North America and its influence on the summertime buildup and decay of lightning NOx (LNOx) and thunderstorm outflow. LNOx transport is simulated with a particle dispersion model that releases a LNOx tracer from the locations of millions of cloud-to-ground lightning flashes during May-September 2004 and 2006. On average, upper tropospheric zonal flow in May transitions to a closed anticyclone above northern Mexico and the southern United States in July that strengthens in August and rapidly decays in September. Concentrations of the LNOx tracer reach a maximum above the southern United States and Gulf of Mexico in July and August. Fourteen study sites across North America exhibit high day-to-day variability of the LNOx tracer in the upper troposphere during summer, with the sites most heavily influenced by the North American summer monsoon having the greatest background concentrations. During late spring and September the western sites have low concentrations with little variability. In general, the west coast sites plus Barbados have the most aged thunderstorm outflow, while the east coast sites have the least aged outflow. More than 80% of summertime upper tropospheric NOx above the eastern United States is produced by lightning. To produce the best available observation-based view of upper troposphere NOx above North America, measurements from six aircraft campaigns are combined in a single composite plot. The modeled upper tropospheric NOx matches the general continental-scale distribution of NOx in the composite plot, supporting the dominant role of LNOx in the simulations. C1 [Cooper, O. R.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Cooper, O. R.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO USA. [Eckhardt, S.] Norwegian Inst Air Res, Dept Reg & Global Pollut Issues, Kjeller, Norway. [Crawford, J. H.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Brown, C. C.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Hampton, VA USA. [Cohen, R. C.; Bertram, T. H.; Wooldridge, P.; Perring, A.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Cohen, R. C.; Bertram, T. H.; Wooldridge, P.; Perring, A.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Brune, W. H.; Ren, X.] Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Brunner, D.] EMPA, Lab Air Pollut Environm Technol Mat Sci & Technol, Dubendorf, Switzerland. [Baughcum, S. L.] Boeing Co, Seattle, WA 98124 USA. RP Cooper, OR (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Brunner, Dominik/A-1255-2009; Cohen, Ronald/A-8842-2011; Ren, Xinrong/B-2229-2010; Perring, Anne/G-4597-2013; Cooper, Owen/H-4875-2013; Crawford, James/L-6632-2013; Ren, Xinrong/E-7838-2015; Eckhardt, Sabine/I-4001-2012; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Brunner, Dominik/0000-0002-4007-6902; Cohen, Ronald/0000-0001-6617-7691; Perring, Anne/0000-0003-2231-7503; Crawford, James/0000-0002-6982-0934; Ren, Xinrong/0000-0001-9974-1666; Eckhardt, Sabine/0000-0001-6958-5375; NR 51 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 19 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 9 PY 2009 VL 114 AR D01101 DI 10.1029/2008JD010293 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 393NT UT WOS:000262380700001 ER PT J AU Ehlers, G Mamontov, E Zamponi, M Kam, KC Gardner, JS AF Ehlers, G. Mamontov, E. Zamponi, M. Kam, K. C. Gardner, J. S. TI Direct Observation of a Nuclear Spin Excitation in Ho2Ti2O7 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; CRYSTAL-FIELD; ICE; RELAXATION; HYPERFINE; STATE AB A single nondispersive excitation is observed by means of neutron backscattering, at E-0=26.3 mu eV in the spin ice Ho2Ti2O7 but not in the isotopically enriched (Dy2Ti2O7)-Dy-162 analogue. The intensity of this excitation is rather small, less than or similar to 0.2% of the elastic intensity. It is clearly observed below 80 K but resolution limited only below similar to 65 K. The application of a magnetic field up to mu H-0=4.5 T, at 1.6 K, has no measurable effect on the energy or intensity. This nuclear excitation is believed to perturb the electronic, Ising spin system resulting in the persistent spin dynamics observed in spin ice compounds. C1 [Ehlers, G.; Mamontov, E.; Zamponi, M.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Spallat Neutron Source, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Zamponi, M.] Forschungszentrum Julich, Julich Ctr Neutron Sci, D-52425 Julich, Germany. [Kam, K. C.] Uppsala Univ, Dept Chem Mat, Angstrom Lab, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden. [Gardner, J. S.] Indiana Univ, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA. [Gardner, J. S.] NIST, NCNR, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ehlers, G (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Spallat Neutron Source, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Gardner, Jason/A-1532-2013; Ehlers, Georg/B-5412-2008; Mamontov, Eugene/Q-1003-2015 OI Ehlers, Georg/0000-0003-3513-508X; Mamontov, Eugene/0000-0002-5684-2675 FU U. S. Department of Energy [DE-AC05-00OR22725] FX We would like to thank A. Boothroyd, A. L. Cornelius, M. Enjalran, R. Hermann, Y. J. Kao, and S. Nagler for stimulating discussions. The authors are grateful for the local support staff at the SNS. ORNL/SNS is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, for the U. S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725. NR 39 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 5 U2 19 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JAN 9 PY 2009 VL 102 IS 1 AR 016405 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.016405 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 393EZ UT WOS:000262355000052 PM 19257221 ER PT J AU Stafford, GR Bertocci, U AF Stafford, G. R. Bertocci, U. TI In Situ Stress and Nanogravimetric Measurements During Underpotential Deposition of Pd on (111)-Textured Au SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C LA English DT Article ID AU(111) ELECTRODE SURFACE; GOLD ELECTRODE; ELECTROCHEMICAL DEPOSITION; COPPER ELECTRODEPOSITION; OXYGEN REDUCTION; METAL MONOLAYER; THIN-LAYERS; PALLADIUM; FILMS; OVERLAYERS AB The surface stress associated with the electrodeposition of Pd onto (111)-textured Au cantilever electrodes in 0.1 M H(2)SO(4) supporting electrolyte has been examined. An electrochemical quartz crystal nanobalance was also used in order to correlate the stress development with the Pd coverage. PdSO(4) and H(2)PdCl(4) were separately examined as electroactive species, in order to determine the influence of [PdCl(4)](2-) adsorption on the stress response. The stress associated with Pd underpotential deposition (upd), as well as with the growth of subsequent adlayers, is tensile, whose primary source is the +4.9% lattice mismatch between Pd and Au. However the expected tensile stress is in part counterbalanced by the formation of Pd-Au bonds as well as anion adsorption onto the Pd surface. Pd upd causes a surface stress change of +0.4 N m(-1) whereas a second monolayer produces an additional stress change of +0.6 N m(-1). We attribute this larger tensile stress change for the second monolayer to the diminished electronic influence of the Au substrate. A similar stress response is observed for both H(2)PdCl(4) and PdSO(4) as sources of Pd(2+). C1 [Stafford, G. R.; Bertocci, U.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stafford, GR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 49 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 8 U2 18 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1932-7447 J9 J PHYS CHEM C JI J. Phys. Chem. C PD JAN 8 PY 2009 VL 113 IS 1 BP 261 EP 268 DI 10.1021/jp8080063 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 390MI UT WOS:000262168000040 ER PT J AU Kemball-Cook, S Parrish, D Ryerson, T Nopmongcol, U Johnson, J Tai, E Yarwood, G AF Kemball-Cook, Susan Parrish, David Ryerson, Thomas Nopmongcol, Uarporn Johnson, Jeremiah Tai, Edward Yarwood, Greg TI Contributions of regional transport and local sources to ozone exceedances in Houston and Dallas: Comparison of results from a photochemical grid model to aircraft and surface measurements SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID URBAN PLUME; EMISSIONS AB During the 2000 Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS) and 2006 Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS II) field experiments, aircraft measured ozone concentrations upwind, across, and downwind of the Houston and Dallas urban areas. Background ozone transported into Houston contributed, on average, approximately 50% and 66% of the total ozone on 8-h ozone exceedance days investigated by aircraft flights during TexAQS and TexAQS II, respectively. Analysis of a flight over Dallas on one exceedance day showed that transported ozone constituted 72% of the total ozone concentration. The aircraft measurements show that these two major metropolitan areas can be brought close to exceeding the 1997 8-h National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone of 0.08 ppm solely by the ozone contribution of regional transport before additional contribution from local sources. Large local contributions were also observed, particularly in Houston. Transport contributions to Dallas area ozone were quantified using the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions (CAMx) photochemical grid model and source apportionment methods. Model-predicted ozone concentrations were compared to ozone measurements from the aircraft and the surface monitoring network, and showed agreement on the importance of regional transport and local ozone formation. These results emphasize the benefits of regional control strategies, and suggest that local controls alone may not be sufficient to ensure attainment of the 8-h ozone standard in Houston and Dallas. C1 [Kemball-Cook, Susan; Nopmongcol, Uarporn; Johnson, Jeremiah; Tai, Edward; Yarwood, Greg] ENVIRON Int Corp, Novato, CA 94998 USA. [Parrish, David; Ryerson, Thomas] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Kemball-Cook, S (reprint author), ENVIRON Int Corp, 773 San Marin Dr,Suite 2115, Novato, CA 94998 USA. EM skemball-cook@environcorp.com RI Parrish, David/E-8957-2010; Ryerson, Tom/C-9611-2009; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Parrish, David/0000-0001-6312-2724; FU TCEQ FX The Air Quality and the Climate Research and Modeling Programs of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) supported the WP-3D measurements. The CAMx modeling was supported by the TCEQ. NR 20 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 4 U2 14 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 7 PY 2009 VL 114 AR D00F02 DI 10.1029/2008JD010248 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 393NP UT WOS:000262380300002 ER PT J AU McClain, CR Lundsten, L Ream, M Barry, J DeVogelaere, A AF McClain, Craig R. Lundsten, Lonny Ream, Micki Barry, James DeVogelaere, Andrew TI Endemicity, Biogeography, Composition, and Community Structure On a Northeast Pacific Seamount SO PLOS ONE LA English DT Article AB The deep ocean greater than 1 km covers the majority of the earth's surface. Interspersed on the abyssal plains and continental slope are an estimated 14000 seamounts, topographic features extending 1000 m off the seafloor. A variety of hypotheses are posited that suggest the ecological, evolutionary, and oceanographic processes on seamounts differ from those governing the surrounding deep sea. The most prominent and oldest of these hypotheses, the seamount endemicity hypothesis (SMEH), states that seamounts possess a set of isolating mechanisms that produce highly endemic faunas. Here, we constructed a faunal inventory for Davidson Seamount, the first bathymetric feature to be characterized as a 'seamount', residing 120 km off the central California coast in approximately 3600 m of water (Fig 1). We find little support for the SMEH among megafauna of a Northeast Pacific seamount; instead, finding an assemblage of species that also occurs on adjacent continental margins. A large percentage of these species are also cosmopolitan with ranges extending over much of the Pacific Ocean Basin. Despite the similarity in composition between the seamount and non-seamount communities, we provide preliminary evidence that seamount communities may be structured differently and potentially serve as source of larvae for suboptimal, non-seamount habitats. C1 [McClain, Craig R.; Lundsten, Lonny; Barry, James] Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA USA. [Ream, Micki] Stanford Univ, Dept Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [DeVogelaere, Andrew] Monterey Bay Natl Marine Sanctuary, Monterey, CA USA. RP McClain, CR (reprint author), Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA USA. EM cmcclain@mbari.org OI McClain, Craig/0000-0003-0574-428X FU NOAA'S Office of Ocean Exploration, the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute [200002, 900703, 900608, Postdoctoral Fellowship]; Save the Earth Foundation; David and Lucile Packard Foundation; Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary Foundation FX This work was supported NOAA'S Office of Ocean Exploration, the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (projects 200002, 900703, 900608), the Save the Earth Foundation, and the David and Lucile Packard Foundation. CRM was supported by a Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute Postdoctoral Fellowship and a grant from the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary Foundation. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. NR 37 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 26 PU PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 185 BERRY ST, STE 1300, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94107 USA SN 1932-6203 J9 PLOS ONE JI PLoS One PD JAN 7 PY 2009 VL 4 IS 1 AR e4141 DI 10.1371/journal.pone.0004141 PG 8 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 437FX UT WOS:000265473300008 PM 19127302 ER PT J AU Hu, CM Li, XF Pichel, WG Muller-Karger, FE AF Hu, Chuanmin Li, Xiaofeng Pichel, William G. Muller-Karger, Frank E. TI Detection of natural oil slicks in the NW Gulf of Mexico using MODIS imagery SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SAR IMAGERY; OCEAN; SEEPS AB We demonstrate the unique capability of the MODIS instruments in detecting oil slicks in an open ocean environment. On 13 May 2006, in the NW Gulf of Mexico where water depth ranges from 50 to 2500 m, one 250-m resolution MODIS image showed at least 164 surface slicks under sun glint ( glint reflectance, L(g), ranged between 0.0001 and 0.06 sr(-1)). After discounting other possible causes, we believe these are the result of natural seeps. Our analysis showed total coverage of similar to 1900 km(2), with individual slicks varying in surface area (11.7 +/- 14.8 km(2)) and length (19.2 +/- 12.4 km). Concurrent SAR imagery showed similar area estimates to within 30%. This estimate, based on a single image, is higher than earlier estimates from a database of multi-date SAR images for the same region. Inspection of > 200 images for the month of May between 2000 and 2008 revealed similar slicks on at least 50 images. On 2 June 2005, slicks were detected under sun glint with both negative contrast (L(g) < 0.05 sr(-1)) and positive contrast (L(g) > 0.05 sr(-1)). These slicks could not be detected in glint-free MODIS images collected on the same day. Because of the near-daily revisit and wide sun glint coverage ( e. g., > 800 km E-W between March and October at 25 degrees N), systematic and global application of the MODIS 250-m imagery can help locate natural seeps and improve estimates of seepage rates in the world's ocean. Citation: Hu, C., X. Li, W. G. Pichel, and F. E. Muller-Karger ( 2009), Detection of natural oil slicks in the NW Gulf of Mexico using MODIS imagery, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L01604, doi: 10.1029/2008GL036119. C1 [Hu, Chuanmin] Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. [Li, Xiaofeng] NOAA, NESDIS, IMSG, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Muller-Karger, Frank E.] Univ Massachusetts Dartmouth, Sch Marine Sci & Technol, New Bedford, MA 02744 USA. RP Hu, CM (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, 140 7th Ave S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. EM hu@marine.usf.edu RI Pichel, William/F-5619-2010; hu, chuanmin/J-5021-2012; Li, Xiaofeng/B-6524-2008 OI Pichel, William/0000-0001-6332-0149; Li, Xiaofeng/0000-0001-7038-5119 FU NOAA [NA06NES4400004]; NASA [NNS04AB59G] FX This work was supported by the U. S. NOAA (NA06NES4400004) and NASA (NNS04AB59G). We thank the NASA/GSFC for providing MODIS data and software. SAR data were obtained under the NASA RADARSAT-0011-0071 and NOAA/NESDIS/STAR Ocean Remote Sensing programs. The views, opinions, and findings contained in this report are those of the authors and should not be construed as an official NOAA or U. S. Government position, policy, or decision. IMaRS contribution 128. NR 20 TC 89 Z9 95 U1 2 U2 22 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 6 PY 2009 VL 36 AR L01604 DI 10.1029/2008GL036119 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 393MT UT WOS:000262378100004 ER PT J AU Feng, XS Zhang, Y Sun, W Dryer, M Fry, CD Deehr, CS AF Feng, X. S. Zhang, Y. Sun, W. Dryer, M. Fry, C. D. Deehr, C. S. TI A practical database method for predicting arrivals of "average'' interplanetary shocks at Earth SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SOLAR-WIND DISTURBANCES; CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS; APRIL 2001; MODELS; TIME; SPEED; SIMULATION; EVOLUTION; EXPANSION; STOA AB A practical database method for predicting the interplanetary shock arrival time at L1 point is presented here. First, a shock transit time database (hereinafter called Database-I) based on HAFv.1 (version 1 of the Hakamada-Akasofu-Fry model) is preliminarily established with hypothetical solar events. Then, on the basis of the prediction test results of 130 observed solar events during the period from February 1997 to August 2002, Database-I is modified to create a practical database method, named Database-II, organized on a multidimensional grid of source location, initial coronal shock speed, and the year of occurrence of the hypothetical solar event. The arrival time at L1 for any given solar event occurring in the 23rd solar cycle can be predicted by looking up in the grid of Database-II according to source location, the initial coronal shock speed, and the year of occurrence in cycle 23. Within the hit window of +/- 12 h, the success rate of the Database-II method for 130 solar events is 44%. This could be practically equivalent to the shock time of arrival (STOA) model, the interplanetary shock propagation model (ISPM), and the HAFv.2 model. To explore the capability of this method, it is tested on new data sets. These tests give reasonable results. In particular, this method's performance for a set of events in other cycles is as good as that of the STOA and ISPM models. This gives us confidence in its application to other cycles. From the viewpoint of long-term periodicity for solar activity, it is expected that the Database-II method can be applicable to the next solar cycle 24. C1 [Feng, X. S.; Zhang, Y.] Chinese Acad Sci, Ctr Space Sci & Appl Res, State Key Lab Space Weather, Solar Interplanetary Geomagnet Weather Grp, Beijing 100190, Peoples R China. [Zhang, Y.] Chinese Acad Sci, Grad Univ, Sch Earth Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China. [Sun, W.; Deehr, C. S.] Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Dryer, M.; Fry, C. D.] Explorat Phys Int Inc, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA. [Dryer, M.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Space Weather Predict Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Feng, XS (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Ctr Space Sci & Appl Res, State Key Lab Space Weather, Solar Interplanetary Geomagnet Weather Grp, POB 8701, Beijing 100190, Peoples R China. EM fengx@spaceweather.ac.cn; yzhang@spaceweather.ac.cn; wsun_1939@yahoo.com; Murray.Dryer@noaa.gov; gfry@expi.com; cdeehr@gi.alaska.edu NR 28 TC 14 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 EI 2169-9402 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD JAN 6 PY 2009 VL 114 AR A01101 DI 10.1029/2008JA013499 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 393PD UT WOS:000262384300001 ER PT J AU Tsai, DH Pease, LF Zangmeister, RA Tarlov, MJ Zachariah, MR AF Tsai, D. -H. Pease, L. F., III Zangmeister, R. A. Tarlov, M. J. Zachariah, M. R. TI Aggregation Kinetics of Colloidal Particles Measured by Gas-Phase Differential Mobility Analysis SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID GOLD NANOPARTICLES; ION-MOBILITY; COAGULATION; SIZE; ELECTROSPRAY; MONOLAYERS; SURFACES AB We demonstrate the utility of electrospray gas-phase ion-mobility analysis as a new method to investigate nanoparticle flocculation, or aggregation. An nanoparticle (Au-NP) solutions were sampled via electrospray (ES), followed by differential ion-mobility analysis (DMA) to determine the particle mobility distribution. Multimodal size distributions obtained with ES-DMA indicated the presence of single Au-NPs (monomer) as well as larger Au-NP clusters such as dimers, trimers, and tetramers under specific solution conditions. The fraction of each aggregate species as a function of time was quantitatively characterized, from which the degree of aggregation, aggregation rate, and stability ratio at different ionic strengths were determined. The latter enabled the extraction of a surface potential (or surface charge density) of 64 +/- 2 mV for 10 nm Au-NPs, which is in good agreement with values obtained from other methods, thus validating our approach. Our results show that ES-DMA is a valuable tool for quantitatively probing the early stages of colloidal aggregation or as a preparatory tool for the size election of aggregates. C1 [Tsai, D. -H.; Zachariah, M. R.] Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Tsai, D. -H.; Zachariah, M. R.] Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Tsai, D. -H.; Pease, L. F., III; Zangmeister, R. A.; Tarlov, M. J.; Zachariah, M. R.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zachariah, MR (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM mrz@umd.edu RI Han, Kyuhee/B-6201-2009; Tsai, De-Hao/K-6702-2012; Zangmeister, Rebecca/D-6641-2017 OI Tsai, De-Hao/0000-0002-2669-3007; Zangmeister, Rebecca/0000-0002-0540-6240 NR 35 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 3 U2 22 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD JAN 6 PY 2009 VL 25 IS 1 BP 140 EP 146 DI 10.1021/la703164j PG 7 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 390PQ UT WOS:000262176600030 PM 19063636 ER PT J AU Kent, MS Murton, JK Zendejas, FJ Tran, H Simmons, BA Satija, S Kuzmenko, I AF Kent, Michael S. Murton, Jaclyn K. Zendejas, Frank J. Tran, Huu Simmons, Blake A. Satija, Sushil Kuzmenko, Ivan TI Nanosilica Formation At Lipid Membranes Induced by the Parent Sequence of a Silaffin Peptide SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID SILICA NANOSPHERE FORMATION; DIATOM BIOSILICA; NANOSTRUCTURE; MORPHOGENESIS; POLYAMINES; VESICLES; CARBON; FORM AB Diatoms are unicellular eukaryotic algae found in fresh and marine water. Each cell is surrounded by an outer shell called a frustule that is composed of highly structured amorphous silica. Diatoms are able to transform silicic acid into these sturdy intricate structures at ambient temperatures and pressures, whereas the chemical synthesis of silica-based materials typically requires extremes of temperature and pH. Cationic polypeptides, termed silica affinity proteins (or silaffins), recently identified from dissolved frustules of specific species of diatoms, are clearly involved and have been shown to initiate the formation of silica in solution. The relationship between the local environment of catalytic sites on these peptides, which can be influenced by the amino acid sequence and the extent of aggregation, and the structure of the silica is not understood. Moreover, the activity of these peptides in promoting silicification at lipid membranes has not yet been clarified. In this work, we developed a model system to address some of these questions. We studied peptide adsorption to Langmuir monolayers and subsequent silicification using X-ray reflectivity and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction. The results demonstrate the lipid affinity of the parent sequence of a silaffin peptide and show that the membrane-bound peptide promotes the formation of an interfacial nanoscale layer of amorphous silica at the lipid-water interface. C1 [Kent, Michael S.; Murton, Jaclyn K.; Zendejas, Frank J.; Tran, Huu; Simmons, Blake A.] Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. [Kent, Michael S.; Murton, Jaclyn K.; Zendejas, Frank J.; Tran, Huu; Simmons, Blake A.] Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA USA. [Satija, Sushil] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Kuzmenko, Ivan] Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Simmons, BA (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. FU U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC04-94AL85000, W-31-109-Eng-38]; National Science Foundation Division of Materials Research FX Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corp., a Lockheed Martin Co., for the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. Work at the CMC beamlines is supported in part by the Office of Basic Energy Sciences of the U.S. Department of Energy and by the National Science Foundation Division of Materials Research. Use of the Advanced Photon Source is supported by the Office of Basic Energy Sciences of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. W-31-109-Eng-38. NR 25 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 27 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD JAN 6 PY 2009 VL 25 IS 1 BP 305 EP 310 DI 10.1021/la801794e PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 390PQ UT WOS:000262176600055 PM 19035672 ER PT J AU Park, JJ Lacerda, SHDP Stanley, SK Vogel, BM Kim, S Douglas, JF Raghavan, D Karim, A AF Park, Jung Jin Lacerda, Silvia H. De Paoli Stanley, Scott K. Vogel, Brandon M. Kim, Sangcheol Douglas, Jack F. Raghavan, Dharmaraj Karim, Alamgir TI Langmuir Adsorption Study of the Interaction of CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots with Model Substrates: Influence of Substrate Surface Chemistry and pH SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; QUARTZ-CRYSTAL MICROBALANCE; GOLD NANOPARTICLES; PROTEIN ADSORPTION; PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; SILICON SURFACES; CDS NANOCRYSTALS; PARTICLES; COLLAGEN; ORGANIZATION AB We investigate the utility of Langmuir adsorption measurements for characterizing nanoparticle-substrate interactions. Spherical CdSe/ZnS core-shell nanoparticles were chosen as representative particles because of their widespread use in biological labeling measurements and their relatively monodisperse dimensions. In particular, the quantum dots were functionalized with 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid, and we utilized an amine-terminated self-assembled monolayer (SAM) as a model substrate. SAMs with different end-groups (-CH(3) and -COOH) were also considered to contrast with the adsorption behavior on the amine-terminated SAM substrates. We followed the kinetics of nanoparticle adsorption on the ammosilane layer by quartz crystal microgravimetry (QCM) over a range of particle concentrations and determined the corresponding Langmuir adsorption isotherms. Analysis of both equilibrium adsorption and kinetic adsorption data allowed us to determine a consistent value of the Langmuir adsorption equilibrium constant for the amine-terminated SAM at room temperature (K(L)approximate to 2.7 (mu mol/L)(-1)), providing a useful characterization of the nanoparticle-substrate interaction. The effect of varying solution pH on Langmuir adsorption was also investigated in order to gain insight into the role of electrostatic interactions on nanoparticle adsorption. The equilibrium extent of adsorption was found to be maximum at about pH 7. These changes of nanoparticle adsorption were further quantified and validated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and confocal fluorescence microscopy measurements. We conclude that Langmuir adsorption measurements provide a promising approach for quantifying nanoparticle-substrate interactions. C1 [Park, Jung Jin; Lacerda, Silvia H. De Paoli; Stanley, Scott K.; Vogel, Brandon M.; Kim, Sangcheol; Douglas, Jack F.; Karim, Alamgir] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Park, Jung Jin; Raghavan, Dharmaraj] Howard Univ, Dept Chem, Polymer Grp, Washington, DC 20059 USA. RP Douglas, JF (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jack.douglas@nist.gov; draghavan@howard.edu; alamgir.karim@nist.gov RI Park, Jung Jin/C-7627-2011; Vogel, Brandon/H-9834-2013 OI Vogel, Brandon/0000-0002-7370-9577 FU UVO FX The authors thank Dr. Eric K. Lin at NIST for critically reading the manuscript and helpful suggestions and Dr. Vivek Prabhu at NIST for assistance with the QCM measurements. This work used UVO and contact angle instrumentation in the NIST Combinatorial Methods Center (NCMC; www.nist.gov/combi). NR 53 TC 40 Z9 43 U1 4 U2 46 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD JAN 6 PY 2009 VL 25 IS 1 BP 443 EP 450 DI 10.1021/la802324c PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 390PQ UT WOS:000262176600074 PM 19053491 ER PT J AU Sierra, JF Aliev, FG Heindl, R Russek, SE Rippard, WH AF Sierra, J. F. Aliev, F. G. Heindl, R. Russek, S. E. Rippard, W. H. TI Broadband ferromagnetic resonance linewidth measurement of magnetic tunnel junction multilayers SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE annealing; ferromagnetic resonance; magnetic domains; magnetic hysteresis; magnetic multilayers; magnetic structure; magnetic tunnelling ID THIN-FILMS AB The broadband ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) linewidth of the free layer of magnetic tunnel junctions is used as a simple diagnostic of the quality of the magnetic structure. The FMR linewidth increases near the field regions of free layer reversal and pinned layer reversal, and this increase correlates with an increase in magnetic hysteresis in unpatterned films, low-frequency noise in patterned devices, and previous observations of magnetic domain ripple by use of Lorentz microscopy. Postannealing changes the free layer FMR linewidth, indicating that considerable magnetic disorder, originating in the exchange-biased pinned layer, is transferred to the free layer. C1 [Heindl, R.; Russek, S. E.; Rippard, W. H.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Sierra, J. F.; Aliev, F. G.] Univ Autonoma Madrid, Dept Fis Mat Condensada, E-28049 Madrid, Spain. RP Heindl, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM heindl@nist.gov RI Sierra, Juan F./D-6951-2014; Aliev, Farkhad/G-6278-2015 OI Sierra, Juan F./0000-0002-5438-0534; NR 16 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JAN 5 PY 2009 VL 94 IS 1 AR 012506 DI 10.1063/1.3054642 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 393FZ UT WOS:000262357800054 ER PT J AU Cooksey, CC Greer, BJ Heilweil, EJ AF Cooksey, Catherine C. Greer, Benjamin J. Heilweil, Edwin J. TI Terahertz spectroscopy of L-proline in reverse aqueous micelles SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID KERR-EFFECT SPECTROSCOPY; OPTICAL-CONSTANTS; INVERSE MICELLES; WATER; DYNAMICS; MODEL; SIZE; BAND AB A new method for obtaining room-temperature terahertz (THz) absorption spectra of aqueous-phase biomolecules in the frequency range 1-21 THz (35 cm(-1)-700 cm(-1)) is reported. The spectrum for L-proline was acquired by solvating the amino acid within the nanometer-sized interior water pool of reverse micelles dispersed in transparent n-heptane. Terahertz spectra of H(2)O, D(2)O and the effect of L-proline concentration and micelle size are discussed, and the results are compared to spectra of solid-phase L-proline and Gaussian calculations. Published by Elsevier B. V. C1 [Cooksey, Catherine C.; Greer, Benjamin J.; Heilweil, Edwin J.] NIST, Opt Technol Div, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Heilweil, EJ (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, Phys Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Mailstop 8443,Bldg 216, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM edwin.heilweil@nist.gov FU National Science Foundation [PHY-0453430] FX We are grateful to Dr. Jeffrey Owrutsky from the US Naval Research Laboratory for helpful insights, motivation, and discussions in preparing reverse micelle samples used in this work. Special thanks to Dr. Li-Piin Sung of the NIST Building and Fire Research Laboratory for allowing us to use her Dynamic Light Scattering apparatus and helping us perform data analysis. B. G. gratefully acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation under Agreement No. PHY-0453430. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. NR 26 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2614 J9 CHEM PHYS LETT JI Chem. Phys. Lett. PD JAN 5 PY 2009 VL 467 IS 4-6 BP 424 EP 429 DI 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.11.041 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 386VC UT WOS:000261909700042 ER PT J AU Lee, YJ Cicerone, MT AF Lee, Young Jong Cicerone, Marcus T. TI Single-shot interferometric approach to background free broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID SUPERCONTINUUM GENERATION; HIGH-SENSITIVITY; CARS MICROSCOPY; ONE-LASER AB We introduce a single-shot interferometric approach to suppress the nonresonant background (NRB) contribution to a broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectrum; this single-shot approach is conducive to rapid imaging. A pulse shaper prepares a narrowband pulse with two spectral components of differing phase. When the CARS fields generated by these two out-of-phase components are optically mixed, NRB signal is greatly reduced while a resonant CARS signal remains with minimal attenuation. We discuss and demonstrate two model schemes for the interfering pulse components: (1) two pulses with different bandwidths and the same center frequency (ps-fs scheme) and (2) two pulses with the same bandwidth and shifted center frequencies (ps-ps scheme). In both schemes, only the resonant signal from the "3-color" CARS mechanism survives. The resonant signal from "2-color" CARS mechanism vanishes along with the NRB. We discuss optimization conditions for signal intensity and shape of resonant CARS peaks. Experimental CARS spectra of c-hexane and benzonitrile demonstrate feasibility of these approaches. C1 [Lee, Young Jong; Cicerone, Marcus T.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lee, YJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM yjlee@nist.gov; cicerone@nist.gov RI Lee, Young Jong/B-7129-2008 OI Lee, Young Jong/0000-0001-7754-3001 FU NIH [R21 EB002468-01] FX We thank NIH (R21 EB002468-01) for financial support. NR 25 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 6 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD JAN 5 PY 2009 VL 17 IS 1 BP 123 EP 135 DI 10.1364/OE.17.000123 PG 13 WC Optics SC Optics GA 391FX UT WOS:000262220300014 PM 19129880 ER PT J AU Ward, EJ Parsons, K Holmes, EE Balcomb, KC Ford, JKB AF Ward, Eric J. Parsons, Kim Holmes, Elizabeth E. Balcomb, Ken C., III Ford, John K. B. TI The role of menopause and reproductive senescence in a long-lived social mammal SO FRONTIERS IN ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POSTREPRODUCTIVE LIFE-SPAN; INDIVIDUAL FITNESS; ADAPTIVE VALUE; EVOLUTION; HYPOTHESIS; SURVIVAL; GRANDMOTHERS; HISTORIES; MOTHERS; WHALES AB Background: Menopause is a seemingly maladaptive life-history trait that is found in many long-lived mammals. There are two competing evolutionary hypotheses for this phenomenon; in the adaptive view of menopause, the cessation of reproduction may increase the fitness of older females; in the non-adaptive view, menopause may be explained by physiological deterioration with age. The decline and eventual cessation of reproduction has been documented in a number of mammalian species, however the evolutionary cause of this trait is unknown. Results: We examined a unique 30-year time series of killer whales, tracking the reproductive performance of individuals through time. Killer whales are extremely long-lived, and may have the longest documented post-reproductive lifespan of any mammal, including humans. We found no strong support for either of the adaptive hypotheses of menopause; there was little support for the presence of post-reproductive females benefitting their daughter's reproductive performance (interbirth interval and reproductive lifespan of daughters), or the number of mature recruits to the population. Oldest mothers (> 35) did appear to have a small positive impact on calf survival, suggesting that females may gain experience with age. There was mixed support for the grandmother hypothesis - grandoffspring survival probabilities were not influenced by living grandmothers, but grandmothers may positively influence survival of juveniles at a critical life stage. Conclusion: Although existing data do not allow us to examine evolutionary tradeoffs between survival and reproduction for this species, we were able to examine the effect of maternal age on offspring survival. Our results are consistent with similar studies of other mammals - oldest mothers appear to be better mothers, producing calves with higher survival rates. Studies of juvenile survival in humans have reported positive benefits of grandmothers on newly weaned infants; our results indicate that 3-year old killer whales may experience a positive benefit from helpful grandmothers. While our research provides little support for menopause evolving to provide fitness benefits to mothers or grandmothers, our work supports previous research showing that menopause and long post-reproductive lifespans are not a human phenomenon. C1 [Ward, Eric J.; Holmes, Elizabeth E.] NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. [Parsons, Kim] Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Balcomb, Ken C., III] Ctr Whale Res, Friday Harbor, WA 98250 USA. [Ford, John K. B.] Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Pacific Biol Stn, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada. RP Ward, EJ (reprint author), NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. EM eric.ward@noaa.gov; Kim.Parsons@noaa.gov; Eli.Holmes@noaa.gov; orcasur@rockisland.com; fordjo@pac.dfo-mpo.gc RI Parsons, Kim/A-8050-2011 FU National Research Council FX Long-term demographic data for resident killer whales were provided by the Center for Whale Research and Fisheries and Oceans Canada. Funding supporting EW was provided by a post-doctoral research fellowship from the National Research Council. M. Ford offered suggestions that improved the quality of the manuscript. NR 50 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 3 U2 54 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD PI LONDON PA 236 GRAYS INN RD, FLOOR 6, LONDON WC1X 8HL, ENGLAND SN 1742-9994 J9 FRONT ZOOL JI Front. Zool. PD JAN 3 PY 2009 VL 6 AR 4 DI 10.1186/1742-9994-6-4 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 408PY UT WOS:000263448300001 PM 19192288 ER PT S AU Ravel, B AF Ravel, B. BE DiCicco, A Filipponi, A TI Composing complex EXAFS problems with severe information constraints SO 14TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON X-RAY ABSORPTION FINE STRUCTURE (XAFS14), PROCEEDINGS SE Journal of Physics Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Conference on X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS14) CY JUL 26-31, 2009 CL Camerino, ITALY ID SELECTIVITY; SENSITIVITY; IONS AB In recent work, a model for the structural environment of Hg bound to a catalytic DNA sensor was proposed on the basis of EXAFS data analysis. Although severely constrained by limited data quality and scant supporting structural data, a compelling structural model was found which agreed with a similar but less detailed model proposed on the basis on NMR data. I discuss in detail the successes and limitations of the analytical strategy that were implemented in the earlier work. I then speculate on future software requirementsneeded to make this and similarly complex analytical strategies more available to the wider audience of EXAFS practitioners. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ravel, B (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM bruce.ravel@nist.gov NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1742-6588 J9 J PHYS CONF SER PY 2009 VL 190 AR 012026 DI 10.1088/1742-6596/190/1/012026 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA BNO82 UT WOS:000275152100027 ER PT S AU Reipa, V Choi, JH AF Reipa, V. Choi, J. H. BE Gerhold, M Xu, J TI Electrochemical Reduction Synthesis of Photoluminescent Silicon Nanocrystals SO 1ST INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON SEMICONDUCTOR AND PLASMONICS - ACTIVE NANOSTRUCTURES FOR PHOTONIC DEVICES AND SYSTEMS SE ECS Transactions LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on Semiconductor and Plasmonics-Active Nanostructures for Photonic Devices and Systems Held during the 216th Meeting of the Electrochemical-Society (ECS) CY OCT 04-09, 2009 CL Vienna, AUSTRIA SP Elect Photon, Electrochem Soc ID ELECTROREDUCTIVE SYNTHESIS; SURFACE FUNCTIONALIZATION; NONAQUEOUS SOLVENT; NANOPARTICLES; ELECTRODEPOSITION; POLYSILANES; LIQUID AB An efficient synthesizing procedure of photoluminescent silicon nanocrystals is demonstrated using ultrasound assisted electrochemical octyltrichlorosilane reduction that produces alkyl terminated Si nanocrystals in a single step. The described procedure allows to make Si nanocrystals with octyl surface termination, is clean, relatively simple, and potentially scalable to industrial quantities. High resolution transmission electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, UV-VIS absorbance, Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy are employed to characterize the synthesized photoluminescent Si nanocrystals. Resulting octyl termination provides a stable passivation and could serve as a platform for further particle functionalization. C1 [Reipa, V.; Choi, J. H.] NIST, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Reipa, V (reprint author), NIST, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 23 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA SN 1938-5862 BN 978-1-56677-748-3; 978-1-60768-098-7 J9 ECS TRANSACTIONS PY 2009 VL 25 IS 11 BP 57 EP 68 DI 10.1149/1.3236408 PG 12 WC Electrochemistry; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Electrochemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA BA8UM UT WOS:000338712000006 ER PT S AU Tan, H Breus, D Hennig, W Sabourov, K Warburton, WK Doriese, WB Ullom, JN Bacrania, MK Hoover, AS Rabin, MW AF Tan, Hui Breus, Dimitry Hennig, Wolfgang Sabourov, Konstantin Warburton, William K. Doriese, W. Bertrand Ullom, Joel N. Bacrania, Minesh K. Hoover, Andrew S. Rabin, Michael W. GP IEEE TI High Rate Pulse Processing Algorithms for Microcalorimeters SO 2008 IEEE NUCLEAR SCIENCE SYMPOSIUM AND MEDICAL IMAGING CONFERENCE (2008 NSS/MIC), VOLS 1-9 SE IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium/Medical Imaging Conference CY OCT 19-25, 2008 CL Dresden, GERMANY SP IEEE Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, Natl Nucl Secur Adm, US Def Threat Reduct Agcy, ICx Radiat GmbH, ORTEC, Hamamatsu, European Phys Journal, Hilger Crystals, SAFC Hitech, ATOMTEX, Canberra, SensL, ASP, Brookhaven Natl Lab, CEA, CERN, DESY, Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH, Int Atom Energy Agcy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab AB Microcalorimeters, cryogenic radiation detectors measuring the energy of photons by the increase of temperature in an absorber, can achieve energy resolutions more than an order of magnitude better than HPGe detectors. However, due to the thermal nature of the pulse generation, the active volume has to be small to maintain good resolution, and pulse decay times are in the order of milliseconds. Consequently, the detection efficiency is low and count rates are limited, especially for commonly used "optimum filter" algorithms that require isolated pulses to measure pulse heights. This is typically solved by building systems with multiple detector elements (arrays). Large arrays, however, require that as much pulse processing as possible be performed at the front end of the electronics to avoid transferring large amounts of waveform data to a host computer for processing. Pulse processing algorithms developed by XIA LLC for use in digital spectrometers with HPGe detectors, suitably modified for the slower time scale, meet this requirement. In the work reported here, we offline-processed microcalorimeter pulse streams with modified HPGe filter algorithms to provide an initial engineering evaluation of their performance as "practical" filters, capable of achieving sufficiently good energy resolution for most applications while being a) simple enough to be implemented in the readout electronics and b) capable of processing overlapping pulses and thus of achieving higher count rates. In the course of this work, a new filter was developed that uses only a fraction of a pulse while still achieving good energy resolution for very high count rates. The success of this work suggests that future microcalorimeter read-out systems can indeed be built with electronics on which these filters are implemented in multiplexed form, taking advantage of high speed digital signal processing elements to process many channels in parallel at a large reduction in processing cost per channel. C1 [Tan, Hui; Breus, Dimitry; Hennig, Wolfgang; Sabourov, Konstantin; Warburton, William K.] XIA LLC, Hayward, CA 94544 USA. [Doriese, W. Bertrand; Ullom, Joel N.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Bacrania, Minesh K.; Hoover, Andrew S.; Rabin, Michael W.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Tan, H (reprint author), XIA LLC, Hayward, CA 94544 USA. EM htan@xia.com; ullom@boulder.nist.gov; rabin@lanl.gov FU U.S. Department of Energy [DE-FG02-07ER84760] FX This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Grant DE-FG02-07ER84760. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1082-3654 BN 978-1-4244-2714-7 J9 IEEE NUCL SCI CONF R PY 2009 BP 405 EP + PG 2 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA BKN17 UT WOS:000268656000089 ER PT S AU Coakley, KJ Vecchia, DF Nico, JS Fisher, BM AF Coakley, Kevin J. Vecchia, Dominic F. Nico, Jeffrey S. Fisher, Brian M. GP IEEE TI Pulse Shape Discrimination for a Fast Neutron Detector SO 2008 IEEE NUCLEAR SCIENCE SYMPOSIUM AND MEDICAL IMAGING CONFERENCE (2008 NSS/MIC), VOLS 1-9 SE IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium/Medical Imaging Conference CY OCT 19-25, 2008 CL Dresden, GERMANY SP IEEE Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, Natl Nucl Secur Adm, US Def Threat Reduct Agcy, ICx Radiat GmbH, ORTEC, Hamamatsu, European Phys Journal, Hilger Crystals, SAFC Hitech, ATOMTEX, Canberra, SensL, ASP, Brookhaven Natl Lab, CEA, CERN, DESY, Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH, Int Atom Energy Agcy, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab AB We are developing a detector that uses liquid scintillator loaded with Li-6 for the efficient measurement of fast neutrons and their energy. Fast neutrons deposit energy in the scintillator primarily by nuclear (primarily proton) recoil scattering. If the neutron loses enough energy, it can be captured by lithium and produce a burst of scintillation photons. We present methods to identify this sequence of proton recoil and delayed neutron capture events. Because background gammas also produce scintillation light, we must reject them with high probability. One can discriminate background gamma events from nuclear recoil and neutron capture events because the scintillation light emission time probability density functions for electronic recoil events and nuclear recoil events are different. In a prototype unsegmented detector, we measure voltage pulses produced at a photomultiplier tube by scintillation light due to different neutron sources and a gamma ray source. For nuclear recoil and electronic recoil events, we determine a template voltage pulse by robust signal averaging and cluster analysis. For candidate event sequences, we compute the Matusita distances between the normalized voltage pulses in the start and stop regions of the pulse with respect to the template pulses. Based on the ratio of these distances and information about the voltage pulse amplitude generated by neutron capture, we identify events of interest and determine a voltage pulse amplitude distribution due to the fast neutrons. We expect that segmentation of the detector will significantly improve energy resolution. C1 [Coakley, Kevin J.; Vecchia, Dominic F.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Nico, Jeffrey S.; Fisher, Brian M.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Coakley, KJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1082-3654 BN 978-1-4244-2714-7 J9 IEEE NUCL SCI CONF R PY 2009 BP 2259 EP + PG 3 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA BKN17 UT WOS:000268656001078 ER PT B AU Li, XL Godil, A AF Li, Xiaolan Godil, Afzal GP IEEE TI EXPLORING THE BAG-OF-WORDS METHOD FOR 3D SHAPE RETRIEVAL SO 2009 16TH IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON IMAGE PROCESSING, VOLS 1-6 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 16th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing CY NOV 07-10, 2009 CL Cairo, EGYPT SP IEEE DE Bag-of-words; spin images; 3D shape retrieval ID MODELS AB This paper investigates the capabilities of the Bag-of-Words (BW) method in the 3D shape retrieval field. The contributions of this paper are: 1) the 3D shape retrieval task is categorized from different points of view: specific vs. generic, partial-to-global (PG) vs. global-to-global (GG) retrieval, and articulated vs. non-articulated; 2) The spatial information, which is represented as concentric spheres, is integrated into the framework to improve the discriminative capability; 3) the analysis of the experimental results on Purdue Engineering Benchmark (PEB) [4] reveals that some properties of the BW approach make it perform better on the PG task than the GG task. 4) The BW approach is evaluated on non-articulated database PEB [4] and articulated database McGill Shape Benchmark (MSB) [17] and compared to other methods. C1 [Li, Xiaolan] Zhejiang Gongshang Univ, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, Peoples R China. [Godil, Afzal] Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Li, XL (reprint author), Zhejiang Gongshang Univ, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, Peoples R China. EM xiaolanli@mail.zjgsu.edu.cn; godil@nist.gov FU NSF Grants of China [60873218]; NSF Grants of Zhejiang [Z1080232] FX We would like to thank the SIMA and the IDUS program for supporting this work. This work has also been partially supported by NSF Grants of China (60873218) and NSF Grants of Zhejiang (Z1080232) NR 16 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5653-6 PY 2009 BP 437 EP + DI 10.1109/ICIP.2009.5414415 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BQA01 UT WOS:000280464300110 ER PT B AU Yang, WB Sayrafian-Pour, K Hagedorn, J Terrill, J Yazdandoost, KY AF Yang, Wen-Bin Sayrafian-Pour, Kamran Hagedorn, John Terrill, Judith Yazdandoost, Kamya Yekeh GP IEEE TI Simulation Study of Body Surface RF Propagation for UWB Wearable Medical Sensors SO 2009 2ND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON APPLIED SCIENCES IN BIOMEDICAL AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES (ISABEL 2009) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on Applied Sciences in Biomedical and Communication Technologies CY NOV 24-27, 2009 CL Bratislava, SLOVAKIA DE Channel model; Ultra-WideBand (UWB); Immersive visualization system; Body Area Networks AB Ultra Wide-Band (UWB) is a favorable technology for wearable medical sensors that monitor vital signs and other health-related information. Efficient transceiver design requires in-depth understanding of the propagation media which in this case is the human body surface. The results of the few measurement experiments in recent publications point to varying conclusions in the derived parameters of the channel model. As obtaining large amount of data for many scenarios and use-cases is difficult for this channel, a detailed simulation platform can be extremely beneficial in highlighting the propagation behavior of the body surface and determining the best scenarios for limited physical measurements. In this paper, an immersive visualization environment is presented, which is used as a scientific instrument that gives us the ability to observe three-dimensional RF propagation from wearable medical sensors around a human body. We have used this virtual environment to further study UWB channels over the surface of a human body. Parameters of a simple statistical path-loss model and their sensitivity to frequency and the location of the sensors on the body are discussed. C1 [Yang, Wen-Bin; Sayrafian-Pour, Kamran; Hagedorn, John; Terrill, Judith] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Yazdandoost, Kamya Yekeh] New Generat Wireless Commun Res Ctr, Natl Inst Informat & Commun Technol, Med ICT Inst, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan. RP Yang, WB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM wyang@nist.gov; ksayrafian@nist.gov; hagedorn@nist.gov; Judith.terrill@nist.gov; yazdandoost@nict.go.jp NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-4640-7 PY 2009 BP 325 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Engineering; Telecommunications GA BOU33 UT WOS:000277624100066 ER PT B AU Guerrieri, JR Novotny, DR Francis, MH Remley, K AF Guerrieri, Jeff R. Novotny, David R. Francis, Michael H. Remley, Kate GP IEEE TI Electromagnetic Emissions and Performance for Proximity RFID SO 2009 3RD EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOLS 1-6 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd European Conference on Antennas and Propagation CY MAR 23-27, 2009 CL Berlin, GERMANY AB We examined the electromagnetic emissions, and performance of commercial High-Frequency (HF) proximity Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems including their susceptibility to jamming and eavesdropping. These proximity RFID systems are used in an increasing number of financial, identification, and access control applications. We performed investigations of whether transactions can be detected and read at a distance. The measurements were performed to determine the power radiated by commercial systems and how they perform in adverse electromagnetic (EM) environments. C1 [Guerrieri, Jeff R.; Novotny, David R.; Francis, Michael H.; Remley, Kate] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Guerrieri, JR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM guerrieri@boulder.nist.gov; novotny@boulder.nist.gov; francis@boulder.nist.gov; remley@boulder.nist.gov NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-4753-4 PY 2009 BP 1918 EP 1922 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Physics; Telecommunications GA BOF99 UT WOS:000276522101002 ER PT B AU Direen, RH Francis, MH Wittmann, RC AF Direen, Randal H. Francis, Michael H. Wittmann, Ronald C. GP IEEE TI Near-Field Spherical Scanning: Test-Zone Field Evaluation SO 2009 3RD EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOLS 1-6 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd European Conference on Antennas and Propagation CY MAR 23-27, 2009 CL Berlin, GERMANY AB Spherical near-field scanning measurements are used to determine the incident electromagnetic fields within a test volume. Results from two independent approaches are compared and found to agree within estimated uncertainties. C1 [Direen, Randal H.; Francis, Michael H.; Wittmann, Ronald C.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. RP Direen, RH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. EM francis@boulder.nist.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-4753-4 PY 2009 BP 2815 EP 2818 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Physics; Telecommunications GA BOF99 UT WOS:000276522101209 ER PT S AU Genin, D Marbukh, V AF Genin, Daniel Marbukh, Vladimir GP IEEE TI Bursty Fluid Approximation of TCP for Modeling Internet Congestion at the Flow Level. SO 2009 47TH ANNUAL ALLERTON CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATION, CONTROL, AND COMPUTING, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE Annual Allerton Conference on Communication Control and Computing LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 47th Annual Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing CY SEP 30-OCT 02, 2009 CL Monticello, IL DE TCP; flow level congestion; fluid approximation; congestion control AB We propose an improved model for TCP flow level congestion performance. Conventional fluid approximation models yield incorrect results for TCP congestion at the flow level due to throughput overestimation. We introduce a more accurate model incorporating some of the packet level burstiness, by approximating TCP sources as on-off fluid sources. Our model is largely based on the work of D.Anick, D.Mitra and M.M.Sondhi exploring buffer statistics of the superposition of on-off sources. Incorporating some of the TCP burstiness at the packet level while retaining the over all fluid approximation framework allows us to substantially improve the accuracy of the flow level congestion model at the price of a relatively small increase in mathematical complexity. The model is extensively validated against ns2 simulations and shown to perform better than the M/M/1/B based model typically used in this context. C1 [Genin, Daniel; Marbukh, Vladimir] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Genin, D (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dgenin@nist.gov; marbukh@nist.gov NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2474-0195 BN 978-1-4244-5870-7 J9 ANN ALLERTON CONF PY 2009 BP 1300 EP 1306 DI 10.1109/ALLERTON.2009.5394525 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Engineering; Telecommunications GA BPQ13 UT WOS:000279627100178 ER PT B AU Gharavi, H Hu, B AF Gharavi, Hamid Hu, Bin GP IEEE TI Directional Antenna for Multipath Ad Hoc Routing SO 2009 6TH IEEE CONSUMER COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference CY JAN 11-13, 2009 CL Las Vegas, NV SP IEEE DE Ad hoc networks; routing protocols; DSR; directional antennas; directional routing; multipath routing ID NETWORKS AB Multipath routing can be effectively used to maximize the utilization of network resources for real-time traffic. In mobile ad-hoc network environments, this approach can suffer from co-channel interference due to the simultaneous transmission of packets via multiple routes. In this paper, by exploiting the directionality of directional antennas, a Directional Dynamic Source Routing (DDSR)-based Multipath routing protocol is proposed for mobile wireless ad hoc networks. Three metrics are considered in the route discovery process in order to select the best multiple routes. These are hop count, beam overlaps, and the number of joint nodes between the different routes. The proposed directional routing protocol has shown to be capable of minimizing inter-path and intra-path interference, hence significantly improving the system throughput performance for simultaneous transmission of multimedia information over multiple routes. C1 [Gharavi, Hamid; Hu, Bin] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gharavi, H (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8920, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM gharavi@nist.gov; bhu@nist.gov NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-2308-8 PY 2009 BP 483 EP 487 PG 5 WC Telecommunications SC Telecommunications GA BKG29 UT WOS:000268009200135 ER PT B AU Remley, KA AF Remley, Kate A. GP IEEE TI Practical Applications of Nonlinear Measurements SO 2009 73RD ARFTG MICROWAVE MEASUREMENT CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 73rd ARFTG Microwave Measurement Conference CY JUN 12, 2009 CL Boston, MA DE Linear measurements; Measurement-based model; Nonlinear measurements; Nonlinear vector network analyzer; Vector network analyzer ID SIGNAL NETWORK ANALYZER; SAMPLING OSCILLOSCOPES; MEASUREMENT SYSTEM; PHASE AB We contrast linear, VNA-based measurements, involving ratios of the magnitude and phase of individual frequency components, to measurements of nonlinear devices and circuits, where the relative phase between frequency components and the actual impedance in which a device is embedded are important. The architectures and calibration techniques for several types of instruments designed to satisfy these requirements are presented and compared. Examples of the use of these instruments for measurement and model development of nonlinear circuits are presented. C1 NIST, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Remley, KA (reprint author), NIST, Electromagnet Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM remley@boulder.nist.gov NR 26 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-3442-8 PY 2009 BP 1 EP 15 DI 10.1109/ARFTG.2009.5278060 PG 15 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BNK66 UT WOS:000274806900001 ER PT B AU Janezic, MD Arz, U Begley, S Bartley, P AF Janezic, Michael D. Arz, Uwe Begley, Shelley Bartley, Phil GP IEEE TI Improved Permittivity Measurement of Dielectric Substrates by use of the TE111 Mode of a Split-Cylinder Cavity SO 2009 73RD ARFTG MICROWAVE MEASUREMENT CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 73rd ARFTG Microwave Measurement Conference CY JUN 12, 2009 CL Boston, MA DE Cavity; dielectric; loss tangent; permittivity; resonator; split-cylinder; substrate AB We use the split-cylinder cavity's TE111 resonant mode, in addition to the higher-order TE0np modes, to extend the frequency range over which one can non destructively measure the permittivity of dielectric substrates. In addition to broadening the frequency range of the split-cylinder resonator, we also demonstrate that measurements performed with the TE111 mode allow us to calculate the frequency of the higher-order TE0np resonant modes, thus reducing mode-identification errors. We compare relative permittivity measurements of several low-loss dielectric substrates using both the TE111 and the higher-order TE0np modes and employ the Monte Carlo method to calculate the measurement uncertainties. C1 [Janezic, Michael D.] NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Arz, Uwe] Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, D-38116 Barunshchweig, Germany. [Begley, Shelley] Anilent Tech, Santa Rosa, CA USA. [Bartley, Phil] Innovative mesurement Solut, Portsmouth, VA USA. RP Janezic, MD (reprint author), NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-3442-8 PY 2009 BP 124 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BNK66 UT WOS:000274806900022 ER PT J AU Balijepalli, A LeBrun, TW Gorman, JJ Gupta, SK AF Balijepalli, Arvind LeBrun, Thomas W. Gorman, Jason J. Gupta, Satyandra K. GP IEEE TI Enhanced Force Measurement Techniques to Extend Optical Trapping towards Nanoscale Manipulation SO 2009 9TH IEEE CONFERENCE ON NANOTECHNOLOGY (IEEE-NANO) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology (IEEE-NANO) CY JUL 26-30, 2009 CL Genoa, ITALY SP IEEE, Nanotechnol Council, Off Naval Res (ONR), Sci & Technol, Informat & Commun Technol (ICT Dept), FINMECCANICA, Univ Genoa, Univ Genoa, Dept Commun Comp & Syst Sci (DIST), Italian Federat Electrotechn, Elect, Automat & Telecommun (AEIT) DE optical trapping; optical trapping potential; Fokker-Planck equation; Simulations; Brownian Motion(1) ID TRAPS; TWEEZERS AB We have developed a new force measurement technique based on the random thermal motion of a nanoparticle in an optical trap. We demonstrate this method, in one-dimension, through numerical simulations and laboratory experiments. We show that computer simulations successfully recover the profile of the optical trapping force, beyond the inflection point of the trapping potential for a range of particle sizes. We show, through laboratory experiments, that this technique is effective in recovering higher order terms, in a power series expansion of the trapping force, beyond the widely reported linear trap stiffness. We also show that the first order (stiffness) term in our series expansion is consistent with values reported in the literature. C1 [Balijepalli, Arvind] Univ Coll Pk, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [LeBrun, Thomas W.; Gorman, Jason J.; Gupta, Satyandra K.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Balijepalli, A (reprint author), Univ Coll Pk, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM arvind@nist.gov; lebrun@nist.gov; gorman@nist.gov; skgupta@umd.edu NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-981-08-3694-8 PY 2009 BP 13 EP 16 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BZU35 UT WOS:000302997400005 ER PT S AU Tong, R Tang, L Yala, L Cheng, JJ AF Tong, Rong Tang, Li Yala, Linda Cheng, Jianjun GP IEEE TI Controlled Formulation of Doxorubicin-Polylactide Nanoconjugates for Cancer Drug Delivery SO 2009 ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY, VOLS 1-20 SE IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual International Conference of the IEEE-Engineering-in-Medicine-and-Biology-Society CY SEP 03-06, 2009 CL Minneapolis, MN SP IEEE Engn Med & Biol Soc ID RING-OPENING POLYMERIZATION; IN-VIVO; NANOPARTICLES; LACTIDE; NANOMEDICINES; CHEMOTHERAPY; COPOLYMER; MAGNESIUM; RELEASE; VITRO AB We report here the synthesis of doxorubicin-polylactide conjugate via doxorubicin-initiated lactide polymerization. C1 [Tong, Rong; Tang, Li; Yala, Linda; Cheng, Jianjun] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Cheng, JJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jianjunc@Illinois.edu NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1557-170X BN 978-1-4244-3295-0 J9 IEEE ENG MED BIO PY 2009 BP 2400 EP 2402 DI 10.1109/IEMBS.2009.5334938 PG 3 WC Engineering, Biomedical SC Engineering GA BQB05 UT WOS:000280543601336 ER PT S AU Zabow, G AF Zabow, Gary GP IEEE TI Microfabricated Multispectral MRI Agents: A Brief Overview SO 2009 ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY, VOLS 1-20 SE IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual International Conference of the IEEE-Engineering-in-Medicine-and-Biology-Society CY SEP 03-06, 2009 CL Minneapolis, MN SP IEEE Engn Med & Biol Soc ID SUPERPARAMAGNETIC IRON-OXIDE; CONTRAST AGENTS; PARACEST AGENTS; PARTICLES; EXCHANGE AB This paper provides an introductory overview of recent microfabricated, as opposed to traditional chemically synthesized, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. As a specific example of the enhanced agent functionality that top-down micro-engineering allows, the paper focuses on recently demonstrated magnetic microstructures that provide multispectral MRI contrast. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Zabow, G (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM zabow@boulder.nist.gov NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1557-170X BN 978-1-4244-3295-0 J9 IEEE ENG MED BIO PY 2009 BP 4479 EP 4482 DI 10.1109/IEMBS.2009.5333677 PG 4 WC Engineering, Biomedical SC Engineering GA BQB05 UT WOS:000280543603214 ER PT B AU Swann, WC Coddington, I Newbury, NR AF Swann, W. C. Coddington, I. Newbury, N. R. GP IEEE TI Absolute ranging using frequency combs SO 2009 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2009), VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (CLEO/QELS 2009) CY JUN 02-04, 2009 CL Baltimore, MD ID DISTANCE MEASUREMENT; LASER AB We present a technique for measuring absolute range that uses two mismatched frequency combs to measure distance over 1.5 m range with 10 nm level statistical uncertainty. C1 [Swann, W. C.; Coddington, I.; Newbury, N. R.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Swann, WC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway MS 815, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM swann@nist.gov NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5184-5 PY 2009 BP 307 EP 308 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BNJ62 UT WOS:000274751300155 ER PT B AU Newbury, NR Coddington, I Swann, WC AF Newbury, N. R. Coddington, I. Swann, W. C. GP IEEE TI Time and Frequency-Domain Spectroscopy with Dual Frequency Combs SO 2009 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2009), VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (CLEO/QELS 2009) CY JUN 02-04, 2009 CL Baltimore, MD ID NOBEL LECTURE; LASER; SPECTROMETER; MODES AB High-resolution spectroscopic measurements of the amplitude and phase spectra from a gas sample can be acquired by use of dual frequency combs. Here we discuss the corresponding gas signature in the time domain. C1 [Newbury, N. R.; Coddington, I.; Swann, W. C.] NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Newbury, NR (reprint author), NIST, 325 Broadway MS 815, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM newbury@nist.gov NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5184-5 PY 2009 BP 359 EP 360 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BNJ62 UT WOS:000274751300181 ER PT B AU Michaels, CA Masiello, T Chu, PM AF Michaels, Chris A. Masiello, Tony Chu, Pamela M. GP IEEE TI Fourier Transform Spectrometry with a Near Infrared Supercontinuum Source SO 2009 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2009), VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (CLEO/QELS 2009) CY JUN 02-04, 2009 CL Baltimore, MD AB Near-infrared Fourier transform absorption spectrometry with a supercontinuum (SC) source is demonstrated for trace methane detection. The SC source allows for long distance propagation while exhibiting amplitude noise ten times greater than comparable incandescent sources. (C) 2009 Optical Society of America C1 [Michaels, Chris A.; Masiello, Tony; Chu, Pamela M.] NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Michaels, CA (reprint author), NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM chris.michaels@nist.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5184-5 PY 2009 BP 369 EP 370 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BNJ62 UT WOS:000274751300186 ER PT B AU Cundiff, ST AF Cundiff, Steven T. GP IEEE TI 10 Years of Femtosecond Combs in Boulder SO 2009 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2009), VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (CLEO/QELS 2009) CY JUN 02-04, 2009 CL Baltimore, MD AB Femtosecond combs have been a hot topic in Boulder for the last 10+ years. The first baby steps through the most recent developments will be surveyed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Cundiff, ST (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM cundiffs@jila.colorado.edu RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5184-5 PY 2009 BP 766 EP 766 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BNJ62 UT WOS:000274751300385 ER PT B AU Xiao, SJ Hollberg, L Diddarns, SA AF Xiao, Shijun Hollberg, Leo Diddarns, Scott A. GP IEEE TI Low-noise microwave synthesis up to 80 GHz with line-by-line processing of an optical frequency comb SO 2009 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2009), VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (CLEO/QELS 2009) CY JUN 02-04, 2009 CL Baltimore, MD ID GENERATOR; MODULATOR AB 10 GHz optical pulses are generated by line-by-line phase compensation on an optical frequency comb. Residual pulse timing jitter <= 10 fs and high power signals at harmonics up to 80 GHz are measured. C1 [Xiao, Shijun; Hollberg, Leo; Diddarns, Scott A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Xiao, SJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM sxiao@boulder.nist.gov NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5184-5 PY 2009 BP 773 EP 774 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BNJ62 UT WOS:000274751300389 ER PT B AU Adler, F Cossel, KC Thorpe, MJ Hartl, I Fermann, ME Ye, J AF Adler, Florian Cossel, Kevin C. Thorpe, Michael J. Hartl, Ingmar Fermann, Martin E. Ye, Jun GP IEEE TI Phase-stabilized, 1.5-W mid-infrared frequency comb SO 2009 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2009), VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (CLEO/QELS 2009) CY JUN 02-04, 2009 CL Baltimore, MD ID SPECTROSCOPY AB We present a mid-infrared frequency comb based on a synchronously-pumped, femtosecond optical parametric oscillator. The idler (signal) is continuously tunable from 2.8-4.8 mu m (1.76-1.37 mu m) with a maximum average output power of 1.50 W. (C)2009 Optical Society of America C1 [Adler, Florian; Cossel, Kevin C.; Thorpe, Michael J.; Ye, Jun] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Adler, F (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM fadler@jila.colorado.edu NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5184-5 PY 2009 BP 808 EP 809 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BNJ62 UT WOS:000274751300407 ER PT B AU Kuo, PS Fang, W Solomon, G AF Kuo, Paulina S. Fang, Wei Solomon, Glenn GP IEEE TI Second-harmonic Generation in Ga s Microdisks SO 2009 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2009), VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (CLEO/QELS 2009) CY JUN 02-04, 2009 CL Baltimore, MD ID ALGAAS MICRORING RESONATORS AB We discuss design and tuning of second-harmonic generation in a GaAs microdisk. Quasi-phasematching is automatically achieved in a microdisk geometry, but efficient mixing requires resonating all waves, which leads to stringent tuning requirements. (C) 2009 Optical Society of America C1 [Kuo, Paulina S.; Solomon, Glenn] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8423, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Fang, Wei; Solomon, Glenn] Univ Maryland, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kuo, PS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8423, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM pskuo@nist.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5184-5 PY 2009 BP 1041 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BNJ62 UT WOS:000274751300524 ER PT B AU Ganany-Padowicz, A Juwiler, I Gayer, O Bahabad, A Arie, A AF Ganany-Padowicz, Ayelet Juwiler, Irit Gayer, Ofer Bahabad, Alon Arie, Ady GP IEEE TI Polarization Switching in a Quasi-Periodic Nonlinear Photonic Crystal SO 2009 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2009), VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (CLEO/QELS 2009) CY JUN 02-04, 2009 CL Baltimore, MD AB We demonstrate all-optical intensity-dependent polarization switching, based on double phase-matched cascaded processes in a quadratic nonlinear photonic quasi-crystal. The efficiency is significantly better than that of devices based on cascaded cubic nonlinearities. C1 [Ganany-Padowicz, Ayelet; Gayer, Ofer; Arie, Ady] Tel Aviv Univ, Fleischman Fac Engn, Dept Phys Elect, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. [Juwiler, Irit] Sami Shamoon Coll Engn, Dept Elect & Elect Engn, IL-77245 Ashdod, Israel. [Bahabad, Alon] Univ Colorado, NIST, Dept Phys & JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Ganany-Padowicz, A (reprint author), Tel Aviv Univ, Fleischman Fac Engn, Dept Phys Elect, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. EM ayeletga@eng.tau.ac.il NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5184-5 PY 2009 BP 1435 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BNJ62 UT WOS:000274751301041 ER PT B AU Giorgetta, FR Baumann, E Nicholson, JW Swann, WC Coddington, I Newbury, NR AF Giorgetta, Fabrizio R. Baumann, Esther Nicholson, Jeffrey W. Swann, William C. Coddington, Ian Newbury, Nathan R. GP IEEE TI Vibration immune fiber-laser frequency comb based on a polarization-maintaining figure-eight laser SO 2009 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2009), VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (CLEO/QELS 2009) CY JUN 02-04, 2009 CL Baltimore, MD ID REFERENCE CAVITY; LINEWIDTHS AB A frequency comb is phase-locked to a cw laser with an electro-optic-modulator providing 1.6 MHz feedback bandwidth. Residual phase noise is as low as -94 dBc/Hz, and the comb remained locked under mechanical vibration of up to 1.9 g. Work of the U.S. government, not subject to copyright. C1 [Giorgetta, Fabrizio R.; Baumann, Esther; Swann, William C.; Coddington, Ian; Newbury, Nathan R.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Nicholson, Jeffrey W.] OFS Labs, Somerset, NJ 08873 USA. RP Giorgetta, FR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM fabrizio.giorgetta@boulder.nist.gov RI Giorgetta, Fabrizio/O-1730-2014 OI Giorgetta, Fabrizio/0000-0003-2066-3912 NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5184-5 PY 2009 BP 1459 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BNJ62 UT WOS:000274751301053 ER PT B AU Cao, H Song, Q Liu, B Ho, ST Fang, W Solomon, GS AF Cao, H. Song, Q. Liu, B. Ho, S. T. Fang, W. Solomon, G. S. GP IEEE TI Chaotic Microcavity Laser with High Quality and Unidirectional Output SO 2009 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2009), VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (CLEO/QELS 2009) CY JUN 02-04, 2009 CL Baltimore, MD AB We demonstrate a chaotic microcavity laser which not only produces unidirectional emission but also has a quality factor of 22000. The output beam has a divergence angle less than 40 degree for all lasing modes. (C) 2008 Optical Society of America C1 [Cao, H.; Song, Q.] Yale Univ, Dept Appl Phys, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. [Liu, B.; Ho, S. T.] Northwestern Univ, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. [Fang, W.; Solomon, G. S.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Atom Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cao, H (reprint author), Yale Univ, Dept Appl Phys, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. EM hui.cao@yale.edu RI Song, Qinghai/C-2197-2014 NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5184-5 PY 2009 BP 1603 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BNJ62 UT WOS:000274751301125 ER PT B AU Kimble, HJ Lev, BL Ye, J AF Kimble, H. J. Lev, Benjamin L. Ye, Jun GP IEEE TI Optical Interferometers with Reduced Sensitivity to Thermal Noise SO 2009 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2009), VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (CLEO/QELS 2009) CY JUN 02-04, 2009 CL Baltimore, MD ID GRAVITATIONAL-WAVE ANTENNAE C1 [Kimble, H. J.] CALTECH, Norman Bridge Lab Phys, Pasadena, CA USA. [Lev, Benjamin L.] Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. [Ye, Jun] NIST, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Kimble, HJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Norman Bridge Lab Phys, Pasadena, CA USA. FU NSF; NRC FX This research is supported by the NSF and NRC. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5184-5 PY 2009 BP 1748 EP 1748 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BNJ62 UT WOS:000274751301198 ER PT B AU Fox, RW AF Fox, Richard W. GP IEEE TI Effect of Structural Distortion on Fabry-Perot Temperature Response SO 2009 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2009), VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (CLEO/QELS 2009) CY JUN 02-04, 2009 CL Baltimore, MD ID CAVITY; COMPACT AB Low expansion glass cavities with optically contacted mirrors can exhibit structural distortions at the mirrors which significantly shift the temperature at which dv/dT = 0. An analytical analysis that incorporates finite element modeling is given. (C)2009 Optical Society of America C1 NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Fox, RW (reprint author), NIST, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Richard.fox@nist.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5184-5 PY 2009 BP 1751 EP 1752 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BNJ62 UT WOS:000274751301200 ER PT B AU Metcalfe, M Solomon, GS Lawall, J AF Metcalfe, M. Solomon, G. S. Lawall, J. GP IEEE TI Fabry-Perot Measurements of InAs/GaAs Quantum Dots SO 2009 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2009), VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (CLEO/QELS 2009) CY JUN 02-04, 2009 CL Baltimore, MD AB A scanning Fabry-Perot cavity is used to measure the photoluminescence of InAs/GaAs self-assembled quantum dots with linewidths as low as 1 GHz. This cavity is subsequently locked to the dot emission using PI control.(C) 2009 Optical Society of America C1 [Metcalfe, M.; Solomon, G. S.; Lawall, J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Metcalfe, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM metcalfm@nist.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5184-5 PY 2009 BP 1814 EP 1815 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BNJ62 UT WOS:000274751301232 ER PT B AU Norris, DG Cahoon, EJ Barberis, P Carmichael, HJ Orozco, LA AF Norris, D. G. Cahoon, E. J. Barberis, P. Carmichael, H. J. Orozco, L. A. GP IEEE TI Conditional Dynamics in Two-Mode Cavity QED SO 2009 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2009), VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (CLEO/QELS 2009) CY JUN 02-04, 2009 CL Baltimore, MD AB The conditional dynamics of Rb-85 atoms in a driven two-mode optical cavity shows quantum beats from ground state Larmor precession. We study the manipulation and control of their fringe visibility. (C) 2009 Optical Society of America C1 [Norris, D. G.; Cahoon, E. J.; Orozco, L. A.] Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, Joint Quantum Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Norris, D. G.; Cahoon, E. J.; Orozco, L. A.] NIST, Dept Phys, Joint Quantum Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Barberis, P.] Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Investigac Matemat Apli Sistemas, Mexico City 01000, DF, Mexico. [Carmichael, H. J.] Univ Auckland, Dept Phys, Auckland 92019, New Zealand. RP Norris, DG (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, Joint Quantum Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.; Norris, DG (reprint author), NIST, Dept Phys, Joint Quantum Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM lorozco@umd.edu RI Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/UMD/H-4494-2011 FU NSF; Marsden Fund of the RSNZ; CONACYT FX Work supported by NSF, the Marsden Fund of the RSNZ, and CONACYT. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5184-5 PY 2009 BP 1858 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BNJ62 UT WOS:000274751301254 ER PT B AU Karaiskaj, D Bristow, AD Dai, XC Yang, LJ Mukamel, S Mirin, RP Cundiff, ST AF Karaiskaj, Denis Bristow, Alan D. Dai, Xingcan Yang, Lijun Mukamel, Shaul Mirin, Richard P. Cundiff, Steven T. GP IEEE TI Many-body two-quantum coherences in 2D Fourier-Transform spectra of semiconductors SO 2009 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2009), VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (CLEO/QELS 2009) CY JUN 02-04, 2009 CL Baltimore, MD ID SPECTROSCOPY AB Two-quantum coherences in two-dimensional Fourier-transform (2DFT) spectra are attributed to many-body interactions. 2DFT spectroscopy allows two-quantum coherences in semiconductors to be isolated. As a result, many-body coherences can be separated from biexciton coherences. (C)2008 Optical Society of America C1 [Karaiskaj, Denis; Bristow, Alan D.; Dai, Xingcan; Cundiff, Steven T.] Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Karaiskaj, Denis; Bristow, Alan D.; Dai, Xingcan; Mirin, Richard P.; Cundiff, Steven T.] Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Yang, Lijun; Mukamel, Shaul] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Chem, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. RP Karaiskaj, D (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM cundiffs@jila.colorado.edu RI Bristow, Alan/F-9703-2013; Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197 NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5184-5 PY 2009 BP 1935 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BNJ62 UT WOS:000274751301294 ER PT B AU Dai, XC Bristow, AD Karaiskaj, D Mukamel, S Cundiff, ST AF Dai, Xingcan Bristow, Alan D. Karaiskaj, Denis Mukamel, Shaul Cundiff, Steven T. GP IEEE TI Two-Quantum Resonances Observed in Potassium Vapor by Two-Dimensional Fourier-Transform Spectroscopy SO 2009 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2009), VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (CLEO/QELS 2009) CY JUN 02-04, 2009 CL Baltimore, MD AB Unexpected two-quantum resonances are observed in potassium vapor using two-dimensional Fourier-transform spectroscopy. These transitions are an unambiguous indication of many-body interactions, which arise from the long-range interatomic coupling that is responsible for resonance self-broadening. (C) 2009 Optical Society of America C1 [Dai, Xingcan; Bristow, Alan D.; Karaiskaj, Denis; Cundiff, Steven T.] Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Mukamel, Shaul] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Chem, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. RP Dai, XC (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM cundiffs@jila.colorado.edu RI Bristow, Alan/F-9703-2013; Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197 NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5184-5 PY 2009 BP 2025 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BNJ62 UT WOS:000274751301340 ER PT B AU Malkova, N Polyakov, S Bryant, G Migdall, A AF Malkova, Natalia Polyakov, Sergey Bryant, Garnett Migdall, Alan GP IEEE TI Effect of Surface Modes on Photon Propagation through Dielectric Bandgaps SO 2009 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2009), VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (CLEO/QELS 2009) CY JUN 02-04, 2009 CL Baltimore, MD AB We investigate Hartman saturation effect in multilayer dielectric stacks. We show that the experimentally observed jumps of photon transversal times due to adding single quarter-wave layers to structures is caused by appearance of surface modes. (C) 2008 Optical Society of America C1 [Malkova, Natalia; Bryant, Garnett] NIST, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Polyakov, Sergey; Migdall, Alan] NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Malkova, Natalia; Polyakov, Sergey; Bryant, Garnett; Migdall, Alan] NIST, Joint Quantum Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Malkova, N (reprint author), NIST, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5184-5 PY 2009 BP 2029 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BNJ62 UT WOS:000274751301342 ER PT B AU Rutter, NB Polyakov, SV Lett, P Migdall, A AF Rutter, Natalia B. Polyakov, Sergey V. Lett, Paul Migdall, Alan GP IEEE TI Single-Photon Traversal of Dielectric Stacks SO 2009 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2009), VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (CLEO/QELS 2009) CY JUN 02-04, 2009 CL Baltimore, MD AB We examine single-photon bandgap traversal times. We see significant change in traversal times due to subtle differences in stack structures. We also analyze how propagation through inhomogeneous media affects Hong-Ou-Mandel visibility. C1 [Rutter, Natalia B.] Georgetown Univ, Dept Phys, 37th & O, Washington, DC 20057 USA. [Rutter, Natalia B.; Polyakov, Sergey V.; Migdall, Alan] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD USA. [Polyakov, Sergey V.; Lett, Paul; Migdall, Alan] Univ Maryland, Joint Quantum Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Lett, Paul] NIST, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rutter, NB (reprint author), Georgetown Univ, Dept Phys, 37th & O, Washington, DC 20057 USA. EM nrutter@nist.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5184-5 PY 2009 BP 2040 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BNJ62 UT WOS:000274751302002 ER PT B AU Bristow, AD Karaiskaj, D Dai, XC Mirin, RP Cundiff, ST AF Bristow, Alan D. Karaiskaj, Denis Dai, Xingcan Mirin, Richard P. Cundiff, Steven T. GP IEEE TI Inhomogeneity and Binding Energy of Biexcitons in Quantum Wells Using 2D Fourier-Transform Spectroscopy SO 2009 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2009), VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (CLEO/QELS 2009) CY JUN 02-04, 2009 CL Baltimore, MD ID SEMICONDUCTORS AB Two-dimensional Fourier-transform spectroscopy shows a strong variation in the biexciton binding energy across the inhomogeneous absorption width. This effect is observed for both co- and cross-linearly polarized excitation, where the latter suppresses many-body interactions. (C) 2008 Optical Society of America C1 [Bristow, Alan D.; Karaiskaj, Denis; Dai, Xingcan; Cundiff, Steven T.] Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Mirin, Richard P.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 08305 USA. RP Bristow, AD (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM cundiffs@jila.colorado.edu RI Bristow, Alan/F-9703-2013; Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5184-5 PY 2009 BP 2102 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BNJ62 UT WOS:000274751302033 ER PT B AU Goldschmidt, EA Beavan, SE Eisaman, MD Fan, J Hohensee, M Levine, ZH Mathey, L Polyakov, SV Migdall, AL AF Goldschmidt, E. A. Beavan, S. E. Eisaman, M. D. Fan, J. Hohensee, M. Levine, Z. H. Mathey, L. Polyakov, S. V. Migdall, A. L. GP IEEE TI Spectral Hole-Burning for Solid-State Quantum Memory SO 2009 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2009), VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (CLEO/QELS 2009) CY JUN 02-04, 2009 CL Baltimore, MD AB We report progress in using spectral hole-burning in praseodymium doped Y2SiO5 to prepare an ensemble of Pr3+ ions with a spectral distribution optimized for use in a Duan-Lukin-Cirac-Zoller-type (DLCZ) quantum-repeater scheme. C1 [Goldschmidt, E. A.; Beavan, S. E.; Eisaman, M. D.; Fan, J.; Polyakov, S. V.; Migdall, A. L.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Goldschmidt, E. A.; Eisaman, M. D.; Fan, J.; Mathey, L.; Polyakov, S. V.; Migdall, A. L.] Univ Maryland, Joint Quantum Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Beavan, S. E.] Australian Natl Univ, RSPhysSE, Laser Phys Ctr, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. [Hohensee, M.] Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Levine, Z. H.; Mathey, L.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Elect & Opt Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Goldschmidt, EA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM elizabeth.goldschmidt@nist.gov RI Eisaman, Matthew/E-8006-2011 OI Eisaman, Matthew/0000-0002-3814-6430 NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5184-5 PY 2009 BP 2128 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BNJ62 UT WOS:000274751302047 ER PT B AU Lee, J Reitze, DH Kono, J Belyanin, AA Solomon, G McGill, S AF Lee, J. Reitze, D. H. Kono, J. Belyanin, A. A. Solomon, G. McGill, S. GP IEEE TI Ultrafast Dynamics of Dense Quantized Magneto-plasmas in High Magnetic Fields SO 2009 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2009), VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (CLEO/QELS 2009) CY JUN 02-04, 2009 CL Baltimore, MD ID SUPERFLUORESCENCE AB Relaxation and emission dynamics of a dense quantized magneto-plasma excited by intense femtosecond laser pulses in In0.2Ga0.8As/GaAs multiple quantum wells are probed by time-resolved transient absorption and time-resolved photoluminescence experiments in high magnetic fields. (C) 2009 Optical Society of America C1 [Lee, J.; Reitze, D. H.] Univ Florida, Dept Phys, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. [Kono, J.] Rice Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Houston, TX 77251 USA. [Belyanin, A. A.] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Phys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. [Solomon, G.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [McGill, S.] NHMFL, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USA. RP Lee, J (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Phys, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. EM jinho_lee@magnet.fsu.edu; reitze@phys.ufl.edu; kono@rice.edu; belyanin@physics.tamu.edu; glenn.solomon@nist.gov; mcgill@magnet.fsu.edu NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5184-5 PY 2009 BP 2136 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BNJ62 UT WOS:000274751302051 ER PT B AU Chen, J Pearlman, AJ Ling, A Fan, JY Migdall, A AF Chen, Jun Pearlman, Aaron J. Ling, Alexander Fan, Jingyun Migdall, Alan GP IEEE TI A Versatile, Single-Waveguide, Photon-Pair Source for Chip-Scale Quantum Communication SO 2009 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2009), VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (CLEO/QELS 2009) CY JUN 02-04, 2009 CL Baltimore, MD AB We demonstrate a bright, bandwidth-engineerable, compact, quasi-phase-matched single-waveguide source generating photon pairs near 900 nm and 1300 nm. Coincidence spectra are measured for a periodically-poled KTiOPO(4) waveguide for both type-0 and type-I spontaneous parametric down-conversion. C1 [Chen, Jun; Pearlman, Aaron J.; Ling, Alexander; Fan, Jingyun; Migdall, Alan] NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chen, J (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jun.chen@nist.gov; jfan@nist.gov RI Pearlman, Aaron/L-8912-2013; Ling, Alexander/G-7331-2012 OI Pearlman, Aaron/0000-0002-4498-2208; Ling, Alexander/0000-0001-5866-1141 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5184-5 PY 2009 BP 2148 EP 2149 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BNJ62 UT WOS:000274751302057 ER PT B AU Marino, AM Pooser, RC Boyer, V Lett, PD AF Marino, Alberto M. Pooser, Raphael C. Boyer, Vincent Lett, Paul D. GP IEEE TI Tunable Delay of Entangled Images SO 2009 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2009), VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (CLEO/QELS 2009) CY JUN 02-04, 2009 CL Baltimore, MD AB We show that non-degenerate four-wave mixing in an atomic vapor can be used as a quantum delay line for multi-spatial-mode twin beams. This makes it possible to delay continuous variable entangled images without significant degradation. (C) 2009 Optical Society of America C1 [Marino, Alberto M.; Pooser, Raphael C.; Boyer, Vincent; Lett, Paul D.] NIST, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Marino, AM (reprint author), NIST, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM alberto.marino@nist.gov NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5184-5 PY 2009 BP 2160 EP 2161 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BNJ62 UT WOS:000274751302063 ER PT B AU Pooser, RC Marino, AM Boyer, V Jones, KM Lett, PD AF Pooser, R. C. Marino, A. M. Boyer, V. Jones, K. M. Lett, P. D. GP IEEE TI Partial Cloning of a Continuous Variable Quantum State SO 2009 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2009), VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (CLEO/QELS 2009) CY JUN 02-04, 2009 CL Baltimore, MD ID PARAMETRIC AMPLIFICATION; NOISE; REDUCTION AB We present a universal optical amplifier performing near the quantum limit using a four-wave mixing nonlinear interaction. We show that one mode from a bipartite entangled state can be amplified and cloned while maintaining entanglement. (C) 2008 Optical Society of America C1 [Pooser, R. C.; Marino, A. M.; Boyer, V.; Jones, K. M.; Lett, P. D.] NIST, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pooser, RC (reprint author), NIST, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM rpooser@nist.