FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Pan, GR Yim, H Kent, MS Majewski, J Schaefer, DW AF Pan, GR Yim, H Kent, MS Majewski, J Schaefer, DW TI Neutron reflectivity investigation of bis-amino silane films SO JOURNAL OF ADHESION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE silane; neutron reflectivity; degradation; swelling ID WATER-ADSORPTION; SILICON-WAFERS; LAYERS; ALUMINUM; FINISH AB Neutron reflectivity is used to elucidate the morphology of silane films deposited on silicon wafers, and the response of these films to vapors of swelling solvents. Bis-silyl functional silanes studied here have six hydrolyzable groups and are believed to be more crosslinked than tri-and tetra-functional analogs. The enhanced crosslinking leads to better barrier properties in anti-corrosion applications. In this study, solvent swelling is used to assess the degree of condensation and the crosslink density in bis-[trimethoxysilylpropyl]amine (bis-amino) films. Nitrobenzene swells the films but does not react chemically with the films. The results show that bis-amino silane films are highly condensed, with a nitrobenzene-depleted layer near the silicon substrate. D2O both swells (at 25degreesC and 80degreesC) and chemically alters the films (at 80degreesC). The reflectivity data upon exposure to D2O vapors at 80degreesC are consistent with exchange of the amino proton (H-1) with deuterium (D). A hydrophilic layer is postulated at both the air and substrate interfaces. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Chem & Mat Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Polymer Res Ctr, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Dept 1811, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Manuel Lujan Jr Neutron Scattering Ctr, Los Alamos, NM 87585 USA. RP Schaefer, DW (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Chem & Mat Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. EM dale.schaefer@uc.edu RI Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012 NR 21 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 4 PU VSP BV PI ZEIST PA PO BOX 346, 3700 AH ZEIST, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4243 J9 J ADHES SCI TECHNOL JI J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. PY 2003 VL 17 IS 16 BP 2175 EP 2189 DI 10.1163/156856103772150779 PG 15 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Mechanics GA 778WN UT WOS:000189264500005 ER PT J AU Nimlos, MR Blanksby, SJ Ellison, GB Evans, RJ AF Nimlos, MR Blanksby, SJ Ellison, GB Evans, RJ TI Enhancement of 1,2-dehydration of alcohols by alkali cations and protons: a model for dehydration of carbohydrates SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on the Fundamental Science of the Pyrolysis of Plant Material CY JUN 20-22, 2001 CL RICHMOND, VIRGINIA SP Philip Morris DE 1,2-dehydration of alcohols; alkali cations and protons; dehydration of carbohydrates ID DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL THEORY; TRANSITION-STATES; AB-INITIO; INTERNAL-ROTATION; MOLECULES; ENERGY; ABSTRACTION; FREQUENCIES; GEOMETRIES; ENTHALPIES AB We have used electronic structure calculations to investigate the 1,2-dehydration of alcohols as a model for water loss during the pyrolysis of carbohydrates found in biomass. Reaction enthalpies and energy barriers have been calculated for neat alcohols, protonated alcohols and alcohols complexed to alkali metal ions (Li+ and Na+). We have estimated pre-exponential A factors in order to obtain gas phase rate constants. For neat alcohols, the barrier to 1,2-dehydration is about 67 kcal mol(-1), which is consistent with the limited experimental data. Protonation and metal complexation significantly reduce this activation barrier and thus, facilitate more rapid reaction. With the addition of alkali metals, the rate of dehydration can increase by a factor of 10(8) while addition of a proton can lead to an increase of a factor of 10(23). (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Nimlos, MR (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RI Blanksby, Stephen/C-8388-2013 OI Blanksby, Stephen/0000-0002-8560-756X NR 56 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2370 J9 J ANAL APPL PYROL JI J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis PD JAN PY 2003 VL 66 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 3 EP 27 AR PII S0165-2370(02)00103-1 DI 10.1016/S0165-2370(02)00103-1 PG 25 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 631KK UT WOS:000180166800002 ER PT J AU Britt, PF Buchanan, AC Kidder, MK Owens, CV AF Britt, PF Buchanan, AC Kidder, MK Owens, CV TI Influence of steroid structure on the pyrolytic formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on the Fundamental Science of the Pyrolysis of Plant Material CY JUN 20-22, 2001 CL RICHMOND, VIRGINIA SP Philip Morris DE polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; pyrolysis; steroids ID PAH EMISSIONS; RADICALS AB It is well known that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are formed from the pyrolysis of biomass, but the precursors and pathways that lead to PAHs are not well characterized. In this investigation, the flash vacuum pyrolysis (FVP) and the atmospheric pressure flow pyrolysis of a series of structurally different plant steroids, including stigmasterol, stigmasteryl acetate, (beta-sitosterol, stigmasta-3,5-diene, cholesterol, cholesteryl acetate, dihydrocholesterol, and ergosterol was investigated at 700 degreesC to determine the impact of steroid structure on the formation of three, four, and five ring PAHs. FVP of the steroids revealed that PAHs, such as phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, chrysene, benz[a]anthracene and their monomethylated derivatives, were formed by a series of unimolecular reactions, and the PAH yields were dependent upon the steroid structure. PAH yields were most sensitive to the number of double bonds in the steroid B-ring. Ergosterol (two double bonds) produced 13-fold more PAHs than dihydrocholesterol (no double bonds) in FVP experiments and 4-fold more PAHs in the flow pyrolysis experiments. Increasing the temperature from 700 to 800 degreesC in the FVP experiments only slightly increased the PAH yields for dihydrocholesterol relative to cholesterol, but the yield of small aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzene and toluene, increased approximately 2-fold. Small increases in PAH yields (10-40%) were found in the FVP experiments if a double bond was placed in the steroid A-ring by 1,2-elimination of an ester (as for cholesteryl acetate), but this trend was not observed in the flow pyrolysis experiments. Insight into the structural origins of the PAHs was gained by FVP of [4-C-13]cholesterol, in which the C-13 content of the products was determined by mass spectrometry. The PAH yields from the flow pyrolysis of steroids. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Britt, PF (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Bld 4500N,C-26,MS 6197,POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 37 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2370 J9 J ANAL APPL PYROL JI J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis PD JAN PY 2003 VL 66 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 71 EP 95 AR PII S0165-2370(02)00106-7 DI 10.1016/S0165-2370(02)00106-7 PG 25 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 631KK UT WOS:000180166800005 ER PT J AU Allain, LR Stratis, DN Cullu, BM Mobley, J Hajaligol, MR Vo-Dinh, T AF Allain, LR Stratis, DN Cullu, BM Mobley, J Hajaligol, MR Vo-Dinh, T TI Real-time detection of PAH mixtures in the vapor phase at high temperatures SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on the Fundamental Science of the Pyrolysis of Plant Material CY JUN 20-22, 2001 CL RICHMOND, VIRGINIA SP Philip Morris DE laser-induced fluorescence; PAH; BaP; high-temperature vapor; fiber-optical probe ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; MECHANISMS; FLAMES AB Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy can serve as a rapid analytical method for the quantitative analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The high quantum yields of this class of compounds, along with large absorption cross-sections, make fluorescence a very attractive technique for trace analysis determination of PAHs. Furthermore, fluorescence can provide in situ and online information regarding the composition and concentration of PAHs formed during combustion or pyrolysis processes. In this paper, we utilize a fiber-optic probe coupled to a spectrometer to collect fluorescence spectra of several PAH vapors at elevated temperatures using excitation at 337 nm. We have collected the fluorescence of standards as well as complex mixtures of PAHs at 300 degreesC. The expected band broadening induced by temperature effects was observed, but did not compromise the spectrum signature for each PAH studied. We have measured fluorescence spectra of benzo[a]pyrene, pyrene, anthracene, and phenanthrene vapors. Determination of trace amounts of the toxicologically important benzo[a]pyrene has been shown to be feasible. Experimental results show that at 337 nm, benzo[a]pyrene is the most quantum efficient fluorophore among the PAHs studied. Furthermore, fluorescence lifetime measurements were found to be helpful in the characterization of PAH mixtures. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Tennessee, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Life Sci, Adv Monitoring Dev Grp, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Philip Morris Inc, Philip Morris Res Ctr, Richmond, VA 23261 USA. RP Vo-Dinh, T (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Life Sci, Adv Monitoring Dev Grp, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 13 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2370 J9 J ANAL APPL PYROL JI J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis PD JAN PY 2003 VL 66 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 145 EP 154 AR PII S0165-2370(02)00110-9 DI 10.1016/S0165-2370(02)00110-9 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 631KK UT WOS:000180166800008 ER PT J AU Lewis, CL Li, L Millay, JT Downey, S Warrick, J King, FL AF Lewis, CL Li, L Millay, JT Downey, S Warrick, J King, FL TI Temporal emission characteristics of millisecond pulsed radiofrequency and direct current glow discharges SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID MASS-SPECTROMETRY; SIGNAL PROFILES; ATOMS; ARGON; EXCITATION; PLASMAS AB Interpretation of optical emission spectra reveals the primary excitation mechanisms for discharge gas, argon and sputtered analyte, copper, species in glow discharge plasmas operated with millisecond pulses of radiofrequency or direct current power. There is negligible difference between the two power sources. During the applied power pulse, plasma processes include ion and atom excitation through electron excitation, asymmetric charge exchange and Penning ionization. Fast ion and atom excitation processes, characterized by monitoring argon emission at 811.5 nm, occur within 2 mm of the cathode surface. Electron excitation, for both discharge gas and sputtered species, maximizes 3 mm from the cathode surface. Asymmetric charge exchange between ground state sputtered atoms and discharge gas ions, characterized by Cu II emission at 224.7 nm, occurs at 5 mm from the cathode surface. Upon power termination, the recombination of ions with thermal electrons yields excited atoms and argon metastable species. At this time, emission monitored at 811.5 nm maximizes 6-7 mm from the cathode surface, corresponding to an increase in the metastable population and, hence, Penning ionization. C1 W Virginia Univ, Dept Chem, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Chem, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. RP King, FL (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, Dept Chem, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. NR 20 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0267-9477 J9 J ANAL ATOM SPECTROM JI J. Anal. At. Spectrom. PY 2003 VL 18 IS 6 BP 527 EP 532 DI 10.1039/b212920e PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 686BN UT WOS:000183300800004 ER PT J AU Bogaerts, A Gijbels, R Jackson, GP AF Bogaerts, A Gijbels, R Jackson, GP TI Modeling of a millisecond pulsed glow discharge: Investigation of the afterpeak SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID FLIGHT MASS-SPECTROMETRY; HYBRID MONTE-CARLO; ATOMIC-EMISSION SPECTROMETRY; COLLISIONAL-RADIATIVE MODEL; SPUTTERED COPPER ATOMS; DISSOCIATIVE RECOMBINATION; SIGNAL PROFILES; FLUID MODEL; MATHEMATICAL SIMULATION; INVITED LECTURE AB We have developed a comprehensive modeling network for a millisecond pulsed glow discharge in argon (Ar) with copper (Cu) cathode, to describe the behavior of the various plasma species. Typical results of the model are shown, such as the potential distribution during and after the pulse, the densities of Ar+ ions, Ar atoms in the metastable and various other excited levels, Cu atoms and Cu+ ions, in ground state and excited levels, as well as optical emission intensities as a function of time during and after the pulse. Special attention is paid to the mechanisms giving rise to the so-called "afterpeak'', i.e., the peak in Ar and Cu excited level populations and optical emission intensities, which is experimentally observed in the afterglow of pulsed discharges. This afterpeak is attributed to electron-ion recombination to the highest excited levels, followed by radiative decay to lower levels. It is expected that the electron temperature