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5184-5 PY 2009 BP 2162 EP 2163 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BNJ62 UT WOS:000274751302064 ER PT B AU Gerrits, T Glancy, S Clement, T Calkins, B Lita, A Miller, A Migdall, A Nam, SW Mirin, R Knill, M AF Gerrits, Thomas Glancy, Scott Clement, Tracy Calkins, Brice Lita, Adriana Miller, Aaron Migdall, Alan Nam, Sae Woo Mirin, Richard Knill, Manny GP IEEE TI Generation of optical Schrodinger cat states by number-resolved squeezed photon subtraction SO 2009 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2009), VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (CLEO/QELS 2009) CY JUN 02-04, 2009 CL Baltimore, MD AB We have generated and measured an approximation of an optical Schrodinger cat state by photon subtraction from a squeezed state. Using single-photon avalanche photodiode detectors and photon-number-resolving transition edge sensors, we were able to extract Wigner distributions for one or two photons subtracted from the squeezed state, resulting in both an odd and even cat state. The one-photon-subtracted Wigner distribution shows measured negative features (without any correction), indicating quantum character. The Wigner distribution of the two-photon-subtracted state is negative after correcting for homodyne losses. A full statistical analysis is under way to quantify the magnitude and fidelity of the cat states generated. C1 [Gerrits, Thomas; Glancy, Scott; Clement, Tracy; Calkins, Brice; Lita, Adriana; Nam, Sae Woo; Mirin, Richard; Knill, Manny] NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Migdall, Alan] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Migdall, Alan] Univ Maryland, Joint Quantum Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Miller, Aaron] Albion Coll, Albion, MI 49224 USA. RP Gerrits, T (reprint author), NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM gerrits@boulder.nist.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5184-5 PY 2009 BP 2216 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BNJ62 UT WOS:000274751302091 ER PT B AU Rowe, MA Salley, GM Gansen, EJ Etzel, SM Nam, SW Mirin, RP AF Rowe, M. A. Salley, G. M. Gansen, E. J. Etzel, S. M. Nam, S. W. Mirin, R. P. GP IEEE TI Detection Speeds for Single-Photon Detectors Based on Photoconductive Gain SO 2009 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2009), VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (CLEO/QELS 2009) CY JUN 02-04, 2009 CL Baltimore, MD AB We investigate the limits on detection speed for single-photon detectors based on photoconductive gain. We outline how to apply this approach to a quantum dot, optically gated, field-effect transistor photodetector. This is a submission of the US government and is not subject to US copyright. C1 [Rowe, M. A.; Salley, G. M.; Etzel, S. M.; Nam, S. W.; Mirin, R. P.] NIST, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Gansen, E. J.] Univ Wisconsin La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601 USA. RP Rowe, MA (reprint author), NIST, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM mrowe@boulder.nist.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5184-5 PY 2009 BP 2349 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BNJ62 UT WOS:000274751302158 ER PT B AU Polyakov, SV Schettini, V Degiovanni, IP Piacentini, F Brida, G Migdall, A AF Polyakov, S. V. Schettini, V. Degiovanni, I. P. Piacentini, F. Brida, G. Migdall, A. GP IEEE TI Improved multiplexed infrared detectors for high-rate single-photon detection SO 2009 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2009), VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (CLEO/QELS 2009) CY JUN 02-04, 2009 CL Baltimore, MD AB We present an actively-switched multiplexed infrared photon-counting system that increases counting rates at telecom wavelengths via deadtime, afterpulsing, and background-count reduction. We report a factor of 5 count-rate increase with just two multiplexed detectors. (C) 2009 Optical Society of America C1 [Polyakov, S. V.; Migdall, A.] NIST, Opt Technol Div, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Polyakov, S. V.; Migdall, A.] Univ Maryland, Joint Quantum Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Schettini, V.; Degiovanni, I. P.; Piacentini, F.; Brida, G.] Istit Naz Ricerca Metrol, I-10135 Turin, Italy. RP Polyakov, SV (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM spoly@nist.gov FU Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative Center for Photonic Quantum Information Systems program (Army Research Office / Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA) program) [DAAD19-03-1-0199] FX We have presented our efforts to implement an actively switched arrangement of multiplexed detectors. We introduced a novel algorithm for multiplexing two SPADs that improves the reduction of deadtime by a factor of 5 as compared to a single SPAD. We also note that together with deadtime, the afterpulse rates and dark count rates can be reduced via multiplexing. This work was supported in part by the Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative Center for Photonic Quantum Information Systems program (Army Research Office / Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA) program DAAD19-03-1-0199). NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5184-5 PY 2009 BP 2351 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BNJ62 UT WOS:000274751302159 ER PT B AU Wildfeuer, CF Pearlman, AJ Chen, J Fan, JY Migdall, A Dowling, JP AF Wildfeuer, Christoph F. Pearlman, Aaron J. Chen, Jun Fan, Jingyun Migdall, Alan Dowling, Jonathan P. GP IEEE TI Interferometry with a photon-number resolving detector SO 2009 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2009), VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (CLEO/QELS 2009) CY JUN 02-04, 2009 CL Baltimore, MD AB With photon-number resolving detectors, we show compression of interference fringes with increasing photon numbers for both Michelson and Fabry-Perot interferometers. We also theoretically show supersensitivity for nonclassical light. C1 [Wildfeuer, Christoph F.; Dowling, Jonathan P.] Louisiana State Univ, Hearne Inst Theoret Phys, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. [Wildfeuer, Christoph F.; Pearlman, Aaron J.; Chen, Jun; Fan, Jingyun; Migdall, Alan] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Wildfeuer, Christoph F.; Chen, Jun; Fan, Jingyun; Migdall, Alan] Univ Maryland, Joint Quantum Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Wildfeuer, CF (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Hearne Inst Theoret Phys, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. EM cwild@lsu.edu RI Pearlman, Aaron/L-8912-2013 OI Pearlman, Aaron/0000-0002-4498-2208 FU DARPA Quantum Sensors Program; MURI Center for Photonic Quantum Information Systems ARO/IARPA; IARPA entangled source; Intelligence Community Postdoctoral Research Associateship programs FX This work has been supported in part by the DARPA Quantum Sensors Program, the MURI Center for Photonic Quantum Information Systems ARO/IARPA, the IARPA entangled source, and the Intelligence Community Postdoctoral Research Associateship programs. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5184-5 PY 2009 BP 2428 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BNJ62 UT WOS:000274751302198 ER PT B AU Lundblad, N Porto, JV AF Lundblad, Nathan Porto, James V. GP IEEE TI Quantum Information Processing With Double-Well Optical Lattices SO 2009 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2009), VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (CLEO/QELS 2009) CY JUN 02-04, 2009 CL Baltimore, MD ID CONTROLLED COLLISIONS; NEUTRAL ATOMS; ENTANGLEMENT AB We demonstrate a technique to address a spatially dense field-insensitive qubit register composed of neutral atoms held in a double-well optical lattice. We robustly perform single-qubit rotation on qubits located at addressed lattice sites. (C) 2009 Optical Society of America C1 [Lundblad, Nathan] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lundblad, N (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM nathan.lundblad@nist.gov RI Lundblad, Nathan/A-9965-2009 OI Lundblad, Nathan/0000-0003-0430-8064 NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5184-5 PY 2009 BP 2444 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BNJ62 UT WOS:000274751302206 ER PT B AU Thomann, I Bahabad, A Trebino, R Murnane, MM Kapteyn, HC AF Thomann, Isabell Bahabad, Alon Trebino, Rick Murnane, Margaret M. Kapteyn, Henry C. GP IEEE TI Characterizing isolated attosecond pulses from a hollow-core waveguide using multi-cycle driving pulses SO 2009 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2009), VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (CLEO/QELS 2009) CY JUN 02-04, 2009 CL Baltimore, MD AB We temporally characterize 200 attosecond FWHM pulses created by high harmonic generation of 15 femtosecond pulses. Simulations of the interferometric two-color crosscorrelation data and an iterative algorithm were used to extract the pulse duration. (C)2009 Optical Society of America C1 [Thomann, Isabell; Bahabad, Alon; Murnane, Margaret M.; Kapteyn, Henry C.] Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Standards Technol, JILA, 440 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Trebino, Rick] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Phys, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Thomann, I (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Standards Technol, JILA, 440 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM isabell.thomann@colorado.edu RI Kapteyn, Henry/H-6559-2011 OI Kapteyn, Henry/0000-0001-8386-6317 NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5184-5 PY 2009 BP 2489 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BNJ62 UT WOS:000274751302229 ER PT B AU Cramer, CE Brown, S Caldwell, N Dupree, AK Korzennik, SG Lykke, KR Szentgyorgyi, A AF Cramer, Claire E. Brown, Steven Caldwell, Nelson Dupree, Andrea K. Korzennik, Sylvain G. Lykke, Keith R. Szentgyorgyi, Andrew GP IEEE TI A Tunable Laser System for the Wavelength Calibration of Astronomical Spectrographs SO 2009 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2009), VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (CLEO/QELS 2009) CY JUN 02-04, 2009 CL Baltimore, MD AB Precise wavelength calibration of the multi-object echelle spectrographs used in searches for extrasolar planets is an unsolved problem in astrophysical instrumentation. We present results from a novel tunable laser calibration system that achieves unprecedented precision. (C) 2009 Optical Society of America C1 [Cramer, Claire E.] Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Brown, Steven; Lykke, Keith R.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Caldwell, Nelson; Dupree, Andrea K.; Korzennik, Sylvain G.; Szentgyorgyi, Andrew] Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Cramer, CE (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM ccramer@cfa.harvard.edu NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5184-5 PY 2009 BP 2647 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BNJ62 UT WOS:000274751302308 ER PT B AU Chijioke, A Lawall, J AF Chijioke, Ako Lawall, John GP IEEE TI Optical monitoring of a wavelength-scale mechanical resonator via cavity scattering SO 2009 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2009), VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (CLEO/QELS 2009) CY JUN 02-04, 2009 CL Baltimore, MD AB We demonstrate sensitive optical readout of the motion of a wavelength-scale mechanical resonator via its scattering within a high-finesse optical cavity. Static calibration, dynamic monitoring and feedback cooling are presented. (C) 2009 Optical Society of America C1 [Chijioke, Ako; Lawall, John] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chijioke, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM john.lawall@nist.gov NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5184-5 PY 2009 BP 2927 EP 2928 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BNJ62 UT WOS:000274751302449 ER PT B AU Ma, LJ Slattery, O Chang, TJ Tang, X AF Ma, Lijun Slattery, Oliver Chang, Tiejun Tang, Xiao GP IEEE TI Sequential Time-bin Entanglement Generation Using Periodically Poled KTP Waveguide SO 2009 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2009), VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (CLEO/QELS 2009) CY JUN 02-04, 2009 CL Baltimore, MD AB We demonstrated non-degenerate sequential time-bin entanglement using periodically poled KTP waveguide at a repetition rate of 1 GHz. The wavelengths of signal and idler are 895 and 1310 nm. The two-photon-interference-fringe visibility is 79%. (C) 2009 Optical Society of America C1 [Ma, Lijun; Slattery, Oliver; Chang, Tiejun; Tang, Xiao] NIST, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ma, LJ (reprint author), NIST, Informat Technol Lab, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM xiao.tang@nist.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5184-5 PY 2009 BP 3161 EP 3162 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BNJ62 UT WOS:000274751302566 ER PT B AU Lezec, HJ Chau, KJ AF Lezec, Henri. J. Chau, Kenneth J. GP IEEE TI Negative Radiation-Pressure Response of a Left-Handed Plasmonic Metamaterial SO 2009 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2009), VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (CLEO/QELS 2009) CY JUN 02-04, 2009 CL Baltimore, MD AB We present the design, fabrication and opto-mechanical characterization of a left-handed plasmonic metamaterial which exhibits a negative photon-pressure response ill the visible frequency range. (C)2009 Optical Society of America C1 [Lezec, Henri. J.; Chau, Kenneth J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lezec, HJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM hlezec@nist.gov; Kenneth.Chau@ubc.ca RI Chau, Kenneth/H-9020-2012 NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5184-5 PY 2009 BP 3223 EP 3223 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BNJ62 UT WOS:000274751302597 ER PT B AU Williams, PA Dennis, T AF Williams, Paul A. Dennis, Tasshi GP IEEE TI Full PMD Vector Measured Directly from Modulated Data Using Linear Optical Sampling SO 2009 DIGEST OF THE LEOS SUMMER TOPICAL MEETINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Digest of the LEOS Summer Topical Meeting CY JUL 20-22, 2009 CL Newport Beach, CA ID DISPERSION AB We demonstrate a new technique to monitor the polarization-mode dispersion in a fiber communication channel by analyzing the modulated data at the fiber output measured with Polarization-Sensitive Linear Optical Sampling (PS-LOS). C1 [Williams, Paul A.; Dennis, Tasshi] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. RP Williams, PA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-3913-3 PY 2009 BP 121 EP 122 DI 10.1109/LEOSST.2009.5226203 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BNS12 UT WOS:000275366700061 ER PT B AU Guo, X Rouil, R Soin, C Parekh, S Sikdar, B Kalyanaraman, S AF Guo, X. Rouil, R. Soin, C. Parekh, S. Sikdar, B. Kalyanaraman, S. GP IEEE TI WiMAX System Design and Evaluation Methodology using the NS-2 Simulator SO 2009 FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS (COMSNETS 2009) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Communication Systems and Networks CY JAN 05-10, 2009 CL Bangalore, INDIA SP IEEE AB The development of the IEEE 802.16 mobile broadband wireless access or WiMAX standards promises to usher the next generation of mobile wireless networks. There is considerable ongoing interest in evaluating the performance of such networks with simulations forming the primary tool for conducting such studies. This paper presents the design and implementation of the Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical layers of WiMAX based on IEEE802.16e standard on the ns-2 network simulator. Appropriate abstractions and methodologies are carefully chosen to ensure the maximal conformance of simulation to reality while keeping the computational complexity acceptable. Results that validate the accuracy of the simulator as well as those that describe its performance are presented. C1 [Guo, X.; Sikdar, B.; Kalyanaraman, S.] Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept ECSE, Troy, NY 12180 USA. [Rouil, R.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Soin, C.] Washington Univ, Dept CSE, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. [Parekh, S.] Alcatel-Lucent, Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA. [Kalyanaraman, S.] IBM Corp, India Res Labs, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. RP Guo, X (reprint author), Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept ECSE, Troy, NY 12180 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-2912-7 PY 2009 BP 643 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Engineering; Telecommunications GA BKI22 UT WOS:000268180500088 ER PT J AU Sayrafian-Pour, K Yang, WB Hagedorn, J Terrill, J Yazdandoost, KY AF Sayrafian-Pour, Kamran Yang, Wen-Bin Hagedorn, John Terrill, Judith Yazdandoost, Kamya Yekeh GP IEEE TI A Statistical Path Loss Model for Medical Implant Communication Channels SO 2009 IEEE 20TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PERSONAL, INDOOR AND MOBILE RADIO COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th IEEE Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications CY SEP 13-16, 2009 CL Tokyo, JAPAN SP IEEE, Tohoku Univ, RIEC, IEEE Commun Soc, Natl Inst Informat & Commun Technol (NICT) DE Channel model; Implant Communication system; Immersive visualization system; Body Area Networks AB Knowledge of the propagation media is a key step toward a successful transceiver design. Such information is typically gathered by conducting physical experiments, measuring and processing the corresponding data to obtain channel characteristics. In case of medical implants, this could be extremely difficult, if not impossible. In this paper, an immersive visualization environment is presented, which is used as a scientific instrument that gives us the ability to observe RF propagation from medical implants inside a human body. This virtual environment allows for more natural interaction between experts with different backgrounds, such as engineering and medical sciences. Here, we show how this platform has been used to determine a statistical path loss model for medical implant communication systems. C1 [Sayrafian-Pour, Kamran; Yang, Wen-Bin; Hagedorn, John; Terrill, Judith] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Yazdandoost, Kamya Yekeh] Med ICT Inst, Natl Inst Informat & Commun Technol, New Generat Wireless Commun Res Ctr, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan. RP Sayrafian-Pour, K (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM ksayrafian@nist.gov; wyang@nist.gov; hagedorn@nist.gov; Judith.terrill@nist.gov; yazdandoost@nict.go.jp NR 6 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5123-4 PY 2009 BP 2995 EP 2999 DI 10.1109/PIMRC.2009.5449869 PG 5 WC Telecommunications SC Telecommunications GA BAW83 UT WOS:000305824603003 ER PT B AU Lui, YM Bolme, D Draper, BA Beveridge, JR Givens, G Phillips, PJ AF Lui, Yui Man Bolme, David Draper, Bruce A. Beveridge, J. Ross Givens, Geoff Phillips, P. Jonathon GP IEEE TI A Meta-Analysis of Face Recognition Covariates SO 2009 IEEE 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIOMETRICS: THEORY, APPLICATIONS AND SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd IEEE International Conference on Biometrics - Theory, Applications and Systems (BTAS 2009) CY SEP 28-30, 2009 CL Washington, DC SP IEEE, IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc, IEEE Biometr Council ID ILLUMINATION; PERFORMANCE; ALGORITHMS; POSE AB This paper presents a meta-analysis for covariates that affect performance of face recognition algorithms. Our review of the literature found six covariates for which multiple studies reported effects on face recognition performance. These are: age of the person, elapsed time between images, gender of the person, the person's expression, the resolution of the face images, and the race of the person. The results presented are drawn from 25 studies conducted over the past 12 years. There is near complete agreement between all of the studies that older people are easier to recognize than younger people, and recognition performance begins to degrade when images are taken more than a year apart. While individual studies find men or women easier to recognize, there is no consistent gender effect. There is universal agreement that changing expression hurts recognition performance. If forced to compare different expressions, there is still insufficient evidence to conclude that any particular expression is better than another. Higher resolution images improve performance for many modern algorithms. Finally, given the studies summarized here, no clear conclusions can be drawn about whether one racial group is harder or easier to recognize than another. C1 [Lui, Yui Man; Bolme, David; Draper, Bruce A.; Beveridge, J. Ross] Colorado State Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Givens, Geoff] Colorado State Univ, Dept Stat, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Phillips, P. Jonathon] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lui, YM (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. FU Technical Support Working Group (TSWG) [T-1840C]; Department of Homeland Security; Director of National Intelligence; Federal Bureau of Investigation FX The work was funded in part by the Technical Support Working Group (TSWG) under Task T-1840C. Jonathon Phillips was supported by the Department of Homeland Security, Director of National Intelligence, and Federal Bureau of Investigation. The identification of any commercial product or trade name does not imply endorsement or recommendation by Colorado State University or the National Institute of Standards and Technology. NR 39 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5019-0 PY 2009 BP 139 EP + PG 3 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Computer Science; Engineering; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA BOC54 UT WOS:000276176000023 ER PT B AU Theofanos, MF Stanton, B Choong, YY Micheals, R AF Theofanos, Mary F. Stanton, Brian Choong, Yee-Yin Micheals, Ross GP IEEE TI Usability Testing of an Overlay to Improve Face Capture SO 2009 IEEE 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIOMETRICS: THEORY, APPLICATIONS AND SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd IEEE International Conference on Biometrics - Theory, Applications and Systems (BTAS 2009) CY SEP 28-30, 2009 CL Washington, DC SP IEEE, IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc, IEEE Biometr Council AB It's easy to take a face photograph, isn't it? What if that photograph is intended for input into an automatic face recognition system? Why is it then, even with a "captive audience" such as at a border crossing or point of entry, are so many face photographs unsuitable for face recognition? In a previous study, the authors suggested the use of a "face overlay" - a visual reticule that may be superimposed onto a live video feed to facilitate the face image capture process. In this study, we provide a detailed qualitative and quantitative analysis of the affordance, efficiency, effectiveness, and user-satisfaction of the visual overlay. Results of a controlled usability study suggest that the overlay improves face image quality, even when photographers are provided with no prior training.. C1 [Theofanos, Mary F.; Stanton, Brian; Choong, Yee-Yin; Micheals, Ross] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Theofanos, MF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM maryt@nist.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5019-0 PY 2009 BP 277 EP 282 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Computer Science; Engineering; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA BOC54 UT WOS:000276176000044 ER PT B AU Phillips, PJ Beveridge, JR AF Phillips, P. Jonathon Beveridge, J. Ross GP IEEE TI An Introduction to Biometric-completeness: The Equivalence of Matching and Quality SO 2009 IEEE 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIOMETRICS: THEORY, APPLICATIONS AND SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd IEEE International Conference on Biometrics - Theory, Applications and Systems (BTAS 2009) CY SEP 28-30, 2009 CL Washington, DC SP IEEE, IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc, IEEE Biometr Council ID PERFORMANCE AB This paper introduces the concept of biometric-completeness. A problem is biometric-complete if solving the problem is "equivalent" to solving a biometric recognition problem. The concept of biometric-completeness is modeled on the informal concept of artificial intelligence (AI) completeness. The concept of biometric-completeness is illustrated by showing a formal equivalence between biometric recognition and quality assessment of biometric samples. The model allows for the inclusion of quality of biometric samples in verification decisions. The model includes most methods for incorporating quality into biometric systems. The key result in this paper shows that finding the perfect quality measure for any algorithm is equivalent to finding the perfect verification algorithm. Two results that follow from the main result are: finding the perfect quality measure is equivalent to solving the open-set and closed-set identification problems; and that a universal perfect quality measure cannot exist. C1 [Phillips, P. Jonathon] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Beveridge, J. Ross] Colorado State Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Phillips, PJ (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jonathon@nist.gov; ross@cs.colostate.edu FU Biometric Task Force; Department of Homeland Security's Directorate for Science and Technology; Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA); Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI); Technical Support Working Group (TSWG) [T-1840C]; JRB FX PJP acknowledges the support of the the Biometric Task Force, the Department of Homeland Securitys Directorate for Science and Technology, the Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA), the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and the Technical Support Working Group (TSWG). JRB was funded in part by the Technical Support Working Group (TSWG) under Task T-1840C. The identification of any commercial product or trade name does not imply endorsement or recommendation by the Colorado State University or the National Institute of Standards and Technology NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5019-0 PY 2009 BP 414 EP + PG 3 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Computer Science; Engineering; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA BOC54 UT WOS:000276176000067 ER PT B AU Lee, M Cheng, JH Lee, YC Seghete, D George, SM Schlager, JB Bertness, K Sanford, NA AF Lee, Myongjai Cheng, Jen-Hau Lee, Y. C. Seghete, Dragos George, Steven M. Schlager, John B. Bertness, Kris Sanford, Norman A. GP IEEE TI Packaging and Interconnect Technologies for the Development of GaN Nanowire-Based Light Emitting Diodes SO 2009 IEEE 59TH ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS AND TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 59th Electronic Components and Technology Conference CY MAY 26-29, 2009 CL San Diego, CA SP IEEE CPMT, Elect Components, Assemblies & Mat Assoc, Elect Ind Alliance, Elect Components Sector ID GROWTH AB c-axis oriented GaN nanowires (NWs) grown on Si(111) using nitrogen plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) offer promising new approaches for realizing efficient LED technology. The nanowires grow remarkably free of defects, suggesting that eventual LED structures may operate with high quantum efficiencies. Furthermore, the dense NW morphology offers LED configurations with high light extraction efficiency compared to conventional planar LED structures. Interconnecting these vertically aligned nanowires is challenging because of their small diameters, extremely high aspect ratios, and random distributions on the substrate. We have developed novel packaging and interconnection methods by atomic layer deposition (ALD) multilayer encapsulation of the nanowires with 50 nm thick alumina layers and 40 nm thick tungsten layers. This nano-scaled multilayer also provides efficient thermal connections that are mechanically reliable. These encapsulated NWs were used as thermal test structures and the temperature dependence of the photoluminescence peak position as recorded from the portions of the nanowire protruding from the encapsulation was used to monitor the sample temperature. In principle, the internal junction-to-substrate thermal resistance of eventual NW LED structures could be reduced by 400 times by electroplating copper into the interstitial regions between the NWs. These novel packaging and interconnect technologies developed for GaN nanowire-based LEDs can be applied to many other nanowire-based microsystems. C1 [Lee, Myongjai; Cheng, Jen-Hau; Lee, Y. C.; Seghete, Dragos; George, Steven M.] Univ Colorado, DARPA Ctr Integrated Micro Nanoelectromech Transd, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Schlager, John B.; Bertness, Kris; Sanford, Norman A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Lee, M (reprint author), Univ Colorado, DARPA Ctr Integrated Micro Nanoelectromech Transd, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI George, Steven/O-2163-2013 OI George, Steven/0000-0003-0253-9184 FU DARPA Center on Nanoscale Science and Technology; DARPA [HR0011-06-1-0048, W31P4Q-08-1-0014] FX This study is supported by the DARPA Center on Nanoscale Science and Technology for Integrated Micro/Nano-Electromechanical Transducers (iMINT) funded by DARPA N/MEMS S&T Fundamentals Program (HR0011-06-1-0048) and another DARPA grant for Enabling System Integration Technologies for NW-Enabled LED Microsystems (W31P4Q-08-1-0014). NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 6 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-4475-5 PY 2009 BP 843 EP + DI 10.1109/ECTC.2009.5074110 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BLX49 UT WOS:000271288900123 ER PT S AU Royle, AW Callicott, WM AF Royle, Andrew W. Callicott, William M. GP IEEE TI GOES Direct Broadcast Service History and Future SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) have provided direct broadcast of meteorological data to users since the mid-1970s. For the newest GOES series, GOES-R, GOES Rebroadcast (GRB) will replace the GOES Variable (GVAR) broadcast to continue to make ground-processed sensor data available to the weather operations, research, and Earth science communities on a free and open basis. The GOES-R Series will collect up to 50 times more data than current GOES satellites through instruments capable of advanced temporal, spatial, and spectral performance. Processed data will be broadcast to the user community with improved latency and enhanced resolution when compared to the current system.(12) This paper describes the history of previous direct broadcast implementations for GOES satellites and the concept for the new GOES-R GRB data link. A dual polarization approach will be used to accommodate the 31 Mbps data rate within a frequency bandwidth constraint of 12MHz using a standard downlink modulation at 1690 MHz (L-band). The GRB processed instrument data source will be packetized compliant with Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) standard 133.0-B-1 and will utilize lossless data compression to fit within allocated bandwidth. Data blocking and accompanying header metadata will be used to minimize risk of loss due to link errors and allow for user verification of data integrity. To aid user transition, an emulated GVAR (eGVAR) service will be provided via non-operational GOES-N/P series satellite transponders. Rebroadcast using dual circular polarization from geostationary orbit at L-band is a new implementation for NOAA satellite operations. This paper includes a discussion of the analysis and activities performed to date to reduce the implementation risk of the GOES-R GRB, and the impact of the significantly enhanced direct broadcast capability for current GOES users. C1 [Royle, Andrew W.; Callicott, William M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, GOES R Ground Segment Project, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Royle, AW (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, GOES R Ground Segment Project, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM andrew.w.royle@nasa.gov; william.m.callicott@nasa.gov NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 909 EP 917 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000086 ER PT B AU Holloway, CL Dienstfrey, A Kuester, EF O'Hara, JF Azad, AK Taylor, AJ AF Holloway, Christopher L. Dienstfrey, Andrew Kuester, Edward F. O'Hara, John F. Azad, Abut K. Taylor, Antoinette J. GP IEEE TI Characterization of a Metafilm/Metasurface SO 2009 IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM AND USNC/URSI NATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE MEETING, VOLS 1-6 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Antennas and Propagation International Symposium /USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting CY JUN 01-05, 2009 CL N Charleston, SC SP IEEE, USNC, URSI AB A metafilm (also referred to as a metasurface) is the surface equivalent of a metamaterial. More precisely, a metafilm is a surface distribution of suitably chosen electrically small scatterers. Metafilms are becoming popular as an alternative to full three-dimensional metamaterials. Unfortunately, many papers in the literature present incorrect interpretations and mischaracterizations of these metafilms. In this paper, we discuss an appropriate interpretation and characterization of metafilms and present a correct way to characterize a metafilm. We also present a retrieval approach for determining the uniquely defined quantities (the electric and magnetic polarizability densities of its constituent scatterers) that characterize a metafilm. C1 [Holloway, Christopher L.; Dienstfrey, Andrew] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. [Kuester, Edward F.] Univ Colorado, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. [O'Hara, John F.; Azad, Abut K.; Taylor, Antoinette J.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. RP Holloway, CL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-3646-0 PY 2009 BP 793 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BON71 UT WOS:000277085400200 ER PT B AU Direen, RH Francis, MH Wittmann, RC AF Direen, R. H. Francis, M. H. Wittmann, R. C. GP IEEE TI Near-Field Spherical Scanning: Quiet-Zone Field Evaluation SO 2009 IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM AND USNC/URSI NATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE MEETING, VOLS 1-6 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Antennas and Propagation International Symposium /USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting CY JUN 01-05, 2009 CL N Charleston, SC SP IEEE, USNC, URSI C1 [Direen, R. H.; Francis, M. H.; Wittmann, R. C.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Direen, RH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM francis@boulder.nist.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-3646-0 PY 2009 BP 1420 EP 1423 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BON71 UT WOS:000277085400357 ER PT B AU McKinley, MD Remley, KA Kenney, JS Myslinski, M Koepke, G Camell, D Johnk, RT AF McKinley, Michael D. Remley, Kate A. Kenney, J. Stevenson Myslinski, Maciej Koepke, Galen Camell, Dennis Johnk, Robert T. GP IEEE TI Comparison of QPSK and 64QAM EVM for an OFDM WLAN Signal at 2.4 GHz and 4.9 GHz in a Multipath Environment SO 2009 IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM AND USNC/URSI NATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE MEETING, VOLS 1-6 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Antennas and Propagation International Symposium /USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting CY JUN 01-05, 2009 CL N Charleston, SC SP IEEE, USNC, URSI C1 [McKinley, Michael D.; Kenney, J. Stevenson] Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Remley, Kate A.; Koepke, Galen; Camell, Dennis] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD USA. [Myslinski, Maciej] Katholieke Univ Leuven, ESAT TELEMIC, Leuven, Belgium. [Johnk, Robert T.] Inst Telecommun Sci, Boulder, CO USA. RP McKinley, MD (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. EM mikemck@ieee.org; remley@boulder.nist.gov; jskenney@ece.gatech.edu; Maciej.Myslinski@esat.kuleuven.be; koepke@boulder.nist.gov; camell@boulder.nist.gov; bjohnk@its.bldrdoc.gov FU Department of Justice Community-Oriented Police Services Program through the NIST Office of Law Enforcement Standards FX This work was supported by the Department of Justice Community-Oriented Police Services Program through the NIST Office of Law Enforcement Standards. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-3646-0 PY 2009 BP 2403 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BON71 UT WOS:000277085401131 ER PT B AU Staymates, ME Smith, WJ Gillen, G AF Staymates, Matthew E. Smith, Wayne J. Gillen, Greg GP IEEE TI The Internal Fluid Mechanics of Explosive Trace Detectors using Computational Fluid Dynamics SO 2009 IEEE CONFERENCE ON TECHNOLOGIES FOR HOMELAND SECURITY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Conference on Technologies for Homeland Security CY MAY 11-12, 2009 CL Waltham, MA SP IEEE AB Efforts are underway in the Surface and Microanalysis Science Division at the National Institute of Standards and Technology to study the vapor transport mechanisms inside explosive trace detection instruments (ETD's) and produce standard test materials to verify their performance. In most swipe-based ETD's, a woven cloth is swiped across a surface to collect micrometer-sized particles from explosive contamination. The swipe is then introduced into a thermal desorption unit where it is rapidly heated to produce an explosive aerosol or vapor. This vapor is transported to a chemical detector, typically an ion mobility spectrometer, for analysis. Understanding the underlying physics of the flow fields within these instruments allows researchers to design better test materials for calibration and verification. In this work, several ETD thermal desorption units are modeled using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). With CFD, the governing equations of fluid motion are solved numerically for a given model geometry and boundary conditions. CFD allows one to visualize and animate flow patterns, streamlines, and recirculation zones, and reveals how vapor is transported from the surface of a swipe to the chemical analyzer. The flow-fields inside these complex geometries would otherwise be difficult, if not impossible, to observe with traditional experimental flow visualization techniques. The thermal desorption units presented here have geometries representative of what is used in ETD's today. Results suggest that the transport efficiency of desorbed explosives can be optimized if appropriate screening procedures are followed Issues such as velocity magnitude, pressure differential, transient effects, and buoyancy effects will be discussed. C1 [Staymates, Matthew E.; Gillen, Greg] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Smith, Wayne J.] DDL OMNI Engn LLC, Mclean, VA USA. RP Staymates, ME (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM matthew.staymates@nist.gov; wayne.smith@ddlomni.com; greg.gillen@nist.gov NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-4178-5 PY 2009 BP 107 EP + DI 10.1109/THS.2009.5168022 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Computer Science; Engineering; Physics GA BMZ02 UT WOS:000273959900016 ER PT B AU Ralston, P Duong, TH Yang, NY Berning, DW Hood, C Hefner, AR Meehan, K AF Ralston, Parrish Duong, T. H. Yang, Nanying Berning, D. W. Hood, Colleen Hefner, A. R. Meehan, Kathleen GP IEEE TI High-Voltage Capacitance Measurement System for SiC Power MOSFETs SO 2009 IEEE ENERGY CONVERSION CONGRESS AND EXPOSITION, VOLS 1-6 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition CY SEP 20-24, 2009 CL San Jose, CA SP IEEE DE Capacitance; CoolMOS; CV measurement; high-voltage; LCR meter; power MOSFET; silicon carbide AB Adequate modeling of a power Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFET) is dependent on accurate characterization of the inter-electrode capacitances. With the advent of high-voltage silicon carbide (SIC) power MOSFETs, it has become important to develop a measurement system that can perform and record high-voltage capacitance versus voltage measurements on these devices. This paper describes a measurement apparatus that safely and accurately allows high voltage capacitance-voltage (CV) measurements to be performed. The measurements are based on conventional LCR (Inductance (L), Capacitance (C), and Resistance (R)) meter CV techniques but with added circuitry to interface the LCR meter to high voltage bias sources. The effects of the added circuitry are studied theoretically, and the CV measurement accuracy is verified with experimentation. High voltage capacitance voltage measurements are presented for both silicon and SiC power MOSFETs. C1 [Ralston, Parrish; Yang, Nanying; Meehan, Kathleen] Virginia Tech, Bradley Dept Elect & Comp Engn, 476 Whittemore Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24060 USA. [Duong, T. H.; Berning, D. W.; Hood, Colleen; Hefner, A. R.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Semicond Elect Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ralston, P (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Bradley Dept Elect & Comp Engn, 476 Whittemore Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24060 USA. EM pralston@vt.edu NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-2892-2 PY 2009 BP 1404 EP + PG 3 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA BPQ32 UT WOS:000279630100208 ER PT S AU Sriram, RD Lide, B AF Sriram, Ram D. Lide, Bettijoyce GP IEEE TI The Role of Standards in Healthcare Automation SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AUTOMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING SE IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering CY AUG 22-25, 2009 CL Bangalore, INDIA SP IEEE C1 [Sriram, Ram D.; Lide, Bettijoyce] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sriram, RD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM ram.sriram@nist.gov; bettijoyce.lide@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2161-8070 BN 978-1-4244-4578-3 J9 IEEE INT CON AUTO SC PY 2009 BP 79 EP 82 DI 10.1109/COASE.2009.5234111 PG 4 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Engineering GA BOD54 UT WOS:000276311700015 ER PT S AU Fiorentini, X Rachuri, S Ray, S Sriram, RD AF Fiorentini, Xenia Rachuri, Sudarsan Ray, Steve Sriram, Ram D. GP IEEE TI Towards a method for harmonizing information standards SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AUTOMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING SE IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering CY AUG 22-25, 2009 CL Bangalore, INDIA SP IEEE AB Designers and engineers use various engineering authoring tools, such as CAD, CAE, and PDM, to generate information objects (engineering objects). On the business side, enterprise level business process modelers use various business authoring tools, such as ERP, CRM, and LCA, to generate information objects (business objects). These information objects, both engineering and business, are represented using information standards. These standards are used to exchange information about engineering and business systems for enterprise level interoperability. One of the main problems of designers, engineers and process modelers is the selection of appropriate standards for interoperability. To ensure enterprise level interoperability, it is absolutely critical that information standards are compared and harmonized as there are overlapping and dissimilar standards available. In this paper, we will sketch a method towards comparing and harmonizing standards based on: 1) informal approach, 2) typology of standards, 3) use-case scenarios, and 4) ontologies. The method is explained using some engineering and business standards. C1 [Fiorentini, Xenia; Rachuri, Sudarsan; Ray, Steve; Sriram, Ram D.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Fiorentini, X (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2161-8070 BN 978-1-4244-4578-3 J9 IEEE INT CON AUTO SC PY 2009 BP 466 EP 471 DI 10.1109/COASE.2009.5234089 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Engineering GA BOD54 UT WOS:000276311700081 ER PT S AU Rachuri, S Sriram, RD Sarkar, P AF Rachuri, Sudarsan Sriram, Ram D. Sarkar, Prabir GP IEEE TI Metrics, Standards and Industry Best Practices for Sustainable Manufacturing Systems SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AUTOMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING SE IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering CY AUG 22-25, 2009 CL Bangalore, INDIA SP IEEE DE Sustainability; Metrics; Standards; information models ID INDEXES AB Substantial global climate changes due to global warming and the growing rate resource depletion have compelled several researchers to focus their research in the area of sustainability. Ensuring a sustainable future requires a systems approach. Sustainable systems are characterized by interlinked interactions at various levels spanning economic, ecological and societal issues. Emphasis on interactions within and across these levels is critical to the fundamental understanding of sustainable design and manufacturing systems, because tackling any one of the issues in isolation can result in unintended consequences along other dimensions. Sustainable systems are best understood in terms of information across products, processes, management (operational) aspects. In this paper, we outline several issues related to sharing this information across engineering and business units. We outline the information infrastructural needs to realize sustainable manufacturing, namely, trusted system of measurement methods and metrics, information models, simulation models, databases for toxic materials, and manufacturing products/processes, standards and best practices relevant to sustainable manufacturing, and validation, simulation and testing methodologies for information models and standards. C1 [Rachuri, Sudarsan; Sriram, Ram D.; Sarkar, Prabir] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rachuri, S (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM sudarsan@nist.gov; sriram@nist.gov; sarkar@nist.gov NR 25 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2161-8070 BN 978-1-4244-4578-3 J9 IEEE INT CON AUTO SC PY 2009 BP 472 EP 477 DI 10.1109/COASE.2009.5234090 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Engineering GA BOD54 UT WOS:000276311700082 ER PT B AU Griffith, D AF Griffith, David GP IEEE TI Autonomous Migration with Admission Control for Mobiles Affected by Access Network Failures SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATION WORKSHOPS, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC 2009) CY JUN 14-18, 2009 CL Dresden, GERMANY SP IEEE AB When wireless network access points (APs) fail, every mobile user that is connected through the failed resources performs an unanticipated hard handover, resulting in disrupted connections. The APs the users migrate to, if already heavily loaded, may restrict the number of incoming users using call admission control (CAC) algorithms. Rejected users will experience loss of connectivity for longer periods of time as they are forced to try to connect to other available APs. This paper quantifies the effect of limited capacity in target APs when multiple displaced users attempt to connect to them. We derive expressions for handover success probability and the mean number of displaced users that are successfully admitted on their first attempt. This leads to a simple, decentralized probabilistic scheme that displaced users can use to minimize crowding effects at target APs. We also obtain a performance bound by developing an optimal reassignment scheme using linear programming, and we compare both schemes to an algorithm that chooses an AP based on received signal strength (RSS). C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Griffith, D (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM david.griffith@nist.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-3436-7 PY 2009 BP 588 EP 592 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Engineering; Telecommunications GA BON13 UT WOS:000277052600113 ER PT S AU Guo, H Qian, Y Lu, KJ Moayeri, N AF Guo, Hui Qian, Yi Lu, Kejie Moayeri, Nader GP IEEE TI Backbone Construction for Heterogeneous Wireless Ad Hoc Networks SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOLS 1-8 SE IEEE International Conference on Communications LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC 2009) CY JUN 14-18, 2009 CL Dresden, GERMANY SP IEEE ID MINIMUM NUMBER; STEINER POINTS AB In this paper, we propose a backbone construction scheme over heterogeneous ad hoc networks, where the network nodes have different characteristics such as communication capacity, processing power and energy resource. Most of the wireless backbone construction techniques focus on minimizing the number of backbone nodes. In our proposed scheme, we not only minimize the backbone size, but also take the characteristics of nodes into account when building a backbone. In the scheme, the more capable nodes have higher probability to serve as backbone nodes and provide a wireless highway over which end-to-end communication can take place. The proposed scheme includes two major steps, which can be solved by formulating as a Dominating Set (DS) problem and a Steiner Tree Problem with Minimum Number of Steiner Points (STP-MSP) respectively. We focus on the two subproblems and present a number of polynomial time approximation algorithms. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme achieves higher average backbone node performance, while has approximately the same backbone size comparing with other schemes. C1 [Guo, Hui; Qian, Yi; Moayeri, Nader] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Guo, H (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1550-3607 BN 978-1-4244-3434-3 J9 IEEE ICC PY 2009 BP 184 EP 188 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BQG15 UT WOS:000280922200036 ER PT S AU Wapf, A Souryal, MR AF Wapf, Andreas Souryal, Michael R. GP IEEE TI Measuring Indoor Mobile Wireless Link Quality SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOLS 1-8 SE IEEE International Conference on Communications LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC 2009) CY JUN 14-18, 2009 CL Dresden, GERMANY SP IEEE AB This paper investigates methods for link quality measurement of an indoor, time-varying wireless link. Link quality estimates are used for a number of higher-layer functions, including rate adaptation, routing, and topology control. The objective is to rapidly and efficiently estimate the current reliability of an RF link in terms of its packet success probability in the presence of a time-varying channel. We compare various approaches to estimating the current packet success rate (PSR), including packet counting and several methods employing physical layer signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) measurements. Among the SNR-based estimators, we consider those using a simple moving average, an exponential moving average, and a Yule-Walker predictor of the current SNR. The analysis shows that the SNR-based estimators are more efficient than packet counting methods in terms of the number of measurements needed, are more accurate when link quality variability increases, and are more flexible in terms of predicting the PSR for various bit rates and packet sizes. An important requirement, however, of the SNR-based estimators is a priori knowledge of the SNR-PSR relationship, which is environment- and radio-dependent. An efficient methodology for obtaining this mapping is presented. C1 [Wapf, Andreas; Souryal, Michael R.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Adv Network Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wapf, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Adv Network Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM andreas@wapf.ch; souryal@nist.gov NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1550-3607 BN 978-1-4244-3434-3 J9 IEEE ICC PY 2009 BP 3493 EP 3498 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BQG15 UT WOS:000280922201273 ER PT S AU Braga, AJ Gentile, C AF Braga, A. Judson Gentile, Camillo GP IEEE TI An Ultra-Wideband Radar System for Through-the-Wall Imaging using a Mobile Robot SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOLS 1-8 SE IEEE International Conference on Communications LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC 2009) CY JUN 14-18, 2009 CL Dresden, GERMANY SP IEEE DE Synthetic aperture radar AB High-resolution imaging through walls and other materials using microwave signals serves amongst other applications in the rapid detection of human maneuvering, rescue missions in collapsed buildings, and target feature extraction. While narrowband Doppler radar in the millimeter-wave or infrared spectrum can provide good resolution through clothing and packaging, penetration through denser sheetrock, plaster, and brick requires operation below 10 GHz; this band however yields poor resolution. As an alternative, Ultra-Wideband radar operating in this band boosts the bandwidth which translates into fine range resolution; still it requires an aperture length of several meters for comparable cross-range resolution. The associated cost and portability in realizing such an aperture through antenna arrays or fixed-length scanners have limited their lengths to the order of 1 meter in prototype systems to date. In this work, we propose a novel aperture taking form as a variable-length scanner or mobile robot. The wide dynamic range of our system coupled with its unrestricted aperture length allows us to generate high-resolution images up to a range of 8 meters or more. C1 [Braga, A. Judson; Gentile, Camillo] NIST, Emerging & Mobile Networking Technol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Braga, AJ (reprint author), NIST, Emerging & Mobile Networking Technol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1550-3607 BN 978-1-4244-3434-3 J9 IEEE ICC PY 2009 BP 4081 EP 4086 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BQG15 UT WOS:000280922202005 ER PT S AU Ma, Y Leith, A Qian, Y AF Ma, Yao Leith, Alex Qian, Yi GP IEEE TI Traffic-Matching Revenue-Rate Maximization Scheduling for Downlink OFDMA SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOLS 1-8 SE IEEE International Conference on Communications LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC 2009) CY JUN 14-18, 2009 CL Dresden, GERMANY SP IEEE ID POWER ALLOCATION; MULTIUSER OFDM; COMMUNICATION-SYSTEMS; SUBCARRIER AB In this paper, we study the weighted sum rate (w-rate) maximization algorithms with proportional rate fairness (PRF) and delay constraints for the downlink orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) system. First, based on the Lagrangian duality optimization tool, we design a weighted sum rate maximization scheme based on instantaneous transmit power and bit error rate (BER) constraints. Second, to meet the rate fairness constraint imposed by different users' diverse traffic demands, we design a fast algorithm to search for the optimal weight factors, and implement the traffic-matching duality scheme to achieve the long-term target PRF and enhanced revenue rate. Third, we provide analytical channel throughput formulas for equal power allocation (EPA) and waterfilling (WF) power allocations schemes, and also evaluate the actual throughput taking into account the traffic random arrival process, limited buffer size, and transmission delay deadline. Simulation results show that the proposed traffic-matching duality scheme can achieve a significantly higher revenue rate than the fixed weight duality scheme which only tries to maximize the revenue rate but does not match the incoming traffic. C1 [Ma, Yao; Leith, Alex] Iowa State Univ, Dept ECE, Ames, IA 50011 USA. [Qian, Yi] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Ma, Y (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept ECE, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM mayao@iastate.edu; aleith@iastate.edu; yqian@nist.gov NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1550-3607 BN 978-1-4244-3434-3 J9 IEEE ICC PY 2009 BP 4315 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BQG15 UT WOS:000280922202048 ER PT S AU Badarneh, OS Qian, Y Rong, B Elhakeem, AK Kadoch, M AF Badarneh, Osamah S. Qian, Yi Rong, Bo Elhakeem, Ahmed K. Kadoch, Michel GP IEEE TI Multiple Description Coding Based Video Multicast Over Heterogeneous Wireless Ad Hoc Networks SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOLS 1-8 SE IEEE International Conference on Communications LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC 2009) CY JUN 14-18, 2009 CL Dresden, GERMANY SP IEEE AB In this paper, we investigate how Multiple Description Coding (MDC) can improve the user's satisfaction for a group of heterogeneous destinations for video multicast over wireless ad hoc networks. Specifically, we explore the independent-description property of MDC with multiple paths to improve the user's satisfaction. In our approach, the assignment of multiple description (MD) video is randomly done by a multicast source node. Based on the assignment of MD video, the multicast source constructs multiple multicast trees accordingly. Simulation results demonstrate that our approach can achieve higher user's satisfaction regardless of the multicast group size. C1 [Badarneh, Osamah S.; Rong, Bo; Kadoch, Michel] Ecole Technol Super, Montreal, PQ, Canada. [Qian, Yi] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Elhakeem, Ahmed K.] Concordia Univ, Montreal, PQ, Canada. RP Badarneh, OS (reprint author), Ecole Technol Super, Montreal, PQ, Canada. EM ah20280@ens.etsmtl.ca; yqian@nist.gov; bo.rong@ieee.org; ahmed@ece.concordia.ca; michel.kadoch@etsmtl.ca FU NSERC FX This research was possible from grants from the NSERC. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1550-3607 BN 978-1-4244-3434-3 J9 IEEE ICC PY 2009 BP 4939 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BQG15 UT WOS:000280922202163 ER PT S AU Guo, H Li, JA Qian, Y AF Guo, Hui Li, Jiang Qian, Yi GP IEEE TI Modeling and Evaluation of Homing-Pigeon based Delay Tolerant Networks with Periodic Scheduling SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOLS 1-8 SE IEEE International Conference on Communications LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC 2009) CY JUN 14-18, 2009 CL Dresden, GERMANY SP IEEE AB In this paper, we analyze a new type of delay tolerant networks (DTN) where each node owns multiple dedicated messengers, called pigeons. The only form of internode communication is for a pigeon to periodically carry a batch of messages originated at the home node, deliver to the corresponding destination nodes and return home. We name this as homing-pigeon (HoP) based routing mechanism, which is an effective way to overcome end-to-end disconnection in DTN. In this work, we model the HoP mechanism analytically with a periodic pigeon scheduling algorithm. Our analysis focuses on understanding the pigeon departure frequency from the home node while keeping the message delivery ratio above a given threshold. Simulation results are given to validate our analysis. C1 [Guo, Hui; Qian, Yi] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Li, Jiang] Howard Univ, Dept Syst & Comp Sci, Washington, DC 20059 USA. RP Guo, H (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. FU NSF [CNS-0832000]; Mordecai Wyatt Johnson Program at Howard University FX The work was funded in part by NSF grant CNS-0832000 and the Mordecai Wyatt Johnson Program at Howard University. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1550-3607 BN 978-1-4244-3434-3 J9 IEEE ICC PY 2009 BP 4988 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BQG15 UT WOS:000280922202172 ER PT B AU Campbell, JP Yu, LC Cheung, KP Qin, J Suehle, JS Oates, A Sheng, K AF Campbell, J. P. Yu, L. C. Cheung, K. P. Qin, J. Suehle, J. S. Oates, A. Sheng, K. GP IEEE TI Large Random Telegraph Noise in Sub-Threshold Operation of Nano-Scale nMOSFETs SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTEGRATED CIRCUIT DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Integrated Circuit Design and Technology CY MAY 18-20, 2009 CL Austin, TX SP IEEE Cent Texas Sect, Japan Soc Appl Phys DE RTN; Sub-V-TH operation ID SRAM; INTERFACE; MOSFETS; IMPACT; CMOS; AMPLITUDES; DEFECTS; SIGNALS; VOLTAGE AB We utilize low-frequency noise measurements to examine the sub-threshold voltage (sub-V-TH) operation of highly scaled devices. We rind that the sub-V-TH low-frequency noise is dominated by random telegraph noise (RTN). The RTN is exacerbated both by channel dimension scaling and reducing the gate overdrive into the sub-V-TH regime. These large RTN fluctuations greatly impact circuit variability and represent a troubling obstacle that must be solved if sub-V-TH operation is to become a viable solution for low-power applications. C1 [Campbell, J. P.; Yu, L. C.; Cheung, K. P.; Qin, J.; Suehle, J. S.] NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Yu, L. C.; Sheng, K.] Rutgers State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA. [Qin, J.] Univ Maryland, Dept Engn Mech, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. [Oates, A.] TSMC Ltd, Hsinchu 30077, Taiwan. RP Campbell, JP (reprint author), NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM kpckpc@ieee.org FU NIST Office of Microelectronic Programs; National Research Council FX The authors acknowledge funding from the NIST Office of Microelectronic Programs. J.P.C also acknowledges funding support by the National Research Council. NR 17 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-2933-2 PY 2009 BP 17 EP + DI 10.1109/ICICDT.2009.5166255 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BLN38 UT WOS:000270582500005 ER PT B AU Campbell, JP Cheung, KP Suehle, JS Oates, AS AF Campbell, J. P. Cheung, K. P. Suehle, J. S. Oates, A. S. GP IEEE TI The Negative Bias Temperature Instability vs. High-Field Stress Paradigm SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTEGRATED CIRCUIT DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Integrated Circuit Design and Technology CY MAY 18-20, 2009 CL Austin, TX SP IEEE Cent Texas Sect, Japan Soc Appl Phys DE NBTI; high-field stress; electron trapping ID NBTI DEGRADATION; GENERATION; TRANSIENT; INJECTION; PMOSFETS; SION AB A new and more accurate fast-IDVG measurement methodology is utilized to examine the transient degradation and recovery associated with the negative-bias temperature instability (NBTI). The results reveal that the anomalously large initial degradations reported in the recent literature are actually due to high-field stress acceleration and are not representative of low-field NBTI phenomena. Our observations at these higher fields reveal the presence of an, as yet unaccounted for, electron trapping/de-trapping component. The electron trapping is a signature of high-field stress degradation. While this high-field stress acceleration is unavoidable, care must be taken to account for this component in NBTI analysis. Collectively, our observations indicate that this high-field stress component is present and unaccounted for in a large portion of the recent NBTI literature. C1 [Campbell, J. P.; Cheung, K. P.; Suehle, J. S.] NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Oates, A. S.] TSMC Ltd, Hsinchu 30077, Taiwan. RP Campbell, JP (reprint author), NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. FU NIST Office of Microelectronics Programs. J.P.C; National Research Council FX The authors acknowledge funding from the NIST Office of Microelectronics Programs. J.P.C. also acknowledges funding support by the National Research Council. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-2933-2 PY 2009 BP 79 EP + DI 10.1109/ICICDT.2009.5166270 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BLN38 UT WOS:000270582500021 ER PT S AU Wang, WH Lei, Y Kacker, R Kuhn, R Sampath, S Lawrence, J AF Wang, Wenhua Lei, Yu Kacker, Raghu Kuhn, Rick Sampath, Sreedevi Lawrence, James GP IEEE Comp Soc TI A Combinatorial Approach to Building Navigation Graphs for Dynamic Web Applications SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS SE Proceedings-IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance CY SEP 20-26, 2009 CL Edmonton, CANADA SP IEEE, IEEE Comp Soc, Tech Council Software Engn ID DESIGN AB Modeling the navigation structure of a dynamic web application is a challenging task because of the presence of dynamic pages. In particular, there are two problems to be dealt with: (1) the page explosion problem, i.e., the number of dynamic pages may be huge or even infinite; and (2) the request generation problem, i.e., many dynamic pages may not be reached unless appropriate user requests are supplied. As a user request typically consists of multiple parameter values, the request generation problem can be further divided into two problems: (1) How to select appropriate values for individual parameters? (2) How to effectively combine individual parameter values to generate requests? This paper presents a combinatorial approach to building a navigation graph. The novelty of our approach is two-fold. First, we use an abstraction scheme to control the page explosion problem. In this scheme, pages that are likely to have the same navigation behavior are grouped together, and are represented as a single node in a navigation graph. Grouping pages reduces and bounds the size of a navigation graph for practical applications. Second, assuming that values of individual parameters are supplied by using other techniques or generated manually by the user, we combine parameter values in a way that achieves a well-defined combinatorial coverage called pairwise coverage. Using pairwise coverage can significantly reduce the number of requests that have to be submitted while still achieving effective coverage of the navigation structure. We report a prototype tool called Tansuo, and apply the tool to five open source web applications. Our empirical results indicate that Tansuo can efficiently generate web navigation graphs for these applications. C1 [Wang, Wenhua; Lei, Yu] Univ Texas Arlington, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, Arlington, TX 76019 USA. [Sampath, Sreedevi] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Informat Syst, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. [Kacker, Raghu; Kuhn, Rick] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Lawrence, James] George Mason Univ, Dept Math, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. RP Wang, WH (reprint author), Univ Texas Arlington, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, Arlington, TX 76019 USA. EM wenhuawang@uta.edu; ylei@uta.edu; raghu.kacker@nist.gov; kuhn@nist.gov; sampath@umbc.edu; lawrence@gmu.edu FU Information Technology Lab (ITL) of National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) [60NANB6D6192] FX We would like to thank Prof. Richard Carver at George Mason University for his comments on an earlier version of this paper. This work is partly supported by a grant (Award No. 60NANB6D6192) from the Information Technology Lab (ITL) of National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) NR 21 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA SN 1063-6773 BN 978-1-4244-4897-5 J9 PROC IEEE INT CONF S PY 2009 BP 211 EP + DI 10.1109/ICSM.2009.5306321 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BPP54 UT WOS:000279595400023 ER PT S AU Mitchell, P Ware, C Kelley, J AF Mitchell, Peter Ware, Colin Kelley, John GP IEEE TI Investigating Flow Visualizations using Interactive Design Space Hill Climbing SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS (SMC 2009), VOLS 1-9 SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 11-14, 2009 CL San Antonio, TX SP IEEE DE flow visualization; oceanography; vector fields AB Optimizing complex displays is difficult because there are many alternative ways of mapping the data to its graphical representation. In this paper we report on a study employing a method we call "interactive design space hill climbing". This involves first parameterizing the mapping from data to display. Next, using an interactive interface, designers and domain experts attempt to construct good designs by interactively changing parameters settings based on a random starting point. In our study we applied this method to the problem of 2D flow visualization: users adjusted 22 different sliders under each of 11 mappings to try to create an optimal display of a flow field from an ocean flow model. The results suggest that some variables should have settings in a narrow range. We conclude that employing designers with a human in the loop hill climbing interface can be a good overall solution for complex visual display designs in cases where a relatively simple parameterization is possible. C1 [Mitchell, Peter; Ware, Colin] Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Coastal & Ocean Mapping, Durham, NH 03824 USA. [Kelley, John] NOAA Natl Ocean Serv, Coast Survey Dev Lab, Santa Barbara, CA USA. RP Mitchell, P (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Coastal & Ocean Mapping, Durham, NH 03824 USA. EM cware@ccom.unh.edu; John.Kelley@noaa.gov OI Mitchell, Peter/0000-0001-5215-320X FU NOAA [NOAA Grant NA05NOS4001153] FX Funding was provided by NOAA Grant NA05NOS4001153 NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 978-1-4244-2793-2 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2009 BP 355 EP + DI 10.1109/ICSMC.2009.5346220 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Cybernetics; Computer Science, Information Systems SC Computer Science GA BPP02 UT WOS:000279574600062 ER PT S AU Agyekum, KA Wiafe, G Houghton, B Dolk, S Drake, T Vogel, A AF Agyekum, Kwame Adu Wiafe, George Houghton, Bob Dolk, Shaun Drake, Tom Vogel, Augustus GP IEEE TI OBSERVATIONS OF THERMAL VARIATIONS IN THE MIXED LAYER DEPTH OF THE EQUATORIAL ATLANTIC SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 12-17, 2009 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP IEEE DE Mixed layer depth; Ocean thermal variability; Argo profiles ID OCEAN AB A set of Argo temperature data collected in the equatorial Atlantic [0 degrees-5 degrees N, 55 degrees W-10 degrees E] was used to estimate the mixed layer depth (MLD) and associated thermal variability for the period between January 2002 to April 2009 MLD climatology were estimated from 0.3 degrees*0.3 degrees Median binned temperature profile using temperature difference criterion with a reference layer at 10m depth. At the 30m depth, 22 degrees C cold water flows from the south onto the continental shelfs of Ghana-Cote D'Ivoire indicating the potential source of nutrient rich bottom water that nourishes the MLD and drives biological production. The MLD was shallow at the east and relatively deeper at the western end of the equatorial Atlantic. Variability within the MLD can be associated with variations in the westward flow of the warm and saline Equatorial Undercurrent. Further warming of the equatorial Atlantic has a potential of increasing the mixed layer depth and affecting upper surface ocean processes. Keywords. Mixed layer depth, Ocean thermal variability; Argo profiles. C1 [Agyekum, Kwame Adu; Wiafe, George] Univ Ghana, Dept Oceanog & Fisheries, Legon, Accra, Ghana. [Houghton, Bob] Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY USA. [Dolk, Shaun] US NOAA, Silver Spring, MD USA. [Drake, Tom] Office of Naval Res, Coastal Geosci Program, Arlington, VA USA. [Vogel, Augustus] African Partnership Stn, Arlington, VA USA. RP Agyekum, KA (reprint author), Univ Ghana, Dept Oceanog & Fisheries, Legon, Accra, Ghana. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-3394-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2009 BP 100 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2009.5416934 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BQI05 UT WOS:000281054100026 ER PT S AU Jelenak, Z Ahmad, K Sienkiewicz, J Chang, PS AF Jelenak, Zorana Ahmad, Khalil Sienkiewicz, Joseph Chang, Paul S. GP IEEE TI A STATISTICAL STUDY OF WIND FIELD DISTRIBUTION WITHIN EXTRA-TROPICAL CYCLONES IN NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN FROM 7-YEARS OF QUIKSCAT WIND DATA SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 12-17, 2009 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP IEEE DE QuikSCAT; extratropical cyclones; ocean surface wind vectors ID IMPACT AB In this paper we used QuikSCAT measurements over extratropical storms that reached hurricane force (HF) wind strentgth in the North Pacific over a period of 7 cold seasons from 2001-2008 to study the average wind speed distribution within these intense cyclones During this period a total of 225 cyclones with HF winds were identified and tracked in the North Pacific December proved to be most active month with 56 separate storms reaching HF strength over the 7 year period The peak activity was found to be over the western portion of the ocean basin The Pacific cyclones appear to have preferred tracks and have an average heading of similar to 50 degrees from north The average storm motion was found to be similar to 24 knots Most hurricane force events last between 6-24 hours 50% of the 12 hour events occurred during December and 75% of the 30 hour events occurred during November and December C1 [Jelenak, Zorana; Ahmad, Khalil; Chang, Paul S.] NOAA, NESDIS, StAR, Washington, DC 20230 USA. [Sienkiewicz, Joseph] NOAA, OPC, NCEP, NWS, Washington, DC 20230 USA. RP Jelenak, Z (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, StAR, Washington, DC 20230 USA. RI Jelenak, Zorana/F-5596-2010; Chang, Paul/F-5580-2010 OI Jelenak, Zorana/0000-0003-0510-2973; Chang, Paul/0000-0001-5113-0938 NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-3394-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2009 BP 104 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2009.5416931 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BQI05 UT WOS:000281054100027 ER PT S AU Woodward, JT Brown, SW Smith, AW Lykke, KR AF Woodward, John T. Brown, Steven W. Smith, Allan W. Lykke, Keith R. GP IEEE TI Hyperspectral Imager Characterization and Calibration SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 12-17, 2009 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP IEEE DE Radiometry; Calibration; Image Generation AB Current radiometric calibration standards, specifically blackbody and lamp-based optical radiation sources, produce spatially, spectrally, and temporally simple scenes. Hyperspectral imaging instruments, which in-practice view spatially, spectrally, and temporally complex scenes, would benefit from advanced radiometric artifacts that more closely resemble scenes the sensor will ultimately view. Techniques and artifacts that advance sensor characterization and algorithms that reduce the impact of scattered light on sensor performance are presented in this work. Example applications of the new technologies and algorithms on remote sensing hyperspectral imaging instruments are presented. C1 [Woodward, John T.; Brown, Steven W.; Smith, Allan W.; Lykke, Keith R.] NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Woodward, JT (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-3394-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2009 BP 328 EP 331 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2009.5418005 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BQI05 UT WOS:000281054100083 ER PT S AU Rott, H Heidinger, M Nagler, T Cline, D Yueh, S AF Rott, Helmut Heidinger, Markus Nagler, Thomas Cline, Don Yueh, Simon GP IEEE TI RETRIEVAL OF SNOW PARAMETERS FROM KU-BAND AND X-BAND RADAR BACKSCATTER MEASUREMENTS SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 12-17, 2009 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP IEEE DE Snow; ice; SAR; backscatter; inversion AB Techniques for the retrieval of snow properties from Ku- and X-band radar backscatter measurements were Investigated. The work contributes to feasibility studies for the CoReH2O satellite mission of ESA for which a dual frequency SAR, operating at Ku-band (17.2 GHz) and X-band (9.6 GHz), VV and VH polarizations, is proposed. A main parameter to be measured is the snow water equivalent (SWE). For the retrieval of SWE it is necessary to separate the backscatter contributions of the snow volume and the background target and to account for effects of snow gram size. The current version of the SWE retrieval algorithm applies the maximum likelihood approach matching radiative transfer forward computations with measured backscatter data. An application example for SWE retrieval is shown for the Cold Land Processes Experiment (CLPX-II) in Alaska, using Ku-band data of the NASA-JPL PolScat and X-band data of the TerraSAR-X satellite as input C1 [Rott, Helmut; Heidinger, Markus; Nagler, Thomas] ENVEO IT GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria. [Cline, Don] NOAA, NOHRSC, Chanhassen, MN USA. [Rott, Helmut] Univ Innsbruck, Inst Meteorol & Geophys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. [Yueh, Simon] CalTech, JPL, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Rott, H (reprint author), ENVEO IT GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria. FU European Space Agency, ESTEC [20756/07/NL/CB] FX The investigations were kindly supported by the European Space Agency, ESTEC Contract No. 20756/07/NL/CB. The German Aerospace Research Center (DLR) supplied the TerraSAR-X data. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-3394-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2009 BP 395 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2009.5418024 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BQI05 UT WOS:000281054100100 ER PT S AU Zavorotny, VU Akos, DM Walsh, EJ AF Zavorotny, Valery U. Akos, Dennis M. Walsh, Edward J. GP IEEE TI COMPARING WIND SPEED RETRIEVALS FROM GPS REFLECTOMETRY WITH SFMR SURFACE WIND SPEEDS IN HURICANE IKE (2008) SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 12-17, 2009 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP IEEE DE Bistatic radar; global positioning system (GPS); oceanography; retrievals; scatterometry ID SIGNALS AB Recently, a compact system, able to record raw GPS intermediate frequency (IF) samples has been designed and tested by the research group at the CU/Aerospace Engineering Sciences Department. Such an approach provides the most fundamental measurement, enabling the most advanced and complete post-processing, with data volumes on the order of 1GB/minute. In 2008 this system was flying on board the NOAA WP-3D aircraft which collected research-mission data on Hurricane Ike. During two flights there was collected about 800 GB of raw data for flight lags that transverse the hurricane eye and away from it. After the flights the correlation waveforms for both direct and reflected signals were retrieved from the raw data for all available satellites and sea surface roughness estimates were produced. Those retrievals were compared with the Step Frequency Microwave Radiometer (SFMR) measurements of the surface wind speed. As expected, the data show a high sensitivity of the GPS bistatic radar signals to ocean surface roughness However, the system of swells generated by various parts of the hurricane complicates the picture and makes the problem of wind retrieval non-trivial. C1 [Zavorotny, Valery U.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Washington, DC 20230 USA. [Akos, Dennis M.] Univ Colorado, Aerosp Engn Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Walsh, Edward J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Zavorotny, VU (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Washington, DC 20230 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-3394-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2009 BP 429 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2009.5418035 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BQI05 UT WOS:000281054100109 ER PT S AU Bolten, J Crow, W Zhan, X Jackson, T Reynolds, C AF Bolten, J. Crow, W. Zhan, X. Jackson, T. Reynolds, C. GP IEEE TI EVALUATION OF A SOIL MOISTURE DATA ASSIMILATION SYSTEM OVER WEST AFRICA SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 12-17, 2009 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP IEEE DE Remote sensing; soil moisture; data assimilation ID AMSR-E; MODEL AB The U S Department of Agriculture (USDA) International Production Assessment Division (IPAD) is responsible for providing monthly global crop estimates that heavily influence global commodity market access These estimates are derived from a merging of many data sources including satellite and ground observations, and more than 20 years of climatology and crop behavior data over key agricultural areas The goal of IPAD is to provide timely and accurate estimates of global crop conditions for use in up-to-date commodity intelligence reports A crucial requirement of these global crop yield forecasts is the regional characterization of surface and sub-surface soil moisture However, due to the spatial heterogeneity and dynamic nature of precipitation events and soil wetness, accurate estimation of regional land surface-atmosphere interactions based sparse ground measurements is difficult [1] Temporal resolution is particularly important for predicting adequate surface wetting and drying between precipitation events and is closely integrated with CADRE We attempt to improve upon the existing system by applying an Ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) data assimilation system to integrate surface soil moisture retrievals from the NASA Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E) into the USDA soil moisture model The improved temporal resolution and spatial coverage of the satellite-based EOS Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E) is envisaged to provide a better characterization of root zone soil moisture at the regional scale and enable more accurate crop monitoring in key agricultural areas This work aims at evaluating the utility of merging satellite-retrieved soil moisture estimates with the IPAD two-layer soil moisture model used within the DBMS We present a quantitative analysis of the assimilated soil moisture product over West Africa (9 degrees N-20 degrees N. 20 degrees W-20 degrees E) This region contains many key agricultural areas and has a high agro-meteorological gradient from desert and semi-and vegetation in the North, to grassland, trees and crops in the South, thus providing an ideal location for evaluating the assimilated soil moisture product over multiple land cover types and conditions A data denial experimental approach is utilized to isolate the added utility of integrating remotely-sensed soil moisture by comparing assimilated soil moisture results obtained using (relatively) low-quality precipitation products obtained from real-time satellite imagery to baseline model runs forced with higher quality rainfall An analysis of root-zone anomalies for each model simulation suggests that the assimilation of AMSR-E surface soil moisture retrievals can add significant value to USDA root-zone predictions derived from real-time satellite precipitation products C1 [Bolten, J.] NASA Hydrol Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Crow, W.; Zhan, X.; Jackson, T.] NOAA, NESDIS, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Reynolds, C.] USDA FAS Off Global Analysis, Int Prod Assessment Div, Washington, DC 20250 USA. [Bolten, J.] USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remotes Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Bolten, J (reprint author), NASA Hydrol Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. FU NASA's Applied Sciences Program; Integrating NASA's Global Soil Moisture Remote Sensing and Modeling Data into the USDA's Global Crop Production Decision Support System [NNS06AA051] FX This research was supported by funding from NASAs Applied Sciences Program and grant NNS06AA051 entitled Integrating NASAs Global Soil Moisture Remote Sensing and Modeling Data into the USDAs Global Crop Production Decision Support System NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-3394-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2009 BP 1227 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2009.5418264 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BQI05 UT WOS:000281054100311 ER PT S AU Kuligowski, RJ AF Kuligowski, Robert J. GP IEEE TI PREPARING FOR RAINFALL NOWCASTING IN THE GOES-R ERA USING SEVIRI AND POLAR-ORBITING MICROWAVE DATA OVER AFRICA SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 12-17, 2009 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP IEEE DE Satellite applications; Rain; Forecasting ID PROFILING ALGORITHM; PASSIVE MICROWAVE; PRECIPITATION; RADAR; IDENTIFICATION AB The Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) onboard the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)-R platform will offer enhanced capabilities for satellite-based rainfall estimation and nowcasting over the current-generation GOES The development of a rainfall nowcasting algorithm for GOES-R has relied extensively on proxy data from the Spinning Enhanced Infrared Visible Imager (SEVIRI) over Europe and Africa; since its 11 spectral bands are similar to bands that will be available on GOES-R. This rainfall nowcasting framework starts with estimates of current rain rate derived from visible and infrared data using an algorithm calibrated against rain rates from polar-orbiting microwave sensors. This current rain rate estimate and its immediate predecessor are analyzed using a K-Means feature detection technique to determine the motion of the identified precipitation features, and these motions are extrapolated forward in time to produce nowcasts of both accumulated 0-3 h future rainfall and the probability of measurable rainfall during the same time period This paper describes the development of this algorithm framework. C1 NOAA, NESDIS Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Washington, DC USA. RP Kuligowski, RJ (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Washington, DC USA. EM Bob.Kuligowski@noaa.gov RI Kuligowski, Robert/C-6981-2009 OI Kuligowski, Robert/0000-0002-6909-2252 NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-3394-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2009 BP 1291 EP 1294 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2009.5418282 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BQI05 UT WOS:000281054100327 ER PT S AU Bouvet, M Goryl, P Huot, JP Antoine, D Barker, K Bourg, L Deschamps, PY Doerffer, R Fischer, J Mazeran, C Ondrusek, M Santer, R Werdell, J Zagolski, F Zibordi, G AF Bouvet, M. Goryl, P. Huot, J. P. Antoine, D. Barker, K. Bourg, L. Deschamps, P. -Y. Doerffer, R. Fischer, J. Mazeran, C. Ondrusek, M. Santer, R. Werdell, J. Zagolski, F. Zibordi, G. GP IEEE TI THE MERIS WATER PRODUCTS: PERFORMANCE, CURRENT ISSUES AND POTENTIAL FUTURE IMPROVEMENTS SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 12-17, 2009 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP IEEE DE MERIS; Ocean Colour AB MERIS Level 1 and Level 2 water products will be improved in the 3(rd) MERIS reprocessing which is planned to take place before the end of 2009 The instrument radiometric degradation model will be updated Improvements to the atmospheric correction in both case 1 and case 2 waters will be implemented. A vicarious adjustment strategy to remove residual biases in the Level 2 marine signals will be put in place In addition, a cloud screening scheme with improved detection capabilities will improve the cirrus detection capability. In parallel, long term algorithmic improvements are being pursued and are partially covered by three exploratory ongoing studies. The first study addresses the limitation of the current MERIS atmospheric correction scheme in sun glint conditions The second aims at defining an operational adjacency effect correction. The third study makes use of the ability of MERIS to measure transmission in the O-2-A oxygen band to better identify and characterize clouds and aerosols C1 [Bouvet, M.; Huot, J. P.] ESA ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1,PB 299, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands. [Goryl, P.] ESA ESRIN, Frascati, Italy. [Barker, K.] ARGANS, Plymouth, Devon, England. [Bourg, L.; Mazeran, C.] ACRI, ACRI, Italy. [Deschamps, P. -Y.] LOA, LOA, Italy. [Doerffer, R.] GKSS, Gothenburg, Sweden. [Fischer, J.] FUB, Berlin, Germany. [Ondrusek, M.] NOAA, Silver Spring, MD USA. [Santer, R.] ULCO, Dunkerque, France. [Werdell, J.] NASA, Washington, DC USA. [Zagolski, F.] PARBLEU, Milan, Italy. [Zibordi, G.] JRC, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. RP Bouvet, M (reprint author), ESA ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1,PB 299, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands. RI Werdell, Jeremy/D-8265-2012; Ondrusek, Michael/F-5617-2010 OI Ondrusek, Michael/0000-0002-5311-9094 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-3394-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2009 BP 1538 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2009.5417817 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BQI05 UT WOS:000281054101060 ER PT B AU Soisuvarn, S Jelenak, Z Chang, PS Zhu, Q AF Soisuvarn, Seubson Jelenak, Zorana Chang, Paul S. Zhu, Qi GP IEEE TI THE DEVELOPMENT OF A C-BAND ADVANCED SCATTEROMETER (ASCAT) GEOPHYSICAL MODEL FUNCTION AT NOAA/NESDIS SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 12-17, 2009 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP IEEE DE ASCAT; QuikSCAT; Ocean Vector Winds; Scatterometer; Geophysical Model Function AB Validation of the ASCAT wind vectors show that the ASCAT wind speed errors are within 2 m/s RMS error for wind speeds up to 15 m/s, however they exhibit and increasing low bias beyond 15 m/s. An examination of the ASCAT sigma(0) revealed some additional sensitivity at the higher wind speeds that was not adequately represented by the current geophysical model function (GMF). A revised GMF is empirically derived using a near-real-time QuikSCAT as a surface truth. A new DC term in the GMF is derived and replaced in the operational CMOD5.5 GMF Validation of the revised GMF shows that the wind speed retrievals are closer to QuikSCAT for wind speeds > 15 m/s than the operational retrievals, while wind direction retrievals remain the same for all wind speeds as expected. C1 [Soisuvarn, Seubson; Jelenak, Zorana; Chang, Paul S.; Zhu, Qi] NOAA NESDIS StAR, Washington, DC 20230 USA. RP Soisuvarn, S (reprint author), NOAA NESDIS StAR, Washington, DC 20230 USA. RI Jelenak, Zorana/F-5596-2010; Chang, Paul/F-5580-2010; Soisuvarn, Seubson/R-8130-2016 OI Jelenak, Zorana/0000-0003-0510-2973; Chang, Paul/0000-0001-5113-0938; Soisuvarn, Seubson/0000-0002-1373-8974 NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-3394-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2009 BP 2103 EP 2106 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BQI05 UT WOS:000281054101204 ER PT S AU Temimi, M Ghedira, H Khanbilvardi, R AF Temimi, Marouane Ghedira, Hosni Khanbilvardi, Reza GP IEEE TI Flood and discharge monitoring during the 2008 Iowa flood using AMSR-E data SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 12-17, 2009 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP IEEE ID SYNTHETIC-APERTURE RADAR; AMAZON RIVER FLOODPLAIN; SOIL-MOISTURE; 37 GHZ; POLARIZATION DIFFERENCE; INUNDATION AREA; MICROWAVE DATA; VEGETATION; RETRIEVAL; SPACE AB The objective of this work is to demonstrate the potential of passive microwave data in monitoring flood and discharge conditions. The study case is the recent flood in Iowa in summer 2008. AMSR-E 37 GHz data have been used to calculate a Polarization Ratio Variation Index (PRVI). This new index uses the classic Polarization Ratio Index along with its mean and standard deviation to detect anomalies in soil moisture and/or flooded area extent. The PRVI have been used to delineate inundated areas in Iowa. Then surface area of inundated regions has been compared with downstream discharge observations. A rating curve has been developed to assess the relationship between the extent of flooded area and discharge magnitude downstream. A time lag term has been introduced to account for the delay between water surface extent and stream flow. Time lag values showed that this parameter is a good proxy for watershed drainage time and time of concentration (i.e. the flood wave propagation time plus the longest runoff time in the watershed.) suggesting that passive microwave image can be use to measure key watershed hydrologic parameters. C1 [Temimi, Marouane; Khanbilvardi, Reza] CUNY, NOAA CREST, 160 Convent Ave, New York, NY 10031 USA. [Ghedira, Hosni] Amer Univ Dubai, Sch Engn, Dubai 28282, U Arab Emirates. RP Temimi, M (reprint author), CUNY, NOAA CREST, 160 Convent Ave, New York, NY 10031 USA. NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-3394-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2009 BP 3705 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2009.5417678 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BQI05 UT WOS:000281054102204 ER PT B AU Campbell, JP Qin, J Cheung, KP Yu, LC Suehle, JS Oates, A Sheng, K AF Campbell, J. P. Qin, J. Cheung, K. P. Yu, L. C. Suehle, J. S. Oates, A. Sheng, K. GP IEEE TI Random Telegraph Noise in Highly Scaled nMOSFETs SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL RELIABILITY PHYSICS SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 47th Annual IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium CY APR 26-30, 2009 CL Montreal, CANADA SP IEEE DE Random Telegraph Noise; 1/f noise; elastic tunneling ID LOW-FREQUENCY NOISE; FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS; 1/F NOISE; SUBMICRON MOSFETS; MOS-TRANSISTORS; FLASH MEMORY; GATE STACKS; OXIDE TRAPS; INTERFACE; MODEL AB Recently, 1/f and random telegraph noise (RTN) studies have been used to infer information about bulk dielectric defects' spatial and energetic distributions. These analyses rely on a noise framework which involves charge exchange between the inversion layer and the bulk dielectric defects via elastic tunneling. In this study, we extracted the characteristic capture and emission time constants from RTN in highly scaled nMOSFETs and showed that they are inconsistent with the elastic tunneling picture dictated by the physical thickness of the gate dielectric (1.4 nm). Consequently, our results suggest that an alternative model is required and that a large body of the recent RTN and 1/f noise defect profiling literature very likely needs to be re-interpreted. C1 [Campbell, J. P.; Qin, J.; Cheung, K. P.; Yu, L. C.; Suehle, J. S.] NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Qin, J.] Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. [Yu, L. C.; Sheng, K.] Rutgers State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. [Oates, A.] TSMC Ltd, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan. RP Campbell, JP (reprint author), NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM kpckpc@ieee.org FU NIST Office of Microelectronics Programs; National Research Council FX The authors acknowledge funding from the NIST Office of Microelectronics Programs. J.P.C. also acknowledges funding support by the National Research Council. NR 38 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-2888-5 PY 2009 BP 382 EP + DI 10.1109/IRPS.2009.5173283 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Engineering; Physics GA BMF10 UT WOS:000272068100064 ER PT B AU Ryan, JT Lenahan, PM Krishnan, AT Krishnan, S Campbell, JP AF Ryan, J. T. Lenahan, P. M. Krishnan, A. T. Krishnan, S. Campbell, J. P. GP IEEE TI Spin Dependent Recombination Study of the Atomic-Scale Effects of Fluorine on the Negative Bias Temperature Instability SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL RELIABILITY PHYSICS SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 47th Annual IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium CY APR 26-30, 2009 CL Montreal, CANADA SP IEEE DE NBTI; Fluorine; Spin Dependent Recombination; Electron Spin Resonance ID SI/SIO2 INTERFACE; DEFECTS; DEGRADATION; DIELECTRICS; CENTERS; SIO2 AB Recent work has shown that the negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) can be significantly suppressed through the incorporation of fluorine in the gate oxide of pure SiO2 pMOSFETs. In this study, we use spin dependent recombination and standard gated diode current measurements to investigate the atomic-scale processes involved in fluorine's suppression of NBTI. We find that fluorine can effectively passivate Si/SiO2 P-b0 center defect precursors, but is much less effective at passivating Si/SiO2 P-b1 center defect precursors. Since these two defects have significantly different densities of states, our results may be useful in modeling NBTI response in fluorinated oxide devices. Our results also provide a fundamental explanation for the observation that fluorination has a strong effect on NBTI in "pure" SiO2 MOS devices, but is ineffective at reducing NBTI in nitrided oxide devices. C1 [Ryan, J. T.; Lenahan, P. M.] Penn State Univ, 212 EES Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Krishnan, A. T.; Krishnan, S.] Texas Instruments Inc, Dallas, TX 75243 USA. [Campbell, J. P.] NIST, Semicond Elect Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ryan, JT (reprint author), Penn State Univ, 212 EES Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM jtr16@psu.edu FU Texas Instruments through Semiconductor Research Corporation FX Work at Penn State was supported by Texas Instruments through Semiconductor Research Corporation custom funding. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-2888-5 PY 2009 BP 988 EP + DI 10.1109/IRPS.2009.5173396 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Engineering; Physics GA BMF10 UT WOS:000272068100176 ER PT B AU Holloway, CL Ziolkowski, RW Jin, P Lin, CC Ladbury, J AF Holloway, Christopher L. Ziolkowski, Richard W. Jin, Peng Lin, Chia-Ching Ladbury, John GP IEEE TI Measurements of Metamaterial-Inspired, Electrically Small Antenna Systems SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON ANTENNA TECHNOLOGY: SMALL ANTENNAS AND NOVEL METAMATERIALS (IWAT) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Workshop on Antenna Technology CY MAR 02-04, 2009 CL Santa Monica, CA SP IEEE ID REVERBERATION CHAMBERS; EFFICIENT AB The paper discusses analysis and measurements of electrically small antennas. The antennas discussed here are based on antennas designed from metamaterial inspired concepts. An electromagnetic reverberation chamber is used for the tests of the antennas. A reverberation chamber is basically a shielded room (metallic wall) with an arbitrarily shaped metallic rotating paddle and is an ideal environment for measuring the total radiated power of an antenna. Simulations and measurements of various antennas will be presented. C1 [Holloway, Christopher L.; Ladbury, John] NIST, Electromagnet Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Ziolkowski, Richard W.; Jin, Peng; Lin, Chia-Ching] Univ Arizona, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Holloway, CL (reprint author), NIST, Electromagnet Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM holloway@boulder.nist.gov; ziolkowski@ece.arizona.edu NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-4395-6 PY 2009 BP 381 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BKC48 UT WOS:000267753800097 ER PT S AU Quinlan, F Jiang, Y Braje, D Osterman, S Diddams, SA AF Quinlan, F. Jiang, Y. Braje, D. Osterman, S. Diddams, S. A. GP IEEE TI Generation of a 150 fs pulse train at 12.5 GHz repetition rate via cavity filtering of a self-referenced frequency comb SO 2009 IEEE LEOS ANNUAL MEETING CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1AND 2 SE IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society (LEOS) Annual Meeting LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Annual Meeting of the IEEE-Photonics-Society CY OCT 04-08, 2009 CL Belek, TURKEY SP IEEE Photon Soc AB We report on the generation of >50 nm of a 12.5 GHz-spaced frequency comb in the 1550 nm band, achieved by optically filtering a 250 MHz self-referenced frequency comb. Pulse compression yields 150 fs pulses. C1 [Quinlan, F.; Jiang, Y.; Braje, D.; Diddams, S. A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Osterman, S.] Univ Colorado, Cent Astrophys & Space Astron, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Quinlan, F (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM fquinlan@boulder.nist.gov RI Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013 FU National Institute of Standards and Technology; University of Colorado, Boulder FX This work was supported by National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Colorado, Boulder NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1092-8081 BN 978-1-4244-3680-4 J9 IEEE LEOS ANN MTG PY 2009 BP 181 EP + DI 10.1109/LEOS.2009.5343304 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BPP15 UT WOS:000279577600094 ER PT S AU Srinivasan, K AF Srinivasan, Kartik GP IEEE TI Single quantum dots in fiber-coupled nanophotonic cavities and waveguides SO 2009 IEEE LEOS ANNUAL MEETING CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1AND 2 SE IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society (LEOS) Annual Meeting LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Annual Meeting of the IEEE-Photonics-Society CY OCT 04-08, 2009 CL Belek Antalya, TURKEY SP IEEE Photon Soc ID OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY AB Experimental and theoretical studies of a self-assembled quantum dot in fiber-coupled cavities and waveguides are presented. Strong coupling, extinction and enhancement of resonant light transmission, and quantum dot saturation and dephasing effects are discussed. C1 NIST, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Srinivasan, K (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM kartik.srinivasan@nist.gov NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1092-8081 BN 978-1-4244-3680-4 J9 IEEE LEOS ANN MTG PY 2009 BP 284 EP 285 DI 10.1109/LEOS.2009.5343276 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BPP15 UT WOS:000279577600146 ER PT S AU Ozdur, I Akbulut, M Hoghooghi, N Mandridis, D Ozharar, S Quinlan, F Delfyett, PJ AF Ozdur, Ibrahim Akbulut, Mehmetcan Hoghooghi, Nazanin Mandridis, Dimitrios Ozharar, Sarper Quinlan, Franklyn Delfyett, Peter J. GP IEEE TI Semiconductor based optical frequency comb source with optical linewidth < 1 kHz SO 2009 IEEE LEOS ANNUAL MEETING CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1AND 2 SE IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society (LEOS) Annual Meeting LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Annual Meeting of the IEEE-Photonics-Society CY OCT 04-08, 2009 CL Belek, TURKEY SP IEEE Photon Soc AB A low noise, frequency stabilized, semiconductor based, 10.287 GHz actively mode-locked laser is reported with optical linewidth <1 kHz, optical frequency instability of similar to 150 kHz and integrated timing jitter (1 Hz-100 MHz) of 3fs. C1 [Ozdur, Ibrahim; Akbulut, Mehmetcan; Hoghooghi, Nazanin; Mandridis, Dimitrios; Delfyett, Peter J.] Univ Cent Florida, CREOL, Coll Opt & Photon, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. [Ozharar, Sarper] Northwestern Univ, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. [Quinlan, Franklyn] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Ozdur, I (reprint author), Univ Cent Florida, CREOL, Coll Opt & Photon, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. EM iozdur@creol.ucf.edu; delfyett@creol.ucf.edu NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1092-8081 BN 978-1-4244-3680-4 J9 IEEE LEOS ANN MTG PY 2009 BP 491 EP + DI 10.1109/LEOS.2009.5343157 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BPP15 UT WOS:000279577600253 ER PT S AU Ozdur, I Akbulut, M Hoghooghi, N Mandridis, D Ozharar, S Quinlan, F Delfyett, PJ AF Ozdur, Ibrahim Akbulut, Mehmetcan Hoghooghi, Nazanin Mandridis, Dimitrios Ozharar, Sarper Quinlan, Franklyn Delfyett, Peter J. GP IEEE TI Optical Frequency Stabilized Coupled Optoelectronic Oscillator SO 2009 IEEE LEOS ANNUAL MEETING CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1AND 2 SE IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society (LEOS) Annual Meeting LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Annual Meeting of the IEEE-Photonics-Society CY OCT 04-08, 2009 CL Belek, TURKEY SP IEEE Photon Soc AB An optical frequency stabilized, coupled optoelectronic oscillator(COEO) with 1000 finesse intracavity etalon is presented with 10.287 GHz optical comb separation, <1 kHz optical linewidth and >121 dBc/Hz RF supermode noise spur suppression. C1 [Ozdur, Ibrahim; Akbulut, Mehmetcan; Hoghooghi, Nazanin; Mandridis, Dimitrios; Delfyett, Peter J.] Univ Cent Florida, CREOL, Coll Opt & Photon, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. [Ozharar, Sarper] Northwestern Univ, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. [Quinlan, Franklyn] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Ozdur, I (reprint author), Univ Cent Florida, CREOL, Coll Opt & Photon, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. EM iozdur@creol.ucf.edu; delfyett@creol.ucf.edu NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1092-8081 BN 978-1-4244-3680-4 J9 IEEE LEOS ANN MTG PY 2009 BP 507 EP + DI 10.1109/LEOS.2009.5343165 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BPP15 UT WOS:000279577600261 ER PT B AU Coddington, I Swann, WC Newbury, NR AF Coddington, Ian Swann, William C. Newbury, Nathan R. GP IEEE TI Measuring Optical Waveforms with Fiber Frequency Combs SO 2009 IEEE/LEOS WINTER TOPICALS MEETING SERIES (WTM 2009) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/LEOS Winter Topicals Meeting CY JAN 12-14, 2009 CL Innsbruck, AUSTRIA SP IEEE, LEOS ID NOBEL LECTURE AB A stabilized frequency comb provides a broadband array of highly resolved comb lines. Using a multiheterodyne technique, we measure the amplitude and phase of every comb line, allowing for massively parallel, high-resolution optical sampling. C1 [Coddington, Ian; Swann, William C.; Newbury, Nathan R.] NIST, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Coddington, I (reprint author), NIST, Div Optoelect, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM ian@nist.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-2610-2 PY 2009 BP 268 EP 269 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Optics SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Optics GA BJQ75 UT WOS:000267006500137 ER PT S AU Elsbury, MM Dresselhaus, PD Benz, SP Popovic, Z AF Elsbury, Michael M. Dresselhaus, Paul D. Benz, Samuel P. Popovic, Zoya GP IEEE TI Integrated Broadband Lumped-Element Symmetrical-Hybrid N-way Power Dividers SO 2009 IEEE/MTT-S INTERNATIONAL MICROWAVE SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-3 SE IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium CY JUN 07-12, 2009 CL Boston, MA SP IEEE MTTS DE Cryogenic electronics; Josephson arrays; lumped-element microwave circuits; microwave integrated circuits; power dividers; superconducting coils; superconducting microwave devices; superconducting integrated circuits AB This paper presents a monolithically-integrated, broadband, lumped-element, symmetrical-hybrid power divider centered at 20 GHz which was designed and fabricated to uniformly distribute power to arrays of Josephson junctions for superconducting voltage standards. This solution achieves a tenfold decrease in chip area, and a two-fold increase in bandwidth when compared to a standard distributed 180 degrees-hybrid by utilizing LC II sections and a coplanar-waveguide phase inverter instead of transmission lines. A single divider demonstrates 0.5 dB maximum insertion loss, and a 1.5:1 VSWR bandwidth of 1323 GHz. An eight-way, three-level, binary, power divider network is characterized in a divider/attenuator/combiner back-to-back measurement configuration with a 20 dB match bandwidth from 11.5-21.5 GHz. In the 15-22 GHz band of interest, the maximum insertion loss for the sixteen-way divider network is 1.0 dB, with an average of 0.5 dB. C1 [Elsbury, Michael M.; Popovic, Zoya] Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Dresselhaus, Paul D.; Benz, Samuel P.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Elsbury, MM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM elsbury@colorado.edu; paul.dresselhaus@nist.gov; samuel.benz@nist.gov; zoya@colorado.edu FU CU-NIST research; Hybrid Signal Electronics at the University of Colorado FX This work was supported in part by CU-NIST research symposium seed funding for collaborations and a Department of Education GAANN fellowship in Hybrid Signal Electronics at the University of Colorado. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0149-645X BN 978-1-4244-2803-8 J9 IEEE MTT S INT MICR PY 2009 BP 997 EP + DI 10.1109/MWSYM.2009.5165867 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BMS89 UT WOS:000273507400251 ER PT S AU Grossman, EN Dietlein, CR Leivo, M Rautiainen, A Luukanen, A AF Grossman, E. N. Dietlein, C. R. Leivo, M. Rautiainen, A. Luukanen, A. GP IEEE TI A Passive, Real-time, Terahertz Camera for Security Screening, using Superconducting Microbolometers SO 2009 IEEE/MTT-S INTERNATIONAL MICROWAVE SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-3 SE IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium CY JUN 07-12, 2009 CL Boston, MA SP IEEE MTTS DE Microbolometer; superconducting; terahertz; camera ID ELECTROTHERMAL FEEDBACK; CONVERSION GAIN; NOISE; BOLOMETERS; MIXERS AB We describe a broadband terahertz camera based on a modular 64-element linear array of hot-spot microbolometers Unlike many superconducting sensor arrays, the readout for this array is performed by entirely uncooled electronics; no SQUIDs or cryogenic HEMTs are employed. The operating principles for the microbolometer and the readout scheme are described and compared with those of similar superconducting sensors. C1 [Grossman, E. N.; Dietlein, C. R.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80304 USA. [Leivo, M.; Rautiainen, A.; Luukanen, A.] VTT Tech Res Ctr Finland, Espoo, Finland. RP Grossman, EN (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80304 USA. FU S&T Directorate of DHS FX The authors are grateful to the S&T Directorate of DHS for sponsoring this work. NR 13 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0149-645X BN 978-1-4244-2803-8 J9 IEEE MTT S INT MICR PY 2009 BP 1453 EP + DI 10.1109/MWSYM.2009.5165981 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BMS89 UT WOS:000273507400365 ER PT S AU Ren, J Kezunovic, M Stenbakken, G AF Ren, J. Kezunovic, M. Stenbakken, G. GP IEEE TI Dynamic Characterization of PMUs Using Step Signals SO 2009 IEEE POWER & ENERGY SOCIETY GENERAL MEETING, VOLS 1-8 SE IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting PESGM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT General Meeting of the IEEE-Power-and-Energy-Society CY JUL 26-30, 2009 CL Calgary, CANADA SP IEEE Power & Energy Soc DE phasor measurement unit (PMU); synchronized phasor; power grid; dynamic behavior; step test; phasor estimation; interleaving; coordinated universal time (UTC) AB Performance evaluation of PMUs to confirm the consistency of phasor measurements is of a great importance since it promotes the interchangeability among PMUs from different manufacturers. This paper presents a method for evaluating the dynamic performance of PM Us when exposed to a step change of input signals. A phasor estimation scheme is proposed to achieve high accuracy of reference phasors. An interleaving technique applied on output phasors can equivalently increase the reporting rate and can precisely depict the PMU behavior under the step input. Four types of tests with balanced and unbalanced three-phase step signals are performed as reference signals to characterize the step responses. A set of programs are developed to automate step-based tests. Three commercial PMUs are selected to perform step tests using the dynamic test system developed at NIST. The test results are outlined at the end. C1 [Ren, J.; Kezunovic, M.] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. [Stenbakken, G.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ren, J (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM j.f.ren@neo.tamu.edu; kezunov@ecc.tamu.edu; gstenbakken@nist.gov FU US DOC National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) [A1450] FX The work reported in this paper is funded by US DOC National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) under the Project A1450 titled Standardized Performance Test Protocols and Capabilities for Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1944-9925 BN 978-1-4244-4240-9 J9 IEEE POW ENER SOC GE PY 2009 BP 4270 EP 4275 PG 6 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA BNT85 UT WOS:000275524902048 ER PT S AU Leshkevich, GA Nghiem, SV AF Leshkevich, G. A. Nghiem, S. V. GP IEEE TI Using Satellite Radar Data to Map and Monitor Variations in Great Lakes Ice Cover SO 2009 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Radar Conference CY MAY 04-08, 2009 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE, IEEE Coastal, Los Angeles Sect, JPL, GRSS, MTT S, aess AB Satellite-borne radars, including synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and scatterometer data, are used to classify and map Great Lakes ice cover and to derive freeze-up date, breakup date, and ice cover duration. These are important indicators of regional climatic conditions. C1 [Leshkevich, G. A.] NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 4840 S State Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48108 USA. [Nghiem, S. V.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Leshkevich, GA (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 4840 S State Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48108 USA. EM George.Leshkevich@noaa.gov; Son.V.Nghiem@jpl.nasa.gov FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX The research carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This is GLERL Contribution No. 1490. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4244-2870-0 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2009 BP 11 EP 13 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BKN77 UT WOS:000268721800003 ER PT S AU Rott, H Cline, D Duguay, C Essery, R Haas, C Kern, M Macelloni, G Malnes, E Pulliainen, J Rebhan, H Yueh, S AF Rott, Helmut Cline, Don Duguay, Claude Essery, Richard Haas, Christian Kern, Michael Macelloni, Giovanni Malnes, Eirik Pulliainen, Jouni Rebhan, Helge Yueh, Simon GP IEEE TI CoReH2O - Cold Regions Hydrology High-resolution Observatory SO 2009 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Radar Conference CY MAY 04-08, 2009 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE, IEEE Coastal, Los Angeles Sect, JPL, GRSS, MTT S, aess AB The COld RE-ions Hydrology High-resolution Observatory (CoRe-H2O) satellite mission has been selected for scientific and technical studies within the ESA Earth Explorer Programme. The mission addresses the need for spatially detailed snow and ice observations in order to improve the representation of the cryosphere in climate models and to improve the knowledge and prediction of water cycle variability and changes. CoRe-H2O will observe the extent, water equivalent and melting state of the snow cover, accumulation and diagenetic facies of glaciers, permafrost features, and sea ice types. The sensor is a dual frequency SAR, operating at 17 GHz and 9.6 GHz, VV and VH polarizations. This configuration enables the decomposition of the scattering signal for retrieving physical properties of snow and ice. C1 [Rott, Helmut] Univ Innsbruck, Inst Meteorol & Geophys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. [Cline, Don] NOAA, NOHRSC, Chanhassen, MN USA. [Duguay, Claude] Univ Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. [Essery, Richard] Univ Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Midlothian, Scotland. [Haas, Christian] Alfred Wegener Inst, Bremerhaven, Germany. [Haas, Christian] Univ Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M7, Canada. [Macelloni, Giovanni] CNR, IFAC, Florence, Italy. [Malnes, Eirik] NORUT IT, Tromso, Norway. [Pulliainen, Jouni] Finnish Meteorol Inst, Helsinki, Finland. [Rebhan, Helge] Estec, ESA, Noordwijk, Netherlands. [Yueh, Simon] CALTECH, JPL, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Rott, H (reprint author), Univ Innsbruck, Inst Meteorol & Geophys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. RI Duguay, Claude/G-5682-2011; Macelloni, Giovanni /B-7518-2015 OI Duguay, Claude/0000-0002-1044-5850; FU European Space Agency, ESTEC [20756/07/NL/CB] FX The investigations were supported by the European Space Agency, ESTEC Contract No. 20756/07/NL/CB. We wish to thank Jiancheng Shi for making available his DMRT for backscatter modelling of snow. The work described in this paper that was performed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, was carried out under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4244-2870-0 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2009 BP 86 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BKN77 UT WOS:000268721800017 ER PT S AU Crain, GE Yeary, M Kidder, C Zahrai, A Zhang, G Doviak, R Palmer, R Yu, TY Xue, M Zhang, Y Xu, Q Chilson, P AF Crain, G. E. Yeary, M. Kidder, Chad Zahrai, A. Zhang, G. Doviak, R. Palmer, R. Yu, T-Y Xue, M. Zhang, Y. Xu, Q. Chilson, P. GP IEEE TI Multi-Channel Conversion of the National Weather Radar Testbed Receiver SO 2009 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Radar Conference CY MAY 04-08, 2009 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE, IEEE Coastal, Los Angeles Sect, JPL, GRSS, MTT S, aess AB The National Weather Radar Testbed (NWRT) system is based on WSR-88D technology enhanced with the significant capability of a Phased Array Antenna. The agile beam capability provides a unique and powerful tool to focus weather radar asset on observation of severe weather phenomena including structures that lead to formation of these storms. The NWRT system has demonstrated the ability to provide weather data consistent with that from adjacent WSR systems at greatly reduced volume coverage time. Significant success has been reported in use of this tool for gathering and presenting specific, real-time storm-cell 3-D data to weather scientists and meteorologists for in-depth interpretation of these pencil-beam radar returns. Specific extensions to the conventional weather radar capabilities now in place include Beam Multiplexing (spatial filtering), Oversampling and Whitening (signal processing) and Transverse Wind Estimation (multi-beam). The latter capability has recently been added by activating the difference beam channels of the array and sequentially sampling and comparing these with the conventional sum-only mode. Under the auspices of a National Science Foundation, Major Research Instrument (NSF/MRI) grant, and in cooperation with the United States Navy, the NWRT is now being extended with an 8-channel digital receiver for simultaneous processing of sum, difference and ancillary beam returns. Expectations are high that application of multi-beam adaptation algorithms and other signal processing techniques using multiple channels will lead to improved detection and storm queuing techniques to greatly extend the forecast lead time for severe storms. Multi-channel capability also opens the NWRT for the possibility of testing Multi-Function radar system algorithms and operations. This paper will describe the attributes of the COTS, rf-system extensions and the specific steps being taken to baseline these changes to the current NWRT system performance. C1 [Crain, G. E.; Yeary, M.; Kidder, Chad; Yu, T-Y; Zhang, Y.] Univ Oklahoma, Sch Elect & Comp Engn, Norman, OK 73019 USA. [Crain, G. E.; Yeary, M.; Kidder, Chad; Zhang, G.; Palmer, R.; Yu, T-Y; Zhang, Y.; Chilson, P.] Atmospher Radar Res Ctr, Norman, OK 73019 USA. [Zhang, G.; Palmer, R.; Xue, M.; Chilson, P.] Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. [Zahrai, A.; Doviak, R.; Xu, Q.] Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73019 USA. [Xue, M.] Univ Oklahoma, Ctr Anal & Predict Storms, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Crain, GE (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Sch Elect & Comp Engn, Norman, OK 73019 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4244-2870-0 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2009 BP 315 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BKN77 UT WOS:000268721800065 ER PT B AU Kitching, J Knappe, S Griffith, WC Preusser, J Gerginov, V Schwindt, PDD Shah, V Jimenez-Martinez, R AF Kitching, John Knappe, Svenja Griffith, W. Clark Preusser, Jan Gerginov, Vladislav Schwindt, Peter D. D. Shah, Vishal Jimenez-Martinez, Ricardo GP IEEE TI Uncooled, Millimeter-Scale Atomic Magnetometers with Femtotesla Sensitivity SO 2009 IEEE SENSORS, VOLS 1-3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th IEEE Conference on Sensors CY OCT 25-28, 2009 CL Christchurch, NEW ZEALAND SP IEEE Sensors Council ID VAPOR CELLS AB We summarize recent results at NIST to develop high-performance yet highly miniaturized magnetic sensors based on atomic vapors confined in microfabricated alkali vapor cells. These sensors currently achieve sensitivities in the range of a few tens of femtotesla in a 1 Hz bandwidth in detection volumes of about 1 mm(3). They require no cooling and only a small amount of heating, making them ideal for deployment in remote, power starved locations. C1 [Kitching, John; Knappe, Svenja; Griffith, W. Clark; Preusser, Jan; Gerginov, Vladislav; Schwindt, Peter D. D.] NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO USA. [Shah, Vishal; Jimenez-Martinez, Ricardo] Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Kitching, J (reprint author), NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO USA. FU DARPA; SERDP; NIST FX We acknowledge funding from DARPA, SERDP and NIST. This work is a contribution of NIST, an agency of the US government, and is not subject to copyright. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 9 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-4548-6 PY 2009 BP 1844 EP + DI 10.1109/ICSENS.2009.5398417 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BPT80 UT WOS:000279891700404 ER PT B AU Read, DT Geiss, RH AF Read, D. T. Geiss, R. H. GP IEEE TI Micrometer-width damascene copper conductors at >= 10 MA/cm(2) SO 2009 IEEE VEHICLE POWER AND PROPULSION CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-3 SE IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference VPPC LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC 09) CY SEP 07-11, 2009 CL Dearborn, MI SP IEEE DE alternating current; fatigue; grain; void ID FATIGUE; LINES; INTERCONNECTS; GROWTH; FILMS AB We have applied high amplitude (similar to 10 MA/cm(2)) alternating current (AC) at 100 Hz and direct current (DC) to copper interconnect lines with widths in the few-micrometer range covered with a thick layer of SiO(2). Under our test conditions of Joule heating, the lines typically fail with lifetimes from 100 to 100,000 s, with a well-defined correlation between cyclic temperature range and the logarithm of lifetime. Post-test scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination reveals substantial voiding and grain growth, particularly in AC tests at the higher cyclic temperature ranges. Lines without the full SiO(2) constraint fail much sooner than the constrained lines for similar cyclic temperature ranges. The less-constrained lines also had surface contours that were not present on the fully constrained lines. Optical observations during the tests indicate that the void generation behavior appears different during the AC and DC tests, with a saturation behavior occurring in the AC tests, sometimes long before failure. The distributed void density in our AC tests was at least as great as that in the DC tests. C1 [Read, D. T.; Geiss, R. H.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Read, DT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM read@boulder.nist.gov NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-2600-3 J9 IEEE VEHICLE POWER PY 2009 BP 1038 EP 1042 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Transportation Science & Technology SC Engineering; Transportation GA BPT91 UT WOS:000279924000166 ER PT B AU AL-Omari, M Qahwaji, R Colak, T Ipson, S Balch, C AF AL-Omari, M. Qahwaji, R. Colak, T. Ipson, S. Balch, C. BE Ugail, H Earnshaw, RA Qahwaji, RSR Willis, PJ TI Next-Day Prediction of Sunspots Area and McIntosh Classifications using Hidden Markov Models SO 2009 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CYBERWORLDS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Cyberworlds (CW 2009) CY SEP 07-11, 2009 CL Bradford, ENGLAND SP IEEE Comp Soc, ACM, Eurographics DE Space Weather; Hidden Markov Models (HMMs); Sunspot Regions; McIntosh Classification; Real-Time Prediction ID SPEECH RECOGNITION; PROTON FLARES; ASSOCIATIONS AB In this paper, Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) are used to study the evolution of sunspots and to develop a model that can be used to predict the McIntosh class and the sunspot area for the sunspot under investigation for the next 24 hours. The testing results show accuracy in the prediction of next-day area and McIntosh classification reaching up to 71% and 60% respectively, when studied on the period from 18/08/1996 till 31/03/2006. C1 [AL-Omari, M.; Qahwaji, R.; Colak, T.; Ipson, S.] Univ Bradford, Sch Comp Informat & Media, Bradford BD7 1DP, W Yorkshire, England. [Balch, C.] NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Space Weather Predict Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. RP AL-Omari, M (reprint author), Univ Bradford, Sch Comp Informat & Media, Bradford BD7 1DP, W Yorkshire, England. EM m.h.al-omari@brad.ac.uk; r.s.r.qahwaji@brad.ac.uk; t.colak@brad.ac.uk; s.s.ipson@brad.ac.uk; christopher.balch@noaa.gov NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-4864-7 PY 2009 BP 253 EP + DI 10.1109/CW.2009.10 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Robotics SC Computer Science; Engineering; Robotics GA BNF28 UT WOS:000274326100037 ER PT S AU Safronova, MS Kozlov, MG Jiang, D Arora, B Clark, CW Safronova, UI Johnson, WR AF Safronova, M. S. Kozlov, M. G. Jiang, Dansha Arora, Bindiya Clark, Charles W. Safronova, U. I. Johnson, W. R. GP IEEE TI Blackbody Radiation Shifts and Theoretical Contributions to Atomic Clock Research SO 2009 JOINT MEETING OF THE EUROPEAN FREQUENCY AND TIME FORUM AND THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Meeting of the 23rd European Frequency and Time Forum/IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium CY APR 20-24, 2009 CL Besancon, FRANCE SP Conseil Reg Franche Comte, Ville Besancon, NIST, IEEE, UFFC Soc, Jet Propuls Lab, Symmetricom, OEwaves, Vectron, Conseil Gen Doubs, Communaute Agglomerat Grand Besancon, Univ Franche Comte, Minist Rech & Enseignement Superieur, Soc Francaise Microtech & Chronometrie, Frequency Elect ID ALKALI-METAL ATOMS; ABSOLUTE FREQUENCY; ENERGY-LEVELS; LASER; TRANSITION AB A review of the theoretical calculations of the black-body radiation (BBR) shifts in various systems of interest to the atomic clock research in presented. The calculations for monovalent systems, such as Ca+, Sr+, and Rb are carried out using the relativistic all-order single-double method where all single and double excitations of the Dirac-Fock wave function are included to all orders of perturbation theory. New method for accurate calculations of BBR shifts for divalent systems such as Sr is discussed. The new approach combines the relativistic all-order method and the configuration interaction method. The evaluation of the uncertainty of the BBR shift values is discussed in detail. C1 [Safronova, M. S.; Jiang, Dansha; Arora, Bindiya] Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA. [Kozlov, M. G.] Petresburg Nucl Phys Inst, Gatchina 188300, Russia. [Clark, Charles W.] Univ Maryland, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Safronova, U. I.] Univ Nevada, Dept Phys, Reno, NV 89557 USA. [Johnson, W. R.] Univ Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. RP Safronova, MS (reprint author), Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA. EM msafrono@udel.edu RI Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009; Kozlov, Mikhail/D-8963-2011 OI Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885; Kozlov, Mikhail/0000-0002-7751-6553 FU US Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology; US National Science Foundation [PHY-07-58088]; RFBR [08-02-00460] FX Part of this research was performed under the sponsorship of the US Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology. This work was supported in part by US National Science Foundation Grant No. PHY-07-58088 and by the RFBR grant No. 08-02-00460. MGK thanks University of Delaware for hospitality. NR 44 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 978-1-4244-3511-1 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2009 BP 132 EP + DI 10.1109/FREQ.2009.5168156 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Physics; Telecommunications GA BNK79 UT WOS:000274814900026 ER PT S AU Hati, A Nelson, CW Howe, DA AF Hati, A. Nelson, C. W. Howe, D. A. GP IEEE TI Effect of Vibration on PM and AM noise of Oscillatory and Non-oscillatory Components at 10 GHz SO 2009 JOINT MEETING OF THE EUROPEAN FREQUENCY AND TIME FORUM AND THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Meeting of the 23rd European Frequency and Time Forum/IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium CY APR 20-24, 2009 CL Besancon, FRANCE SP Conseil Reg Franche Comte, Ville Besancon, NIST, IEEE, UFFC Soc, Jet Propuls Lab, Symmetricom, OEwaves, Vectron, Conseil Gen Doubs, Communaute Agglomerat Grand Besancon, Univ Franche Comte, Minist Rech & Enseignement Superieur, Soc Francaise Microtech & Chronometrie, Frequency Elect ID ACCELERATION SENSITIVITY; CRYSTAL-OSCILLATORS AB The performance of microwave components is sensitive to vibrations to some extent. Among them, microwave cables and connectors, bandpass filters, mechanical phase shifters and some nonlinear components are the most sensitive. The local oscillator is one of the prime performance-limiting components in microwave systems ranging from simple RF receivers to advanced radars. The increasing present and future demand for low acceleration sensitive oscillators, approaching 10(-13)/g, requires a re-examination of sensitivities of basic nonoscillatory building block components under vibration. The purpose of this paper is to study the phase-modulation (PM) noise performance of an assortment of oscillatory and nonoscillatory microwave components under vibration at 10 GHz. We point out some challenges and provide suggestions for accurate measurement of vibration sensitivity of these components. We also study the effect of vibration on the amplitude-modulation (AM) noise. C1 [Hati, A.; Nelson, C. W.; Howe, D. A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. RP Hati, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. EM archita@boulder.nist.gov NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 978-1-4244-3511-1 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2009 BP 524 EP 529 DI 10.1109/FREQ.2009.5168236 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Physics; Telecommunications GA BNK79 UT WOS:000274814900106 ER PT S AU Levi, F Calosso, C Calonico, D Lorini, L Bertacco, EK Godone, A Costanzo, GA Mongino, B Jefferts, SR Heavner, TP Donley, EA AF Levi, Filippo Calosso, Claudio Calonico, Davide Lorini, Luca Bertacco, Elio K. Godone, Aldo Costanzo, Giovanni A. Mongino, Barbara Jefferts, Steven R. Heavner, Thomas P. Donley, Elizabeth A. GP IEEE TI The Cryogenic Fountain ITCsF2 SO 2009 JOINT MEETING OF THE EUROPEAN FREQUENCY AND TIME FORUM AND THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Meeting of the 23rd European Frequency and Time Forum/IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium CY APR 20-24, 2009 CL Besancon, FRANCE SP Conseil Reg Franche Comte, Ville Besancon, NIST, IEEE, UFFC Soc, Jet Propuls Lab, Symmetricom, OEwaves, Vectron, Conseil Gen Doubs, Communaute Agglomerat Grand Besancon, Univ Franche Comte, Minist Rech & Enseignement Superieur, Soc Francaise Microtech & Chronometrie, Frequency Elect ID ACCURACY EVALUATION; ATOMIC FOUNTAIN; SHIFT; INRIM AB This paper describes the new twin laser-cooled Cs fountain primary frequency standards NIST-F2 and IT-CsF2, and presents their most innovative design features. Most significant is a cryogenic microwave interrogation region which dramatically reduces the blackbody radiation shift. We present as well a preliminary accuracy evaluation of IT-CsF2. C1 [Levi, Filippo; Calosso, Claudio; Calonico, Davide; Lorini, Luca; Bertacco, Elio K.; Godone, Aldo] Ist Nazl Ric Metrol, Turin, Italy. [Costanzo, Giovanni A.; Mongino, Barbara] Politecn Torino, Turin, Italy. [Jefferts, Steven R.; Heavner, Thomas P.; Donley, Elizabeth A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Time & Frequency Div, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. RP Levi, F (reprint author), Ist Nazl Ric Metrol, Turin, Italy. EM f.levi@inrim.it RI Donley, Elizabeth/A-4525-2010; CALONICO, Davide/J-9158-2016; OI CALONICO, Davide/0000-0002-0345-859X; COSTANZO, Giovanni Antonio/0000-0002-7474-0349 NR 17 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 978-1-4244-3511-1 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2009 BP 769 EP + DI 10.1109/FREQ.2009.5168289 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Physics; Telecommunications GA BNK79 UT WOS:000274814900159 ER PT S AU Preusser, J Knappe, S Kitching, J Gerginov, V AF Preusser, Jan Knappe, Svenja Kitching, John Gerginov, Vladislav GP IEEE TI A microfabricated photonic magnetometer SO 2009 JOINT MEETING OF THE EUROPEAN FREQUENCY AND TIME FORUM AND THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Meeting of the 23rd European Frequency and Time Forum/IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium CY APR 20-24, 2009 CL Besancon, FRANCE SP Conseil Reg Franche Comte, Ville Besancon, NIST, IEEE, UFFC Soc, Jet Propuls Lab, Symmetricom, OEwaves, Vectron, Conseil Gen Doubs, Communaute Agglomerat Grand Besancon, Univ Franche Comte, Minist Rech & Enseignement Superieur, Soc Francaise Microtech & Chronometrie, Frequency Elect AB We present initial measurements of an atomic magnetometer in which the microfabricated sensor head is coupled to the control system by optical fibers. Because there are no electrical connections, the sensor head is largely nonmagnetic, and degradation of the magnetometer performance due to internal magnetic fields is avoided. The sensor head is fabricated by use of methods derived from micro-electromechanical (MEMS) systems and integrated with off-the-shelf micro-optical components. Light is coupled through fibers to and from the sensor head for interrogation of the atoms as well as temperature stabilization of the vapor cell. C1 [Preusser, Jan; Knappe, Svenja; Kitching, John] NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Gerginov, Vladislav] PTB, Braunschweig, Germany. RP Preusser, J (reprint author), NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM knappe@boulder.nist.gov NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 8 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 978-1-4244-3511-1 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2009 BP 1180 EP + DI 10.1109/FREQ.2009.5168385 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Physics; Telecommunications GA BNK79 UT WOS:000274814900255 ER PT B AU Elvidge, CD Erwin, EH Baugh, KE Ziskin, D Tuttle, BT Ghosh, T Sutton, PC AF Elvidge, Christopher D. Erwin, Edward H. Baugh, Kimberly E. Ziskin, Daniel Tuttle, Benjamin T. Ghosh, Tilottama Sutton, Paul C. GP IEEE TI Overview of DMSP Nightime Lights and Future Possibilities SO 2009 JOINT URBAN REMOTE SENSING EVENT, VOLS 1-3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Workshop on Urban Remote Sensing CY MAY 20-22, 2009 CL Shanghai, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Int Soc Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Shanghai Assoc Sci & Technol AB The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Operational Linescan System (OLS) has a unique capability to collect low-light imaging data of the earth at night. The OLS and its predecessors have collected this style of data on a nightly global basis since 1972. The digital archive of OLS data extends back to 1992. Over the years several global nighttime tights products have been generated. NGDC has now produced a set of global cloud-free nighttime lights products, specifically processed for the detection of changes in lighting emitted by human settlements, spanning 1992-93 to 2008. While the OLS is far from ideal for observing nighttime fights, the DMSP nighttime lights products have been successfully used in modeling the spatial distribution of population density, carbon emissions, and economic activity. C1 [Elvidge, Christopher D.; Erwin, Edward H.] NOAA Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Earth Observat Grp, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Baugh, Kimberly E.; Ziskin, Daniel] CIRES Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Tuttle, Benjamin T.; Ghosh, Tilottama; Sutton, Paul C.] Univ Denver, Dept Geog, Denver, CO 80208 USA. RP Elvidge, CD (reprint author), NOAA Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Earth Observat Grp, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM chris.elvidge@noaa.gov NR 10 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 12 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-3460-2 PY 2009 BP 1665 EP + PG 3 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA BLT13 UT WOS:000270972300283 ER PT B AU Kelley, EF Lang, K Silverstein, LD Brill, MH AF Kelley, Edward F. Lang, Karl Silverstein, Louis D. Brill, Michael H. BE Morreale, J TI Projector Flux from Color Primaries SO 2009 SID INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM DIGEST OF TECHNICAL PAPERS, VOL XL, BOOKS I - III LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 47th Annual Symposium of the Society-for-Information-Display CY MAY 31-JUN 05, 2009 CL San Antonio, TX SP Soc Informat Display ID GAMUT AB A standard methodology exists for estimating the flux from front projection displays by sampling the projected illuminance of a white source signal. With the advent and use of white projection primaries, a dramatic increase in flux can be achieved over the combination of red, green, and blue primaries alone. However, saturated-color areas in an image are constrained to low flux levels relative to the display maximum and further undergo a perceptual compression in relative lightness when a white primary is used. As a result, bright saturated colors cannot be rendered accurately and the appearance of full-color imagery is distorted. Due to these problems, the display of color-accurate imagery does not generally use the white primary. We verify a measurement method that fills the need for providing an equivalent flux measurement that will better describe the performance of all RGB and RGBW projectors when they render full-color imagery. C1 [Kelley, Edward F.] NIST, Boulder, CO USA. RP Kelley, EF (reprint author), NIST, Boulder, CO USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC INFORMATION DISPLAY PI CAMPBELL PA 1475 S BASCOM AVE, STE 114, CAMPBELL, CA 95008 USA PY 2009 BP 224 EP 227 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BMN94 UT WOS:000272997600060 ER PT B AU Hwang, J Xie, T Hu, VC AF Hwang, JeeHyun Xie, Tao Hu, Vincent C. GP IEEE TI Detection of Multiple-Duty-Related Security Leakage in Access Control Policies SO 2009 THIRD IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SECURE SOFTWARE INTEGRATION AND RELIABILITY IMPROVEMENT, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Secure Software Integration and Reliability Improvement CY JUL 08-10, 2009 CL Shanghai, PEOPLES R CHINA SP IEEE Reliabil Soc, Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ DE Validation; Policy Verification; Access Control Policies AB Access control mechanisms control which subjects (such as users or processes) have access to which resources. To facilitate managing access control, policy authors increasingly write access control policies in XACML. Access control policies written in XACML could be amenable to multiple-duty-related.security leakage, which grants unauthorized access to a user when the user takes multiple duties (e.g., multiple roles in role-based access control policies). To help policy authors detect multiple-duty-related security leakage, we develop a novel framework that analyzes policies and detects cases that potentially cause the leakage. In such cases, a user taking multiple roles (e.g., both r(1) and r(2)) is given a different access decision from the decision given to a user taking an individual role (e.g., r(1) and r(2), respectively). We conduct experiments on II XACML policies and our empirical results show that our framework effectively pinpoints potential multiple-duty-related security leakage for policy authors to inspect. C1 [Hwang, JeeHyun; Xie, Tao] North Carolina State Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. [Hu, Vincent C.] NIST, Comp Secur Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hwang, J (reprint author), North Carolina State Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM jhwang4@ncsu.edu; xie@csc.ncsu.edu; vincent.hu@nist.gov FU NSF [CNS-0716579]; NIST FX This work is supported in part by NSF grant CNS-0716579 and its NIST supplement. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 978-0-7695-3758-0 PY 2009 BP 65 EP 74 DI 10.1109/SSIRI.2009.63 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BNL83 UT WOS:000274878700008 ER PT S AU Raman, B Hertz, JL Benkstein, KD Meier, DC Mungle, CS Semancik, S AF Raman, B. Hertz, J. L. Benkstein, K. D. Meier, D. C. Mungle, C. S. Semancik, S. BE Li, J Vanysek, P Brown, R BrucknerLea, C Hatchet, D Josowicz, M TI Generating and Using Data of Higher Dimension for Gas-Phase Chemical Sensing SO 35 YEARS OF CHEMICAL SENSORS - AN HONORARY SYMPOSIUM FOR PROFESSOR JIRI JANATA'S 70TH BIRTHDAY CELEBRATION SE ECS Transactions LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on Emerging Materials for Post-CMOS Applications held at the 215th Meeting of the Electrochemical-Society CY MAY 25-29, 2009 CL San Francisco, CA SP Electrochem Soc AB Methods to acquire and analyze rich data streams from sensors are helpful, if not required, to track chemical components within complex gas-phase environments. We describe a MEMS-based microsensor technology that populates multi-element arrays with multiple sensing materials and also cycles the temperatures of the elements as a function of time. Various processing methods have been applied to the resulting databases in order to recognize and classify target analytes in dynamic background conditions. C1 [Raman, B.; Hertz, J. L.; Benkstein, K. D.; Meier, D. C.; Mungle, C. S.; Semancik, S.] NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Raman, B (reprint author), NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Hertz, Joshua/B-7239-2012 OI Hertz, Joshua/0000-0003-0650-5141 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA SN 1938-5862 BN 978-1-56677-714-8 J9 ECS TRANSACTIONS PY 2009 VL 19 IS 6 BP 255 EP 260 DI 10.1149/1.3118559 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Electrochemistry SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry GA BMJ68 UT WOS:000272592400028 ER PT B AU Shao, GD McLean, C Brodsky, A Ammann, P AF Shao, Guodong McLean, Charles Brodsky, Alexander Ammann, Paul BE Das, DB Nassehi, V Deka, L TI PARAMETER VALIDATION USING CONSTRAINT OPTIMIZATION FOR MODELING AND SIMULATION SO 7TH INDUSTRIAL SIMULATION CONFERENCE 2009 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Industrial Simulation Conference CY JUN 01-03, 2009 CL Loughborough, ENGLAND SP ETI, Loughborough Univ, I Chem, EUROSIS, AEKI, CREAX, ENSAIT, Ghent Univ, UPV DE Modeling and Simulation (M&S); Verification and Validation (V&V); Model Parameter; Optimization AB Modeling and simulation (M&S) techniques are increasingly being used to solve problems and aid decision making in many different fields. Results of simulations are expected to provide reliable information for decision makers. But potential errors may be introduced during the M&S development lifecycle. It is critical to ensure to build the right model and the model is built right. M&S community has had intensive Verification and Validation (V&V) research. But V&V activities are often not formally performed in most of the cases. For those who perform V&V activities, they normally wait until development of the simulation modeling is finished. Practical and solid validation techniques are hence needed. In this paper, the authors propose a validation methodology that allows parallel simulation development and model parameter validation, i.e. first the simulation model can be built with unknown parameters included; and then, those parameters can be estimated using a built-in constraint optimizer. Finally the initially unknown parameters are replaced with the found optimal values. The model is then ready for future output prediction. As an example application, a simple supply chain cost simulation model was discussed using the proposed methodology. C1 [Shao, Guodong; McLean, Charles] NIST, Mfg Simulat & Modeling Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Shao, GD (reprint author), NIST, Mfg Simulat & Modeling Grp, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8260, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM gshao@nist.gov; mclean@nist.gov; Brodsky@gmu.edu; Pammann@gmu.edu NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU EUROSIS PI GHENT PA GHENT UNIV, COUPURE LINKS 653, GHENT, B-9000, BELGIUM BN 978-9-07738-148-9 PY 2009 BP 21 EP 25 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BPW77 UT WOS:000280184200003 ER PT S AU Brizuela, F Brewer, C Fernandez, S Martz, D Marconi, M Chao, W Anderson, EH Vinogradov, AV Artyukov, IA Ponomareko, AG Kondratenko, VV Attwood, DT Bertness, KA Sanford, NA Rocca, JJ Menonil, CS AF Brizuela, F. Brewer, C. Fernandez, S. Martz, D. Marconi, M. Chao, W. Anderson, E. H. Vinogradov, A. V. Artyukov, I. A. Ponomareko, A. G. Kondratenko, V. V. Attwood, D. T. Bertness, K. A. Sanford, N. A. Rocca, J. J. Menonil, C. S. BE David, C Nolting, F Quitmann, C Stampanoni, M Pfeiffer, F TI High resolution full-field imaging of nanostructures using compact extreme ultraviolet lasers SO 9TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON X-RAY MICROSCOPY SE Journal of Physics Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on X-Ray Microscopy CY JUL 21-25, 2008 CL ETH, Zurich, SWITZERLAND SP XRADIA, Euro Round Table Synchrotrons Free Electron Lasers, Ctr Imag Sci Tech Zurich, Swiss Natl Sci Fdn, Paul Scherrer Inst HO ETH ID X-RAY MICROSCOPY AB Recent advances in the development of high peak brightness table-top extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and soft x-ray (SRX) lasers have opened new opportunities for the demonstration of compact full-field EUV/SXR microscopes capable of capturing images with short exposures down to a single laser shot. We demonstrate the practical application of table-top zone plate EUV microscopes that can image nanostructures with a spatial resolution of 54 nm and below and exposure times as short as 1.2 ns, the duration of a single laser shot. C1 [Brizuela, F.; Brewer, C.; Fernandez, S.; Martz, D.; Marconi, M.; Rocca, J. J.; Menonil, C. S.] Colorado State Univ, NSF Engn Res Ctr Extreme Ultraviolet Sci & Techno, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Chao, W.; Anderson, E. H.; Attwood, D. T.] Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Ctr X Ray Opt, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Chao, W.; Anderson, E. H.; Attwood, D. T.] Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, NSF Engn Res Ctr Extreme Ultraviolet Sci & Techno, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Vinogradov, A. V.; Artyukov, I. A.] PN Lebedev Phys Inst, Moscow, Russia. [Ponomareko, A. G.; Kondratenko, V. V.] Natl Tech Univ KhPI, Kharkov, Ukraine. [Bertness, K. A.; Sanford, N. A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. RP Brizuela, F (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, NSF Engn Res Ctr Extreme Ultraviolet Sci & Techno, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM brizuela@engr.colostate.edu RI Martz, Dale/A-9693-2012; Artyukov, Igor/B-3105-2009; Vinogradov, Alexander/M-5331-2015 OI Artyukov, Igor/0000-0001-7915-697X; FU Engineering Research Centers Program of the National Science Foundation under NSF [EEC-0310717]; U.S. Civilian Research and Development Foundation [2845-MO-06] FX This work was supported by the Engineering Research Centers Program of the National Science Foundation under NSF Award Number EEC-0310717, a nd by the Cooperative Gran program of the U.S. Civilian Research and Development Foundation under Award Number 2845-MO-06. We acknowledge Prof. R. Solanki for the diatom samples. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1742-6588 J9 J PHYS CONF SER PY 2009 VL 186 AR UNSP 012026 DI 10.1088/1742-6596/186/1/012026 PG 3 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA BQW79 UT WOS:000282023900026 ER PT J AU Cipriano, BH Kashiwagi, T Zhang, X Raghavan, SR AF Cipriano, Bani H. Kashiwagi, Takashi Zhang, Xin Raghavan, Srinivasa R. TI A Simple Method To Improve the Clarity and Rheological Properties of Polymer/Clay Nanocomposites by Using Fractionated Clay Particles SO ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES LA English DT Article DE polymer nanocomposites; organoclay; rheology; transparency ID LAYERED-SILICATE NANOCOMPOSITES; SCATTERING AB We present a simple method to improve the transparency and rheological properties of polystyrene/organoclay nanocomposites. Such composites are typically prepared using organophilic derivatives of commercial montmorillonite (MMT) clays that contain a wide range of particle sizes. Our approach is to fractionate the native MMT clay to exclude large aggregates and then modify the fractionated clay (FMT) by a surfactant treatment (the resulting organoclay is termed o-FMT). Polystyrene nanocomposites made From the o-FMT are then compared with those made from a commercial organoclay having the same surfactant treatment. The o-FMT-based composites exhibit much better rheological properties (e.g., their elastic moduli at low frequencies are similar to 10 times higher) at equivalent mass loadings. Moreover, the o-FMT-based materials also have better transparency: e.g., a 10% o-FMT sample transmits as much light as a sample with 5% commercial clay. Transmission electron microscopy confirms that these differences in properties are related to microscructural differences; i.e., large aggregates are generally absent in the o-FMT samples. Clay fractionation may thus be a general strategy to enhance the properties of polymer/clay nanocomposites. C1 [Cipriano, Bani H.; Raghavan, Srinivasa R.] Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Zhang, Xin] Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Kashiwagi, Takashi] NIST, Fire Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Raghavan, SR (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM sraghava@eng.umd.edu RI Zhang, Xin/G-7362-2011; Cipriano, Bani/G-9239-2011 FU NIST BFRL extramural grants program [70NANB4H-1001] FX Funding for this work was provided by the NIST BFRL extramural grants program (Grant 70NANB4H-1001). We acknowledge the assistance of UMD undergraduates George Chacko, Gary Cheng, and Alexander Salimian in performing some of the experiments described in this paper. NR 16 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1944-8244 J9 ACS APPL MATER INTER JI ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces PD JAN PY 2009 VL 1 IS 1 BP 130 EP 135 DI 10.1021/am8000693 PG 6 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 463HE UT WOS:000267421200020 PM 20355764 ER PT J AU Hobbie, EK Fagan, JA Becker, ML Hudson, SD Fakhri, N Pasquali, M AF Hobbie, Erik K. Fagan, Jeffrey A. Becker, Matthew L. Hudson, Steven D. Fakhri, Nikta Pasquali, Matteo TI Self-Assembly of Ordered Nanowires in Biological Suspensions of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes SO ACS NANO LA English DT Article DE single-wall carbon nanotubes; biological surfactants; self-assembly; near-infrared photoluminescence ID WATER; LENGTH; FLUORESCENCE AB We investigate the self-assembly of ordered nanowires from length-purified single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in aqueous suspensions of the biological surfactant sodium deoxycholate. Macroscopically straight and nearly periodic linear arrangements of aligned individual SWCNTs are found to self-assemble in two-dimensional geometries from nanotube suspensions that are otherwise stable in the bulk, which we attribute to a dominance of surface effects under strong confinement. Directed self-assembly is explored through surface patterning, opening up new potential routes to nanotube manipulation for optical diagnostics and applications that require ordered arrangements of mutually aligned SWCNTs. The stability of these structures to thermal fluctuations and changes in solution chemistry are surveyed with near-infrared fluorescence microscopy. C1 [Hobbie, Erik K.; Fagan, Jeffrey A.; Becker, Matthew L.; Hudson, Steven D.] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Fakhri, Nikta; Pasquali, Matteo] Rice Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Houston, TX 77251 USA. RP Hobbie, EK (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM erik.hobbie@nist.gov RI Fakhri, Nikta/B-4657-2008; Pasquali, Matteo/A-2489-2008; Hobbie, Erik/C-8269-2013; OI Fakhri, Nikta/0000-0003-1261-7465; Pasquali, Matteo/0000-0001-5951-395X; Fagan, Jeffrey/0000-0003-1483-5554 NR 25 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 26 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1936-0851 J9 ACS NANO JI ACS Nano PD JAN PY 2009 VL 3 IS 1 BP 189 EP 196 DI 10.1021/nn800609y PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 401PH UT WOS:000262953200027 PM 19206266 ER PT J AU Rice, MA Waters, KR Anseth, KS AF Rice, Mark A. Waters, Kendall R. Anseth, Kristi S. TI Ultrasound monitoring of cartilaginous matrix evolution in degradable PEG hydrogels SO ACTA BIOMATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE Cartilage; Degradable hydrogel; Poly(ethylene glycol); Ultrasound; Tissue engineering ID TISSUE-ENGINEERED CARTILAGE; ARTICULAR-CARTILAGE; MAMMALIAN-TISSUES; CHONDROCYTES; COMPILATION; ATTENUATION; EXPANSION; THICKNESS; COLLAGEN AB Ultrasound has potential as a non-destructive analytical technique to provide real-time online assessments of matrix evolution in cell-hydrogel constructs used in tissue engineering. In these studies, chondrocytes were encapsulated in poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels, and gel degradation was manipulated to provide conditions with varying distribution of the large cartilage extracellular matrix molecule, collagen. Mechanical properties and matrix accumulations were simultaneously measured for each condition during 9.5 weeks of in vitro culture. Ultrasound data were used to construct cross-sectional B-scan images for qualitative observations of evolving constructs. Ultrasound data were also analyzed to calculate the speed of sound (SoS) and slope of attenuation (SoA) in developing constructs and a non-degrading hydrogel control without encapsulated chondrocytes. SoS and SoA were calculated from 50 and 100 MHz ultrasound data, and sample correlation coefficients were calculated to identify important relationships between these ultrasound parameters and mechanical/biochemical properties of the evolving matrix. SoA appears to be more sensitive to the density of accumulated matrix molecules than SoS, while SoS appeared to be more sensitive to mechanical modulus than SoA in measurements performed at 100 MHz. Correlation analysis revealed that ultrasound measurements at 100 MHz are more likely to be good predictors of matrix evolution and neotissue function than measurements at 50 MHz. Rigorous studies of the relationships identified in this study will lead to non-destructive real-time monitoring that will be useful in combination with bioreactors used to promote and study cartilage regeneration. (C) 2008 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Rice, Mark A.; Anseth, Kristi S.] Univ Colorado, Dept Biol & Chem Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Waters, Kendall R.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Anseth, Kristi S.] Univ Colorado, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Anseth, KS (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Biol & Chem Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM kristi.anseth@colorado.edu FU Howard Hughes Medical Institute; NIAMS NIH HHS [R01 AR053126, R01 AR053126-01, R01 AR53126] NR 34 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1742-7061 J9 ACTA BIOMATER JI Acta Biomater. PD JAN PY 2009 VL 5 IS 1 BP 152 EP 161 DI 10.1016/j.actbio.2008.07.036 PG 10 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 386ZV UT WOS:000261922400017 PM 18793879 ER PT J AU Tung, M Gallagher, DT AF Tung, Michael Gallagher, D. Travis TI The Biomolecular Crystallization Database Version 4: expanded content and new features SO ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID PROTEIN DATA-BANK; MATRIX AB The Biological Macromolecular Crystallization Database (BMCD) has been a publicly available resource since 1988, providing a curated archive of information on crystal growth for proteins and other biological macromolecules. The BMCD content has recently been expanded to include 14 372 crystal entries. The resource continues to be freely available at http://xpdb.nist.gov:8060/BMCD4. In addition, the software has been adapted to support the Java-based Lucene query language, enabling detailed searching over specific parameters, and explicit search of parameter ranges is offered for five numeric variables. Extensive tools have been developed for import and handling of data from the RCSB Protein Data Bank. The updated BMCD is called version 4.02 or BMCD4. BMCD4 entries have been expanded to include macromolecule sequence, enabling more elaborate analysis of relations among protein properties, crystal-growth conditions and the geometric and diffraction properties of the crystals. The BMCD version 4.02 contains greatly expanded content and enhanced search capabilities to facilitate scientific analysis and design of crystal-growth strategies. C1 [Tung, Michael; Gallagher, D. Travis] NIST, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Gallagher, DT (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. EM gallaghe@umbi.umd.edu FU US National Institute of Standards and Technology FX The database and its publication are supported by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology. Assistance with database development and support from Gary Gilliland, Jane Ladner and Robert Goldberg is gratefully acknowledged. Certain commercial products are identified in this manuscript in order to specify the procedures as completely as possible. In no case does such identification imply a recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology nor does it imply that the products identified are necessarily the best available for the purpose. NR 12 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0907-4449 J9 ACTA CRYSTALLOGR D JI Acta Crystallogr. Sect. D-Biol. Crystallogr. PD JAN PY 2009 VL 65 BP 18 EP 23 DI 10.1107/S0907444908035440 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Crystallography SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Crystallography GA 386DP UT WOS:000261862800003 PM 19153462 ER PT J AU Bhowmick, S Cha, H Jung, YG Lawn, BR AF Bhowmick, Sanjit Cha, Hyunmin Jung, Yeon-Gil Lawn, Brian R. TI Fatigue and debris generation at indentation-induced cracks in silicon SO ACTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE Fatigue; Silicon; Contact damage; Internal friction ID SINGLE-CRYSTAL SILICON; HIGH-CYCLE FATIGUE; HERTZIAN FRACTURE; STRESS-CORROSION; STRUCTURAL FILMS; DIAMOND FACES; POLYSILICON; FAILURE; CERAMICS; STRENGTH AB The nature of fatigue in bulk silicon subjected to cyclic loading is considered. Indentation tests with hard spheres of millimeter-scale radius are used to generate fractures principally in {100} silicon Surfaces, but also in selected {111} silicon, polycrystalline silicon and {100} monocrystalline germanium surfaces. Pronounced damage accumulation is observed with progressive indenter cycling, as ejector of slabs and particles onto the specimen Surfaces. It is argued that the fatigue arises from sliding at friction points within the crack interfaces, with consequent production of debris outside and (ultimately) within the contact. Section views through the indentation sites provide clues as to the material ejection process, involving coalescence of secondary cracks into a primary ring crack to create the slabs. Ejection is facilitated by linkage between adjacent ring cracks, leading ultimately to mass removal. Published by Elsevier Ltd oil behalf of Acta Materialia Inc. C1 [Bhowmick, Sanjit; Lawn, Brian R.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Cha, Hyunmin; Jung, Yeon-Gil] Changwon Natl Univ, Sch Nano & Adv Mat Engn, Chang Won 641773, Kyung Nam, South Korea. RP Lawn, BR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM brian.lawn@nist.gov NR 34 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6454 EI 1873-2453 J9 ACTA MATER JI Acta Mater. PD JAN PY 2009 VL 57 IS 2 BP 582 EP 589 DI 10.1016/j.actamat.2008.10.006 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 398MS UT WOS:000262736800028 ER PT J AU Antonucci, JM O'Donnell, JNR Schumacher, GE Skrtic, D AF Antonucci, J. M. O'Donnell, J. N. R. Schumacher, G. E. Skrtic, D. BE Matinlinna, JP Mittal, KL TI Amorphous Calcium Phosphate Composites and Their Effect on Composite-Adhesive-Dentin Bonding SO ADHESION ASPECTS IN DENTISTRY LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE Amorphous calcium phosphate; photo-polymerizable composites; shear bond strength; dentin ID POLYMERIC COMPOSITES; HYDROXYAPATITE; FILLER AB This study evaluates the bond strength and related properties of photo-polymerizable, remineralizing amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) polymeric composite-adhesive systems to dentin after various periods of aqueous aging at 37 degrees C. An experimental ACP base and lining composite was made from a photo-activated resin comprising 2,2-bis[p-(2'-hydroxy-3'-methacryloxypropoxy)phenyl]propane (Bis-GMA), triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and zirconyl dimethacrylate (ZrDMA); designated BTHZ. An experimental orthodontic composite was formulated from a photo-activated resin comprising ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate (EBPADMA), TEGDMA, HEMA and methacryloxyethyl phthalate (MEP); designated ETHM. In both composite series three fillers were compared: (i) freshly precipitated zirconium-modified ACP (as-prepared Zr-ACP), (ii) milled Zr-ACP and (iii) an ion-leachable fluoride glass. In addition to the shear bond strength (SBS), work to fracture and failure modes of the orthodontic composites were determined. The SBS of the base and lining ACP composites appeared unaffected by filler type or immersion time. In the orthodontic ACP composite series, milled ACP composites showed initial mechanical advantages over as-prepared ACP composites and produced higher incidence of a failure mode consistent with stronger adhesion. After six months of aqueous exposure, 80% of specimens failed at the dentin-primer interface, with a 42% overall reduction in bond strength. BTHZ and ETHM based ACP composites are potentially effective anti-demineralizing-remineralizing agents with possible clinical utility as protective base-liners and orthodontic cements, respectively. The analysis of the bond strength and failure modalities suggests that milled ACP composites may offer greater potential in clinical applications. C1 [O'Donnell, J. N. R.; Schumacher, G. E.; Skrtic, D.] Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Antonucci, J. M.] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Skrtic, D (reprint author), Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM drago.skrtic@nist.gov NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU E J BRILL PI PA LEIDEN PA PO BOX 9000, NL-2300 PA LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 978-90-474-2618-9 PY 2009 BP 105 EP 119 D2 10.1163/ej.9789004172715.i-286 PG 15 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA BZP15 UT WOS:000302315000008 ER PT S AU Litorja, M Brown, SW Lin, CS Ohno, Y AF Litorja, Maritoni Brown, Steven W. Lin, Chungsan Ohno, Yoshi BE MahadevanJansen, A VoDinh, T Grundfest, WS TI Illuminants as visualization tools for clinical diagnostics and surgery SO ADVANCED BIOMEDICAL AND CLINICAL DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEMS VII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advanced Biomedical and Clinical Diagnostic Systems VII CY JAN 25-26, 2009 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE illumination; surgical lighting; color contrast ID CONTRAST AB The requirements for diagnostic and surgical lighting have remained largely unchanged over the past several years-illumination level, glare, shadow and tissue heating reduction are the dominant factors in choosing a lighting system. Since human visual perception remains the key tool in clinical diagnostics and surgery, it is worth exploring ways to heighten visual contrast between areas of interest with respect to surrounding tissues. A simulation program for predicting test illuminant spectral distribution that would enhance contrast between standard color patches typical of tissue color is used. Data images of the color patches under the predicted test illuminant as realized using a spectrally tunable source are collected. Details of the simulation program, the equipment used for this test and results of the test will be discussed. C1 [Litorja, Maritoni; Brown, Steven W.; Lin, Chungsan; Ohno, Yoshi] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Litorja, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM litorja@nist.gov NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-7415-5 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2009 VL 7169 AR 71691B DI 10.1117/12.811184 PG 9 WC Optics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging; Spectroscopy GA BSH07 UT WOS:000284395100031 ER PT S AU Kramer, T Xu, X AF Kramer, Thomas Xu, Xun BA Xu, X Nee, AYC BF Xu, X Nee, AYC TI STEP in a Nutshell SO ADVANCED DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING BASED ON STEP SE Springer Series in Advanced Manufacturing LA English DT Article; Book Chapter AB This chapter gives an overview of STEP (Standard for the Exchange of Product model data), assuming that the reader may not be familiar with STEP. The chapter gives a short example of an industrial use of STEP. Then it touches briefly on the history and objectives of STEP, followed by the organization of the Parts of STEP. Next, it goes into technical details of (1) information modelling using EXPRESS and EXPRESS-G, (2) data representation using STEP Part 21 files and other methods, (3) the STEP integrated resources, (4) application protocols (APs), including application activity models (AAMs), application reference models (ARMs), units of functionality (UOFs), application interpreted models (ATMs), application interpreted constructs (AICs), application modules (AMs), and conformance classes, and (5) STEP-NC. The chapter closes with some comments on the future of STEP. The Appendix at the end gives some additional sources of information about STEP. C1 [Kramer, Thomas] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Xu, Xun] Univ Auckland, Dept Mech Engn, Sch Engn, Auckland 1, New Zealand. RP Kramer, T (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, MS8230,100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM thomas.kramer@nist.gov; x.xu@auckland.ac.nz; x.xu@auckland.ac.nz RI Xu, Xun/K-7899-2015 OI Xu, Xun/0000-0001-6294-8153 NR 43 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG LONDON LTD PI GODALMING PA SWEETAPPLE HOUSE CATTESHALL RD FARNCOMBE, GODALMING GU7 1NH, SURREY, ENGLAND SN 1860-5168 BN 978-1-84882-738-7 J9 SPRINGER SER ADV MAN PY 2009 BP 1 EP 22 DI 10.1007/978-1-84882-739-4_1 D2 10.1007/978-1-84882-739-4 PG 22 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Mechanical SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Engineering GA BMC87 UT WOS:000271866300001 ER PT S AU Kramer, T Proctor, F AF Kramer, Thomas Proctor, Frederick BA Xu, X Nee, AYC BF Xu, X Nee, AYC TI Feature-based Process Planning Based on STEP SO ADVANCED DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING BASED ON STEP SE Springer Series in Advanced Manufacturing LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID IMPLEMENTATION AB This chapter begins by describing characteristics a process planning language should have. Then it discusses the extent to which four process planning languages have these characteristics. The first two of these are STEP standard process planning languages (all of AP 240 and part of AI' 238). The third is part of ISO 14649. The fourth, called FBICS-ALPS, is a version of the ALPS language adapted for FBICS, a system that does automatic feature-based process planning. Next the chapter summarizes the machining features available in AP 238. ISO 14649, and AP 224. The way in which FBICS does feature-based process planning is presented and a system is described that translates FBICS plans into ISO 14649 plans (which are conceptually identical to AP 238 plans). Finally, the chapter is summarized, and improvements in FBICS needed to make it industrially useful are presented. C1 [Kramer, Thomas; Proctor, Frederick] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kramer, T (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, MS8230,100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM thomas.kramer@nist.gov; frederick.proctor@nist.gov NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG LONDON LTD PI GODALMING PA SWEETAPPLE HOUSE CATTESHALL RD FARNCOMBE, GODALMING GU7 1NH, SURREY, ENGLAND SN 1860-5168 BN 978-1-84882-738-7 J9 SPRINGER SER ADV MAN PY 2009 BP 23 EP 48 DI 10.1007/978-1-84882-739-4_2 D2 10.1007/978-1-84882-739-4 PG 26 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Mechanical SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Engineering GA BMC87 UT WOS:000271866300002 ER PT S AU Michaloski, J Kramer, T Proctor, F Xu, X Venkatesh, S Odendahl, D AF Michaloski, John Kramer, Thomas Proctor, Frederick Xu, Xun Venkatesh, Sid Odendahl, David BA Xu, X Nee, AYC BF Xu, X Nee, AYC TI STEPNC++ - An Effective Tool for Feature-based CAM/CNC SO ADVANCED DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING BASED ON STEP SE Springer Series in Advanced Manufacturing LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID MACHINING SYSTEM; POCKETS; CNC AB This chapter discusses the realization of direct translation of feature-based CAM files into feature-based CNC part program files. The information infrastructure that allows this to happen is STEP-NC, as described by ISO 14649 Parts 10 and 11. Among the many benefits cited for STEP-NC, the elimination of the costly and inefficient process of post-processing using one standard CNC definition is most commonly cited. However, this chapter argues that a much greater benefit can be found using STEP-NC to resolve the CAM/CNC impedance mismatch where CAM comprehensive process information is reduced into motion primitives. The CAM/CNC impedance mismatch and resulting lack of process information make intelligent machining difficult. Given this perspective, a demonstration system was developed to show that feature-based CNC is possible with STEP-NC, which preserves more feature-based CAM process knowledge to make intelligent machining possible. The demonstration system incorporates: (1) part representation using STEP-NC Part 21 files, (2) reading and analyzing feature-based elements of the STEP-NC, (3) translation into a CNC feature-based representation, and (4) generation of actual CNC programs relying on conversational programming "Canned Cycles". Cutting and simulation tests have confirmed the advantages of the approach. Overall, the demonstration system shows that a standard information infrastructure such as STEP-NC is essential for advancing manufacturing to enable improvements in efficiency, product quality, life-cycle cost, and time-to-market. C1 [Michaloski, John; Kramer, Thomas; Proctor, Frederick] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Xu, Xun] Univ Auckland, Dept Mech Engn, Sch Engn, Auckland 1, New Zealand. [Venkatesh, Sid; Odendahl, David] Boeing Aircraft, Seattle, WA USA. [Venkatesh, Sid; Odendahl, David] Boeing Co, Seattle, WA 98124 USA. RP Michaloski, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, MS8230,100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM john.michaloski@nist.gov; thomas.kramer@nist.gov; frederick.proctor@nist.gov; x.xu@auckland.ac.nz; sid.venkatesh@boeing.com; david.j.odendahl@boeing.com; x.xu@auckland.ac.nz RI Xu, Xun/K-7899-2015 OI Xu, Xun/0000-0001-6294-8153 NR 40 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG LONDON LTD PI GODALMING PA SWEETAPPLE HOUSE CATTESHALL RD FARNCOMBE, GODALMING GU7 1NH, SURREY, ENGLAND SN 1860-5168 BN 978-1-84882-738-7 J9 SPRINGER SER ADV MAN PY 2009 BP 79 EP 104 DI 10.1007/978-1-84882-739-4_4 D2 10.1007/978-1-84882-739-4 PG 26 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Mechanical SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Engineering GA BMC87 UT WOS:000271866300004 ER PT J AU Wang, HJ Akinci, B Garrett, JH Nyberg, E Reed, KA AF Wang, Hongjun Akinci, Burcu Garrett, James H., Jr. Nyberg, Eric Reed, Kent A. TI Semi-automated model matching using version difference SO ADVANCED ENGINEERING INFORMATICS LA English DT Article ID DATABASES; FORMALISM AB Interoperability of software is a critical requirement in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry, where a number of data exchange standards have been created to enable data exchange among different software packages. To be able to comply with existing data exchange standards, the software developers need to match their internal data schemas to the schema defined in a standard and vice versa. The process of matching two large scale data models is time consuming and cumbersome when performed manually, and becomes even more challenging when a Source and/or a target model is being updated frequently to meet the ever expanding real world requirements. While several prior studies discussed the need for approaches toward automated or semi-automated schema matching, an approach that builds on existing matches between two models has rarely been studied. In this paper, we present a semi-automated approach for model matching. This approach leverages a given set of existing matching between two models and upgrades those matching when a new version of a target model is released. The paper describes in detail a list of upgrade patterns generated and validated through a prototype by matching a domain-specific data model to several recent releases of the industry foundation classes. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Wang, Hongjun] ANSYS Inc, Canonsburg, PA 15317 USA. [Akinci, Burcu; Garrett, James H., Jr.] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. [Nyberg, Eric] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Sch Comp Sci, Language Technol Inst, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. [Reed, Kent A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wang, HJ (reprint author), ANSYS Inc, 275 Technol Dr, Canonsburg, PA 15317 USA. EM hongjun.wang@ansys.com; bakinci@andrew.cmu.edu; garrett@cmu.edu; ehn@cs.cmu.edu; kent.reed@nist.gov FU National Institute for Standards and Technology [60NANB2D0158, 70NANB3D1 114] FX This research is based upon work supported by the National Institute for Standards and Technology under Grants Nos. 60NANB2D0158 and 70NANB3D1 114. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations presented in this paper are those of authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Institute for Standards and Technology. NR 28 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1474-0346 J9 ADV ENG INFORM JI Adv. Eng. Inform. PD JAN PY 2009 VL 23 IS 1 BP 1 EP 11 DI 10.1016/j.aei.2008.05.005 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 396BN UT WOS:000262567300001 ER PT S AU Kessel, R Kacker, R AF Kessel, Ruediger Kacker, Raghu BE Pavese, F Bar, M Forbes, AB Linares, JM Perruchet, C Zhang, NF TI A TEST OF LINEARITY USING COVERING ARRAYS FOR EVALUATING UNCERTAINTY IN MEASUREMENT SO ADVANCED MATHEMATICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS IN METROLOGY AND TESTING VIII SE Series on Advances in Mathematics for Applied Sciences LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Advanced Mathematical and Computational Tool in Metrology and Testing CY JUN, 2008 CL IMEKO Tech Comm, Paris, FRANCE HO IMEKO Tech Comm AB Since the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) was published in 1993 it has changed the evaluation of physical and chemical measurements. Nowadays almost all high level measurements include a detailed evaluation of uncertainty. This allows the scientific community to do the next step and evaluate uncertainty for derived evaluations like parameter fittings. The evaluation of the uncertainty for complicated parameters like the results from non-linear fitting procedures can be carried out in two steps. The first step is a sensitivity analysis of the evaluation algorithm and a test of mutual independence of the parameters. If the fitting algorithm is, sufficiently robust a linear model is derived from the fitting algorithm which is then used in a second step to evaluate the uncertainty of the fitting parameters. This paper discusses the sensitivity analysis in detail with the emphasis on possibilities to check for robustness and linearity. An efficient method based on covering arrays is presented to test for hidden couplings between the input parameters inside the evaluation model. C1 [Kessel, Ruediger; Kacker, Raghu] NIST, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kessel, R (reprint author), NIST, Math & Computat Sci Div, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE SN 1793-0901 BN 978-981-283-951-0 J9 S ADV MATH PY 2009 VL 78 BP 195 EP 203 PG 9 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA BMO35 UT WOS:000273030200029 ER PT S AU Toman, B Possolo, A AF Toman, Blaza Possolo, Antonio BE Pavese, F Bar, M Forbes, AB Linares, JM Perruchet, C Zhang, NF TI MODEL BASED UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS IN INTER-LABORATORY STUDIES SO ADVANCED MATHEMATICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS IN METROLOGY AND TESTING VIII SE Series on Advances in Mathematics for Applied Sciences LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Advanced Mathematical and Computational Tool in Metrology and Testing CY JUN, 2008 CL IMEKO Tech Comm, Paris, FRANCE HO IMEKO Tech Comm ID KEY COMPARISON DATA; CCL AB Statistical analysis of key comparison and inter-laboratory experiments is required to produce an estimate of the measurand called a reference value and further, measures of equivalence of the participating laboratories. Methods of estimation of the reference value have been proposed that rest on the idea of finding a so-called consistent subset of laboratories, that is, eliminating outlying participants. In this paper we propose an alternative statistical model, one that accommodates all of the participants' data and incorporates the dispersion among the laboratories into the total uncertainty of the various estimates. This model recognizes the fact that the dispersion of values between laboratories often is substantially larger than the measurement uncertainties provided by the participating laboratories. We illustrate the method on data from key comparison CCL-K1. C1 [Toman, Blaza; Possolo, Antonio] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Toman, B (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE SN 1793-0901 BN 978-981-283-951-0 J9 S ADV MATH PY 2009 VL 78 BP 330 EP 343 PG 14 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA BMO35 UT WOS:000273030200047 ER PT S AU Zhang, NF AF Zhang, Nien Fan BE Pavese, F Bar, M Forbes, AB Linares, JM Perruchet, C Zhang, NF TI ALLAN VARIANCE AND THE UNCERTAINTY OF AUTOCORRELATED MEASUREMENTS SO ADVANCED MATHEMATICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS IN METROLOGY AND TESTING VIII SE Series on Advances in Mathematics for Applied Sciences LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Advanced Mathematical and Computational Tool in Metrology and Testing CY JUN, 2008 CL IMEKO Tech Comm, Paris, FRANCE HO IMEKO Tech Comm ID PRECISION FREQUENCY SOURCES; VOLTAGE STANDARDS; NOISE; STABILITY; MODELS AB In metrology, the uncertainty of the mean of repeated measurements is often calculated by the sample standard deviation of the measurements divided by the square root of the sample size. When the measurements are autocorrelated, in particular when they are from a stationary process, a recent paper in Metrologia (Zhang 2006) provided all approach to calculate the corresponding uncertainty. However, when the measurements are from a nonstationary process, how to assess their uncertainty remains unresolved. Allan variance or two-sample variance has been used for more than three decades as a substitute for the classical variance to characterize the stability of clocks or frequency standards when the underlying process is a 1/f noise process. Recently, from the point of view of the time domain, a paper in Metrologia (Zhang, 2008) studied the Allan variance and its properties for stationary processes, random walk, and long-memory processes such as the fractional difference processes This paper discusses the use of Allan variance as all alternative measure of uncertainty for measurements from time series models. The results show that the Allan variance is a better measure of the process variation than the classical variance of the random walk and the nonstationary fractional difference processes including the 1/f noise. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zhang, NF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM zhang@nist.gov; zhang@nist.gov NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE SN 1793-0901 BN 978-981-283-951-0 J9 S ADV MATH PY 2009 VL 78 BP 391 EP 404 PG 14 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA BMO35 UT WOS:000273030200056 ER PT B AU Wheeler, D Guyer, JE AF Wheeler, D. Guyer, J. E. BE ShachamDiamand, Y Osaka, T Datta, M Ohba, T TI Modeling Superconformal Electrodeposition Using an Open Source PDE Solver SO ADVANCED NANOSCALE ULSI INTERCONNECTS: FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID LEVEL SET APPROACH; UNIFIED MODEL; FILM GROWTH; DEPOSITION; LITHOGRAPHY; SIMULATIONS; SURFACTANT; COPPER; DIFFUSION; TRANSPORT C1 [Wheeler, D.; Guyer, J. E.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wheeler, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM daniel.wheeler@nist.gov; guyer@nist.gov NR 29 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES BN 978-0-387-95867-5 PY 2009 BP 239 EP 253 DI 10.1007/978-0-387-95868-2_16 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Applied; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BMS72 UT WOS:000273496800016 ER PT S AU Uys, H Biercuk, MJ VanDevender, AP Shiga, N Itano, WM Bollinger, JJ AF Uys, Hermann Biercuk, Michael J. VanDevender, Aaron P. Shiga, Nobuyasu Itano, Wayne M. Bollinger, John J. BE Hasan, ZU Craig, AE Hemmer, PR TI Prolonging qubit coherence: dynamical decoupling schemes studied in a Penning ion trap SO ADVANCED OPTICAL CONCEPTS IN QUANTUM COMPUTING, MEMORY, AND COMMUNICATION II SE Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advanced Optical Concepts in Quantum Computing, Memory, and Communication II CY JAN 28-29, 2009 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE ID QUANTUM COMPUTATION; SYSTEMS AB We present a study of dynamical decoupling schemes for the suppression of phase errors from various noise environments using ions in a Penning trap as a model ensemble of qubits. By injecting frequency noise we demonstrate that in an ohmic noise spectrum with a sharp, high-frequency cutoff the recently proposed UDD decoupling sequence gives noise suppression superior to the traditional CPMG technique. Under only the influence of ambient magnetic field fluctuations with a 1/omega(4) power spectrum, we find little benefit from using the UDD sequence, consistent with theoretical predictions for dynamical decoupling performance in the presence of noise spectra with soft cutoffs. Finally, we implement an optimization algorithm using measurement feedback, demonstrating that local optimization of dynamical decoupling can further lead to significant gains in error suppression over known sequences. C1 [Uys, Hermann; Biercuk, Michael J.; VanDevender, Aaron P.; Shiga, Nobuyasu; Itano, Wayne M.; Bollinger, John J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Uys, H (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Biercuk, Michael/B-4768-2010 NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-7471-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2009 VL 7225 AR 72250R DI 10.1117/12.823179 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Optics SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Optics GA BSQ16 UT WOS:000285375700013 ER PT S AU Baek, B Ma, LJ Mink, A Tang, XA Nam, SW AF Baek, Burm Ma, Lijun Mink, Alan Tang, Xiao Nam, Sae Woo BE Itzler, MA Campbell, JC TI Detector performance in long-distance quantum key distribution using superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors SO ADVANCED PHOTON COUNTING TECHNIQUES III SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd SPIE Conference on Advanced Photon Counting Techniques CY APR 14-16, 2009 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE quantum key distribution; superconducting nanowire single-photon detector; optical fiber; single photon detector; superconducting detector; cryptography ID FIBER AB The recent advances in superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD or SSPD) technology has enabled long distance quantum key distribution (QKD) over an optical fiber. We point out that the performance of SNSPDs play a crucial role in achieving a secure transmission distance of 100 km or longer. We analyze such an impact from a simplified model and use it to interpret results from our differential-phase-shift (DPS) QKD experiment. This allows us to discuss the optimization of the detection time window and the clock frequency given the detector characteristics such as dark count rate, detection efficiency, and timing jitter. C1 [Baek, Burm; Nam, Sae Woo] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Baek, B (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM burm.baek@nist.gov NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-7586-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2009 VL 7320 AR 73200D DI 10.1117/12.818793 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BQS92 UT WOS:000281766200008 ER PT J AU Yang, HP Zhang, J Langston, C AF Yang Hongping Zhang, Jian Langston, Carrie TI Synchronization of Radar Observations with Multi-Scale Storm Tracking SO ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE synchronization; radar; multi-scale storm tracking ID DETECTION ALGORITHM; PART I; RAINFALL ESTIMATION; REAL-TIME; WSR-88D; PREDICTION; IDENTIFICATION; REFLECTIVITY AB The 3-D radar reflectivity data has become increasingly important for use in data assimilation towards convective scale numerical weather prediction as well as next generation precipitation estimation. Typically, reflectivity data from multiple radars are objectively analyzed and mosaiced onto a regional 3-D Cartesian grid prior to being assimilated into the models. One of the scientific issues associated with the mosaic of multi-radar observations is the synchronization of all the observations. Since radar data is usually rapidly updated (similar to every 5-10 min), it is common in current multi-radar mosaic techniques to combine multiple radar' observations within a time window by assuming that the storms are steady within the window. The assumption holds well for slow evolving precipitation systems, but for fast evolving convective storms, this assumption may be violated and the mosaic of radar observations at different times may result in inaccurate storm structure depictions. This study investigates the impact of synchronization on storm structures in multiple radar data analyses using a multi-scale storm tracking algorithm. C1 [Yang Hongping] China Meteorol Adm, Wuhan Inst Heavy Rain, Wuhan 430074, Peoples R China. [Zhang, Jian; Langston, Carrie] Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK USA. [Zhang, Jian; Langston, Carrie] NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, OAR, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Yang, HP (reprint author), China Meteorol Adm, Wuhan Inst Heavy Rain, Wuhan 430074, Peoples R China. EM yhp_2001@hotmail.com RI AAS, AAS/C-2949-2014 FU United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA); Aviation Weather Research Program; Advanced Weather Radar Technologies Product Development Team; Memorandum Of Understanding (MOU); NOAA-University of Oklahoma Cooperative Agreement [NA17RJ1227]; U.S. Department of Commerce FX Major funding for this research was provided under the United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Aviation Weather Research Program Advanced Weather Radar Technologies Product Development Team Memorandum Of Understanding (MOU) and partial funding was provided under NOAA-University of Oklahoma Cooperative Agreement Grant No. NA17RJ1227, U.S. Department of Commerce. Mr. Shunxin Wang contributed to the initial development of the WSR-88D's volume scan data process code. The authors are thankful to Prof. Peiyuan Zhang for his review and discussions that helped the manuscripts greatly. NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SCIENCE PRESS PI BEIJING PA 16 DONGHUANGCHENGGEN NORTH ST, BEIJING 100717, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 0256-1530 J9 ADV ATMOS SCI JI Adv. Atmos. Sci. PD JAN PY 2009 VL 26 IS 1 BP 78 EP 86 DI 10.1007/s00376-009-0078-0 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 417QC UT WOS:000264090200008 ER PT S AU Phillips, PJ Flynn, PJ Beveridge, JR Scruggs, WT O'Toole, AJ Bolme, D Bowyer, KW Draper, BA Givens, GH Lui, YM Sahibzada, H Scallan, JA Weimer, S AF Phillips, P. Jonathon Flynn, Patrick J. Beveridge, J. Ross Scruggs, W. Todd O'Toole, Alice J. Bolme, David Bowyer, Kevin W. Draper, Bruce A. Givens, Geof H. Lui, Yui Man Sahibzada, Hassan Scallan, Joseph A., III Weimer, Samuel BE Tistarelli, M Nixon, MS TI Overview of the Multiple Biometrics Grand Challenge SO ADVANCES IN BIOMETRICS SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd IAPR/IEEE International Conference on Advances in Biometrics CY JUN 02-05, 2009 CL Comp Vis Lab, Alghero, ITALY SP IAPR, IEEE HO Comp Vis Lab ID FACE-RECOGNITION ALGORITHMS; IRIS RECOGNITION; DATABASE AB The goal of the Multiple Biometrics Grand Challenge (MBGC) is to improve the performance of face and iris recognition technology from biometric samples acquired under unconstrained conditions. The MBGC is organized into three challenge problems. Each challenge problem relaxes the acquisition constraints in different directions. In the Portal Challenge Problem, the goal is to recognize people from near-infrared (NIR) and high definition (HD) video as they walk through a portal. Iris recognition can be performed from the NIR video and face recognition from the HD video. The availability of NIR and HD modalities allows for the, development of fusion algorithms. The Still Face Challenge Problem has two primary goals. The first is to improve recognition performance from frontal and off angle still face images taken under uncontrolled indoor and outdoor fighting. The second is to improve recognition performance on still frontal face images that have been resized and compressed, as is required for electronic passports. In the video Challenge Problem, the goal is to recognize people from video in unconstrained environments. The video is unconstrained in pose, illumination, and camera angle. All three, challenge problems include a large data set, experiment descriptions, ground truth, and scoring code. C1 [Phillips, P. Jonathon; Sahibzada, Hassan] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Flynn, Patrick J.; Bowyer, Kevin W.] U Notre Dame, Comp Sci & Engn Dept, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. [Beveridge, J. Ross; Bolme, David; Draper, Bruce A.; Lui, Yui Man] Colorado State U, Dept Comp Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Scruggs, W. Todd] SAIC, Arlington, VA 22230 USA. [O'Toole, Alice J.; Weimer, Samuel] Univ Texas Dallas, Sch Behav & Brain Sci, Richardson, TX 75083 USA. [Givens, Geof H.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Stat, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Scallan, Joseph A., III] Schafer Corp, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. RP Phillips, PJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Flynn, Patrick/J-3388-2013; OI Flynn, Patrick/0000-0002-5446-114X; Bowyer, Kevin/0000-0002-7562-4390 FU Biometric Task Force, the Department of Homeland Security's; Directorate for Science and Technology; IntelligenceAdvanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA); Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI); National Institute of Standards and Technology; SAIC; Schafer Corp FX We acknowledge the support of the the Biometric Task Force, the Department of Homeland Securitys Directorate for Science and Technology , the IntelligenceAdvanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA), the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). The identification of any commercial product or trade name does not imply endorsement or recommendation by the Colorado State U., the National Institute of Standards and Technology, SAIC, Schafer Corp., the U. of Notre Dame or the U. of Texas at Dallas. NR 15 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 978-3-642-01792-6 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2009 VL 5558 BP 705 EP + PG 3 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BJX86 UT WOS:000267377100072 ER PT S AU Lee, Y Phillips, PJ Micheals, RJ AF Lee, Yooyoung Phillips, P. Jonathon Micheals, Ross J. BE Tistarelli, M Nixon, MS TI An Automated Video-Based System for Iris Recognition SO ADVANCES IN BIOMETRICS SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd IAPR/IEEE International Conference on Advances in Biometrics CY JUN 02-05, 2009 CL Comp Vis Lab, Alghero, ITALY SP IAPR, IEEE HO Comp Vis Lab DE Biometrics; Iris recognition; Eye detection; Image quality measurement; VASIR; Iris segmentation AB We have successfully implemented a Video-based Automated System for Iris Recognition (VASIR), evaluating its successful performance on the MBGC dataset. The proposed method facilitates the ultimate goal of automatically detecting an eye area, extracting eye images, and selecting the best quality iris image from video frames. The selection method's performance is evaluated by comparing it to the selection performed by humans. Masek's algorithm was adapted to segment and normalize the iris region. Encoding the iris pattern and then completing the matching followed this stage. ne iris templates from video images were compared to pre-existing still iris images for the purpose of the verification. This experiment has shown that even under varying illumination conditions, low quality, and off-angle video imagery, that iris recognition is feasible. Furthermore, our study showed that in practice an automated best image selection is nearly equivalent to human selection. C1 [Lee, Yooyoung; Phillips, P. Jonathon; Micheals, Ross J.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lee, Y (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM yooyoung@nist.gov; jonathon@nist.gov; rossm@nist.gov NR 15 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 978-3-642-01792-6 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2009 VL 5558 BP 1160 EP 1169 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BJX86 UT WOS:000267377100117 ER PT S AU Wong-Ng, W Liu, G Otani, M Thomas, EL Lowhorn, N Green, ML Kaduk, JA AF Wong-Ng, W. Liu, G. Otani, M. Thomas, E. L. Lowhorn, N. Green, M. L. Kaduk, J. A. BE Nair, KM Suvorov, D Schwartz, RW Guo, R TI RECENT INVESTIGATIONS OF Sr-Ca-Co-O THERMOELECTRIC MATERIALS SO ADVANCES IN ELECTROCERAMIC MATERIALS SE Ceramic Transactions LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Materials Science and Technology Conference and Exhibition (MS&T 08) CY OCT 05-09, 2008 CL Pittsburgh, PA ID THIN-FILMS; CA3CO2O6; CA3CO4O9; MERIT AB Three low-dimension cobaltites in the Sr-Ca-Co-O system have been studied for their structure and thermoelectric properties. Using x-ray pole figure construction technique, a Ca3Co4O9 thin film showed excellent fiber texture but no ab in-plane texture. The fiber texture is mainly responsible for the excellent thermoelectric properties. Our study of a high-throughput combinatorial thin film (synthesized using Pulsed Laser Deposition) with a custom-built power factor screening tool demonstrated that the La substitution in the Ca-site of Ca3Co4O9 increases Seebeck coefficient and resistivity due to decrease of hole concentration. The Sr-substitution on the Ca-site increases the carrier mobility, therefore lower resistivity of the film. The homologous compounds Can+2ConCo'O3n+3 and Sr(6+2)ConCo'O3n+3 consist of parallel 1-dimensional cobalt oxide chains that are built by successive alternating face-sharing CoO6 trigonal prism and 'n' units of CoO6 octahedra along the c-axis. However, due to the high resistivity of these compounds, they will unlikely yield ZT values comparable to that of Ca3Co4O9. C1 [Wong-Ng, W.; Liu, G.; Otani, M.; Thomas, E. L.; Lowhorn, N.; Green, M. L.] NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Kaduk, J. A.] INEOS Technol, Naperville, IL 60566 USA. RP Wong-Ng, W (reprint author), NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 1042-1122 BN 978-0-470-40844-5 J9 CERAM TRANS PY 2009 VL 204 BP 47 EP + DI 10.1002/9780470528990.ch7 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BTM16 UT WOS:000287276300007 ER PT J AU Yan, BH Weng, FZ AF Yan, Banghua Weng, Fuzhong TI Assessments of F16 Special Sensor Microwave Imager and Sounder Antenna Temperatures at Lower Atmospheric Sounding Channels SO ADVANCES IN METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID IMAGER/SOUNDER; MODELS AB The main reflector of the Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMIS) aboard the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) F-16 satellite emits variable radiation, and the SSMIS warm calibration load is intruded by direct and indirect solar radiation. These contamination sources produce antenna brightness temperature anomalies of around 2 K at SSMIS sounding channels which are obviously inappropriate for assimilation into numerical weather prediction models and remote sensing retrievals of atmospheric and surface parameters. In this study, antenna brightness temperature anomalies at several lower atmospheric sounding (LAS) channels are assessed, and the algorithm is developed for corrections of these antenna temperature anomalies. When compared against radiative transfer model simulations and simultaneous observations from AMSU-A aboard NOAA-16, the SSMIS antenna temperatures at 52.8, 53.6, 54.4, 55.5, 57.3, and 59.4 GHz after the anomaly correction exhibit small residual errors (<0.5 K). After such SSMIS antenna temperatures are applied to the National Center for Environmental Prediction Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) model, more satellite data is used and the analysis field of the geopotential height is significantly improved throughout troposphere and lower stratosphere. Therefore, the SSMIS antenna temperatures after the anomaly correction have demonstrated their potentials in NWP models. Copyright (C) 2009 B. Yan and F. Weng. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. C1 [Yan, Banghua; Weng, Fuzhong] NOAA Satellites & Informat, Perot Syst Inc, Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res STAR,Natl Environm S, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Yan, BH (reprint author), NOAA Satellites & Informat, Perot Syst Inc, Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res STAR,Natl Environm S, 5200 Auth Rd,Room 703, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM banghua.yan@noaa.gov RI Weng, Fuzhong/F-5633-2010 OI Weng, Fuzhong/0000-0003-0150-2179 NR 23 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU HINDAWI PUBLISHING CORPORATION PI NEW YORK PA 410 PARK AVENUE, 15TH FLOOR, #287 PMB, NEW YORK, NY 10022 USA SN 1687-9309 EI 1687-9317 J9 ADV METEOROL JI Adv. Meteorol. PY 2009 AR 420985 DI 10.1155/2009/420985 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA V24IA UT WOS:000208402900005 ER PT S AU Kang, SH Prabhu, VM Wu, WL Lin, EK Choi, KW Chandhok, M Younkin, TR Yueh, W AF Kang, Shuhui Prabhu, Vivek M. Wu, Wen-li Lin, Eric K. Choi, Kwang-Woo Chandhok, Manish Younkin, Todd R. Yueh, Wang BE Henderson, CL TI Characterization of the Photoacid Diffusion Length SO ADVANCES IN RESIST MATERIALS AND PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY XXVI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advances in Resist Materials and Processing Technology XXVI CY FEB 23-25, 2009 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE photoacid diffusion length; photoresist; kinetics; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; poly(dimethylsiloxane) ID MOLECULAR GLASS RESISTS; HIGH-RESOLUTION; SOFT LITHOGRAPHY; PATTERN TRANSFER; GENERATOR; PHOTOLITHOGRAPHY; POLYMERS; DESIGN; PAG AB The photoacid diffusion length is a critical issue for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography because it governs the critical dimension (CD), line-edge-roughness (LER), and line-width-roughness (LWR) of photoresist materials. Laboratory-based experimental methods that complement full lithographic testing would enable a rapid screening of materials and process conditions. This paper provides an approach to characterize the photoacid diffusion length by applying a bilayer stack technique. The method involves quantitative measurements of the deprotection kinetics as well as film thickness at each process step: radiation exposure, post-exposure bake, and development. Analogous to a contrast curve, by comparing the film thickness of the bilayer before and after development, the photoacid diffusion length was deduced in a commercial EUV photoresist and compared to EUV lithography. Further, by combining the experiments with kinetics modeling, the measured photoacid diffusion length was predicted. Lastly, based upon the measured kinetics parameters, a criterion was developed that next-generation resists must meet to achieve a 16 nm photoacid diffusion length. These guidelines are discussed in terms of correlations and contributions from the photoacid and resist properties. In particular, the trapping kinetics of the photoacid provides a route to reduce LER and the CD at low dose. C1 [Kang, Shuhui; Prabhu, Vivek M.; Wu, Wen-li; Lin, Eric K.] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kang, SH (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM vprabhu@nist.gov NR 27 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-7526-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2009 VL 7273 AR 72733U DI 10.1117/12.813555 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BZN57 UT WOS:000302151700119 ER PT S AU Wallace, WE Flynn, KM Guttman, CM VanderHart, DL Prabhu, VM De Silva, A Felix, NM Ober, CK AF Wallace, W. E. Flynn, K. M. Guttman, C. M. VanderHart, D. L. Prabhu, V. M. De Silva, A. Felix, N. M. Ober, C. K. BE Henderson, CL TI Quantitative measurement of the molecular-mass distribution in Calix[4]resorcinarene molecular glass resists by mass spectrometry SO ADVANCES IN RESIST MATERIALS AND PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY XXVI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advances in Resist Materials and Processing Technology XXVI CY FEB 23-25, 2009 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE ID LASER-DESORPTION IONIZATION; CALIXARENES; DERIVATIVES AB The polydispersity in the degree of functionalization for two calix[4]resorcinarenes was determined by measuring, quantitatively, their molecular mass distribution with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. A mathematical method for polydisperse materials is described that creates a calibration curve to correct the ion intensities in the mass spectrum to give a more reliable molecular mass distribution. One calix[4]resorcinarene was found to give accurate molecular mass distributions with little correction, while another having a very similar molecular structure was found to exhibit strong over counting of the oligomers having a high degree of functionalization. C1 [Wallace, W. E.; Flynn, K. M.; Guttman, C. M.; VanderHart, D. L.; Prabhu, V. M.] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wallace, WE (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Wallace@nist.gov NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-7526-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2009 VL 7273 AR 72732L DI 10.1117/12.813680 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BZN57 UT WOS:000302151700079 ER PT S AU Peskin, AP Kafadar, K Dima, A AF Peskin, Adele P. Kafadar, Karen Dima, Alden BE Bebis, G Boyle, R Parvin, B Koracin, D Kuno, Y Wang, J Pajarola, R Lindstrom, P Hinkenjann, A Encarnacao, ML Silva, CT Coming, D TI A Quality Pre-processor for Biological Cell Images SO ADVANCES IN VISUAL COMPUTING, PT 2, PROCEEDINGS SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Symposium on Visual Computing CY NOV 30-DEC 02, 2009 CL Las Vegas, NV SP UNR Comp Vis Lab, Desert Res Inst, Berkeley Lab, NASA, intel, digitalPersona, EQUINOX, hp, Ford, Mitsubishi, GE, iCORE, Delphi Toyota, VOLT, MSDN Magazine ID ERROR AB We have developed a method to rapidly test the quality of a. biological image, to identify appropriate segmentation methods that will render high quality segmentations for cells within that image. The key contribution is the development of a measure of the clarity of an individual biological cell within an image that can be quickly and directly used to select a segmentation method during a high content screening process. This method is based on the gradient of the pixel intensity field at cell edges and on the distribution of pixel intensities just inside cell edges. We have developed a technique to synthesize biological cell flanges with varying qualities to create standardized images for testing segmentation methods. Differences in quality indices reflect observed differences in resulting masks of the same cell imaged under a. variety of conditions. C1 [Peskin, Adele P.] NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Kafadar, Karen] Indiana Univ, Dept Stat & Phys, Bloomington, IL 47408 USA. [Dima, Alden] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Peskin, AP (reprint author), NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. FU Army Research Office [W911NF-05-1-0490]; National Science Foundation [DMS 0802295] FX Kafadars support from Army Research Office Grant Number W911NF-05-1-0490 awarded to University of Colorado-Denver, and National Science Foundation Grant Number DMS 0802295 awarded to Indiana University is gratefully acknowledged. James Filliben of NISTs Statistical Engineering Division and John Elliott of NISTs Biochemical Science Division (BSD) designed the experiment that John performed to produce the cell images used in this study. Anne Plant and Michael Halter, of BSD, provided helpful discussion and input. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 978-3-642-10519-7 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2009 VL 5876 BP 1051 EP + PG 3 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BPM35 UT WOS:000279247100101 ER PT J AU Murphy, DM AF Murphy, D. M. TI The Effect of Water Evaporation on Photoacoustic Signals in Transition and Molecular Flow SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LIGHT-ABSORPTION MEASUREMENTS; ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL; PARTICLES; DROPLETS; SPECTROSCOPY; CALIBRATION; COEFFICIENT; INSTRUMENT; DIFFUSION; GROWTH AB Evaporation of water changes the response of photoacoustic instruments to light-absorbing particles. Previous calculations of this effect are valid for particles much larger than the mean free path of air. These calculations are extended here to include transition and molecular flow as well as various mass accommodation coefficients for water. For commonly encountered conditions, evaporation can significantly reduce the photoacoustic signal if the mass accommodation coefficient of water on aerosol particles is larger than about 0.01. Unlike the growth of cloud droplets, the photoacoustic signal is very sensitive to changes in the accommodation coefficient between 0.1 and 1. This may provide a way to measure large accommodation coefficients. For a given accommodation coefficient, the change in the photoacoustic signal depends more on absolute than relative humidity. To minimize the effects of evaporation it is better to remove water from the air rather than reduce relative humidity with heating. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Murphy, DM (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM daniel.m.murphy@noaa.gov RI Murphy, Daniel/J-4357-2012; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Murphy, Daniel/0000-0002-8091-7235; NR 29 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 9 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 EI 1521-7388 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PY 2009 VL 43 IS 4 BP 356 EP 363 AR PII 907775006 DI 10.1080/02786820802657392 PG 8 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 394HK UT WOS:000262436400006 ER PT J AU Fletcher, RA Mulholland, GW Winchester, MR King, RL Klinedinst, DB AF Fletcher, R. A. Mulholland, G. W. Winchester, M. R. King, R. L. Klinedinst, D. B. TI Calibration of a Condensation Particle Counter Using a NIST Traceable Method SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DROPLET GROWTH-PROCESSES; NUCLEUS COUNTER; PERFORMANCE; ACTIVATION; SIZE AB This work presents a calibration of a commercial condensation particle counter using National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) traceable methods. By the nature of the metrology involved, this work also compares the measurement results of three independent techniques for measuring aerosol concentration: continuous flow condensation particle counter (CPC); aerosol electrometer (AE); and the aerosol concentration derived from microscopic particle counting. Because of the transient nature of aerosol, there are no concentration artifact standards such as exist for particle diameter standards. We employ a mobility classifier to produce a nearly monodisperse, 80 nm, polystyrene latex aerosol. The test aerosol is used as a challenge for the CPC and the AE, and is subsequently filter sampled for electron microscopy. Our test stand design incorporates a continuous CPC aerosol concentration monitor to verify the aerosol stability. The CPC determines particle concentration by single particle counting at a constant sample flow rate. The AE has been calibrated to a NIST traceable current standard. The subsequent aerosol concentration measurement is obtained by determining the electrical current produced by a charged aerosol transported to the detector by a controlled aerosol flow rate. We have NIST traceability for flow rates for all methods and a methodology to calibrate the AE to NIST traceable electrical standards. The latter provides a calibration and a determination of the uncertainty in the aerosol derived current measurement. A bias in the measurements due to multiple charged particles was observed and overcome by using an electrospray aerosol generator to produce the challenge particles. This generator was able to produce aerosol concentrations over the range of 100 particles/cm(3) to 15 000 particles/cm(3) with lower number of dimer particles (approximate to 1%). In our work, independent measurement of aerosol concentration is obtained by quantitatively collecting samples of the airborne polystyrene latex spheres on a small pore filter material and determining the number of particles collected by electron microscopy. Electron micrograph images obtained using a field-emission scanning electron microscope are analyzed using particle counting. We found the relative uncertainty in the aerosol electrometer measurements to be in excess of 100% for particle concentrations of approximately 120 particles/cm(3) and approximately 5% for concentrations above 6000 particles/cm(3). The uncertainty found by the microscopy method was approximately 3%. C1 [Fletcher, R. A.; Mulholland, G. W.; Winchester, M. R.; King, R. L.; Klinedinst, D. B.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Fletcher, RA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr STOP 8371, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM robert.fletcher@nist.gov NR 33 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 9 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PY 2009 VL 43 IS 5 BP 425 EP 441 DI 10.1080/02786820802716735 PG 17 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 419ED UT WOS:000264201000005 ER PT J AU Thornberry, T Murphy, DM Thomson, DS de Gouw, J Warneke, C Bates, TS Quinn, PK Coffman, D AF Thornberry, Troy Murphy, Daniel M. Thomson, David S. de Gouw, Joost Warneke, Carsten Bates, Timothy S. Quinn, Patricia K. Coffman, Derek TI Measurement of Aerosol Organic Compounds Using a Novel Collection/Thermal-Desorption PTR-ITMS Instrument SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; PARTICLE CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; DICARBOXYLIC-ACIDS; VAPOR-PRESSURES; ONLINE ANALYSIS; IDENTIFICATION; AIR; COMPONENTS; SECONDARY; PYRIDINE AB We report the development and characterization of a protontransfer-reaction ion trap mass spectrometer for the speciated measurement of organic compounds in atmospheric aerosols and show results from its first field deployment. The instrument uses an aerosol collection inlet to accumulate aerosol mass followed by rapid thermal desorption to volatilize the organic compounds for in situ analysis. We have performed laboratory studies to characterize instrument performance and the instrument was deployed aboard a NOAA research vessel during the Texas Air Quality Study 2006/Gulf of Mexico Atmospheric Composition and Climate Study (TexAQS 2006/GoMACCS) in August-September 2006. The laboratory-determined detection limit for glutaric acid in mixed glutaric acid/NH4HSO4 test aerosols was 0.22 ng collected mass, which corresponds to an estimated detection limit of 12 ng m(-3) for a 10 min sample based on the instrument sample flow rate of 1.8 L min(-1). During TexAQS 2006/GoMACCS, signals well above the detection limit were observed at a number of mass to charge ratios, mostly occurring during an extended period of active pollution photochemistry, but also including detection of possible primary emissions of aerosol-phase pyridine. C1 [Thornberry, Troy; Murphy, Daniel M.; Thomson, David S.; de Gouw, Joost; Warneke, Carsten] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Thornberry, Troy; Thomson, David S.; de Gouw, Joost; Warneke, Carsten] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Bates, Timothy S.; Quinn, Patricia K.; Coffman, Derek] NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Thornberry, T (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, 325 Broadway R CSD6, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM troy.thornberry@noaa.gov RI Warneke, Carsten/E-7174-2010; Murphy, Daniel/J-4357-2012; Thornberry, Troy/H-7106-2013; de Gouw, Joost/A-9675-2008; Bates, Timothy/L-6080-2016; Quinn, Patricia/R-1493-2016; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Murphy, Daniel/0000-0002-8091-7235; de Gouw, Joost/0000-0002-0385-1826; Quinn, Patricia/0000-0003-0337-4895; NR 48 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 16 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 EI 1521-7388 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PY 2009 VL 43 IS 5 BP 486 EP 501 DI 10.1080/02786820902763132 PG 16 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 419ED UT WOS:000264201000009 ER PT J AU Muller, T Nowak, A Wiedensohler, A Sheridan, P Laborde, M Covert, DS Marinoni, A Imre, K Henzing, B Roger, JC dos Santos, SM Wilhelm, R Wang, YQ de Leeuw, G AF Mueller, T. Nowak, A. Wiedensohler, A. Sheridan, P. Laborde, M. Covert, David S. Marinoni, Angela Imre, Kornelia Henzing, Bas Roger, Jean-Claude dos Santos, Sebastiao Martins Wilhelm, Reinhard Wang, Ya-Qiang de Leeuw, Gerrit TI Angular Illumination and Truncation of Three Different Integrating Nephelometers: Implications for Empirical, Size-Based Corrections SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AEROSOL OPTICAL-PROPERTIES AB Integrating nephelometers are widely used for monitoring and research applications related to air pollution and climate. Several commercial versions of the instrument are available and are in wide use in the community. This article reports on results from a calibration and intercomparison workshop where several units of the three most widely used nephelometer models were tested with respect to their CO(2) calibration accuracy and stability and non-idealities of their angular illumination function. Correction factors that result from the non-ideal illumination due to truncation of the sensing volumes in the near-forward and near-backward angular ranges and for non-Lambertian illumination from the light sources are presented, in particular for two models that have not previously been tested in this respect. The correction factors ranged from 0.95 to 1.15 depending on the model of nephelometer and aerosol size distribution. Recommendations for operational data analysis in context of these and previous performance tests are presented. C1 [Covert, David S.] Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Mueller, T.; Nowak, A.; Wiedensohler, A.] Leibniz Inst Tropospher Res, Leipzig, Germany. [Sheridan, P.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. [Laborde, M.] Ecotech Pty Ltd, Knoxfield, Australia. [Marinoni, Angela] CNR, ISAC, I-40126 Bologna, Italy. [Imre, Kornelia] Univ Pannonia, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Veszprem, Hungary. [Henzing, Bas] TNO Netherlands Org Appl Sci Res, Apeldoorn, Netherlands. [Roger, Jean-Claude] Lab Meteorol Phys, OPGC, Clermont Ferrand, France. [dos Santos, Sebastiao Martins] Joint Res Ctr, Ispra, Italy. [Wilhelm, Reinhard] Meteorol Observ, DWD, Hohenpeissenberg, Germany. [Wang, Ya-Qiang] Chinese Acad Meteorol Sci, Ctr Atmosphere Watch & Serv, Beijing, Peoples R China. [de Leeuw, Gerrit] Finnish Meteorol Inst, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. RP Covert, DS (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Box 355672, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM yong@ewha.ac.kr RI Wiedensohler, Alfred/D-1223-2013; Nowak, Andreas/B-6413-2014; Mueller, Thomas/E-5426-2015 FU EU-projects Atmospheric Composition Change: The European Network of Excellence, ACCENT [GOCE-CT-2004-505337]; European Integrated Project on Aerosol Cloud Climate Air Quality Interactions, EUCAARI [0368332]; European Supersites for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, EUSAAR [RII3-CT-2006-026140]; German Federal Environment Agency [FKZ: 351 01 046]; National Science Foundation's Atmospheric Chemistry Program [ATM-0337853] FX The nephelometer workshop at the WMO-GAW World Calibration Centre for Aerosol Physics, Leipzig, Germany, was conducted under the auspices of and with support from the EU-projects Atmospheric Composition Change: The European Network of Excellence, ACCENT (GOCE-CT-2004-505337), European Integrated Project on Aerosol Cloud Climate Air Quality Interactions, EUCAARI (0368332), and European Supersites for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, EUSAAR (RII3-CT-2006-026140) as well by the German Federal Environment Agency (FKZ: 351 01 046). This work was also supported by the National Science Foundation's Atmospheric Chemistry Program under grant ATM-0337853 (DSC). NR 13 TC 26 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 10 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PY 2009 VL 43 IS 6 BP 581 EP 586 DI 10.1080/02786820902798484 PG 6 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 434JV UT WOS:000265271900007 ER PT J AU Lack, DA Cappa, CD Cross, ES Massoli, P Ahern, AT Davidovits, P Onasch, TB AF Lack, Daniel A. Cappa, Christopher D. Cross, Eben S. Massoli, Paola Ahern, Adam T. Davidovits, Paul Onasch, Timothy B. TI Absorption Enhancement of Coated Absorbing Aerosols: Validation of the Photo-Acoustic Technique for Measuring the Enhancement SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PULSED CAVITY RING; LIGHT-ABSORPTION; ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; BLACK CARBON; IN-SITU; CALIBRATION; EVAPORATION; PARTICLES; NEPHELOMETER; SPECTROSCOPY AB A photo-acoustic absorption spectrometer (PAS) and a cavity ring down aerosol extinction spectrometer (CRD-AES) were used, in conjunction with Mie Theory, to measure the refractive index (RI) of absorbing polystyrene spheres (APSS). The PAS and CRD-AES were also used to measure the absorption and extinction enhancement after these APSS were coated in oleic acid. The experimental enhancements were then compared to predictions from coated-sphere Mie Theory. The measured absorption and extinction enhancements both agreed with modeled enhancements to within an average of 5%. A filter-based absorption technique (particle soot absorption photometer, PSAP) was also used to measure the absorption by the APSS and showed a significant size-dependent bias, as evidenced by the filter-based method measuring significantly lower absorption for both uncoated and coated APSS compared to the PAS. These results suggest the validity of applying photo-acoustics to measure the absorption enhancement created by semi-volatile atmospheric species coating absorbing particles. C1 [Lack, Daniel A.; Massoli, Paola] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO 80304 USA. [Lack, Daniel A.; Massoli, Paola] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Cappa, Christopher D.] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Cross, Eben S.; Ahern, Adam T.; Davidovits, Paul; Onasch, Timothy B.] Boston Coll, Dept Chem, Chestnut Hill, MA 02167 USA. [Davidovits, Paul; Onasch, Timothy B.] Aerodyne Res Inc, Billerica, MA 01821 USA. RP Lack, DA (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80304 USA. EM daniel.lack@noaa.gov RI Lack, Daniel/I-9053-2012; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 FU Department of Energy [DE-FG02-05ER63995]; National Science Foundation [ATM-0525355]; NASA FX This work was funded, in part, by the NOAA Climate Change Program, the Office of Science (BER), Department of Energy ( Atmospheric Science Program) grant No. DE-FG02-05ER63995, the Atmospheric Chemistry Program of the National Science Foundation, grant No. ATM-0525355. ESC was funded by the NASA Earth System Science Fellowship program. NR 35 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 25 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 EI 1521-7388 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PY 2009 VL 43 IS 10 BP 1006 EP 1012 DI 10.1080/02786820903117932 PG 7 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 493JD UT WOS:000269731800002 ER PT J AU Massoli, P Murphy, DM Lack, DA Baynard, T Brock, CA Lovejoy, ER AF Massoli, P. Murphy, D. M. Lack, D. A. Baynard, T. Brock, C. A. Lovejoy, E. R. TI Uncertainty in Light Scattering Measurements by TSI Nephelometer: Results from Laboratory Studies and Implications for Ambient Measurements SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PULSED CAVITY RING; INTEGRATING NEPHELOMETER; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; AEROSOL-PARTICLES; ABSORPTION MEASUREMENTS; TRUNCATION; SPECTROSCOPY; CALIBRATION; SPECTROMETER; SENSITIVITY AB We performed a series of laboratory studies to assess uncertainties in aerosol optical property measurements. We used a pulsed cavity ring-down spectrometer (CRD) to measure the aerosol light extinction coefficient, a photo-acoustic absorption spectrometer (PAS) for light absorption, and a commercial integrating nephelometer (TSI, model 3563) for the scattering coefficient. The test aerosols generated for the study consisted of both non-absorbing and slightly-to-highly absorbing polydisperse submicron particles, delivered to the systems as pure compounds or mixtures. For aerosols with single scattering albedo (omega) > 0.7, we found that the omega values calculated by combining the three instruments agreed within expected uncertainty. For aerosols with omega < 0.7, the discrepancy was outside of the boundaries of existing uncertainties. Mie theory calculations of the nephelometer correction factors indicate that the current literature expressions for nephelometer truncation correction are not adequate at omega < 0.7 due to the large real part of the refractive index (n) of absorbing particles. New corrections are given for the case when n is known. Based on our instrumental capabilities we conclude that the lowest uncertainty in omega is obtained by combining CRD and PAS data. The implications for the uncertainty of aerosol optical properties when using nephelometer-based scattering coefficient in the case of, e. g., highly absorbing aerosols, coarse mode particles, and measurements at high relative humidity are discussed. C1 [Massoli, P.; Lack, D. A.; Baynard, T.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Massoli, P.; Murphy, D. M.; Lack, D. A.; Baynard, T.; Brock, C. A.; Lovejoy, E. R.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO USA. RP Massoli, P (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, 216 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM pmassoli@aerodyne.com RI Brock, Charles/G-3406-2011 OI Brock, Charles/0000-0002-4033-4668 FU NOAA Climate Program FX This work was funded by the NOAA Climate Program. Drs. Adam Wollny, John Ogren, and Tad Anderson provided helpful discussions. Dr. Ranajit Talukhdar helped prepare laboratory aerosol samples. NR 39 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 12 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 CHESTNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 EI 1521-7388 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PY 2009 VL 43 IS 11 BP 1064 EP 1074 DI 10.1080/02786820903156542 PG 11 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 551GS UT WOS:000274195600003 ER PT J AU Lall, AA Ma, XF Guha, S Mulholland, GW Zachariah, MR AF Lall, Anshuman Amit Ma, Xiaofei Guha, Suvajyoti Mulholland, George W. Zachariah, Michael R. TI Online Nanoparticle Mass Measurement by Combined Aerosol Particle Mass Analyzer and Differential Mobility Analyzer: Comparison of Theory and Measurements SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DENSITY AB A combination of a differential mobility analyzer (DMA) and aerosol particle mass analyzer (APM) is used to measure the mass of NIST Standard Reference Materials (SRM (R)) PSL spheres with 60 and 100 nm nominal diameter, and NIST traceable 300 nm PSL spheres. The calibration PSL spheres were previously characterized by modal diameter and spread in particle size. We used the DMA to separate the particles with modal diameter in a narrow mobility diameter range. The mass of the separated particles is measured using the APM. The measured mass is converted to diameter using a specific density of 1.05. We found that there was good agreement between our measurements and calibration modal diameter. The measured average modal diameters are 59.23 and 101.2 nm for nominal diameters of 60 and 100 nm (calibration modal diameter: 60.39 and 100.7 nm) PSL spheres, respectively. The repeatability uncertainty of these measurements is reported. For 300 nm, the measured diameter was 305.5 nm, which is an agreement with calibration diameter within 1.8%. The effect of spread in particle size on the APM transfer function is investigated. Two sources of the spread in "mono-dispersed" particle size distributions are discussed: (a) spread due to the triangular DMA transfer function, and (b) spread in the calibration particle size. The APM response function is calculated numerically with parabolic flow through the APM and diffusion broadening. As expected from theory, the calculated APM response function and measured data followed a similar trend with respect to APM voltage. However, the theoretical APM transfer function is narrower than the measured APM response. C1 [Lall, Anshuman Amit; Ma, Xiaofei; Guha, Suvajyoti; Mulholland, George W.; Zachariah, Michael R.] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Guha, Suvajyoti; Mulholland, George W.; Zachariah, Michael R.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zachariah, MR (reprint author), Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM mrz@umd.edu RI Ma, Xiaofei/B-3569-2011 FU National Science Foundation NIRT FX This work was partially supported by a National Science Foundation NIRT grant. NR 14 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 11 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PY 2009 VL 43 IS 11 BP 1075 EP 1083 DI 10.1080/02786820903095484 PG 9 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 551GS UT WOS:000274195600004 ER PT J AU Massoli, P Murphy, DM Lack, DA Baynard, T Brock, CA Lovejoy, ER AF Massoli, P. Murphy, D. M. Lack, D. A. Baynard, T. Brock, C. A. Lovejoy, E. R. TI Uncertainty in Light Scattering Measurements by TSI Nephelometer: Results from Laboratory Studies and Implications for Ambient Measurements SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PULSED CAVITY RING; INTEGRATING NEPHELOMETER; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; AEROSOL-PARTICLES; ABSORPTION MEASUREMENTS; TRUNCATION; SPECTROSCOPY; CALIBRATION; SPECTROMETER; SENSITIVITY AB We performed a series of laboratory studies to assess uncertainties in aerosol optical property measurements. We used a pulsed cavity ring-down spectrometer (CRD) to measure the aerosol light extinction coefficient, a photo-acoustic absorption spectrometer (PAS) for light absorption, and a commercial integrating nephelometer (TSI, model 3563) for the scattering coefficient. The test aerosols generated for the study consisted of both non-absorbing and slightly-to-highly absorbing polydisperse submicron particles, delivered to the systems as pure compounds or mixtures. For aerosols with single scattering albedo (omega) > 0.7, we found that the omega values calculated by combining the three instruments agreed within expected uncertainty. For aerosols with omega < 0.7, the discrepancy was outside of the boundaries of existing uncertainties. Mie theory calculations of the nephelometer correction factors indicate that the current literature expressions for nephelometer truncation correction are not adequate at omega < 0.7 due to the large real part of the refractive index (n) of absorbing particles. New corrections are given for the case when n is known. Based on our instrumental capabilities we conclude that the lowest uncertainty in omega is obtained by combining CRD and PAS data. The implications for the uncertainty of aerosol optical properties when using nephelometer-based scattering coefficient in the case of, e. g., highly absorbing aerosols, coarse mode particles, and measurements at high relative humidity are discussed. C1 [Massoli, P.; Lack, D. A.; Baynard, T.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Massoli, P.; Murphy, D. M.; Lack, D. A.; Baynard, T.; Brock, C. A.; Lovejoy, E. R.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO USA. RP Massoli, P (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, 216 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM pmassoli@aerodyne.com RI Brock, Charles/G-3406-2011; Murphy, Daniel/J-4357-2012; Lack, Daniel/I-9053-2012 OI Brock, Charles/0000-0002-4033-4668; Murphy, Daniel/0000-0002-8091-7235; FU NOAA FX This work was funded by the NOAA Climate Program. Drs. Adam Wollny, John Ogren, and Tad Anderson provided helpful discussions. Dr. Ranajit Talukhdar helped prepare laboratory aerosol samples. NR 39 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 10 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 CHESTNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 EI 1521-7388 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PY 2009 VL 42 IS 11 BP 1064 EP 1074 DI 10.1080/02786820903156542 PG 11 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 505WW UT WOS:000270732800003 ER PT J AU Lall, AA Ma, XF Guha, S Mulholland, GW Zachariah, MR AF Lall, Anshuman Amit Ma, Xiaofei Guha, Suvajyoti Mulholland, George W. Zachariah, Michael R. TI Online Nanoparticle Mass Measurement by Combined Aerosol Particle Mass Analyzer and Differential Mobility Analyzer: Comparison of Theory and Measurements SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DENSITY AB A combination of a differential mobility analyzer (DMA) and aerosol particle mass analyzer (APM) is used to measure the mass of NIST Standard Reference Materials (SRM(R)) PSL spheres with 60 and 100 nm nominal diameter, and NIST traceable 300 nm PSL spheres. The calibration PSL spheres were previously characterized by modal diameter and spread in particle size. We used the DMA to separate the particles with modal diameter in a narrow mobility diameter range. The mass of the separated particles is measured using the APM. The measured mass is converted to diameter using a specific density of 1.05. We found that there was good agreement between our measurements and calibration modal diameter. The measured average modal diameters are 59.23 and 101.2 nm for nominal diameters of 60 and 100 nm (calibration modal diameter: 60.39 and 100.7 nm) PSL spheres, respectively. The repeatability uncertainty of these measurements is reported. For 300 nm, the measured diameter was 305.5 nm, which is an agreement with calibration diameter within 1.8%. The effect of spread in particle size on the APM transfer function is investigated. Two sources of the spread in "mono-dispersed" particle size distributions are discussed: (a) spread due to the triangular DMA transfer function, and (b) spread in the calibration particle size. The APM response function is calculated numerically with parabolic flow through the APM and diffusion broadening. As expected from theory, the calculated APM response function and measured data followed a similar trend with respect to APM voltage. However, the theoretical APM transfer function is narrower than the measured APM response. C1 [Lall, Anshuman Amit; Ma, Xiaofei; Guha, Suvajyoti; Mulholland, George W.; Zachariah, Michael R.] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Guha, Suvajyoti; Mulholland, George W.; Zachariah, Michael R.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zachariah, MR (reprint author), Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM mrz@umd.edu RI Ma, Xiaofei/B-3569-2011 FU National Science Foundation NIRT FX This work was partially supported by a National Science Foundation NIRT grant. NR 14 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PY 2009 VL 42 IS 11 BP 1075 EP 1083 DI 10.1080/02786820903095484 PG 9 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 505WW UT WOS:000270732800004 ER PT S AU Fenn, ME Sickman, JO Bytnerowicz, A Clow, DW Molotch, NP Pleim, JE Tonnesen, GS Weathers, KC Padgett, PE Campbell, DH AF Fenn, M. E. Sickman, J. O. Bytnerowicz, A. Clow, D. W. Molotch, N. P. Pleim, J. E. Tonnesen, G. S. Weathers, K. C. Padgett, P. E. Campbell, D. H. BE Legge, AH TI Methods for Measuring Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition Inputs in Arid and Montane Ecosystems of Western North America SO AIR QUALITY AND ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS: RELATING SOURCES TO EFFECTS SE Developments in Environmental Science LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT; SAN-BERNARDINO MOUNTAINS; MIXED-CONIFER FORESTS; CENTRAL SIERRA-NEVADA; DRY DEPOSITION; UNITED-STATES; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; ROCKY-MOUNTAINS; WET-DEPOSITION AB Measuring atmospheric deposition in arid and snow-dominated regions presents unique challenges. Throughfall, the flux of nutrients transported in solution to the forest floor, is generally the most practical method of estimating below-canopy deposition, particularly when monitoring multiple forest sites or over multiple years. However, more studies are needed to relate throughfall fluxes to total atmospheric deposition, particularly in seasonally dry regions. In seasonally snow-covered regions, the distribution of atmospheric deposition and subsequent nitrogen (N) fluxes are highly sensitive to the temporal and spatial dynamics of snow accumulation and melt. Recent developments in passive monitoring techniques for throughfall and measurement of gaseous pollutants greatly facilitate monitoring of atmospheric deposition and ambient pollutant concentrations over broader spatial scales than was previously possible. Here we focus primarily on N fluxes as N is both a limiting nutrient and a pollutant in many terrestrial ecosystems, and because sulfur (S) deposition is not a widespread problem in the West. Methods suggested for estimating spatially distributed atmospheric deposition in arid and snow-dominated systems include simulation modeling, inferential method, throughfall collection, branch rinsing, N accumulation in surface soils of arid zones, and snowpack sampling methods. Applying more than one approach is often necessary to capture the various atmospheric deposition pathways and the spatial and temporal variability of N deposition. C1 [Fenn, M. E.; Bytnerowicz, A.; Padgett, P. E.] US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. [Sickman, J. O.] Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Environm Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. [Clow, D. W.; Campbell, D. H.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Div Water Resources, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Molotch, N. P.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Pleim, J. E.] NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. [Tonnesen, G. S.] Univ Calif Riverside, Bourns Coll Engn, Ctr Environm Res & Technol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. [Weathers, K. C.] Cary Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. RP Fenn, ME (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, 4955 Canyon Crest Dr, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. EM mfenn@fs.fed.us; james.sickman@ucr.edu; abytnerowicz@fs.fed.us; dwclow@usgs.gov; molotch@seas.ucla.edu; Pleim.Jon@epamail.epa.gov; tonnesen@cert.ucr.edu; weathersk@ecostudies.org; ppadgett@fs.fed.us; dhcampbe@usgs.gov RI Molotch, Noah/C-8576-2009; Pleim, Jonathan Pleim/C-1331-2017 OI Pleim, Jonathan Pleim/0000-0001-6190-6082 NR 128 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1474-8177 BN 978-0-08-095202-4 J9 DEV ENVIRONM SCI PY 2009 VL 9 BP 179 EP 228 DI 10.1016/S1474-8177(08)00208-8 PG 50 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BCL07 UT WOS:000310533700010 ER PT S AU Hill, SB Faradzhev, NS Tarrio, CS Lucatorto, TB Bartynski, RA Yakshinskiy, BV Madey, TE AF Hill, S. B. Faradzhev, N. S. Tarrio, C. S. Lucatorto, T. B. Bartynski, R. A. Yakshinskiy, B. V. Madey, T. E. BE Schellenberg, FM LaFontaine, BM TI Measuring the EUV-induced contamination rates of TiO2-capped multilayer optics by anticipated production-environment hydrocarbons SO ALTERNATIVE LITHOGRAPHIC TECHNOLOGIES SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Alternative Lithographic Technologies CY FEB 24-26, 2009 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE, SEMATECH Inc. DE Extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL); EUV optics contamination; TiO2; EUV optics lifetime; carbon deposition; carbon contamination ID LITHOGRAPHY AB The primary, publicly reported cause of optic degradation in pre-production extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) lithography systems is carbon deposition. This results when volatile organics adsorb onto optic surfaces and then are cracked by EUV-induced reactions. Hence the deposition rate depends on the adsorption-desorption kinetics of the molecule-surface system as well as the basic photon-stimulated reaction rates, both of which may vary significantly for different organic species. The goal of our ongoing optics-contamination program is to estimate the contamination rate of species expected in the tool environment by exposing samples to in-band 13.5 nm light from our synchrotron in the presence of fixed partial pressures of admitted gases. Here we report preliminary results of contamination rates on TiO2-capped samples for species observed in resist-outgassing measurements (benzene, isobutene, toluene and tert-butylbenzene) in the pressure range (10(-6) to 10(-4)) Pa which all display an unexpected logarithmic dependence on pressure. This scaling is in agreement with previous EUV exposures of other species at NIST as well as independent measurements of coverage performed at Rutgers University. These results are consistent with a molecular desorption energy that decreases with coverage due to molecular interactions (Temkin model). Use of the proper scaling law is critical when estimating optic lifetimes by extrapolating over the 3-to-6 orders of magnitude between accelerated-testing and tool-environment partial pressures. C1 [Hill, S. B.; Tarrio, C. S.; Lucatorto, T. B.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hill, SB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM shannon.hill@nist.gov NR 19 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-7524-4 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2009 VL 7271 AR 727113 DI 10.1117/12.814111 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BUU12 UT WOS:000290311600028 ER PT S AU Patrick, HJ Germer, TA Ding, YF Ro, HW Richter, LJ Soles, CL AF Patrick, Heather J. Germer, Thomas A. Ding, Yifu Ro, Hyun Wook Richter, Lee J. Soles, Christopher L. BE Schellenberg, FM LaFontaine, BM TI In situ measurement of annealing-induced line shape evolution in nanoimprinted polymers using scatterometry SO ALTERNATIVE LITHOGRAPHIC TECHNOLOGIES SE Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Alternative Lithographic Technologies CY FEB 24-26, 2009 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE, SEMATECH Inc. DE nanoimprint; optical critical dimension; polymers; scatterometry; spectroscopic ellipsometry; stress; rheology ID COUPLED-WAVE ANALYSIS; OPTICAL-CONSTANTS; IMPLEMENTATION; LITHOGRAPHY; GRATINGS AB Thermal embossing nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is an area of continuing interest because it allows direct patterning of nanoscale structures into a wide variety of functional polymer materials. Measuring the shape evolution of nanoimprinted lines during thermal annealing can provide insights into mechanisms of polymer stability and the dynamics of polymer flow. Recently, we have used optical scatterometry to extract the profile of nanoimprinted lines in low-and high-molecular mass polymer gratings during annealing of the gratings at the glass transition temperature. The data are obtained in situ using a spectroscopic ellipsometer and analyzed using a rigorous-coupled-wave scatterometry model. The results obtained from scatterometry are in very good agreement with those measured ex situ by atomic force microscopy and specular x-ray reflectivity, revealing very different decay mechanisms for gratings in low-and high-molecular mass polymers. The role of the selection of grating model in determining the uncertainties the grating line profile extracted from scatterometry is also discussed. C1 [Patrick, Heather J.; Germer, Thomas A.; Ro, Hyun Wook; Richter, Lee J.; Soles, Christopher L.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Patrick, HJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM heather.patrick@nist.gov RI Richter, Lee/N-7730-2016 OI Richter, Lee/0000-0002-9433-3724 NR 19 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-7524-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2009 VL 7271 AR 727128 DI 10.1117/12.815360 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BUU12 UT WOS:000290311600060 ER PT S AU Tarrio, C Vest, RE Lucatorto, TB Caudillo, R AF Tarrio, C. Vest, R. E. Lucatorto, T. B. Caudillo, R. BE Schellenberg, FM LaFontaine, BM TI Tracking down sources of carbon contamination in EUVL exposure tools SO ALTERNATIVE LITHOGRAPHIC TECHNOLOGIES SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Alternative Lithographic Technologies CY FEB 24-26, 2009 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE, SEMATECH Inc. DE Contamination; outgassing; vacuum AB Optics in extreme ultraviolet lithography exposure tools are known to suffer reflectivity degradation, mostly from the buildup of carbon. The sources of this carbon have been difficult to identify. The vacuum cleanliness in the preproduction micro-exposure tools is monitored with a residual gas analyzer, but they have not shown carbon-containing species in sufficient concentration to account for the observed carbon buildup seen in these tools. We have developed a technique based on cryo trapping followed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry analysis that is more sensitive to less-volatile compounds. We will present sample data on typical vacuum systems as well as a preliminary analysis of the Intel micro-exposure tool. C1 [Tarrio, C.; Vest, R. E.; Lucatorto, T. B.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Photon Phys Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tarrio, C (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Photon Phys Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM charles.tarrio@nist.gov NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-7524-4 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2009 VL 7271 AR 727112 DI 10.1117/12.813684 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BUU12 UT WOS:000290311600027 ER PT S AU Tarrio, C Grantham, S Cangemi, M Vest, RE Lucatorto, TB Harned, N AF Tarrio, C. Grantham, S. Cangemi, M. Vest, R. E. Lucatorto, T. B. Harned, Noreen BE Schellenberg, FM LaFontaine, BM TI EUVL dosimetry at NIST SO ALTERNATIVE LITHOGRAPHIC TECHNOLOGIES SE Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Alternative Lithographic Technologies CY FEB 24-26, 2009 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE, SEMATECH Inc. DE radiometry; dosimetry; photoresists; image plates AB As part of its role in providing radiometric standards in support of industry, the National Institute of Standards and Technology has been active in advancing extreme ultraviolet dosimetry on various fronts. Recently, we undertook a major effort in accurately measuring the sensitivity of three extreme ultraviolet photoresists. It has been common practice to use photoresists as a transfer "standards" to determine the intensity and uniformity of the radiation transmitted by extreme ultraviolet steppers. In response to preliminary results from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory that showed that two "standard" photoresists were almost twice as sensitive as had been previously believed, NIST carried out similar measurements and confirmed the Berkeley results. However, we have found that the assumed sensitivities are more a question of system calibration than of absolute resist dose sensitivity. We will describe the facility we used to make these measurements. Photoresists make less than perfect radiometers. They are very non-linear, sensitive to atmosphere, and difficult to calibrate. All of these characteristics led to the disparate results in assumed sensitivity values. We have developed an alternate wafer-plane dosimeter based on image plates. The dosimeter is linear over several orders of magnitude, comparatively insensitive to atmosphere, and can be re-calibrated as necessary. Moreover it can pass through a stepper as any other wafer. We will describe this dosimeter in detail. C1 [Tarrio, C.; Grantham, S.; Cangemi, M.; Vest, R. E.; Lucatorto, T. B.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tarrio, C (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM charles.tarrio@nist.gov NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-7524-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2009 VL 7271 AR 72713X DI 10.1117/12.813690 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BUU12 UT WOS:000290311600108 ER PT J AU Constantino, PJ Lee, JJW Smith, TM Lucas, PW Lawn, BR AF Constantino, P. J. Lee, J. J. -W. Smith, T. M. Lucas, P. W. Lawn, B. R. TI Mechanical properties of great ape tooth enamel SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 78th Annual Meeting of the American-Association-of-Physical-Anthropologists CY MAR 31-APR 03, 2009 CL Chicago, IL SP Amer Assoc Phys Anthropol C1 [Constantino, P. J.; Lucas, P. W.] George Washington Univ, Dept Anthropol, Ctr Adv Study Hominid Paleobiol, Washington, DC 20052 USA. [Lee, J. J. -W.; Lawn, B. R.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD USA. [Smith, T. M.] Harvard Univ, Dept Anthropol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0002-9483 J9 AM J PHYS ANTHROPOL JI Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. PY 2009 BP 108 EP 108 PG 1 WC Anthropology; Evolutionary Biology SC Anthropology; Evolutionary Biology GA 408NW UT WOS:000263442700160 ER PT J AU Strait, DS Weber, GW Neubauer, S Chalk, J Richmond, BG Lucas, PW Spencer, MA Schrein, C Dechow, PC Ross, CF Grosse, IR Wright, BW Constantino, P Wood, BA Lawn, B Hylander, WL Wang, Q Slice, DE Byron, C Smith, AL AF Strait, D. S. Weber, G. W. Neubauer, S. Chalk, J. Richmond, B. G. Lucas, P. W. Spencer, M. A. Schrein, C. Dechow, P. C. Ross, C. F. Grosse, I. R. Wright, B. W. Constantino, P. Wood, B. A. Lawn, B. Hylander, W. L. Wang, Q. Slice, D. E. Byron, C. Smith, A. L. TI Facial biomechanics in Australopithecus africanus: implications for feeding ecology SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 78th Annual Meeting of the American-Association-of-Physical-Anthropologists CY MAR 31-APR 03, 2009 CL Chicago, IL SP Amer Assoc Phys Anthropol C1 [Strait, D. S.; Smith, A. L.] SUNY Albany, Dept Anthropol, Albany, NY 12222 USA. [Weber, G. W.; Neubauer, S.; Slice, D. E.] Univ Vienna, Dept Anthropol, A-1010 Vienna, Austria. [Neubauer, S.] Max Planck Inst Evolutionary Anthropol, Dept Human Evolut, Leipzig, Germany. [Spencer, M. A.; Schrein, C.] Arizona State Univ, Inst Human Origins, Sch Human Evolut & Social Change, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. [Dechow, P. C.] Baylor Coll Dent, Texas A&M Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Biomed Sci, Dallas, TX 75246 USA. [Ross, C. F.] Univ Chicago, Dept Organismal Biol & Anat, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. [Grosse, I. R.] Univ Massachusetts, Dept Mech & Ind Engn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. [Wright, B. W.] Kansas City Univ Med & Biosci, Dept Anat, Kansas City, MO USA. [Lawn, B.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Hylander, W. L.] Duke Univ, Dept Biol Anthropol & Anat, Durham, NC 27706 USA. [Wang, Q.] Mercer Univ, Sch Med, Div Basic Med Sci, Macon, GA 31207 USA. [Slice, D. E.] Florida State Univ, Sch Computat Sci, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. [Slice, D. E.] Florida State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. [Byron, C.] Mercer Univ, Dept Biol, Macon, GA 31207 USA. RI Weber, Gerhard/F-2583-2010 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0002-9483 J9 AM J PHYS ANTHROPOL JI Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. PY 2009 BP 249 EP 249 PG 1 WC Anthropology; Evolutionary Biology SC Anthropology; Evolutionary Biology GA 408NW UT WOS:000263442701339 ER PT J AU McKagan, SB Handley, W Perkins, KK Wieman, CE AF McKagan, S. B. Handley, W. Perkins, K. K. Wieman, C. E. TI A research-based curriculum for teaching the photoelectric effect SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS LA English DT Article AB We have developed a curriculum on the photoelectric effect including an interactive computer simulation, interactive lectures with peer instruction, and conceptual and mathematical homework problems. Our curriculum addresses established student difficulties and is designed so that students will be able to (1) correctly predict the results of experiments on the photoelectric effect and (2) describe how these results lead to the photon model of light. Our instruction leads to better student mastery of the first goal than either traditional instruction or previous reformed instruction, with approximately 85% of students correctly predicting the results of changes to the experimental conditions. Most students are able to correctly state the observations made in the photoelectric effect experiment and the inferences that can be made from these observations, but are less successful drawing a clear logical connection between the observations and the inferences. (C) 2009 American Association of Physics Teachers. C1 [McKagan, S. B.; Wieman, C. E.] Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [McKagan, S. B.; Wieman, C. E.] NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Handley, W.; Perkins, K. K.; Wieman, C. E.] Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Wieman, C. E.] Univ British Columbia, Dept Phys, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada. RP McKagan, SB (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI van Joolingen, Wouter/A-7148-2011 OI van Joolingen, Wouter/0000-0002-4271-2861 FU NSF; Hewlett Foundation; University of Colorado; Colorado STEM Noyce Fellowship FX The authors thank the faculty members who allowed us to take data in their courses in Fall 2006-Fall 2007, and Ron LeMaster, the software engineer for the Photoelectric Effect simulation. They thank the faculty members who took the time to respond to our survey, and the undergraduate learning assistants and graduate teaching assistants who helped with the course. They also thank the PhET team and the Physics Education Research Group at the University of Colorado. This work was supported by the NSF, the Hewlett Foundation, and the University of Colorado. W. Handley was supported by a Colorado STEM Noyce Fellowship. NR 21 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER ASSOC PHYSICS TEACHERS AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0002-9505 J9 AM J PHYS JI Am. J. Phys. PD JAN PY 2009 VL 77 IS 1 BP 87 EP 94 DI 10.1119/1.2978181 PG 8 WC Education, Scientific Disciplines; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Education & Educational Research; Physics GA 415XN UT WOS:000263969900024 ER PT J AU Keller, JM Swarthout, RF Carlson, BKR Yordy, J Guichard, A Schantz, MM Kucklick, JR AF Keller, Jennifer M. Swarthout, Robert F. Carlson, Brianna K. R. Yordy, Jennifer Guichard, Aurore Schantz, Michele M. Kucklick, John R. TI Comparison of five extraction methods for measuring PCBs, PBDEs, organochlorine pesticides, and lipid content in serum SO ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Blood; Persistent organic pollutants; Polychlorinated biphenyls; Brominated flame retardants; Organochlorine pesticides; Microwave extraction methods; Lipids ID POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS; MICROWAVE-ASSISTED EXTRACTION; STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS; PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; GEL-PERMEATION CHROMATOGRAPHY; SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; CHLORINATED PESTICIDES; TURSIOPS-TRUNCATUS; FLAME RETARDANTS AB An increasing number of studies use blood obtained noninvasively to monitor organohalogen contaminants; however, blood can be difficult to analyze because of its aqueous nature and high protein content. We compared five methods for extracting polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organochlorine pesticides, and lipids from serum using National Institute of Standards and Technology Standard Reference Material 1589a PCBs, Pesticides, PBDEs, and Dioxins/Furans in Human Serum. Liquid: liquid (LLE), cavity-dispersed microwave-assisted (MAE), focused microwave-assisted (FME), solid-phase (SPE), and pressurized fluid (PFE) extraction techniques were compared. FME extraction yielded the optimal recovery of internal standards (IS). All methods resulted in similar contaminant concentrations that also agreed with the certified values for SRM 1589a, except for only a few compounds measured by methods other than FME. Based on these findings, the FME method was determined to be the best overall extraction method. One procedural factor was found to affect contaminant concentrations; use of IS carrier solvents that were immiscible with serum (or when the serum was not directly physically mixed with IS) resulted in a 30% underestimation of organohalogen concentrations. This study offers valid, novel extraction alternatives beyond traditional methods (e.g., LLE) for blood contaminant measurements. C1 [Keller, Jennifer M.; Swarthout, Robert F.; Carlson, Brianna K. R.; Yordy, Jennifer; Guichard, Aurore; Kucklick, John R.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Hollings Marine Lab, Div Analyt Chem, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. [Swarthout, Robert F.; Carlson, Brianna K. R.] Coll Charleston, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. [Yordy, Jennifer] Med Univ S Carolina, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. [Schantz, Michele M.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Keller, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Hollings Marine Lab, Div Analyt Chem, 331 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM jennifer.keller@noaa.gov FU National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Oceans and Human Health Initiative; Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research FX We thank Rebecca Heltsley, Jocelyn Flanary, and Stacy Vander Pol for technical assistance. Salary funding for B. Carlson was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Oceans and Human Health Initiative, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research. NR 29 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 4 U2 29 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1618-2642 J9 ANAL BIOANAL CHEM JI Anal. Bioanal. Chem. PD JAN PY 2009 VL 393 IS 2 BP 747 EP 760 DI 10.1007/s00216-008-2453-6 PG 14 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 387FI UT WOS:000261936700039 PM 18958450 ER PT J AU Ichino, T Villano, SM Gianola, AJ Goebbert, DJ Velarde, L Sanov, A Blanksby, SJ Zhou, X Hrovat, DA Borden, WT Lineberger, WC AF Ichino, Takatoshi Villano, Stephanie M. Gianola, Adam J. Goebbert, Daniel J. Velarde, Luis Sanov, Andrei Blanksby, Stephen J. Zhou, Xin Hrovat, David A. Borden, Weston Thatcher Lineberger, W. Carl TI The Lowest Singlet and Triplet States of the Oxyallyl Diradical SO ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION LA English DT Article DE oxyallyl compounds; photoelectron spectroscopy; radicals; reactive intermediates ID PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; DIASTEREOMERIC CYCLOPROPANONES; ENERGY DIFFERENCES; COUPLED-CLUSTER; ALLYL CATIONS; GROUND-STATE; NEGATIVE-ION; TRIMETHYLENEMETHANE; ISOMERIZATION; IONIZATION C1 [Ichino, Takatoshi; Villano, Stephanie M.; Gianola, Adam J.; Lineberger, W. Carl] Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Ichino, Takatoshi; Villano, Stephanie M.; Lineberger, W. Carl] Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Ichino, Takatoshi; Villano, Stephanie M.; Lineberger, W. Carl] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Goebbert, Daniel J.; Velarde, Luis; Sanov, Andrei] Univ Arizona, Dept Chem, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Blanksby, Stephen J.] Univ Wollongong, Dept Chem, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. [Zhou, Xin; Hrovat, David A.; Borden, Weston Thatcher] Univ N Texas, Dept Chem, Denton, TX 76203 USA. [Zhou, Xin; Hrovat, David A.; Borden, Weston Thatcher] Univ N Texas, Ctr Adv Simulat Computat & Modeling, Denton, TX 76203 USA. RP Lineberger, WC (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Velarde, Luis/D-4929-2011; Blanksby, Stephen/C-8388-2013 OI Velarde, Luis/0000-0001-6329-3486; Blanksby, Stephen/0000-0002-8560-756X FU National Science Foundation; Air Force Office of Scientific Research; Robert A Welch Foundation FX We are pleased to acknowledge generous support from the National Science Foundation, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, and the Robert A Welch Foundation NR 45 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 12 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1433-7851 J9 ANGEW CHEM INT EDIT JI Angew. Chem.-Int. Edit. PY 2009 VL 48 IS 45 BP 8509 EP 8511 DI 10.1002/anie.200904417 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 516LN UT WOS:000271543800020 PM 19739188 ER PT J AU Ben, T Ren, H Ma, SQ Cao, DP Lan, JH Jing, XF Wang, WC Xu, J Deng, F Simmons, JM Qiu, SL Zhu, GS AF Ben, Teng Ren, Hao Ma, Shengqian Cao, Dapeng Lan, Jianhui Jing, Xiaofei Wang, Wenchuan Xu, Jun Deng, Feng Simmons, Jason M. Qiu, Shilun Zhu, Guangshan TI Targeted Synthesis of a Porous Aromatic Framework with High Stability and Exceptionally High Surface Area SO ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION LA English DT Article DE adsorption; carbon dioxide; hydrogen; organic frameworks; porous materials ID COVALENT ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS; MICROPOROUS POLYMERS; HYDROGEN STORAGE; NETWORKS; MIL-100 C1 [Ben, Teng; Ren, Hao; Jing, Xiaofei; Qiu, Shilun; Zhu, Guangshan] Jilin Univ, State Key Lab Inorgar Synth & Preparat Chem, Changchun 130023, Peoples R China. [Ma, Shengqian] Argonne Natl Lab, Chem Sci & Engn Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Cao, Dapeng; Lan, Jianhui; Wang, Wenchuan] Beijing Univ Chem Technol, Key Lab Nanomat, Beijing, Peoples R China. [Xu, Jun; Deng, Feng] Wuhan Inst Phys & Math, State Key Lab Magnet Resonance & Atom & Mol Phys, Wuhan, Hubei, Peoples R China. [Simmons, Jason M.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Qiu, SL (reprint author), Jilin Univ, State Key Lab Inorgar Synth & Preparat Chem, Changchun 130023, Peoples R China. EM sqiu@jlu.edu.cn; zhugs@jlu.edu.cn RI Wang, Wenchuan/G-2961-2010; Cao, Dapeng/G-2808-2010; Ma, Shengqian/B-4022-2012; Zhu, Guangshan/E-2024-2013; Ben, Teng/B-4634-2011 OI Cao, Dapeng/0000-0002-6981-7794; Ma, Shengqian/0000-0002-1897-7069; Ben, Teng/0000-0002-0847-330X NR 30 TC 597 Z9 606 U1 76 U2 561 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1433-7851 J9 ANGEW CHEM INT EDIT JI Angew. Chem.-Int. Edit. PY 2009 VL 48 IS 50 BP 9457 EP 9460 DI 10.1002/anie.200904637 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 532PM UT WOS:000272761900009 PM 19921728 ER PT J AU Loto'aniu, TM Fraser, BJ Waters, CL AF Loto'aniu, T. M. Fraser, B. J. Waters, C. L. TI The modulation of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves by Pc 5 ULF waves SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Magnetospheric physics; MHD waves and instabilities; Plasma waves and instabilities; Space plasma physics; Wave-wave interactions ID SYNCHRONOUS ORBIT; HYDROMAGNETIC EMISSIONS; GEOMAGNETIC-PULSATIONS; MAGNETIC PULSATIONS; CRRES; PLASMA; MAGNETOSPHERE; MICROPULSATIONS; PROPAGATION; INSTABILITY AB The modulation of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves by longer-period ULF waves has been proposed as a method for producing pearl structured Pc 1-2 EMIC waves. This study examines frequency and phase relationship between Pc 1 EMIC wavepacket envelopes and simultaneously occurring Pc 5 ULF waves using magnetic data measured by the CRRES spacecraft. Intervals from three days in 1991 where CRRES observed pearls are presented along with simple statistics for 58 EMIC wavepackets. The observations were dominated by EMIC waves propagating away from the equatorial region. Comparisons between pearl wavepacket envelopes and Pc 5 waves show excellent agreement. The pearl wavepacket duration times, tau(dur), were statistically correlated with Pc 5 wave periods, T(Pc5), resulting in a correlation coefficient of R=0.7 and best fit equation tau(dur)=0.8.T(Pc5)+6s. In general, phase differences varied although time intervals of constant in-phase or anti-phase correlation were observed. Anti-phase modulation may be explained by a decreasing background magnetic field due to the negative cycle of the ULF wave decreasing Alfven velocity and minimum resonant energy. In-phase modulation could be the result of adiabatic modulation of temperature anisotropy in-phase with variations in the background field. Non-adiabatic processes may contribute to intervals that showed varying phase differences with time. Results suggest that future theoretical developments should take into account the full range of possible wave particle interactions inside the magnetosphere. C1 [Loto'aniu, T. M.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Loto'aniu, T. M.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Space Weather Predict Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. [Fraser, B. J.; Waters, C. L.] Univ Newcastle, Sch Math & Phys Sci, Ctr Space Phys, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia. RP Loto'aniu, TM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM paul.lotoaniu@noaa.gov RI Waters, Colin/B-3086-2011 OI Waters, Colin/0000-0003-2121-6962 FU NOAA GOES-R program; Commonwealth of Australia through the CRC program; University of Newcastle, Australia FX This work was partially carried out in the Cooperative Research Centre for Satellite Systems with financial support from the Commonwealth of Australia through the CRC program, and the University of Newcastle, Australia. Thanks are due to R. A. Anderson for providing the CRRES electron density data and H. J. Singer for providing the AFGL magnetometer data. This work was completed at the Space Weather Prediction Center and partially supported by the NOAA GOES-R program. NR 42 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2009 VL 27 IS 1 BP 121 EP 130 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 414BT UT WOS:000263839600009 ER PT J AU Williams, CR Gage, KS AF Williams, C. R. Gage, K. S. TI Raindrop size distribution variability estimated using ensemble statistics SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Atmospheric composition and structure; Instruments and techniques; Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics; Precipitation; Radio science; Remote sensing ID VERTICAL AIR VELOCITIES; DOPPLER RADAR SPECTRA; WIND PROFILERS; PRECIPITATION; RETRIEVAL; UHF AB Before radar estimates of the raindrop size distribution (DSD) can be assimilated into numerical weather prediction models, the DSD estimate must also include an uncertainty estimate. Ensemble statistics are based on using the same observations as inputs into several different models with the spread in the outputs providing an uncertainty estimate. In this study, Doppler velocity spectra from collocated vertically pointing profiling radars operating at 50 and 920 MHz were the input data for 42 different DSD retrieval models. The DSD retrieval models were perturbations of seven different DSD models (including exponential and gamma functions), two different inverse modeling methodologies (convolution or deconvolution), and three different cost functions (two spectral and one moment cost functions). Two rain events near Darwin, Australia, were analyzed in this study producing 26 725 independent ensembles of mass-weighted mean raindrop diameter D-m and rain rate R. The mean and the standard deviation (indicated by the symbols < x > and sigma {x}) of D-m and R were estimated for each ensemble. For small ranges of < D-m > or < R > histograms of sigma{D-m} and sigma{R} were found to be asymmetric, which prevented Gaussian statistics from being used to describe the uncertainties. Therefore, 10, 50, and 90 percentiles of sigma{D-m} and sigma{R} were used to describe the uncertainties for small intervals of < D-m > or < R >. The smallest Dm uncertainty occurred for < D-m > between 0.8 and 1.8 mm with the 90th and 50th percentiles being less than 0.15 and 0.11 mm, which correspond to relative errors of less than 20% and 15%, respectively. The uncertainty increased for smaller and larger < D-m > values. The uncertainty of R increased with < R >. While the 90th percentile uncertainty approached 0.6 mm h(-1) for a 2 mm h(-1) rain rate (30% relative error), the median uncertainty was less than 0.15 mm h(-1) at the same rain rate (less than 8% relative error). This study addresses retrieval error and does not attempt to quantify absolute or representativeness errors. C1 [Williams, C. R.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Williams, CR (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM christopher.williams@colorado.edu RI Williams, Christopher/A-2723-2015 OI Williams, Christopher/0000-0001-9394-8850 FU NASA Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM); Precipitation Measurement Mission (PMM) [NNX07AN32G]; NOAA's FX This work was supported in part by the NASA Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and Precipitation Measurement Mission (PMM) programs (award number NNX07AN32G), and in part by NOAA's contribution toward the NASA PMM program. The Darwin 50-MHz profiler is owned and operated by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BOM). The Darwin 920-MHz profiler was owned by NOAA and is maintained and operated by BOM.; Topical Editor U.-P. Hoppe thanks two anonymous referees for their help in evaluating this paper. NR 25 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 EI 1432-0576 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2009 VL 27 IS 2 BP 555 EP 567 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 414BW UT WOS:000263839900010 ER PT J AU Le Contel, O Roux, A Jacquey, C Robert, P Berthomier, M Chust, T Grison, B Angelopoulos, V Sibeck, D Chaston, CC Cully, CM Ergun, B Glassmeier, KH Auster, U McFadden, J Carlson, C Larson, D Bonnell, JW Mende, S Russell, CT Donovan, E Mann, I Singer, H AF Le Contel, O. Roux, A. Jacquey, C. Robert, P. Berthomier, M. Chust, T. Grison, B. Angelopoulos, V. Sibeck, D. Chaston, C. C. Cully, C. M. Ergun, B. Glassmeier, K. -H. Auster, U. McFadden, J. Carlson, C. Larson, D. Bonnell, J. W. Mende, S. Russell, C. T. Donovan, E. Mann, I. Singer, H. TI Quasi-parallel whistler mode waves observed by THEMIS during near-earth dipolarizations SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Magnetospheric physics; Magnetotail; Plasma waves and instabilities; Storms and substorms ID THIN CURRENT SHEETS; MAGNETIC RECONNECTION; PLASMA SHEET; GEOMAGNETIC TAIL; SUBSTORM ONSET; MAGNETOSPHERE; MAGNETOTAIL; PARTICLE; FIELD; CHALLENGE AB We report on quasi-parallel whistler emissions detected by the near-earth satellites of the THEMIS mission before, during, and after local dipolarization. These emissions are associated with an electron temperature anisotropy alpha = T-perpendicular to e/T-parallel to e > 1 consistent with the linear theory of whistler mode anisotropy instability. When the whistler mode emissions are observed the measured electron anisotropy varies inversely with beta(parallel to e) (the ratio of the electron parallel pressure to the magnetic pressure) as predicted by Gary and Wang (1996). Narrow band whistler emissions correspond to the small alpha existing before dipolarization whereas the broad band emissions correspond to large alpha observed during and after dipolarization. The energy in the whistler mode is leaving the current sheet and is propagating along the background magnetic field, towards the Earth. A simple time-independent description based on the Liouville's theorem indicates that the electron temperature anisotropy decreases with the distance along the magnetic field from the equator. Once this variation of alpha is taken into account, the linear theory predicts an equatorial origin for the whistler mode. The linear theory is also consistent with the observed bandwidth of wave emissions. Yet, the anisotropy required to be fully consistent with the observations is somewhat larger than the measured one. Although the discrepancy remains within the instrumental error bars, this could be due to time-dependent effects which have been neglected. The possible role of the whistler waves in the substorm process is discussed. C1 [Le Contel, O.; Roux, A.; Robert, P.; Berthomier, M.; Chust, T.; Grison, B.] UPMC, Ecole Polytech, CNRS, Lab Phys Plasmas,P11, Velizy Villacoublay, France. [Jacquey, C.] CNRS, Ctr Etud Spatiale Rayonnements, Toulouse, France. [Angelopoulos, V.; Russell, C. T.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. [Sibeck, D.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Chaston, C. C.; McFadden, J.; Carlson, C.; Larson, D.; Bonnell, J. W.; Mende, S.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Cully, C. M.; Ergun, B.] Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Glassmeier, K. -H.; Auster, U.] Tech Univ Carolo Wilhelmina Braunschweig, Inst Geophys & Extraterr Phys, Braunschweig, Germany. [Donovan, E.] Univ Calgary, Dept Phys & Astrophys, Calgary, AB, Canada. [Mann, I.] Univ Alberta, Dept Phys, Edmonton, AB, Canada. [Singer, H.] Space Environm Ctr, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Boulder, CO USA. RP Le Contel, O (reprint author), UPMC, Ecole Polytech, CNRS, Lab Phys Plasmas,P11, Velizy Villacoublay, France. EM olivier.lecontel@lpp.polytechnique.fr RI Sibeck, David/D-4424-2012; Grison, Benjamin/G-9440-2014; Cully, Christopher/P-2539-2016 OI Donovan, Eric/0000-0002-8557-4155; Grison, Benjamin/0000-0002-3440-6856; FU CNES; CNRS-INSU; NASA [NAS5-02099] FX The French involvment on THEMIS is supported by CNES and CNRS-INSU. Work in the US was supported by NASA contract NAS5-02099. The work of KHG and UA at the Technical University of Braunschweig was financially supported by the German Ministerium fur Wirtschaft und Technologie and the German Zentrum fur Luft- und Raumfahrt under grant 50QP0402. The CARISMA array is operated and deployed by the University of Alberta, funded by the Canadian Space Agency. NR 59 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 5 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2009 VL 27 IS 6 BP 2259 EP 2275 PG 17 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 464XR UT WOS:000267543600002 ER PT J AU Forsyth, C Lester, M Fear, RC Lucek, E Dandouras, I Fazakerley, AN Singer, H Yeoman, TK AF Forsyth, C. Lester, M. Fear, R. C. Lucek, E. Dandouras, I. Fazakerley, A. N. Singer, H. Yeoman, T. K. TI Solar wind and substorm excitation of the wavy current sheet SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Magnetospheric physics; Magnetotail; Solar wind-magnetosphere interactions; Storms and substorms ID ADVANCED COMPOSITION EXPLORER; MAGNETIC-FIELD; NEUTRAL SHEET; PLASMA SHEET; IMAGE SPACECRAFT; MAGNETOSPHERIC SUBSTORMS; SYNCHRONOUS ALTITUDE; GEOMAGNETIC TAIL; CLUSTER; DIPOLARIZATION AB Following a solar wind pressure pulse on 3 August 2001, GOES 8, GOES 10, Cluster and Polar observed dipolarizations of the magnetic field, accompanied by an eastward expansion of the aurora observed by IMAGE, indicating the occurrence of two substorms. Prior to the first substorm, the motion of the plasma sheet with respect to Cluster was in the Z(GSM) direction. Observations following the substorms show the occurrence of current sheet waves moving predominantly in the-Y-GSM direction. Following the second substorm, the current sheet waves caused multiple current sheet crossings of the Cluster spacecraft, previously studied by Zhang et al. (2002). We further this study to show that the velocity of the current sheet waves was similar to the expansion velocity of the substorm aurora and the expansion of the dipolarization regions in the magnetotail. Furthermore, we compare these results with the current sheet wave models of Golovchanskaya and Maltsev (2005) and Erkaev et al. (2008). We find that the Erkaev et al. (2008) model gives the best fit to the observations. C1 [Forsyth, C.; Lester, M.; Fear, R. C.; Yeoman, T. K.] Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. [Forsyth, C.; Fazakerley, A. N.] Univ Coll London, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England. [Lucek, E.] Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, London SW7 2BZ, England. [Dandouras, I.] Univ Toulouse, CNRS, CESR, F-31028 Toulouse 4, France. [Singer, H.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Forsyth, C (reprint author), Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. EM cfo@mssl.ucl.ac.uk RI Forsyth, Colin/E-4159-2010; Yeoman, Timothy/L-9105-2014; OI Forsyth, Colin/0000-0002-0026-8395; Yeoman, Timothy/0000-0002-8434-4825; Dandouras, Iannis/0000-0002-7121-1118; Fear, Robert/0000-0003-0589-7147 FU STFC [PP/E000983, PPA/S/S/2005/04156, PP/E/001173/1] FX The authors wish to thank CDAWeb for the GOES data; H. U. Frey and the NASA Space Science Data Centre for the IMAGE FUV data; the Cluster Active Archive for the high resolution FGM data and CIS data; C. T. Russell for the Polar MFE data; N. Ness and D. McComas for the ACE data. We thank the institutes who maintain the IMAGE Magnetometer array. Thanks go to the operations teams of the various instruments and spacecraft used in this study. Analysis of the Cluster, GOES and Polar data was done using the QSAS science analysis system provided by the UK Cluster Science Centre (Imperial College London and Queen Mary, University of London). ML, RCF and TKY were supported by STFC grant PP/E000983. CF was supported by STFC studentship PPA/S/S/2005/04156 and STFC grant PP/E/001173/1. NR 52 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 EI 1432-0576 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2009 VL 27 IS 6 BP 2457 EP 2474 PG 18 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 464XR UT WOS:000267543600019 ER PT J AU Liu, PC Chen, HS Doong, DJ Kao, CC Hsu, YJG AF Liu, P. C. Chen, H. S. Doong, D. -J. Kao, C. C. Hsu, Y. -J. G. TI Freaque waves during Typhoon Krosa SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics; Ocean-atmosphere interactions; Waves and tides; Oceanography: physical; surface waves and tides AB This paper presents a subjective search for North Sea Draupner-like freaque waves from wave measurement data available in the northeastern coastal waters of Taiwan during Typhoon Krosa, October 2007. Not knowing what to expect, we found rather astonishingly that there were more Draupner-like freaque wave types during the build-up of the storm than we ever anticipated. As the conventional approach of defining freaque waves as H-max/H-s > 2 is ineffective to discern all the conspicuous cases we found, we also tentatively proposed two new indices based on different empirical wave grouping approaches which hopefully can be used for further development of effective indexing toward identifying freaque waves objectively. C1 [Liu, P. C.] NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. [Chen, H. S.] NOAA, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD USA. [Doong, D. -J.] Natl Taiwan Ocean Univ, Chilung, Taiwan. [Kao, C. C.] Natl Cheng Kung Univ, Tainan 70101, Taiwan. [Hsu, Y. -J. G.] Cent Weather Bur, Marine Meteorol Ctr, Taipei, Taiwan. RP Liu, PC (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM paul.c.liu@noaa.gov NR 16 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2009 VL 27 IS 7 BP 2633 EP 2642 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 478XS UT WOS:000268622700003 ER PT J AU Li, Z Zhao, X Kahn, R Mishchenko, M Remer, L Lee, KH Wang, M Laszlo, I Nakajima, T Maring, H AF Li, Z. Zhao, X. Kahn, R. Mishchenko, M. Remer, L. Lee, K. -H. Wang, M. Laszlo, I. Nakajima, T. Maring, H. TI Uncertainties in satellite remote sensing of aerosols and impact on monitoring its long-term trend: a review and perspective SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Review DE Atmospheric composition and structure; Aerosols and particles; History of geophysics; Atmospheric sciences; Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics; Radiative processes ID HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETER; OCEAN COLOR IMAGERY; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION; TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOL; MISR AEROSOL; IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER; RETRIEVAL ALGORITHM; SOUTHERN AFRICA; CLOUD DETECTION AB As a result of increasing attention paid to aerosols in climate studies, numerous global satellite aerosol products have been generated. Aerosol parameters and underlining physical processes are now incorporated in many general circulation models (GCMs) in order to account for their direct and indirect effects on the earth's climate, through their interactions with the energy and water cycles. There exists, however, an outstanding problem that these satellite products have substantial discrepancies, that must be lowered substantially for narrowing the range of the estimates of aerosol's climate effects. In this paper, numerous key uncertain factors in the retrieval of aerosol optical depth (AOD) are articulated for some widely used and relatively long satellite aerosol products including the AVHRR, TOMS, MODIS, MISR, and SeaWiFS. We systematically review the algorithms developed for these sensors in terms of four key elements that influence the quality of passive satellite aerosol retrieval: calibration, cloud screening, classification of aerosol types, and surface effects. To gain further insights into these uncertain factors, the NOAA AVHRR data are employed to conduct various tests, which help estimate the ranges of uncertainties incurred by each of the factors. At the end, recommendations are made to cope with these issues and to produce a consistent and unified aerosol database of high quality for both environment monitoring and climate studies. C1 [Zhao, X.] NOAA, NESDIS, NCDC, Asheville, NC USA. [Kahn, R.; Remer, L.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Mishchenko, M.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Wang, M.; Laszlo, I.] NOAA, NESDIS, STAR, Camp Springs, MD USA. [Nakajima, T.] Univ Tokyo, Ctr Climate Syst Res, Tokyo 1138654, Japan. [Maring, H.] NASA, HQ, Washington, DC 20546 USA. [Li, Z.] Nanjing Univ Informat Sci & Technol, Nanjing, Peoples R China. EM zli@atmos.umd.edu RI Laszlo, Istvan/F-5603-2010; Wang, Menghua/F-5631-2010; Nakajima, Teruyuki/H-2370-2013; Li, Zhanqing/F-4424-2010; Kahn, Ralph/D-5371-2012; Mishchenko, Michael/D-4426-2012; OI Laszlo, Istvan/0000-0002-5747-9708; Wang, Menghua/0000-0001-7019-3125; Nakajima, Teruyuki/0000-0002-9042-504X; Li, Zhanqing/0000-0001-6737-382X; Kahn, Ralph/0000-0002-5234-6359; Lee, Kwon-Ho/0000-0002-0844-5245 FU NASA Radiation Sciences Program [NNX08AH71G, NNH04AA26I]; NASA Glory Mission project; NSF [IIS0611892]; NOAA; MOST [2008CB403706] FX This research was funded by the NASA Radiation Sciences Program (NNX08AH71G, NNH04AA26I), the NASA Glory Mission project, and NSF (IIS0611892). Additional funding support is also provided by NOAA, and the MOST (2008CB403706). NR 118 TC 101 Z9 101 U1 7 U2 69 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 EI 1432-0576 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2009 VL 27 IS 7 BP 2755 EP 2770 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 478XS UT WOS:000268622700013 ER PT J AU Anderson, D Araujo-Pradere, E Scherliess, L AF Anderson, D. Araujo-Pradere, E. Scherliess, L. TI Comparing daytime, equatorial E x B drift velocities and TOPEX/TEC observations associated with the 4-cell, non-migrating tidal structure SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Ionosphere; Electric fields and currents; Equatorial ionosphere; Ionosphere-atmosphere interactions ID F-REGION AB We investigate the seasonal and longitude dependence of the daytime, vertical E x B drift velocities, on a day-to-day basis, using a recently-developed technique for inferring realistic E x B drifts from ground-based magnetometer observations. We have chosen only quiet days, A(p) < 10, from January 2001 through December 2002, so that the main contribution to the variability is due to the variability in the tidal forcing from below. In order to study the longitude dependence in daytime E x B drift velocities, we use appropriately-placed magnetometers in the Peruvian, Philippine, Indonesian and Indian longitude sectors. Since we are particularly interested in quantifying the E x B drift velocities associated with the 4-cell, non-migrating tidal structure, we compare the seasonal and longitude E x B drift structure with TOPEX satellite observations of Total Electron Content (TEC). We outline a plan to establish the magnitude of the longitude gradients that exist in the daytime, vertical E x B drift velocities at the boundaries of the observed 4-cell patterns and to theoretically identify the physical mechanisms that account for these sharp gradients. The paper demonstrates that sharp gradients in E x B drift velocities exist at one of the 4-cell boundaries and outlines how the C/NOFS IVM and VEFI sensor observations could be used to establish the E x B drift longitude gradients at the boundaries of each of the 4 cells. In addition, the paper identifies one of the theoretical, atmosphere/ionosphere models that could be employed to identify the physical mechanisms that might explain these observations. C1 [Anderson, D.; Araujo-Pradere, E.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Anderson, D.; Araujo-Pradere, E.] NOAA, Space Weather Predict Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Natl Weather Serv, Boulder, CO USA. [Scherliess, L.] Utah State Univ, Ctr Atmospher & Space Sci, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Anderson, D (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM david.anderson@noaa.gov RI Scherliess, Ludger/A-7499-2016 OI Scherliess, Ludger/0000-0002-7388-5255 NR 16 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2009 VL 27 IS 7 BP 2861 EP 2867 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 478XS UT WOS:000268622700022 ER PT J AU Keika, K Nakamura, R Volwerk, M Angelopoulos, V Baumjohann, W Retino, A Fujimoto, M Bonnell, JW Singer, HJ Auster, HU McFadden, JP Larson, D Mann, I AF Keika, K. Nakamura, R. Volwerk, M. Angelopoulos, V. Baumjohann, W. Retino, A. Fujimoto, M. Bonnell, J. W. Singer, H. J. Auster, H. U. McFadden, J. P. Larson, D. Mann, I. TI Observations of plasma vortices in the vicinity of flow-braking: a case study SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Symposium on Equatorial Aeronomy (ISEA-12) CY MAY 18-24, 2008 CL Crete, GREECE SP Univ Crete, Ionospher Phys Lab, Phys Dept DE Magnetospheric physics; Magnetotail; Plasma convection; Plasma sheet ID RAPID FLUX TRANSPORT; BURSTY BULK FLOWS; HIGH-SPEED FLOWS; GEOTAIL OBSERVATIONS; SHEET; MAGNETOTAIL; THEMIS; TAIL; INSTRUMENT; BUBBLES AB We examine fast plasma flows and magnetic field fluctuations observed by THEMIS at 03:00-03:30 UT on 12 December 2007. All THEMIS probes are situated in the near-Earth plasma sheet (X(SM)>-10 R(E)) with 1-2 R(E) spacecraft separations in azimuthal and radial directions. We focus on the observations of plasma convective flows made simultaneously by more than one THEMIS probe. At about 03:10 UT and 03:14 UT, the THEMIS P2 probe observed earthward flows of > 100 km/s. The THEMIS P1 probe, located duskward and earthward of P2, observed tailward flows under a positive B(z). The inner most probe THEMIS P4, located at almost the same MLT as THEMIS P1 and P2, did not see any clear flow. We examine the convective flow patterns for the THEMIS observations. We conclude that plasma vortices are formed near the region where the earthward flows slow down and turn in azimuthal directions. C1 [Keika, K.; Nakamura, R.; Volwerk, M.; Baumjohann, W.; Retino, A.] Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, A-8042 Graz, Austria. [Keika, K.] New Jersey Inst Technol, Ctr Solar Terr Res, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. [Angelopoulos, V.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Fujimoto, M.] Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 2298510, Japan. [Bonnell, J. W.; McFadden, J. P.; Larson, D.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Auster, H. U.] Tech Univ Carolo Wilhelmina Braunschweig, Inst Geophys & Extraterrestr Phys, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany. [Mann, I.] Univ Alberta, Dept Phys, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G7, Canada. [Singer, H. J.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Space Weather Predict Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Keika, K (reprint author), Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Schmiedlstr 6, A-8042 Graz, Austria. EM keika@adm.njit.edu RI Baumjohann, Wolfgang/A-1012-2010; Nakamura, Rumi/I-7712-2013; OI Baumjohann, Wolfgang/0000-0001-6271-0110; Nakamura, Rumi/0000-0002-2620-9211; Retino, Alessandro/0000-0001-5824-2852 NR 24 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2009 VL 27 IS 8 BP 3009 EP 3017 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 489RU UT WOS:000269440700005 ER PT J AU Partamies, N Pulkkinen, TI McPherron, RL McWilliams, K Bryant, CR Tanskanen, E Singer, HJ Reeves, GD Thomsen, MF AF Partamies, N. Pulkkinen, T. I. McPherron, R. L. McWilliams, K. Bryant, C. R. Tanskanen, E. Singer, H. J. Reeves, G. D. Thomsen, M. F. TI Different magnetospheric modes: solar wind driving and coupling efficiency SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Magnetospheric physics; Magnetosphere-ionosphere interactions; Solar wind-magnetosphere interactions; Storms and substorms ID HIGH-LATITUDE CONVECTION; SUBSTORM; FIELD; MAGNETOTAIL; IONOSPHERE; SIGNATURE; DYNAMICS; CANOPUS; DRIVEN; REGION AB This study describes a systematic statistical comparison of isolated non-storm substorms, steady magnetospheric convection (SMC) intervals and sawtooth events. The number of events is approximately the same in each group and the data are taken from about the same years to avoid biasing by different solar cycle phase. The very same superposed epoch analysis is performed for each event group to show the characteristics of ground-based indices (AL, PCN, PC potential), particle injection at the geostationary orbit and the solar wind and IMF parameters. We show that the monthly occurrence of sawtooth events and isolated non-stormtime substorms closely follows maxima of the geomagnetic activity at (or close to) the equinoxes. The most strongly solar wind driven event type, sawtooth events, is the least efficient in coupling the solar wind energy to the auroral ionosphere, while SMC periods are associated with the highest coupling ratio (AL/EY). Furthermore, solar wind speed seems to play a key role in determining the type of activity in the magnetosphere. Slow solar wind is capable of maintaining steady convection. During fast solar wind streams the magnetosphere responds with loading-unloading cycles, represented by substorms during moderately active conditions and sawtooth events (or other storm-time activations) during geomagnetically active conditions. C1 [Partamies, N.; Pulkkinen, T. I.] Finnish Meteorol Inst, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. [McPherron, R. L.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA. [McWilliams, K.; Bryant, C. R.] Univ Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada. [Tanskanen, E.] Univ Bergen, Bergen, Norway. [Singer, H. J.] NOAA, Space Weather Predict Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. [Reeves, G. D.; Thomsen, M. F.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Partamies, N (reprint author), Finnish Meteorol Inst, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. EM noora.partamies@fmi.fi RI Pulkkinen, Tuija/D-8403-2012; Partamies, Noora/G-3408-2014; Reeves, Geoffrey/E-8101-2011 OI Pulkkinen, Tuija/0000-0002-6317-381X; Partamies, Noora/0000-0003-2536-9341; Reeves, Geoffrey/0000-0002-7985-8098 FU Academy of Finland FX The work by N.P. was supported by the Academy of Finland. The authors thank Robin Barnes for providing the SuperDARN polar cap potential data. We thank ACE PI teams for the MAG and SWEPAM data. ASY-H/SYM-H and AE indices where downloaded from Kyoto Geomagnetic Data Services, and the PCN data from the Danish Meteorological Institute web site. NR 46 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 EI 1432-0576 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2009 VL 27 IS 11 BP 4281 EP 4291 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 525QT UT WOS:000272232100016 ER PT J AU Morris, MP Chilson, PB Schuur, TJ Ryzhkov, A AF Morris, M. P. Chilson, P. B. Schuur, T. J. Ryzhkov, A. TI Microphysical retrievals from simultaneous polarimetric and profiling radar observations SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics; Precipitation; Instruments and techniques; Radio science; Remote sensing ID DROP-SIZE DISTRIBUTION; 2-DIMENSIONAL VIDEO DISDROMETER; SQUALL LINE; DIFFERENTIAL REFLECTIVITY; RAINFALL ESTIMATION; RAINDROP SPECTRA; WIND PROFILER; PRECIPITATION; DISTRIBUTIONS; STRATIFORM AB The character of precipitation detected at the surface is the final product of many microphysical interactions in the cloud above, the combined effects of which may be characterized by the observed drop size distribution (DSD). This necessitates accurate retrieval of the DSD from remote sensing data, especially radar as it offers large areal coverage, high spatial resolution, and rigorous quality control and testing. Combined instrument observations with a UHF wind profiler, an S-band polarimetric weather radar, and a video disdrometer are analyzed for two squall line events occuring during the calendar year 2007. UHF profiler Doppler velocity spectra are used to estimate the DSD aloft, and are complemented by DSDs retrieved from an exponential model applied to polarimetric data. Ground truth is provided by the disdrometer. A complicating factor in the retrieval from UHF profiler spectra is the presence of ambient air motion, which can be corrected using the method proposed by Teshiba et al. (2009), in which a comparison between idealized Doppler spectra calculated from the DSDs retrieved from KOUN and those retrieved from contaminated wind profiler spectra is performed. It is found that DSDs measured using the distrometer at the surface and estimated using the wind profiler and polarimetric weather radar generally showed good agreement. The DSD retrievals using the wind profiler were improved when the estimates of the vertical wind were included into the analysis, thus supporting the method of Teshiba et al. (2009). Furthermore, the the study presents a method of investigating the time and height structure of DSDs. C1 [Morris, M. P.; Chilson, P. B.] Atmospher Radar Res Ctr, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK USA. [Schuur, T. J.; Ryzhkov, A.] NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Chilson, PB (reprint author), Atmospher Radar Res Ctr, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK USA. EM chilson@ou.edu NR 43 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2009 VL 27 IS 12 BP 4435 EP 4448 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 536RA UT WOS:000273060300007 ER PT J AU Sergienko, OV Macayeal, DR Bindschadler, RA AF Sergienko, Olga V. Macayeal, Douglas R. Bindschadler, Robert A. TI Stick-slip behavior of ice streams: modeling investigations SO ANNALS OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID STATE-DEPENDENT FRICTION; MOTION; FLOW; ANTARCTICA; GLACIER; SHEET; TILL AB A puzzling phenomenon of ice-stream flow is the stick-slip motion displayed by Whillans Ice Stream (WIS), West Antarctica. In this study we test the hypothesis that the WIS stick-slip motion has features similar to those of other known stick-slip systems, and thus might be of the same origin. To do so, we adapt a simple mechanical model widely used in seismology to study classic stick-slip behavior observed in tectonic faults, in which the difference between static and dynamic friction allows for the generation and spatial propagation of abrupt slip events. We show how spatial variability in friction properties, as well as a periodic forcing intended to mimic the effect of tides, can reproduce the observed duration and periodicity of stick-slip motion in an ice stream. An intriguing aspect of the association of WIS with mechanical stick-slip oscillators is that the onset of stick-slip cycling from a condition of permanent slip appears to be associated with the reduction in overall speed of WIS. If this association is true, then stick-slip behavior of WIS is a transitional phase of behavior associated with the ice stream's recent deceleration. C1 [Macayeal, Douglas R.] Univ Chicago, Dept Geophys Sci, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. [Bindschadler, Robert A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrospher & Biospher Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Sergienko, Olga V.] Portland State Univ, Dept Geol, Portland, OR 97201 USA. RP Sergienko, OV (reprint author), Princeton Univ GFDL, 201 Forrestal Rd, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. EM osergien@princeton.edu OI MacAyeal, Douglas/0000-0003-0647-6176 FU US National Science Foundation [OPP-0632168] FX We thank C. Schoof and two anonymous reviewers for catching errors in the original study and for constructive criticism and valuable suggestions for improving the manuscript. We also thank C. Hulbe for fruitful discussions. O.V.S. is supported by US National Science Foundation grant OPP-0632168. NR 20 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 10 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CB2 8RU CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND SN 0260-3055 EI 1727-5644 J9 ANN GLACIOL JI Ann. Glaciol. PY 2009 VL 50 IS 52 BP 87 EP 94 PG 8 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 640FH UT WOS:000281033800012 ER PT S AU Meier, DC Raman, B Semancik, S AF Meier, Douglas C. Raman, Baranidharan Semancik, Steve TI Detecting Chemical Hazards with Temperature-Programmed Microsensors: Overcoming Complex Analytical Problems with Multidimensional Databases SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY SE Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE chemiresistive; gas sensor; microarray; temperature dependence; toxic industrial chemicals; pattern recognition ID COLORIMETRIC SENSOR ARRAYS; ELECTRONIC NOSE; WARFARE AGENTS; TIN OXIDE; MICROHOTPLATE PLATFORMS; GAS SENSORS; IDENTIFICATION; FILMS; RECOGNITION; MICROARRAY AB Complex analytical problems, such as detecting trace quantities of hazardous chemicals in challenging environments, require solutions that most effectively extract relevant information about a sample's composition. This review presents a chemiresistive microarray-based approach to identifying targets that combines temperature-programmed elements capable of rapidly, gena erating analytically rich data sets with statistical pattern recognition algorithms for extracting multivariate chemical fingerprints. We describe the chemical-microsensor platform and discuss its ability to generate orthogonal data through materials selection and temperature programming. Visual inspection of data sets reveals device selectivity, but statistical analyses are required to perform more complex identification tasks. Finally we discuss recent advances in both devices and algorithms necessary to deal with practical issues involved in long-term deployment. These issues include identification and correction of signal drift, challenges surrounding real-time Unsupervised operation, repeatable device manufacturability, and hierarchical classification schemes designed to deduce the chemical composition of untrained analyte species. C1 [Meier, Douglas C.; Raman, Baranidharan; Semancik, Steve] NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Meier, DC (reprint author), NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dmeier@nist.gov; braman@nist.gov; steves@nist.gov FU United States Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate; National Research Council; National Institutes of HealthNational Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; National Institute of Standards and Technology FX The acknowledge the contributions of K.D Benkstein, Z. Boger, J.K. Evju, S. Fick, J.L. Hertz, G. Li, C.J. Martinez, J. Melvin, C.B. Montgomery, and L. Zhang to this review. Funding for portions of this work was provided by the United States Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate. B.R. was supported by a joint National Institutes of Health (National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering)/National Institute of Standards and Technology joint postdoctoral fellowship front the National Research Council. NR 44 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 8 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 1936-1327 BN 978-0-8243-4402-3 J9 ANNU REV ANAL CHEM JI Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem. PY 2009 VL 2 BP 463 EP 484 DI 10.1146/annurev-anchem-060908-155127 PG 22 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 471PA UT WOS:000268069300022 PM 20636071 ER PT J AU Doney, SC Fabry, VJ Feely, RA Kleypas, JA AF Doney, Scott C. Fabry, Victoria J. Feely, Richard A. Kleypas, Joan A. TI Ocean Acidification: The Other CO2 Problem SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE SE Annual Review of Marine Science LA English DT Review; Book Chapter DE biogeochemistry; calcification; carbon dioxide; climate change; coral; ecosystem ID GREAT-BARRIER-REEF; ACID-BASE-BALANCE; COCCOLITHOPHORID EMILIANIA-HUXLEYI; CALCIUM-CARBONATE SATURATION; INCREASED ATMOSPHERIC CO2; EELGRASS ZOSTERA-MARINA; EXPERIMENTAL CORAL-REEF; EOCENE THERMAL MAXIMUM; GLOBAL CLIMATE-CHANGE; INORGANIC CARBON AB Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), primarily from human fossil fuel combustion, reduces ocean pH and causes wholesale shifts in seawater carbonate chemistry. The process of ocean acidification is well documented in field data, and the rate will accelerate over this century unless future CO2 emissions are curbed dramatically. Acidification alters seawater chemical speciation and biogeochemical cycles of many elements and compounds. One well-known effect is the lowering of calcium carbonate saturation states, which impacts shell-forming marine organisms from plankton to benthic molluses, echinoderms, and corals. Many calcifying species exhibit reduced calcification and growth rates in laboratory experiments under high-CO2 conditions. Ocean acidification also causes an increase in carbon fixation rates in some photosynthetic organisms (both calcifying and noncalcifying). The potential for marine organisms to adapt to increasing CO2 and broader implications for ocean ecosystems are not well known; both are high priorities for future research. Although ocean pH has varied in the geological past, paleo-events may be only imperfect analogs to current conditions. C1 [Doney, Scott C.] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Fabry, Victoria J.] Calif State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, San Marcos, CA 92096 USA. [Feely, Richard A.] NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Kleypas, Joan A.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Inst Study Soc & Environm, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Doney, SC (reprint author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM sdoney@whoi.edu; fabry@csusm.edu; Richard.A.Feely@noaa.gov; kleypas@ucar.edu RI Doney, Scott/F-9247-2010; kohki, sowa/D-2955-2011 OI Doney, Scott/0000-0002-3683-2437; FU National Science Foundation (NSF) [ATM-0628582]; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) FX This work was jointly supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). S.D. acknowledges support from NSF grant ATM-0628582. We also specifically acknowledge program managers Phil Taylor and Don Rice of the NSF Biological and Chemical Oceanography Programs, respectively, and Baris Uz of the NOAA Climate Program for their support. NR 167 TC 1234 Z9 1267 U1 218 U2 1533 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 1941-1405 EI 1941-0611 J9 ANNU REV MAR SCI JI Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. PY 2009 VL 1 BP 169 EP 192 DI 10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163834 PG 24 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 463HH UT WOS:000267421700008 PM 21141034 ER PT J AU Wanninkhof, R Asher, WE Ho, DT Sweeney, C McGillis, WR AF Wanninkhof, Rik Asher, William E. Ho, David T. Sweeney, Colm McGillis, Wade R. TI Advances in Quantifying Air-Sea Gas Exchange and Environmental Forcing SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE SE Annual Review of Marine Science LA English DT Review; Book Chapter DE gas fluxes; gas transfer velocity; carbon cycle; air-sea interaction ID RELAXED EDDY ACCUMULATION; WIND-SPEED DEPENDENCE; WATER-VAPOR TRANSFER; BOUNDARY-LAYER; SULFUR-HEXAFLUORIDE; TRANSFER VELOCITIES; CO2 FLUX; CONCENTRATION PROFILES; CHEMICAL ENHANCEMENT; OZONE DEPOSITION AB The past decade has seen a substantial amount of research on air-sea gas exchange and its environmental controls. These studies have significantly advanced the understanding of processes that control gas transfer, led to higher quality field measurements, and improved estimates of the flux of climate-relevant gases between the ocean and atmosphere. This review discusses the Fundamental principles of air-sea gas transfer and recent developments in gas transfer theory, parameterizations, and measurement techniques in the context of the exchange of carbon dioxide. However, much of this discussion is applicable to any sparingly soluble, non-reactive gas. We show how the use of global variables of environmental forcing that have recently become available and gas exchange relationships that incorporate die main forcing factors will lead to improved estimates of global and regional air-sea gas fluxes based on better fundamental physical, chemical, and biological foundations. C1 [Wanninkhof, Rik] NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Asher, William E.] Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. [Ho, David T.] Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Sweeney, Colm] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Global Monitoring Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [McGillis, Wade R.] Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. RP Wanninkhof, R (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM Rik.Wanninkhof@noaa.gov; asher@apl.washington.edu; david.ho@hawaii.edu; Colm.Sweeney@noaa.gov; wrm2102@columbia.edu RI Ho, David/A-3154-2011 OI Ho, David/0000-0002-0944-6952 FU Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS); European Union COST program in Norwich, United Kingdom FX Discussions with participants of the K-Conundrum Workshop sponsored by the Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) and the European Union COST program in Norwich, United Kingdom in February 2008 were very beneficial in producing this work. We appreciate the expert copyediting and proofreading by Gail Derr of NOAA/AOML. NR 135 TC 212 Z9 230 U1 8 U2 89 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 1941-1405 EI 1941-0611 J9 ANNU REV MAR SCI JI Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. PY 2009 VL 1 BP 213 EP 244 DI 10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163742 PG 32 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 463HH UT WOS:000267421700010 PM 21141036 ER PT J AU Josell, D Brongersma, SH Tokei, Z AF Josell, Daniel Brongersma, Sywert H. Tokei, Zsolt TI Size-Dependent Resistivity in Nanoscale Interconnects SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF MATERIALS RESEARCH SE Annual Review of Materials Research LA English DT Review; Book Chapter DE size effects; electrical resistivity; nanowires; copper; interconnects; conductivity ID LINE-EDGE ROUGHNESS; THIN METALLIC-FILMS; ELECTRICAL-RESISTIVITY; ELECTROPLATED COPPER; GRAIN-GROWTH; POLYCRYSTALLINE FILMS; EXTERNAL SURFACES; CU INTERCONNECTS; ROOM-TEMPERATURE; ALLOY-FILMS AB As the dimensions of conductors shrink into the nanoscale, their electrical conductivity becomes dependent on their size even at room temperature. Although the behavior varies dramatically as temperatures increase from nanokelvins to hundreds of kelvins, the effect is generally to increase the resistivity above that of bulk material. As such, the underlying size-dependent phenomena have become increasingly important as advanced technologies have shifted their focus first from macro- to microscale and more recently from micro- to nanoscale dimensions. Indeed, the size-dependent increase of electrical resistivity that results from electron scattering on external and internal surfaces of copper conductors has already become technology limiting in modern microelectronics. This article summarizes the phenomena that underlie size effects, focusing on conduction in copper lilies in particular. Attention is given to describing key innovations in both theoretical and experimental assessments that have significantly modified, facilitated, or advanced understanding. C1 [Josell, Daniel] NIST, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Brongersma, Sywert H.] IMEC, NL-5605 KN Eindhoven, Netherlands. [Tokei, Zsolt] IMEC, B-3001 Louvain, Belgium. RP Josell, D (reprint author), NIST, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Daniel.josell@nist.gov; Sywert.Brongersma@imec-nl.nl; zsolt@imec.be NR 88 TC 81 Z9 82 U1 3 U2 52 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 1531-7331 J9 ANNU REV MATER RES JI Ann. Rev. Mater. Res. PY 2009 VL 39 BP 231 EP 254 DI 10.1146/annurev-matsci-082908-145415 PG 24 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 498ED UT WOS:000270118900011 ER PT J AU Yang, S Keenan, D Dowell, M AF Yang, Shao Keenan, Darryl Dowell, Marla GP AOE TI UV Pulse Response Nonlinearity of Two Si Photodiodes SO AOE 2008: ASIA OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION AND OPTOELECTRONIC EXPOSITION AND CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Asia Optical Fiber Communication and Optoelectronic Exposition and Conference CY OCT 30-NOV 02, 2008 CL Shanghai, PEOPLES R CHINA ID LINEARITY AB We measured the pulse response nonlinearity of two silicon photodiodes at 193 and 248 nm with different measurement conditions. We found significant and varied nonlinearities. We discuss the cause of the nonlinear features. C1 [Yang, Shao; Keenan, Darryl; Dowell, Marla] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Yang, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM syang@boulder.nist.gov NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-55752-863-6 PY 2009 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BXN13 UT WOS:000296471700098 ER PT S AU Pomeroy, JM Grube, H AF Pomeroy, J. M. Grube, H. BE McDaniel, FD Doyle, BL TI Highly Charged Ion (HCI) Modified Tunnel Junctions SO APPLICATION OF ACCELERATORS IN RESEARCH AND INDUSTRY SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th International Conference on Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry CY AUG 10-15, 2008 CL Ft Worth, TX SP Univ N Texas, Sandia Natl Lab DE magnetic tunnel junction; highly charged ions; electron beam ion trap (EBIT) ID SURFACES; SLOW AB The neutralization energy carried by highly charged ions (HCIs) provides an alternative method for localizing energy on a target's surface, producing features and modifying surfaces with fluences and kinetic energy damage that are negligible compared to singly ionized atoms. Since each HCI can deposit an enormous amount of energy into a small volume of the surface (e.g., Xe(44+) delivers 51 keV of neutralization energy per HCI), each individual HCI's interaction with the target can produce a nanoscale feature. Many studies of HCI-surface features have characterized some basic principles of this unique ion-surface interaction, but the activity reported here has been focused on studying ensembles of HCI features in ultra-thin insulating films by fabricating multi-layer tunnel junction devices. The ultra-thin insulating barriers allow current to flow by tunneling, providing a very sensitive means of detecting changes in the barrier due to highly charged ion irradiation and, conversely, HCI modification provides a method of finely tuning the transparency of the tunnel junctions that spans several orders of magnitude for devices produced from a single process recipe. Systematic variation of junction bias, temperature, magnetic field and other parameters provides determination of the transport mechanism, defect densities, and magnetic properties of these nano-features and this novel approach to device fabrication. C1 [Pomeroy, J. M.; Grube, H.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pomeroy, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8423, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM joshua.pomeroy@nist.gov NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0633-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2009 VL 1099 BP 520 EP 523 PG 4 WC Physics, Applied; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA BJH43 UT WOS:000265828500113 ER PT S AU Carr, SM Lawrence, WE Wybourne, MN AF Carr, S. M. Lawrence, W. E. Wybourne, M. N. BE In, V Longhini, P Palacious, A TI Nonlinear Buckling Instabilities of Free-Standing Mesoscopic Beams SO APPLICATIONS OF NONLINEAR DYNAMICS-MODEL AND DESIGN OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS SE Understanding Complex Systems Springer Complexity LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Applied Nonlinear Dynamics CY SEP 24-27, 2007 CL Poipu Beach, HI SP Off Naval Res ID QUANTUM; MEMORY AB We review our observations of a rather striking change in the static equilibrium shape of free-standing mesoscopic buckled beams as a function of the length-to-width aspect ratio. For low values of the aspect ratio the beams exhibit the classical mechanical bifurcation known as Euler buckling, while at higher values the shapes become surprisingly complex. The data are consistent with a non-linear Ginsburg-Landau elastic field theory that incorporates asymmetry in higher-order buckling modes. Results of mechanical and electromechanical actuation of the beams are discussed with respect to the theory. The observed effects may have an impact on the emerging technology associated with bistable nanomechanical systems. C1 [Carr, S. M.] NIST, Quantum Proc & Metrol Grp, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Carr, SM (reprint author), NIST, Quantum Proc & Metrol Grp, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1860-0832 BN 978-3-540-85631-3 J9 UNDERST COMPLEX SYST PY 2009 BP 297 EP + DI 10.1007/978-3-540-85632-0_24 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Engineering; Physics; Telecommunications GA BJC60 UT WOS:000264750300024 ER PT S AU Hurley, DC AF Hurley, Donna C. BE Bhushan, B Fuchs, H TI Contact Resonance Force Microscopy Techniques for Nanomechanical Measurements SO APPLIED SCANNING PROBE METHODS XI: SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY TECHNIQUES SE Nanoscience and Technology LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE Atomic force acoustic microscopy; Contact resonance force microscopy; Elastic properties; Nanomechanical properties ID ELASTIC-PROPERTY MEASUREMENTS; HIGH-FREQUENCY RESPONSE; ACOUSTIC MICROSCOPY; ULTRASONIC FREQUENCIES; MODULATION MICROSCOPY; TORSIONAL RESONANCE; THIN-FILMS; TIP SHAPE; CANTILEVERS; SURFACE AB Contact resonance force microscopy (CR-FM) methods such as atomic force acoustic microscopy show great promise as tools for nanoscale materials research. However, accurate and reliable CR-FM measurements require the simultaneous optimization of a large number of experimental conditions. Among these variables are cantilever spring constant, applied static load, reference material, and resonant mode (mode type and order). In addition, results depend on the models used for data analysis and interpretation (e.g., choice of contact-mechanics model), All of these parameters are linked in numerous ways that are not straighforward to classify. In this chapter, we present a "user's guide" to quantitative measurements of nanomechanical properties with CR-FM methods. The discussion emphasizes the experimental methods and their practical implementation, providing a snapshot of the current state of the art. We discuss the basic physical principles involved and show how they can be used to make informed choices about experimental parameters and operating conditions. Experimental data and the results of theoretical models are provided as specific examples of the abstract concepts. Ideas for future work are also discussed, including ways to simplify the measurement process or improve measurement accuracy. The objective is not only to enable readers to perform their own CR-FM measurements, but also to optimize experimental conditions for a given material system. By gaining a better understanding of the underlying measurement principles, more researchers will be encouraged to further extend the technique and use it for an ever-wider range of applications for the nanoscale characterization of materials. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Hurley, DC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM hurley@boulder.nist.gov NR 109 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1434-4904 BN 978-3-540-85036-6 J9 NANOSCI TECHNOL PY 2009 BP 97 EP 138 DI 10.1007/978-3-540-85037-3_5 PG 42 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BJO27 UT WOS:000266891600005 ER PT J AU Colt, J Watten, B Rust, M AF Colt, John Watten, Barnaby Rust, Michael TI Modeling carbon dioxide, pH, and un-ionized ammonia relationships in serial reuse systems SO AQUACULTURAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE Serial reuse; Carbonate chemistry; Water quality modeling ID SALMO-GAIRDNERI RICHARDSON; OXYGEN-CONSUMPTION; RAINBOW-TROUT; FRESH-WATER; FISH CULTURE; SINGLE-PASS; AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS; SALAR L; SEAWATER; EXCRETION AB In serial reuse systems, excretion of metabolic carbon dioxide has a significant impact on ambient pH, carbon dioxide, and un-ionized ammonia concentrations. This impact depends strongly on alkalinity, water flow rate, feeding rate, and loss of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. A reduction in pH from metabolic carbon dioxide can significantly reduce the un-ionized ammonia concentration and increase the carbon dioxide concentrations compared to those parameters computed from influent pH. The ability to accurately predict pH in serial reuse systems is critical to their design and effective operation. A trial and error solution to the alkalinity-pH system was used to estimate important water quality parameters in serial reuse systems. Transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the air-water interface, at overflow weirs, and impacts of substrate-attached algae and suspended bacteria were modeled. Gas transfer at the weirs was much greater than transfer across the air-water boundary. This simulation model can rapidly estimate influent and effluent concentrations of dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, and un-ionized ammonia as a function of water temperature, elevation, water flow, and weir type. The accuracy of the estimates strongly depends on assumed pollutional loading rates and gas transfer at the weirs. The current simulation model is based on mean daily loading rates; the impacts of daily variation loading rates are discussed. Copies of the source code and executable program are available free of charge. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Colt, John; Rust, Michael] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [Watten, Barnaby] US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Colt, J (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM john.colt@noaa.gov NR 66 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0144-8609 J9 AQUACULT ENG JI Aquac. Eng. PD JAN PY 2009 VL 40 IS 1 BP 28 EP 44 DI 10.1016/j.aquaeng.2008.10.004 PG 17 WC Agricultural Engineering; Fisheries SC Agriculture; Fisheries GA 402OB UT WOS:000263021900004 ER PT J AU Davis, MW Ottmar, ML AF Davis, M. W. Ottmar, M. L. TI Vertical distribution of juvenile Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus: potential role of light, temperature, food, and age SO AQUATIC BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Behavioural adaption; Diel vertical migration; Feeding; Shoaling; Stratification; Thermal habitat ID POLLOCK THERAGRA-CHALCOGRAMMA; EASTERN BERING-SEA; WALLEYE POLLOCK; ATLANTIC COD; MARINE FISH; HABITAT USE; MORHUA; MOVEMENTS; BEHAVIOR; THERMOCLINES AB Prior to the present study little was known about factors that control daily, seasonal, or ontogenetic changes in the vertical distribution of Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus, an ecologically and commercially important fish species in the northern Pacific Ocean. Vertical distribution and migration of species in the family Gadidae are primarily controlled by gradients of light, temperature, food, and predators. The role of these factors in the vertical distribution of juvenile Pacific cod (0+ and 1+ yr) was tested by exposing fish to vertical gradients of light, temperature, and food that were constructed in the laboratory to simulate conditions normally found in Pacific cod habitats. Fish avoided high light and cold water. Food introduction in warm isothermal water (9 degrees C) induced fish to feed and form more groups than when food was not present. In cold-thermocline conditions (9 to 3 degrees C, top to bottom), food introduction into the lower third of the tank induced fish to swim deeper, but detections of food, feeding, and the formation of groups were initially inhibited by excursions into cold water. Increasing consumption of food during the hour after feeding indicated that fish adapted to cold water. Fish adapted within an hour of continuous exposure to high light as they swam higher in the water column. The effects of fish age were minor and evident as interactions with environmental condition effects on the number of fish groups. Pacific cod are able to adapt to changing ecological conditions, and their behavioural flexibility in response to food, temperature, and light conditions make prediction of vertical distribution complex. Future field studies of the diel vertical migration of Pacific cod should include concurrent measurements of key environmental factors and consider the ability for fish to quickly adapt to changing conditions. C1 [Davis, M. W.; Ottmar, M. L.] Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr,NOAA Fisheries, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Davis, MW (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr,NOAA Fisheries, 2030 SE Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM yesheflowers@gmail.com RI Bizzarro, Joseph/A-2988-2012 NR 34 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 1864-7790 J9 AQUAT BIOL JI Aquat. Biol. PY 2009 VL 8 IS 1 BP 29 EP 37 DI 10.3354/ab00209 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 549EJ UT WOS:000274028300003 ER PT J AU Van Opzeeland, IC Corkeron, PJ Risch, D Stenson, G Van Parijs, SM AF Van Opzeeland, I. C. Corkeron, P. J. Risch, D. Stenson, G. Van Parijs, S. M. TI Geographic variation in vocalizations of pups and mother-pup behavior of harp seals Pagophilus groenlandicus SO AQUATIC BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Harp seal; Pagophilus groenlandicus; Pup vocalizations; Mother-pup behavior; Geographic variation; Climate change ID MALE BEARDED SEALS; PHOCA-GROENLANDICA; DIVING BEHAVIOR; WEDDELL SEALS; UNDERWATER VOCALIZATIONS; MARINE MAMMALS; GREENLAND SEA; ICE; ATLANTIC; CLASSIFICATION AB All harp seal populations form breeding aggregations on the Arctic pack ice. However, pack ice conditions vary spatially and temporally among these aggregations with variation in environmental and oceanographic conditions, which may affect the behavioral interactions between mothers and their newborn pups. We investigated the variation in mother-pup behavior between harp seal breeding aggregations in the NE (Greenland Sea) and NW Atlantic coastal shelf region (Front). Acoustic cues provided by the pups are thought to be important in facilitating reunions with their mothers. Consequently, we measured variation in vocal parameters among seals to investigate geographic differences in pup vocalizations. Classification trees showed a distinctive split between Front and Greenland Sea pup vocalizations, There were no clear differences between male and female pups at the Front, where 42% of male and 38% of female pup calls could be attributed to a given individual. This contrasts with the Greenland Sea, where 55% of vocalizations of female pups were attributed to individuals compared with only 8% for males. Analyses of behavioral observations of mother-pup pairs made in the afternoon and evening showed that pups in the Greenland Sea suckled more and were more alert than pups in the Front. Further, mother-pup attendance patterns differed between sites. Mothers at the Front attended their pups 85.1% of the time, whereas mothers in the Greenland Sea attended their pups 52.2% of the time. These substantial differences between sites might be related to evolutionary changes in behavior resulting from commercial hunting or variable environmental conditions. C1 [Van Opzeeland, I. C.] Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, Ocean Acoust Lab, D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany. [Corkeron, P. J.; Van Parijs, S. M.] Cornell Lab Ornithol, Bioacoust Res Program, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. [Risch, D.; Van Parijs, S. M.] NOAA, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Stenson, G.] Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Dept Fisheries & Oceans, St John, NF A1C 5X1, Canada. RP Van Opzeeland, IC (reprint author), Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, Ocean Acoust Lab, Alten Hafen 26, D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany. EM ilse.van.opzeeland@awi.de FU Amundsen Center for Arctic Research; Faculty of Science of the University of Groningen FX We thank T. Haug for providing us the opportunity to carry out our field work in the Greenland Sea during the 2002 harp seal cruise. C. Duck, D. McKinnon, D. Wakeham, L. Lindblom, P. Abgrall, S. Tucker and 1. Stenhouse helped with aspects of the field work, L. Rabenstein kindly helped with handling the CERSAT ice data. We did not need permits or licenses to collect behavioral or acoustic data in the Greenland Sea, For data collection in the Front, a scientific permit issued under the Marine Mammal Regulations (MMR, part of the Fisheries Act) was obtained and the project was approved by the DFO animal care committee. Funding was provided by the Amundsen Center for Arctic Research and the Faculty of Science of the University of Groningen. NR 52 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 14 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 1864-7790 EI 1864-7782 J9 AQUAT BIOL JI Aquat. Biol. PY 2009 VL 6 IS 1-3 BP 109 EP 120 DI 10.3354/ab00170 PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 491FF UT WOS:000269562400012 ER PT J AU Persson, A Smith, BC AF Persson, Agneta Smith, Barry C. TI Grazing on a natural assemblage of ciliate and dinoflagellate cysts by the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica SO AQUATIC BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Dinoflagellate; Cyst; Crassostrea virginica; Oyster; Grazing; Digesting ID RESTING CYSTS; SCRIPPSIELLA-LACHRYMOSA; GLOBAL DIVERSITY; SEDIMENTS; GULF; GERMINATION; CILIOPHORA; MORPHOLOGY; DYNAMICS; PROTOZOA AB A natural dinoflagellate- and ciliate-cyst community from anoxic sediment collected from New Haven, Long Island Sound, was concentrated with a particle sorter and fed to oysters Crassostrea virginica. The total number of cysts and the species composition of cysts in beakers containing live oysters were measured before and after feeding by the oysters. The oysters significantly reduced the numbers of both dinoflagellate and ciliate cysts. Both empty cyst walls and filled (live) cysts were consumed. The oysters decreased the number of total cysts to less than half compared to control beakers containing empty oyster shells. Results from the experiment show that natural assemblages of cysts in sediment are degraded by the feeding activities of oysters. If toxic cysts were present in natural sediments resuspended from the bottom, digestion of resting cysts could lead to toxin accumulation in oysters. There was no major shift in species composition of cysts; cysts known as fossilizable were destroyed, as well as cysts not known to be very resistant or preservable. C1 [Persson, Agneta; Smith, Barry C.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Milford Lab, Milford, CT 06460 USA. RP Smith, BC (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Milford Lab, 212 Rogers Ave, Milford, CT 06460 USA. EM barry.smith@noaa.gov OI Persson, Agneta/0000-0003-0202-6514 FU National Research Council Research Associateship; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; National Marine Fisheries Service laboratory in Milford, Connecticut FX This research was performed while A.P. held a National Research Council Research Associateship Award at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service laboratory in Milford, Connecticut. We are very grateful to G. H. Wikfors for comments on the manuscript; to J. Alix for laboratory assistance; to M. S. Dixon, NOAA Diving Program, for diving for mud; to Capt. R. Alix and the RV 'Victor Loosanoff; and to K. Rivara, Noank, Connecticut Aquaculture facility. Mention of trade names does not imply endorsement. NR 31 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 1864-7790 J9 AQUAT BIOL JI Aquat. Biol. PY 2009 VL 6 IS 1-3 BP 227 EP 233 DI 10.3354/ab00129 PG 7 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 491FF UT WOS:000269562400024 ER PT J AU Nalepa, TF Pothoven, SA Fanslow, DL AF Nalepa, Thomas F. Pothoven, Steven A. Fanslow, David L. TI Recent changes in benthic macroinvertebrate populations in Lake Huron and impact on the diet of lake whitefish (coregonus clupeaformis) SO AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM HEALTH & MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article CT Conference on State of Lake Huron - Ecosystem Change, Habitat and Management CY OCT, 2006 CL Ontario, CANADA DE benthos; Diporeia spp; Dreissena; macroinvertebrate-fish interaction ID MUSSELS DREISSENA-POLYMORPHA; ZEBRA MUSSEL; MICHIGAN; INVASION; ERIE; ECHINOGAMMARUS; COMMUNITIES; RESPONSES; ONTARIO; ECOLOGY AB Surveys of the benthic macroinvertebrate community were conducted in the main basin of Lake Huron in 2000 and 2003, and corresponding studies of lake whitefish diets were conducted in 2002-2004. Populations of three major benthic taxa, Diporeia spp., Sphaeriidae, and Chironomidae, declined dramatically between 2000 and 2003, with densities declining 57%, 74%, and 75% over this 3-year period. By 2003, Diporeia, an important food source for lake whitefish, was gone or rare at depths 50 m except in the far northeastern portion of the lake. In contrast, densities of the Dreissena bugensis (quagga mussel) increased between 2000 and 2003, particularly at the 31-50 m depth interval, while densities of the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha remained stable. As expected, the diet of lake whitefish varied with fish size. Age-0 lake whitefish fed mainly zooplankton, most of which were Daphnia (98%). Medium lake whitefish ( 350 mm excluding age-0 fish) fed mainly on zooplankton, Chironomidae, and Dreissena bugensis, and large lake whitefish (350 to 688 mm) fed mainly on D. bugensis and Gastropoda. The diet of medium and large lake whitefish reflected the changing nature of the benthic community; that is, Diporeia was rarely found in the diet while D. bugensis played a prominent role. Since Diporeia has a much higher energy content than D. bugensis, contrasting density trends in the two organisms will have long term consequences to the relative health of lake whitefish populations in the lake. C1 [Nalepa, Thomas F.; Pothoven, Steven A.; Fanslow, David L.] NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48108 USA. RP Nalepa, TF (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 4840 S State Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48108 USA. EM Thomas.nalepa@noaa.gov OI Pothoven, Steven/0000-0002-7992-5422 NR 26 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 25 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1463-4988 J9 AQUAT ECOSYST HEALTH JI Aquat. Ecosyst. Health Manag. PY 2009 VL 12 IS 1 BP 2 EP 10 AR PII 908922214 DI 10.1080/14634980802715175 PG 9 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 411IG UT WOS:000263642400002 ER PT J AU Finnegan, MC Pittman, S DeLorenzo, ME AF Finnegan, Meaghean C. Pittman, Sherry DeLorenzo, Marie E. TI Lethal and Sublethal Toxicity of the Antifoulant Compound Irgarol 1051 to the Mud Snail Ilyanassa obsoleta SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID 3 LIFE STAGES; NASSARIUS-OBSOLETUS; GRASS SHRIMP; PALAEMONETES-PUGIO; NUCELLA-LAPILLUS; IMPOSEX; TRIBUTYLTIN; RESPONSES; FATE; GASTROPODA AB Irgarol 1051 is an algistatic compound used in copper-based antifoulant paints. It is a widespread and persistent pollutant of the estuarine environment. Ilyanassa obsoleta, the Eastern mud snail, is a common intertidal gastropod that inhabits mud flats and salt marshes along the east coast of North America. It is an important inhabitant of the estuarine environment; contributing to nutrient regeneration and regulating microbial processes in the sediments. The toxicity of irgarol to estuarine gastropods has not been previously examined, although they have the potential to be exposed to antifoulants through both aqueous and sediment routes. The objectives of this study were to evaluate irgarol's effects on I. obsoleta survival, reproductive status (imposex occurrence and testosterone levels), chemoreceptive function, and cellular respiration (cytochrome-c oxidase activity). Irgarol was moderately toxic to I. obsoleta; adult aqueous 96-h LC(50) = 3.73 mg/L, larval aqueous 96-h LC(50) = 3.16 mg/L, and adult sediment 10-day LC(50) = 12.21 mg/kg. Larval snails were not significantly more sensitive to irgarol than adult snails. A chronic 45-day aqueous irgarol exposure (0.005-2.5 mg/L) did not induce imposex or affect free-testosterone levels. The 45-day chronic LC(50) of 1.88 mg/L was significantly lower than the 96-h acute value. A 96-h acute aqueous irgarol exposure (0.375-1.5 mg/L) caused a decrease in normal response to chemosensory cues such as the presence of food or predators. There was a significant increase in cytochrome-c oxidase activity at 2.5 mg/L, which might indicate irgarol's disruption of the mitochondrial membrane and subsequently ATP synthesis. Although the toxicity values determined for I. obsoleta exceeded irgarol concentrations measured in surface waters, results from this toxicity assessment will provide valuable information to environmental resource managers faced with decisions regarding the use and regulation of antifoulant paints in the coastal zone. C1 [DeLorenzo, Marie E.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Ocean Serv, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. [Finnegan, Meaghean C.; DeLorenzo, Marie E.] Coll Charleston, Grad Program Marine Biol, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. [Pittman, Sherry] Coastal Carolina Univ, Undergrad Coll Nat & Appl Sci, Conway, SC 29528 USA. RP DeLorenzo, ME (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Ocean Serv, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM Marie.DeLorenzo@noaa.gov FU NOAA; NSF REU Site Award [DB1-0552828] FX We gratefully acknowledge NOAA/NOS (Charleston, SC) personnel Katy Chung for assistance with mud snail collection and maintenance, Yelena Sapozhnikova for assistance with irgarol chemical analysis, Jennifer Hoguet for assistance with cellular biomarker analysis, and Paul Pennington for statistical analysis support. We would like to thank Pat McClellan-Green (NC State University, Morehead City, NC) and Jennifer Keller (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Charleston, SC) for advice on imposex and ATP in snails. We also sincerely thank Gaele Blanvillain (Grice Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC) for performing the testosterone analysis. Funding for this research was provided, in part, by NOAA and NSF REU Site Award DB1-0552828. The National Ocean Service ( NOS) does not approve, recommend, or endorse any proprietary product or material mentioned in this publication. NR 40 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 12 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 2009 VL 56 IS 1 BP 85 EP 95 DI 10.1007/s00244-008-9166-x PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 387GA UT WOS:000261938500010 PM 18458994 ER PT J AU Eidelman, N Boyde, A Bushby, AJ Howell, PGT Sun, JR Newbury, DE Miller, FW Robey, PG Rider, LG AF Eidelman, Naomi Boyde, Alan Bushby, Andrew J. Howell, Peter G. T. Sun, Jirun Newbury, Dale E. Miller, Frederick W. Robey, Pamela G. Rider, Lisa G. TI Microstructure and mineral composition of dystrophic calcification associated with the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies SO ARTHRITIS RESEARCH & THERAPY LA English DT Article ID SCANNING-ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; MONTE-CARLO-SIMULATION; MEAN ATOMIC-NUMBER; X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; JUVENILE DERMATOMYOSITIS; ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; CALCINOSIS CUTIS; ELASTIC-MODULUS; PULP STONES AB Introduction Calcified deposits (CDs) in skin and muscles are common in juvenile dermatomyositis (DM), and less frequent in adult DM. Limited information exists about the microstructure and composition of these deposits, and no information is available on their elemental composition and contents, mineral density (MD) and stiffness. We determined the microstructure, chemical composition, MD and stiffness of CDs obtained from DM patients. Methods Surgically-removed calcinosis specimens were analyzed with fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy in reflectance mode (FTIR-RM) to map their spatial distribution and composition, and with scanning electron microscopy/silicon drift detector energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM/SDDEDS) to obtain elemental maps. X-ray diffraction (XRD) identified their mineral structure, X-ray micro-computed tomography (mu CT) mapped their internal structure and 3D distribution, quantitative backscattered electron (qBSE) imaging assessed their morphology and MD, nanoindentation measured their stiffness, and polarized light microscopy (PLM) evaluated the organic matrix composition. Results Some specimens were composed of continuous carbonate apatite containing small amounts of proteins with a mineral to protein ratio much higher than in bone, and other specimens contained scattered agglomerates of various sizes with similar composition (FTIR-RM). Continuous or fragmented mineralization was present across the entire specimens (mu CT). The apatite was much more crystallized than bone and dentin, and closer to enamel (XRD) and its calcium/phophorous ratios were close to stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (SEM/SDD-EDS). The deposits also contained magnesium and sodium (SEM/SDD-EDS). The MD (qBSE) was closer to enamel than bone and dentin, as was the stiffness (nanoindentation) in the larger dense patches. Large mineralized areas were typically devoid of collagen; however, collagen was noted in some regions within the mineral or margins (PLM). qBSE, FTIR-RM and SEM/SDD-EDS maps suggest that the mineral is deposited first in a fragmented pattern followed by a wave of mineralization that incorporates these particles. Calcinosis masses with shorter duration appeared to have islands of mineralization, whereas longstanding deposits were solidly mineralized. Conclusions The properties of the mineral present in the calcinosis masses are closest to that of enamel, while clearly differing from bone. Calcium and phosphate, normally present in affected tissues, may have precipitated as carbonate apatite due to local loss of mineralization inhibitors. C1 [Eidelman, Naomi] NIST, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Boyde, Alan] Queen Mary Univ London, Inst Dent, Biophys OGD, London E1 1BB, England. [Bushby, Andrew J.] Queen Mary Univ London, Dept Mat, London E1 4NS, England. [Howell, Peter G. T.] UCL Eastman Dent Inst, Prosthet Dent Unit, London WC1X 8LD, England. [Sun, Jirun] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Newbury, Dale E.] NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Miller, Frederick W.; Rider, Lisa G.] NIEHS, Environm Autoimmun Grp, Off Clin Res, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. [Robey, Pamela G.] Natl Inst Dent & Craniofacial Res, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Eidelman, N (reprint author), NIST, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8546, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM naomi.eidelman@nist.gov RI Robey, Pamela/H-1429-2011; OI Robey, Pamela/0000-0002-5316-5576; Rider, Lisa/0000-0002-6912-2458; Miller, Frederick/0000-0003-2831-9593 FU NIEHS; NIDCR; ADAF; NIST; Medical Research Council, UK; Horserace Betting Levy Board, UK FX This work was supported in part by the intramural research programs of NIEHS (FWM, LGR) and NIDCR (PGR), ADAF (NE), NIST (NE, JS), the Medical Research Council, UK (AB through the provision of the facility for the determination of mineralization density at the microscopic scale from BSE imaging) and the Veterinary Advisory Committee of the Horserace Betting Levy Board, UK (AB via support of M Arora). NR 60 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 10 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD PI LONDON PA 236 GRAYS INN RD, FLOOR 6, LONDON WC1X 8HL, ENGLAND SN 1478-6354 J9 ARTHRITIS RES THER JI Arthritis Res. Ther. PY 2009 VL 11 IS 5 AR R159 DI 10.1186/ar2841 PG 21 WC Rheumatology SC Rheumatology GA 540ND UT WOS:000273338400052 PM 19857267 ER PT J AU Niemack, MD Jimenez, R Verde, L Menanteau, F Panter, B Spergel, D AF Niemack, Michael D. Jimenez, Raul Verde, Licia Menanteau, Felipe Panter, Ben Spergel, David TI IMPROVING PHOTOMETRIC REDSHIFTS USING GALAXY EVOLUTION EXPLORER OBSERVATIONS FOR THE SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY STRIPE 82 AND THE NEXT GENERATION OF OPTICAL AND SUNYAEV-ZELDOVICH CLUSTER SURVEYS SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE catalogs; cosmology: observations; galaxies: clusters: general; galaxies: distances and redshifts; galaxies: photometry; methods: data analysis ID STAR-FORMATION HISTORY; ULTRAVIOLET; GALEX; MACHINE AB Four large-area Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ) experiments-APEX-SZ, South Pole Telescope, Atacama Cosmology Telescope, and Planck-promise to detect clusters of galaxies through the distortion of cosmic microwave background photons by hot (>10(6) K) cluster gas (the SZ effect) over thousands of square degrees. A large observational follow-up effort to obtain redshifts for these SZ-detected clusters is under way. In addition, photometric optical surveys such as the Blanco Cosmology Survey, Dark Energy Survey, Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System, and Large Synoptic Survey Telescope will detect and attempt to recover redshifts for billions of field galaxies in pursuit of a diverse array of science objectives. Given the large area covered by these surveys, most of the redshifts will be obtained via the photometric redshift (photo-z) technique. Here we demonstrate, in an application using similar to 3000 Sloan Digital Sky Survey stripe 82 galaxies with r < 20, how the addition of Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) photometry (F(UV), N(UV)) greatly improves the photometric redshifts of galaxies obtained with optical griz or ugriz photometry. In the case where large spectroscopic training sets are available, empirical neural-network-based techniques (e.g., ANNz) can yield a photo-z error of sigma(z) = 0.018(1 + z). If large spectroscopic training sets are not available, the addition of GALEX data makes the use of simple maximum-likelihood techniques possible, without resorting to Bayesian priors, and obtains sigma(z) = 0.04(1 + z), an accuracy that approaches that obtained using spectroscopic training of neural networks on ugriz observations. This improvement is especially notable for blue galaxies. To achieve these results, we have developed a new set of high-resolution spectral templates based on physical information about the star-formation history of galaxies. We envision these templates to be useful for the next generation of photo-z applications. We make our spectral templates and new photo-z catalogs available to the community at www.ice.csic.es/personal/jimenez/PHOTOZ. C1 [Niemack, Michael D.] Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Niemack, Michael D.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Jimenez, Raul; Verde, Licia] ICREA, Inst Space Sci CSIC IEEC, Barcelona 08193, Spain. [Menanteau, Felipe] Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA. [Panter, Ben] Univ Edinburgh, SUPA, Inst Astron, Royal Observ, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, Midlothian, Scotland. [Spergel, David] Princeton Univ, Dept Astrophys Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Niemack, MD (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Jadwin Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM niemack@nist.gov; raul@ieec.uab.es RI Spergel, David/A-4410-2011; OI Verde, Licia/0000-0003-2601-8770; Jimenez, Raul/0000-0002-3370-3103 NR 33 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2009 VL 690 IS 1 BP 89 EP 101 DI 10.1088/0004-637/690/1/89 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 398IU UT WOS:000262726600007 ER PT J AU Koren, I Altaratz, O Feingold, G Levin, Z Reisin, T AF Koren, I. Altaratz, O. Feingold, G. Levin, Z. Reisin, T. TI Cloud's Center of Gravity - a compact approach to analyze convective cloud development SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MICROPHYSICS PARAMETERIZATION; SCHEME AB As cloud resolving models become more detailed, with higher resolution outputs, it is often complicated to isolate the physical processes that control the cloud attributes. Moreover, due to the high dimensionality and complexity of the model output, the analysis and interpretation of the results can be very complicated. Here we suggest a novel approach to convective cloud analysis that yields more insight into the physical and temporal evolution of clouds, and is compact and efficient. The different (3-D) cloud attributes are weighted and projected onto a single point in space and in time, that has properties of, or similar to, the Center Of Gravity (COG). The location, magnitude and spread of this variable are followed in time. The implications of the COG approach are demonstrated for a study of aerosol effects on a warm convective cloud. We show that in addition to reducing dramatically the dimensionality of the output, such an approach often enhances the signal, adds more information, and makes the physical description of cloud evolution clearer, allowing unambiguous comparison of clouds evolving in different environmental conditions. This approach may also be useful for analysis of cloud data retrieved from surface or space-based cloud radars. C1 [Koren, I.; Altaratz, O.] Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Environ, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. [Feingold, G.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. [Levin, Z.] Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Geophys & Planetary Sci, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. [Reisin, T.] Soreq Nucl Res Ctr, IL-70600 Yavne, Israel. RP Koren, I (reprint author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Environ, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. EM ilan.koren@weizmann.ac.il RI Feingold, Graham/B-6152-2009; Koren, Ilan/K-1417-2012; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Koren, Ilan/0000-0001-6759-6265; FU Israel Science Foundation [1355/06]; NASA's Radiation Sciences Program and Interdisciplinary Studies; NOAA's Climate Goal FX This paper is dedicated to the memory of Yoram J Kaufman, a dear friend and a brilliant scientist. This research was supported in part by the Israel Science Foundation (grant 1355/06) and NASA's Radiation Sciences Program and Interdisciplinary Studies. GF was supported by NOAA's Climate Goal. NR 8 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 1 BP 155 EP 161 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 395DO UT WOS:000262503400012 ER PT J AU Turnbull, JC Miller, JB Lehman, SJ Hurst, D Peters, W Tans, PP Southon, J Montzka, SA Elkins, JW Mondeel, DJ Romashkin, PA Elansky, N Skorokhod, A AF Turnbull, J. C. Miller, J. B. Lehman, S. J. Hurst, D. Peters, W. Tans, P. P. Southon, J. Montzka, S. A. Elkins, J. W. Mondeel, D. J. Romashkin, P. A. Elansky, N. Skorokhod, A. TI Spatial distribution of Delta(CO2)-C-14 across Eurasia: measurements from the TROICA-8 expedition SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID FOSSIL-FUEL CO2; TRANS-SIBERIAN RAILROAD; NUCLEAR-POWER-PLANTS; CARBON-DIOXIDE; (CO2)-C-14 OBSERVATIONS; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; UNITED-STATES; TRACE GASES; MODEL TM5; C-14 AB Because fossil fuel derived CO2 is the only source of atmospheric CO2 that is devoid of C-14, atmospheric measurements of Delta(CO2)-C-14 can be used to constrain fossil fuel emission estimates at local and regional scales. However, at the continental scale, uncertainties in atmospheric transport and other sources of variability in Delta(CO2)-C-14 may influence the fossil fuel detection capability. We present a set of Delta(CO2)-C-14 observations from the train-based TROICA-8 expedition across Eurasia in March-April 2004. Local perturbations in Delta(CO2)-C-14 are caused by easily identifiable sources from nuclear reactors and localized pollution events. The remaining data show an increase in Delta(CO2)-C-14 from Western Russia (40 degrees E) to Eastern Siberia (120 degrees E), consistent with depletion in (CO2)-C-14 caused by fossil fuel CO2 emissions in heavily populated Europe, and gradual dispersion of the fossil fuel plume across Northern Asia. Other trace gas species which may be correlated with fossil fuel CO2 emissions, including carbon monoxide, sulphur hexafluoride, and perchloroethylene, were also measured and the results compared with the Delta(CO2)-C-14 measurements. The sulphur hexafluoride longitudinal gradient is not significant relative to the measurement uncertainty. Carbon monoxide and perchloroethylene show large-scale trends of enriched values in Western Russia and decreasing values in Eastern Siberia, consistent with fossil fuel emissions, but exhibit significant spatial variability, especially near their primary sources in Western Russia. The clean air Delta(CO2)-C-14 observations are compared with simulated spatial gradients from the TM5 atmospheric transport model. We show that the change in Delta(CO2)-C-14 across the TROICA transect is due almost entirely to emissions of fossil fuel CO2, but that the magnitude of this Delta(CO2)-C-14 gradient is relatively insensitive to modest uncertainties in the fossil fuel flux. In contrast, the Delta(CO2)-C-14 gradient is more sensitive to the modeled representation of vertical mixing, suggesting that Delta(CO2)-C-14 may be a useful tracer for training mixing in atmospheric transport models. C1 [Turnbull, J. C.; Lehman, S. J.] Univ Colorado, INSTAAR, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Turnbull, J. C.; Lehman, S. J.] Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Turnbull, J. C.; Miller, J. B.; Hurst, D.; Peters, W.; Tans, P. P.; Montzka, S. A.; Elkins, J. W.; Mondeel, D. J.] NOAA, ESRL, Boulder, CO USA. [Miller, J. B.; Hurst, D.; Peters, W.] Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Southon, J.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA USA. [Romashkin, P. A.] NCAR, Broomfield, CO USA. [Elansky, N.; Skorokhod, A.] RAS, AM Obukhov Inst Atmospher Phys, Moscow 117901, Russia. RP Turnbull, JC (reprint author), Univ Colorado, INSTAAR, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM jocelyn.turnbull@noaa.gov RI Peters, Wouter/B-8305-2008; Skorokhod, Andrey/N-7533-2016; OI Peters, Wouter/0000-0001-8166-2070; Turnbull, Jocelyn/0000-0002-0306-9658 FU NOAA's Atmospheric Composition and Climate Program FX Funding for 14CO2 analysis was provided by NOAA's Atmospheric Composition and Climate Program. We thank two reviewers for their thoughtful comments and suggestions which improved the manuscript. NR 57 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 9 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 1 BP 175 EP 187 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 395DO UT WOS:000262503400014 ER PT J AU Xiong, X Houweling, S Wei, J Maddy, E Sun, F Barnet, C AF Xiong, X. Houweling, S. Wei, J. Maddy, E. Sun, F. Barnet, C. TI Methane plume over south Asia during the monsoon season: satellite observation and model simulation SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID QINGHAI-TIBET PLATEAU; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; EMISSIONS; CHINA; AIRS/AMSU/HSB AB Satellite retrievals of methane (CH(4)) using the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on the EOS/Aqua platform from 2003-2007 show a strong, plume-like enhancement of CH(4) in the middle to upper troposphere over South Asia during July, August and September, with the maximum occurring in early September. Simulations using the global tracer model version 3 (TM3) also show similar seasonal enhancement of CH(4) in the same region. The model results also suggest that this enhancement is associated with transport processes and local surface emissions, thus the observations of tropospheric CH(4) during the monsoon season may be used to constrain the models for a better estimation of Asian CH(4) sources. Further comparisons between the AIRS retrievals and the model simulations suggest a possible overestimate of emissions from rice paddies in Southeast Asia in the scenario with the global emissions from rice of 60 Tgyr(-1). Moreover, the observed tropospheric CH(4) enhancement from AIRS provides evidence for the strong transport of atmospheric pollutants from the lower to the upper troposphere in Asia during the monsoon season. The observed rapid disappearance of the local CH(4) maximum in September may provide valuable information for studying the dissipation of the Tibetan anticyclone and the withdrawal of monsoon. C1 [Xiong, X.; Wei, J.; Maddy, E.; Sun, F.; Barnet, C.] NOAA, NESDIS, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD USA. [Xiong, X.; Wei, J.; Maddy, E.; Sun, F.] Perot Syst Govt Serv, Fairfax, VA USA. [Houweling, S.] Netherlands Inst Space Res, Utrecht, Netherlands. RP Xiong, X (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD USA. EM xiaozhen.xiong@noaa.gov RI Barnet, Christopher/F-5573-2010; Maddy, Eric/G-3683-2010; Xiong, Xiaozhen/F-6591-2010 OI Maddy, Eric/0000-0003-1151-339X; FU NOAA Office of Application Research FX This research was supported by funding from NOAA Office of Application & Research climate program. The views, opinions, and findings contained in this paper are those of the authors and should not be construed as an official National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration or US Government position, policy, or decision. NR 34 TC 48 Z9 51 U1 4 U2 13 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 3 BP 783 EP 794 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 406WP UT WOS:000263325900002 ER PT J AU Beirle, S Salzmann, M Lawrence, MG Wagner, T AF Beirle, S. Salzmann, M. Lawrence, M. G. Wagner, T. TI Sensitivity of satellite observations for freshly produced lightning NOx SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID OZONE MONITORING EXPERIMENT; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; GOME; MODEL; THUNDERSTORMS; CONVECTION; PARAMETERIZATION; DISTRIBUTIONS; TRANSPORT; NITROGEN AB In this study, we analyse the sensitivity of nadir viewing satellite observations in the visible range to freshly produced lightning NOx. This is a particular challenge due to the complex and highly variable conditions of meteorology, (photo-) chemistry, and radiative transfer in and around cumulonimbus clouds. For the first time, such a study is performed accounting for photo- chemistry, dynamics, and radiative transfer in a consistent way: A one week episode in the TOGA COARE/CEPEX region (Pacific) in December 1992 is simulated with a 3-D cloud resolving chemistry model. The simulated hydrometeor mixing ratios are fed into a Monte Carlo radiative transfer model to calculate box-Air Mass Factors (box-AMFs) for NO2. From these box-AMFs, together with model NOx profiles, slant columns of NO2 (S-NO2), i.e. synthetic satellite measurements, are calculated and set in relation to the actual model NOx vertical column (V-NOx), yielding the "sensitivity" S-NO2/V-NOx. From this study, we find a mean sensitivity of 0.46. NOx below the cloud bottom is mostly present as NO2, but shielded from the satellites' view, whereas NOx at the cloud top or above is shifted to NO due to high photolysis and low temperature, and hence not detectable from space. However, a significant fraction of the lightning produced NOx in the middle part of the cloud is present as NO2 and has a good visibility from space. Due to the resulting total sensitivity being quite high, nadir viewing satellites provide a valuable additional platform to quantify NOx production by lightning; strong lightning events over "clean" regions should be clearly detectable in satellite observations. Since the observed enhancement of NO2 column densities over mesoscale convective systems are lower than expected for current estimates of NOx production per flash, satellite measurements can in particular constrain the upper bound of lightning NOx production estimates. C1 [Beirle, S.; Lawrence, M. G.; Wagner, T.] Max Planck Inst Chem, Otto Hahn Inst, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. [Salzmann, M.] Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Beirle, S (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Chem, Otto Hahn Inst, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. EM beirle@mpch-mainz.mpg.de RI Salzmann, Marc/N-2229-2014 OI Salzmann, Marc/0000-0002-3987-2303 FU DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, German research society) FX This project is funded by the DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, German research society). The authors thank Tim Deutschmann for the valuable work on the RTM model McArtim and support in running it. NR 40 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 3 BP 1077 EP 1094 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 406WP UT WOS:000263325900022 ER PT J AU Tourpali, K Bais, AF Kazantzidis, A Zerefos, CS Akiyoshi, H Austin, J Bruhl, C Butchart, N Chipperfield, MP Dameris, M Deushi, M Eyring, V Giorgetta, MA Kinnison, DE Mancini, E Marsh, DR Nagashima, T Pitari, G Plummer, DA Rozanov, E Shibata, K Tian, W AF Tourpali, K. Bais, A. F. Kazantzidis, A. Zerefos, C. S. Akiyoshi, H. Austin, J. Bruehl, C. Butchart, N. Chipperfield, M. P. Dameris, M. Deushi, M. Eyring, V. Giorgetta, M. A. Kinnison, D. E. Mancini, E. Marsh, D. R. Nagashima, T. Pitari, G. Plummer, D. A. Rozanov, E. Shibata, K. Tian, W. TI Clear sky UV simulations for the 21st century based on ozone and temperature projections from Chemistry-Climate Models SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID RADIATIVE-TRANSFER CALCULATIONS; DISCRETE-ORDINATE-METHOD; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE MODEL; INTERACTIVE CHEMISTRY; B RADIATION; VARIABILITY; SENSITIVITY; RECONSTRUCTION; VALIDATION; SCATTERING AB We have estimated changes in surface solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation under cloud free conditions in the 21st century based on simulations of 11 coupled Chemistry-Climate Models (CCMs). The total ozone columns and vertical profiles of ozone and temperature projected from CCMs were used as input to a radiative transfer model in order to calculate the corresponding erythemal irradiance levels. Time series of monthly erythemal irradiance received at the surface during local noon are presented for the period 1960 to 2100. Starting from the first decade of the 21st century, the surface erythemal irradiance decreases globally as a result of the projected stratospheric ozone recovery at rates that are larger in the first half of the 21st century and smaller towards its end. This decreasing tendency varies with latitude, being more pronounced over areas where stratospheric ozone has been depleted the most after 1980. Between 2000 and 2100 surface erythemal irradiance is projected to decrease over midlatitudes by 5 to 15%, while at the southern high latitudes the decrease is twice as much. In this study we have not included effects from changes in cloudiness, surface reflectivity and tropospheric aerosol loading, which will likely be affected in the future due to climate change. Consequently, over some areas the actual changes in future UV radiation may be different depending on the evolution of these parameters. C1 [Tourpali, K.; Bais, A. F.; Kazantzidis, A.] Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki, Lab Atmospher Phys, Thessaloniki, Greece. [Zerefos, C. S.] Univ Athens, Fac Geol, Climatol Lab, GR-10679 Athens, Greece. [Akiyoshi, H.; Nagashima, T.] Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. [Austin, J.] UCAR NOAA Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. [Bruehl, C.] Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. [Butchart, N.] Met Off Climate Res Div, Exeter, Devon, England. [Chipperfield, M. P.; Tian, W.] Univ Leeds, Inst Atmospher Sci, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. [Dameris, M.; Eyring, V.] Inst Atmospher Phys, Deutsch Zentrum Luft & Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. [Deushi, M.; Shibata, K.] Meteorol Res Inst, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan. [Giorgetta, M. A.] Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Hamburg, Germany. [Kinnison, D. E.; Marsh, D. R.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Mancini, E.; Pitari, G.] Univ Aquila, Dipartimento Fis, I-67100 Laquila, Italy. [Plummer, D. A.] Environm Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Rozanov, E.] Inst Atmospher & Climate Sci ETHZ, Davos, Switzerland. [Rozanov, E.] Phys Meteorol Observ, World Radiat Ctr, Davos, Switzerland. RP Tourpali, K (reprint author), Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki, Lab Atmospher Phys, Thessaloniki, Greece. EM tourpali@auth.gr RI Bais, Alkiviadis/D-2230-2009; Rozanov, Eugene/A-9857-2012; Chipperfield, Martyn/H-6359-2013; Marsh, Daniel/A-8406-2008; Tourpali, Kleareti/M-5269-2014; Pitari, Giovanni/O-7458-2016; Eyring, Veronika/O-9999-2016; OI Bais, Alkiviadis/0000-0003-3899-2001; Rozanov, Eugene/0000-0003-0479-4488; Chipperfield, Martyn/0000-0002-6803-4149; Marsh, Daniel/0000-0001-6699-494X; Pitari, Giovanni/0000-0001-7051-9578; Eyring, Veronika/0000-0002-6887-4885; Mancini, Eva/0000-0001-7071-0292 FU EC Integrated [505390-GOCE-CT-2004]; Chemistry-Climate Model Validation Activity (CCMVal) for WCRP's (World Climate Research Programme) SPARC (Stratospheric Processes and their Role in Climate); Swiss National Science Foundation [SCOPES IB7320-110884]; Ministry of the Environment (MOE) of Japan [A-071]; US National Science Foundation FX This work has been conducted in the framework of the EC Integrated Project SCOUT-O3 ( contract 505390-GOCE-CT-2004). Co-ordination of this study was supported by the Chemistry-Climate Model Validation Activity (CCMVal) for WCRP's (World Climate Research Programme) SPARC (Stratospheric Processes and their Role in Climate) project. We thank the British Atmospheric Data Center for assistance with the CCMVal Archive. The future run of CCM SOCOL was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant SCOPES IB7320-110884). CCRNIES' and MRI's research was supported by the Global Environmental Research Fund (GERF) of the Ministry of the Environment (MOE) of Japan (A-071). The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the US National Science Foundation. NR 51 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 8 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 4 BP 1165 EP 1172 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 411IC UT WOS:000263642000006 ER PT J AU Patra, PK Takigawa, M Dutton, GS Uhse, K Ishijima, K Lintner, BR Miyazaki, K Elkins, JW AF Patra, P. K. Takigawa, M. Dutton, G. S. Uhse, K. Ishijima, K. Lintner, B. R. Miyazaki, K. Elkins, J. W. TI Transport mechanisms for synoptic, seasonal and interannual SF6 variations and "age" of air in troposphere SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID INTERHEMISPHERIC EXCHANGE; GENERAL-CIRCULATION; SULFUR-HEXAFLUORIDE; TRACER; MODEL; STRATOSPHERE; REANALYSIS; TROPOPAUSE; GCM AB We use an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) driven chemistry-transport model (ACTM) to simulate the evolution of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) in the troposphere. The model results are compared with continuous measurements at 6 sites over 71 degrees N-90 degrees S. These comparisons demonstrate that the ACTM simulations lie within the measurement uncertainty over the analysis period (1999-2006) and capture salient features of synoptic, seasonal and interannual SF6 variability. To understand transport timescales of SF6 within the troposphere, transport times of air parcels from the surface to different regions of the troposphere ("age") are estimated from a simulation of an idealized tracer. The age estimation error and its sensitivity to the selection of reanalysis meteorology for ACTM nudging or the tracer transport by deep cumulus convection as represented in the model are discussed. Monthly-mean, 2-box model exchange times (tau(ex)) are calculated from both the observed and simulated SF6 time series at the 6 observing sites and show favorable agreement, suggesting that the ACTM adequately represents large-scale interhemispheric transport. The simulated SF6 variability is further investigated through decomposition of the mixing ratio time-tendency into advective, convective, and vertical diffusive components. The transport component analysis illustrates the role of each process in SF6 synoptic variability at the site level and provides insight into the seasonality of tau(ex). C1 [Patra, P. K.; Takigawa, M.; Ishijima, K.; Miyazaki, K.] JAMSTEC, Frontier Res Ctr Global Change, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236001, Japan. [Dutton, G. S.; Elkins, J. W.] NOAA Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Uhse, K.] Umweltbundesamt Fed Environm Agcy, D-63225 Langen, Germany. [Lintner, B. R.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Lintner, B. R.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Patra, PK (reprint author), JAMSTEC, Frontier Res Ctr Global Change, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236001, Japan. EM prabir@jamstec.go.jp RI Takigawa, Masayuki/M-2095-2014; Patra, Prabir/B-5206-2009 OI Takigawa, Masayuki/0000-0002-5666-6026; Patra, Prabir/0000-0001-5700-9389 FU Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture, Japan [2005/17GS0203]; National Science Foundation [ATM-0645200] FX This work is partly supported by the Grants-in-Aid for Creative Scientific Research (2005/17GS0203) of the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture, Japan. We appreciate the support of Takakiyo Nakazawa and Hajime Akimoto for this research, and we thank Bradley Hall for creating and maintaining the NOAA/ESRL 2006 SF6 scale. BRL acknowledges the support of National Science Foundation ATM-0645200 (J. D. Neelin, PI). Comments and suggestions from Jessica Neu, an anonymous reviewer, and Peter Haynes were helpful for revising the article. NR 42 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 9 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 4 BP 1209 EP 1225 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 411IC UT WOS:000263642000009 ER PT J AU Parrish, DD Millet, DB Goldstein, AH AF Parrish, D. D. Millet, D. B. Goldstein, A. H. TI Increasing ozone in marine boundary layer inflow at the west coasts of North America and Europe SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID LONG-TERM CHANGES; SURFACE OZONE; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; BACKGROUND OZONE; UNITED-STATES; MACE-HEAD; TRENDS; CALIFORNIA; EMISSIONS; IRELAND AB An effective method is presented for determining the ozone (O(3)) mixing ratio in the onshore flow of marine air at the North American west coast. By combining the data available from all marine boundary layer (MBL) sites with simultaneous wind data, decadal temporal trends of MBL O3 in all seasons are established with high precision. The average springtime temporal trend over the past two decades is 0.46 ppbv/yr with a 95% confidence limit of 0.13 ppbv/yr, and statistically significant trends are found for all seasons except autumn, which does have a significantly smaller trend than other seasons. The average trend in mean annual ozone is 0.34 +/- 0.09 ppbv/yr. These decadal trends at the North American west coast present a striking comparison and contrast with the trends reported for the European west coast at Mace Head, Ireland. The trends in the winter, spring and summer seasons compare well at the two locations, while the Mace Head trend is significantly greater in autumn. Even though the trends are similar, the absolute O(3) mixing ratios differ markedly, with the marine air arriving at Europe in all seasons containing 7 +/- 2 ppbv higher ozone than marine air arriving at North America. Further, the ozone mixing ratios at the North American west coast show no indication of stabilizing as has been reported for Mace Head. In a larger historical context the background boundary layer O(3) mixing ratios over the 130 years covered by available data have increased substantially (by a factor of two to three), and this increase continues at present, at least in the MBL of the Pacific coast region of North America. The reproduction of the increasing trends in MBL O(3) over the past two decades, as well as the difference in the O(3) mixing ratios between the two coastal regions will present a significant challenge for global chemical transport models. Further, the ability of the models to at least semi-quantitatively reproduce the longer-term, historical trends may an even greater challenge. C1 [Parrish, D. D.] NOAA Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Millet, D. B.] Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. [Goldstein, A. H.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Parrish, DD (reprint author), NOAA Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, 325 Broadway R CSD7, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM david.d.parrish@noaa.gov RI Parrish, David/E-8957-2010; Goldstein, Allen/A-6857-2011; Millet, Dylan/G-5832-2012; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Parrish, David/0000-0001-6312-2724; Goldstein, Allen/0000-0003-4014-4896; FU National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); California Air Resources Board; NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division FX The authors gratefully acknowledge the helpful discussions of meteorological issues with Paul Nieman and Owen Cooper of the NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory. The Climate and Global Change Program of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) largely funded this research. The authors are grateful to all that provided access to their data. The data from Olympic National Park, Redwood National Park and Point Reyes National Seashore were obtained from the National Park Service ( Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Network, Air Resources Division, Denver, Colorado, 2002; available at http://www.nature.nps.gov/air/monitoring/network.cfm). The data from Yreka, California were obtained form the California Air Resources Board ( available at http: //www.arb.ca.gov/aqd/aqdcd/aqdcddld.htm). The data from Trinidad Head were obtained from the NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division ( available at http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/dv/ftpdata.html). NR 33 TC 87 Z9 87 U1 3 U2 24 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 4 BP 1303 EP 1323 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 411IC UT WOS:000263642000016 ER PT J AU Myhre, G Berglen, TF Johnsrud, M Hoyle, CR Berntsen, TK Christopher, SA Fahey, DW Isaksen, ISA Jones, TA Kahn, RA Loeb, N Quinn, P Remer, L Schwarz, JP Yttri, KE AF Myhre, G. Berglen, T. F. Johnsrud, M. Hoyle, C. R. Berntsen, T. K. Christopher, S. A. Fahey, D. W. Isaksen, I. S. A. Jones, T. A. Kahn, R. A. Loeb, N. Quinn, P. Remer, L. Schwarz, J. P. Yttri, K. E. TI Modelled radiative forcing of the direct aerosol effect with multi-observation evaluation SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID INITIATIVE SAFARI 2000; SULFATE AEROSOLS; SOLAR-RADIATION; ORGANIC AEROSOL; GLOBAL AEROSOL; CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS; CARBONACEOUS PARTICLES; ANTHROPOGENIC SULFATE; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; LIGHT-ABSORPTION AB A high-resolution global aerosol model (Oslo CTM2) driven by meteorological data and allowing a comparison with a variety of aerosol observations is used to simulate radiative forcing (RF) of the direct aerosol effect. The model simulates all main aerosol components, including several secondary components such as nitrate and secondary organic carbon. The model reproduces the main chemical composition and size features observed during large aerosol campaigns. Although the chemical composition compares best with ground-based measurement over land for modelled sulphate, no systematic differences are found for other compounds. The modelled aerosol optical depth (AOD) is compared to remote sensed data from AERONET ground and MODIS and MISR satellite retrievals. To gain confidence in the aerosol modelling, we have tested its ability to reproduce daily variability in the aerosol content, and this is performing well in many regions; however, we also identified some locations where model improvements are needed. The annual mean regional pattern of AOD from the aerosol model is broadly similar to the AERONET and the satellite retrievals (mostly within 10-20%). We notice a significant improvement from MODIS Collection 4 to Collection 5 compared to AERONET data. Satellite derived estimates of aerosol radiative effect over ocean for clear sky conditions differs significantly on regional scales (almost up to a factor two), but also in the global mean. The Oslo CTM2 has an aerosol radiative effect close to the mean of the satellite derived estimates. We derive a radiative forcing (RF) of the direct aerosol effect of -0.35 Wm(-2) in our base case. Implementation of a simple approach to consider internal black carbon (BC) mixture results in a total RF of -0.28 Wm(-2). Our results highlight the importance of carbonaceous particles, producing stronger individual RF than considered in the recent IPCC estimate; however, net RF is less different. A significant RF from secondary organic aerosols (SOA) is estimated (close to -0.1 Wm(-2)). The SOA also contributes to a strong domination of secondary aerosol species for the aerosol composition over land. A combination of sensitivity simulations and model evaluation show that the RF is rather robust and unlikely to be much stronger than in our best estimate. C1 [Myhre, G.; Berntsen, T. K.; Isaksen, I. S. A.] Ctr Int Climate & Environm Res Oslo, Oslo, Norway. [Myhre, G.; Berglen, T. F.; Hoyle, C. R.; Berntsen, T. K.; Isaksen, I. S. A.] Univ Oslo, Dept Geosci, Oslo, Norway. [Berglen, T. F.; Johnsrud, M.; Yttri, K. E.] Norwegian Inst Air Res NILU, Kjeller, Norway. [Christopher, S. A.; Jones, T. A.] Univ Alabama, Dept Atmospher Sci, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. [Fahey, D. W.; Schwarz, J. P.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO USA. [Fahey, D. W.; Schwarz, J. P.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Kahn, R. A.; Remer, L.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Loeb, N.] NASA, LaRC, Hampton, VA USA. [Quinn, P.] NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Myhre, G (reprint author), Ctr Int Climate & Environm Res Oslo, Oslo, Norway. EM gunnar.myhre@cicero.uio.no RI Myhre, Gunnar/A-3598-2008; Christopher, Sundar/E-6781-2011; Yttri, Karl Espen/E-6671-2012; schwarz, joshua/G-4556-2013; Hoyle, Christopher/B-7786-2008; Kahn, Ralph/D-5371-2012; Fahey, David/G-4499-2013; Quinn, Patricia/R-1493-2016; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Myhre, Gunnar/0000-0002-4309-476X; schwarz, joshua/0000-0002-9123-2223; Hoyle, Christopher/0000-0002-1369-9143; Kahn, Ralph/0000-0002-5234-6359; Fahey, David/0000-0003-1720-0634; Quinn, Patricia/0000-0003-0337-4895; FU Norwegian research Council's FX We thank the principal investigators and their staff for establishing and maintaining the 180 AERONET sites used in this study. We also thank those responsible for the observational ground based networks EMEP, EANET, and IMPROVE, for permission to use the data. We appreciate the work made for providing emission data from biomass burning data through GFED. The work has received support from the Norwegian research Council's program for supercomputing through a grant of computer time. We thank the NASA Langley Atmospheric Sciences Data Center and the MISR Team for providing and distributing the MISR data. NR 108 TC 89 Z9 90 U1 3 U2 37 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 4 BP 1365 EP 1392 DI 10.5194/acp-9-1365-2009 PG 28 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 411IC UT WOS:000263642000020 ER PT J AU Fry, JL Kiendler-Scharr, A Rollins, AW Wooldridge, PJ Brown, SS Fuchs, H Dube, W Mensah, A dal Maso, M Tillmann, R Dorn, HP Brauers, T Cohen, RC AF Fry, J. L. Kiendler-Scharr, A. Rollins, A. W. Wooldridge, P. J. Brown, S. S. Fuchs, H. Dube, W. Mensah, A. dal Maso, M. Tillmann, R. Dorn, H. -P. Brauers, T. Cohen, R. C. TI Organic nitrate and secondary organic aerosol yield from NO3 oxidation of beta-pinene evaluated using a gas-phase kinetics/aerosol partitioning model SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID PARTICULATE AIR-POLLUTION; SIMULATION CHAMBER SAPHIR; ALPHA-PINENE; BIOGENIC HYDROCARBONS; PARTICLE FORMATION; ABSORPTION-MODEL; SOA FORMATION; MCM V3; RADICALS; ATMOSPHERE AB The yields of organic nitrates and of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particle formation were measured for the reaction NO3+beta-pinene under dry and humid conditions in the atmosphere simulation chamber SAPHIR at Research Center Julich. These experiments were conducted at low concentrations of NO3 (NO3+N2O5 < 10 ppb) and beta-pinene (peak similar to 15 ppb), with no seed aerosol. SOA formation was observed to be prompt and substantial (similar to 50% mass yield under both dry conditions and at 60% RH), and highly correlated with organic nitrate formation. The observed gas/aerosol partitioning of organic nitrates can be simulated using an absorptive partitioning model to derive an estimated vapor pressure of the condensing nitrate species of p(vap) similar to 5x10(-6) Torr (6.67x10(-4) Pa), which constrains speculation about the oxidation mechanism and chemical identity of the organic nitrate. Once formed the SOA in this system continues to evolve, resulting in measurable aerosol volume decrease with time. The observations of high aerosol yield from NOx-dependent oxidation of monoterpenes provide an example of a significant anthropogenic source of SOA from biogenic hydrocarbon precursors. Estimates of the NO3+beta-pinene SOA source strength for California and the globe indicate that NO3 reactions with monoterpenes are likely an important source (0.5-8% of the global total) of organic aerosol on regional and global scales. C1 [Fry, J. L.; Rollins, A. W.; Wooldridge, P. J.; Cohen, R. C.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Kiendler-Scharr, A.; Mensah, A.; dal Maso, M.; Tillmann, R.; Dorn, H. -P.; Brauers, T.] Forschungszentrum Julich, Troposphare ICG 2, D-52425 Julich, Germany. [Brown, S. S.; Fuchs, H.; Dube, W.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO USA. RP Cohen, RC (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM rccohen@berkeley.edu RI Dube, William/I-1658-2013; Brown, Steven/I-1762-2013; Fuchs, Hendrik/I-9157-2012; Mensah, Amewu/D-2275-2015; Dal Maso, Miikka/A-7980-2008; Dorn, Hans-Peter/B-3054-2009; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; Cohen, Ronald/A-8842-2011; Kiendler-Scharr, Astrid/E-8439-2011; Rollins, Andrew/G-7214-2012; Brauers, Theo/A-8444-2008; Tillmann, Ralf/I-9203-2012 OI Dube, William/0000-0003-1286-4087; Fuchs, Hendrik/0000-0003-1263-0061; Dal Maso, Miikka/0000-0003-3040-3612; Dorn, Hans-Peter/0000-0001-5945-7708; Cohen, Ronald/0000-0001-6617-7691; Kiendler-Scharr, Astrid/0000-0003-3166-2253; Brauers, Theo/0000-0001-6671-8566; Tillmann, Ralf/0000-0003-0648-6622 FU The Berkeley [NSF ATM-0639847, NSF ATM-0511829.]; European Network of Excellence ACCENT [GOCE CT-2004-505337]; EUROCHAMP FX The Berkeley authors were supported by NSF ATM-0639847 and NSF ATM-0511829. The authors thank Luke Valin for assistance running WRF/Chem; Klaus Scott for providing California monoterpene emissions estimates; Steve Ball and Bill Simpson for helpful comments on the manuscript; and the entire SAPHIR NO3 intercomparison campaign team, June 2007 at Forschungszentrum Julich, for their support of these experiments. This work was a joint activity of the European Network of Excellence ACCENT ( contract no: GOCE CT-2004-505337) and EUROCHAMP. NR 89 TC 92 Z9 93 U1 13 U2 84 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 4 BP 1431 EP 1449 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 411IC UT WOS:000263642000024 ER PT J AU Emmons, LK Edwards, DP Deeter, MN Gille, JC Campos, T Nedelec, P Novelli, P Sachse, G AF Emmons, L. K. Edwards, D. P. Deeter, M. N. Gille, J. C. Campos, T. Nedelec, P. Novelli, P. Sachse, G. TI Measurements of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT) validation through 2006 SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TRUTHING-STATION-ZUGSPITZE; CARBON-MONOXIDE; FAST-RESPONSE; INSTRUMENT; CO AB Comparisons of aircraft measurements of carbon monoxide (CO) to the retrievals of CO using observations from the Measurements of Pollution in The Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument onboard the Terra satellite are presented. Observations made as part of the NASA INTEX-B and NSF MIRAGE field campaigns during March-May 2006 are used to validate the MOPITT CO retrievals, along with routine samples from 2001 through 2006 from NOAA and the MOZAIC measurements from commercial aircraft. A significant positive bias, around 20% for total column CO, in MOPITT CO was found in the comparison to in situ measurements during 2006. Comparisons to the long-term records of measurements from NOAA and MOZAIC revealed an increasing bias in the V3 MOPITT CO retrievals over time. The impact of an instrumental drift is illustrated through retrieval simulations. C1 [Emmons, L. K.; Edwards, D. P.; Deeter, M. N.; Gille, J. C.; Campos, T.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Nedelec, P.] Univ P Sabatier, CNRS, Observ Midi Pyrenees, Lab Aerol, F-31400 Toulouse, France. [Novelli, P.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Global Monitoring Div, Boulder, CO USA. [Sachse, G.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Emmons, LK (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM emmons@ucar.edu RI Deeter, Merritt/O-6078-2016; Emmons, Louisa/R-8922-2016 OI Deeter, Merritt/0000-0002-3555-0518; Emmons, Louisa/0000-0003-2325-6212 FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration [NNG04GO58G]; Earth Observing System Program [NNG06GB27G]; National Science Foundation FX The helpful comments provided by Helen Worden and Avelino Arellano are greatly appreciated. The authors acknowledge for their strong support the European Commission, Airbus and the Airlines (Lufthansa, Austrian, Air France) who carry free of charge the MOZAIC equipment and perform the maintenance since 1994. MOZAIC is supported by INSU-CNRS (Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France), Meteo-France, and FZJ ( Forschungszentrum Julich, Germany). This material is based upon work supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Contract Nos. NNG04GO58G issued by the Earth Observing System Program and NNG06GB27G issued by the Tropospheric Chemistry Program. The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. NR 18 TC 71 Z9 72 U1 2 U2 12 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 5 BP 1795 EP 1803 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 418FA UT WOS:000264132800017 ER PT J AU Bouvier-Brown, NC Goldstein, AH Worton, DR Matross, DM Gilman, JB Kuster, WC Welsh-Bon, D Warneke, C de Gouw, JA Cahill, TM Holzinger, R AF Bouvier-Brown, N. C. Goldstein, A. H. Worton, D. R. Matross, D. M. Gilman, J. B. Kuster, W. C. Welsh-Bon, D. Warneke, C. de Gouw, J. A. Cahill, T. M. Holzinger, R. TI Methyl chavicol: characterization of its biogenic emission rate, abundance, and oxidation products in the atmosphere SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; PONDEROSA PINE PLANTATION; TRAP-MASS-SPECTROMETRY; BARK BEETLE ATTACK; ESSENTIAL OILS; SIERRA-NEVADA; MONOTERPENE EMISSIONS; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY; UNITED-STATES AB We report measurements of ambient atmospheric mixing ratios for methyl chavicol and determine its biogenic emission rate. Methyl chavicol, a biogenic oxygenated aromatic compound, is abundant within and above Blodgett Forest, a ponderosa pine forest in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California. Methyl chavicol was detected simultaneously by three in-situ instruments - a gas chromatograph with mass spectrometer detector (GC-MS), a proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS), and a thermal desorption aerosol GC-MS (TAG) - and found to be abundant within and above Blodgett Forest. Methyl chavicol atmospheric mixing ratios are strongly correlated with 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MBO), a light- and temperature-dependent biogenic emission from the ponderosa pine trees at Blodgett Forest. Scaling from this correlation, methyl chavicol emissions account for 4-68% of the carbon mass emitted as MBO in the daytime, depending on the season. From this relationship, we estimate a daytime basal emission rate of 0.72-10.2 mu gCg(-1) h(-1), depending on needle age and seasonality. We also present the first observations of its oxidation products (4-methoxybenzaldehyde and 4-methyoxy benzene acetaldehyde) in the ambient atmosphere. Methyl chavicol is a major essential oil component of many plant species. This work suggests that methyl chavicol plays a significant role in the atmospheric chemistry of Blodgett Forest, and potentially other sites, and should be included explicitly in both biogenic volatile organic carbon emission and atmospheric chemistry models. C1 [Bouvier-Brown, N. C.; Goldstein, A. H.; Worton, D. R.; Matross, D. M.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Gilman, J. B.; Kuster, W. C.; Welsh-Bon, D.; Warneke, C.; de Gouw, J. A.] Univ Colorado, NOAA Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. [Gilman, J. B.; Kuster, W. C.; Welsh-Bon, D.; Warneke, C.; de Gouw, J. A.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA. [Cahill, T. M.] Arizona State Univ, Div Math & Nat Sci, Phoenix, AZ USA. [Holzinger, R.] Univ Utrecht, Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Utrecht, Netherlands. RP Bouvier-Brown, NC (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM nbouvier@nature.berkeley.edu RI Holzinger, Rupert/C-9160-2009; Warneke, Carsten/E-7174-2010; Kuster, William/E-7421-2010; Goldstein, Allen/A-6857-2011; Worton, David/A-8374-2012; Gilman, Jessica/E-7751-2010; de Gouw, Joost/A-9675-2008; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Kuster, William/0000-0002-8788-8588; Goldstein, Allen/0000-0003-4014-4896; Worton, David/0000-0002-6558-5586; Gilman, Jessica/0000-0002-7899-9948; de Gouw, Joost/0000-0002-0385-1826; FU National Science Foundation Atmospheric Chemistry Program [0443448]; USDA Forest Service, Davis, CA FX This material is supported by the National Science Foundation Atmospheric Chemistry Program under grant 0443448. The authors would also like to thank Sierra Pacific Industries for the use of their land, the Blodgett Forest crew for their support, and S. Seybold (USDA Forest Service, Davis, CA) for background information regarding methyl chavicol's use in entomology. NR 85 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 10 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 6 BP 2061 EP 2074 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 425GQ UT WOS:000264625400016 ER PT J AU Wood, EC Herndon, SC Onasch, TB Kroll, JH Canagaratna, MR Kolb, CE Worsnop, DR Neuman, JA Seila, R Zavala, M Knighton, WB AF Wood, E. C. Herndon, S. C. Onasch, T. B. Kroll, J. H. Canagaratna, M. R. Kolb, C. E. Worsnop, D. R. Neuman, J. A. Seila, R. Zavala, M. Knighton, W. B. TI A case study of ozone production, nitrogen oxides, and the radical budget in Mexico City SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; AEROSOL MASS-SPECTROMETER; MCMA-2003 FIELD CAMPAIGN; REAL-TIME MEASUREMENTS; NASHVILLE URBAN PLUME; POWER-PLANT PLUMES; METROPOLITAN-AREA; ATMOSPHERIC OXIDATION; AMBIENT AEROSOLS; AIR-POLLUTION AB Observations at a mountain-top site within the Mexico City basin are used to characterize ozone production and destruction, nitrogen oxide speciation and chemistry, and the radical budget, with an emphasis on a stagnant air mass observed on one afternoon. The observations compare well with the results of recent photochemical models. An ozone production rate of similar to 50 ppbv/h was observed in a stagnant air mass during the afternoon of 12 March 2006, which is among the highest observed anywhere in the world. Approximately half of the ozone destruction was due to the oxidation of NO2. During this time period ozone production was VOC-limited, deduced by a comparison of the radical production rates and the formation rate of NOx oxidation products (NOz). For [NOx]/[NOy] values between 0.2 and 0.8, gas-phase HNO3 typically accounted for less than 10% of NOz and accumulation-mode particulate nitrate (NO3(PM1)-) accounted for 20%-70% of NOz, consistent with high ambient NH3 concentrations. The fraction of NOz accounted for by the sum of HNO3(g) and NO3(PM1)- decreased with photochemical processing. This decrease is apparent even when dry deposition of HNO3 is accounted for, and indicates that HNO3 formation decreased relative to other NOx "sink" processes during the first 12 h of photochemistry and/or a significant fraction of the nitrate was associated with the coarse aerosol size mode. The ozone production efficiency of NOx on 11 and 12 March 2006 was approximately 7 on a time scale of one day. A new metric for ozone production efficiency that relates the dilution-adjusted ozone mixing ratio to cumulative OH exposure is proposed. C1 [Wood, E. C.; Herndon, S. C.; Onasch, T. B.; Kroll, J. H.; Canagaratna, M. R.; Kolb, C. E.; Worsnop, D. R.] Aerodyne Res Inc, Billerica, MA 01821 USA. [Neuman, J. A.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. [Seila, R.] US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. [Zavala, M.] Molina Ctr Energy & Environm, La Jolla, CA USA. [Knighton, W. B.] Montana State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Wood, EC (reprint author), Aerodyne Res Inc, Billerica, MA 01821 USA. EM ezrawood@aerodyne.com RI Worsnop, Douglas/D-2817-2009; Kolb, Charles/A-8596-2009; Neuman, Andy/A-1393-2009; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Worsnop, Douglas/0000-0002-8928-8017; Neuman, Andy/0000-0002-3986-1727; FU NSF [ATM-528227, ATM-0528170]; DOE [DEFGO2-05ER63982, DE-FGO2-05ER63980] FX This work was funded in part by NSF grants (ATM-528227 & ATM-0528170) and DOE grants (DEFGO2-05ER63982 & DE-FGO2-05ER63980). We gratefully acknowledge Luisa Molina and Linsey Marr for providing the two chemiluminescence analyzers. We thank Manuel Quinones of Televisa for providing power and on-site support at PTP, Rafael Ramos for logistical assistance, Sasha Madronich of NCAR for assistance with the TUV model, and Delphine Farmer for helpful conversations. The United States Environmental Protection Agency through its Office of Research and Development collaborated in the research described here. It has been subjected to Agency review and approved for publication. NR 84 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 14 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 7 BP 2499 EP 2516 DI 10.5194/acp-9-2499-2009 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 431YL UT WOS:000265100600015 ER PT J AU Altieri, KE Turpin, BJ Seitzinger, SP AF Altieri, K. E. Turpin, B. J. Seitzinger, S. P. TI Oligomers, organosulfates, and nitrooxy organosulfates in rainwater identified by ultra-high resolution electrospray ionization FT-ICR mass spectrometry SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SECONDARY ORGANIC AEROSOL; ION-CYCLOTRON RESONANCE; HUMIC-LIKE SUBSTANCES; LOW-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; FULVIC-ACIDS; DICARBOXYLIC-ACIDS; SULFATE ESTERS; ALPHA-PINENE; FINE AEROSOL; CARBON AB Wet deposition is an important removal mechanism for atmospheric organic matter, and a potentially important input for receiving ecosystems, yet less than 50% of rainwater organic matter is considered chemically characterized. Precipitation samples collected in New Jersey, USA, were analyzed by negative ion ultra-high resolution electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). Elemental compositions of 552 unique molecular species were determined in the mass range 50-500 Da in the rainwater. Four main groups of organic compounds were identified: compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO) only, sulfur (S) containing CHOS compounds, nitrogen (N) containing CHON compounds, and S- and N-containing CHONS compounds. Organic acids commonly identified in precipitation were detected in the rainwater. Within the four main groups of compounds detected in the rainwater, oligomers, organosulfates, and nitrooxy-organosulfates were assigned based on elemental formula comparisons. The majority of the compounds identified are products of atmospheric reactions and are known contributors to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed from gas phase, aerosol phase, and in-cloud reactions in the atmosphere. It is suggested that the large uncharacterized component of SOA is the main contributor to the large uncharacterized component of rainwater organic matter. C1 [Altieri, K. E.; Seitzinger, S. P.] Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. [Turpin, B. J.] Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. [Seitzinger, S. P.] Rutgers State Univ, Rutgers NOAA CMER Program, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. RP Altieri, KE (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. EM altieri@marine.rutgers.edu RI Turpin, Barbara /D-8346-2012; Altieri, Katye/M-5231-2014 OI Altieri, Katye/0000-0002-6778-4079 FU WHOI FT-MS Users' Facility [OCE-0619608]; US Department of Commerce's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) [NA07OAR4310279]; US Department of Agriculture Hatch Funds; National Center for Environmental Research; US Environmental Protection Agency's Science to Achieve Results (STAR) Program [R833751]; United States Environmental Protection Agency FX The authors acknowledge Melissa Soule, Elizabeth Kujawinski and the funding sources of the WHOI FT-MS Users' Facility (National Science Foundation OCE-0619608 and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation). Travel support for Katye E. Altieri to the WHOI FT-MS Facility was provided by the WHOI Director's discretionary funds. This research has been supported by grants from the US Department of Commerce's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (NA07OAR4310279) and from the US Department of Agriculture Hatch Funds. Graduate student support for Katye E. Altieri was provided by the National Center for Environmental Research, US Environmental Protection Agency's Science to Achieve Results (STAR) Program R833751. Although the research described in this article has been funded in part by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, it has not been subjected to the Agency's required peer and policy review and therefore does not necessarily reflect the views of the Agency and no official endorsement should be inferred. NR 54 TC 97 Z9 99 U1 8 U2 81 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 7 BP 2533 EP 2542 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 431YL UT WOS:000265100600017 ER PT J AU Lee, SS Donner, LJ Phillips, VTJ AF Lee, S. S. Donner, L. J. Phillips, V. T. J. TI Sensitivity of aerosol and cloud effects on radiation to cloud types: comparison between deep convective clouds and warm stratiform clouds over one-day period SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID RESOLVING MODEL; BOUNDARY-LAYER; CIRRUS CLOUDS; SQUALL LINES; PHASE-III; PART I; MICROPHYSICS; SIMULATIONS; PRECIPITATION; STRATOCUMULUS AB Cloud and aerosol effects on radiation in two contrasting cloud types, a deep mesoscale convective system (MCS) and warm stratocumulus clouds, are simulated and compared. At the top of the atmosphere, 45-81% of shortwave cloud forcing (SCF) is offset by longwave cloud forcing (LCF) in the MCS, whereas warm stratiform clouds show the offset of less than similar to 20%. 28% of increased negative SCF is offset by increased LCF with increasing aerosols in the MCS at the top of the atmosphere. However, the stratiform clouds show the offset of just around 2-5%. Ice clouds as well as liquid clouds play an important role in the larger offset in the MCS. Lower cloud-top height and cloud depth, characterizing cloud types, lead to the smaller offset of SCF by LCF and the offset of increased negative SCF by increased LCF at high aerosol in stratocumulus clouds than in the MCS. Supplementary simulations show that this dependence of modulation of LCF on cloud depth and cloud-top height is also simulated among different types of convective clouds. C1 [Lee, S. S.; Donner, L. J.; Phillips, V. T. J.] Princeton Univ, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Lee, SS (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM seoungl@umich.edu RI Lee, Seoung Soo/H-5383-2013 FU National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [NA17RJ2612]; U.S. Department of Commerce FX The authors wish to thank Venkatachalam Ramaswamy for valuable discussions. Our thanks also go to Paul Ginoux for the review of the manuscript and Charles Seman for providing us useful post-processors. This paper was prepared under award NA17RJ2612 from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. The statements, findings, conclusions, and recommendations are those of authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or the U. S. Department of Commerce. NR 55 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 7 BP 2555 EP 2575 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 431YL UT WOS:000265100600019 ER PT J AU Young, PJ Arneth, A Schurgers, G Zeng, G Pyle, JA AF Young, P. J. Arneth, A. Schurgers, G. Zeng, G. Pyle, J. A. TI The CO2 inhibition of terrestrial isoprene emission significantly affects future ozone projections SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-COMPOUND EMISSIONS; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; CHEMISTRY-CLIMATE MODEL; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; CARBON-DIOXIDE; ELEVATED CO2; NONMETHANE HYDROCARBONS; QUERCUS-ILEX; IMPACT; LEAVES AB Simulations of future tropospheric composition often include substantial increases in biogenic isoprene emissions arising from the Arrhenius-like leaf emission response and warmer surface temperatures, and from enhanced vegetation productivity in response to temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentration. However, a number of recent laboratory and field data have suggested a direct inhibition of leaf isoprene production by increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration, notwithstanding isoprene being produced from precursor molecules that include some of the primary products of carbon assimilation. The cellular mechanism that underlies the decoupling of leaf photosynthesis and isoprene production still awaits a full explanation but accounting for this observation in a dynamic vegetation model that contains a semi-mechanistic treatment of isoprene emissions has been shown to change future global isoprene emission estimates notably. Here we use these estimates in conjunction with a chemistry-climate model to compare the effects of isoprene simulations without and with a direct CO2-inhibition on late 21st century O-3 and OH levels. The impact on surface O-3 was significant. Including the CO2-inhibition of isoprene resulted in opposing responses in polluted (O-3 decreases of up to 10 ppbv) vs. less polluted (O-3 increases of up to 10 ppbv) source regions, due to isoprene nitrate and peroxy acetyl nitrate (PAN) chemistry. OH concentration increased with relatively lower future isoprene emissions, decreasing methane lifetime by similar to 7 months (6.6%). Our simulations underline the large uncertainties in future chemistry and climate studies due to biogenic emission patterns and emphasize the problems of using globally averaged climate metrics (such as global radiative forcing) to quantify the atmospheric impact of reactive, heterogeneously distributed substances. C1 [Young, P. J.; Zeng, G.; Pyle, J. A.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Chem, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England. [Arneth, A.; Schurgers, G.] Lund Univ, Ctr GeoBiosphere Sci, Dept Phys Geog & Ecosyst Anal, Lund, Sweden. RP Young, PJ (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. EM paul.j.young@noaa.gov RI Arneth, Almut/B-2702-2013; Young, Paul/E-8739-2010; Schurgers, Guy/K-6543-2012 OI Young, Paul/0000-0002-5608-8887; Schurgers, Guy/0000-0002-2189-1995 FU National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS); European Commission; Swedish Formas; Swedish Research Council FX PY, JP and GZ acknowledge funding from the National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS) and thank the Hadley Centre for use of the UM. AA and GS acknowledge support from the European Commission, Swedish Formas and the Swedish Research Council. NR 79 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 11 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 8 BP 2793 EP 2803 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 441BA UT WOS:000265743100012 ER PT J AU Freitas, SR Longo, KM Dias, MAFS Chatfield, R Dias, PS Artaxo, P Andreae, MO Grell, G Rodrigues, LF Fazenda, A Panetta, J AF Freitas, S. R. Longo, K. M. Dias, M. A. F. Silva Chatfield, R. Dias, P. Silva Artaxo, P. Andreae, M. O. Grell, G. Rodrigues, L. F. Fazenda, A. Panetta, J. TI The Coupled Aerosol and Tracer Transport model to the Brazilian developments on the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (CATT-BRAMS) - Part 1: Model description and evaluation SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; SOUTH-AMERICA; SMOKE; EMISSIONS; AMAZONIA; CARBON; FIRE; PARAMETERIZATION; CONVECTION; RESOLUTION AB We introduce the Coupled Aerosol and Tracer Transport model to the Brazilian developments on the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (CATT-BRAMS). CATT-BRAMS is an on-line transport model fully consistent with the simulated atmospheric dynamics. Emission sources from biomass burning and urban-industrial-vehicular activities for trace gases and from biomass burning aerosol particles are obtained from several published datasets and remote sensing information. The tracer and aerosol mass concentration prognostics include the effects of sub-grid scale turbulence in the planetary boundary layer, convective transport by shallow and deep moist convection, wet and dry deposition, and plume rise associated with vegetation fires in addition to the grid scale transport. The radiation parameterization takes into account the interaction between the simulated biomass burning aerosol particles and short and long wave radiation. The atmospheric model BRAMS is based on the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS), with several improvements associated with cumulus convection representation, soil moisture initialization and surface scheme tuned for the tropics, among others. In this paper the CATT-BRAMS model is used to simulate carbon monoxide and particulate material (PM2.5) surface fluxes and atmospheric transport during the 2002 LBA field campaigns, conducted during the transition from the dry to wet season in the southwest Amazon Basin. Model evaluation is addressed with comparisons between model results and near surface, radiosondes and airborne measurements performed during the field campaign, as well as remote sensing derived products. We show the matching of emissions strengths to observed carbon monoxide in the LBA campaign. A relatively good comparison to the MOPITT data, in spite of the fact that MOPITT a priori assumptions imply several difficulties, is also obtained. C1 [Freitas, S. R.; Longo, K. M.; Dias, M. A. F. Silva; Rodrigues, L. F.; Fazenda, A.; Panetta, J.] INPE, Ctr Weather Forecasts & Climate Studies CPTEC, Cachoeira Paulista, Brazil. [Dias, M. A. F. Silva; Dias, P. Silva] Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Atmospher Sci, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, Brazil. [Chatfield, R.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Artaxo, P.] Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Phys, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, Brazil. [Andreae, M. O.] Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. [Grell, G.] Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Res Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Fazenda, A.] Univ Taubate, Dept Comp Sci, Sao Paulo, Brazil. RP Freitas, SR (reprint author), INPE, Ctr Weather Forecasts & Climate Studies CPTEC, Cachoeira Paulista, Brazil. EM saulo.freitas@cptec.inpe.br RI Freitas, Saulo/A-2279-2012; grell, georg/B-6234-2015; Leite da Silva Dias, Pedro/H-1183-2016; Artaxo, Paulo/E-8874-2010; Andreae, Meinrat/B-1068-2008 OI Freitas, Saulo/0000-0002-9879-646X; grell, georg/0000-0001-5214-8742; Fazenda, Alvaro/0000-0002-4052-1113; Leite da Silva Dias, Pedro/0000-0002-4051-2962; Artaxo, Paulo/0000-0001-7754-3036; Andreae, Meinrat/0000-0003-1968-7925 FU NASA Headquarters [NRA-03-OES-02, NRA-97-MTPE-02, NRA-02-OES-06]; CNPq [305059/2005-0, 309922/2007-0]; FAPESP [04/13445-1, 01/14981-6]; European Commission [EVK2-CT-2001-00110-SMOCC]; Max Planck Society; Instituto do Milenio/LBA/CNPq/MCT; Moore Foundation; Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI) CRN II 2017; US National Science Foundation [GEO-0452325] FX We acknowledge partial support of this work by NASA Headquarters (NRA-03-OES-02, NRA-97-MTPE-02 and NRA-02-OES-06), CNPq (305059/2005-0, 309922/2007-0) and FAPESP (04/13445-1, 01/14981-6). This work was carried out within the framework of the LBA Smoke, Aerosols, Clouds, Rainfall, and Climate (SMOCC) project (funded by the Environmental and Climate Program of the European Commission under contract No. EVK2-CT-2001-00110-SMOCC and by the Max Planck Society), and Radiation, Cloud, and Climate Interactions in the Amazon during the DRY-TO-WET Transition Season (RaCCI) project (funded by FAPESP and Instituto do Milenio/LBA/CNPq/MCT). Partial funding was also provided by Moore Foundation and Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI) CRN II 2017 and US National Science Foundation (Grant GEO-0452325). The authors also acknowledge L. Emmons for the very constructive comments on a first draft. NR 64 TC 72 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 10 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 8 BP 2843 EP 2861 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 441BA UT WOS:000265743100015 ER PT J AU Brown, SS Degouw, JA Warneke, C Ryerson, TB Dube, WP Atlas, E Weber, RJ Peltier, RE Neuman, JA Roberts, JM Swanson, A Flocke, F McKeen, SA Brioude, J Sommariva, R Trainer, M Fehsenfeld, FC Ravishankara, AR AF Brown, S. S. deGouw, J. A. Warneke, C. Ryerson, T. B. Dube, W. P. Atlas, E. Weber, R. J. Peltier, R. E. Neuman, J. A. Roberts, J. M. Swanson, A. Flocke, F. McKeen, S. A. Brioude, J. Sommariva, R. Trainer, M. Fehsenfeld, F. C. Ravishankara, A. R. TI Nocturnal isoprene oxidation over the Northeast United States in summer and its impact on reactive nitrogen partitioning and secondary organic aerosol SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS; METHYL VINYL KETONE; RURAL SITE; BOUNDARY-LAYER; TROPOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; BIOGENIC HYDROCARBONS; NITRATE RADICALS; NO3 RADICALS; AIR-QUALITY; PRODUCTS AB Isoprene is the largest single VOC emission to the atmosphere. Although it is primarily oxidized photochemically during daylight hours, late-day emissions that remain in the atmosphere at sunset undergo oxidation by NO3 in regionally polluted areas with large NOx levels. A recent aircraft study examined isoprene and its nocturnal oxidants in a series of night flights across the Northeast US, a region with large emissions of both isoprene and NOx. Substantial amounts of isoprene that were observed after dark were strongly anticorrelated with measured NO3 and were the most important factor determining the lifetime of this radical. The products of photochemical oxidation of isoprene, methyl vinyl ketone and methacrolein, were more uniformly distributed, and served as tracers for the presence of isoprene at sunset, prior to its oxidation by NO3. A determination of the mass of isoprene oxidized in darkness showed it to be a large fraction (>20%) of emitted isoprene. Organic nitrates produced from the NO3+isoprene reaction, though not directly measured, were estimated to account for 2-9% of total reactive nitrogen. The mass of isoprene oxidized by NO3 was comparable to and correlated with the organic aerosol loading for flights with relatively low organic aerosol background. The contribution of nocturnal isoprene oxidation to secondary organic aerosol was determined in the range 1 17%, and isoprene SOA mass derived from NO3 was calculated to exceed that due to OH by approximately 50%. C1 [Brown, S. S.; deGouw, J. A.; Warneke, C.; Ryerson, T. B.; Dube, W. P.; Neuman, J. A.; Roberts, J. M.; McKeen, S. A.; Brioude, J.; Sommariva, R.; Trainer, M.; Fehsenfeld, F. C.; Ravishankara, A. R.] NOAA Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [deGouw, J. A.; Warneke, C.; Dube, W. P.; Neuman, J. A.; Swanson, A.; McKeen, S. A.; Brioude, J.; Sommariva, R.; Fehsenfeld, F. C.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Atlas, E.] Univ Miami, RSMAS MAC, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Weber, R. J.; Peltier, R. E.] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Swanson, A.; Flocke, F.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Brown, SS (reprint author), NOAA Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM steven.s.brown@noaa.gov RI de Gouw, Joost/A-9675-2008; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013; Neuman, Andy/A-1393-2009; Warneke, Carsten/E-7174-2010; Roberts, James/A-1082-2009; Brioude, Jerome/E-4629-2011; Sommariva, Roberto/M-5361-2014; Trainer, Michael/H-5168-2013; Ryerson, Tom/C-9611-2009; Atlas, Elliot/J-8171-2015; McKeen, Stuart/H-9516-2013; Brown, Steven/I-1762-2013; Dube, William/I-1658-2013; Ravishankara, Akkihebbal/A-2914-2011 OI de Gouw, Joost/0000-0002-0385-1826; Neuman, Andy/0000-0002-3986-1727; Roberts, James/0000-0002-8485-8172; Sommariva, Roberto/0000-0002-2728-5814; Dube, William/0000-0003-1286-4087; FU NOAA Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate and Health of the Atmosphere Programs; New England Air Quality Study FX The authors thank the crew of the NOAA P-3 for their dedication and professionalism. This work was supported by the NOAA Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate and Health of the Atmosphere Programs and the New England Air Quality Study. NR 80 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 8 U2 46 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 9 BP 3027 EP 3042 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 447KJ UT WOS:000266189700010 ER PT J AU Sommariva, R Osthoff, HD Brown, SS Bates, TS Baynard, T Coffman, D de Gouw, JA Goldan, PD Kuster, WC Lerner, BM Stark, H Warneke, C Williams, EJ Fehsenfeld, FC Ravishankara, AR Trainer, M AF Sommariva, R. Osthoff, H. D. Brown, S. S. Bates, T. S. Baynard, T. Coffman, D. de Gouw, J. A. Goldan, P. D. Kuster, W. C. Lerner, B. M. Stark, H. Warneke, C. Williams, E. J. Fehsenfeld, F. C. Ravishankara, A. R. Trainer, M. TI Radicals in the marine boundary layer during NEAQS 2004: a model study of day-time and night-time sources and sinks SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; MASTER CHEMICAL MECHANISM; GAS-PHASE REACTION; MCM V3 PART; PEROXY-RADICALS; HETEROGENEOUS HYDROLYSIS; DIMETHYL SULFIDE; REACTIVE UPTAKE; TROPOSPHERIC DEGRADATION; AQUEOUS AEROSOLS AB This paper describes a modelling study of several HOx and NOx species (OH, HO2, organic peroxy radicals, NO3 and N2O5) in the marine boundary layer. A model based upon the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) was constrained to observations of chemical and physical parameters made onboard the NOAA ship R/V Brown as part of the New England Air Quality Study (NEAQS) in the summer of 2004. The model was used to calculate [OH] and to determine the composition of the peroxy radical pool. Modelled [NO3] and [N2O5] were compared to in-situ measurements by Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy. The comparison showed that the model generally overestimated the measurements by 30-50%, on average. The model results were analyzed with respect to several chemical and physical parameters, including uptake of NO3 and N2O5 on fog droplets and on aerosol, dry deposition of NO3 and N2O5, gas-phase hydrolysis of N2O5 and reactions of NO3 with NMHCs and peroxy radicals. The results suggest that fog, when present, is an important sink for N2O5 via rapid heterogeneous uptake. The comparison between the model and the measurements were consistent with values of the heterogeneous uptake coefficient of N2O5 (gamma(N2O5))> 1 x 10(-2), independent of aerosol composition in this marine environment. The analysis of the different loss processes of the nitrate radical showed the important role of the organic peroxy radicals, which accounted for a significant fraction (median: 15%) of NO3 gas-phase removal, particularly in the presence of high concentrations of dimethyl sulphide (DMS). C1 [Sommariva, R.; Osthoff, H. D.; Brown, S. S.; Baynard, T.; de Gouw, J. A.; Kuster, W. C.; Lerner, B. M.; Stark, H.; Warneke, C.; Williams, E. J.; Ravishankara, A. R.; Trainer, M.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. [Sommariva, R.; Osthoff, H. D.; Baynard, T.; de Gouw, J. A.; Goldan, P. D.; Lerner, B. M.; Stark, H.; Warneke, C.; Williams, E. J.; Fehsenfeld, F. C.] Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Bates, T. S.; Coffman, D.] NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Brown, SS (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. EM steven.s.brown@noaa.gov RI Sommariva, Roberto/M-5361-2014; de Gouw, Joost/A-9675-2008; Bates, Timothy/L-6080-2016; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; Williams, Eric/F-1184-2010; Warneke, Carsten/E-7174-2010; Stark, Harald/E-7433-2010; Kuster, William/E-7421-2010; Trainer, Michael/H-5168-2013; Brown, Steven/I-1762-2013; Ravishankara, Akkihebbal/A-2914-2011; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013; Lerner, Brian/H-6556-2013 OI Osthoff, Hans/0000-0001-7155-6493; Sommariva, Roberto/0000-0002-2728-5814; de Gouw, Joost/0000-0002-0385-1826; Kuster, William/0000-0002-8788-8588; Lerner, Brian/0000-0001-8721-8165 NR 86 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 3 U2 15 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 9 BP 3075 EP 3093 DI 10.5194/acp-9-3075-2009 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 447KJ UT WOS:000266189700014 ER PT J AU Min, QL Li, R Lin, B Joseph, E Wang, S Hu, Y Morris, V Chang, F AF Min, Q-L. Li, R. Lin, B. Joseph, E. Wang, S. Hu, Y. Morris, V. Chang, F. TI Evidence of mineral dust altering cloud microphysics and precipitation SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID RADAR; MICROWAVE; AEROSOLS; TROPICS; REFLECTIVITY; EVOLUTION; SYSTEMS; STORMS; TRMM AB Multi-platform and multi-sensor observations are employed to investigate the impact of mineral dust on cloud microphysical and precipitation processes in mesoscale convective systems. For a given convective strength, small hydrometeors were more prevalent in the stratiform rain regions with dust than in those regions that were dust free. Evidence of abundant cloud ice particles in the dust sector, particularly at altitudes where heterogeneous nucleation of mineral dust prevails, further supports the observed changes of precipitation. The consequences of the microphysical effects of the dust aerosols were to shift the precipitation size spectrum from heavy precipitation to light precipitation and ultimately suppressing precipitation. C1 [Min, Q-L.; Li, R.; Wang, S.] SUNY, Atmospher Sci Res Ctr, New York, NY USA. [Lin, B.; Hu, Y.; Chang, F.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Sci Directorate, Washington, DC 20546 USA. [Joseph, E.; Morris, V.] Howard Univ, NOAA Ctr Atmospher Sci, Washington, DC 20059 USA. RP Min, QL (reprint author), SUNY, Atmospher Sci Res Ctr, New York, NY USA. EM min@asrc.cestm.albany.edu RI Hu, Yongxiang/K-4426-2012 FU Office of Science (BER), US Department of Energy [DE-FG02-03ER63531]; NOAA Educational Partnership Program [NA17AE1625, NA17AE1623]; NASA [NNL06AA00G] FX We thanks for EUMETSAT to provide Meteosat-8 data and associated image processing tools, and for NASA to provide TRMM Orbit Viewer. This research was supported by the Office of Science (BER), US Department of Energy, Grant DE-FG02-03ER63531, by the NOAA Educational Partnership Program with Minority Serving Institutions (EPP/MSI) under cooperative agreements NA17AE1625 and NA17AE1623, and by NASA Grant NNL06AA00G. NR 26 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 8 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 9 BP 3223 EP 3231 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 447KJ UT WOS:000266189700022 ER PT J AU de Gouw, JA Welsh-Bon, D Warneke, C Kuster, WC Alexander, L Baker, AK Beyersdorf, AJ Blake, DR Canagaratna, M Celada, AT Huey, LG Junkermann, W Onasch, TB Salcido, A Sjostedt, SJ Sullivan, AP Tanner, DJ Vargas, O Weber, RJ Worsnop, DR Yu, XY Zaveri, R AF de Gouw, J. A. Welsh-Bon, D. Warneke, C. Kuster, W. C. Alexander, L. Baker, A. K. Beyersdorf, A. J. Blake, D. R. Canagaratna, M. Celada, A. T. Huey, L. G. Junkermann, W. Onasch, T. B. Salcido, A. Sjostedt, S. J. Sullivan, A. P. Tanner, D. J. Vargas, O. Weber, R. J. Worsnop, D. R. Yu, X. Y. Zaveri, R. TI Emission and chemistry of organic carbon in the gas and aerosol phase at a sub-urban site near Mexico City in March 2006 during the MILAGRO study SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TRAP-MASS-SPECTROMETRY; SOURCE APPORTIONMENT; AIR-QUALITY; FORMALDEHYDE MEASUREMENTS; AMBIENT AEROSOLS; HYDROCARBON-LIKE; FIELD CAMPAIGNS; HIGH-RESOLUTION; FINE-PARTICLE; ATMOSPHERE AB Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbonaceous aerosol were measured at a sub-urban site near Mexico City in March of 2006 during the MILAGRO study (Megacity Initiative: Local and Global Research Objectives). Diurnal variations of hydrocarbons, elemental carbon (EC) and hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA) were dominated by a high peak in the early morning when local emissions accumulated in a shallow boundary layer, and a minimum in the afternoon when the emissions were diluted in a significantly expanded boundary layer and, in case of the reactive gases, removed by OH. In comparison, diurnal variations of species with secondary sources such as the aldehydes, ketones, oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA) and watersoluble organic carbon (WSOC) stayed relatively high in the afternoon indicating strong photochemical formation. Emission ratios of many hydrocarbon species relative to CO were higher in Mexico City than in the U. S., but we found similar emission ratios for most oxygenated VOCs and organic aerosol. Secondary formation of acetone may be more efficient in Mexico City than in the U. S., due to higher emissions of alkane precursors from the use of liquefied petroleum gas. Secondary formation of organic aerosol was similar between Mexico City and the U. S. Combining the data for all measured gas and aerosol species, we describe the budget of total observed organic carbon (TOOC), and find that the enhancement ratio of TOOC relative to CO is conserved between the early morning and mid afternoon despite large compositional changes. Finally, the influence of biomass burning is investigated using the measurements of acetonitrile, which was found to correlate with levoglucosan in the particle phase. Diurnal variations of acetonitrile indicate a contribution from local burning sources. Scatter plots of acetonitrile versus CO suggest that the contribution of biomass burning to the enhancement of most gas and aerosol species was not dominant and perhaps not dissimilar from observations in the U.S. C1 [de Gouw, J. A.; Welsh-Bon, D.; Warneke, C.; Kuster, W. C.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. [de Gouw, J. A.; Welsh-Bon, D.; Warneke, C.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Alexander, L.; Yu, X. Y.; Zaveri, R.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Baker, A. K.; Beyersdorf, A. J.; Blake, D. R.] Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA USA. [Canagaratna, M.; Onasch, T. B.; Worsnop, D. R.] Aerodyne Res Inc, Billerica, MA 01821 USA. [Celada, A. T.; Salcido, A.] Inst Invest Elect, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. [Huey, L. G.; Sjostedt, S. J.; Sullivan, A. P.; Tanner, D. J.; Vargas, O.; Weber, R. J.] Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Junkermann, W.] Res Ctr Karlsruhe, Inst Meteorol & Climate Res, Garmisch Partenkirchen, Germany. RP de Gouw, JA (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RI Worsnop, Douglas/D-2817-2009; Warneke, Carsten/E-7174-2010; Kuster, William/E-7421-2010; Baker, Angela /A-1666-2011; Junkermann, Wolfgang/A-7416-2013; Beyersdorf, Andreas/N-1247-2013; Yu, Xiao-Ying/L-9385-2013; Garmisch-Pa, Ifu/H-9902-2014; Sjostedt, Steven/B-5032-2015; de Gouw, Joost/A-9675-2008; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Zaveri, Rahul/0000-0001-9874-8807; Salcido, Alejandro/0000-0002-7485-3802; Junkermann, Wolfgang/0000-0002-7461-3024; Baker, Angela K./0000-0001-7845-422X; Worsnop, Douglas/0000-0002-8928-8017; Kuster, William/0000-0002-8788-8588; Yu, Xiao-Ying/0000-0002-9861-3109; de Gouw, Joost/0000-0002-0385-1826; FU National Science Foundation [ATM-0516610] FX This work was financially supported by the National Science Foundation under grant number ATM-0516610. We thank James Schauer and Elizabeth Stone for the use of their levoglucosan data, and Jose Jimenez for careful reading of the manuscript and many useful comments. NR 73 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 2 U2 35 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 10 BP 3425 EP 3442 DI 10.5194/acp-9-3425-2009 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 452QJ UT WOS:000266556000014 ER PT J AU Froyd, KD Murphy, DM Sanford, TJ Thomson, DS Wilson, JC Pfister, L Lait, L AF Froyd, K. D. Murphy, D. M. Sanford, T. J. Thomson, D. S. Wilson, J. C. Pfister, L. Lait, L. TI Aerosol composition of the tropical upper troposphere SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID SECONDARY ORGANIC AEROSOL; NATURAL AMAZONIAN AEROSOL; ASIAN CONTINENTAL OUTFLOW; SUBVISIBLE CIRRUS CLOUDS; PEM-WEST-B; STRATOSPHERIC AEROSOL; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; TRACE-P; ATMOSPHERIC PARTICLES; AIRCRAFT MEASUREMENTS AB Aerosol composition was measured by the NOAA single-particle mass spectrometer (PALMS) aboard the NASA WB-57 high altitude aircraft platform during two Aura Validation Experiment (AVE) campaigns based in Costa Rica in 2004 and 2006. These studies yielded the most complete set of aerosol composition measurements to date throughout the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) and tropical lower stratosphere. We describe the aerosol properties of the tropical atmosphere and use composition tracers to examine particle sources, the role of recent convection, and cirrus-forming potential in the TTL. Tropical dynamics and regional air sources played principal roles in dictating tropospheric aerosol properties. There was a sharp change in aerosol chemical composition at about 12 km altitude coincident with a change in convective influence. Below this level, maritime convection lofted condensable material that generated acidic, sulfate-rich aerosol. These particles contained significant amounts of methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and showed evidence of cloud processes. In contrast, continental convection injected particles and precursors directly into the TTL, yielding a population of neutralized, organic-rich aerosol. The organics were often highly oxidized and particles with oxidized organics also contained nitrate. Above the tropopause, chemical composition gradually changed toward sulfuric acid particles but neutralized particles were still abundant 2 km above the tropopause. Deep continental convection, though sporadic and geographically localized, may strongly influence TTL aerosol properties on a global scale. The abundance of organic-rich aerosol may inhibit ice nucleation and formation of tropopause level cirrus. C1 [Froyd, K. D.; Murphy, D. M.; Sanford, T. J.; Thomson, D. S.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO USA. [Froyd, K. D.; Sanford, T. J.; Thomson, D. S.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Pfister, L.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Lait, L.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Wilson, J. C.] Univ Denver, Dept Mech & Mat Engn, Denver, CO USA. RP Froyd, KD (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO USA. EM karl.froyd@noaa.gov RI Murphy, Daniel/J-4357-2012; Froyd, Karl/H-6607-2013; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Murphy, Daniel/0000-0002-8091-7235; FU NOAA; NASA FX This work was funded by NOAA base and climate change programs as well as NASA funding for aircraft deployments. The authors gratefully acknowledge the efforts of the NASA mission scientists and coordinators, and the pilots and crew of the WB-57. We also thank Paul Lawson and Darrel Baumgardner and their instrument teams for use of the CPI, 2DS, and CAPS data to remove in- cloud flight segments. We are grateful to Daniel Cziczo, Troy Thornberry, Paula Hudson, Fred Moore, and Elliot Atlas for their valuable input. NR 104 TC 79 Z9 79 U1 2 U2 40 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 13 BP 4363 EP 4385 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 470OG UT WOS:000267984400012 ER PT J AU Lovejoy, S Tuck, AF Schertzer, D Hovde, SJ AF Lovejoy, S. Tuck, A. F. Schertzer, D. Hovde, S. J. TI Reinterpreting aircraft measurements in anisotropic scaling turbulence SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID WAVE-NUMBER SPECTRA; VELOCITY STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS; KINETIC-ENERGY SPECTRUM; ATMOSPHERIC STRATIFICATION; VERTICAL WIND; COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT; UNIVERSAL SPECTRUM; WAVENUMBER SPECTRA; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; LIDAR DATA AB Due to both systematic and turbulent induced vertical fluctuations, the interpretation of atmospheric aircraft measurements requires a theory of turbulence. Until now virtually all the relevant theories have been isotropic or 'quasi isotropic' in the sense that their exponents are the same in all directions. However almost all the available data on the vertical structure shows that it is scaling but with exponents different from the horizontal: the turbulence is scaling but anisotropic. In this paper, we show how such turbulence can lead to spurious breaks in the scaling and to the spurious appearance of the vertical scaling exponent at large horizontal lags. We demonstrate this using 16 legs of Gulfstream 4 aircraft near the top of the troposphere following isobars each between 500 and 3200 km in length. First we show that over wide ranges of scale, the horizontal spectra of the aircraft altitude are nearly k(-5/3). In addition, we show that the altitude and pressure fluctuations along these fractal trajectories have a high degree of coherence with the measured wind (especially with its longitudinal component). There is also a strong phase relation between the altitude, pressure and wind fluctuations; for scales less than 40 km (on average) the wind fluctuations lead the pressure and altitude, whereas for larger scales, the pressure fluctuations leads the wind. At the same transition scale, there is a break in the wind spectrum which we argue is caused by the aircraft starting to accurately follow isobars at the larger scales. In comparison, the temperature and humidity have low coherencies and phases and there are no apparent scale breaks, reinforcing the hypothesis that it is the aircraft trajectory that is causally linked to the scale breaks in the wind measurements. Using spectra and structure functions for the wind, we then estimate their exponents (beta, H) at small (5/3, 1/3) and large scales (2.4, 0.73). The latter being very close to those estimated by drop sondes (2.4, 0.75) in the vertical direction. In addition, for each leg we estimate the energy flux, the sphero-scale and the critical transition scale. The latter varies quite widely from scales of kilometers to greater than several hundred kilometers. The overall conclusion is that up to the critical scale, the aircraft follows a fractal trajectory which may increase the intermittency of the measurements, but doesn't strongly affect the scaling exponents whereas for scales larger than the critical scale, the aircraft follows isobars whose exponents are different from those along isoheights (and equal to the vertical exponent perpendicular to the isoheights). We bolster this interpretation by considering the absolute slopes (vertical bar delta z/delta x vertical bar) of the aircraft as a function of lag delta x and of scale invariant lag delta x/delta z(z)(1/H). We then revisit four earlier aircraft campaigns including GASP and MOZAIC showing that they all have nearly identical transitions and can thus be easily explained by the proposed combination of altitude/wind in an anisotropic but scaling turbulence. Finally, we argue that this reinterpretation in terms of wide range anisotropic scaling is compatible with atmospheric phenomenology including convection. C1 [Lovejoy, S.] McGill Univ, Montreal, PQ H3A 2T8, Canada. [Tuck, A. F.; Hovde, S. J.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Schertzer, D.] Univ Paris Est, CEREVE, Paris, France. [Schertzer, D.] Meteo France, F-75005 Paris, France. RP Lovejoy, S (reprint author), McGill Univ, 3600 Univ St, Montreal, PQ H3A 2T8, Canada. EM lovejoy@physics.mcgill.ca RI Lovejoy, Shaun/E-8019-2011; Tuck, Adrian/F-6024-2011; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Lovejoy, Shaun/0000-0002-9367-3137; Tuck, Adrian/0000-0002-2074-0538; FU NOAA FX We acknowledge NOAA funding of the Winter Storms 2004 mission. This research was performed purely for scientific purposes, it did not enjoy any specific funding. NR 40 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 5 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 14 BP 5007 EP 5025 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 477RF UT WOS:000268535500031 ER PT J AU Reidmiller, DR Fiore, AM Jaffe, DA Bergmann, D Cuvelier, C Dentener, FJ Duncan, BN Folberth, G Gauss, M Gong, S Hess, P Jonson, JE Keating, T Lupu, A Marmer, E Park, R Schultz, MG Shindell, DT Szopa, S Vivanco, MG Wild, O Zuber, A AF Reidmiller, D. R. Fiore, A. M. Jaffe, D. A. Bergmann, D. Cuvelier, C. Dentener, F. J. Duncan, B. N. Folberth, G. Gauss, M. Gong, S. Hess, P. Jonson, J. E. Keating, T. Lupu, A. Marmer, E. Park, R. Schultz, M. G. Shindell, D. T. Szopa, S. Vivanco, M. G. Wild, O. Zuber, A. TI The influence of foreign vs. North American emissions on surface ozone in the US SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID EASTERN UNITED-STATES; AIR-QUALITY; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; INTERCONTINENTAL TRANSPORT; POLLUTION TRANSPORT; BACKGROUND OZONE; ASIAN EMISSIONS; VARIABILITY; PACIFIC; MODEL AB As part of the Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (HTAP; < a href='http://www.htap.org' target='_blank'> http:// www.htap.org ) project, we analyze results from 15 global and 1 hemispheric chemical transport models and compare these to Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNet) observations in the United States (US) for 2001. Using the policy-relevant maximum daily 8-h average ozone (MDA8 O-3) statistic, the multi-model ensemble represents the observations well (mean r(2)=0.57, ensemble bias = +4.1 ppbv for all US regions and all seasons) despite a wide range in the individual model results. Correlations are strongest in the northeastern US during spring and fall (r(2)=0.68); and weakest in the midwestern US in summer (r(2)=0.46). However, large positive mean biases exist during summer for all eastern US regions, ranging from 10-20 ppbv, and a smaller negative bias is present in the western US during spring (similar to 3 ppbv). In nearly all other regions and seasons, the biases of the model ensemble simulations are < 5 ppbv. Sensitivity simulations in which anthropogenic O-3-precursor emissions (NOx + NMVOC + CO + aerosols) were decreased by 20% in four source regions: East Asia (EA), South Asia (SA), Europe (EU) and North America (NA) show that the greatest response of MDA8 O-3 to the summed foreign emissions reductions occurs during spring in the West (0.9 ppbv reduction due to 20% emissions reductions from EA + SA + EU). East Asia is the largest contributor to MDA8 O-3 at all ranges of the O-3 distribution for most regions (typically similar to 0.45 ppbv) followed closely by Europe. The exception is in the northeastern US where emissions reductions in EU had a slightly greater influence than EA emissions, particularly in the middle of the MDA8 O-3 distribution (response of similar to 0.35 ppbv between 35-55 ppbv). EA and EU influences are both far greater (about 4x) than that from SA in all regions and seasons. In all regions and seasons O-3-precursor emissions reductions of 20% in the NA source region decrease MDA8 O-3 the most - by a factor of 2 to nearly 10 relative to foreign emissions reductions. The O-3 response to anthropogenic NA emissions is greatest in the eastern US during summer at the high end of the O-3 distribution (5-6 ppbv for 20% reductions). While the impact of foreign emissions on surface O-3 in the US is not negligible - and is of increasing concern given the recent growth in Asian emissions - domestic emissions reductions remain a far more effective means of decreasing MDA8 O-3 values, particularly those above 75 ppb (the current US standard). C1 [Reidmiller, D. R.] Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Reidmiller, D. R.; Jaffe, D. A.] Univ Washington, Dept Interdisciplinary Arts & Sci, Bothell, WA USA. [Fiore, A. M.] NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. [Bergmann, D.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Atmospher Earth & Energy Div, Livermore, CA USA. [Cuvelier, C.; Dentener, F. J.; Marmer, E.] Inst Environm & Sustainabil, Joint Res Ctr, European Commiss, Ispra, Italy. [Duncan, B. N.] UMBC, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD USA. [Folberth, G.] Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. [Gauss, M.] Univ Oslo, Dept Geosci, Oslo, Norway. [Gong, S.] Environm Canada, Sci & Technol Branch, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Hess, P.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Jonson, J. E.] Norwegian Meteorol Inst, Oslo, Norway. [Keating, T.] US EPA, Off Policy Anal & Review, Washington, DC 20460 USA. [Lupu, A.] York Univ, Ctr Res Earth & Space Sci, Toronto, ON M3J 2R7, Canada. [Park, R.] Harvard Univ, Atmospher Chem Modeling Grp, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Schultz, M. G.] Forschungszentrum Julich, ICG 2, Julich, Germany. [Shindell, D. T.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Shindell, D. T.] Columbia Univ, New York, NY USA. [Szopa, S.] IPSL, UVSQ, CNRS, CEA,Lab Sci Climat & Environm, Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Vivanco, M. G.] CIEMAT, E-28040 Madrid, Spain. [Wild, O.] Univ Lancaster, Lancaster Environm Ctr, Lancaster, England. [Zuber, A.] European Commiss, Environm Directorate Gen, Brussels, Belgium. [Hess, P.] Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY USA. RP Reidmiller, DR (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM dreidm@atmos.washington.edu RI Hess, Peter/M-3145-2015; Wild, Oliver/A-4909-2009; Folberth, Gerd/F-7376-2010; Szopa, Sophie/F-8984-2010; Lupu, Alexandru/D-3689-2009; Bergmann, Daniel/F-9801-2011; Shindell, Drew/D-4636-2012; Duncan, Bryan/A-5962-2011; Schultz, Martin/I-9512-2012; Pfister, Gabriele/A-9349-2008; Vivanco, Marta/L-9816-2014; Park, Rokjin/I-5055-2012 OI Hess, Peter/0000-0003-2439-3796; Folberth, Gerd/0000-0002-1075-440X; Wild, Oliver/0000-0002-6227-7035; Szopa, Sophie/0000-0002-8641-1737; Lupu, Alexandru/0000-0002-4520-5523; Bergmann, Daniel/0000-0003-4357-6301; Schultz, Martin/0000-0003-3455-774X; Vivanco, Marta/0000-0002-5828-1859; Park, Rokjin/0000-0001-8922-0234 FU NSF [ATM-0724327]; US DOE [DE-AC52-07NA27344]; NASA; Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences; Ontario Ministry of the Environment; Canadian Foundation for Innovation; Ontario Innovation Trust; Spanish Ministry of the Environment; Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development FX This work has been funded in large part by NSF grant ATM-0724327. The authors wish to thank Jenise Swall and Steve Howard (EPA) for providing daily MDA8 O3 CASTNet data from 1988 through 2004 and Tracey Holloway (University of Wisconsin) for many fruitful discussions and comments. CA and DB were supported primarily by the US DOE Atmospheric Science Program (Office of Science, BER) at LLNL under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344; BND from NASA MAP; AL from the Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences, the Ontario Ministry of the Environment, the Canadian Foundation for Innovation and the Ontario Innovation Trust; MGV from the Spanish Ministry of the Environment; and RJP was partly supported by the Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program under Grant CATER 2007-3205. NR 74 TC 69 Z9 69 U1 1 U2 25 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 14 BP 5027 EP 5042 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 477RF UT WOS:000268535500032 ER PT J AU Bouvier-Brown, NC Goldstein, AH Gilman, JB Kuster, WC de Gouw, JA AF Bouvier-Brown, N. C. Goldstein, A. H. Gilman, J. B. Kuster, W. C. de Gouw, J. A. TI In-situ ambient quantification of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and related oxygenated compounds during BEARPEX 2007: implications for gas- and particle-phase chemistry SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID PONDEROSA PINE PLANTATION; VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; EMISSION RATE; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; BIOGENIC HYDROCARBONS; PRODUCTS DISTRIBUTION; OXIDATION-PRODUCTS; BETA-CARYOPHYLLENE; FOREST; OZONE AB We quantified ambient mixing ratios of 9 monoterpenes, 6 sesquiterpenes, methyl chavicol, the oxygenated terpene linalool, and nopinone using an in-situ gas chromatograph with a quadrupole mass spectrometer (GC-MS). These measurements were a part of the 2007 Biosphere Effects on AeRosols and Photochemistry EXperiment (BEARPEX) at Blodgett Forest, a ponderosa pine forest in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California. To our knowledge, these observations represent the first direct in-situ ambient quantification of the sesquiterpenes alpha-bergamotene, longifolene, alpha-farnesene, and beta-farnesene. From average diurnal mixing ratio profiles, we show that alpha-farnesene emissions are dependent mainly on temperature whereas alpha-bergamotene and beta-farnesene emissions are temperature- and light-dependent. The amount of sesquiterpene mass quantified above the canopy was small (averaging a total of 3.3 ppt during the day), but nevertheless these compounds contributed 7.6% to the overall ozone-olefin loss rate above the canopy. Assuming that the monoterpene-to-sesquiterpene emission rate in the canopy is similar to that observed in branch enclosure studies at the site during comparable weather conditions, and the average yield of aerosol mass from these sesquiterpenes is 10-50%, the amount of sesquiterpene mass reacted within the Blodgett Forest canopy alone accounts for 6-32% of the total organic aerosol mass measured during BEARPEX. The oxygenated monoterpene linalool was also quantified for the first time at Blodgett Forest. The linalool mass contribution was small (9.9 ppt and 0.74 ppt within and above the canopy, respectively), but it contributed 1.1% to the total ozone-olefin loss rate above the canopy. Reactive and semi-volatile compounds, especially sesquiterpenes, significantly impact the gas- and particle-phase chemistry of the atmosphere at Blodgett Forest and should be included in both biogenic volatile organic carbon emission and atmospheric chemistry models. C1 [Bouvier-Brown, N. C.; Goldstein, A. H.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Gilman, J. B.; Kuster, W. C.; de Gouw, J. A.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. [Gilman, J. B.; de Gouw, J. A.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Bouvier-Brown, NC (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM nbouvier@nature.berkeley.edu RI Kuster, William/E-7421-2010; Goldstein, Allen/A-6857-2011; Gilman, Jessica/E-7751-2010; de Gouw, Joost/A-9675-2008; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Kuster, William/0000-0002-8788-8588; Goldstein, Allen/0000-0003-4014-4896; Gilman, Jessica/0000-0002-7899-9948; de Gouw, Joost/0000-0002-0385-1826; FU National Science Foundation [0443448] FX This research was supported by the National Science Foundation Atmospheric Chemistry Program under grant 0443448. We thank Sierra Pacific Industries for the use of their land, the University of California, Berkeley, Center for Forestry, Blodgett Forest Research Station for cooperation in facilitating this research, and DavidWorton for manuscript review and enlightening discussions. NR 47 TC 72 Z9 72 U1 3 U2 36 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 15 BP 5505 EP 5518 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 482HW UT WOS:000268876600009 ER PT J AU Yokelson, RJ Crounse, JD DeCarlo, PF Karl, T Urbanski, S Atlas, E Campos, T Shinozuka, Y Kapustin, V Clarke, AD Weinheimer, A Knapp, DJ Montzka, DD Holloway, J Weibring, P Flocke, F Zheng, W Toohey, D Wennberg, PO Wiedinmyer, C Mauldin, L Fried, A Richter, D Walega, J Jimenez, JL Adachi, K Buseck, PR Hall, SR Shetter, R AF Yokelson, R. J. Crounse, J. D. DeCarlo, P. F. Karl, T. Urbanski, S. Atlas, E. Campos, T. Shinozuka, Y. Kapustin, V. Clarke, A. D. Weinheimer, A. Knapp, D. J. Montzka, D. D. Holloway, J. Weibring, P. Flocke, F. Zheng, W. Toohey, D. Wennberg, P. O. Wiedinmyer, C. Mauldin, L. Fried, A. Richter, D. Walega, J. Jimenez, J. L. Adachi, K. Buseck, P. R. Hall, S. R. Shetter, R. TI Emissions from biomass burning in the Yucatan SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TRANSFORM INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY; AEROSOL MASS-SPECTROMETRY; MEXICO-CITY; SOUTHERN AFRICA; TROPICAL FOREST; TRACE GASES; AIR-QUALITY; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; MCMA-2003 CAMPAIGN; ORGANIC AEROSOLS AB In March 2006 two instrumented aircraft made the first detailed field measurements of biomass burning (BB) emissions in the Northern Hemisphere tropics as part of the MILAGRO project. The aircraft were the National Center for Atmospheric Research C-130 and a University of Montana/US Forest Service Twin Otter. The initial emissions of up to 49 trace gas or particle species were measured from 20 deforestation and crop residue fires on the Yucatan peninsula. This included two trace gases useful as indicators of BB (HCN and acetonitrile) and several rarely, or never before, measured species: OH, peroxyacetic acid, propanoic acid, hydrogen peroxide, methane sulfonic acid, and sulfuric acid. Crop residue fires emitted more organic acids and ammonia than deforestation fires, but the emissions from the main fire types were otherwise fairly similar. The Yucatan fires emitted unusually high amounts of SO2 and particle chloride, likely due to a strong marine influence on this peninsula. As smoke from one fire aged, the ratio Delta O-3/Delta CO increased to similar to 15% in 1x10(7) molecules/cm(3)) that were likely caused in part by high initial HONO (similar to 10% of NOy). Thus, more research is needed to understand critical post emission processes for the second-largest trace gas source on Earth. It is estimated that similar to 44 Tg of biomass burned in the Yucatan in the spring of 2006. Mexican BB (including Yucatan BB) and urban emissions from the Mexico City area can both influence the March-May air quality in much of Mexico and the US. C1 [Yokelson, R. J.] Univ Montana, Dept Chem, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. [Crounse, J. D.] CALTECH, Div Chem & Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [DeCarlo, P. F.; Jimenez, J. L.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [DeCarlo, P. F.; Toohey, D.] Univ Colorado, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Karl, T.; Campos, T.; Weinheimer, A.; Knapp, D. J.; Montzka, D. D.; Weibring, P.; Flocke, F.; Zheng, W.; Wiedinmyer, C.; Mauldin, L.; Fried, A.; Richter, D.; Walega, J.; Hall, S. R.; Shetter, R.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Urbanski, S.] USDA, Forest Serv, Fire Sci Lab, Missoula, MT USA. [Atlas, E.] Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. [Shinozuka, Y.; Kapustin, V.; Clarke, A. D.] Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Shinozuka, Y.; Kapustin, V.; Clarke, A. D.] Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Holloway, J.] NOAA, ESRL, CSD, Boulder, CO USA. [Wennberg, P. O.] CALTECH, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Wennberg, P. O.] CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Jimenez, J. L.] Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Adachi, K.; Buseck, P. R.] Arizona State Univ, Sch Earth & Space Explorat, Tempe, AZ USA. [Adachi, K.; Buseck, P. R.] Arizona State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Tempe, AZ USA. RP Yokelson, RJ (reprint author), Univ Montana, Dept Chem, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. EM bob.yokelson@umontana.edu RI Adachi, Kouji/A-2321-2008; Jimenez, Jose/A-5294-2008; DeCarlo, Peter/B-2118-2008; Karl, Thomas/D-1891-2009; Yokelson, Robert/C-9971-2011; Crounse, John/E-4622-2011; Toohey, Darin/A-4267-2008; Wennberg, Paul/A-5460-2012; Holloway, John/F-9911-2012; Atlas, Elliot/J-8171-2015; Crounse, John/C-3700-2014 OI Jimenez, Jose/0000-0001-6203-1847; DeCarlo, Peter/0000-0001-6385-7149; Karl, Thomas/0000-0003-2869-9426; Yokelson, Robert/0000-0002-8415-6808; Toohey, Darin/0000-0003-2853-1068; Holloway, John/0000-0002-4585-9594; Crounse, John/0000-0001-5443-729X FU NSF [ATM-0513055, ATM-0513116, ATM-0449815, ATM-0531926, ATM 0511820]; Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP); NASA [NNHO5AA86I, NNG06GB03G, NNG04GA59G]; EPA [FP-91650801] FX The authors thank Eric Hintsa and AnneMarie Schmoltner of NSF for supplemental funding for ASU and U Miami, and travel funds for CU to conduct measurements on the Twin Otter. We thank the Twin Otter and C-130 pilots. Thanks go to Sasha Madronich, Luisa Molina, and Jose Meitin for coordinating the overall MILAGRO campaign. The University of Montana and the Twin Otter were supported mostly by NSF grant ATM-0513055. Yokelson was also supported by the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) of DoD. Support for the USFS and Twin Otter was provided by the NASA North American Carbon Plan (NNHO5AA86I). P. F. DeCarlo and J. L. Jimenez were supported by NSF ATM-0513116 and ATM-0449815, NASA NNG06GB03G, and EPA Graduate Fellowship FP-91650801. Participation by Arizona State University was supported by NSF grant ATM-0531926. We gratefully acknowledge the use of TEMs within the LeRoy Eyring Center for Solid State Science at Arizona State University. Support to the University of Miami was provided by NSF (ATM 0511820). X. Zhu and L. Pope provided excellent technical support for the canister trace gas analyses. Support for operation of the Caltech CIMS instrument was provided by NASA (NNG04GA59G) and by EPA-STAR support for J. Crounse. The C-130 forward looking video was provided by NCAR/EOL under sponsorship of the National Science Foundation. http://data.eol.ucar.edu/. NR 98 TC 150 Z9 152 U1 4 U2 62 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 15 BP 5785 EP 5812 PG 28 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 482HW UT WOS:000268876600023 ER PT J AU Cammas, JP Brioude, J Chaboureau, JP Duron, J Mari, C Mascart, P Nedelec, P Smit, H Patz, HW Volz-Thomas, A Stohl, A Fromm, M AF Cammas, J. -P. Brioude, J. Chaboureau, J. -P. Duron, J. Mari, C. Mascart, P. Nedelec, P. Smit, H. Paetz, H. -W. Volz-Thomas, A. Stohl, A. Fromm, M. TI Injection in the lower stratosphere of biomass fire emissions followed by long-range transport: a MOZAIC case study SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID BOREAL FOREST-FIRE; PARTICLE DISPERSION MODEL; IN-SERVICE AIRCRAFT; AIRBORNE PROGRAM; SMOKE INJECTION; WATER-VAPOR; TROPOSPHERE; CONVECTION; OZONE; NITROGEN AB This paper analyses a stratospheric injection by deep convection of biomass fire emissions over North America (Alaska, Yukon and Northwest Territories) on 24 June 2004 and its long-range transport over the eastern coast of the United States and the eastern Atlantic. The case study is based on airborne MOZAIC observations of ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and water vapour during the crossing of the southernmost tip of an upper level trough over the Eastern Atlantic on 30 June and on a vertical profile over Washington DC on 30 June, and on lidar observations of aerosol backscattering at Madison (University of Wisconsin) on 28 June. Attribution of the observed CO plumes to the boreal fires is achieved by backward simulations with a Lagrangian particle dispersion model (FLEXPART). A simulation with the Meso-NH model for the source region shows that a boundary layer tracer, mimicking the boreal forest fire smoke, is lofted into the lowermost stratosphere (2-5 pvu layer) during the diurnal convective cycle at isentropic levels (above 335 K) corresponding to those of the downstream MOZAIC observations. It is shown that the order of magnitude of the time needed by the parameterized convective detrainment flux to fill the volume of a model mesh (20 km horizontal, 500 m vertical) above the tropopause with pure boundary layer air would be about 7.5 h, i.e. a time period compatible with the convective diurnal cycle. Over the area of interest, the maximum instantaneous detrainment fluxes deposited about 15 to 20% of the initial boundary layer tracer concentration at 335 K. According to the 275-ppbv carbon monoxide maximum mixing ratio observed by MOZAIC over Eastern Atlantic, such detrainment fluxes would be associated with a 1.4-1.8 ppmv carbon monoxide mixing ratio in the boundary layer over the source region. C1 [Cammas, J. -P.; Chaboureau, J. -P.; Duron, J.; Mari, C.; Mascart, P.; Nedelec, P.] Univ Toulouse, UPS, LA, F-31400 Toulouse, France. [Cammas, J. -P.; Chaboureau, J. -P.; Duron, J.; Mari, C.; Mascart, P.; Nedelec, P.] CNRS, LA, F-31400 Toulouse, France. [Brioude, J.] NOAA, Earth Sci Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO USA. [Smit, H.; Paetz, H. -W.; Volz-Thomas, A.] Forschungszentrum Julich, Julich, Germany. [Stohl, A.] Norwegian Inst Air Res NILU, Kjeller, Norway. [Fromm, M.] USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. RP Cammas, JP (reprint author), Univ Toulouse, UPS, LA, 14 Ave Edouard Belin, F-31400 Toulouse, France. EM jean-pierre.cammas@aero.obs-mip.fr RI Fromm, Michael/F-4639-2010; Stohl, Andreas/A-7535-2008; Brioude, Jerome/E-4629-2011; Smit, Herman/J-2397-2012; Volz-Thomas, Andreas/J-7223-2012 OI Stohl, Andreas/0000-0002-2524-5755; Smit, Herman/0000-0002-2268-4189; Volz-Thomas, Andreas/0000-0003-3700-1667 FU INSU-CNRS (France); Meteo-France; Forschungszentrum (FZJ, Julich, Germany); ETHER FX The authors acknowledge for their strong support the European Communities, EADS, Airbus and the airlines (Lufthansa, Austrian, Air France) who carry free of charge the MOZAIC equipment and perform the maintenance since 1994. MOZAIC is presently funded by INSU-CNRS (France), Meteo-France, and Forschungszentrum (FZJ, Julich, Germany). The MOZAIC data based is supported by ETHER (CNES and INSU-CNRS). We acknowledge E. Eloranta at the University of Wisconsin lidar group for providing lidar free-access images and O. Cooper (NOAA, Boulder, USA) for the set up of the web pages of the FLEXPART simulations for the ICARTT experiment. Computer resources for the Meso-NH simulations were allocated by IDRIS (projects 005, 569, and 1076). GOES-10 observations come from by SATMOS (CNRS/Meteo-France) and SAA (NOAA). NR 57 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 13 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 15 BP 5829 EP 5846 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 482HW UT WOS:000268876600025 ER PT J AU Yvon-Lewis, SA Saltzman, ES Montzka, SA AF Yvon-Lewis, S. A. Saltzman, E. S. Montzka, S. A. TI Recent trends in atmospheric methyl bromide: analysis of post-Montreal Protocol variability SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GLOBAL VEGETATION; TRACE GASES; EMISSIONS; CHLORIDE; CLIMATE; DEGRADATION; DECLINE; FLUXES; BUDGET; OH AB The atmospheric methyl bromide (CH(3)Br) burden has declined in recent years, in response to the phaseout of agricultural and structural fumigation consumption under the amendments to the Montreal Protocol. The timing and magnitude of this decrease represents an opportunity to examine our current understanding of atmospheric CH(3)Br and its budget, response to the phaseout, and response to interannual variability in biomass burning and global OH. In this study, simulations obtained from a time-dependent global model of atmospheric CH(3)Br emissions and uptake are compared to observations from the NOAA flask network. The model includes a detailed gridded ocean model coupled to a time-dependant atmospheric 2-box model. The phaseout of CH(3)Br production for agricultural uses began in 1998, concurrent with the pulse in biomass burning associated with the 1998 El Nino. The combined effects of three factors (biomass burning, global OH, and anthropogenic phaseout) appear to explain most of the observed atmospheric methyl bromide variability over the 1997-2008 period. The global budget remains imbalanced, with a large missing source indicated. The missing source does not exhibit a systematic decline during the phaseout period, and therefore, is not the result of significantly underestimating non-QPS agricultural CH(3)Br emissions. The model results suggest that the oceans should be less undersaturated than before the phaseout began. C1 [Yvon-Lewis, S. A.] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. [Saltzman, E. S.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. [Montzka, S. A.] NOAA ESRL, Global Monitoring Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Yvon-Lewis, SA (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM syvon-lewis@ocean.tamu.edu RI Yvon-Lewis, Shari/E-4108-2012; OI Yvon-Lewis, Shari/0000-0003-1378-8434; Montzka, Stephen/0000-0002-9396-0400 FU National Science Foundation [OPP-0636953, ATM-0614816]; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [NA06OAR4310049]; Atmospheric Composition and Climate Program of NOAA's Climate Program Office FX We would like to thank J. Butler, D. King, R. Tokarczyk, and M. Prather for innumerable insightful discussions, and G. van der Werf and J. Randerson for use of their biomass burning estimates. This research was supported by the National Science Foundation (OPP-0636953 and ATM-0614816), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NA06OAR4310049) and the Atmospheric Composition and Climate Program of NOAA's Climate Program Office. NR 38 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 17 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 16 BP 5963 EP 5974 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 489EY UT WOS:000269404000007 ER PT J AU West, JJ Naik, V Horowitz, LW Fiore, AM AF West, J. J. Naik, V. Horowitz, L. W. Fiore, A. M. TI Effect of regional precursor emission controls on long-range ozone transport - Part 1: Short-term changes in ozone air quality SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; UNITED-STATES; INTERCONTINENTAL TRANSPORT; SURFACE OZONE; POLLUTION TRANSPORT; ASIAN EMISSIONS; NORTH-AMERICA; NOX EMISSIONS; EAST-ASIA; EUROPE AB Observations and models demonstrate that ozone and its precursors can be transported between continents and across oceans. We model the influences of 10% reductions in anthropogenic nitrogen oxide (NO(x)) emissions from each of nine world regions on surface ozone air quality in that region and all other regions. In doing so, we quantify the relative importance of long-range transport between all source-receptor pairs, for direct short-term ozone changes. We find that for population-weighted concentrations during the three-month "ozone-season", the strongest inter-regional influences are from Europe to the Former Soviet Union, East Asia to Southeast Asia, and Europe to Africa. The largest influences per unit of NO(x) reduced, however, are seen for source regions in the tropics and Southern Hemisphere, which we attribute mainly to greater sensitivity to changes in NO(x) in the lower troposphere, and secondarily to increased vertical convection to the free troposphere in tropical regions, allowing pollutants to be transported further. Results show, for example, that NO(x) reductions in North America are similar to 20% as effective per unit NO(x) in reducing ozone in Europe during summer, as NO(x) reductions from Europe itself. Reducing anthropogenic emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and carbon monoxide (CO) by 10% in selected regions, can have as large an impact on long-range ozone transport as NO(x) reductions, depending on the source region. We find that for many source-receptor pairs, the season of greatest long-range influence does not coincide with the season when ozone is highest in the receptor region. Reducing NO(x) emissions in most source regions causes a larger decrease in export of ozone from the source region than in ozone production outside of the source region. C1 [West, J. J.] Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27515 USA. [Naik, V.] Princeton Univ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Horowitz, L. W.; Fiore, A. M.] NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. RP West, JJ (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27515 USA. EM jasonwest@unc.edu RI Horowitz, Larry/D-8048-2014; Naik, Vaishali/A-4938-2013; West, Jason/J-2322-2015 OI Horowitz, Larry/0000-0002-5886-3314; Naik, Vaishali/0000-0002-2254-1700; West, Jason/0000-0001-5652-4987 FU National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration FX We thank J. Liu, D. Mauzerall, and H. Levy II for helpful conversations. This work was supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. NR 59 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 7 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 16 BP 6077 EP 6093 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 489EY UT WOS:000269404000015 ER PT J AU West, JJ Naik, V Horowitz, LW Fiore, AM AF West, J. J. Naik, V. Horowitz, L. W. Fiore, A. M. TI Effect of regional precursor emission controls on long-range ozone transport - Part 2: Steady-state changes in ozone air quality and impacts on human mortality SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; HEALTH-BENEFITS; MEXICO-CITY; POLLUTION; METHANE; METAANALYSIS; EXPOSURE; CLIMATE; MODEL; NOX AB Large-scale changes in ozone precursor emissions affect ozone directly in the short term, and also affect methane, which in turn causes long-term changes in ozone that affect surface ozone air quality. Here we assess the effects of changes in ozone precursor emissions on the long-term change in surface ozone via methane, as a function of the emission region, by modeling 10% reductions in anthropogenic nitrogen oxide (NO(x)) emissions from each of nine world regions. Reductions in NO(x) emissions from all world regions increase methane and long-term surface ozone. While this long-term increase is small compared to the intra-regional short-term ozone decrease, it is comparable to or larger than the short-term inter-continental ozone decrease for some source-receptor pairs. The increase in methane and long-term surface ozone per ton of NO(x) reduced is greatest in tropical and Southern Hemisphere regions, exceeding that from temperate Northern Hemisphere regions by roughly a factor of ten. We also assess changes in premature ozone-related human mortality associated with regional precursor reductions and long-range transport, showing that for 10% regional NO(x) reductions, the strongest inter-regional influence is for emissions from Europe affecting mortalities in Africa. Reductions of NO(x) in North America, Europe, the Former Soviet Union, and Australia are shown to reduce more mortalities outside of the source regions than within. Among world regions, NO(x) reductions in India cause the greatest number of avoided mortalities per ton, mainly in India itself. Finally, by increasing global methane, NO(x) reductions in one hemisphere tend to cause long-term increases in ozone concentration and mortalities in the opposite hemisphere. Reducing emissions of methane, and to a lesser extent carbon monoxide and non-methane volatile organic compounds, alongside NO(x) reductions would avoid this dis-benefit. C1 [West, J. J.] Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. [Naik, V.] Princeton Univ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Horowitz, L. W.; Fiore, A. M.] NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. RP West, JJ (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. EM jasonwest@unc.edu RI Horowitz, Larry/D-8048-2014; Naik, Vaishali/A-4938-2013; West, Jason/J-2322-2015 OI Horowitz, Larry/0000-0002-5886-3314; Naik, Vaishali/0000-0002-2254-1700; West, Jason/0000-0001-5652-4987 FU National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration FX We thank J. Liu, D. Mauzerall, H. Levy II, and S. Anenberg for helpful conversations. This work was supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. NR 39 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 11 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 16 BP 6095 EP 6107 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 489EY UT WOS:000269404000016 ER PT J AU Fast, J Aiken, AC Allan, J Alexander, L Campos, T Canagaratna, MR Chapman, E DeCarlo, PF de Foy, B Gaffney, J de Gouw, J Doran, JC Emmons, L Hodzic, A Herndon, SC Huey, G Jayne, JT Jimenez, JL Kleinman, L Kuster, W Marley, N Russell, L Ochoa, C Onasch, TB Pekour, M Song, C Ulbrich, IM Warneke, C Welsh-Bon, D Wiedinmyer, C Worsnop, DR Yu, XY Zaveri, R AF Fast, J. Aiken, A. C. Allan, J. Alexander, L. Campos, T. Canagaratna, M. R. Chapman, E. DeCarlo, P. F. de Foy, B. Gaffney, J. de Gouw, J. Doran, J. C. Emmons, L. Hodzic, A. Herndon, S. C. Huey, G. Jayne, J. T. Jimenez, J. L. Kleinman, L. Kuster, W. Marley, N. Russell, L. Ochoa, C. Onasch, T. B. Pekour, M. Song, C. Ulbrich, I. M. Warneke, C. Welsh-Bon, D. Wiedinmyer, C. Worsnop, D. R. Yu, X. -Y. Zaveri, R. TI Evaluating simulated primary anthropogenic and biomass burning organic aerosols during MILAGRO: implications for assessing treatments of secondary organic aerosols SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MEXICO-CITY BASIN; MASS-SPECTROMETER; VOLATILITY MEASUREMENTS; HIGH-RESOLUTION; AIR-QUALITY; SOURCE APPORTIONMENT; ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL; PARTICULATE MATTER; MCMA-2003 CAMPAIGN; METROPOLITAN-AREA AB Simulated primary organic aerosols (POA), as well as other particulates and trace gases, in the vicinity of Mexico City are evaluated using measurements collected during the 2006 Megacity Initiative: Local and Global Research Observations (MILAGRO) field campaigns. Since the emission inventories, transport, and turbulent mixing will directly affect predictions of total organic matter and consequently total particulate matter, our objective is to assess the uncertainties in predicted POA before testing and evaluating the performance of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) treatments. Carbon monoxide (CO) is well simulated on most days both over the city and downwind, indicating that transport and mixing processes were usually consistent with the meteorological conditions observed during MILAGRO. Predicted and observed elemental carbon (EC) in the city was similar, but larger errors occurred at remote locations since the overall CO/EC emission ratios in the national emission inventory were lower than in the metropolitan emission inventory. Components of organic aerosols derived from Positive Matrix Factorization of data from several Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer instruments deployed both at ground sites and on research aircraft are used to evaluate the model. Modeled POA was consistently lower than the measured organic matter at the ground sites, which is consistent with the expectation that SOA should be a large fraction of the total organic matter mass. A much better agreement was found when modeled POA was compared with the sum of "primary anthropogenic" and "biomass burning" components derived from Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) on most days, especially at the surface sites, suggesting that the overall magnitude of primary organic particulates released was reasonable. However, simulated POA from anthropogenic sources was often lower than "primary anthropogenic" components derived from PMF, consistent with two recent reports that these emissions are underestimated. The modeled POA was greater than the total observed organic matter when the aircraft flew directly downwind of large fires, suggesting that biomass burning emission estimates from some large fires may be too high. C1 [Fast, J.; Alexander, L.; Chapman, E.; Doran, J. C.; Pekour, M.; Song, C.; Yu, X. -Y.; Zaveri, R.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Aiken, A. C.; Jimenez, J. L.; Ulbrich, I. M.] Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Allan, J.] Univ Manchester, Manchester, Lancs, England. [Campos, T.; Emmons, L.; Hodzic, A.; Wiedinmyer, C.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Canagaratna, M. R.; Herndon, S. C.; Jayne, J. T.; Onasch, T. B.; Worsnop, D. R.] Aerodyne Res Inc, Billerica, MA 01821 USA. [de Foy, B.] St Louis Univ, St Louis, MO 63103 USA. [Gaffney, J.; Marley, N.] Univ Arkansas, Little Rock, AR 72204 USA. [de Gouw, J.; Kuster, W.; Warneke, C.; Welsh-Bon, D.] Univ Colorado, NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [de Gouw, J.; Kuster, W.; Warneke, C.; Welsh-Bon, D.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Huey, G.] Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Kleinman, L.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. [Russell, L.] Univ Calif San Diego, San Diego, CA 92103 USA. [Ochoa, C.] Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. RP Fast, J (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM jerome.fast@pnl.gov RI Emmons, Louisa/R-8922-2016; Jimenez, Jose/A-5294-2008; DeCarlo, Peter/B-2118-2008; Worsnop, Douglas/D-2817-2009; Warneke, Carsten/E-7174-2010; Aiken, Allison/B-9659-2009; Song, Chen/H-3374-2011; Allan, James/B-1160-2010; Pfister, Gabriele/A-9349-2008; de Gouw, Joost/A-9675-2008; Kuster, William/E-7421-2010; Hodzic, Alma/C-3629-2009; Yu, Xiao-Ying/L-9385-2013; de Foy, Benjamin/A-9902-2010 OI Emmons, Louisa/0000-0003-2325-6212; Zaveri, Rahul/0000-0001-9874-8807; Jimenez, Jose/0000-0001-6203-1847; DeCarlo, Peter/0000-0001-6385-7149; Worsnop, Douglas/0000-0002-8928-8017; Aiken, Allison/0000-0001-5749-7626; Allan, James/0000-0001-6492-4876; de Gouw, Joost/0000-0002-0385-1826; Kuster, William/0000-0002-8788-8588; Yu, Xiao-Ying/0000-0002-9861-3109; de Foy, Benjamin/0000-0003-4150-9922 FU US DOE's Atmospheric Sciences Program; Office of Biological and Environmental Research (OBER) [DE-AC06-76RLO 1830]; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL); EMSL; PNNL; DOE OBER. PNNL; US DOE by Battelle Memorial Institute; National Center for Atmospheric Research; National Science Foundation; DOE ASP [DE-FG02-05ER63981), NSF (ATM-0528634), EPA STAR (RD-83216101-0] FX We thank Wenfang Lei (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) for providing the 2002 MCMA emissions inventory, Marcelo Mena (Universidad Nacional Andres Bello) for providing the gridded version of the 1999 NEI, and Darrel Baumgardner (Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico) for providing data from the Paso de Cortes site. This research was supported by the US DOE's Atmospheric Sciences Program of the Office of Biological and Environmental Research (OBER) under Contract DE-AC06-76RLO 1830 at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). Computational resources were provided by EMSL, a national scientific user facility located at PNNL and sponsored by the DOE OBER. PNNL is operated for the US DOE by Battelle Memorial Institute. The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. Jose Jimenez and his team were supported by DOE ASP (DE-FG02-05ER63981), NSF (ATM-0528634), and EPA STAR (RD-83216101-0). NR 76 TC 75 Z9 75 U1 1 U2 27 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 16 BP 6191 EP 6215 PG 25 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 489EY UT WOS:000269404000022 ER PT J AU Crevoisier, C Nobileau, D Fiore, AM Armante, R Chedin, A Scott, NA AF Crevoisier, C. Nobileau, D. Fiore, A. M. Armante, R. Chedin, A. Scott, N. A. TI Tropospheric methane in the tropics - first year from IASI hyperspectral infrared observations SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC METHANE; CO2; CH4; COMPUTATION; RETRIEVALS; SATELLITES; CHEMISTRY; INVERSION; EMISSIONS; DATABASE AB Simultaneous observations from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) and from the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU), launched together onboard the European MetOp platform in October 2006, are used to retrieve a mid-to-upper tropospheric content of methane (CH(4)) in clear-sky conditions, in the tropics, over sea, for the first 16 months of operation of MetOp (July 2007-October 2008). With its high spectral resolution, IASI provides nine channels in the 7.7 mu m band highly sensitive to CH(4) with reduced sensitivities to other atmospheric variables. These channels, sensitive to both CH(4) and temperature, are used in conjunction with AMSU channels, only sensitive to temperature, to decorrelate both signals through a non-linear inference scheme based on neural networks. A key point of this approach is that no use is made of prior information in terms of methane seasonality, trend, or geographical patterns. The precision of the retrieval is estimated to be about 16 ppbv (similar to 0.9%). Features of the retrieved methane space-time distribution include: (1) a strong seasonal cycle of 30 ppbv in the northern tropics with a maximum in January-March and a minimum in July-September, and a flat seasonal cycle in the southern tropics, in agreement with in-situ measurements; (2) a latitudinal decrease of 30 ppbv from 20 degrees N to 20 degrees S, in boreal spring and summer, lower than what is observed at the surface but in excellent agreement with tropospheric aircraft measurements; (3) geographical patterns in good agreement with simulations from the atmospheric transport and chemistry model MOZART-2, but with a higher variability and a higher concentration in boreal winter; (4) signatures of CH(4) emissions transported to the middle troposphere such as a large plume of elevated tropospheric methane south of the Asian continent, which might be due to Asian emissions from rice paddies uplifted by deep convection during the monsoon period and then transported towards Indonesia. In addition to bringing a greatly improved view of methane distribution, these results from IASI should provide a means to observe and understand atmospheric transport pathways of methane from the surface to the upper troposphere. C1 [Crevoisier, C.; Nobileau, D.; Armante, R.; Chedin, A.; Scott, N. A.] Ecole Polytech, CNRS, IPSL, Meteorol Dynam Lab, F-91128 Palaiseau, France. [Fiore, A. M.] NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Crevoisier, C (reprint author), Ecole Polytech, CNRS, IPSL, Meteorol Dynam Lab, F-91128 Palaiseau, France. EM cyril.crevoisier@lmd.polytechnique.fr FU European Community [FP6-516099] FX This work has been supported in part by the European Community under the contract FP6-516099 ("GEMS"). We particularly wish to thank C. Boone and the Ether team for their help in getting IASI data, as well as the two anonymous referees for their comments and suggestions. We gratefully acknowledge G. Dufour for fruitful discussions. IASI has been developed and built under the responsibility of the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES, France). It is flown onboard the Metop satellites as part of the EUMETSAT Polar System. The IASI L1 data are received through the EUMETCast near real time data distribution service. NR 51 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 11 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 17 BP 6337 EP 6350 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 493ZK UT WOS:000269778500004 ER PT J AU Struthers, H Bodeker, GE Austin, J Bekki, S Cionni, I Dameris, M Giorgetta, MA Grewe, V Lefevre, F Lott, F Manzini, E Peter, T Rozanov, E Schraner, M AF Struthers, H. Bodeker, G. E. Austin, J. Bekki, S. Cionni, I. Dameris, M. Giorgetta, M. A. Grewe, V. Lefevre, F. Lott, F. Manzini, E. Peter, T. Rozanov, E. Schraner, M. TI The simulation of the Antarctic ozone hole by chemistry-climate models SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID DOPPLER-SPREAD PARAMETERIZATION; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; GRAVITY-WAVE-DRAG; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; LAGRANGIAN TRANSPORT; TRANSIENT SIMULATION; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; POLAR VORTEX; DEPLETION; IMPACT AB While chemistry-climate models are able to reproduce many characteristics of the global total column ozone field and its long-term evolution, they have fared less well in simulating the commonly used diagnostic of the area of the Antarctic ozone hole i.e. the area within the 220 Dobson Unit (DU) contour. Two possible reasons for this are: (1) the underlying Global Climate Model (GCM) does not correctly simulate the size of the polar vortex, and (2) the stratospheric chemistry scheme incorporated into the GCM, and/or the model dynamics, results in systematic biases in the total column ozone fields such that the 220DU contour is no longer appropriate for delineating the edge of the ozone hole. Both causes are examined here with a view to developing ozone hole area diagnostics that better suit measurement-model inter-comparisons. The interplay between the shape of the meridional mixing barrier at the edge of the vortex and the meridional gradients in total column ozone across the vortex edge is investigated in measurements and in 5 chemistry-climate models (CCMs). Analysis of the simulation of the polar vortex in the CCMs shows that the first of the two possible causes does play a role in some models. This in turn affects the ability of the models to simulate the large observed meridional gradients in total column ozone. The second of the two causes also strongly affects the ability of the CCMs to track the observed size of the ozone hole. It is shown that by applying a common algorithm to the CCMs for selecting a delineating threshold unique to each model, a more appropriate diagnostic of ozone hole area can be generated that shows better agreement with that derived from observations. C1 [Austin, J.] NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. [Bekki, S.; Lefevre, F.] Inst Pierre Simon Laplace, CNRS, Serv Aeron, Paris, France. [Dameris, M.; Grewe, V.] Inst Atmospher Phys, Deutsches Zentrum Luft & Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen, Wessling, Germany. [Giorgetta, M. A.] Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Hamburg, Germany. [Lott, F.] Meteorol Dynam Lab, Paris, France. [Manzini, E.] Ctr Euro Mediterraneo & Cambiamenti Climatici, Bologna, Italy. [Peter, T.; Rozanov, E.; Schraner, M.] ETH, Inst Atmospher & Climate Sci, Zurich, Switzerland. [Rozanov, E.] PMOD WRC, CH-7260 Davos, Switzerland. [Struthers, H.; Bodeker, G. E.; Cionni, I.] Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Lauder, New Zealand. RP Struthers, H (reprint author), Stockholm Univ, Dept Appl Environm Sci, Stockholm, Sweden. EM h.struthers@itm.su.se RI Grewe, Volker/A-6147-2011; Manzini, Elisa/H-5760-2011; Bodeker, Greg/A-8870-2008; bekki, slimane/J-7221-2015; Rozanov, Eugene/A-9857-2012 OI Grewe, Volker/0000-0002-8012-6783; Bodeker, Greg/0000-0003-1094-5852; bekki, slimane/0000-0002-5538-0800; Rozanov, Eugene/0000-0003-0479-4488 FU ETH; Swiss National Science Foundation [SCOPES IB7320-110884]; New Zealand Foundation for Research, Science and Technology [C01X0703] FX W e would like to thank D. Smale (NIWA) for the SOCOL and H. Garny (DLR) for the E39C-A output used in this study. The LMDz-REPRO, MAECHAM4CHEM and the DLR group acknowledges the support of the SCOUT-O3 Integrated Project which is funded by the European Commission. H. S. would like to acknowledge the NIWA high performance computing facility for their support in completing the UMETRAC simulations used in this work and Jill Scott for her assistance. The CCM SOCOL development was supported by the ETH Poly-Projects "VSGC I and II" and by the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant SCOPES IB7320-110884). This work was supported by the New Zealand Foundation for Research, Science and Technology under contract C01X0703. The authors would like to acknowledge the ACP editors and the two anonymous referees for their contribution to improving the original manuscript of this paper. NR 57 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 17 BP 6363 EP 6376 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 493ZK UT WOS:000269778500006 ER PT J AU Rollins, AW Kiendler-Scharr, A Fry, JL Brauers, T Brown, SS Dorn, HP Dube, WP Fuchs, H Mensah, A Mentel, TF Rohrer, F Tillmann, R Wegener, R Wooldridge, PJ Cohen, RC AF Rollins, A. W. Kiendler-Scharr, A. Fry, J. L. Brauers, T. Brown, S. S. Dorn, H. -P. Dube, W. P. Fuchs, H. Mensah, A. Mentel, T. F. Rohrer, F. Tillmann, R. Wegener, R. Wooldridge, P. J. Cohen, R. C. TI Isoprene oxidation by nitrate radical: alkyl nitrate and secondary organic aerosol yields SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID RING-DOWN SPECTROSCOPY; GAS-PHASE REACTIONS; REACTIVE NITROGEN; RATE CONSTANTS; NO3 RADICALS; HYDROCARBON CHEMISTRY; CHEMICAL MECHANISM; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; DECIDUOUS FOREST; PEROXY-RADICALS AB Alkyl nitrates and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) produced during the oxidation of isoprene by nitrate radicals has been observed in the SAPHIR ( Simulation of Atmospheric PHotochemistry In a large Reaction Chamber) chamber. A 16 h dark experiment was conducted with temperatures at 289-301 K, and maximum concentrations of 11 ppb isoprene, 62.4 ppb O-3 and 31.1 ppb NOX. We find the yield of nitrates is 70 +/- 8% from the isoprene + NO3 reaction, and the yield for secondary dinitrates produced in the reaction of primary isoprene nitrates with NO3 is 40 +/- 20%. We find an effective rate constant for reaction of NO3 with the group of first generation oxidation products to be 7 x 10(-14) molecule(-1) cm(3) s(-1). At the low total organic aerosol concentration in the chamber (max=0.52 mu g m(-3)) we observed a mass yield (Delta SOA mass/Delta isoprene mass) of 2% for the entire 16 h experiment. However a comparison of the timing of the observed SOA production to a box model simulation of first and second generation oxidation products shows that the yield from the first generation products was <0.7% while the further oxidation of the initial products leads to a yield of 14% ( defined as Delta SOA/Delta isoprene(2X) where Delta isoprene(2X) is the mass of isoprene which reacted twice with NO3). The SOA yield of 14% is consistent with equilibrium partitioning of highly functionalized C-5 products of isoprene oxidation. C1 [Rollins, A. W.; Fry, J. L.; Wooldridge, P. J.; Cohen, R. C.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Cohen, R. C.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Kiendler-Scharr, A.; Brauers, T.; Dorn, H. -P.; Mensah, A.; Mentel, T. F.; Rohrer, F.; Tillmann, R.; Wegener, R.] Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Chem & Dynam Geosphere, Julich, Germany. [Brown, S. S.; Dube, W. P.; Fuchs, H.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO USA. RP Cohen, RC (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM rccohen@berkeley.edu RI Dube, William/I-1658-2013; Kiendler-Scharr, Astrid/E-8439-2011; Rollins, Andrew/G-7214-2012; Brown, Steven/I-1762-2013; Cohen, Ronald/A-8842-2011; Fuchs, Hendrik/I-9157-2012; Mensah, Amewu/D-2275-2015; Rohrer, Franz/I-2052-2012; Mentel, Thomas/A-3576-2011; Dorn, Hans-Peter/B-3054-2009; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; Wegener, Robert/I-8925-2012; Tillmann, Ralf/I-9203-2012 OI Dube, William/0000-0003-1286-4087; Kiendler-Scharr, Astrid/0000-0003-3166-2253; Cohen, Ronald/0000-0001-6617-7691; Fuchs, Hendrik/0000-0003-1263-0061; Rohrer, Franz/0000-0003-3436-3419; Mentel, Thomas/0000-0003-0810-3541; Dorn, Hans-Peter/0000-0001-5945-7708; Wegener, Robert/0000-0003-2042-9333; Tillmann, Ralf/0000-0003-0648-6622 FU NSF [ATM-0639847, ATM-0511829]; European Community Network of Excellence ACCENT [GOCE CT-2004-505337]; EUROCHAMP FX The Berkeley authors were supported by NSF ATM-0639847 and NSF ATM-0511829. The authors would like to thank the SAPHIR NO3 intercomparison campaign team for organizing and administering the experiments in June 2007 at Forschungszentrum Julich. This work was a joint activity of the European Community Network of Excellence ACCENT, grant no. GOCE CT-2004-505337 and the EUROCHAMP project. NR 83 TC 72 Z9 74 U1 10 U2 71 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 18 BP 6685 EP 6703 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 498IE UT WOS:000270131400003 ER PT J AU LaFranchi, BW Wolfe, GM Thornton, JA Harrold, SA Browne, EC Min, KE Wooldridge, PJ Gilman, JB Kuster, WC Goldan, PD de Gouw, JA Mckay, M Goldstein, AH Ren, X Mao, J Cohen, RC AF LaFranchi, B. W. Wolfe, G. M. Thornton, J. A. Harrold, S. A. Browne, E. C. Min, K. E. Wooldridge, P. J. Gilman, J. B. Kuster, W. C. Goldan, P. D. de Gouw, J. A. McKay, M. Goldstein, A. H. Ren, X. Mao, J. Cohen, R. C. TI Closing the peroxy acetyl nitrate budget: observations of acyl peroxy nitrates (PAN, PPN, and MPAN) during BEARPEX 2007 SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID PONDEROSA PINE PLANTATION; VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; METHYL VINYL KETONE; SIERRA-NEVADA; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; OZONE PRODUCTION; BIOGENIC HYDROCARBONS; NITROGEN DEPOSITION; PHOTOCHEMICAL DATA; EDDY COVARIANCE AB Acyl peroxy nitrates (APNs, also known as PANs) are formed from the oxidation of aldehydes and other oxygenated VOC (oVOC) in the presence of NO2. There are both anthropogenic and biogenic oVOC precursors to APNs, but a detailed evaluation of this chemistry against observations has proven elusive. Here we describe measurements of PAN, PPN, and MPAN along with the majority of chemicals that participate in their production and loss, including OH, HO2, numerous oVOC, and NO2. Observations were made during the Biosphere Effects on AeRosols and Photochemistry Experiment (BEARPEX 2007) in the outflow of the Sacramento urban plume. These observations are used to evaluate a detailed chemical model of APN ratios and concentrations. We find that the ratios of APNs are nearly independent of the loss mechanisms and thus an especially good test of our understanding of their sources. We show that oxidation of methylvinyl ketone, methacrolein, methyl glyoxal, biacetyl and acetaldehyde are all significant sources of the PAN+peroxy acetyl (PA) radical reservoir, accounting for 26%, 2%, 7%, 20%, and 45%, of the production rate on average during the campaign, respectively. At high temperatures, when upwind isoprene emissions are highest, oxidation of non-acetaldehyde PA radical sources contributes over 60% to the total PA production rate, with methylvinyl ketone being the most important of the isoprene-derived sources. An analysis of absolute APN concentrations reveals a missing APN sink that can be resolved by increasing the PA+Sigma RO2 rate constant by a factor of 3. C1 [Thornton, J. A.; Harrold, S. A.] Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Wolfe, G. M.] Univ Washington, Dept Chem, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Min, K. E.; Cohen, R. C.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Gilman, J. B.; Kuster, W. C.; Goldan, P. D.; de Gouw, J. A.] NOAA ESRL, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO USA. [McKay, M.; Goldstein, A. H.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Ren, X.; Mao, J.] Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [LaFranchi, B. W.; Browne, E. C.; Wooldridge, P. J.; Cohen, R. C.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Thornton, JA (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM thornton@atmos.washington.edu RI Mao, Jingqiu/F-2511-2010; Kuster, William/E-7421-2010; Goldstein, Allen/A-6857-2011; Cohen, Ronald/A-8842-2011; Ren, Xinrong/B-2229-2010; Wolfe, Glenn/D-5289-2011; Gilman, Jessica/E-7751-2010; Browne, Eleanor/J-4517-2015; de Gouw, Joost/A-9675-2008; Ren, Xinrong/E-7838-2015; Thornton, Joel/C-1142-2009 OI Mao, Jingqiu/0000-0002-4774-9751; Kuster, William/0000-0002-8788-8588; Goldstein, Allen/0000-0003-4014-4896; Cohen, Ronald/0000-0001-6617-7691; Gilman, Jessica/0000-0002-7899-9948; Browne, Eleanor/0000-0002-8076-9455; de Gouw, Joost/0000-0002-0385-1826; Ren, Xinrong/0000-0001-9974-1666; Thornton, Joel/0000-0002-5098-4867 FU UC Blodgett Forest Research Station; Sierra Pacific Industries; National Science Foundation [ATM-0639847, ATM-0633897]; Camille and Henry Dreyfus Postdoctoral Program in Environmental Chemistry; NASA ESSF [NNG-05GP64H] FX The authors thank the UC Blodgett Forest Research Station staff for logistical support and Sierra Pacific Industries for access to their land. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation (grants ATM-0639847 (Berkeley) and ATM-0633897 (UW)). B. LaFranchi acknowledges support from the Camille and Henry Dreyfus Postdoctoral Program in Environmental Chemistry. G. Wolfe acknowledges support from NASA ESSF NNG-05GP64H. NR 79 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 28 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 19 BP 7623 EP 7641 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 506MT UT WOS:000270779700024 ER PT J AU McNaughton, CS Clarke, AD Kapustin, V Shinozuka, Y Howell, SG Anderson, BE Winstead, E Dibb, J Scheuer, E Cohen, RC Wooldridge, P Perring, A Huey, LG Kim, S Jimenez, JL Dunlea, EJ DeCarlo, PF Wennberg, PO Crounse, JD Weinheimer, AJ Flocke, F AF McNaughton, C. S. Clarke, A. D. Kapustin, V. Shinozuka, Y. Howell, S. G. Anderson, B. E. Winstead, E. Dibb, J. Scheuer, E. Cohen, R. C. Wooldridge, P. Perring, A. Huey, L. G. Kim, S. Jimenez, J. L. Dunlea, E. J. DeCarlo, P. F. Wennberg, P. O. Crounse, J. D. Weinheimer, A. J. Flocke, F. TI Observations of heterogeneous reactions between Asian pollution and mineral dust over the Eastern North Pacific during INTEX-B SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID AERODYNAMIC DIAMETER MEASUREMENTS; AEROSOL MASS-SPECTROMETRY; SEA-SALT AEROSOLS; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; MEXICO-CITY; RADIATIVE PROPERTIES; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; ACE-ASIA; DENSITY CHARACTERIZATION; TROPOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AB In-situ airborne measurements of trace gases, aerosol size distributions, chemistry and optical properties were conducted over Mexico and the Eastern North Pacific during MILAGRO and INTEX-B. Heterogeneous reactions between secondary aerosol precursor gases and mineral dust lead to sequestration of sulfur, nitrogen and chlorine in the supermicrometer particulate size range. Simultaneous measurements of aerosol size distributions and weak-acid soluble calcium result in an estimate of 11 wt% of CaCO3 for Asian dust. During transport across the North Pacific, similar to 5-30% of the CaCO3 is converted to CaSO4 or Ca(NO3)(2) with an additional similar to 4% consumed through reactions with HCl. The 1996 to 2008 record from the Mauna Loa Observatory confirm these findings, indicating that, on average, 19% of the CaCO3 has reacted to form CaSO4 and 7% has reacted to form Ca(NO3)(2) and similar to 2% has reacted with HCl. In the nitrogen-oxide rich boundary layer near Mexico City up to 30% of the CaCO3 has reacted to form Ca(NO3)(2) while an additional 8% has reacted with HCl. These heterogeneous reactions can result in a similar to 3% increase in dust solubility which has an insignificant effect on their optical properties compared to their variability in-situ. However, competition between supermicrometer dust and submicrometer primary aerosol for condensing secondary aerosol species led to a 25% smaller number median diameter for the accumulation mode aerosol. A 10-25% reduction of accumulation mode number median diameter results in a 30-70% reduction in submicrometer light scattering at relative humidities in the 80-95% range. At 80% RH submicrometer light scattering is only reduced similar to 3% due to a higher mass fraction of hydrophobic refractory components in the dust-affected accumulation mode aerosol. Thus reducing the geometric mean diameter of the submicrometer aerosol has a much larger effect on aerosol optical properties than changes to the hygroscopic: hydrophobic mass fractions of the accumulation mode aerosol. In the presence of dust, nitric acid concentrations are reduced to <50% of total nitrate (nitric acid plus particulate nitrate). NOy as a fraction of total nitrogen (NOy plus particulate nitrate), is reduced from >85% to 60-80% in the presence of dust. These observations support previous model studies which predict irreversible sequestration of reactive nitrogen species through heterogeneous reactions with mineral dust during long-range transport. C1 [McNaughton, C. S.; Clarke, A. D.; Kapustin, V.; Shinozuka, Y.; Howell, S. G.] Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Anderson, B. E.; Winstead, E.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Dibb, J.; Scheuer, E.] Univ New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA. [Cohen, R. C.; Wooldridge, P.; Perring, A.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Huey, L. G.; Kim, S.] Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Jimenez, J. L.; Dunlea, E. J.; DeCarlo, P. F.] Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Wennberg, P. O.; Crounse, J. D.] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Weinheimer, A. J.; Flocke, F.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP McNaughton, CS (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM csmcnaug@hawaii.edu RI Jimenez, Jose/A-5294-2008; DeCarlo, Peter/B-2118-2008; Crounse, John/E-4622-2011; Wennberg, Paul/A-5460-2012; Kim, Saewung/E-4089-2012; Perring, Anne/G-4597-2013; Cohen, Ronald/A-8842-2011; Crounse, John/C-3700-2014 OI Jimenez, Jose/0000-0001-6203-1847; DeCarlo, Peter/0000-0001-6385-7149; Perring, Anne/0000-0003-2231-7503; Cohen, Ronald/0000-0001-6617-7691; Crounse, John/0000-0001-5443-729X FU NSF [ATM01-04532, ATM04-41274, ATM05-11521, ATM-0513116]; NASA [NNG06GA90G, NNG06GB03G] FX We gratefully acknowledge M. Avery for providing DC-8 measurements of O3. We appreciate the use of Barry Huebert's MLO data, which was collected under NSF grants ATM01-04532 and ATM04-41274. This research was funded under NASA Grant: NNG06GA90G and NSF Grant: ATM05-11521. ED, PFD, and JLJ were supported by NASA grant NNG06GB03G and NSF grant ATM-0513116. We would also like to acknowledge J. Kelly, R. Sullivan and C. Zender for their constructive reviews of the original manuscript. This is SOEST publication number 7622. NR 131 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 2 U2 22 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 21 BP 8283 EP 8308 PG 26 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 518TD UT WOS:000271715500011 ER PT J AU George, M Clerbaux, C Hurtmans, D Turquety, S Coheur, PF Pommier, M Hadji-Lazaro, J Edwards, DP Worden, H Luo, M Rinsland, C McMillan, W AF George, M. Clerbaux, C. Hurtmans, D. Turquety, S. Coheur, P. -F. Pommier, M. Hadji-Lazaro, J. Edwards, D. P. Worden, H. Luo, M. Rinsland, C. McMillan, W. TI Carbon monoxide distributions from the IASI/METOP mission: evaluation with other space-borne remote sensors SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TROPOSPHERIC EMISSION SPECTROMETER; ACE-FTS; RETRIEVAL; IASI; CO; VALIDATION; MOPITT; SCIAMACHY; TES; SATELLITE AB The Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) onboard the MetOp satellite measures carbon monoxide (CO) on a global scale, twice a day. CO total columns and vertical profiles are retrieved in near real time from the nadir radiance spectra measured by the instrument in the thermal infrared (TIR) spectral range. This paper describes the measurement vertical sensitivity and provides a first assessment of the capabilities of IASI to measure CO distributions. On the global scale, 0.8 to 2.4 independent pieces of information are available for the retrieval. At mid latitudes, the information ranges between 1.5 and 2, which enables the lower and upper troposphere to be distinguished, especially when thermal contrast is significant. Global distributions of column CO are evaluated with correlative observations available from other nadir looking TIR missions currently in operation: the Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) onboard TERRA, the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder ( AIRS) onboard AQUA and the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) onboard AURA. The IASI CO columns are compared with MOPITT, AIRS and TES CO columns, adjusted with the a priori, for three different months: August 2008, November 2008 and February 2009. On average, total column discrepancies of about 7% are found between IASI and the three other sounders in the Northern Hemisphere and in the equatorial region. However when strong CO concentrations are present, such as during fire events, these discrepancies can climb as high as 17%. Instrument specifications of IASI versus other missions are also discussed. C1 [George, M.; Clerbaux, C.; Turquety, S.; Pommier, M.; Hadji-Lazaro, J.] Univ Paris 06, UPMC, Paris, France. [George, M.; Clerbaux, C.; Turquety, S.; Pommier, M.; Hadji-Lazaro, J.] Univ Versailles St Quentin, Paris, France. [George, M.; Clerbaux, C.; Turquety, S.; Pommier, M.; Hadji-Lazaro, J.] CNRS, INSU, LATMOS, IPSL, Paris, France. [Hurtmans, D.; Coheur, P. -F.] Univ Libre Brussels, Serv Chim Quant & Photophys, Brussels, Belgium. [Edwards, D. P.; Worden, H.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Luo, M.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Rinsland, C.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [McMillan, W.] NOAA, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP George, M (reprint author), Univ Paris 06, UPMC, Paris, France. EM maya.george@latmos.ipsl.fr RI clerbaux, cathy/I-5478-2013 FU CNRS-INSU FX The publication of this article is financed by CNRS-INSU. NR 68 TC 94 Z9 94 U1 1 U2 16 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 21 BP 8317 EP 8330 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 518TD UT WOS:000271715500013 ER PT J AU Kawa, SR Stolarski, RS Newman, PA Douglass, AR Rex, M Hofmann, DJ Santee, ML Frieler, K AF Kawa, S. R. Stolarski, R. S. Newman, P. A. Douglass, A. R. Rex, M. Hofmann, D. J. Santee, M. L. Frieler, K. TI Sensitivity of polar stratospheric ozone loss to uncertainties in chemical reaction kinetics SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ABSORPTION CROSS-SECTIONS; IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS; CLO DIMER; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; DEPLETION; CHLORINE; MODEL; PROPAGATION; PREDICTIONS; RATES AB The impact and significance of uncertainties in model calculations of stratospheric ozone loss resulting from known uncertainty in chemical kinetics parameters is evaluated in trajectory chemistry simulations for the Antarctic and Arctic polar vortices. The uncertainty in modeled ozone loss is derived from Monte Carlo scenario simulations varying the kinetic (reaction and photolysis rate) parameters within their estimated uncertainty bounds. Simulations of a typical winter/spring Antarctic vortex scenario and Match scenarios in the Arctic produce large uncertainty in ozone loss rates and integrated seasonal loss. The simulations clearly indicate that the dominant source of model uncertainty in polar ozone loss is uncertainty in the Cl(2)O(2) photolysis reaction, which arises from uncertainty in laboratory-measured molecular cross sections at atmospherically important wavelengths. This estimated uncertainty in J(Cl2)O(2) from laboratory measurements seriously hinders our ability to model polar ozone loss within useful quantitative error limits. Atmospheric observations, however, suggest that the Cl(2)O(2) photolysis uncertainty may be less than that derived from the lab data. Comparisons to Match, South Pole ozonesonde, and Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) data all show that the nominal recommended rate simulations agree with data within uncertainties when the Cl(2)O(2) photolysis error is reduced by a factor of two, in line with previous in situ ClO(x) measurements. Comparisons to simulations using recent cross sections from Pope et al. (2007) are outside the constrained error bounds in each case. Other reactions producing significant sensitivity in polar ozone loss include BrO + ClO and its branching ratios. These uncertainties challenge our confidence in modeling polar ozone depletion and projecting future changes in response to changing halogen emissions and climate. Further laboratory, theoretical, and possibly atmospheric studies are needed. C1 [Kawa, S. R.; Stolarski, R. S.; Newman, P. A.; Douglass, A. R.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Rex, M.; Frieler, K.] Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, Potsdam, Germany. [Hofmann, D. J.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. [Santee, M. L.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Kawa, SR (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. EM stephan.r.kawa@nasa.gov RI Newman, Paul/D-6208-2012; Douglass, Anne/D-4655-2012; Kawa, Stephan/E-9040-2012; Rex, Markus/A-6054-2009; Stolarski, Richard/B-8499-2013 OI Newman, Paul/0000-0003-1139-2508; Rex, Markus/0000-0001-7847-8221; Stolarski, Richard/0000-0001-8722-4012 FU EC DG FX We would like to acknowledge support from the Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling and Analysis and the Modeling, Analysis, and Prediction Programs at NASA. Work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, was done under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Work at AWI was supported by the EC DG Research through the RECONCILE project. The McMurdo data used in this publication were obtained as part of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change ( NDACC) and are publicly available ( see http:// www. ndacc. org). NR 35 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 22 BP 8651 EP 8660 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 525QX UT WOS:000272232500002 ER PT J AU Quaas, J Ming, Y Menon, S Takemura, T Wang, M Penner, JE Gettelman, A Lohmann, U Bellouin, N Boucher, O Sayer, AM Thomas, GE McComiskey, A Feingold, G Hoose, C Kristjansson, JE Liu, X Balkanski, Y Donner, LJ Ginoux, PA Stier, P Grandey, B Feichter, J Sednev, I Bauer, SE Koch, D Grainger, RG Kirkevag, A Iversen, T Seland, O Easter, R Ghan, SJ Rasch, PJ Morrison, H Lamarque, JF Iacono, MJ Kinne, S Schulz, M AF Quaas, J. Ming, Y. Menon, S. Takemura, T. Wang, M. Penner, J. E. Gettelman, A. Lohmann, U. Bellouin, N. Boucher, O. Sayer, A. M. Thomas, G. E. McComiskey, A. Feingold, G. Hoose, C. Kristjansson, J. E. Liu, X. Balkanski, Y. Donner, L. J. Ginoux, P. A. Stier, P. Grandey, B. Feichter, J. Sednev, I. Bauer, S. E. Koch, D. Grainger, R. G. Kirkevag, A. Iversen, T. Seland, O. Easter, R. Ghan, S. J. Rasch, P. J. Morrison, H. Lamarque, J. -F. Iacono, M. J. Kinne, S. Schulz, M. TI Aerosol indirect effects - general circulation model intercomparison and evaluation with satellite data SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID LARGE-SCALE MODELS; COMMUNITY ATMOSPHERE MODEL; CLOUD MICROPHYSICS SCHEME; STRATIFORM CLOUDS; SULFATE AEROSOL; CLIMATE MODEL; GLOBAL-MODELS; PART I; MARINE STRATOCUMULUS; CUMULUS CONVECTION AB Aerosol indirect effects continue to constitute one of the most important uncertainties for anthropogenic climate perturbations. Within the international AEROCOM initiative, the representation of aerosol-cloud-radiation interactions in ten different general circulation models (GCMs) is evaluated using three satellite datasets. The focus is on stratiform liquid water clouds since most GCMs do not include ice nucleation effects, and none of the model explicitly parameterises aerosol effects on convective clouds. We compute statistical relationships between aerosol optical depth (tau(a)) and various cloud and radiation quantities in a manner that is consistent between the models and the satellite data. It is found that the model-simulated influence of aerosols on cloud droplet number concentration (N-d) compares relatively well to the satellite data at least over the ocean. The relationship between tau(a) and liquid water path is simulated much too strongly by the models. This suggests that the implementation of the second aerosol indirect effect mainly in terms of an autoconversion parameterisation has to be revisited in the GCMs. A positive relationship between total cloud fraction (f(cld)) and tau(a) as found in the satellite data is simulated by the majority of the models, albeit less strongly than that in the satellite data in most of them. In a discussion of the hypotheses proposed in the literature to explain the satellite-derived strong f(cld)-tau(a) relationship, our results indicate that none can be identified as a unique explanation. Relationships similar to the ones found in satellite data between tau(a) and cloud top temperature or outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR) are simulated by only a few GCMs. The GCMs that simulate a negative OLR-tau(a) relationship show a strong positive correlation between tau(a) and f(cld). The short-wave total aerosol radiative forcing as simulated by the GCMs is strongly influenced by the simulated anthropogenic fraction of tau(a), and parameterisation assumptions such as a lower bound on N-d. Nevertheless, the strengths of the statistical relationships are good predictors for the aerosol forcings in the models. An estimate of the total short-wave aerosol forcing inferred from the combination of these predictors for the modelled forcings with the satellite-derived statistical relationships yields a global annual mean value of -1.5 +/- 0.5 Wm(-2). In an alternative approach, the radiative flux perturbation due to anthropogenic aerosols can be broken down into a component over the cloud-free portion of the globe (approximately the aerosol direct effect) and a component over the cloudy portion of the globe (approximately the aerosol indirect effect). An estimate obtained by scaling these simulated clear- and cloudy-sky forcings with estimates of anthropogenic tau(a) and satellite-retrieved N-d-tau(a) regression slopes, respectively, yields a global, annual-mean aerosol direct effect estimate of -0.4 +/- 0.2 Wm(-2) and a cloudy-sky (aerosol indirect effect) estimate of -0.7 +/- 0.5 Wm(-2), with a total estimate of -1.2 +/- 0.4 Wm(-2). C1 [Quaas, J.; Feichter, J.; Kinne, S.] Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Hamburg, Germany. [Ming, Y.; Donner, L. J.; Ginoux, P. A.] NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. [Menon, S.; Sednev, I.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Menon, S.; Bauer, S. E.; Koch, D.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Takemura, T.] Kyushu Univ, Fukuoka, Japan. [Wang, M.; Penner, J. E.] Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Gettelman, A.; Morrison, H.; Lamarque, J. -F.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Lohmann, U.] ETH, Inst Atmospher & Climate Sci, Zurich, Switzerland. [Bellouin, N.; Boucher, O.] Hadley Ctr, Met Off, Exeter, Devon, England. [Sayer, A. M.; Thomas, G. E.; Stier, P.; Grandey, B.; Grainger, R. G.] Univ Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, England. [McComiskey, A.; Feingold, G.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. [Hoose, C.; Kristjansson, J. E.; Iversen, T.] Univ Oslo, Dept Geosci, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. [Wang, M.; Liu, X.; Easter, R.; Ghan, S. J.; Rasch, P. J.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Balkanski, Y.; Schulz, M.] IPSL, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Kirkevag, A.; Iversen, T.; Seland, O.] Norwegian Meteorol Inst, Oslo, Norway. [Iacono, M. J.] Atmospher & Environm Res Inc, Lexington, KY USA. RP Quaas, J (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Hamburg, Germany. EM johannes.quaas@zmaw.de RI Liu, Xiaohong/E-9304-2011; Balkanski, Yves/A-6616-2011; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/L-2313-2014; Bauer, Susanne/P-3082-2014; Grandey, Benjamin/M-1235-2015; Schulz, Michael/A-6930-2011; U-ID, Kyushu/C-5291-2016; Ghan, Steven/H-4301-2011; Quaas, Johannes/I-2656-2013; Lohmann, Ulrike/B-6153-2009; Kyushu, RIAM/F-4018-2015; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; Hoose, Corinna/A-4295-2009; McComiskey, Allison/I-3933-2013; Grainger, Roy/E-8823-2011; Stier, Philip/B-2258-2008; Ginoux, Paul/C-2326-2008; Wang, Minghuai/E-5390-2011; Takemura, Toshihiko/C-2822-2009; Ming, Yi/F-3023-2012; Sayer, Andrew/H-2314-2012; Boucher, Olivier/J-5810-2012; Boucher, Olivier/K-7483-2012; Feingold, Graham/B-6152-2009; Penner, Joyce/J-1719-2012 OI Liu, Xiaohong/0000-0002-3994-5955; Balkanski, Yves/0000-0001-8241-2858; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/0000-0002-4225-5074; Grandey, Benjamin/0000-0003-1442-0906; Schulz, Michael/0000-0003-4493-4158; Ghan, Steven/0000-0001-8355-8699; Quaas, Johannes/0000-0001-7057-194X; Lohmann, Ulrike/0000-0001-8885-3785; Hoose, Corinna/0000-0003-2827-5789; McComiskey, Allison/0000-0002-6125-742X; Grainger, Roy/0000-0003-0709-1315; Stier, Philip/0000-0002-1191-0128; Ginoux, Paul/0000-0003-3642-2988; Wang, Minghuai/0000-0002-9179-228X; Takemura, Toshihiko/0000-0002-2859-6067; Sayer, Andrew/0000-0001-9149-1789; Boucher, Olivier/0000-0003-2328-5769; Boucher, Olivier/0000-0003-2328-5769; FU German Research Foundation (DFG); Joint DECC, Defra and MoD Integrated Climate Programme [GA01101, CBC/2B/0417]; EUCAARI [036833-2]; NorClim (Norwegian Research Council); US Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231]; NSF [ATM 0609836]; NASA [NNX08AL83G]; [178246] FX CERES SSF data were obtained from the US National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA) Langley Research Center Atmospheric Sciences Data Center. The MODIS data used in this study were acquired as part of NASA's Earth Science Enterprise. The MODIS Science Teams developed the algorithms for the taua retrievals. The authors would like to thank the data distribution centers for their support. Computing time for the ECHAM5 model was provided by the German High Performance Computing Centre for Climate and Earth System Research (Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum, DKRZ). J. Q. was supported by an Emmy Noether grant of the German Research Foundation (DFG). The Met Office Hadley Centre is funded by the Joint DECC, Defra and MoD Integrated Climate Programme (DECC/Defra) GA01101, (MoD) CBC/2B/0417 Annex C5. The work with CAM-Oslo was supported by the projects EUCAARI (European Integrated project No. 036833-2), IPY POLARCAT and NorClim (Norwegian Research Council grant No. 178246), and supported by the Norwegian Research Council's program for Supercomputing through a grant of computer time. The work with LMDzT-INCA was supported by EUCAARI. The GFDL model was developed collectively by the GFDL Global Atmospheric Model Development Team (GAMDT). The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is operated for the DOE by Battelle Memorial Institute under contract DE-AC06-76RLO 1830. The work at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory was supported by the US Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. S. M. acknowledges funding from the NASA MAP and DOE ARM program. The work of X. L., S. G. and R. E. was funded by US Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program and Scientific Discovery through Advanced Computing program. J. E. P. and M. W. were funded by NSF grant ATM 0609836 and NASA grant NNX08AL83G and acknowledge computer time provided by the NCAR CISL. The authors thank Leon Rotstayn, Ralph Kahn, Bjorn Stevens and Robert Wood for their helpful comments. NR 121 TC 183 Z9 183 U1 8 U2 83 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 22 BP 8697 EP 8717 DI 10.5194/acp-9-8697-2009 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 525QX UT WOS:000272232500005 ER PT J AU Brioude, J Cooper, OR Feingold, G Trainer, M Freitas, SR Kowal, D Ayers, JK Prins, E Minnis, P McKeen, SA Frost, GJ Hsie, EY AF Brioude, J. Cooper, O. R. Feingold, G. Trainer, M. Freitas, S. R. Kowal, D. Ayers, J. K. Prins, E. Minnis, P. McKeen, S. A. Frost, G. J. Hsie, E. -Y. TI Effect of biomass burning on marine stratocumulus clouds off the California coast SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID PARTICLE DISPERSION MODEL; LARGE-EDDY SIMULATION; AIR-POLLUTION; SOUTH-AMERICA; ARCTIC SMOKE; AEROSOL; SATELLITE; TRANSPORT; IMPACT; ALBEDO AB Aerosol-cloud interactions are considered to be one of the most important and least known forcings in the climate system. Biomass burning aerosols are of special interest due to their radiative impact (direct and indirect effect) and their potential to increase in the future due to climate change. Combining data from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) and MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) with passive tracers from the FLEXPART Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Model, the impact of biomass burning aerosols on marine stratocumulus clouds has been examined in June and July of 2006-2008 off the California coast. Using a continental tracer, the indirect effect of biomass burning aerosols has been isolated by comparing the average cloud fraction and cloud albedo for different meteorological situations, and for clean versus polluted (in terms of biomass burning) continental air masses at 14:00 local time. Within a 500 km-wide band along the coast of California, biomass burning aerosols, which tend to reside above the marine boundary layer, increased the cloud fraction by 0.143, and the cloud albedo by 0.038. Absorbing aerosols located above the marine boundary layer lead to an increase of the lower tropospheric stability and a reduction in the vertical entrainment of dry air from above, leading to increased cloud formation. The combined effect was an indirect radiative forcing of -7.5% +/- 1.7% (cooling effect) of the outgoing radiative flux at the top of the atmosphere on average, with a bias due to meteorology of +0.9%. Further away from the coast, the biomass burning aerosols, which were located within the boundary layer, reduced the cloud fraction by 0.023 and the cloud albedo by 0.006, resulting in an indirect radiative forcing of +1.3% +/- 0.3% (warming effect) with a bias of +0.5%. These results underscore the dual role that absorbing aerosols play in cloud radiative forcing. C1 [Brioude, J.; Cooper, O. R.; McKeen, S. A.; Frost, G. J.; Hsie, E. -Y.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Brioude, J.; Cooper, O. R.; Feingold, G.; Trainer, M.; McKeen, S. A.; Frost, G. J.; Hsie, E. -Y.] NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. [Freitas, S. R.] INPE, Ctr Weather Forecasting & Climate Studies, Cachoeira Paulista, Brazil. [Kowal, D.] NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, NESDIS, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Ayers, J. K.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Hampton, VA USA. [Prins, E.] UW Madison, SSEC, CIMSS, Grass Valley, CA USA. [Minnis, P.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Brioude, J (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM jerome.brioude@noaa.gov RI Minnis, Patrick/G-1902-2010; Brioude, Jerome/E-4629-2011; Feingold, Graham/B-6152-2009; Freitas, Saulo/A-2279-2012; Cooper, Owen/H-4875-2013; Trainer, Michael/H-5168-2013; McKeen, Stuart/H-9516-2013; Frost, Gregory/I-1958-2013; Hsie, Eirh-Yu/I-4449-2013 OI Minnis, Patrick/0000-0002-4733-6148; Freitas, Saulo/0000-0002-9879-646X; Hsie, Eirh-Yu/0000-0003-3934-9923 FU NOAA; NASA Applied Sciences Program; Department of Energy ARM Program [DE- AI0207ER64546] FX This work was supported in part by NOAA's Climate Goal Program. The GOES cloud property retrievals were supported by the NASA Applied Sciences Program and the Department of Energy ARM Program through DE- AI0207ER64546. Graham Feingold was supported by NOAA's Climate Goal Program. NR 61 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 3 U2 14 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 22 BP 8841 EP 8856 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 525QX UT WOS:000272232500015 ER PT J AU Quinn, PK Bates, TS Schulz, K Shaw, GE AF Quinn, P. K. Bates, T. S. Schulz, K. Shaw, G. E. TI Decadal trends in aerosol chemical composition at Barrow, Alaska: 1976-2008 SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; ARCTIC ATMOSPHERE; AIR-POLLUTION; TRANSPORT; EMISSIONS; TROPOSPHERE; KNOWLEDGE; CLIMATE; EUROPE AB Aerosol measurements at Barrow, Alaska during the past 30 years have identified the long range transport of pollution associated with Arctic Haze as well as ocean-derived aerosols of more local origin. Here, we focus on measurements of aerosol chemical composition to assess (1) trends in Arctic Haze aerosol and implications for source regions, (2) the interaction between pollution-derived and ocean-derived aerosols and the resulting impacts on the chemistry of the Arctic boundary layer, and (3) the response of aerosols to a changing climate. Aerosol chemical composition measured at Barrow, AK during the Arctic haze season is compared for the years 1976-1977 and 1997-2008. Based on these two data sets, concentrations of non-sea salt (nss) sulfate (SO4=) and non-crustal (nc) vanadium (V) have decreased by about 60% over this 30 year period. Consistency in the ratios of nss SO4=/ncV and nc manganese (Mn)/ncV between the two data sets indicates that, although emissions have decreased in the source regions, the source regions have remained the same over this time period. The measurements from 1997-2008 indicate that, during the haze season, the nss SO4= aerosol at Barrow is becoming less neutralized by ammonium (NH4+) yielding an increasing sea salt aerosol chloride (Cl-) deficit. The expected consequence is an increase in the release of Cl atoms to the atmosphere and a change in the lifetime of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including methane. In addition, summertime concentrations of biogenically-derived methanesulfonate (MSA(-)) and nss SO4= are increasing at a rate of 12 and 8% per year, respectively. Further research is required to assess the environmental factors behind the increasing concentrations of biogenic aerosol. C1 [Quinn, P. K.; Bates, T. S.; Schulz, K.] NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Shaw, G. E.] Univ Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Quinn, PK (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM patricia.k.quinn@noaa.gov RI Bates, Timothy/L-6080-2016; Quinn, Patricia/R-1493-2016 OI Quinn, Patricia/0000-0003-0337-4895 FU NOAA Climate Program Office FX We thank Dan Endres and other members of the support staff at Barrow for their help in collecting samples and the Aerosols Group at NOAA's Global Monitoring Division for maintaining the sampling system. This work was supported by the NOAA Climate Program Office. This is PMEL paper contribution 3437. NR 36 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 4 U2 34 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 22 BP 8883 EP 8888 DI 10.5194/acp-9-8883-2009 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 525QX UT WOS:000272232500018 ER PT J AU Koch, D Schulz, M Kinne, S McNaughton, C Spackman, JR Balkanski, Y Bauer, S Berntsen, T Bond, TC Boucher, O Chin, M Clarke, A De Luca, N Dentener, F Diehl, T Dubovik, O Easter, R Fahey, DW Feichter, J Fillmore, D Freitag, S Ghan, S Ginoux, P Gong, S Horowitz, L Iversen, T Kirkevag, A Klimont, Z Kondo, Y Krol, M Liu, X Miller, R Montanaro, V Moteki, N Myhre, G Penner, JE Perlwitz, J Pitari, G Reddy, S Sahu, L Sakamoto, H Schuster, G Schwarz, JP Seland, O Stier, P Takegawa, N Takemura, T Textor, C van Aardenne, JA Zhao, Y AF Koch, D. Schulz, M. Kinne, S. McNaughton, C. Spackman, J. R. Balkanski, Y. Bauer, S. Berntsen, T. Bond, T. C. Boucher, O. Chin, M. Clarke, A. De Luca, N. Dentener, F. Diehl, T. Dubovik, O. Easter, R. Fahey, D. W. Feichter, J. Fillmore, D. Freitag, S. Ghan, S. Ginoux, P. Gong, S. Horowitz, L. Iversen, T. Kirkevag, A. Klimont, Z. Kondo, Y. Krol, M. Liu, X. Miller, R. Montanaro, V. Moteki, N. Myhre, G. Penner, J. E. Perlwitz, J. Pitari, G. Reddy, S. Sahu, L. Sakamoto, H. Schuster, G. Schwarz, J. P. Seland, O. Stier, P. Takegawa, N. Takemura, T. Textor, C. van Aardenne, J. A. Zhao, Y. TI Evaluation of black carbon estimations in global aerosol models SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID SKY RADIANCE MEASUREMENTS; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; TRANSPORT MODEL; MIXING STATE; GROUND MEASUREMENTS; RADIATIVE IMPACT; LIGHT-ABSORPTION; WET DEPOSITION; DUST AEROSOLS AB We evaluate black carbon (BC) model predictions from the AeroCom model intercomparison project by considering the diversity among year 2000 model simulations and comparing model predictions with available measurements. These model-measurement intercomparisons include BC surface and aircraft concentrations, aerosol absorption optical depth (AAOD) retrievals from AERONET and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and BC column estimations based on AERONET. In regions other than Asia, most models are biased high compared to surface concentration measurements. However compared with (column) AAOD or BC burden retreivals, the models are generally biased low. The average ratio of model to retrieved AAOD is less than 0.7 in South American and 0.6 in African biomass burning regions; both of these regions lack surface concentration measurements. In Asia the average model to observed ratio is 0.7 for AAOD and 0.5 for BC surface concentrations. Compared with aircraft measurements over the Americas at latitudes between 0 and 50N, the average model is a factor of 8 larger than observed, and most models exceed the measured BC standard deviation in the mid to upper troposphere. At higher latitudes the average model to aircraft BC ratio is 0.4 and models underestimate the observed BC loading in the lower and middle troposphere associated with springtime Arctic haze. Low model bias for AAOD but overestimation of surface and upper atmospheric BC concentrations at lower latitudes suggests that most models are underestimating BC absorption and should improve estimates for refractive index, particle size, and optical effects of BC coating. Retrieval uncertainties and/or differences with model diagnostic treatment may also contribute to the model-measurement disparity. Largest AeroCom model diversity occurred in northern Eurasia and the remote Arctic, regions influenced by anthropogenic sources. Changing emissions, aging, removal, or optical properties within a single model generated a smaller change in model predictions than the range represented by the full set of AeroCom models. Upper tropospheric concentrations of BC mass from the aircraft measurements are suggested to provide a unique new benchmark to test scavenging and vertical dispersion of BC in global models. C1 [Koch, D.; Bauer, S.; Perlwitz, J.] Columbia Univ, New York, NY 10027 USA. [Koch, D.; Bauer, S.; Miller, R.; Perlwitz, J.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Schulz, M.; Balkanski, Y.; Textor, C.] Lab Sci Climat & Environm, Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Kinne, S.; Feichter, J.] Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Hamburg, Germany. [Schuster, G.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Bond, T. C.] Univ Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. [Klimont, Z.] Int Inst Appl Syst Anal, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria. [Dentener, F.; van Aardenne, J. A.] Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr, Inst Environm & Sustainabil, I-21020 Ispra, Italy. [Spackman, J. R.; Fahey, D. W.; Schwarz, J. P.] Univ Colorado, NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Spackman, J. R.; Fahey, D. W.; Schwarz, J. P.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [McNaughton, C.; Clarke, A.; Freitag, S.] Univ Hawaii Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Kondo, Y.; Moteki, N.; Sahu, L.; Sakamoto, H.; Takegawa, N.] Univ Tokyo, RCAST, Tokyo 1138654, Japan. [Krol, M.] Wageningen Univ, Wageningen, Netherlands. [Berntsen, T.; Iversen, T.; Myhre, G.] Univ Oslo, Oslo, Norway. [Boucher, O.; Dubovik, O.; Reddy, S.] Univ Sci & Technol Lille, CNRS, Villeneuve Dascq, France. [Chin, M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Diehl, T.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Easter, R.; Ghan, S.; Liu, X.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Ginoux, P.; Horowitz, L.] NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. [Gong, S.] ARQM Meteorol Serv Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Zhao, Y.] Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Fillmore, D.] NCAR, Boulder, CO USA. [Liu, X.; Penner, J. E.] Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [De Luca, N.; Montanaro, V.; Pitari, G.] Univ Aquila, I-67100 Laquila, Italy. [Stier, P.] Univ Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, England. [Takemura, T.] Kyushu Univ, Fukuoka 812, Japan. [Iversen, T.; Kirkevag, A.; Seland, O.] Norwegian Meteorol Inst, Oslo, Norway. [Myhre, G.] CICERO, Oslo, Norway. RP Koch, D (reprint author), Columbia Univ, New York, NY 10027 USA. EM dkoch@giss.nasa.gov RI Dubovik, Oleg/A-8235-2009; Krol, Maarten/E-3414-2013; Horowitz, Larry/D-8048-2014; Liu, Xiaohong/E-9304-2011; Balkanski, Yves/A-6616-2011; Bauer, Susanne/P-3082-2014; Schulz, Michael/A-6930-2011; Klimont, Zbigniew/P-7641-2015; U-ID, Kyushu/C-5291-2016; Ghan, Steven/H-4301-2011; Fahey, David/G-4499-2013; Kyushu, RIAM/F-4018-2015; Pitari, Giovanni/O-7458-2016; Stier, Philip/B-2258-2008; Krol, Maarten/B-3597-2010; Ginoux, Paul/C-2326-2008; Myhre, Gunnar/A-3598-2008; Kondo, Yutaka/D-1459-2012; Takemura, Toshihiko/C-2822-2009; Miller, Ron/E-1902-2012; Boucher, Olivier/J-5810-2012; Boucher, Olivier/K-7483-2012; Bond, Tami/A-1317-2013; Chin, Mian/J-8354-2012; schwarz, joshua/G-4556-2013; Penner, Joyce/J-1719-2012 OI Dubovik, Oleg/0000-0003-3482-6460; Horowitz, Larry/0000-0002-5886-3314; Liu, Xiaohong/0000-0002-3994-5955; Balkanski, Yves/0000-0001-8241-2858; Schulz, Michael/0000-0003-4493-4158; Klimont, Zbigniew/0000-0003-2630-198X; Ghan, Steven/0000-0001-8355-8699; Fahey, David/0000-0003-1720-0634; Pitari, Giovanni/0000-0001-7051-9578; Stier, Philip/0000-0002-1191-0128; Ginoux, Paul/0000-0003-3642-2988; Myhre, Gunnar/0000-0002-4309-476X; Takemura, Toshihiko/0000-0002-2859-6067; Boucher, Olivier/0000-0003-2328-5769; Boucher, Olivier/0000-0003-2328-5769; Bond, Tami/0000-0001-5968-8928; schwarz, joshua/0000-0002-9123-2223; FU NASA [NNX07AI56G]; Clean Air Task Force; US Department of Energy, Office of Science; RegClim and AerOzClim; Norwegian Research Council's FX We acknowledge John Ogren and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on the manuscript and Gao Chen for assistance with interpretation of the aircraft measurements. D. Koch was supported by NASA Radiation Sciences Program. Support from the Clean Air Task Force is acknowledged for support of SP2 measurements by the University of Hawaii. Ghan and Easter were funded by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Scientific Discovery through Advanced Computing (SciDAC) program and by the NASA Interdisciplinary Science Program under grant NNX07AI56G. The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is operated for DOE by Battelle Memorial Institute under contract DE-AC06-76RLO1830. The work with UIO-GCM was supported by the projects RegClim and AerOzClim, and supported by the Norwegian Research Council's program for Supercomputing through a grant of computer time. We acknowledge datasets for AERONET, available at http://aeronet/gsfc.nasa.gov; IMPROVE available from http://vista.cira.colostate.edu/ IMPROVE; and EMEP from http://tarantula.nilu.no/projects/ccc. Analyses and visualizations of OMI AAOD were produced with the Giovanni online data system, developed and maintained by the NASA Goddard Earth Sciences (GES) Data and Information Services Center (DISC). We acknowledge the field programs ARCTAS, TC4 and ARCPAC (http://www-air.larc.nasa.gov, http://espoarchive.nasa.gov/archive/, and http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/tropchem/2008ARCPAC/P3/DataDownload/, respectively). NR 125 TC 244 Z9 246 U1 19 U2 135 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 22 BP 9001 EP 9026 PG 26 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 525QX UT WOS:000272232500027 ER PT J AU Keim, C Eremenko, M Orphal, J Dufour, G Flaud, JM Hopfner, M Boynard, A Clerbaux, C Payan, S Coheur, PF Hurtmans, D Claude, H Dier, H Johnson, B Kelder, H Kivi, R Koide, T Bartolome, ML Lambkin, K Moore, D Schmidlin, FJ Stubi, R AF Keim, C. Eremenko, M. Orphal, J. Dufour, G. Flaud, J. -M. Hoepfner, M. Boynard, A. Clerbaux, C. Payan, S. Coheur, P. -F. Hurtmans, D. Claude, H. Dier, H. Johnson, B. Kelder, H. Kivi, R. Koide, T. Lopez Bartolome, M. Lambkin, K. Moore, D. Schmidlin, F. J. Stuebi, R. TI Tropospheric ozone from IASI: comparison of different inversion algorithms and validation with ozone sondes in the northern middle latitudes SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SATELLITE; REGULARIZATION; CLIMATE; MIPAS AB This paper presents a first statistical validation of tropospheric ozone products derived from measurements of the IASI satellite instrument. Since the end of 2006, IASI (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer) aboard the polar orbiter Metop-A measures infrared spectra of the Earth's atmosphere in nadir geometry. This validation covers the northern mid-latitudes and the period from July 2007 to August 2008. Retrieval results from four different sources are presented: three are from scientific products (LATMOS, LISA, LPMAA) and the fourth one is the pre-operational product distributed by EUMETSAT (version 4.2). The different products are derived from different algorithms with different approaches. The difference and their implications for the retrieved products are discussed. In order to evaluate the quality and the performance of each product, comparisons with the vertical ozone concentration profiles measured by balloon sondes are performed and lead to estimates of the systematic and random errors in the IASI ozone products (profiles and partial columns). A first comparison is performed on the given profiles; a second comparison takes into account the altitude dependent sensitivity of the retrievals. Tropospheric columnar amounts are compared to the sonde for a lower tropospheric column (surface to about 6 km) and a 'total' tropospheric column (surface to about 11 km). On average both tropospheric columns have small biases for the scientific products, less than 2 Dobson Units (DU) for the lower troposphere and less than 1 DU for the total troposphere. The comparison of the still pre-operational EUMETSAT columns shows higher mean differences of about 5 DU. C1 [Keim, C.; Eremenko, M.; Orphal, J.; Dufour, G.; Flaud, J. -M.] Univ Paris 12, LISA, CNRS, Creteil, France. [Keim, C.; Eremenko, M.; Orphal, J.; Dufour, G.; Flaud, J. -M.] Univ Paris 07, LISA, CNRS, Creteil, France. [Hoepfner, M.] Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Inst Meteorol & Klimaforsch, Karlsruhe, Germany. [Boynard, A.; Clerbaux, C.] Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UPMC, LATMOS IPSL,CNRS UMR8190, Paris, France. [Payan, S.] Univ Paris 06, Lab Phys Mol Atmosphere & Astrophys, Paris, France. [Coheur, P. -F.; Hurtmans, D.] Univ Libre Brussels, Serv Chim Quant & Photophys, Brussels, Belgium. [Claude, H.] Meteorol Observ Hohenpeissenberg, DWD, Hohenpeissenberg, Germany. [Dier, H.] Richard Assmann Observ, DWD, Lindenberg, Germany. [Johnson, B.] NOAA, ESRL, Boulder, CO USA. [Kelder, H.] Eindhoven Univ Technol, Dept Appl Phys, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands. [Kivi, R.] Finnish Meteorol Inst, Sodankyla, Finland. [Koide, T.] Japan Meteorol Agcy, Ozone Layer Monitoring Off, Tokyo 1008122, Japan. [Lopez Bartolome, M.] AEMET, Madrid, Spain. [Lambkin, K.] Valentia Observ, Irish Meteorol Serv, Cahirciveen, Kerry, Ireland. [Moore, D.] Met Off, Exeter, Devon, England. [Schmidlin, F. J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. [Stuebi, R.] MeteoSwiss, Fed Off Meteorol & Climatol, Aerol Stn, Payerne, Switzerland. RP Eremenko, M (reprint author), Univ Paris 12, LISA, CNRS, Creteil, France. EM maxim.eremenko@lisa.univ-paris12.fr RI Hopfner, Michael/A-7255-2013; Orphal, Johannes/A-8667-2012; clerbaux, cathy/I-5478-2013 OI Hopfner, Michael/0000-0002-4174-9531; Orphal, Johannes/0000-0002-1943-4496; FU CNES; Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) [2006-AQ-MS-50] FX IASI has been developed and built under the responsibility of the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES, France). It is flown aboard the Metop satellites as part of the EUMETSAT Polar System. The IASI L1C and L2 data have been received through the EUMETCast near real time data distribution service and provided by the Ether French atmospheric database (http://ether.ipsl.jussieu.fr). The presented study has been supported by CNES in the frame of the IASI-TOSCA project. The authors are grateful to INSU for publication support. The temperature and altitude fields have been taken from ECMWF, and the ozone total columns of OMI from NASA (ftp://toms.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/omi/data/ozone/). The ozone sonde data have been taken from the following archives: the World Ozone and Ultraviolet Data Center (WOUDC) (http://www.woudc.org), the Global Monitoring Division (GMD) of the Earth System Research Laboratory (http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd), and the NILU's Atmospheric Database for Interactive Retrieval (NADIR) at Norsk Institutt for Luftforskning (NILU) (http://www.nilu.no/nadir/). Since June 2007 funding from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA, Reference Number: 2006-AQ-MS-50) has allowed Valentia Observatory to extend its Ozonesonde launches to a year round weekly programme. The authors want to thank all the above mentioned institutions for their helpful work. We want to thank also the colleagues for launching sondes in Legionowo and Uccle. NR 42 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 3 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 24 BP 9329 EP 9347 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 536QZ UT WOS:000273060200001 ER PT J AU Yu, SC Mathur, R Kang, DW Schere, K Tong, D AF Yu, Shaocai Mathur, Rohit Kang, Daiwen Schere, Kenneth Tong, Daniel TI A study of the ozone formation by ensemble back trajectory-process analysis using the Eta-CMAQ forecast model over the northeastern US during the 2004 ICARTT period SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Ozone formation; Eta-CMAQ model; Process analysis; Back trajectory ID AIR-QUALITY; UNITED-STATES; SYSTEM; POLLUTION AB The integrated process rates (IPRs) estimated by the Eta-CMAQ model at grid cells along the trajectory of the air mass transport path were analyzed to quantitatively investigate the relative importance of physical and chemical processes for O-3 formation and evolution over the northeastern U.S. during the 2004 International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation (ICARTT) period. The Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model is used to determine the back trajectory of air masses reaching the northeast by linking a downwind receptor to upwind source areas. The process analysis is applied to a high O-3 episode occurring on July 22, 2004 at three selected sites in the northeastern U.S. The process analysis at the location of the site shows that during the daytime, the O-3 concentrations in the surface layer are mainly enhanced by the vertical diffusion of O-3-rich air from aloft, followed by horizontal advection (HADV) and chemical production (CHEM), whereas dry deposition (DDEP) and vertical advection (ZADV) mainly deplete O-3 concentrations at the sites of Valley Central (VC), NY and Castle Spring (CS), NH. By integrating the effects of each process over the depth of the daytime planetary boundary layer (PBL), it was found that at the VC site, CHEM and HADV contributed about 53% and 41%, respectively, to O-3 levels within the PBL. This confirms the significance of regional transport of O-3 froth the industrialized areas into the Northeast. On the other hand, the process analysis results for O-3 formation in moving air masses indicate that on July 22, large chemical production of O-3 along the transport path over the polluted urban regions leads to significant increase in O-3 in the air mass reaching the VC site, whereas the low chemical production of O-3 along the transport path over the low emission regions leads to the low O-3 concentration at the site of Belleayre Mountain (BM), NY. The dramatic buildup of O-3 concentration from 50 ppb to 102 ppb in the air masses before reaching the VC site after 12:00 EST on 7/22 indicates the significant impact of pollution from the northeastern urban corridor at this site. On the basis of the results at the CS site, it was found that high NOx emissions along the transport path led to large chemical production of O-3 in the air mass reaching the CS site on July 22. In contrast, the low chemical production of O-3 associated with low emission (relatively clean conditions) along the transport path over the northern portions of the domain is responsible for the low O-3 concentration at the CS site on July 26. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Yu, Shaocai; Mathur, Rohit; Kang, Daiwen; Schere, Kenneth; Tong, Daniel] NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Yu, SC (reprint author), NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM yu.shaocai@epa.gov RI Tong, Daniel/A-8255-2008; yu, shaocai/G-7806-2011; yu, shaocai/F-1394-2014 OI Tong, Daniel/0000-0002-4255-4568; NR 18 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 EI 1873-2844 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JAN PY 2009 VL 43 IS 2 BP 355 EP 363 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.079 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 401QK UT WOS:000262956500016 ER PT J AU Tong, DQ Mathur, R Kang, DW Yu, SC Schere, KL Pouliot, G AF Tong, Daniel Q. Mathur, Rohit Kang, Daiwen Yu, Shaocai Schere, Kenneth L. Pouliot, George TI Vegetation exposure to ozone over the continental United States: Assessment of exposure indices by the Eta-CMAQ air quality forecast model SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Vegetation exposure; Ozone (O(3)); CMAQ; Air quality forecast; Crop; Regional air quality; Exposure index; Air quality standard ID AGRICULTURAL CROPS; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; SURFACE OZONE; STANDARDS; POLLUTION; IMPACTS; SYSTEM; CHINA AB The main use of air quality forecast (AQF) models is to predict ozone (O(3)) exceedances of the primary O(3) standard for informing the public of potential health concerns. This study presents the first evaluation of the performance of the Eta-CMAQ air quality forecast model to predict a variety of widely used seasonal mean and cumulative O(3) exposure indices associated with vegetation using the U.S. AIRNow O(3) observations. These exposure indices include two concentration-based O(3) indices, M7 and M12 (the seasonal means of daytime 7-h and 12-h O(3) concentrations, respectively), and three cumulative exposure-based indices, SUM06 (the sum of all hourly O(3) concentrations >= 0.06 ppm), W126 (hourly concentrations weighed by a sigmoidal weighting function), and AOT40 (O(3) concentrations accumulated over a threshold of 40 ppb during daylight hours). During a three-month simulation (July-September 2005), the model over predicted the M7 and M12 values by 8-9 ppb, or a NMB value of 19% and a NME value of 21%. The model predicts a central belt of high O(3) extending from Southern California to Middle Atlantic where the seasonal means, M7 and M12 (the seasonal means of daytime 7-h and 12-h O(3) concentrations), are higher than 50 ppbv. In contrast, the model is less capable of reproducing the observed cumulative indices. For AOT40, SUM06 and W126, the NMB and NME values are two- to three-fold of that for M7, M12 or peak 8-h O(3) concentrations. The AOT40 values range from 2 to 33 ppm h by the model and from 1 to 40 ppm h by the monitors. There is a significantly higher AOT40 value experienced in the United States in comparison to Europe. The domain-wide mean SUM06 value is 14.4 ppm h, which is about 30% higher than W126, and 40% higher than AOT40 calculated from the same 3-month hourly O(3) data. This suggests that SUM06 and W126 represent a more stringent standard than AOT40 if either the SUM06 or the W126 was used as a secondary O(3) standard. Although CMAQ considerably over predicts SUM06 and W126 values at the low end, the model under predicts the extreme high exposure values (>50 ppm h). Most of these extreme high values are found at inland California sites. Based on our analysis, further improvement of the model is needed to better capture cumulative exposure indices. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Tong, Daniel Q.; Mathur, Rohit; Schere, Kenneth L.; Pouliot, George] US EPA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, NERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27111 USA. [Tong, Daniel Q.; Kang, Daiwen; Yu, Shaocai] Sci & Technol Corp, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. [Tong, Daniel Q.] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Tong, DQ (reprint author), US EPA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, NERL, MD E243-03, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27111 USA. EM tong.daniel@epa.gov RI Tong, Daniel/A-8255-2008; yu, shaocai/G-7806-2011; yu, shaocai/F-1394-2014; OI Tong, Daniel/0000-0002-4255-4568; Pouliot, George/0000-0003-3406-4814 FU U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) [DW13921548]; U.S. Department of Commerce's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) [DW13921548] FX The authors thank Drs. Robin Dennis and Robert Mendelsohn for inspiring discussion. The research presented here was performed under the Memorandum of Understanding between the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Department of Commerce's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and under agreement number DW13921548. This work constitutes a contribution to the NOAA Air Quality Program. Although this work has been reviewed by EPA, it does not necessarily reflect their policies or views. NR 27 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JAN PY 2009 VL 43 IS 3 BP 724 EP 733 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.084 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 398ND UT WOS:000262737900029 ER PT J AU Wang, DH Li, XF Tao, WK Liu, Y Zhou, HG AF Wang, Donghai Li, Xiaofan Tao, Wei-Kuo Liu, Ying Zhou, Haiguang TI Torrential rainfall processes associated with a landfall of severe tropical storm Bilis (2006): A two-dimensional cloud-resolving modeling study SO ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Cloud-precipitation microphysical processes; Surface rainfall processes; Severe tropical storm; Cloud-resolving simulation ID SOUTH CHINA SEA; SQUALL LINES; PHASE-III; MICROSCALE STRUCTURE; MESOSCALE PROCESSES; CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS; FRONTAL RAINBANDS; ENSEMBLE MODEL; TOGA COARE; PART I AB Torrential rainfall processes associated with a landfall of Typhoon Bilis (2006) are investigated using a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model simulation. The model is integrated for 6 days with imposed zonally-uniform vertical velocity, zonal wind, horizontal temperature and vapor advection from NCEP/GDAS data. The simulation is validated with observations in terms of surface rain rate and reflectivity. The simulated stratiform clouds cover 89% of the simulation domain that leads to dominant stratiform rainfall on 15 July 2006. The convective clouds develop to cover 29% of the simulation domain that yields dominant convective rainfall whereas the stratiform clouds shrink to 46% on 16 July 2006. The domain-mean simulation shows that the increase of domain-mean surface rain rate from 15 to 16 July 2006 mainly results from local atmospheric moistening on 15 July and local atmospheric drying on 16 July although water vapor convergence rates in the two days are similar. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Wang, Donghai; Liu, Ying; Zhou, Haiguang] Chinese Acad Meteorol Sci, State Key Lab Severe Weather, Beijing, Peoples R China. [Wang, Donghai] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. [Li, Xiaofan] NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD USA. [Tao, Wei-Kuo] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Wang, DH (reprint author), Chinese Acad Meteorol Sci, State Key Lab Severe Weather, Beijing, Peoples R China. EM d.wang@hotmail.com RI Li, Xiaofan/F-5605-2010; Li, Xiaofan/G-2094-2014; OI Zhou, Haiguang/0000-0003-3472-4974 FU National Basic Research Program of China [2004CB418300]; National Natural Science Foundation [40633016, 40830958] FX This research was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2004CB418300), and the National Natural Science Foundation under the grant No. 40633016 and 40830958. NR 51 TC 29 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0169-8095 J9 ATMOS RES JI Atmos. Res. PD JAN PY 2009 VL 91 IS 1 BP 94 EP 104 DI 10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.07.005 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 391FV UT WOS:000262220100010 ER PT S AU Ralchenko, Y Abdallah, J Bar-Shalom, A Bauche, J Bauche-Arnoult, C Bowen, C Chung, HK Colgan, J Faussurier, G Fontes, CJ Foster, M de Dortan, FD Golovkin, I Hansen, SB Lee, RW Novikov, V Oreg, J Peyrusse, O Poirier, M Sasaki, A Scott, H Zhang, HL AF Ralchenko, Yu. Abdallah, J., Jr. Bar-Shalom, A. Bauche, J. Bauche-Arnoult, C. Bowen, C. Chung, H. -K. Colgan, J. Faussurier, G. Fontes, C. J. Foster, M. de Dortan, F. de Gaufridy Golovkin, I. Hansen, S. B. Lee, R. W. Novikov, V. Oreg, J. Peyrusse, O. Poirier, M. Sasaki, A. Scott, H. Zhang, H. L. BE Fournier, KB TI Multi-Code Ab Initio Calculation of Ionization Distributions and Radiation Losses for Tungsten in Tokamak Plasmas SO ATOMIC PROCESSES IN PLASMAS SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 16th International Conference on Atomic Processes in Plasmas CY MAR 22-26, 2009 CL Monterey, CA SP US DOE Off Fus Engergy Sci, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, NIF & Photon Sci Directorate, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Phys & Life Sci Directorate, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Univ Calif, Inst Mat Dynam Extreme Condit ID WORKSHOP; TRANSITION AB We present calculations of ionization balance and radiative power losses for tungsten in magnetic fusion plasmas. The simulations were performed within the framework of Non-Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (NLTE) Code Comparison Workshops utilizing several independent collisional-radiative models. The calculations generally agree with each other; however, a clear disagreement with experimental ionization distributions at low temperatures 2 keV < T-e < 3 keV is observed. Comparison is made with other calculations. The obtained results can be used in planning new experiments in magnetic confinement fusion. C1 [Ralchenko, Yu.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ralchenko, Y (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Ralchenko, Yuri/B-7687-2011; Ralchenko, Yuri/E-9297-2016; OI Ralchenko, Yuri/0000-0003-0083-9554; Colgan, James/0000-0003-1045-3858 FU CEA; Institute for Material Dynamics at Extreme Conditions (UCB); LANL; NIST FX Financial support from CEA, Institute for Material Dynamics at Extreme Conditions (UCB), LANL, and NIST for organization of the 5th NLTE Code Comparison Workshop is gratefully acknowledged. NR 31 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0698-8 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2009 VL 1161 BP 242 EP + PG 3 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BOC76 UT WOS:000276195200032 ER PT B AU Fiscus, J Garofolo, J Rose, T Michel, M AF Fiscus, Jonathan Garofolo, John Rose, Travis Michel, Martial GP IEEE TI AVSS Multiple Camera Person Tracking Challenge Evaluation Overview SO AVSS: 2009 6TH IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCED VIDEO AND SIGNAL BASED SURVEILLANCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance CY SEP 02-04, 2009 CL Genoa, ITALY SP IEEE, IEEE Comp Soc, IEEE Signal Proc Soc C1 [Fiscus, Jonathan; Garofolo, John; Rose, Travis] NIST, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Michel, Martial] Syst Plus Inc, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Fiscus, J (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jonathan.fiscus@nist.gov; john.garofolo@nist.gov; travis.rose@nist.gov; martial.michel@nist.gov NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-4755-8 PY 2009 BP 219 EP 219 DI 10.1109/AVSS.2009.108 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BPW00 UT WOS:000280120900039 ER PT S AU Cloteaux, B Serova, N AF Cloteaux, Brian Serova, Nadezhda BE Chen, J Chen, X Ely, J HakkaniTr, D He, J Hsu, HH TI Matching Observed Alpha Helix Lengths to Predicted Secondary Structure SO BIBMW: 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIOINFORMATICS AND BIOMEDICINE WORKSHOP SE IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine Workshop-BIBMW LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBMW 2009) CY NOV 01-04, 2009 CL Washington, DC SP IEEE, IEEE Comp Soc, Natl Sci Fdn AB Because of the complexity in determining the 3D structure of a protein, the use of partial information determined from experimental techniques can greatly reduce the overall computational expense. We investigate the problem of matching experimentally observed lengths of helices to the predicted secondary structure of a protein. We give a simple and fast algorithm for producing a library of potential solutions. We test our algorithm by performing a series of computational experiments for predicting the alpha helix placement of proteins with an already known order. These tests seem to demonstrate that our method, if given a good prediction of the protein's secondary structure, can generate high quality lists of potential placements of the helix lengths onto the protein sequence. C1 [Cloteaux, Brian] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Serova, Nadezhda] Univ Maryland, Baltimore, MD USA. RP Cloteaux, B (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM brian.cloteaux@nist.gov; nserova1@umbc.edu FU Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) program FX This research was performed while the second author was at NIST supported by the Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) program. We would like to thank the anonymous referees for their helpful comments on our paper. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2163-6966 BN 978-1-4244-5120-3 J9 IEEE INT C BIO BIO W PY 2009 BP 111 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Medical Informatics SC Engineering; Medical Informatics GA BNF35 UT WOS:000274329200019 ER PT S AU Taylor, TJ AF Taylor, Todd J. BE Chen, J Chen, X Ely, J HakkaniTr, D He, J Hsu, HH TI Discrimination of Thermophilic and Mesophilic Proteins SO BIBMW: 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIOINFORMATICS AND BIOMEDICINE WORKSHOP SE IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine Workshop-BIBMW LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBMW 2009) CY NOV 01-04, 2009 CL Washington, DC SP IEEE, IEEE Comp Soc, Natl Sci Fdn ID COMPUTATIONAL GEOMETRY APPROACH; AMINO-ACID-RESIDUES; STRUCTURE ALIGNMENT; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; DELAUNAY TESSELLATION; PYROCOCCUS-FURIOSUS; ANGSTROM RESOLUTION; THERMAL-STABILITY; CITRATE SYNTHASE; SALT BRIDGES AB There has been considerable interest in the physical basis for the increased thermostability of thermophilic proteins with respect to their mesophilic counterparts since the discovery of highly thermo-tolerant organisms. We have systematically studied a large set of protein structures in order to find those properties with the most power to discriminate mesophilic proteins from their thermophilic orthologs. Most of the structure-based descriptors used in our discrimination and classification experiments were derived from the Delaunay tessellations of the protein structures. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Taylor, TJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM todd.taylor@nist.gov NR 68 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2163-6966 BN 978-1-4244-5120-3 J9 IEEE INT C BIO BIO W PY 2009 BP 154 EP 162 PG 9 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Medical Informatics SC Engineering; Medical Informatics GA BNF35 UT WOS:000274329200025 ER PT J AU Alvarez, M Lo Monaco, C Tanhua, T Yool, A Oschlies, A Bullister, JL Goyet, C Metzl, N Touratier, F McDonagh, E Bryden, HL AF Alvarez, M. Lo Monaco, C. Tanhua, T. Yool, A. Oschlies, A. Bullister, J. L. Goyet, C. Metzl, N. Touratier, F. McDonagh, E. Bryden, H. L. TI Estimating the storage of anthropogenic carbon in the subtropical Indian Ocean: a comparison of five different approaches SO BIOGEOSCIENCES LA English DT Review ID DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON; ANTARCTIC BOTTOM WATER; NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN; SOUTHERN-OCEAN; WEDDELL SEA; ALKALINITY DETERMINATION; REDFIELD RATIOS; RED-SEA; CO2; SEAWATER AB The subtropical Indian Ocean along 32 degrees S was for the first time simultaneously sampled in 2002 for inorganic carbon and transient tracers. The vertical distribution and inventory of anthropogenic carbon (CANT) from five different methods: four data-base methods (Delta C*, TrOCA, TTD and IPSL) and a simulation from the OCCAM model are compared and discussed along with the observed CFC-12 and CCl4 distributions. In the surface layer, where carbon-based methods are uncertain, TTD and OCCAM yield the same result (7 +/- 0.2 molC m(-2)), helping to specify the surface CANT inventory. Below the mixed-layer, the comparison suggests that CANT penetrates deeper and more uniformly into the Antarctic Intermediate Water layer limit than estimated from the much utilized Delta C* method. Significant CFC-12 and CCl4 values are detected in bottom waters, associated with Antarctic Bottom Water. In this layer, except for Delta C* and OCCAM, the other methods detect significant CANT values. Consequently, the lowest inventory is calculated using the Delta C* method (24 +/- 2 molC m(-2)) or OCCAM (24.4 +/- 2.8 molC m(-2)) while TrOCA, TTD, and IPSL lead to higher inventories (28.1 +/- 2.2, 28.9 +/- 2.3 and 30.8 +/- 2.5 molC m(-2) respectively). Overall and despite the uncertainties each method is evaluated using its relationship with tracers and the knowledge about water masses in the subtropical Indian Ocean. Along 32 degrees S our best estimate for the mean CANT specific inventory is 28 +/- 2 molC m(-2). Comparison exercises for data-based CANT methods along with time-series or repeat sections analysis should help to identify strengths and caveats in the CANT methods and to better constrain model simulations. C1 [Alvarez, M.] CSIC UIB, IMEDEA, Esporles 07190, Spain. [Lo Monaco, C.; Metzl, N.] Univ Paris 06, LOCEA IPSL, F-75252 Paris, France. [Tanhua, T.; Oschlies, A.] IFM GEOMAR, D-24105 Kiel, Germany. [Yool, A.; McDonagh, E.; Bryden, H. L.] NOCS, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England. [Bullister, J. L.] NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Goyet, C.; Touratier, F.] Univ Perpignan, IMAGES, F-66860 Perpignan, France. RP Alvarez, M (reprint author), CSIC UIB, IMEDEA, Miquel Marques 21, Esporles 07190, Spain. EM marta.alvarez@uib.es RI Alvarez, Marta/D-4367-2009; Yool, Andrew/B-4799-2012; Lo Monaco, Claire/E-1696-2012; Oschlies, Andreas/F-9749-2012 OI Alvarez, Marta/0000-0002-5075-9344; Yool, Andrew/0000-0002-9879-2776; Oschlies, Andreas/0000-0002-8295-4013 NR 107 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 24 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1726-4170 J9 BIOGEOSCIENCES JI Biogeosciences PY 2009 VL 6 IS 4 BP 681 EP 703 DI 10.5194/bg-6-681-2009 PG 23 WC Ecology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 441BB UT WOS:000265743200013 ER PT J AU Lokupitiya, E Denning, S Paustian, K Baker, I Schaefer, K Verma, S Meyers, T Bernacchi, CJ Suyker, A Fischer, M AF Lokupitiya, E. Denning, S. Paustian, K. Baker, I. Schaefer, K. Verma, S. Meyers, T. Bernacchi, C. J. Suyker, A. Fischer, M. TI Incorporation of crop phenology in Simple Biosphere Model (SiBcrop) to improve land-atmosphere carbon exchanges from croplands SO BIOGEOSCIENCES LA English DT Review ID SURFACE PARAMETERIZATION SIB2; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; MAX L MERRILL; TERRESTRIAL BIOPHYSICAL PARAMETERS; DRY MATTER ACCUMULATION; RAIN-FED MAIZE; WINTER-WHEAT; GLYCINE-MAX; HARVEST INDEX; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE AB Croplands are man-made ecosystems that have high net primary productivity during the growing season of crops, thus impacting carbon and other exchanges with the atmosphere. These exchanges play a major role in nutrient cycling and climate change related issues. An accurate representation of crop phenology and physiology is important in land-atmosphere carbon models being used to predict these exchanges. To better estimate time-varying exchanges of carbon, water, and energy of croplands using the Simple Biosphere (SiB) model, we developed crop-specific phenology models and coupled them to SiB. The coupled SiB-phenology model (SiBcrop) replaces remotely-sensed NDVI information, on which SiB originally relied for deriving Leaf Area Index (LAI) and the fraction of Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fPAR) for estimating carbon dynamics. The use of the new phenology scheme within SiB substantially improved the prediction of LAI and carbon fluxes for maize, soybean, and wheat crops, as compared with the observed data at several AmeriFlux eddy covariance flux tower sites in the US mid continent region. SiBcrop better predicted the onset and end of the growing season, harvest, interannual variability associated with crop rotation, day time carbon uptake (especially for maize) and day to day variability in carbon exchange. Biomass predicted by SiBcrop had good agreement with the observed biomass at field sites. In the future, we will predict fine resolution regional scale carbon and other exchanges by coupling SiBcrop with RAMS (the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System). C1 [Lokupitiya, E.; Denning, S.; Baker, I.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Paustian, K.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Paustian, K.] Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Schaefer, K.] Univ Colorado, Natl Snow & Ice Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Verma, S.; Suyker, A.] Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resources, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. [Meyers, T.] ATDD, ARL, NOAA, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. [Bernacchi, C. J.] Univ Illinois, Dept Plant Biol, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. [Fischer, M.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Environm Energy Technol Div, Dept Atmospher Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Lokupitiya, E (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM erandi@atmos.colostate.edu RI Meyers, Tilden/C-6633-2016; Paustian, Keith/L-7593-2016; OI Bernacchi, Carl/0000-0002-2397-425X FU National Institute for Climate Change Research (NICCR) [MTU 050516Z14]; Department of Energy (DoE) [DE-FG02-06ER64317, DE-AC02-05CH11231] FX This research was supported by the National Institute for Climate Change Research (NICCR), under Contract No MTU 050516Z14, and the Department of Energy (DoE) under Contract Nos DE-FG02-06ER64317 and DE-AC02-05CH11231. The winter wheat data were collected and made available through the US DoE as part of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program. We would like to thank Joe Berry, Jim Collatz, Chris Williams, Lingxiao Zhang, and Steve Williams for their support on this work. NR 121 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 31 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 1726-4170 J9 BIOGEOSCIENCES JI Biogeosciences PY 2009 VL 6 IS 6 BP 969 EP 986 PG 18 WC Ecology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 464XN UT WOS:000267543100003 ER PT J AU Phillips, VTJ Andronache, C Christner, B Morris, CE Sands, DC Bansemer, A Lauer, A McNaughton, C Seman, C AF Phillips, V. T. J. Andronache, C. Christner, B. Morris, C. E. Sands, D. C. Bansemer, A. Lauer, A. McNaughton, C. Seman, C. TI Potential impacts from biological aerosols on ensembles of continental clouds simulated numerically SO BIOGEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID NUCLEATION-ACTIVE BACTERIA; EXPLICIT MICROPHYSICS MODEL; ATMOSPHERE RADIATIVE FLUXES; HOMOGENEOUS ICE NUCLEATION; ISCCP DATA SETS; PART I; CUMULUS CLOUD; PSEUDOMONAS-SYRINGAE; CONDENSATION NUCLEI; BULK MICROPHYSICS AB An aerosol-cloud modeling framework is described to simulate the activation of ice particles and droplets by biological aerosol particles, such as airborne ice-nucleation active (INA) bacteria. It includes the empirical parameterisation of heterogeneous ice nucleation and a semi-prognostic aerosol component, which have been incorporated into a cloud-system resolving model (CSRM) with double-moment bulk microphysics. The formation of cloud liquid by soluble material coated on these partially insoluble organic aerosols is represented. It determines their partial removal from deep convective clouds by accretion onto precipitation in the cloud model. This 'aerosol-cloud model' is validated for diverse cases of deep convection with contrasting aerosol conditions, against satellite, ground-based and aircraft observations. Simulations are performed with the aerosol-cloud model for a month-long period of summertime convective activity over Oklahoma. It includes three cases of continental deep convection simulated previously by Phillips and Donner (2006). Elevated concentrations of insoluble organic aerosol, boosted by a factor of 100 beyond their usual values for this continental region, are found to influence significantly the following quantities: (1) the average numbers and sizes of ice crystals and droplets in the clouds; (2) the horizontal cloud coverage in the free troposphere; (3) precipitation at the ground; and (4) incident solar insolation at the surface. This factor of 100 is plausible for natural fluctuations of the concentration of insoluble organic aerosol, in view of variability of cell concentrations for airborne bacteria seen by Lindemann et al. (1982). In nature, such boosting of the insoluble organic aerosol loading could arise from enhanced emissions of biological aerosol particles from a land surface. Surface wetness and solar insolation at the ground are meteorological quantities known to influence rates of growth of certain biological particles (e.g. bacteria). Their rates of emission into the atmosphere must depend on these same quantities, in addition to surface wind speed, turbulence and convection. Finally, the present study is the first attempt at evaluating the impacts from biological aerosols on mesoscale cloud ensembles in the literature. C1 [Phillips, V. T. J.] Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Meteorol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Andronache, C.] Boston Coll, Chestnut Hill, MA 02167 USA. [Christner, B.] Louisiana State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. [Morris, C. E.] INRA, Unite Pathol Vegetale, UR407, F-84140 Montfavet, France. [Sands, D. C.] Montana State Univ, Bozeman, MT USA. [Bansemer, A.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Lauer, A.] Univ Hawaii Manoa, IPRC, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [McNaughton, C.] Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Seman, C.] Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Phillips, VTJ (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Meteorol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM vaughanp@hawaii.edu RI Andronache, Constantin/C-4431-2011 OI Andronache, Constantin/0000-0001-5375-7056 NR 91 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 25 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1726-4170 EI 1726-4189 J9 BIOGEOSCIENCES JI Biogeosciences PY 2009 VL 6 IS 6 BP 987 EP 1014 PG 28 WC Ecology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 464XN UT WOS:000267543100004 ER PT J AU Lokupitiya, E Denning, S Paustian, K Baker, I Schaefer, K Verma, S Meyers, T Bernacchi, CJ Suyker, A Fischer, M AF Lokupitiya, E. Denning, S. Paustian, K. Baker, I. Schaefer, K. Verma, S. Meyers, T. Bernacchi, C. J. Suyker, A. Fischer, M. TI Incorporation of crop phenology in Simple Biosphere Model (SiBcrop) to improve land-atmosphere carbon exchanges from croplands (vol 6, pg 969, 2009) SO BIOGEOSCIENCES LA English DT Correction AB No abstract available. C1 [Lokupitiya, E.; Denning, S.; Baker, I.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Paustian, K.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Paustian, K.] Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Schaefer, K.] Univ Colorado, Natl Snow & Ice Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Verma, S.; Suyker, A.] Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resources, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. [Meyers, T.] ATDD, ARL, NOAA, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. [Bernacchi, C. J.] Univ Illinois, Dept Plant Biol, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. [Fischer, M.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Energy Technol, Dept Atmospher Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Lokupitiya, E (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM erandi@atmos.colostate.edu RI Paustian, Keith/L-7593-2016 NR 1 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 5 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 1726-4170 J9 BIOGEOSCIENCES JI Biogeosciences PY 2009 VL 6 IS 6 BP 1103 EP 1103 PG 1 WC Ecology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 464XN UT WOS:000267543100010 ER PT J AU Bowling, DR Miller, JB Rhodes, ME Burns, SP Monson, RK Baer, D AF Bowling, D. R. Miller, J. B. Rhodes, M. E. Burns, S. P. Monson, R. K. Baer, D. TI Soil, plant, and transport influences on methane in a subalpine forest under high ultraviolet irradiance SO BIOGEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID FLUX-GRADIENT RELATIONSHIPS; CENTRAL NEW-ENGLAND; ATMOSPHERIC METHANE; TERRESTRIAL PLANTS; CARBON-DIOXIDE; HIGH-ELEVATION; NITROUS-OXIDE; UNITED-STATES; WATER-VAPOR; EMISSIONS AB Recent studies have demonstrated direct methane emission from plant foliage under aerobic conditions, particularly under high ultraviolet (UV) irradiance. We examined the potential importance of this phenomenon in a high-elevation conifer forest using micrometeorological techniques. Vertical profiles of methane and carbon dioxide in forest air were monitored every 2 h for 6 weeks in summer 2007. Day to day variability in above-canopy CH4 was high, with observed values in the range 1790 to 1910 nmol mol(-1). High CH4 was correlated with high carbon monoxide and related to wind direction, consistent with pollutant transport from an urban area by a well-studied mountain-plain wind system. Soils were moderately dry during the study. Vertical gradients of CH4 were small but detectable day and night, both near the ground and within the vegetation canopy. Gradients near the ground were consistent with the forest soil being a net CH4 sink. Using scalar similarity with CO2, the magnitude of the summer soil CH4 sink was estimated at similar to 1.7 mg CH4 m(-2) h(-1), which is similar to other temperate forest upland soils. The high-elevation forest was naturally exposed to high UV irradiance under clear sky conditions, with observed peak UVB irradiance > 2 W m(-2). Gradients and means of CO2 within the canopy under daytime conditions showed net uptake of CO2 due to photosynthetic drawdown as expected. No evidence was found for a significant foliar CH4 source in the vegetation canopy, even under high UV conditions. While the possibility of a weak foliar source cannot be excluded given the observed soil sink, overall this subalpine forest was a net sink for atmospheric methane during the growing season. C1 [Bowling, D. R.] Univ Utah, Dept Biol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. [Miller, J. B.; Rhodes, M. E.] Earth Syst Res Lab, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Miller, J. B.; Monson, R. K.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Burns, S. P.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Burns, S. P.] Univ Colorado, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Baer, D.] Los Gatos Res, Mountain View, CA 94041 USA. RP Bowling, DR (reprint author), Univ Utah, Dept Biol, 257 South,1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. EM bowling@biology.utah.edu RI Burns, Sean/A-9352-2008 OI Burns, Sean/0000-0002-6258-1838 FU U.S. Dept. of Energy; Office of Science (BER) [DE-FG02-04ER63904]; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; DOE National Institute for Climatic Change Research (NICCR) Western region; NSF [DEB 0423662] FX Thanks to Ed Dlugokencky and Patricia Lang for calibrating standards and CH4 flask measurements, Paul Novelli for CO flask measurements, Andrew Crotwell and Doug Guenther for loaning scientific equipment, and Sean Schaeffer for assistance in the field. We are grateful to Patrick Disterhoft and the NEUBrew project members for freely providing UV data. Several colleagues contributed helpful ideas and discussion at AGU including Pat Crill, Gunnar Schade, Torben Christensen, and Todd Rosenstiel. Primary funding for this work was provided by U.S. Dept. of Energy, Office of Science (BER), Grant No. DE-FG02-04ER63904 (to DRB and JBM). We acknowledge additional support from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Ernest F. Hollings Undergraduate Scholarship Program (to MER) administered by Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education under a contract between the U.S. Department of Energy and Oak Ridge Associated Universities, from a grant from DOE National Institute for Climatic Change Research (NICCR) Western region (to RKM), and NSF grant DEB 0423662 to the Niwot Ridge LTER program. NR 71 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 14 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1726-4170 EI 1726-4189 J9 BIOGEOSCIENCES JI Biogeosciences PY 2009 VL 6 IS 7 BP 1311 EP 1324 PG 14 WC Ecology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 478XX UT WOS:000268623200011 ER PT J AU Telszewski, M Chazottes, A Schuster, U Watson, AJ Moulin, C Bakker, DCE Gonzalez-Davila, M Johannessen, T Kortzinger, A Luger, H Olsen, A Omar, A Padin, XA Rios, AF Steinhoff, T Santana-Casiano, M Wallace, DWR Wanninkhof, R AF Telszewski, M. Chazottes, A. Schuster, U. Watson, A. J. Moulin, C. Bakker, D. C. E. Gonzalez-Davila, M. Johannessen, T. Koertzinger, A. Lueger, H. Olsen, A. Omar, A. Padin, X. A. Rios, A. F. Steinhoff, T. Santana-Casiano, M. Wallace, D. W. R. Wanninkhof, R. TI Estimating the monthly pCO(2) distribution in the North Atlantic using a self-organizing neural network SO BIOGEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID IN-SITU; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; CARBON-DIOXIDE; OCEANIC SINK; CO2; SEA; MAPS; FLUX; CLASSIFICATION; SATELLITE AB Here we present monthly, basin-wide maps of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO(2)) for the North Atlantic on a 1 degrees latitude by 1 degrees longitude grid for years 2004 through 2006 inclusive. The maps have been computed using a neural network technique which reconstructs the non-linear relationships between three biogeochemical parameters and marine pCO(2). A self organizing map (SOM) neural network has been trained using 389 000 triplets of the SeaWiFS-MODIS chlorophyll-a concentration, the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis sea surface temperature, and the FOAM mixed layer depth. The trained SOM was labelled with 137 000 under-way pCO(2) measurements collected in situ during 2004, 2005 and 2006 in the North Atlantic, spanning the range of 208 to 437 mu atm. The root mean square error (RMSE) of the neural network fit to the data is 11.6 mu atm, which equals to just above 3 percent of an average pCO(2) value in the in situ dataset. The seasonal pCO(2) cycle as well as estimates of the interannual variability in the major biogeochemical provinces are presented and discussed. High resolution combined with basin-wide coverage makes the maps a useful tool for several applications such as the monitoring of basin-wide air-sea CO2 fluxes or improvement of seasonal and interannual marine CO2 cycles in future model predictions. The method itself is a valuable alternative to traditional statistical modelling techniques used in geosciences. C1 [Telszewski, M.; Schuster, U.; Watson, A. J.; Bakker, D. C. E.] Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. [Chazottes, A.; Moulin, C.] Commissariat Energie Atom, CNRS, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, Inst Pierre Simon Laplace, Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Gonzalez-Davila, M.; Santana-Casiano, M.] Univ Las Palmas Gran Canaria, Dept Marine Chem, Las Palmas Gran Canaria, Spain. [Johannessen, T.; Olsen, A.; Omar, A.] Univ Bergen, Inst Geophys, Bergen, Norway. [Koertzinger, A.; Steinhoff, T.; Wallace, D. W. R.] Leibniz Inst Marine Sci, D-24105 Kiel, Germany. [Lueger, H.; Wanninkhof, R.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL USA. [Padin, X. A.; Rios, A. F.] CSIC, Inst Invest Marinas, Vigo, Spain. [Olsen, A.] UNIFOB AS, Bjerknes Ctr Climate Res, Bergen, Norway. [Olsen, A.] Univ Gothenburg, Dept Chem, Gothenburg, Sweden. RP Telszewski, M (reprint author), Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. EM m.telszewski@uea.ac.uk RI Olsen, Are/A-1511-2011; Kortzinger, Arne/A-4141-2014; GONZALEZ DAVILA, MELCHOR/K-4958-2014; SANTANA CASIANO, JUANA MAGDALENA/K-5058-2014; Bakker, Dorothee/E-4951-2015 OI Olsen, Are/0000-0003-1696-9142; Kortzinger, Arne/0000-0002-8181-3593; GONZALEZ DAVILA, MELCHOR/0000-0003-3230-8985; SANTANA CASIANO, JUANA MAGDALENA/0000-0002-7930-7683; Bakker, Dorothee/0000-0001-9234-5337 FU European Commission [GOCE 511176-2, MRTN-CT-2004-512464]; Spanish project ICCABA [CTM2005-03893/MAR]; Norwegian Research Council [178167]; Swedish National Space Board FX We thank the captains, officers and crews of the entire commercial and research fleet used during data collection for continuous technical assistance and support on board the ships. We are grateful to three reviewers and Jack J. Middelburg for their constructive and critical comments. Special thanks are for Benjamin Pfeil (Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Norway) for data handling and for Laurent Bopp (Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, France) and Corinne Le Quere (University of East Anglia, UK) for helpful comments and discussions. This work was funded by the European Commission CARBOOCEAN project GOCE 511176-2; the European Commision Marie Curie RTN Greencycles project (MRTN-CT-2004-512464); the Spanish project ICCABA CTM2005-03893/MAR; the Norwegian Research Council through A-CARB (178167) and CARBON-HEAT (185093) and the Swedish National Space Board through RESCUE - II (d.nr 62/07:1). NR 46 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 12 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1726-4170 EI 1726-4189 J9 BIOGEOSCIENCES JI Biogeosciences PY 2009 VL 6 IS 8 BP 1405 EP 1421 PG 17 WC Ecology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 489FH UT WOS:000269405000004 ER PT J AU Thornton, PE Doney, SC Lindsay, K Moore, JK Mahowald, N Randerson, JT Fung, I Lamarque, JF Feddema, JJ Lee, YH AF Thornton, P. E. Doney, S. C. Lindsay, K. Moore, J. K. Mahowald, N. Randerson, J. T. Fung, I. Lamarque, J. -F. Feddema, J. J. Lee, Y. -H. TI Carbon-nitrogen interactions regulate climate-carbon cycle feedbacks: results from an atmosphere-ocean general circulation model SO BIOGEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN HARDWOOD FORESTS; LAND-USE HISTORY; ELEVATED CO2; TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS; SYSTEM MODEL; LIMITATION; SEQUESTRATION; DEPOSITION; DIOXIDE; CCSM3 AB Inclusion of fundamental ecological interactions between carbon and nitrogen cycles in the land component of an atmosphere-ocean general circulation model (AOGCM) leads to decreased carbon uptake associated with CO2 fertilization, and increased carbon uptake associated with warming of the climate system. The balance of these two opposing effects is to reduce the fraction of anthropogenic CO2 predicted to be sequestered in land ecosystems. The primary mechanism responsible for increased land carbon storage under radiatively forced climate change is shown to be fertilization of plant growth by increased mineralization of nitrogen directly associated with increased decomposition of soil organic matter under a warming climate, which in this particular model results in a negative gain for the climate-carbon feedback. Estimates for the land and ocean sink fractions of recent anthropogenic emissions are individually within the range of observational estimates, but the combined land plus ocean sink fractions produce an airborne fraction which is too high compared to observations. This bias is likely due in part to an underestimation of the ocean sink fraction. Our results show a significant growth in the airborne fraction of anthropogenic CO2 emissions over the coming century, attributable in part to a steady decline in the ocean sink fraction. Comparison to experimental studies on the fate of radio-labeled nitrogen tracers in temperate forests indicates that the model representation of competition between plants and microbes for new mineral nitrogen resources is reasonable. Our results suggest a weaker dependence of net land carbon flux on soil moisture changes in tropical regions, and a stronger positive growth response to warming in those regions, than predicted by a similar AOGCM implemented without land carbon-nitrogen interactions. We expect that the between-model uncertainty in predictions of future atmospheric CO2 concentration and associated anthropogenic climate change will be reduced as additional climate models introduce carbon-nitrogen cycle interactions in their land components. C1 [Thornton, P. E.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Doney, S. C.] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Marine Chem & Geochem, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Lindsay, K.; Lee, Y. -H.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Climate & Global Dynam Div, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Moore, J. K.; Randerson, J. T.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. [Mahowald, N.] Cornell Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. [Fung, I.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Lamarque, J. -F.] NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Feddema, J. J.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Feddema, J. J.] Univ Kansas, Dept Geog, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. RP Thornton, PE (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM thorntonpe@ornl.gov RI Thornton, Peter/B-9145-2012; Doney, Scott/F-9247-2010; Feddema, Johannes/J-4400-2012; Mahowald, Natalie/D-8388-2013; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/L-2313-2014 OI Thornton, Peter/0000-0002-4759-5158; Doney, Scott/0000-0002-3683-2437; Feddema, Johannes/0000-0002-0800-0908; Mahowald, Natalie/0000-0002-2873-997X; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/0000-0002-4225-5074 FU NASA [W19,953]; National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR); US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research; National Science Foundation, Atmospheric Sciences Division, through the Carbon and Water Initiative; National Science Foundation FX We thank G. Bonan, D. Schimel, and E. Holland for helpful discussions throughout this effort. We also thank V. Arora, C. Jones, and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments on the manuscript. This work was supported in part by NASA Earth Science Enterprise, Terrestrial Ecology Program, grant # W19,953 to P. E. Thornton. Support was provided by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) through the NCAR Community Climate System Modeling program, and through the NCAR Biogeosciences program. Additional support was provided by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research. I. Fung, S. Doney, N. Mahowald, and J. Randerson acknowledge support from National Science Foundation, Atmospheric Sciences Division, through the Carbon and Water Initiative. NCAR is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. NR 68 TC 230 Z9 233 U1 10 U2 120 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1726-4170 EI 1726-4189 J9 BIOGEOSCIENCES JI Biogeosciences PY 2009 VL 6 IS 10 BP 2099 EP 2120 PG 22 WC Ecology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 513WN UT WOS:000271354900010 ER PT J AU Leblanc, K Hare, CE Feng, Y Berg, GM DiTullio, GR Neeley, A Benner, I Sprengel, C Beck, A Sanudo-Wilhelmy, SA Passow, U Klinck, K Rowe, JM Wilhelm, SW Brown, CW Hutchins, DA AF Leblanc, K. Hare, C. E. Feng, Y. Berg, G. M. DiTullio, G. R. Neeley, A. Benner, I. Sprengel, C. Beck, A. Sanudo-Wilhelmy, S. A. Passow, U. Klinck, K. Rowe, J. M. Wilhelm, S. W. Brown, C. W. Hutchins, D. A. TI Distribution of calcifying and silicifying phytoplankton in relation to environmental and biogeochemical parameters during the late stages of the 2005 North East Atlantic Spring Bloom SO BIOGEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID TRANSPARENT EXOPOLYMER PARTICLES; MARINE-PHYTOPLANKTON; EMILIANIA-HUXLEYI; INCREASED PCO(2); NORTHEASTERN ATLANTIC; COCCOLITHOPHORE BLOOM; SPATIAL VARIABILITY; PARTICULATE MATTER; UPWELLING REGIME; OCEANIC WATERS AB The late stage of the North East Atlantic (NEA) spring bloom was investigated during June 2005 along a transect section from 45 to 66 degrees N between 15 and 20 degrees W in order to characterize the contribution of siliceous and calcareous phytoplankton groups and describe their distribution in relation to environmental factors. We measured several biogeochemical parameters such as nutrients, surface trace metals, algal pigments, biogenic silica (BSi), particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) or calcium carbonate, particulate organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus (POC, PON and POP, respectively), as well as transparent exopolymer particles (TEP). Results were compared with other studies undertaken in this area since the JGOFS NABE program. Characteristics of the spring bloom generally agreed well with the accepted scenario for the development of the autotrophic community. The NEA seasonal diatom bloom was in the late stages when we sampled the area and diatoms were constrained to the northern part of our transect, over the Icelandic Basin (IB) and Icelandic Shelf (IS). Coccolithophores dominated the phytoplankton community, with a large distribution over the Rockall-Hatton Plateau (RHP) and IB. The Porcupine Abyssal Plain (PAP) region at the southern end of our transect was the region with the lowest biomass, as demonstrated by very low Chla concentrations and a community dominated by picophytoplankton. Early depletion of dissolved silicic acid (DSi) and increased stratification of the surface layer most likely triggered the end of the diatom bloom, leading to coccolithophore dominance. The chronic Si deficiency observed in the NEA could be linked to moderate Fe limitation, which increases the efficiency of the Si pump. TEP closely mirrored the distribution of both biogenic silica at depth and prymnesiophytes in the surface layer suggesting the sedimentation of the diatom bloom in the form of aggregates, but the relative contribution of diatoms and coccolithophores to carbon export in this area still needs to be resolved. C1 [Leblanc, K.] Univ Aix Marseille, F-13288 Marseille 09, France. [Leblanc, K.] CNRS, F-13288 Marseille 09, France. [Leblanc, K.] LOPB, UMR 6535, F-13288 Marseille 09, France. [Leblanc, K.] OSU Ctr Oceanol Marseille, UMR 6535, F-13288 Marseille 09, France. [Hare, C. E.] Woods Hole Grp Inc, Dover, DE 19901 USA. [Feng, Y.] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Oceanol, Lab Marine Ecol & Environm Sci, Qingdao 266071, Peoples R China. [Berg, G. M.] Stanford Univ, Dept Environm Earth Syst Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [DiTullio, G. R.] Coll Charleston, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. [Neeley, A.] NASA SSAI BWTech, Halethorpe, MD 21227 USA. [Benner, I.; Sprengel, C.; Passow, U.; Klinck, K.] Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany. [Benner, I.] San Francisco State Univ, Romberg Tiburon Ctr Environm Studies, Tiburon, CA 94920 USA. [Beck, A.] Max Planck Inst Marine Microbiol, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. [Sanudo-Wilhelmy, S. A.; Hutchins, D. A.] Univ So Calif, Dept Biol Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. [Rowe, J. M.] Univ Nebraska, Dept Biol Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. [Passow, U.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Wilhelm, S. W.] Univ Tennessee, Dept Microbiol, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Brown, C. W.] NOAA, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. RP Leblanc, K (reprint author), Univ Aix Marseille, Campus Luminy Case 901,163 Ave Luminy, F-13288 Marseille 09, France. EM karine.leblanc@univmed.fr RI Wilhelm, Steven/B-8963-2008; Leblanc, Karine/C-6029-2009; Feng, Yuanyuan/K-5983-2012; Hutchins, David/D-3301-2013; Brown, Christopher/B-8213-2008 OI Wilhelm, Steven/0000-0001-6283-8077; Feng, Yuanyuan/0000-0002-4565-8717; Brown, Christopher/0000-0002-9905-6391 FU NSF [OCE 0423418 (0741412, OCE 0722337, OCE 0452409, OCE 0422890, OGB NA17EC1483]; DFG [BE2634/2]; Alfred Wegener Institute FX We thank the captain and crew of the R. V. Seward Johnson for their valuable help at sea. Grant support was provided by NSF grants OCE 0423418 (0741412), OCE 0722337 to DAH, OCE 0452409 to SWW, OCE 0422890 to GRD, OGB NA17EC1483 to CWB, DFG grant BE2634/2 to GMB and CS, and by the Alfred Wegener Institute. We thank the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center's Ocean Biology Processing Group for making near-real time SeaWiFS data available during the cruise. NR 75 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 18 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1726-4170 J9 BIOGEOSCIENCES JI Biogeosciences PY 2009 VL 6 IS 10 BP 2155 EP 2179 PG 25 WC Ecology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 513WN UT WOS:000271354900014 ER PT B AU Hurton, L Berkson, J Smith, S AF Hurton, Lenka Berkson, Jim Smith, Stephen BE Tanacredi, JT Botton, ML Smith, DR TI The Effect of Hemolymph Extraction Volume and Handling Stress on Horseshoe Crab Mortality SO BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION OF HORSESHOE CRABS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on the Science and Conservation of Horseshoe Crabs CY JUN 11-17, 2007 CL Dowling Coll, Oakdale, NY SP VT, NY DEC, Sea Grant, Woods Hole, Sea Grant, New York, USGS HO Dowling Coll ID LIMULUS-POLYPHEMUS; LITTORINA-LITTOREA; BLOOD; WATER AB We evaluated mortality associated with hemolymph extraction of 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% of estimated hemolymph volume among low-stress and high-stress groups of horseshoe crabs. In addition to bleeding, the high-stress group underwent simulated transport and handling procedures associated with the biomedical industry's bleeding process. Mortality rates of the unbled animals were not significantly different between the stressed and unstressed groups. Of the bled animals, there was a significantly higher mortality rate (8.3%) in the stressed group when compared to the unstressed group (0%), suggesting a possible synergistic effect between hemolymph extraction and external stressors. Within the stressed group, mortality was significantly associated with bleeding (P = 0.009). Within the stressed group, mortality was significantly associated with the amount of blood withdrawn (P = 0.009). Mortality rate ranged from 0 to 29.4% over the range of 10-40% hemolymph volume withdrawn. Insight was provided into the possible synergistic effect of blood extraction and external stressors associated with biomedical transport and holding methods on horseshoe crab mortality. Future strategies to reduce horseshoe crab mortality associated with biomedical bleeding must not only take into consideration the effects of bleeding but also the physiological stressors attributable to harvest, transport, and holding conditions. C1 [Hurton, Lenka; Berkson, Jim; Smith, Stephen] Virginia Tech, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, RTR Unit, 100 Cheatham Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Berkson, J (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, RTR Unit, 100 Cheatham Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM Jim.Berkson@noaa.gov FU US Dept of Commerce [NA96RG0025] FX Sources for portions of this chapter originate from articles formerly published inMarine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology (seeHurton 2005 inReferences and http://www.informaworld.com) as well as Fishery Bulletin (Hurton, L. and J. Berkson. 2006. Fishery Bulletin 104:293298). This work is a result of research sponsored in part by theNOAA Office of Sea Grant, US Dept of Commerce, under Grant No. NA96RG0025 to the Virginia Graduate Marine Science Consortium and Virginia Sea Grant College Program. Cambrex Bio ScienceWalkersville, Inc. generously supplied us with horseshoe crabs for the study. We wish to thankDr. Eric Hallerman of the Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences at Virginia Tech for his helpful advice throughout this project. In addition, we thank Penelope Pooler and Keun Pyo Kim of the Department of Statistics at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University for their statistical counseling. A special thanks is extended to numerous colleagues for their assistance in transporting, gging, and/or bleeding horseshoe crabs for this study: Vincent Caruso,MichelleDavis, Elisabeth Franks,Whitney Grogan, Dr. Dave Hata,Dr. JayMcGhee, Rene Olsen, Alison Sasnett, Mary Tilton, and Dr. Alison Williams. We greatly appreciate the time and effort of all involved. NR 40 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 13 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES BN 978-0-387-89958-9 PY 2009 BP 331 EP + DI 10.1007/978-0-387-89959-6_21 PG 3 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BKX19 UT WOS:000269519400021 ER PT B AU Berkson, J AF Berkson, Jim BE Tanacredi, JT Botton, ML Smith, DR TI An Integrative Approach to Horseshoe Crab Multiple Use and Sustainability SO BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION OF HORSESHOE CRABS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on the Science and Conservation of Horseshoe Crabs CY JUN 11-17, 2007 CL Dowling Coll, Oakdale, NY SP VT, NY DEC, Sea Grant, Woods Hole, Sea Grant, New York, USGS HO Dowling Coll ID FISHERIES MANAGEMENT; ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE; MARINE ECOSYSTEM; CONSERVATION; RESOURCE; SOUTH; POLYPHEMUS; AFRICA; HEALTH AB This chapter is designed as a perspective piece, using personal opinions to further the discussion about horseshoe crab management, a relatively new topic. I argue that horseshoe crab management and the science that management supports has been one-dimensional, focused almost exclusively on the commercial harvest. Fortunately, we can use lessons learned from fisheries management over time to guide Lis and adapt these lessons specifically to horseshoe crab management. Progress will require the incorporation of concepts including precautionary management, integrated assessments, cumulative impacts, and ecosystem-based management as we move beyond resource conservation to sustainable resource utilization. C1 Virginia Tech, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Recruiting Training & Res Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Berkson, J (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Recruiting Training & Res Unit, 114 Cheatham Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM Jim.Berkson@NOAA.gov NR 43 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES BN 978-0-387-89958-9 PY 2009 BP 387 EP 398 DI 10.1007/978-0-387-89959-6_24 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BKX19 UT WOS:000269519400024 ER PT B AU Berkson, J Chen, CP Mishra, J Shin, P Spear, B Zaldivar-Rae, J AF Berkson, Jim Chen, Chang-Po Mishra, Jayant Shin, Paul Spear, Braddock Zaldivar-Rae, Jaime BE Tanacredi, JT Botton, ML Smith, DR TI A Discussion of Horseshoe Crab Management in Five Countries: Taiwan, India, China, United States, and Mexico SO BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION OF HORSESHOE CRABS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on the Science and Conservation of Horseshoe Crabs CY JUN 11-17, 2007 CL Dowling Coll, Oakdale, NY SP VT, NY DEC, Sea Grant, Woods Hole, Sea Grant, New York, USGS HO Dowling Coll AB A panel of Five international experts was convened during the International Symposium on the Science and Conservation of Horseshoe Crabs to compare and contrast horseshoe crab management in their countries. The panel members each responded to a series of questions prepared by a facilitator. All five speakers stated that habitat degradation and destruction were a major threat to the horseshoe crab population(s) in their country. Pressure For economic development often hindered efforts to preserve and protect coastal habitats. Public education was viewed as an important step toward the implementation of effective management actions. The urgent need for conservation was viewed to be a strong, motivating factor to strengthen international management efforts. C1 [Berkson, Jim; Chen, Chang-Po; Mishra, Jayant; Shin, Paul; Spear, Braddock; Zaldivar-Rae, Jaime] Virginia Tech, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, RTR Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Berkson, J (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, RTR Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM Jim.Berkson@NOAA.gov; zocp@gate.sinica.edu.tw; jayant64@yahoo.com; bspear@asmfc.org; cuichero@gmail.com NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES BN 978-0-387-89958-9 PY 2009 BP 465 EP + DI 10.1007/978-0-387-89959-6_29 PG 2 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BKX19 UT WOS:000269519400029 ER PT B AU Brodeur, RD Fleming, IA Bennett, JM Campbell, MA AF Brodeur, Richard D. Fleming, Ian A. Bennett, Jacyln M. Campbell, Matthew A. BE Gallucci, VF McFarlane, GA Bargmann, GG TI Summer Distribution and Feeding of Spiny Dogfish off the Washington and Oregon Coasts SO BIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF DOGFISH SHARKS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on Management and Biology of Dogfish Sharks CY JUN 21-15, 2005-2006 CL Seattle, WA SP Amer Fisheries Soc ID BRITISH-COLUMBIA WATERS; SQUALUS-ACANTHIAS; NORTH PACIFIC; OCEANOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS; VANCOUVER-ISLAND; UNITED-STATES; BERING SEA; WEST-COAST; ABUNDANCE; SHARKS AB Our understanding of the spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias of the northeastern Pacific is based almost exclusively on nearshore populations from enclosed regions (e.g., Strait of Georgia, Hecate Strait, and Puget Sound), with little attention given to more offshore Populations along the open coast. Our purpose here was to characterize the summer distribution and diet of dogfish off the Washington and Oregon coasts by means of two fishery surveys: the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) triennial shelf groundfish survey, 1977-2004, and the NMFS/Oregon State University juvenile salmon survey, 1998-2002. Dogfish catches were patchy throughout the entire period and showed a broad distributional range along the Washington and Oregon coasts. The highest abundances occurred in shallow waters (55-184 m) off the northern Washington and central Oregon coasts. Around the Columbia River plume, dogfish catch per unit of effort was significantly related to salinity and surface temperature patterns, but not to chlorophyll concentrations. Dogfish consumed a variety of prey, including both pelagic and benthic taxa, and with increasing size exhibited a shift in their diet to more fish and larger prey overall. C1 [Brodeur, Richard D.] Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Brodeur, RD (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM Rick.Brodeur@noaa.gov RI Bizzarro, Joseph/A-2988-2012; Fleming, Ian/I-7217-2012 NR 53 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA BN 978-1-934874-07-3 PY 2009 BP 39 EP 51 PG 13 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BMV04 UT WOS:000273630200004 ER PT B AU Conrath, CL Foy, RJ AF Conrath, Christina L. Foy, Robert J. BE Gallucci, VF McFarlane, GA Bargmann, GG TI A History of the Distribution and Abundance of Spiny Dogfish in Alaska Waters SO BIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF DOGFISH SHARKS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on Management and Biology of Dogfish Sharks CY JUN 21-15, 2005-2006 CL Seattle, WA SP Amer Fisheries Soc ID SQUALUS-ACANTHIAS; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; MATURITY AB Data from research surveys conducted by the National Marine Fisheries Service's (NMFS) Alaska Fisheries Science Center and the International Pacific Halibut Commission (IPHC) were examined along with catch data from NMFS's North Pacific Groundfish Observer Program to determine the distribution, abundance, and status of spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias in Alaska. Dogfish are present in the Gulf of Alaska, Bering Sea, and Aleutian Islands but survey and observer data indicate they are most abundant in the central and eastern Gulf of Alaska in waters less than 200 m deep. All data sources indicate that dogfish have increased in abundance in the Gulf of Alaska in recent years. Log-transformed catch per unit effort (CPUE) of dogfish calculated from the NMFS trawl survey data ranged from 0.47 sharks/km(2) in 1984 to 0.91 sharks/km(2) in 2007, with a peak of 1.17 sharks/km(2) in 2003. Log-transformed CPUE of spiny dogfish calculated from the NMFS longline survey data ranged from 0.041 sharks/100 hooks in 1979 to 0.16 sharks/100 hooks in 2007, with peaks in abundance of 0.23 sharks/100 hooks in 1983 and 1998. Log-transformed CPUE of dogfish calculated from the IPHC annual longline survey data showed a similar trend and ranged from 0.84 sharks/100 hooks in 1997 to 1.18 sharks/100 hooks in 2006, with a peak value of 1.38 sharks/100 hooks in 2003. Estimates of the incidental catch of dogfish by Alaska fisheries in the Gulf of Alaska calculated from NMFS observer data from 1990 to 2007 were variable and ranged from 140 to 865 metric tons (mt), with peak values of over 650 mt in years 1998, 1999, 2006, and 2007. Dogfish are currently managed as a member of the "other species" complex by the North Pacific Fishery Management Council in Alaska waters. The increasing abundance of this species in the Gulf of Alaska in recent years and the increasing probability of a fishery developing may necessitate a species-specific management strategy for dogfish in Alaska waters. C1 [Conrath, Christina L.; Foy, Robert J.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Kodiak Lab,Kodiak Fisheries Res Ctr, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. RP Conrath, CL (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Kodiak Lab,Kodiak Fisheries Res Ctr, 301 Res Court, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. EM Christina.Conrath@noaa.gov RI Bizzarro, Joseph/A-2988-2012 NR 19 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA BN 978-1-934874-07-3 PY 2009 BP 119 EP 126 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BMV04 UT WOS:000273630200010 ER PT B AU Rago, PJ Sosebee, KA AF Rago, Paul J. Sosebee, Katherine A. BE Gallucci, VF McFarlane, GA Bargmann, GG TI The Agony of Recovery: Scientific Challenges of Spiny Dogfish Recovery Programs SO BIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF DOGFISH SHARKS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on Management and Biology of Dogfish Sharks CY JUN 21-15, 2005-2006 CL Seattle, WA SP Amer Fisheries Soc ID NORTHWEST ATLANTIC; SHARK POPULATIONS; SQUALUS-ACANTHIAS; RELATIVE ABUNDANCE; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; CONSERVATION; GROUNDFISH; MANAGEMENT; FISH; SIZE AB Following intense harvests by distant-water fleets before 1975, populations of spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias in the Northwest Atlantic increased steadily in abundance during the mid-1970s and 1980s. Peak abundance in the early 1990s was short-lived as the United States commercial fleet began a large-scale fishery on mature female dogfish. Between 1989 and 1999, approximately 250,000 metric tons of female spawning stock was removed, reducing the stock to about 30% of B(MSY) levels. Abundance of male dogfish, however, was relatively unaffected by the fishery. Tie average size of mature female dogfish declined by more than 10 cm and the average length of juveniles declined as well. Recruitment during 1997 to 2003 was the lowest in the 1968-2006 time series. Recruitment in 2006 was low despite a very high catch rate of mature females in the spring survey by the Northeast Fisheries Science Center. The ratio of mature male to females increased from about 2:1 prior to the directed fishery to about 7: 1 by 2001. Under federal fisheries management, the rebuilding plan eliminated the directed fishery and has allowed a limited, bycatch-only fishery. Efforts to rebuild populations are complicated by (a) the residual abundance of males and immature females; (b) concerns about ecosystem function; (c) high rates of discarding; and d) an apparent shift in spiny dogfish distribution from offshore to inshore areas during the past 5 years. Projection models suggest that recovery of dogfish poses significant management challenges owing to the current non-equilibrium size and sex composition of the stock, transient effects of a 7-year string of low recruitment, slow growth, and the difficulties of implementing an appropriately selective fishery. C1 [Rago, Paul J.; Sosebee, Katherine A.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Rago, PJ (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM Paul.Rago@noaa.gov NR 61 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA BN 978-1-934874-07-3 PY 2009 BP 343 EP 372 PG 30 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BMV04 UT WOS:000273630200031 ER PT S AU Moser, ML Mesa, MG AF Moser, Mary L. Mesa, Matthew G. BE Brown, LR Chase, SD Mesa, MG Beamish, RJ Moyle, PB TI Passage Considerations for Anadromous Lampreys SO BIOLOGY, MANAGEMENT, AND CONSERVATION OF LAMPREYS IN NORTH AMERICA SE American Fisheries Society Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American-Fisheries-Society Symposium 72 on Biology and Conservation of Lampreys in North America CY SEP 06, 2007 CL San Francisco, CA SP Amer Fisheries Soc ID JUVENILE PACIFIC LAMPREY; CRITICAL SWIMMING SPEED; LOWER COLUMBIA RIVER; SEA LAMPREY; LAMPETRA-TRIDENTATA; PETROMYZON-MARINUS; SPAWNING MIGRATION; PERFORMANCE; SALMON; BEHAVIOR AB Both juvenile and adult anadromous lampreys encounter a variety of obstacles to passage during migration. Hydropower dams can delay or obstruct adults, and turbine entrainment or screen impingement can injure or kill juveniles. Lampreys also face less dramatic obstacles such as culverts, irrigation diversion darns and screens, weirs, and other low-elevation structures. The extent to which most structures affect juvenile and adult movements is not known. However, recent research on lamprey swimming performance and migration behavior has provided new insight into the physical and performance factors that may limit lamprey movements. We drew from both field and laboratory studies to review lamprey swimming performance and migration behavior and the effects of water velocity, attachment sites, light, and temperature on lamprey movements. Based on this review, we identified the following as primary research needs for all lamprey life stages: determination of cues lampreys use to orient during migration, documentation of lamprey endurance limits, and evaluation of energy expenditure during migration and its effects on lamprey fitness. C1 [Moser, Mary L.] NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Moser, ML (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM mary.moser@noaa.gov NR 50 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 978-1-934874-13-4 J9 AM FISH S S PY 2009 VL 72 BP 115 EP 124 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA BOX95 UT WOS:000277990500005 ER PT J AU Luckenbach, JA Swanson, P AF Luckenbach, J. Adam Swanson, Penny TI Identification of Ovarian Genes Regulated by Follicle-Stimulating Hormone During Early Secondary Oocyte Growth in Salmon. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 42nd Annual Meeting of the Society-for-the-Study-of-Reproduction CY JUL 18-22, 2009 CL Pittsburgh, PA SP Soc Study Reproduct, David L Lawrence Convent Ctr C1 Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2009 SU S MA 158 BP 83 EP 84 PG 2 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 543UY UT WOS:000273605500157 ER PT J AU Yamamoto, Y Luckenbach, JA Goetz, FW Young, G Swanson, P AF Yamamoto, Yoji Luckenbach, J. Adam Goetz, Frederick W. Young, Graham Swanson, Penny TI Disruption of the Salmon Reproductive Endocrine Axis Through Prolonged Nutritional Stress: Changes in Circulating Hormone Levels and Identification of Differentially Expressed Ovarian Genes SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 42nd Annual Meeting of the Society-for-the-Study-of-Reproduction CY JUL 18-22, 2009 CL Pittsburgh, PA SP Soc Study Reproduct, David L Lawrence Convent Ctr C1 Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA. NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2009 SU S MA 212 BP 96 EP 96 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 543UY UT WOS:000273605500210 ER PT S AU Power, J AF Power, Jerry GP IEEE TI How Carriers and Suppliers Are Evolving to Provide Next Generation Mobile TV Service SO BMSB: 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON BROADBAND MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS AND BROADCASTING, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE International Symposium on Broadband Multimedia Systems and Broadcasting LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Symposium on Broadband Multimedia Systems and Broadcasting CY MAY 13-15, 2009 CL Bilbao, SPAIN SP IEEE Broadcast Technol Soc DE ATSC-MH; DVB-SH Mobile TV; Next Generation Mobile Entertainment AB Mobile TV systems are in their infancy and are about to being a rapid evolution from vertical standalone systems to more complicated and user centric services. These next generation services will be more closely aligned with subscriber desires so the subscribers can experience a more holistic entertainment experience. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Power, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jerrypower@boulder.nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2155-5044 BN 978-1-4244-2590-7 J9 IEEE INT SYM BROADB PY 2009 BP 357 EP 360 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Engineering; Telecommunications GA BLS17 UT WOS:000270918900042 ER PT J AU Gray, KN McDowell, JR Collette, BB Graves, JE AF Gray, Kurtis N. McDowell, Jan R. Collette, Bruce B. Graves, John E. TI AN INVESTIGATION OF THE GLOBAL POPULATION STRUCTURE OF THE MARLINSUCKER (REMORA OSTEOCHIR) INFERRED FROM MITOCHONDRIAL CONTROL REGION DNA SEQUENCE ANALYSIS SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID TUNA THUNNUS-OBESUS; MAKAIRA-NIGRICANS; INDO-PACIFIC; ISTIOPHORID BILLFISHES; GENETIC-DIVERGENCE; MOLECULAR VARIANCE; TROPICAL ATLANTIC; STOCK STRUCTURE; BLUEFIN TUNA; EVOLUTION AB Nucleotide sequences from the hypervariable mitochondrial control region were used to investigate phylogeographic structuring in the marlinsucker, Remora osteochir (Cuvier, 1829). Complete DNA sequences were isolated from 71 individuals collected from seven geographically distant sample locations (5 Atlantic and 2 Pacific). Analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA) and Phi st resolved significant levels of population structuring among collections from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, whereas negligible levels of population structuring were resolved among collections from within the Atlantic or Pacific oceans. Cluster analysis of haplotypes based upon inter-haplotype divergences resolved two distinct evolutionary lineages, one composed of haplotypes that only occurred in the Atlantic, and one composed of haplotypes that occurred in both Atlantic and Pacific samples. Observations are consistent with vicariant isolation of Atlantic and Pacific marlinsucker, followed by geologically recent secondary colonization of the Atlantic from the Indian Ocean. Congruence between patterns of genetic differentiation between marlinsucker and their istiophorid hosts, particularly blue marlin, Makaira nigricans Lacepede, 1802, and sailfish, Istiophorus platypterus (Shaw, 1792), highlights the possibility that this symbiont's phylogeography is ultimately governed by host dispersal. C1 [Gray, Kurtis N.; McDowell, Jan R.; Graves, John E.] Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Coll William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. [Collette, Bruce B.] Natl Museum Nat Hist, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Systemat Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Graves, JE (reprint author), Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Coll William & Mary, POB 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. EM graves@vims.edu FU National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Cooperative Marine Education and Research Program [NA03NMF4550382]; VIMS [2977] FX Specimens were kindly provided by J. Pepperell, D. Kerstetter, M. Paine, D. Portnoy, E. Burge, J. Walter, H. Okamoto, L. Natanson, and M. Ohwada. H. Kinoshita (Japanese Fishery Agency), H. Okamoto, and K. Yokawa (Far Seas Fisheries, Shimizu) provided permission to collect specimens aboard the longline vessel SHOYO MARU. This study was funded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Cooperative Marine Education and Research Program award No. NA03NMF4550382. VIMS Contribution No. 2977. NR 67 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 7 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 EI 1553-6955 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD JAN PY 2009 VL 84 IS 1 BP 25 EP 42 PG 18 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 390UF UT WOS:000262188500002 ER PT J AU Schobernd, CM Sedberry, GR AF Schobernd, Christina M. Sedberry, George R. TI SHELF-EDGE AND UPPER-SLOPE REEF FISH ASSEMBLAGES IN THE SOUTH ATLANTIC BIGHT: HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS, SPATIAL VARIATION, AND REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; CHARLESTON BUMP; NORTH-CAROLINA; RED PORGY; CORAL; GULF; COMMUNITIES; ABUNDANCE; SNAPPER AB Submersible video, supplemented with sonar surveys, was analyzed for habitat characteristics and variation of fish assemblages in shelf-edge and upper-slope reefs within proposed marine protected areas off the southeastern United States. Distinct fish assemblages were found between shelf-edge and upper-slope dive locations. Shelf-edge reefs were further categorized into morphology types, which were empirically defined based on rock shape and the amount of relief present. Variation in fish density was contrasted among the six reef morphology types observed: slab pavement, blocked boulders, buried blocked boulders, low-relief bioeroded rock, moderate-relief bioeroded rock, and high-relief bioeroded rock. High-relief bioeroded rock was the most densely populated reef morphology type when compared to all others. Four species had significantly varying densities on different reef morphology types, with three species having higher densities on structurally complex morphologies when compared to low-relief morphologies. Several other species also had significantly varying densities among different shelf-edge dive locations, with dive locations containing complex reef morphology types (high-relief bioeroded rock and blocked boulders) being more densely populated than dive locations containing low-relief morphology types. Reproductive behavior was incidentally observed for five commercially-important fish species at all dive locations. This study provides information on factors relevant to the placement of marine protected areas (MPAs), including reef morphology descriptions, areas of high fish density and diversity, and important spawning habitat locations. Our data also provide a habitat-specific baseline for monitoring the effects of MPAs on fish assemblages in the South Atlantic Bight (SAB). C1 [Schobernd, Christina M.] NOAA NMFS, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Pascagoula, MS 39568 USA. [Sedberry, George R.] Grays Reef Natl Marine Sanctuary, Savannah, GA 31411 USA. RP Schobernd, CM (reprint author), NOAA NMFS, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, PO Drawer 1207, Pascagoula, MS 39568 USA. EM Christina.Schobernd@noaa.gov FU South Carolina Department of Natural Resources; College of Charleston; NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration [NA16RP2697, NA04OAR4600055, NA06OAR4600095]; NOAA Fisheries [NA03NMF4720321, MARFIN-NA17FF2874] FX Most of this study was conducted while the first author was a student at the College of Charleston, SC/Grice Marine Laboratory. We thank C. A. Barans, P. C. Jutte, and G. Sancho and two anonymous reviewers for comments on earlier drafts. J. Stephen helped with database development. J. Hill (Coastal Carolina University) produced sonar imagery from NOAA-OE cruise data. Funding and other support for this project was provided by the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, the College of Charleston, and by grants to the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources from the NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration (Grants NA16RP2697, NA04OAR4600055 and NA06OAR4600095 to G. R. Sedberry) and from NOAA Fisheries (Grants NA03NMF4720321 and MARFIN-NA17FF2874 to G. R. Sedberry). This is Contribution Number 334 from the Grice Marine Lab. NR 64 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 11 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD JAN PY 2009 VL 84 IS 1 BP 67 EP 92 PG 26 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 390UF UT WOS:000262188500005 ER PT J AU Zhang, HM Reynolds, RW Lumpkin, R Molinari, R Arzayus, K Johnson, M Smith, TM AF Zhang, H. -M. Reynolds, R. W. Lumpkin, R. Molinari, R. Arzayus, K. Johnson, M. Smith, T. M. TI AN INTEGRATED GLOBAL OBSERVING SYSTEM FOR SEA TEMPERATURE USING SATELLITES AND IN SITU DATA Research to Operations SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; CLIMATE; SST C1 [Zhang, H. -M.; Reynolds, R. W.] NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. [Lumpkin, R.] NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Molinari, R.] Univ Miami, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, Miami, FL USA. [Arzayus, K.; Johnson, M.] NOAA, Climate Program Off, Silver Spring, MD USA. [Smith, T. M.] Univ Maryland, CICS, ESSIC, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Smith, T. M.] NOAA, College Pk, MD USA. RP Zhang, HM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, 151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. EM huai-min.zhang@noaa.gov RI Lumpkin, Rick/C-9615-2009; Smith, Thomas M./F-5626-2010 OI Lumpkin, Rick/0000-0002-6690-1704; Smith, Thomas M./0000-0001-7469-7849 FU NCDC management; NOAA/AOML; PMEL; NBDC FX The NCDC authors (HZ and RR) thank the Support from the NCDC management, in particular from John Bates. Comments from Drs. Anthony Arguez, Jeffery Privette, Sharon LeDuc, Keith Alverson, and an anonymous reviewer are appreciated; their suggestions have improved the presentation clarity. Observing system deployments were made possible with the support of personnel at NOAA/AOML, PMEL, and NBDC, research vessels, and ships of opportunity. Drifter deployments with national and international partners were coordinated by Shaun Dolk and Craig Engler (AOML). Some of the graphs were plotted using the freeware Grid Analysis and Display System (GrADS) developed at the Center for Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Studies (http://grads.iges.org/grads). Graphic assistance from Ms. Deborah Riddle is greatly appreciated. NR 16 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 EI 1520-0477 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JAN PY 2009 VL 90 IS 1 BP 31 EP 38 DI 10.1175/2008BAMS2577.1 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 410RU UT WOS:000263596600007 ER PT J AU Aberson, SD AF Aberson, Sim D. TI REGIMES OR CYCLES IN TROPICAL CYCLONE ACTIVITY IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID HURRICANE ACTIVITY; CLIMATOLOGY; PREDICTION; MODELS; TREND AB A cautionary tale in which previously published results are shown to be invalid due to the lack of statistical analyses in the original work. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Aberson, SD (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM sim.aberson@noaa.gov RI Aberson, Sim/C-4891-2013 OI Aberson, Sim/0000-0002-3670-0100 NR 20 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JAN PY 2009 VL 90 IS 1 BP 39 EP 43 DI 10.1175/2008BAMS2549.1 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 410RU UT WOS:000263596600008 ER PT J AU Vialard, J Duvel, JP McPhaden, MJ Bouruet-Aubertot, P Ward, B Key, E Bourras, D Weller, R Minnett, P Weill, A Cassou, C Eymard, L Fristedt, T Basdevant, C Dandonneau, Y Duteil, O Izumo, T Montegut, CD Masson, S Marsac, F Menkes, C Kennan, S AF Vialard, J. Duvel, J. P. McPhaden, M. J. Bouruet-Aubertot, P. Ward, B. Key, E. Bourras, D. Weller, R. Minnett, P. Weill, A. Cassou, C. Eymard, L. Fristedt, T. Basdevant, C. Dandonneau, Y. Duteil, O. Izumo, T. Montegut, C. de Boyer Masson, S. Marsac, F. Menkes, C. Kennan, S. TI CIRENE Air-Sea Interactions in the Seychelles-Chagos Thermocline Ridge Region SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION; SOUTHWEST INDIAN-OCEAN; SURFACE TEMPERATURE; MIXED-LAYER; INTRASEASONAL VARIABILITY; RAINFALL VARIABILITY; TROPICAL CYCLONES; WESTERN PACIFIC; DIPOLE MODE; EL-NINO AB A field experiment in the southwestern Indian Ocean provides new insights into ocean-atmosphere interactions in a key climatic region. C1 [Vialard, J.; Duteil, O.; Masson, S.; Menkes, C.] Univ Paris 06, LOCEAN, CNRS, UPMC,IRD, F-75232 Paris 05, France. [Duvel, J. P.; Basdevant, C.] Ecole Polytech, Meteorol Dynam Lab, CNRS, UPMC,ENS, F-75230 Paris, France. [McPhaden, M. J.] NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Ward, B.] Old Dominion Univ, Norfolk, VA USA. [Bourras, D.; Weill, A.] Ctr Etud Environm Terr & Planetaries, Velizy Villacoublay, France. [Weller, R.] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Minnett, P.] Univ Miami, Miami, FL USA. [Cassou, C.] Ctr Europeen Format Avancee Calcul Sci, Toulouse, France. [Fristedt, T.] Swedish Def Res Agcy, Stockholm, Sweden. [Izumo, T.; Montegut, C. de Boyer] Frontier Res Ctr Global Change, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan. [Marsac, F.] Ctr Rech Halieut, IRD, Sete, France. [Kennan, S.] NIWA, Wellington, New Zealand. RP Vialard, J (reprint author), Univ Paris 06, LOCEAN, CNRS, UPMC,IRD, Case 100, F-75232 Paris 05, France. EM jv@locean-ipsl.upmc.fr RI Vialard, Jerome/C-2809-2008; de Boyer Montegut, Clement/F-9717-2010; Izumo, Takeshi/C-1838-2013; masson, sebastien/F-9780-2011; McPhaden, Michael/D-9799-2016; menkes, christophe/H-9085-2016 OI Vialard, Jerome/0000-0001-6876-3766; de Boyer Montegut, Clement/0000-0003-3218-9330; Izumo, Takeshi/0000-0001-9617-2234; masson, sebastien/0000-0002-1694-8117; menkes, christophe/0000-0002-1457-9696 FU National Science Foundation [0525657]; NASA [NNG04HZ33C]; NOAA's Office of Climate Observation; CNES FX ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. We would like to thank the crew of R/V Suroit and Captain T. Alix, as well as the entire scientific and technical crew onboard, namely, B. Ward, C. Gerry, C. Cassou, C. Guillerm, C. Menkes, C. Marec, D. Bernie, D. Zimmerman, D. Diverres, E. Key, F. Durand, F. Roubaud, F. Baurand, F. Pinsard, G. Madec, H. Bellenger, J. Grelet, J.-P. Vinson, J. Vialard, J. Barrie, L. Eymard, M. Leclair, O. Duteil, P. A'Hearn, S. Kennan, S. Letourneur, T. Douffet, and T. Fristedt. G. Reverdin, R. Molcard, and M. Fieux provided a lot of support and useful advice to the young chief scientist. N. Martin and D. Dagorne provided real-time data and essential input to the Web site. D. Legain, G. Bouhours, and E. Moulin from Meteo-France did a great job of setting up the flux mast. CNES funded the Vasco part of the experiment; INSU funded the Cirene part. R/V Suroit is an Ifreiner ship. The contributions from ODU, WHOI, and FOI (Sweden) are supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Number 0525657. The participation of the University of Miami group was funded though NASA (NNG04HZ33C). PMEL participation was supported through NOAA's Office of Climate Observation. The altimeter products were produced by Ssalto/Duacs and distributed by Aviso with support from CNES. K. Banse, two anonymous reviewers, and the editor provided useful comments and references oil the first version of the manuscript. NR 64 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JAN PY 2009 VL 90 IS 1 BP 45 EP 61 DI 10.1175/2008BAMS2499.1 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 410RU UT WOS:000263596600009 ER PT J AU Cunningham, KM Canino, MF Spies, IB Hauser, L AF Cunningham, Kathryn Maja Canino, Michael Francis Spies, Ingrid Brigette Hauser, Lorenz TI Genetic isolation by distance and localized fjord population structure in Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus): limited effective dispersal in the northeastern Pacific Ocean SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID MARINE FISH POPULATIONS; ATLANTIC COD; LARVAL DISPERSAL; GEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS; NORTHWEST ATLANTIC; STOCK STRUCTURE; F-STATISTICS; LIFE-HISTORY; MORHUA; ROCKFISH AB Genetic population structure of Pacific cod, Gadus macrocephalus, was examined across much of its northeastern Pacific range by screening variation at 11 microsatellite DNA loci. Estimates of F(ST) (0.005 +/- 0.002) and R(ST) (0.010 +/- 0.003) over all samples suggested that effective dispersal is limited among populations. Genetic divergence was highly correlated with geographic distance in an isolation-by-distance (IBD) pattern along the entire coastal continuum in the northeastern Pacific Ocean (similar to 4000 km; r(2) = 0.83), extending from Washington State to the Aleutian Islands, and over smaller geographic distances for three locations in Alaska (similar to 1700 km; r(2) = 0.56). Slopes of IBD regressions suggested average dispersal distance between birth and reproduction of less than 30 km. Exceptions to this pattern were found in samples taken from fjord environments in the Georgia Basin (the Strait of Georgia (Canada) and Puget Sound (USA)), where populations were differentiated from coastal cod. Our results showed population structure at spatial scales relevant to fisheries management, both caused by limited dispersal along the coast and by sharp barriers to migration isolating smaller stocks in coastal fjord environments. C1 [Canino, Michael Francis; Spies, Ingrid Brigette] NOAA Fisheries, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Cunningham, Kathryn Maja; Hauser, Lorenz] Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Marine Mol Biotechnol Lab, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. RP Canino, MF (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM mike.canino@noaa.gov RI Hauser, Lorenz/E-4365-2010 FU University of Washington; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [NA04OAR4170032] FX We thank S. McFarlane, W. Palsson, V. Okimura, A. Abookire, R. Wilmot, D. Kubiak, O. Ormseth, K. Spalinger, D. Urban, D. Pengilly, S. Neidetcher, P. Munro, L. Conners, L. Logerwell, J. Shaklee, S. Young, G. Bargmann, S. Hoffman, K. Masse, M. l Rust, Q. Jo, D. Jang, T. Yanagimoto, and Alaska Fisheries Science Center staff biologists for sample procurement. This work was funded, in part, by a grant from the Washington Sea Grant Program, University of Washington, pursuant to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Award No. NA04OAR4170032, Project No. R/F-147. The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of NOAA or any of its subagencies. This research is contribution Eco-FOCI-0670 to NOAA's Fisheries- Oceanography Coordinated Investigations. The authors are grateful to W. S. Grant and R. Gustafson for comments and discussion on earlier drafts of the manuscript and to two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments and suggestions. NR 77 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 20 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JAN PY 2009 VL 66 IS 1 BP 153 EP 166 PG 14 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 429YY UT WOS:000264957200015 ER PT J AU Galvan, AP Sheng, D Orozco, LA Zhao, Y AF Perez Galvan, A. Sheng, D. Orozco, L. A. Zhao, Y. TI Two-color modulation transfer spectroscopy SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Atomic Physics - A Tribute to Walter Johnson CY APR 04-05, 2008 CL Univ Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN HO Univ Notre Dame ID HYPERFINE-STRUCTURE; ATOMS; RB-87 AB We present two-color modulation transfer spectroscopy as a tool for precision studies of atomic properties of excited states. The bi-colored technique addresses a narrow set of velocity groups of a thermal atomic vapour using a two-step transition to "burn a hole" in the velocity distribution. The resulting spectrum presents sub-Doppler linewidths, good signal-to-noise ratio and the trademark sidebands that work as an in situ ruler for the energy spacing between atomic resonances. The spectra obtained can be used for different applications such as measurements of energy splittings or stabilization of laser frequencies to excited atomic transitions. C1 [Perez Galvan, A.; Sheng, D.; Orozco, L. A.] Univ Maryland, Joint Quantum Inst, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Perez Galvan, A.; Sheng, D.; Orozco, L. A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Zhao, Y.] Shanxi Univ, Coll Phys & Elect Engn, State Key Lab Quantum Opt & Quantum Opt Devices, Taiyuan 030006, Peoples R China. RP Orozco, LA (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Joint Quantum Inst, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM lorozco@umd.edu RI Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/UMD/H-4494-2011 NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4204 J9 CAN J PHYS JI Can. J. Phys. PD JAN PY 2009 VL 87 IS 1 BP 95 EP 100 DI 10.1139/P08-120 PG 6 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 431II UT WOS:000265054400015 ER PT S AU Feely, RA Orr, J Fabry, VJ Kleypas, JA Sabine, CL Langdon, C AF Feely, Richard A. Orr, James Fabry, Victoria J. Kleypas, Joan A. Sabine, Christopher L. Langdon, Christopher BE McPherson, BJ Sundquist, ET TI Present and Future Changes in Seawater Chemistry due to Ocean Acidification SO CARBON SEQUESTRATION AND ITS ROLE IN THE GLOBAL CARBON CYCLE SE Geophysical Monograph Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID CO2 PARTIAL-PRESSURE; CARBONATE-ION CONCENTRATION; EXPERIMENTAL CORAL-REEF; ANTHROPOGENIC CO2; ARAGONITE SATURATION; CALCIFICATION RATE; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; PACIFIC-OCEAN; DISSOCIATION-CONSTANTS; SCLERACTINIAN CORALS AB The oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2 changes the seawater chemistry and potentially can alter biological systems in the upper oceans. Estimates of future atmospheric and oceanic CO2 concentrations, based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emission scenarios, indicate that atmospheric CO2 levels could approach 800 ppm by the end of the century. Corresponding models for the oceans indicate that surface water pH would decrease by approximately 0.4 pH units, and the carbonate ion concentration would decrease by as much as 48% by the end of the century. The surface ocean pH would be lower than it has been for more than 20 million years. Such changes would significantly lower the ocean's buffering capacity, which would reduce its ability to accept more CO2 from the atmosphere. Recent field and laboratory studies reveal that the carbonate chemistry of seawater has a profound impact on the calcification rates of individual species and communities in both planktonic and benthic habitats. The calcification rates of nearly all calcifying organisms studied to date decrease in response to decreased carbonate ion concentration. In general, when pCO(2) was increased to twice preindustrial levels, a decrease in the calcification rate ranging from about -5% to -60% was observed. Unless calcifying organisms can adapt to projected changes in seawater chemistry, there will likely be profound changes in the structure of pelagic and benthic marine ecosystems. C1 [Feely, Richard A.; Sabine, Christopher L.] NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Fabry, Victoria J.] Calif State Univ San Marcos, Dept Biol Sci, San Marcos, CA 92096 USA. [Orr, James] LSCE CEA Saclay, CEA CNRS, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, Unite Mixte Rech, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Langdon, Christopher] Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Marine Biol & Fisheries, Miami, FL 33914 USA. [Kleypas, Joan A.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Inst Study Soc & Environm, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Feely, RA (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM richard.a.feely@noaa.gov OI Orr, James/0000-0002-8707-7080 NR 65 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0065-8448 BN 978-0-87590-448-1 J9 GEOPHYS MONOGR SER PY 2009 VL 183 BP 175 EP 188 DI 10.1029/2005GM000337 D2 10.1029/GM183 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BOG53 UT WOS:000276577500014 ER PT J AU Pait, AS Jeffrey, CFG Caldow, C Whitall, DR Hartwell, SI Mason, AL Christensen, JD AF Pait, Anthony S. Jeffrey, Christopher F. G. Caldow, Chris Whitall, David R. Hartwell, S. Ian Mason, Andrew L. Christensen, John D. TI Chemical contamination in southwest Puerto Rico: A survey of contaminants in the coral Porites astreoides SO CARIBBEAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Coral (Porites astreoides) from eight sites in southwest Puerto Rico were analyzed for approximately 150 chemical contaminants, to provide a preliminary characterization of environmental contamination in the corals, and assess the relationships between chemical contamination in corals and adjacent sediments. Overall, the concentration of PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) detected in the limited number of coral samples collected were comparable to concentrations found in sediments. However, the concentration of a chemical contaminant (e.g., PAHs) in the corals at a site was often different from what was found in adjacent sediments. The level of PCBs and DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) in the corals appeared higher just outside of Guanica Bay, and there was some evidence of a downstream concentration gradient for these two contaminant classes. The trace elements copper and zinc were frequently detected in Porites astreoides, and the concentrations were usually comparable to those found in adjacent sediments. Chromium was an exception in that it was not detected in any of the coral samples analyzed, although it was detected in all of the sediment samples. C1 [Pait, Anthony S.; Jeffrey, Christopher F. G.; Caldow, Chris; Whitall, David R.; Hartwell, S. Ian; Mason, Andrew L.; Christensen, John D.] NOAA, Ctr Coastal Monitoring & Assessment, NCCOS, NOS, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Pait, AS (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Coastal Monitoring & Assessment, NCCOS, NOS, 1305 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM tony.pait@noaa.gov FU NOAA's National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS) FX We would like to acknowledge NOAA's National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS) for funding the project. A number of people were instrumental in its success. We would like to thank Dr. Richard Appeldoorn and his students at the University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez who provided unlimited access to the Isla Magueyes facilities along with discussions on study design and coral ecology. We would also like to thank Captain Angel Nazario of the Aquanauta for his skill and patience during the collection of samples for this project. NR 39 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 6 PU UNIV PUERTO RICO, PI MAYAGUEZ PA COLLEGE ARTS SCIENCES, MAYAGUEZ, PR 00680 USA SN 0008-6452 J9 CARIBB J SCI JI Caribb. J. Sci. PY 2009 VL 45 IS 2-3 BP 191 EP 203 PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA V15YI UT WOS:000207836900006 ER PT J AU Clark, RD Pittman, S Caldow, C Christensen, J Roque, B Appeldoorn, RS Monaco, ME AF Clark, Randall D. Pittman, Simon Caldow, Chris Christensen, John Roque, Bryant Appeldoorn, Richard S. Monaco, Mark E. TI Nocturnal fish movement and trophic flow across habitat boundaries in a coral reef ecosystem (SW Puerto Rico) SO CARIBBEAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE connectivity; habitat boundaries; coral reef ecosystems; mangroves; fish prey; nocturnal fish movement; seascape ID SEAGRASS BEDS; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; MIGRATION PATTERNS; MARINE ECOSYSTEMS; CARIBBEAN ISLAND; MANGROVES; COMMUNITIES; DIEL; CONNECTIVITY; ASSEMBLAGES AB Few studies have quantified the extent of nocturnal cross-habitat movements for fish, or the influence of habitat adjacencies on nutrient flows and trophodynamics. To investigate the patterns of nocturnal cross-boundary movements of fish and quantify trophic connectivity, fish were sampled at night with gillnets set along the boundaries between dominant habitat types (coral reef/seagrass and mangrove/seagrass) in southwestern Puerto Rico. Fish movement across adjacent boundary patches were equivalent at both coral reefs and mangroves. Prey biomass transfer was greater from seagrass to coral reefs (0.016 kg/km) and from mangroves to seagrass (0.006 kg/km) but not statistically significant, indicating a balance of flow between adjacent habitats. Pelagic species (jacks, sharks, rays) accounted for 37% of prey biomass transport at coral reef/seagrass and 46% at mangrove/seagrass while grunts and snappers accounted for 7% and 15%, respectively. This study indicated that coral reefs and mangroves serve as a feeding area for a wide range of multi-habitat fish species. Crabs were the most frequent prey item in fish leaving coral reefs while molluscs were observed slightly more frequently than crabs in fish entering coral reefs. For most prey types, biomass exported from mangroves was greater than biomass imported. The information on direction of fish movement together with analysis of prey data provided strong evidence of ecological linkages between distinct adjacent habitat types and highlighted the need for greater inclusion of a mosaic of multiple habitats when attempting to understand ecosystem function including the spatial transfer of energy across the seascape. C1 [Clark, Randall D.; Pittman, Simon; Caldow, Chris; Christensen, John; Monaco, Mark E.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Biogeog Branch, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [Roque, Bryant; Appeldoorn, Richard S.] Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Marine Sci, Mayaguez, PR 00681 USA. RP Clark, RD (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Biogeog Branch, 1305 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM randy.clark@noaa.gov FU NOAAs Center for Sponsored Coastal Ocean Research FX Funding for this project was provided by NOAAs Center for Sponsored Coastal Ocean Research. Additional support was provided by NOAAs Coral Reef Conservation Program and the University of the Virgin Islands. Sincere thanks to M. Prada and K. Foley for assisting with logistics to support the fieldwork and to all of R. Appeldoorn's staff for putting up with the variety of smells in the lab. Gracious thanks to K. Buja, T. Gill, M. Kendall, M. Nelson, and J. Waddell who contributed significantly to the fieldwork. NR 57 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 30 PU UNIV PUERTO RICO, PI MAYAGUEZ PA COLLEGE ARTS SCIENCES, MAYAGUEZ, PR 00680 USA SN 0008-6452 J9 CARIBB J SCI JI Caribb. J. Sci. PY 2009 VL 45 IS 2-3 BP 282 EP 303 PG 22 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA V15YI UT WOS:000207836900014 ER PT J AU Appeldoorn, RS Aguilar-Perera, A Bouwmeester, BLK Dennis, GD Hill, RL Merten, W Recksiek, CW Williams, SJ AF Appeldoorn, R. S. Aguilar-Perera, A. Bouwmeester, B. L. K. Dennis, G. D. Hill, R. L. Merten, W. Recksiek, C. W. Williams, S. J. TI Movement of fishes (Grunts: Haemulidae) across the coral reef seascape: A review of scales, patterns and processes SO CARIBBEAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE Grunts; Haemulon; migration; connectivity; coral reef ecosystems AB Reef fish movements over short and long time frames have important consequences for identifying essential fish habitat, quantifying ecological flows across the seascape and designing marine reserves. We use grunts (Haemulidae) as a representative model group for quantifying movement in terms of distances, time scales, temporal patterns, habitat associations and controls. Here, we provide a review based on recent studies and our own experience. The ritualized, twilight feeding migrations of grunts represent an important mechanism for transferring nutrients and organic matter across habitat boundaries, with movements on the order of 100-300 m. Both compass orientation and vision are used for navigation during feeding migrations. Feeding movements of adults are less ritualized in both space and time and typically occur on the same scale of distance as juveniles, although longer excursions have been documented. Ontogenetic migrations occur over years and take the form of discrete habitat shifts, with most individuals moving progressively offshore. Distances and pathways followed by fish will depend on the exact width of the shelf and distribution of suitable habitats. Transplant experiments suggest there are significant barriers to fish migration, and migration corridors, especially reef margins, seem to be important in determining the direction of ontogenetic habitat shifts, but these may be disrupted by environmental perturbations. Theoretical considerations relative to barrier perception and growth-survival trade-offs appear to explain normal movements of grunts and their responses to environmental perturbations, but lack of information on how fish may sense new locations at distance prevents the full use of theory to generate rules of migration covering timing, distance and direction. C1 [Appeldoorn, R. S.; Bouwmeester, B. L. K.; Merten, W.; Williams, S. J.] Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Marine Sci, Mayaguez, PR 00681 USA. [Aguilar-Perera, A.] Univ Autonoma Yucatan, Dept Biol Marina, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. [Dennis, G. D.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, New Mexico Ecol Serv Field Off, Albuquerque, NM 87113 USA. [Hill, R. L.] NMFS, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. [Recksiek, C. W.] Univ Rhode Isl, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. RP Appeldoorn, RS (reprint author), Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Marine Sci, Mayaguez, PR 00681 USA. EM richard.appeldoorn@upr.edu RI Aguilar-Perera, Alfonso/D-6327-2012; OI Aguilar-Perera, Alfonso/0000-0002-7579-2183 FU NOAA/CSCOR [NA17OP2919]; Caribbean Coral Reef Institute [NA07NOS4000192]; UPR [MPRD-12]; University of Rhode Island [MPD 8716] FX Aspects of this work were funded by NOAA/CSCOR through the Coral Reef Ecosystem Studies Program (NA17OP2919) and Caribbean Coral Reef Institute (NA07NOS4000192), the UPR Sea GrantProgram (MPRD-12), and the University of Rhode Island Sea Grant Program (MPD 8716). Logistical and boat support was provided by the UPRM Department of Marine Sciences. NR 52 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 22 PU UNIV PUERTO RICO, PI MAYAGUEZ PA COLLEGE ARTS SCIENCES, MAYAGUEZ, PR 00680 USA SN 0008-6452 J9 CARIBB J SCI JI Caribb. J. Sci. PY 2009 VL 45 IS 2-3 BP 304 EP 316 PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA V15YI UT WOS:000207836900015 ER PT J AU Guenette, S Hill, RL AF Guenette, Sylvie Hill, Ronald L. TI A trophic model of the coral reef ecosystem of La Parguera, Puerto Rico: synthesizing fisheries and ecological data SO CARIBBEAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Carribean; ecosystem model; Ecopath with Ecosim; fisheries impact; predator-prey AB La Parguera, Puerto Rico, a well-studied Caribbean reef system, is showing signs of overfishing and thus, is a good candidate to evaluate fishery policy scenarios using ecosystem modeling. The first steps taken to build a plausible ecosystem model of the La Parguera reef system using Ecopath with Ecosim software included synthesizing fisheries and ecological data then balancing and analyzing trophic relationships for the year 2000. The model is centered around species of commercial and ecological importance in the ecosystem, grouped by habitat preferences. Model construction identified gaps in available data (e.g., diet compositions, metrics of fishing effort, incomplete landings) and balancing raised interesting ecological questions. Some groups, such as parrotfish are so underutilized as prey that the accuracy of biomass estimates and our understanding of predator-prey relationships are questioned. Apparent shortcomings in estimates of primary production relative to consumer biomass generated questions of whether estimates are inaccurate or whether the system is highly subsidized by importation from outside ecosystem boundaries. Although details are not directly comparable because of different structures, a similar Carribean model built for the 1970-1980s estimated total biomass 5.6 times higher than the present model. Changes of this magnitude, if found to be accurate, point out the need for further study of the roles fishing and environmental change have played in reshaping this system over the last 30-40 years. This modeling effort defined future data needs, generated hypotheses for further coral reef research, and provided a starting point towards evaluation of fishery management scenarios in an ecosystem context. C1 [Guenette, Sylvie] Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Ctr, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. [Hill, Ronald L.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. RP Guenette, S (reprint author), Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Ctr, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. EM s.guenette@fisheries.ubc.ca; ron.hill@noaa.gov FU NOAA; NOAACRES through UPRM FX The authors thank L. Kaufman, C. Wabnitz, W. Cheung, R. Appeldoorn and M. Nemeth for their contributions in the data gathering and the elaboration of the structure of the model. We are grateful to all data sources mentioned; they are essential to the project. Financial support from NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program and NOAACRES, through UPRM, is appreciated. We also thank two anonymous referees for their insightful comments that improved the manuscript appreciably. NR 56 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 8 PU UNIV PUERTO RICO, PI MAYAGUEZ PA COLLEGE ARTS SCIENCES, MAYAGUEZ, PR 00680 USA SN 0008-6452 J9 CARIBB J SCI JI Caribb. J. Sci. PY 2009 VL 45 IS 2-3 BP 317 EP 337 PG 21 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA V15YI UT WOS:000207836900016 ER PT J AU Monaco, ME Friedlander, AM Caldow, C Hile, SD Menza, C Boulon, RH AF Monaco, Mark E. Friedlander, Alan M. Caldow, Chris Hile, Sarah D. Menza, Charles Boulon, Rafe H. TI Long-term monitoring of habitats and reef fish found inside and outside the US Virgin Islands Coral Reef National Monument: A comparative assessment SO CARIBBEAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE coral reefs; marine protected areas; marine reserves; reef fish; US Virgin Islands AB The primary objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of the Virgin Islands Coral Reef National Monument (VICR), a marine protected area in St John, US Virgin Islands. Surveys of habitat and fishes inside and outside of VICR were conducted in 2003-2008. Areas outside the VICR had significantly more scleractinian corals, greater habitat complexity and greater species richness and density of reef fishes than areas inside., Areas inside and outside the VICR exhibited significant decreases in percent scleractinian coral coverage over the study period. A contrasting trend of increasing macroalgal cover was also observed. No clear effect of the severe 2005 coral bleaching event was observed suggesting other causal factors. No obvious trends in the fish community were observed across the study period. The significant decline in habitat condition, coupled with the initial incorporation of some of the more degraded reefs into the marine protected area may result in a longer time period necessary to detect positive changes in the St. John coral reef ecosystem and associated reef fish abundance and community structure. C1 [Monaco, Mark E.; Caldow, Chris; Hile, Sarah D.; Menza, Charles] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Ctr Coastal Monitoring & Assessment, Biogeog Branch, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [Friedlander, Alan M.] Univ Hawaii, US Geol Survey, Cooperat Fishery Unit, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Boulon, Rafe H.] Natl Pk Serv, St John, VI 00830 USA. RP Monaco, ME (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Ctr Coastal Monitoring & Assessment, Biogeog Branch, 1305 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM mark.monaco@noaa.gov FU CCMA; NPS; USGS; NOAA FX This study was made possible by the dedicated efforts of NOAA's Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment and the National Park Service. Funding was provided by CCMA, NPS, USGS, and NOAA's Coral Reef Conservation Program. Additional field support was provided by J. Beets, R. Clark, A. Davis, K. Foley, C. Jeffrey, M. Kendall, J. Miller, C. Rogers, J. Waddell, R. Waara and K. Woody. NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 12 PU UNIV PUERTO RICO, PI MAYAGUEZ PA COLLEGE ARTS SCIENCES, MAYAGUEZ, PR 00680 USA SN 0008-6452 J9 CARIBB J SCI JI Caribb. J. Sci. PY 2009 VL 45 IS 2-3 BP 338 EP 347 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA V15YI UT WOS:000207836900017 ER PT B AU Rose, S Chandramouli, R Nakassis, A AF Rose, Scott Chandramouli, Ramaswamy Nakassis, Anastase GP IEEE Computer Society TI Information Leakage Through the Domain Name System SO CATCH 2009: CYBERSECURITY APPLICATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE FOR HOMELAND SECURITY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Cyber Security Applications and Technology Conference for Homeland Security CY MAR 03-04, 2009 CL Washington, DC SP Dept Homeland Security AB The Domain Name System (DNS) is the global lookup service for network resources. It is often the first step in an Internet transaction as well as a network attack since it provides the route map for reaching any resource (e.g., hosts) in any organization irrespective of its geographical and network location. An attacker can query an organization's DNS as reconnaissance before attacking hosts on a particular network. To minimize the chances of these attacks succeeding, the administrator of an organization's DNS (called the zone administrator), has various counter measures options in the form of content control, configuration, protocols, operational and infrastructure protection methods. In this paper, we analyze these and discuss their effectiveness and limitations. C1 [Rose, Scott; Chandramouli, Ramaswamy; Nakassis, Anastase] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rose, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM scottr@nist.gov; mouli@nist.gov; nakassis@nist.gov NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 978-0-7695-3568-5 PY 2009 BP 16 EP 21 DI 10.1109/CATCH.2009.10 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BJG86 UT WOS:000265683000002 ER PT B AU Sriram, K Borchert, O Kim, O Gleichmann, P Montgomery, D AF Sriram, Kotikapaludi Borchert, Oliver Kim, Okhee Gleichmann, Patrick Montgomery, Doug GP IEEE Computer Society TI A Comparative Analysis of BGP Anomaly Detection and Robustness Algorithms SO CATCH 2009: CYBERSECURITY APPLICATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE FOR HOMELAND SECURITY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Cyber Security Applications and Technology Conference for Homeland Security CY MAR 03-04, 2009 CL Washington, DC SP Dept Homeland Security AB We present an evaluation methodology for comparison of existing and proposed new algorithms for Border Gate-way Protocol (BGP) anomaly detection and robustness. A variety of algorithms and alert tools have been proposed and/or prototyped recently. They differ in the anomaly situations which they attempt to alert or mitigate, and also in the types of data then use. Some are based on registry data from Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) and Internet Routing Registries (IRRs) - an example is the Nemecis tool. Others such as the Prefix Hijack Alert System (PHAS) and the Pretty Good BGP (PGBGP) are driven by BGP trace data. The trace data is obtained from Reseaux Internet Protocol Europeens - Routing Information Service (RIPE-RIS). Routeviews, or a BGP speaker where the algorithm operates. We propose a new algorithm that combines the use of both registry and trace data, and also makes some key improvements over costing algorithms. We have built an evaluation platform called TERRAIN (Testing and Evaluation of Routing Robustness in Assurable Inter-domain Networking) on which these algorithms cart be tested and empirically compared based on real and/or synthetic anomalies in BGP messages. We will present a variety of results providing interesting insights into the comparative utility and performance of the various BGP robustness algorithms. C1 [Sriram, Kotikapaludi; Borchert, Oliver; Kim, Okhee; Gleichmann, Patrick; Montgomery, Doug] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sriram, K (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM ksriram@nist.gov; borchert@nist.gov; okim@nist.gov; patrick.gleichmann@nist.gov; dougm@nist.gov NR 43 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 978-0-7695-3568-5 PY 2009 BP 25 EP 38 DI 10.1109/CATCH.2009.20 PG 14 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BJG86 UT WOS:000265683000003 ER PT J AU La Mesa, M De Felice, A Jones, CD Kock, KH AF La Mesa, M. De Felice, A. Jones, C. D. Kock, K. -H. TI AGE AND GROWTH OF SPINY ICEFISH (CHAENODRACO WILSONI REGAN, 1914) OFF JOINVILLE-D'URVILLE ISLANDS (ANTARCTIC PENINSULA) SO CCAMLR SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SOUTH SHETLAND ISLANDS; WEDDELL-SEA; CHAENOCEPHALUS-ACERATUS; JUVENILE NOTOTHENIOIDS; SCOTIA SEA; ROSS-SEA; FISH; REPRODUCTION; OCEAN; CHANNICHTHYIDAE AB Age and growth of spiny icefish (Chaenodraco wilsoni) were investigated using counts of annual growth increments from sagittal otoliths. Samples were collected during research surveys by benthic trawl carried out off joinville-D'Urville Islands (Antarctic Peninsula) in February-March 2006 and January 2007. A total of 218 specimens were selected for the study, consisting of 120 females and 98 males. The age of fish was estimated by counting annuli on transverse sections obtained by grinding and polishing whole otoliths embedded in epoxy resin in moulds. The precision of age estimates between readings was tested applying both the average percent error (APE) and the coefficient of variation (CV). Conversely, the accuracy of age estimates was not tested, so that present ageing data have to be considered with caution. The estimated age range was 1-5 years for males and 1-4 years for females of C. wilsoni. Applying the von Bertalanffy (VB) growth function to the age-length data, a growth curve was obtained for each sex. The estimated values of VB growth parameters L(infinity) (cm) and k were respectively 32.7 and 0.81 for females and 32.7 and 0.68 for males. Age-at-sexual maturity was estimated to be about 2 years for females and 2.5 years for males. Like other icefishes, C. wilsoni exhibited a high growth rate until it reached sexual maturity although it had a much shorter life span. The part of the population Of C. wilsoni caught in the study area consisted mainly of adult individuals between 1 and 3 years of age, with very few older fish. C1 [La Mesa, M.; De Felice, A.] Sez Pesca Marittima Ancona, Ist Sci Marine, ISMAR CNR, I-60125 Ancona, Italy. [Jones, C. D.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. [Kock, K. -H.] Johann Heinrich von Thunen Inst, Inst Seefischerei, D-22767 Hamburg, Germany. RP La Mesa, M (reprint author), Sez Pesca Marittima Ancona, Ist Sci Marine, ISMAR CNR, Largo Fiera Pesca, I-60125 Ancona, Italy. EM m.lamesa@an.ismar.cnr.it RI De Felice, Andrea/L-9465-2014; CNR, Ismar/P-1247-2014 OI De Felice, Andrea/0000-0002-0051-2052; CNR, Ismar/0000-0001-5351-1486 NR 51 TC 2 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU C C A M L R TI PI NORTH HOBART PA PO BOX 213, NORTH HOBART, TAS 7002, AUSTRALIA SN 1023-4063 J9 CCAMLR SCI JI CCAMLR Sci. PY 2009 VL 16 BP 115 EP 130 PG 16 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 527JU UT WOS:000272364100005 ER PT J AU Lynch, HJ Fagan, WF Naveen, R Trivelpiece, SG Trivelpiece, WZ AF Lynch, H. J. Fagan, W. F. Naveen, R. Trivelpiece, S. G. Trivelpiece, W. Z. TI TIMING OF CLUTCH INITIATION IN PYGOSCELIS PENGUINS ON THE ANTARCTIC PENINSULA: TOWARDS AN IMPROVED UNDERSTANDING OF OFF-PEAK CENSUS CORRECTION FACTORS SO CCAMLR SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE breeding phenology; Antarctic Peninsula; clutch initiation; nest attrition; gentoo penguins; chinstrap penguins; Adelie penguins; census; CCAMLR ID ECOLOGICAL SEGREGATION; CHINSTRAP PENGUINS; ISLAND; ECOSYSTEM; ADELIAE; GENTOO; FOOD AB Penguin censuses on the Antarctic Peninsula are often subject to logistical challenges that preclude nest counts being conducted at the peak of egg laying. Additionally, the historical literature includes many census counts with non-standard timing. The challenge is, therefore, to correct 'off-peak' census counts to make them comparable with current standard methods. Census correction involves knowing (i) how the census is timed relative to the peak of egg laying, and (ii) how nest numbers change through the breeding cycle. In this paper the authors present an analysis relating to both these challenges. Clutch initiation dates for four penguin breeding sites are examined (Cape Shirreff, Admiralty Bay, Humble Island and Petermann Island) in relation to potential drivers of clutch initiation (e.g. temperature, precipitation, sea-ice etc.). It is found that mean October temperatures constitute the most consistent significant factor related to the timing of clutch initiation in all three of the penguin species examined (Adelie (Pygoscelis adeliae), gentoo (P. papua) and chinstrap (P. antarctica)). A statistical model for determining the peak of clutch initiation is presented and, along with a simple estimation of species-specific nest attrition rates, is used to illustrate the procedure for correcting off-peak census counts. C1 [Lynch, H. J.; Fagan, W. F.] Univ Maryland, Dept Biol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Lynch, H. J.; Naveen, R.] Oceanites Inc, Chevy Chase, MD 20825 USA. [Trivelpiece, S. G.; Trivelpiece, W. Z.] NOAA SWFSC, Antarctic Ecosyst Res Div, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. RP Lynch, HJ (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Biol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM hlynch@umd.edu RI Lynch, Heather/E-7371-2012 NR 25 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU C C A M L R TI PI NORTH HOBART PA PO BOX 213, NORTH HOBART, TAS 7002, AUSTRALIA SN 1023-4063 J9 CCAMLR SCI JI CCAMLR Sci. PY 2009 VL 16 BP 149 EP 165 PG 17 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 527JU UT WOS:000272364100007 ER PT S AU Kocik, JF Hawkes, JP Sheehan, TF Music, PA Beland, KF AF Kocik, John F. Hawkes, James P. Sheehan, Tmothy F. Music, Paul A. Beland, Kenneth F. BE Haro, A Smith, KL Rulifson, RA Moffitt, CM Klauda, RJ Dadswell, MJ Cunjak, RA Cooper, JE Beal, KL Avery, TS TI Assessing Estuarine and Coastal Migration and Survival of Wild Atlantic Salmon Smolts from the Narraguagus River, Maine Using Ultrasonic Telemetry SO CHALLENGES FOR DIADROMOUS FISHES IN A DYNAMIC GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT SE American Fisheries Society Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Challenges for Diadromous Fishes in a Dynamic Global Environment CY JUN 18-21, 2007 CL Halifax, CANADA SP Amer Fisheries Soc, NE Div ID ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH SMOLTS; SEAWARD MIGRATION; SALAR SMOLTS; POST-SMOLTS; COHO SALMON; BEHAVIOR; MOVEMENTS; WATER; DOWNSTREAM; HABITAT AB Understanding estuarine and early marine ecology of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts within the relatively large and spatially dynamic environments of eastern Maine is challenging. Using ultrasonic transmitters and a large network of fixed receivers, we monitored natural smolt migration in the Narraguagus River, Narraguagus Bay, and coastal environment of the western Gulf of Maine. Our 30-km-long study area began in the lower river and extended 8 km downstream to head-of-tide, 7 km through the estuary, then fanned Out seaward 15 km into the western gulf along the interface with Maine Coastal Current. From 1997 to 2004, we increased sampling network density in the estuary and expanded marine arrays further into the Gulf of Maine. We designed receiver networks to monitor A smolt exit routes and were able to (1) estimate smolt survival to the Gulf of Maine, (2) map primary migration paths, and (3) document emigration timing. Survival ranged from 36% to 47% to our outer receiver array. Median migration rates were 0.7 km/h in the estuary to middle bay and 1.0 km/h in the outer bay. Smolts generally traveled with the tides and upon entering saltwater most commonly used the western 6 km of a 23-km-wide embayment. These are among the first quantitative data to estimate survival during early marine migration of wild Atlantic salmon smolts. A Cormack-Jolly-Seber model estimated site efficiency and smolt survival simultaneously, providing a useful methodology and information benchmarks for other studies to better understand emigration dynamics and to help identify mortality factors at sea. C1 [Kocik, John F.; Hawkes, James P.; Music, Paul A.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Orono, ME 04473 USA. RP Kocik, JF (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 17 Godfrey Dr,Suite 1, Orono, ME 04473 USA. EM john.kocik@noaa.gov NR 51 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 978-1-934874-08-0 J9 AM FISH S S JI Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. PY 2009 VL 69 BP 293 EP 310 PG 18 WC Fisheries; Neurosciences SC Fisheries; Neurosciences & Neurology GA BLN75 UT WOS:000270598800019 ER PT S AU Patrick, WS Saunders, R AF Patrick, Wesley S. Saunders, Rory BE Haro, A Smith, KL Rulifson, RA Moffitt, CM Klauda, RJ Dadswell, MJ Cunjak, RA Cooper, JE Beal, KL Avery, TS TI Evaluating Small Barrier Removal and Passage Improvement Scenarios to Enhance Diadromous Fish Restoration in the Penobscot Basin, Maine SO CHALLENGES FOR DIADROMOUS FISHES IN A DYNAMIC GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT SE American Fisheries Society Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Challenges for Diadromous Fishes in a Dynamic Global Environment CY JUN 18-21, 2007 CL Halifax, CANADA SP Amer Fisheries Soc, NE Div C1 [Patrick, Wesley S.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Reg Off, Protected Resources Div, Gloucester, MA 01930 USA. RP Patrick, WS (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Off Sustainable Fisheries, 1315 EW Highway,SSMC3-F SF3, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM wesley.patrick@noaa.gov NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 978-1-934874-08-0 J9 AM FISH S S PY 2009 VL 69 BP 915 EP 917 PG 3 WC Fisheries; Neurosciences SC Fisheries; Neurosciences & Neurology GA BLN75 UT WOS:000270598800075 ER PT J AU Ma, SQ Simmons, JM Yuan, DQ Li, JR Weng, W Liu, DJ Zhou, HC AF Ma, Shengqian Simmons, Jason M. Yuan, Daqiang Li, Jian-Rong Weng, Wei Liu, Di-Jia Zhou, Hong-Cai TI A nanotubular metal-organic framework with permanent porosity: structure analysis and gas sorption studies SO CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID HIGH H-2 ADSORPTION; HYDROGEN STORAGE; METHANE ADSORPTION; SELECTIVE SORPTION; THERMAL-STABILITY; CARBON-DIOXIDE; SURFACE-AREA; MOLECULES; DESIGN; SEPARATION AB A nanotubular metal-organic framework, PCN-19, was constructed based on a mu(3)-oxo-trinickel basic carboxylate secondary building unit (SBU) and the 9,10-anthracenedi-carboxylate ligand; its permanent porosity was confirmed by N(2) adsorption isotherms, and its H(2) storage performances were evaluated under both low and high pressures at 77 K. C1 [Ma, Shengqian; Weng, Wei; Liu, Di-Jia] Argonne Natl Lab, Chem Sci & Engn Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Yuan, Daqiang; Li, Jian-Rong; Zhou, Hong-Cai] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Chem, College Stn, TX 77842 USA. [Simmons, Jason M.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ma, SQ (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Chem Sci & Engn Div, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM sma@anl.gov; jasons@nist.gov; zhou@mail.chem.tamu.edu RI Li, Jian-Rong (Jeff)/G-2781-2010; Weng, Wei/A-7623-2010; Ma, Shengqian/B-4022-2012; Zhou, Hong-Cai/A-3009-2011; Yuan, Daqiang/F-5695-2010; OI Ma, Shengqian/0000-0002-1897-7069; Zhou, Hong-Cai/0000-0002-9029-3788; Yuan, Daqiang/0000-0003-4627-072X; Zhou, Hong-Cai/0000-0003-0115-408X NR 63 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 3 U2 32 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1359-7345 J9 CHEM COMMUN JI Chem. Commun. PY 2009 IS 27 BP 4049 EP 4051 DI 10.1039/b906605e PG 3 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 465GQ UT WOS:000267571100014 PM 19568629 ER EF