decreases drastically upon pulse termination, resulting in a significant rise in electron density, making electron-ion recombination more plausible. Because we were not yet able to model these mechanisms, we worked in reversed order, to find out which recombination mechanisms account for the experimentally observed afterpeaks. Collisional-radiative recombination (i.e., three-body recombination with an electron as the third body) is the most plausible candidate, both for Ar and Cu, but it requires a rise in electron density in the afterglow, estimated to be about two orders of magnitude relative to the steady state, or voltage-on period. Therefore, as an alternative, we think that dissociative recombination of Ar-2(+) ions in high vibrational levels cannot yet completely be ruled out. C1 Univ Antwerp, Dept Chem, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Bogaerts, A (reprint author), Univ Antwerp, Dept Chem, Univ Pl 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium. RI Jackson, Glen/D-3518-2014; Bogaerts, Annemie/L-8338-2016 OI Jackson, Glen/0000-0003-0803-6254; Bogaerts, Annemie/0000-0001-9875-6460 NR 94 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 1 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0267-9477 J9 J ANAL ATOM SPECTROM JI J. Anal. At. Spectrom. PY 2003 VL 18 IS 6 BP 533 EP 548 DI 10.1039/b212606k PG 16 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 686BN UT WOS:000183300800005 ER PT J AU Lewis, CL Moser, MA Hang, W Dale, DE Hassell, DC Majidi, V AF Lewis, CL Moser, MA Hang, W Dale, DE Hassell, DC Majidi, V TI Influence of discharge parameters on real-time chemical speciation for gas chromatography pulsed glow discharge plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID IONIZATION SOURCE AB A millisecond pulsed glow discharge ionization source was employed for the determination of aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Chemical speciation employed four separate dimensions that incorporate analyte volatility, elemental constituents, chemical structure, and molecular weight. Analyses were performed in real time using a gas chromatograph that was interfaced to a pulsed glow discharge time-of-flight mass spectrometer. This instrument allowed for the sequential collection of the complete mass spectrum at three different time regimes occurring during the glow discharge pulse cycle. This report focuses on discharge parameters such as pressure and sampling distance that enhance or suppress different ionization processes. Increasing the ion source pressure resulted in a decrease in analyte ionization and sampling efficiency. Ions sampled in close proximity to the cathode surface demonstrated the best elemental sensitivity. Sampling ions at increasing distance, in the negative glow, produced structural information in the form of fragmentation patterns similar to conventional 70 eV electron impact spectra. Molecular weight information obtained after power termination was ascertained from M+ and MH+ ions. At very small distances, the most dominant molecular peak was the M+ ion produced by the Penning process. At increased sampling distances molecular peaks were dominated by MH+ ions; the ionization mechanism is attributed to proton transfer reactions from background species such as ArH+. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Chem, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. USA, Med Res Inst Chem Def, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010 USA. RP Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Chem, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM lewisc@lanl.gov NR 19 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 3 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0267-9477 EI 1364-5544 J9 J ANAL ATOM SPECTROM JI J. Anal. At. Spectrom. PY 2003 VL 18 IS 6 BP 629 EP 636 DI 10.1039/b212795b PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 686BN UT WOS:000183300800018 ER PT J AU Jackson, GP Haire, RG Duckworth, DC AF Jackson, GP Haire, RG Duckworth, DC TI A new pulsed glow discharge source with enhanced ion extraction for small non-conductive samples and atmospheric sampling SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID FLIGHT MASS-SPECTROMETER; GAS-PHASE REACTIONS; IONIZATION SOURCE; SIGNAL PROFILES; TRAP; PLASMA; ATOMS AB An ionization source designed to efficiently utilize sub-milligram quantities of electrically non-conducting compounds (i.e. oxides) for prolonged periods of mass spectrometric analysis is described. The source is coupled to a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer in this report, but could readily be modified for alternative types of mass spectrometers. The coaxial-design glow discharge ion source is unique in that it incorporates a focusing lens behind the discharge surface to steer ions towards the ion sampling plate and thereby improve sensitivity. Non-conducting oxide samples are infused in indium and set in one end of an electrically conductive rod, to which the voltage is applied. Transmission efficiency is sufficient to allow the measurement of isotopes of tungsten from a tungsten rod using glow discharge pulse widths as narrow as 2 mus, which is on the order of single-atom layer sputtering. The sputtering and ionization processes occurring in the discharge produces mainly atomic metal ions, regardless of the chemical form of the metals in the samples. This latter aspect is particularly useful for intended applications involving actinide samples, and allows a minimal amount of sample handling. In a second application, a metal capillary is used in place of the rod to create an atmospheric sampling glow discharge. In this mode, the ion-focusing lens was also found to enhance ion signals arising from volatile vapors entering the discharge from the capillary. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Duckworth, DC (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Jackson, Glen/D-3518-2014; Duckworth, Douglas/B-7171-2015 OI Jackson, Glen/0000-0003-0803-6254; Duckworth, Douglas/0000-0002-8161-5685 NR 34 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0267-9477 J9 J ANAL ATOM SPECTROM JI J. Anal. At. Spectrom. PY 2003 VL 18 IS 6 BP 665 EP 669 DI 10.1039/b302455e PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 686BN UT WOS:000183300800022 ER PT J AU Aeschliman, DB Bajic, SJ Baldwin, DP Houk, RS AF Aeschliman, DB Bajic, SJ Baldwin, DP Houk, RS TI Spatially-resolved analysis of solids by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry: trace elemental quantification without matrix-matched solid standards SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID LA-ICP-MS; CALIBRATION; ADDITIONS; AEROSOLS; SAMPLES; OXIDE AB A two-point calibration method for laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is assessed. Desolvated particles from a Teflon microconcentric nebulizer and particles ablated from a localized position on a solid sample are mixed and introduced simultaneously into an ICP magnetic sector mass spectrometer. Analyte signals from the solution are compared with those from the ablated solid for calibration. Matrix-matched or pelletized solid standards and prior knowledge of sample composition are not required for calibration. The transport of sample particulates from the ablation cell is measured online with a piezoelectric microbalance to provide signal normalization. The relative accuracy of the quantitative analysis of NIST SRM 612 glass and NIST SRM 1264a steel is 3% to 12%, respectively, except for the elements Pb and Bi in steel. These two elements are distributed heterogeneously and are probably subject to fractionation. The use of helium instead of argon as transport gas reduced fractionation but did not eliminate it. The analyte concentrations were approximately 15-51 ppm in NIST SRM 612 glass and 9-2500 ppm in NIST SRM 1264a steel. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Chem, Ames Lab, US Dept Energy, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Houk, RS (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Chem, Ames Lab, US Dept Energy, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 30 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 12 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0267-9477 J9 J ANAL ATOM SPECTROM JI J. Anal. At. Spectrom. PY 2003 VL 18 IS 8 BP 872 EP 877 DI 10.1039/b205683f PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 705YX UT WOS:000184425800005 ER PT J AU Aeschliman, DB Bajic, SJ Baldwin, DP Houk, RS AF Aeschliman, DB Bajic, SJ Baldwin, DP Houk, RS TI High-speed digital photographic study of an inductively coupled plasma during laser ablation: comparison of dried solution aerosols from a microconcentric nebulizer and solid particles from laser ablation SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT European Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry CY JAN 12-17, 2003 CL GARNISCH-PARTENKIRCHEN, GERMANY ID ELEMENTAL RESPONSE VARIATIONS; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ICP-MS; OPTICAL-EMISSION; DROPLETS; CALIBRATION; SAMPLE; FRACTIONATION AB High-speed photographs and videos of an ICP are used to examine the fates of solid particles produced by laser ablation (LA) in an inductively coupled plasma (ICP). The trajectories, lifetimes, and emission behavior of particles traversing the plasma are studied under a variety of conditions. Desolvated particles from a nebulized yttrium solution and particles ablated from a Y2O3 pellet are mixed and introduced simultaneously into an ICP. High-resolution digital photographs and video sequences are captured using shutter speeds of approximately 65 mus. The plasma behavior of particles generated by a quadrupled Nd:YAG laser (266 nm) and an ArF excimer laser (193 nm) are compared, and either argon or helium is used as the transport gas through the ablation cell. No red emission clouds from YO are visible in the ICP when a 20 muL min(-1) nebulizer is used to spray a 2000 ppm aqueous Y solution, suggesting that the wet droplets from this nebulizer desolvate almost completely before entering the ICP. These desolvated particles from the nebulized solution atomize and ionize like the small dry particulates from laser ablation. However, many large ablated particulates are observed to fly through the plasma intact, possibly contributing to signal noise, deposition on the sampler and skimmer cones, and elemental fractionation. C1 Iowa State Univ, Ames Lab, US DOE, Dept Chem, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Houk, RS (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Ames Lab, US DOE, Dept Chem, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 29 TC 82 Z9 85 U1 0 U2 18 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0267-9477 J9 J ANAL ATOM SPECTROM JI J. Anal. At. Spectrom. PY 2003 VL 18 IS 9 BP 1008 EP 1014 DI 10.1039/b302546m PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 717LH UT WOS:000185089600003 ER PT J AU Barnes, JH Schilling, GD Denton, MB Koppenaal, DW Hieftje, GM AF Barnes, JH Schilling, GD Denton, MB Koppenaal, DW Hieftje, GM TI Development and characterization of an electrostatic quadrupole extraction lens for mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT European Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry CY JAN 12-17, 2003 CL GARNISCH-PARTENKIRCHEN, GERMANY ID SPECTROGRAPH; CAPABILITIES; IONIZATION; EFFICIENCY AB A new ion optical element for mass spectrometry has been developed to increase ion-beam transmission into the high-vacuum region of a mass spectrometer. The optic, termed the electrostatic quadrupole extraction lens (EQEL), incorporates quadrupole-like focusing fields into a conventional extraction element. These fields have been established by purposefully positioning openings in an extraction optic and surrounding the optic with a solid, cylindrical barrel unit. Modeling of the EQEL optic shows several regions of high ion beam transmission while, experimentally, the EQEL provides a 35-fold improvement over a conventional extraction optic when used with a glow discharge Mattauch-Herzog geometry mass spectrograph. C1 Indiana Univ, Dept Chem, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Chem, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Hieftje, GM (reprint author), Indiana Univ, Dept Chem, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. NR 12 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0267-9477 J9 J ANAL ATOM SPECTROM JI J. Anal. At. Spectrom. PY 2003 VL 18 IS 9 BP 1015 EP 1018 DI 10.1039/b301784b PG 4 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 717LH UT WOS:000185089600004 ER PT J AU Jackson, GP King, FL Duckworth, DC AF Jackson, GP King, FL Duckworth, DC TI Efficient polyatomic interference reduction in plasma-source mass spectrometry via collision induced dissociation SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT European Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry CY JAN 12-17, 2003 CL GARNISCH-PARTENKIRCHEN, GERMANY ID QUADRUPOLE ION-TRAP; RADIOFREQUENCY GLOW-DISCHARGE; OXIDE IONS; ICP-MS; GAS AB Evidence is provided that illustrates quadrupole ion traps can be used to selectively attenuate strongly bound diatomic ions occurring at the same nominal mass as an analyte ion of interest. Dissociation rates for TaO+ (D-0 similar to 750 kJ mol(-1)) are found to be at least an order of magnitude larger than the loss rate of Au+ due to scattering under "slow heating'' resonance excitation conditions at q(z) = 0.67 and using neon as the bath gas. This rate difference is sufficient for the selective removal of this strongly-bound diatomic ion over the loss of the Au+ at the same mass-to-charge ratio. Other examples of quadrupole ion trap CID for the selective reduction of common plasma-generated species are also evaluated by examining the dissociation of GdO+ in the presence of Yb+, and Cu-2(+) in the presence of Te+. In each case, a different method of applying the excitation signals is presented, and the attenuation rates for the diatomic species due to CID are substantially larger than scattering losses for the bare metal ions. Evidence is also presented that demonstrates CID can be accomplished in concert with a slow mass analysis scan, thereby providing a means of (1) eliminating polyatomic ions (formed in the plasma or reaction cell) over an extended mass range, (2) recovering metal ion signal from the metal-containing polyatomic ions, and (3) minimizing deleterious secondary reactions of product ions. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. W Virginia Univ, Dept Chem, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RP Duckworth, DC (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Jackson, Glen/D-3518-2014; Duckworth, Douglas/B-7171-2015 OI Jackson, Glen/0000-0003-0803-6254; Duckworth, Douglas/0000-0002-8161-5685 NR 31 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0267-9477 J9 J ANAL ATOM SPECTROM JI J. Anal. At. Spectrom. PY 2003 VL 18 IS 9 BP 1026 EP 1032 DI 10.1039/b303119p PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 717LH UT WOS:000185089600006 ER PT J AU Galy, A Yoffe, O Janney, PE Williams, RW Cloquet, C Alard, O Halicz, L Wadhwa, M Hutcheon, ID Ramon, E Carignan, J AF Galy, A Yoffe, O Janney, PE Williams, RW Cloquet, C Alard, O Halicz, L Wadhwa, M Hutcheon, ID Ramon, E Carignan, J TI Magnesium isotope heterogeneity of the isotopic standard SRM980 and new reference materials for magnesium-isotope-ratio measurements SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID INDUCTIVELY-COUPLED PLASMA; HIGH-PRECISION MEASUREMENT; SOURCE-MASS SPECTROMETRY; ICP-MS; FRACTIONATION; ABUNDANCES; SOLAR AB Multicollector ICP-MS has been used for the precise measurement of variations in the isotopic composition of the isotopic standard of magnesium (SRM980) provided by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (Gaithersburg, MD, USA). The SRM980 consists of metal chips weighing between 1 and 50 mg and each unit delivered by the National Institute of Standards and Technology corresponds to a bottle containing about 0.3 g. Height units were analysed. Variations in sample Mg-25/Mg-24, and Mg-26/Mg-24 ratios are expressed as delta(25)Mg and delta(26)Mg units, respectively, which are deviations in parts per 10(3) from the same ratio in a standard solution. The differences in delta(25)Mg and delta(26)Mg of the SRM980 are up to 4.20 and 8.19parts per thousand, respectively, while the long-term repeatability of delta(25)Mg and delta(26)Mg are 0.09 and 0.16parts per thousand, respectively, at 95parts per thousand confidence. However, when plotted in a three-isotope diagram, all the data fall on a single mass fractionation line. Overall limits of error of the SRM980 reported here fall within the previously reported overall limits of error. The isotopic heterogeneity not only corresponds to differences among units but has been found at the chip-size level. This result, due to the precision of the MC-ICP-MS technique, makes the SRM980 inappropriate for the international isotopic standard of magnesium. The SRM980 can still be used to report the excess of Mg-26, which is defined by the deviation from the mass-dependent relationship between Mg-25/Mg-24, and Mg-26/Mg-24 ratios. Two large batches (around 10 g of Mg in each) of pure Mg solutions (in 0.3 M HNO3) have been prepared and characterised. These 2 solutions (DSM3 and Cambridge 1) are suitable reference material because they are immune to heterogeneity. DSM3 and Cambridge 1 are isotopically different (by 1.3% per u) and are available upon request from the first author. In addition, DSM3 has an isotopic composition very similar to the Mg-isotopic composition of carbonaceous chondrites (Orgueil and Allende). Because of the lack of heterogeneity and the cosmochemical and geochemical significance of DSM3, we urge the use of DSM3 as the primary isotopic reference material to report Mg-isotopic variations. C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England. Geol Survey Israel, IL-95501 Jerusalem, Israel. Field Museum Nat Hist, Dept Geol, Chicago, IL 60605 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Chem Biol & Nucl Sci Div, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. CNRS, Ctr Rech Petrog & Geochim, F-54501 Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France. Open Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England. RP Galy, A (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England. RI Galy, Albert/A-8518-2011; Janney, Philip/K-2733-2013; ALARD, Olivier/A-7128-2008 OI Galy, Albert/0000-0001-9978-4287; Janney, Philip/0000-0001-5740-4266; ALARD, Olivier/0000-0002-0832-6625 NR 23 TC 205 Z9 214 U1 3 U2 27 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0267-9477 J9 J ANAL ATOM SPECTROM JI J. Anal. At. Spectrom. PY 2003 VL 18 IS 11 BP 1352 EP 1356 DI 10.1039/b309273a PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 739VV UT WOS:000186367900005 ER PT J AU Hsueh, CH Lee, S Chuang, TJ AF Hsueh, CH Lee, S Chuang, TJ TI An alternative method of solving multilayer bending problems SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED MECHANICS-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article ID THIN-FILMS; STRESSES AB Stress distributions in multilayers subjected to both residual stresses and external bending are analyzed to derive closed-form analytical solutions. There are always three unknowns to be solved and three equilibrium conditions to be satisfied in the present analysis. In contrast, the numbers of unknowns and conditions increase with the number of layers in the system in existing analyses. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. Natl Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Hsinchu, Taiwan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hsueh, CH (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. RI Hsueh, Chun-Hway/G-1345-2011 NR 16 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 8 PU ASME PI NEW YORK PA TWO PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0021-8936 EI 1528-9036 J9 J APPL MECH-T ASME JI J. Appl. Mech.-Trans. ASME PD JAN PY 2003 VL 70 IS 1 BP 151 EP 154 DI 10.1115/1.1526123 PG 4 WC Mechanics SC Mechanics GA 647AG UT WOS:000181068600021 ER PT J AU Pearton, SJ Abernathy, CR Overberg, ME Thaler, GT Norton, DP Theodoropoulou, N Hebard, AF Park, YD Ren, F Kim, J Boatner, LA AF Pearton, SJ Abernathy, CR Overberg, ME Thaler, GT Norton, DP Theodoropoulou, N Hebard, AF Park, YD Ren, F Kim, J Boatner, LA TI Wide band gap ferromagnetic semiconductors and oxides SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID DILUTED MAGNETIC SEMICONDUCTOR; MOLECULAR-BEAM-EPITAXY; III-V SEMICONDUCTORS; ROOM-TEMPERATURE FERROMAGNETISM; ELECTRICAL SPIN INJECTION; P-TYPE ZNO; TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; MAGNETOTRANSPORT PROPERTIES; ION-IMPLANTATION AB Recent advances in the theory and experimental realization of ferromagnetic semiconductors give hope that a new generation of microelectronic devices based on the spin degree of freedom of the electron can be developed. This review focuses primarily on promising candidate materials (such as GaN, GaP and ZnO) in which there is already a technology base and a fairly good understanding of the basic electrical and optical properties. The introduction of Mn into these and other materials under the right conditions is found to produce ferromagnetism near or above room temperature. There are a number of other potential dopant ions that could be employed (such as Fe, Ni, Co, Cr) as suggested by theory [see, for example, Sato and Katayama-Yoshida, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 2 39, L555 (2000)]. Growth of these ferromagnetic materials by thin film techniques, such as molecular beam epitaxy or pulsed laser deposition, provides excellent control of the dopant concentration and the ability to grow single-phase layers. The mechanism for the observed magnetic behavior is complex and appears to depend on a number of factors, including Mn-Mn spacing, and carrier density and type. For example, in a simple Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida carrier-mediated exchange mechanism, the free-carrier/Mn ion interaction can be either ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic depending on the separation of the Mn ions. Potential applications for ferromagnetic semiconductors and oxides include electrically controlled magnetic sensors and actuators, high-density ultralow-power memory and logic, spin-polarized light emitters for optical encoding, advanced optical switches and modulators and devices with integrated magnetic, electronic and optical functionality. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics C1 Univ Florida, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Phys, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Seoul Natl Univ, Ctr Strongly Correlated Mat Res, Seoul 151747, South Korea. Univ Florida, Dept Chem Engn, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, Oak Ridge, TN 37813 USA. RP Univ Florida, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. EM spear@mse.ufl.edu RI Park, Yun/A-9559-2008; Kim, Jihyun/F-6940-2013; Boatner, Lynn/I-6428-2013 OI Park, Yun/0000-0001-7699-0432; Boatner, Lynn/0000-0002-0235-7594 NR 181 TC 754 Z9 759 U1 34 U2 288 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 EI 1089-7550 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JAN 1 PY 2003 VL 93 IS 1 BP 1 EP 13 DI 10.1063/1.1517164 PG 13 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 628NN UT WOS:000180002500002 ER PT J AU Thamboon, P Krol, DM AF Thamboon, P Krol, DM TI Second-order optical nonlinearities in thermally poled phosphate glasses SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID 2ND-HARMONIC GENERATION; 2ND-ORDER NONLINEARITY; FUSED-SILICA; MAKER FRINGES AB Second-order optical nonlinearities (chi((2))) were induced in commercial phosphate glasses (Schott, IOG-1) by the thermal poling technique. Maker fringe experiments were used to characterize the induced nonlinear regions. The results show that a near-anodic surface and a bulk chi((2)) are formed that are opposite in sign. The strength of the near-anodic surface chi((2)) is greater than that of the bulk. The overall magnitude of the induced chi((2)), as well as the surface to bulk ratio, increases as the applied voltage and poling temperature increase. A single-charge-carrier model and a nonblocking cathode describe the main features of the induced chi((2)) profile. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Appl Sci, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Thamboon, P (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Appl Sci, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 21 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JAN 1 PY 2003 VL 93 IS 1 BP 32 EP 37 DI 10.1063/1.1527990 PG 6 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 628NN UT WOS:000180002500006 ER PT J AU Li, ZY El-Kady, I Ho, KM Lin, SY Fleming, JG AF Li, ZY El-Kady, I Ho, KM Lin, SY Fleming, JG TI Photonic band gap effect in layer-by-layer metallic photonic crystals SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL-TRANSMISSION; HOLE ARRAYS; GRATINGS AB Theoretical models have been developed to investigate the reflection and transmission spectra, and photonic band structure for a midinfrared layer-by-layer metallic photonic crystal. It is found that photonic band gap effects due to global coupling between different unit cells in different layers play a key role in the formation of the lowest stop band gap extending to zero frequency and a high transmission passband adjacent to the stop band gap. Excellent agreement of theoretical results with experimental measurements is achieved. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Phys & Astron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Li, ZY (reprint author), Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RI El-Kady, Ihab/D-2886-2013 OI El-Kady, Ihab/0000-0001-7417-9814 NR 20 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JAN 1 PY 2003 VL 93 IS 1 BP 38 EP 42 DI 10.1063/1.1529294 PG 5 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 628NN UT WOS:000180002500007 ER PT J AU Hu, XY Cahill, DG Averback, RS Birtcher, RC AF Hu, XY Cahill, DG Averback, RS Birtcher, RC TI In situ transmission electron microscopy study of irradiation induced dewetting of ultrathin Pt films SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ENERGETIC DISPLACEMENT CASCADES; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; LINE TENSION; ION IMPACTS; METAL-FILMS; DAMAGE; THIN; SIO2; SEMICONDUCTORS; SURFACES AB Irradiation induced dewetting of 3-10 nm Pt thin films from SiO2 and SiNx substrates is studied using real-time in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Fissures in the initial films form dry patches, which serve as nuclei for the dewetting process. Upon 800 keV Kr++ irradiation, the dry patches undergo filling-in, growth and coalescence. The dose range for these three stages of dewetting depends on the film thickness. Due to the effects of line tension, the growth of fissures is anisotropic, turning elongated fissures into rounded ones. The evolution of the area and width of individual fissures was extracted from a sequence of TEM images for 3 nm Pt/SiO2 under 800 keV Kr++ irradiation. We calculate the average velocity of receding contact lines to be similar to0.55 +/- 0.2 m/s during the thermal spike. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Frederick Seitz Mat Res Lab, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Univ Illinois, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, 1304 W Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. EM d-cahill@uiuc.edu RI Cahill, David/B-3495-2014 NR 32 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 18 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 EI 1089-7550 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JAN 1 PY 2003 VL 93 IS 1 BP 165 EP 169 DI 10.1063/1.1527712 PG 5 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 628NN UT WOS:000180002500027 ER PT J AU Brewer, RT Atwater, HA Groves, JR Arendt, PN AF Brewer, RT Atwater, HA Groves, JR Arendt, PN TI Reflection high-energy electron diffraction experimental analysis of polycrystalline MgO films with grain size and orientation distributions SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID BEAM-ASSISTED DEPOSITION; THIN-FILMS; SILICON; TEXTURE; GROWTH AB Analysis of biaxial texture of MgO films grown by ion-beam-assisted deposition (IBAD) has been performed using a quantitative reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) based method. MgO biaxial texture is determined by analysis of diffraction spot shapes from single RHEED images, and by measuring the width of RHEED in-plane rocking curves for MgO films grown on amorphous Si3N4 by IBAD using 750 eV Ar+ ions, at 45degrees incidence angle, and MgO e-beam evaporation. RHEED-based biaxial texture measurement accuracy is verified by comparison with in-plane and out-of-plane orientation distribution measurements made using transmission electron microscopy and x-ray rocking curves. In situ RHEED measurements also enable the analysis of the evolution of the biaxial texture which narrows with increasing film thickness. RHEED-based measurements of IBAD MgO biaxial texture show that the minimum in-plane orientation distribution depends on the out-of-plane orientation distribution, and indicates that the minimum obtainable in-plane orientation on distribution is 2degrees. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 CALTECH, Thomas J Watson Lab Appl Phys, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Superconductor Technol Ctr, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Brewer, RT (reprint author), CALTECH, Thomas J Watson Lab Appl Phys, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 12 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JAN 1 PY 2003 VL 93 IS 1 BP 205 EP 210 DI 10.1063/1.1526156 PG 6 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 628NN UT WOS:000180002500033 ER PT J AU Preston, DL Tonks, DL Wallace, DC AF Preston, DL Tonks, DL Wallace, DC TI Model of plastic deformation for extreme loading conditions SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID DISLOCATION MECHANISM; OVERDRIVEN SHOCKS; STRAIN RATES; COPPER; TEMPERATURES; PRESSURE; METALS; ELEMENTS AB We present a model of metallic plastic flow suitable for numerical simulations of explosive loading and high velocity impacts. The dependence of the plastic strain rate on applied stress at low strain rates is of the Arrhenius form but with an activation energy that is singular at zero stress so that the deformation rate vanishes in that limit. Work hardening is modeled as a generalized Voce law. At strain rates exceeding 10(9) s(-1), work hardening is neglected, and the rate dependence of the flow stress is calculated using Wallace's theory of overdriven shocks in metals [D. C. Wallace, Phys. Rev. B 24, 5597 (1981); 24, 5607 (1981)]. The thermal-activation regime is continuously merged into the strong shock limit, yielding a model applicable over the 15 decades in strain rate from 10(-3) to 10(12) s(-1). The model represents all aspects of constitutive behavior seen in Hopkinson bar and low-rate data, including a rapid increase in the constant-strain rate sensitivity, with 10% accuracy. High-pressure behavior is controlled by the shear modulus, G(rho,T), and the melting temperature, T(m)(rho). There are eleven material parameters in addition to G(rho,T) and T(m)(rho). Parameters for Cu, U, Ta, Mo, V, Be, 304 SS, and 21-6-9 SS are provided. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Appl Phys, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Preston, DL (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Appl Phys, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM dean@lanl.gov; tonks@lanl.gov NR 43 TC 173 Z9 184 U1 3 U2 44 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JAN 1 PY 2003 VL 93 IS 1 BP 211 EP 220 DI 10.1063/1.1524706 PG 10 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 628NN UT WOS:000180002500034 ER PT J AU Narayan, J Larson, BC AF Narayan, J Larson, BC TI Domain epitaxy: A unified paradigm for thin film growth SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID PULSED-LASER DEPOSITION; SEMICONDUCTOR HETEROSTRUCTURES; DEFECTS AB We present a unified model for thin film epitaxy where single crystal films with small and large lattice misfits are grown by domain matching epitaxy (DME). The DME involves matching of lattice planes between the film and the substrate having similar crystal symmetry. In this framework, the conventional lattice matching epitaxy becomes a special case where a matching of lattice constants or the same planes is involved with a small misfit of less than 7%-8%. In large lattice mismatch systems, we show that epitaxial growth of thin films is possible by matching of domains where integral multiples of major lattice planes match across the interface. We illustrate this concept with atomic-level details in the TiN/Si(100) with 3/4 matching, the AlN/Si(100)with 4/5 matching, and the ZnO/alpha-Al2O3(0001) with 6/7 matching of major planes across the film/substrate interface. By varying the domain size, which is equal to intregral multiple of lattice planes, in a periodic fashion, it is possible to accommodate additional misfit beyond perfect domain matching. Thus, we can potentially design epitaxial growth of films with any lattice misfit on a given substrate with atomically clean surfaces. In situ x-ray diffraction studies on initial stages of growth of ZnO films on sapphire correctly identify a compressive stress and a rapid relaxation within 1 to 2 monolayers, consistent with the DME framework and the fact that the critical thickness is less than 1 monolayer. DME examples ranging from the Ge-Si/Si(100) system with 49/50 matching (2% strain) to metal/Si systems with 1/2 matching (50% strain) are tabulated, strategies for growing strain-free films by engineering the misfit to be confined near the interface are presented, and the potential for epitaxial growth of films with any lattice misfit on a given substrate with atomically clean surfaces is discussed. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Narayan, J (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Box 7907, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RI Narayan, Jagdish/D-1874-2009 NR 26 TC 318 Z9 320 U1 13 U2 104 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JAN 1 PY 2003 VL 93 IS 1 BP 278 EP 285 DI 10.1063/1.1528301 PG 8 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 628NN UT WOS:000180002500045 ER PT J AU Lu, ZP Li, Y Liu, CT AF Lu, ZP Li, Y Liu, CT TI Glass-forming tendency of bulk La-Al-Ni-Cu-(Co) metallic glass-forming liquids SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SUPERCOOLED LIQUID; AMORPHOUS-ALLOYS; CASTING METHOD; TRANSITION; VISCOSITY; CRYSTALLIZATION; THERMODYNAMICS; KINETICS; REGION; NI AB The excess Gibbs free-energy difference, DeltaG(1-s), between the undercooled liquid and the crystalline solid for La-Al-Ni-Cu-(Co) alloys was calculated by using directly measured heat capacity data. The glass-forming tendency of these liquids correlated well with the computed Gibbs free-energy difference. The small value of Gibbs free energy of the undercooled liquid with respect to the crystalline solid is a contributing factor to the high glass-forming ability in this system. The kinetics of bulk La-Al-Ni-Cu-(Co) glass-forming liquids were also investigated using differential scanning calorimetry. The fragility plot of the viscosities indicate that these bulk metallic glass formers are strong liquids. The glass-forming ability of these alloys is also explained in the light of this fragility concept. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Natl Univ Singapore, Dept Mat Sci, Singapore 119260, Singapore. RP Lu, ZP (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Lu, Zhao-Ping/A-2718-2009; OI Liu, Chain Tsuan/0000-0001-7888-9725 NR 28 TC 56 Z9 57 U1 4 U2 12 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JAN 1 PY 2003 VL 93 IS 1 BP 286 EP 290 DI 10.1063/1.1528297 PG 5 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 628NN UT WOS:000180002500046 ER PT J AU Nellis, WJ Mitchell, AC Young, DA AF Nellis, WJ Mitchell, AC Young, DA TI Equation-of-state measurements for aluminum, copper, and tantalum in the pressure range 80-440 GPa, (0.8-4.4 Mbar) SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID 1.4 MBAR; COMPRESSION; HYDROGEN AB Off-Hugoniot equation-of-state (EOS) measurements were performed on Al, Cu, and Ta shocked to pressures in the range 62-430 GPa and double-shocked or released isentropically to pressures in the range 80-440 GPa. Calculated temperatures of the off-Hugoniot states are in the range 2 400-14 500 K. All these off-Hugoniot data are in good agreement with approximating the double-shock and isentropic release curves with the mirror reflection in P-u(p) space of the principal Hugoniot about the vertical axis through particle velocity u(p1) of the first-shock state. Effective Gruneisen gamma's of Al are in good agreement with the scaling relationship gamma = gamma(0)(V/V-0). The high accuracy of EOS data of Al, Cu, and Ta, both on and off the principal Hugoniot, and their simple behaviors, including the absence of any observed phase transitions, qualifies these metals as EOS standards for use as anvils in shock-compression experiments. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Nellis, WJ (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 18 TC 63 Z9 69 U1 2 U2 19 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JAN 1 PY 2003 VL 93 IS 1 BP 304 EP 310 DI 10.1063/1.1529071 PG 7 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 628NN UT WOS:000180002500049 ER PT J AU Ahluwalia, R Cao, WW AF Ahluwalia, R Cao, WW TI Effect of surface induced nucleation of ferroelastic domains on polarization switching in constrained ferroelectrics SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SIZE DEPENDENCE; LANDAU THEORY; TRANSFORMATIONS; TRANSITION; FILMS AB The role of the surface during polarization switching in constrained ferroelectrics is investigated using the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau theory. The model incorporates the elastic and electrostrictive effects in the form of a long-range interaction that is obtained by eliminating the strain fields subject to the elastic compatibility constraint. A square-shaped finite sized constrained ferroelectric system with vanishing surface polarization is considered. Computer simulations of the hysteresis reveal that the corners of the constrained square act as nucleation sources for 90degrees domain structures. It is also found that no nucleation of the 90degrees domain structure takes place in a system with semi-infinite (corner free) geometry. For the corner free case, the polarization switches by 180degrees reorientations and a front of the reverse domains emerges from the surface, eventually sweeping over the entire system. Size dependence of the hysteresis loops is also studied. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. City Univ Hong Kong, Dept Phys & Mat Sci, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. RP Cao, WW (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM apwwcao@cityu.edu.hk RI Cao, Wenwu/F-6091-2012 OI Cao, Wenwu/0000-0002-2447-1486 NR 17 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JAN 1 PY 2003 VL 93 IS 1 BP 537 EP 544 DI 10.1063/1.1529092 PG 8 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 628NN UT WOS:000180002500083 ER PT J AU Romero, MJ Al-Jassim, MM AF Romero, MJ Al-Jassim, MM TI Advantages of using piezoelectric quantum structures for photovoltaics SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID WELL SOLAR-CELLS; BEAM-INDUCED CURRENT; ELECTRIC-FIELD; (111)B GAAS; CATHODOLUMINESCENCE; PHOTODIODES; BAND AB Recent efforts to increase the photoconversion efficiencies of solar cells have been made by using quantum wells and quantum dots. The benefits of piezoelectric effects for photoconversion in these devices are discussed. By the appropriate use of piezoelectric fields, photogenerated carriers are more efficiently extracted and carrier capture can be prevented. Lastly, the impact of the piezoelectric field on the design of solar cells is discussed. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Romero, MJ (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 25 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JAN 1 PY 2003 VL 93 IS 1 BP 626 EP 631 DI 10.1063/1.1524705 PG 6 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 628NN UT WOS:000180002500096 ER PT J AU Cook, AC Wadsworth, J Southon, JR van der Merwe, NJ AF Cook, AC Wadsworth, J Southon, JR van der Merwe, NJ TI AMS radiocarbon dating of rusty iron SO JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE radiocarbon dating; iron; rust AB The role of rust in the radiocarbon dating of iron artefacts has been examined experimentally. This was accomplished by re-measuring, using modern accelerator mass spectrometry techniques, the radiocarbon dates of ancient iron-based artefacts that were originally radiocarbon dated 30 years ago by beta counting. The samples were dated with the rust that had accumulated over the last 30 years, which in some cases had consumed most of the original metal. The study also afforded the opportunity to compare beta counting with accelerator mass spectrometry, large and small sample sizes, and old versus new carbon extraction methods. The results demonstrate that in at least some circumstances the carbon in rust can be reliably used for radiocarbon dating. Some experimental observations on iron microstructure and oxidation processes which support these results, are reviewed. The issues of sample size and the role of rust are important because they open up new possibilities for dating iron-based artefacts that had previously been assumed to be unavailable. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 High Tech High, San Diego, CA 92107 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Cook, AC (reprint author), High Tech High, San Diego, CA 92107 USA. NR 15 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0305-4403 J9 J ARCHAEOL SCI JI J. Archaeol. Sci. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 30 IS 1 BP 95 EP 101 DI 10.1006/jasc.2002.0811 PG 7 WC Anthropology; Archaeology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Anthropology; Archaeology; Geology GA 638EY UT WOS:000180559700008 ER PT J AU Turner, DD Lesht, BM Clough, SA Liljegren, JC Revercomb, HE Tobin, DC AF Turner, DD Lesht, BM Clough, SA Liljegren, JC Revercomb, HE Tobin, DC TI Dry bias and variability in Vaisala RS80-H radiosondes: The ARM experience SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WATER-VAPOR; ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION; COOLING RATES; RAMAN LIDAR; FLUXES AB Thousands of comparisons between total precipitable water vapor (PWV) obtained from radiosonde (Vaisala RS80-H) profiles and PWV retrieved from a collocated microwave radiometer (MWR) were made at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program's Southern Great Plains Cloud and Radiation Testbed (SGP CART) site in northern Oklahoma from 1994 to 2000. These comparisons show that the RS80-H radiosonde has an approximate 5% dry bias compared to the MWR. This observation is consistent with interpretations of Vaisala RS80 radiosonde data obtained during the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE). In addition to the dry bias, analysis of the PWV comparisons as well as of data obtained from dual-sonde soundings done at the SGP show that the calibration of the radiosonde humidity measurements varies considerably both when the radiosondes come from different calibration batches and when the radiosondes come from the same calibration batch. This variability can result in peak-to-peak differences between radiosondes of greater than 25% in PWV. Because accurate representation of the vertical profile of water vapor is critical for ARM's science objectives, an empirical method for correcting the radiosonde humidity profiles is developed based on a constant scaling factor. By using an independent set of observations and radiative transfer models to test the correction, it is shown that the constant humidity scaling method appears both to improve the accuracy and reduce the uncertainty of the radiosonde data. The ARM data are also used to examine a different, physically based, correction scheme that was developed recently by scientists from Vaisala and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). This scheme, which addresses the dry bias problem as well as other calibration-related problems with the RS80-H sensor, results in excellent agreement between the PWV retrieved from the MWR and integrated from the corrected radiosonde. However, because the physically based correction scheme does not address the apparently random calibration variations observed, it does not reduce the variability either between radiosonde calibration batches or within individual calibration batches. C1 Univ Wisconsin, CIMSS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Atmospher & Environm Res Inc, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Turner, DD (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, CIMSS, 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. OI Lesht, Barry/0000-0003-0801-4290 NR 33 TC 162 Z9 164 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 20 IS 1 BP 117 EP 132 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020<0117:DBAVIV>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 633KR UT WOS:000180282900009 ER PT J AU Li, XL Baker, DN Elkington, S Temerin, M Reeves, GD Belian, RD Blake, JB Singer, HJ Peria, W Parks, G AF Li, XL Baker, DN Elkington, S Temerin, M Reeves, GD Belian, RD Blake, JB Singer, HJ Peria, W Parks, G TI Energetic particle injections in the inner magnetosphere as a response to an interplanetary shock SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE interplanetary shock; substorm; energetic particle injection; drift echoes; geostationary orbit; inner magnetosphere ID MAGNETIC-FIELD; MARCH 24; GEOSYNCHRONOUS OBSERVATIONS; SUDDEN COMMENCEMENT; DRIFT ECHOES; 1991 SSC; SIMULATION; SUBSTORM; MAGNETOTAIL; SPACECRAFT AB The response of the magnetosphere to interplanetary shocks or pressure pulses can result in sudden injections of energetic particles into the inner magnetosphere. On August 26, 1998, an interplanetary shock caused two injections of energetic particles in close succession: one directly from the dayside and the other indirectly from the nightside associated with a sudden magnetic field enhancement induced by the shock's effect on the magnetotail. The latter injection was different from a typical Substorm injection in that the nightside magnetic field at geosynchronous orbit enhanced almost simultaneously over a wide range of local times within 10 min after the arrival of the shock. Available observations and our simulations show that like the dayside, the nightside magnetosphere can also inject energetic particles into the inner magnetosphere from a wide local time region in response to a shock impact. The nightside particle injection was due to changes in magnetic and electric fields over a large region of space and thus shows that the magnetic and electric fields in the magnetotail can respond globally to the shock impact. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Aerosp Corp, Dept Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90009 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Washington, Geophys Program, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Li, XL (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, 1234 Innovat Dr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Reeves, Geoffrey/E-8101-2011 OI Reeves, Geoffrey/0000-0002-7985-8098 NR 38 TC 42 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1364-6826 J9 J ATMOS SOL-TERR PHY JI J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 65 IS 2 BP 233 EP 244 AR PII S1364-6826(02)00286-9 DI 10.1016/S1364-6826(02)00286-9 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 641AP UT WOS:000180721800008 ER PT J AU Lacks, SA AF Lacks, SA TI Rambling and scrambling in bacterial transformation - a historical and personal memoir SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID DNA MISMATCH REPAIR; STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE; DIPLOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; HEXA GENE; DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE; HOMOLOGY C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Biol, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Lacks, SA (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Biol, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 57 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0021-9193 J9 J BACTERIOL JI J. Bacteriol. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 185 IS 1 BP 1 EP 6 DI 10.1128/JB.185.1.1-6.2003 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 629LJ UT WOS:000180050900001 PM 12486033 ER PT J AU Dumas, P Miller, L AF Dumas, P Miller, L TI Biological and biomedical applications of synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE cells; hair; infrared; microscopy; microspectroscopy; skin; synchrotron; x-ray ID SPECTROSCOPY; RADIATION; MICROSCOPE; BEAMLINE; CELLS AB The high brightness of synchrotron light, which is about three orders of magnitude greater than a thermal source, has been exploited in biological and biomedical applications of infrared microspectroscopy. The potential of this analytical tool is documented in this article in the study of human tissue (hair and skin) and individual cells: biochemical and bio-structural changes based on corresponding functional groups have been identified and imaged with unprecedented spatial resolution. This technique also provides a new tool for analysis of biochemical kinetics of samples during disease and treatment. In the future, the combination of infrared microspectroscopy with other synchrotron-based microscopic techniques, such as X-ray microscopy, at the same sample location is discussed. C1 Ctr Univ Paris Sud, LURE, F-91898 Orsay, France. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 31 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0092-0606 J9 J BIOL PHYS JI J. Biol. Phys. PY 2003 VL 29 IS 2-3 BP 201 EP 218 DI 10.1023/A:1024448910761 PG 18 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 693EN UT WOS:000183703600017 PM 23345837 ER PT J AU Miller, LM Smith, GD Carr, GL AF Miller, LM Smith, GD Carr, GL TI Synchrotron-based biological microspectroscopy: From the mid-infrared through the far-infrared regimes SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE biological microspectroscopy; far-infrared; mid-infrared; synchrotron radiation; THz microscopy ID DRUG DISTRIBUTION; LIVING CELLS; MICROSCOPY; SPECTROSCOPY; RADIATION; SPECTRA; TISSUE; HAIR; SPECTROMICROSCOPY; PERFORMANCE AB Infrared radiation from synchrotron storage rings serves as a high-brightness source for diffraction-limited microspectroscopy in both the mid- and far-infrared spectral ranges. Mid-infrared absorption, due to local vibrational modes within complex molecules, is shown to be sensitive to small chemical changes associated with certain diseases. Farinfrared modes are believed to result from the folding or twisting of larger, more complex molecules. The ability for the synchrotron source to perform microscopy at a frequency of 1 THz is demonstrated. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 37 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0092-0606 J9 J BIOL PHYS JI J. Biol. Phys. PY 2003 VL 29 IS 2-3 BP 219 EP 230 DI 10.1023/A:1024401027599 PG 12 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 693EN UT WOS:000183703600018 PM 23345838 ER PT J AU Holman, HYN Martin, MC McKinney, WR AF Holman, HYN Martin, MC McKinney, WR TI Synchrotron-based FTIR spectromicroscopy: Cytotoxicity and heating considerations SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Alcian blue; BrdU; colony formation; cytotoxicity; FTIR; heating; MTT; spectromicroscopy; synchrotron; viability ID INFRARED MICROSPECTROSCOPY; LIVING CELLS; SPECTROSCOPY; RADIATION; INACTIVATION; PERFORMANCE; TEMPERATURE; DEPENDENCE; CHEMISTRY; TISSUE AB Synchrotron radiation-based Fourier transform infrared (SR-FTIR) spectromicroscopy is a newly emerging bioanalytical and imaging tool. This unique technique provides mid-infrared (IR) spectra, hence chemical information, with high signal-to-noise at spatial resolutions as fine as 3 to 10 microns. Thus it enables researchers to locate, identify, and track specific chemical events within an individual living mammalian cell. Mid-IR photons are too low in energy (0.05-0.5 eV) to either break bonds or to cause ionization. In this review, we show that the synchrotron IR beam has no detectable effects on the short- and long-term viability, reproductive integrity, cell-cycle progression, and mitochondrial metabolism in living human cells, and produces only minimal sample heating (<0.5 &DEG;C). These studies have established an important foundation for SR-FTIR spectromicroscopy in biological and biomedical research. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI McKinney, Wayne/F-2027-2014; Holman, Hoi-Ying/N-8451-2014 OI McKinney, Wayne/0000-0003-2586-3139; Holman, Hoi-Ying/0000-0002-7534-2625 NR 40 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 13 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0092-0606 J9 J BIOL PHYS JI J. Biol. Phys. PY 2003 VL 29 IS 2-3 BP 275 EP 286 DI 10.1023/A:1024465414395 PG 12 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 693EN UT WOS:000183703600025 PM 23345845 ER PT J AU Carr, GL Martin, MC Mckinney, WR Jordan, K Neil, GR Williams, GP AF Carr, GL Martin, MC Mckinney, WR Jordan, K Neil, GR Williams, GP TI Very high power THz radiation sources SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE coherent; synchrotron radiation; terahertz ID FREE-ELECTRON LASER; COHERENT SYNCHROTRON-RADIATION; TRANSITION RADIATION; EMISSION; BEAM AB We report the production of high power (20 watts average, similar to1 Megawatt peak) broadband THz light based on coherent emission from relativistic electrons. Such sources are ideal for imaging, for high power damage studies and for studies of non-linear phenomena in this spectral range. We describe the source, presenting theoretical calculations and their experimental verification. For clarity we compare this source with one based on ultrafast laser techniques. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Adv Light Source Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Jefferson Lab, Free Electron Laser Facil, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. RI McKinney, Wayne/F-2027-2014 OI McKinney, Wayne/0000-0003-2586-3139 NR 23 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0092-0606 J9 J BIOL PHYS JI J. Biol. Phys. PY 2003 VL 29 IS 2-3 BP 319 EP 325 DI 10.1023/A:1024481818029 PG 7 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 693EN UT WOS:000183703600031 PM 23345851 ER PT J AU Chen, M Zamora, PO Som, P Pena, LA Osaki, S AF Chen, M Zamora, PO Som, P Pena, LA Osaki, S TI Cell attachment and biocompatibility of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) treated with glow-discharge plasma of mixed ammonia and oxygen SO JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION LA English DT Article DE glow-discharge plasma; ammonia; oxygen; cell attachment; polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) ID ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS; POLYMERIC BIOMATERIALS; SURFACE MODIFICATION; ADHESION; FIBRINOGEN; GROWTH; VITRONECTIN; POLYSTYRENE; WETTABILITY; FIBRONECTIN AB The plasma generated from a gas mixture of NH3 Plus O-2 (NH3 + O-2) has been used to impart unique chemical and biological characteristics to polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). PTFE treated with NH3 + O-2 plasma was physiochemically distinct from surfaces treated with plasma of either NH3 or O-2 alone, as determined by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA). The contact angle analysis revealed that the PTFE surfaces became less hydrophobic after plasma treatments. ESCA results indicate the presence of oxygen-containing groups and nitrogen-containing groups at the plasma-treated surfaces. PTFE treated with NH3 + O-2 plasma resisted the attachment of platelets and leukocytes in a manner similar to untreated PTFE; however, the attachment of bovine aorta endothelial cells was substantially increased. Once attached, these cells grew to confluency. The increased endothelial cell attachment was higher than that observed following plasma treatment with each gas used separately, which could be attributed to the considerable amount of CF(OR)(2)-CF2 formed on the NH3 + O-2 plasma-treated PTFE surface. At 14 days after subcutaneous implantation in rats, the PTFE wafers treated with NH3 + O-2 plasma demonstrated less encapsulation and lower levels of inflammatory cells compared to controls. Collectively, the results suggest that NH3 + O-2 plasma treatment imparts a unique character to PTFE and could be useful in certain in vivo applications. C1 BioSurface Engn Technol BioSET Inc, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Med, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Chen, M (reprint author), BioSurface Engn Technol BioSET Inc, 387 Technol Dr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [K01CA76483] NR 34 TC 74 Z9 78 U1 1 U2 16 PU VSP BV PI ZEIST PA PO BOX 346, 3700 AH ZEIST, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-5063 J9 J BIOMAT SCI-POLYM E JI J. Biomater. Sci.-Polym. Ed. PY 2003 VL 14 IS 9 BP 917 EP 935 DI 10.1163/156856203322381410 PG 19 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Materials Science; Polymer Science GA 753AZ UT WOS:000187210400004 PM 14661870 ER PT J AU Kao, HH Chang, MS Cheng, JF Huang, JD AF Kao, HH Chang, MS Cheng, JF Huang, JD TI Genomic structure, gene expression, and promoter analysis of human multidrug resistance-associated protein 7 SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE multidrug resistance; ABC transporter; MRP7; genomic organization; promoter analysis ID CONJUGATE EXPORT PUMP; DUBIN-JOHNSON-SYNDROME; CANCER CELL-LINES; 5'-FLANKING REGION; MRP GENE; FUNCTIONAL-CHARACTERIZATION; CANALICULAR ISOFORM; TRANSPORT; GLUTATHIONE; HEPATOCYTES AB The multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) subfamily transporters associated With anticancer drug efflux are attributed to the multidrug-resistance of cancer cells. The genomic organization of human multidrug resistance-associated protein 7 (MRP7) was identified. The human MRP7 gene, consisting of 22 exons and 21 introns, greatly differs from other members of the human MRP subfamily. A splicing variant of human MRP7, MRP7A, expressed in most human tissues, was also characterized. The 1.93-kb promoter region of MRP7 was isolated and shown to support luciferase activity at a level 4- to 5-fold greater than that of the SV40 promoter. Basal MRP7 gene expression was regulated by 2 regions in the 5'-flanking region at -1,780-1,287 bp, and at -611 to -208 bp. In Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, MRP7 promoter activity was increased by 226% by genotoxic 2-acetylaminofluorene and 347% by the histone deacetylase inhibitor, trichostatin A. The protein was expressed in the membrane fraction of transfected MDCK cells. Copyright (C) 2003 National Science Council, ROC and S. Karger AG, Basel. C1 Natl Cheng Kung Univ, Coll Med, Grad Inst Biochem, Tainan 701, Taiwan. Natl Cheng Kung Univ, Dept Food Nutr, Chung Hwa Coll Med Technol, Tainan 701, Taiwan. Natl Cheng Kung Univ, Grad Inst Pharmacol, Tainan 701, Taiwan. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA USA. RP Chang, MS (reprint author), Natl Cheng Kung Univ, Coll Med, Grad Inst Biochem, Tainan 701, Taiwan. NR 42 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 1021-7770 J9 J BIOMED SCI JI J. Biomed. Sci. PD JAN-FEB PY 2003 VL 10 IS 1 BP 98 EP 110 DI 10.1159/000068078 PG 13 WC Cell Biology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Cell Biology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 653WR UT WOS:000181460500011 PM 12566991 ER PT J AU Lee, BI Wang, M Yoon, D Hu, M AF Lee, BI Wang, M Yoon, D Hu, M TI Aqueous processing of barium titanate powders SO JOURNAL OF CERAMIC PROCESSING RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE barium titanate; surface passivation; nanoparticles; multtlayer capacitors; ion leaching; refluxing ID HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS; CERAMIC POWDERS; BATIO3; DISPERSION; BEHAVIOR; MEDIA AB In many modem electronic devices, multi-layer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) are used in large quantities. For a greater volume efficiency of MLCCs, current efforts include thinner dielectric layers and a larger number of layers in a given volume, together with embedded-capacitor design. All of these require a smaller particle size of the raw ceramic material, barium titanate (BaTiO3) powders, with closely controlled particle morphology and processing behavior. The current state-of-the-art technology for MLCCs utilize non-aqueous or solvent-based processing. For a cleaner environment and a greater cost effectiveness of the processing, development of water-based processing technology for MLCCs is more imperative than ever. As the miniaturization of electronic devices continues to demand smaller particle size powders with controlled morphology, the desired characteristics of the starting powder becomes a critical issue. Among the methods to produce sub-micrometer BaTiO3 powder (BT), hydrothermal synthesis has been shown to have an edge. However, hydrothermal BT is expensive and exhibits sintering problems due to the large amount of lattice hydroxyls which were incorporated during its aqueous-based synthesis process. A new synthetic method; Ambient Condition Sol (ACS) process has been considered in our laboratory which is to decrease the amount of incorporated hydroxyl ions in a water-free synthetic medium. The increasing difficulty of dispersion and stability of nanometer-sized BT particles is mitigated by introducing a steric barrier layer during the ACS synthesis, resulting in a re-dispersible particles in water. This concept was further demonstrated in the surface passivation of BT particles in water by reducing the Ba2+ ion leaching over an extended period of time, The results showed the Ba2+ leaching rate to be an inverse function of the solution pH and a direct function of the organic adsorption isotherm onto the BaTiO3 surface. The effectiveness of organic passivation agents was directly proportional to the pH of the medium. The BT particle morphology, degree of passivation, evidence of lower concentration of lattice hydroxyl impurity, the kinetics of ACS synthesis for BT, redispersibility, and the resulting phase analyses are reported. C1 Clemson Univ, Sch Mat Sci & Engn, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN USA. RP Lee, BI (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Sch Mat Sci & Engn, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. EM LBURTRA@clemson.edu OI Hu, Michael/0000-0001-8461-9684 NR 35 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 9 PU KOREAN ASSOC CRYSTAL GROWTH, INC PI SEOUL PA SUNGDONG POST OFFICE, P O BOX 27, SEOUL 133-600, SOUTH KOREA SN 1229-9162 J9 J CERAM PROCESS RES JI J. Ceram. Process. Res. PY 2003 VL 4 IS 1 BP 17 EP 24 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 658MD UT WOS:000181724000004 ER PT J AU Rard, JA Palmer, DA Albright, JG AF Rard, JA Palmer, DA Albright, JG TI Isopiestic determination of the osmotic and activity coefficients of aqueous sodium trifluoromethanesulfonate at 298.15 K and 323.15 K, and representation with an extended ion-interaction (Pitzer) model SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA LA English DT Article ID THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY; ACID; DISSOCIATION; 25-DEGREES-C; PRESSURES; WATER; MPA AB Isopiestic vapor-pressure measurements were made for aqueous sodium trifluoromethanesulfonate, NaCF3-SO3(aq), using NaCI(aq) as the reference standard. The measurements for NaCF3SO3(aq) cover the molality range from 0.13643 mol.kg(-1) to 5.3735 mol.kg(-1) at 298.15 K and from 0.14504 mol.kg(-1) to 4.3070 mol.kg(-1) at 323.15 K. Values of the four parameters of an extended version of Pitzer's model for osmotic and activity coefficients, with an ionic-strength dependent third virial coefficient, were evaluated for NaCF3SO3(aq) at both temperatures, as were those of the usual three-parameter Pitzer model. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Energy & Environm Directorate, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Texas Christian Univ, Dept Chem, Ft Worth, TX 76129 USA. RP Rard, JA (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Energy & Environm Directorate, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 30 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-9568 J9 J CHEM ENG DATA JI J. Chem. Eng. Data PD JAN-FEB PY 2003 VL 48 IS 1 BP 158 EP 166 DI 10.1021/je020134n PG 9 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 633WE UT WOS:000180306900031 ER PT J AU Benezeth, P Wesolowski, DJ Palmer, DA AF Benezeth, P Wesolowski, DJ Palmer, DA TI Potentiometric study of the dissociation quotient of the aqueous ethanolammonium ion as a function of temperature and ionic strength SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA LA English DT Article ID IONIZATION AB The acid dissociation equilibrium involving aqueous ethanolammonium ion in the reaction, HO(CH2)(2)NH3+ reversible arrow HO(CH2)(2)NH2 + H+, was measured potentiometrically with a hydrogen-electrode concentration cell from (0 to 290) degreesC in sodium trifluoromethanesulfonate (NaTr) solutions at ionic strengths of (0.03, 0.1, and 0.3) molal. The molal dissociation quotients and selected literature data at infinite dilution were fitted by an empirical equation with five adjustable parameters involving functions of temperature, solvent density, and ionic strength. This treatment yielded the following thermodynamic quantities at 25 degreesC and infinite dilution: log K-a = -9.48 +/- 0.03, DeltaH(a) = (51.3 +/- 1.5) kJ.mol(-1), DeltaS(a) = (-9 +/- 5) J.K-1.mol(-1), DeltaC(pa) = (8 +/-17) J.K-1.mol(-1). C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Benezeth, P (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI BENEZETH, Pascale/H-7969-2014 OI BENEZETH, Pascale/0000-0002-1841-2383 NR 15 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-9568 J9 J CHEM ENG DATA JI J. Chem. Eng. Data PD JAN-FEB PY 2003 VL 48 IS 1 BP 171 EP 175 DI 10.1021/je0201424 PG 5 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 633WE UT WOS:000180306900033 ER PT J AU Majumdar, D Roszak, S Balasubramanian, K AF Majumdar, D Roszak, S Balasubramanian, K TI Electronic structure and spectroscopic properties of electronic states of VC2, VC2-, and VC2+ SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID RELATIVISTIC EFFECTIVE POTENTIALS; SPIN-ORBIT OPERATORS; PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; CARBON NANOTUBES; TRANSITION-METAL; ENERGY SURFACES; CLUSTERS; CARBIDES; NIOBIUM AB Theoretical studies on the electronic and thermodynamic properties of several electronic states are presented for the VC2 molecule, the VC2- anion, and the VC2+ cation employing state-of-the-art techniques that included up to 12 million configurations. The ground and the low-lying electronic states of these three species have been found to have C-2v triangular structures. On the basis of our computed results, we have suggested an assignment of the observed anion photodetachment spectra of VC2- and predicted transitions that were not observed. Our computed electron affinity is in excellent agreement with experiment. The observed thermodynamic properties of reactions involving VC2, VC2-, and VC2+ are corrected using the computed gas phase properties of the molecule and the partition functions. The bent quartet states of VC2 exhibit large dipole moments (8.65-9.3 D). (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Appl Sci, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Chem & Mat Sci Directorate, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Glenn T Seaborg Ctr, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Wroclaw Univ Technol, Inst Theoret & Phys Chem, PL-50370 Wroclaw, Poland. RP Univ Calif Davis, Dept Appl Sci, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM kbala@ucdavis.edu NR 43 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 EI 1089-7690 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD JAN 1 PY 2003 VL 118 IS 1 BP 130 EP 141 DI 10.1063/1.1523900 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 626NP UT WOS:000179879500018 ER PT J AU Guo, R Balasubramanian, K AF Guo, R Balasubramanian, K TI Theoretical study of the low-lying electronic states of ruthenium trimer (Ru-3) SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TRANSITION-METAL MOLECULES; SPECTROSCOPIC PROPERTIES; RAMAN-SPECTRA; ARGON MATRICES; SPIN-ORBIT; ENERGIES; DIMERS; CLUSTERS AB Several low-lying electronic states of the ruthenium trimer (Ru-3) were investigated by complete active space multiconfiguration self-consistent field and multireference singles and doubles configuration interaction (MRSDCI) methods that included up to 45 million configurations. Two nearly degenerate states, namely, B-11(1) and B-11(2) states were found as candidates for the ground state at lower level of theory. At the highest MRSDCI level, the B-11(1) state was found to be the ground state of Ru-3. The atomization energy of this state was further determined with extensive large-scale MRSDCI calculations. Our calculations facilitate assignment of the recently observed resonance Raman spectra of Ru-3 in Ar matrix by Lombardi and co-workers. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Appl Sci, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Chem & Mat Sci Directorate, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Glenn T Seaborg Ctr, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Balasubramanian, K (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Appl Sci, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Guo, Rui/F-2384-2012 NR 37 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD JAN 1 PY 2003 VL 118 IS 1 BP 142 EP 148 DI 10.1063/1.1523901 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 626NP UT WOS:000179879500019 ER PT J AU Xue, L Keblinski, P Phillpot, SR Choi, SUS Eastman, JA AF Xue, L Keblinski, P Phillpot, SR Choi, SUS Eastman, JA TI Two regimes of thermal resistance at a liquid-solid interface SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID NANOCOMPOSITES; CONDUCTIVITY; SILICA AB Using nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations in which a temperature gradient is imposed, we determine the thermal resistance of a model liquid-solid interface. Our simulations reveal that the strength of the bonding between liquid and solid atoms plays a key role in determining interfacial thermal resistance. Moreover, we find that the functional dependence of the thermal resistance on the strength of the liquid-solid interactions exhibits two distinct regimes: (i) exponential dependence for weak bonding (nonwetting liquid) and (ii) power law dependence for strong bonding (wetting liquid). The identification of the two regimes of the Kapitza resistance has profound implications for understanding and designing the thermal properties of nanocomposite materials. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Troy, NY 12180 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Technol, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Xue, L (reprint author), Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Troy, NY 12180 USA. RI Eastman, Jeffrey/E-4380-2011; Phillpot, Simon/J-9117-2012; OI Phillpot, Simon/0000-0002-7774-6535; Eastman, Jeff/0000-0002-0847-4265 NR 10 TC 121 Z9 122 U1 2 U2 20 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD JAN 1 PY 2003 VL 118 IS 1 BP 337 EP 339 DI 10.1063/1.1525806 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 626NP UT WOS:000179879500041 ER PT J AU Dohnalek, Z Kimmel, GA Ayotte, P Smith, RS Kay, BD AF Dohnalek, Z Kimmel, GA Ayotte, P Smith, RS Kay, BD TI The deposition angle-dependent density of amorphous solid water films SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID LOW-TEMPERATURES; REFRACTIVE-INDEX; MOLECULAR-BEAMS; THIN-FILMS; ICE; MORPHOLOGY; MICROSTRUCTURE; CONDENSATION; ADSORPTION; GROWTH AB The index of refraction and thickness of amorphous solid water (ASW) films are determined using laser optical interferometry. From the film thickness, the density of ASW can be calculated directly since the molecular beam flux and the H2O condensation coefficient are both known. From the index of refraction the ASW density can also be determined using the Lorentz-Lorenz relationship. The densities determined via both methods agree within experimental uncertainty. For films deposited at 22 K using a collimated molecular beam, the index of refraction and density decrease monotonically as the deposition angle is varied from normal to oblique incidence. At normal incidence the films have an index of refraction of 1.285 and are presumed to be fully dense (0.94 g/cm(3)). At glancing incidence (86degrees) the film has a refractive index of 1.05 and a density of 0.16 g/cm(3), indicating a porosity exceeding 80%. The angle-dependent film density is in semiquantitative agreement with the results of ballistic deposition simulations of ASW film growth. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Environm Mol Sci Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Kay, BD (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Environm Mol Sci Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RI Smith, Scott/G-2310-2015; OI Smith, Scott/0000-0002-7145-1963; Kimmel, Greg/0000-0003-4447-2440; Dohnalek, Zdenek/0000-0002-5999-7867 NR 23 TC 94 Z9 94 U1 3 U2 26 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD JAN 1 PY 2003 VL 118 IS 1 BP 364 EP 372 DI 10.1063/1.1525805 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 626NP UT WOS:000179879500044 ER PT J AU Prausnitz, JM AF Prausnitz, JM TI Molecular thermodynamics for some applications in biotechnology SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference for Chemical Thermodynamics CY JUL 29-AUG 02, 2002 CL ROSTOCK, GERMANY SP Int Assoc Chem Thermodynam ID ELECTROLYTE-SOLUTIONS; PROTEIN CRYSTALLIZATION; PHASE-EQUILIBRIA; LYSOZYME AB As biotechnology sweeps the world, it is appropriate to remember that the great virtue of thermodynamics is its broad range of applicability. As a result, there is a growing literature describing how chemical thermodynamics can be used to inform processes for old and new biochemical products for industry and medicine. A particular application of molecular thermodynamics concerns separation of aqueous proteins by selective precipitation. For this purpose, we need phase diagrams; for constructing such diagrams, we need to understand not only the qualitative nature of phase equilibria of aqueous proteins but also the quantitative intermolecular forces between proteins in solution. Some examples are given to show how aqueous protein-protein forces can be calculated or measured to yield a potential of mean force and how that potential is then used along with a statistical thermodynamic model to establish liquid-liquid and liquid-crystal equilibria. Such equilibria are useful not only for separation processes but also for understanding diseases like Alzheimer's, cataracts and sickle-cell anemia that appear to be caused by protein agglomeration. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Chem Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Prausnitz, JM (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem Engn, 201 Gilman Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 30 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0021-9614 J9 J CHEM THERMODYN JI J. Chem. Thermodyn. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 35 IS 1 BP 22 EP + PG 19 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA 653BC UT WOS:000181414500002 ER PT J AU Clark, WW Paolucci, E Cooper, J AF Clark, WW Paolucci, E Cooper, J TI Commercial development of energy-environmentally sound technologies for the auto-industry: the case of fuel cells SO JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION LA English DT Article DE fuel cell; commercialization; energy and environment finance ID INNOVATION AB The economic importance of energy and environmental issues is continuously increasing, affecting both process and product design in business. The energy crisis in California in 2001 made this basic issue universal. New technologies are expected to reduce pollution derived both from production processes and products. with costs that are still unknown and in competition with more mature technologies high. Nevertheless, until now there is still little, but growing knowledge concerning the process of technological innovation in the fields of energy and environment. In this paper we analyze the development of zinc air fuel cell (ZAFC) and its transfer from a research laboratory to potential mass production. ZAFC are a new 'environmentally sound technology', proven to have commercial value, that can be used for substituting internal combustion engines (ICEs) and meeting zero emission vehicles (ZEV) regulations. Although ZAFC performances are higher than traditional electric batteries ones. commercial costs are still high. Hence the pathway to mass production may come from stationary application of fuel cells for power. In contrast to the conventional 'paradigmatic' approach. we argue that the existing economic and organizational literature concerning technological innovation is not able to fully explain steps followed in commercializing energy-environmentally sound technologies. Existing models mainly consider adopting problems, which are due to market uncertainty. weak application, lack of a dominant design, and problems in reconfiguring existing organizational routines. Above all 'market power' exists in terms of control over technological innovation and its commercial application. Barriers are erected that prevent new technologies Such as fuel cells from becoming adapted. Through pro-active government intervention, such as the case in California, new advanced technologies can move rapidly into the marketplace. From this discussion we draw some conclusions and issues for further research concerning policy making for sustaining the process of technological transfer and firms' strategies in technological innovation. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 State Calif Governors Off Res & Planning, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. Politecn Torino, Politecn Torino Prod & Econ Dept, Turin, Italy. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. RP Clark, WW (reprint author), State Calif Governors Off Res & Planning, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. EM wclark13@aol.com; paolucci@mail.ecopro.polimi.it NR 27 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0959-6526 J9 J CLEAN PROD JI J. Clean Prod. PY 2003 VL 11 IS 4 BP 427 EP 437 DI 10.1016/S0959-6526(02)00064-1 PG 11 WC GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 645WJ UT WOS:000181002900008 ER PT J AU Tonn, BE Schexnayder, SM Peretz, JH Das, S Waidley, G AF Tonn, BE Schexnayder, SM Peretz, JH Das, S Waidley, G TI An assessment of waste issues associated with the production of new, lightweight, fuel-efficient vehicles SO JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION LA English DT Article DE solid waste; hazardous waste; fuel-efficient vehicles; environmental justice AB This article assesses solid and hazardous wastes that would be generated through the production of new, lightweight, fuel-efficient vehicles. In these vehicles, steel is replaced with aluminum, titanium, magnesium, plastics, and glass and carbon fibers. In addition to total volumes, we pay particular attention to a subset of highly toxic chemical constituents in hazardous waste. The article also examines capacity in the United States-to manage the solid and hazardous waste generation changes. Finally, we review the distribution of environmental impacts that changes in material composition would cause. The estimated generation of solid and hazardous wastes for each of the three new vehicles is greater than wastes for a base vehicle, although the United States has sufficient waste management capacity to handle these increases. Production of a subset of chemical constituents of hazardous waste, specifically those that are highly toxic, will decrease in most cases for the three new vehicles. Moving to these new materials could reduce mining for iron ore in the United States but increase the mining of bauxite for aluminum, magnesium, titanium, and other materials in such major countries as Canada, China, and Russia and in many small, developing countries, such as Guinea, Jamaica, and Sierra Leone. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Tennessee, Energy & Environm Res Ctr, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Engn Sci & Technol Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Fed Highway Adm, Schenectady, NY 12304 USA. RP Tonn, BE (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 2008,Bldg 4500N,1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 35 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0959-6526 J9 J CLEAN PROD JI J. Clean Prod. PY 2003 VL 11 IS 7 BP 753 EP 765 DI 10.1016/S0959-6526(02)00147-6 PG 13 WC GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 676HF UT WOS:000182744700006 ER PT J AU Chang, L Cloak, CC Ernst, T AF Chang, L Cloak, CC Ernst, T TI Magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies of GABA in neuropsychiatric disorders SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on the Role of GABA in Neuropsychiatric Disorders CY APR 03, 2002 CL ELECTR NETWORK ID GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC-ACID; BENZODIAZEPINE RECEPTOR-BINDING; COMPLEX PARTIAL SEIZURES; ABSTINENT COCAINE USERS; BRAIN METABOLIC CHANGES; PANIC DISORDER; CEREBRAL GABA; H-1-NMR SPECTROSCOPY; VIGABATRIN THERAPY; IOMAZENIL-SPECT AB Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and is integral to managing brain excitability. GABA concentrations vary according to age, gender, and brain region. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), with editing or with localized 2-dimensional chemical shift methods, can measure GABA levels in vivo, ex vivo, or in vitro, particularly at ultra-high magnetic field strengths. Proton (H-1) MRS studies have found reduced or abnormal GABA concentrations in several neuropsychiatric disorders, including epilepsy, anxiety disorders, major depression, and drug addiction. Disorders with low GABA levels may be treated by augmentation of GABAergic function, such as by medications that block the degradation or reuptake of GABA. Examples of such a rational therapeutic approach include anticonvulsants that elevate brain GABA levels and are effective for the treatment of epilepsy and anxiety disorder. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Chang, L (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, POB 5000,Bldg 490, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM changl@bnl.gov NR 63 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 4 U2 11 PU PHYSICIANS POSTGRADUATE PRESS PI MEMPHIS PA P O BOX 240008, MEMPHIS, TN 38124 USA SN 0160-6689 J9 J CLIN PSYCHIAT JI J. Clin. Psychiatry PY 2003 VL 64 SU 3 BP 7 EP 14 PG 8 WC Psychology, Clinical; Psychiatry SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 660AH UT WOS:000181811400002 PM 12662128 ER PT J AU Graham, S McDowell, DL Lara-Curzio, E Dinwiddie, RB Wang, H Porter, W AF Graham, S McDowell, DL Lara-Curzio, E Dinwiddie, RB Wang, H Porter, W TI Nondestructive characterization of thermal shock and oxidation-induced damage by flash diffusivity SO JOURNAL OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID CERAMIC-MATRIX COMPOSITES; CALCIUM ALUMINOSILICATE; GLASS; BEHAVIOR; INTERFACES; STABILITY AB The effect of thermal shock and oxidation-induced damage on the thermal diffusivity of unidirectional Nicalon-LAS glass-ceramic composites is presented in this study. The data presented show that thermal diffusivity measurements provide a sensitive nondestructive method whereby damage progression may be assessed. Samples were exposed to isothermal oxidation and thermal shock environments. In addition, combined cycles of oxidation and thermal shock were also evaluated. The thermal diffusivity transverse to the fibers was measured to detect changes in material integrity. Significant decreases up to 23% were observed in the thermal diffusivity of the material. C1 Georgia Inst Technol, George W Woodruff Sch Mech Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Graham, S (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Wang, Hsin/A-1942-2013 OI Wang, Hsin/0000-0003-2426-9867 NR 24 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 0021-9983 J9 J COMPOS MATER JI J. Compos Mater. PY 2003 VL 37 IS 1 BP 73 EP 87 DI 10.1106/002199803028994 PG 15 WC Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA 633XC UT WOS:000180309200005 ER PT J AU DeTeresa, SJ Larsen, GJ AF DeTeresa, SJ Larsen, GJ TI Reduction in the number of independent parameters for the Tsai-Wu tensor polynomial theory of strength for composite materials SO JOURNAL OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE failure criteria; interactive parameters; tensor polynomial theory of strength ID HYDROSTATIC-PRESSURE AB It is shown that the number of required parameters for the Tsai-Wu tensor polynomial strength criterion for fiber composites can be reduced from seven to five for composite materials that do not fail under practical levels of either hydrostatic or transverse pressure. For these materials, the interactive strength parameters can be defined in terms of their commonly measured uniaxial or noninteracting strength parameters, thereby eliminating the need to conduct combined stress tests. The derived parameters are given by F-12 = F-11/4 F-23 = -F-22 These parameters fall within the stability limits of the theory, yet they lead to open failure surfaces in the compressive stress quadrant. The assumptions used to derive the interactive parameters were supported by measurements that showed typical carbon fiber composites did not fail under significant levels of hydrostatic pressure or unequal transverse compression. Comparison with previous work where the interactive parameters had been determined from combined stress experiments showed that predictions based on the derived parameters were generally in good agreement with test results. In evaluating the tensor polynomial failure theory, the behaviors under hydrostatic and transverse pressure were shown to be more discerning than other multiaxial stress states. It is therefore proposed that these two stress states be used in assessing other proposed three-dimensional failure models for fiber composites. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Dept Mech Engn, Mfg & Mat Engn Div, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP DeTeresa, SJ (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Dept Mech Engn, Mfg & Mat Engn Div, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 13 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 5 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 0021-9983 J9 J COMPOS MATER JI J. Compos Mater. PY 2003 VL 37 IS 19 BP 1769 EP 1785 DI 10.1177/002199803035183 PG 17 WC Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA 735DZ UT WOS:000186098300005 ER PT J AU Howell, LH Greenough, JA AF Howell, LH Greenough, JA TI Radiation diffusion for multi-fluid Eulerian hydrodynamics with adaptive mesh refinement SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE radiation transport; radiation diffusion; multi-fluid; adaptive mesh; parallel ID PARTIAL-DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS; PROJECTION METHOD; ALGORITHM AB Block-structured meshes provide the ability to concentrate grid points and computational effort in interesting regions of a flow field, without sacrificing the efficiency and low memory requirements of a regular grid. We describe an algorithm for simulating radiation diffusion on such a mesh, coupled to multi-fluid gasdynamics. Conservation laws are enforced by using locally conservative difference schemes along with explicit synchronization operations between different levels of refinement. In unsteady calculations each refinement level is advanced at its own optimal timestep. Particular attention is given to the appropriate coupling between the fluid energy and the radiation field, the behavior of the discretization at sharp interfaces, and the form of synchronization between levels required for energy conservation in the diffusion process. Two- and three-dimensional examples are presented, including parallel calculations performed on an IBM SP-2. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Howell, LH (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, MS L-560, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 27 TC 41 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9991 J9 J COMPUT PHYS JI J. Comput. Phys. PD JAN 1 PY 2003 VL 184 IS 1 BP 53 EP 78 AR PII S0021-9991(02)00015-3 DI 10.1016/S0021-9991(02)00015-3 PG 26 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA 651PH UT WOS:000181328400004 ER PT J AU Margolin, LG Shashkov, M AF Margolin, LG Shashkov, M TI Second-order sign-preserving conservative interpolation (remapping) on general grids SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE conservative interpolation; remapping; ALE methods ID EULERIAN COMPUTING METHOD; FINITE-ELEMENT METHOD; FLOW SPEEDS; ADVECTION; HYDROCODES; ACCURATE; MESH AB An accurate conservative interpolation (remapping) algorithm is an essential component of most arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) methods. In this paper we describe a local remapping algorithm for a positive scalar function. This algorithm is second-order accurate, conservative, and sign preserving. The algorithm is based on estimating the mass exchanged between cells at their common interface, and so is equally applicable to structured and unstructured grids. We construct the algorithm in a series of steps, clearly delineating the assumptions and errors made at each step. We validate our theory with a suite of numerical examples, analyzing the results from the viewpoint of accuracy and order of convergence. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Ctr Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Shashkov, M (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, T-7,Mail Stop B284, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 33 TC 82 Z9 95 U1 1 U2 13 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9991 J9 J COMPUT PHYS JI J. Comput. Phys. PD JAN 1 PY 2003 VL 184 IS 1 BP 266 EP 298 AR PII S0021-9991(02)00033-5 DI 10.1016/S0021-9991(02)00033-5 PG 33 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA 651PH UT WOS:000181328400013 ER PT J AU Manaa, MR Fried, LE Reed, EJ AF Manaa, MR Fried, LE Reed, EJ TI Explosive chemistry: Simulating the chemistry of energetic materials at extreme conditions SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTER-AIDED MATERIALS DESIGN LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS; CONDENSED-PHASE DECOMPOSITION; HMX PYROLYSIS PRODUCTS; NITROMETHANE ACI ION; AB-INITIO SIMULATION; HOT-SPOT FORMATION; EQUATION-OF-STATE; THERMAL-DECOMPOSITION; DETONATION-WAVES; SHOCK-WAVES AB In this article, we review recent atomistic computational techniques to study the electronic structure aspects and chemistry of energetic materials at high-pressure and/or high temperature. While several mechanisms have been proposed for the initial events of energetic materials at high-pressure, we explore the validity of a proposed shear-induced local metallization via molecular bond bending in the insensitive explosive TATB. We study the effect of high-stress ( both uniform and uniaxial) on the electronic energy band-gap and the first chemical event of a prototypical energetic material, that of nitromethane. We also determine chemical reactions rate laws and decomposition mechanisms from a quantum-based molecular dynamics simulation of HMX, a widely used explosive material, at conditions of high density and temperature similar to that encounter under detonation. Finally, we review a new multi-scale computational tool recently developed to model the shock-induced chemistry of energetic materials at the atomistic level, and report its applicability to shocked solid nitromethane. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Energet Mat Ctr, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Manaa, MR (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Energet Mat Ctr, POB 808,L-282, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. EM manaa1@llnl.gov RI Fried, Laurence/L-8714-2014 OI Fried, Laurence/0000-0002-9437-7700 NR 91 TC 27 Z9 31 U1 6 U2 39 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0928-1045 J9 J COMPUT-AIDED MATER JI J. Comput-Aided Mater. Des. PY 2003 VL 10 IS 2 BP 75 EP 97 DI 10.1023/B:JCAD.0000036812.64349.15 PG 23 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Materials Science GA 843OV UT WOS:000223094400002 ER PT J AU Zhou, QL Liu, HH Bodvarsson, GS Oldenburg, CM AF Zhou, QL Liu, HH Bodvarsson, GS Oldenburg, CM TI Flow and transport in unsaturated fractured rock: effects of multiscale heterogeneity of hydrogeologic properties SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE heterogeneity; flow and transport; fractures and matrix; dual-permeability media; unsaturated zone; Yucca Mountain ID FIELD-SCALE HETEROGENEITY; NONAQUEOUS PHASE LIQUIDS; YUCCA-MOUNTAIN; POROUS-MEDIA; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; TRACER TRANSPORT; MASS-TRANSFER; 2-PHASE FLOW; MODEL; DISSOLUTION AB The heterogeneity of hydrogeologic properties at different scales may have different effects on flow and transport processes in a subsurface system. A model for the unsaturated zone of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, is developed to represent complex heterogeneity at two different scales: (1) layer scale corresponding to geologic layering and (2) local scale. The layer-scale hydrogeologic proper-ties are obtained using inverse modeling, based on the available measurements collected from the Yucca Mountain site. Calibration results show a significant lateral and vertical variability in matrix and fracture properties. Hydrogeologic property distributions in a two-dimensional, vertical cross-section of the site are generated by combining the average layer-scale matrix and fracture properties with local-scale perturbations generated using a stochastic simulation method. The unsaturated water flow and conservative (nonsorbing) tracer transport through the cross-section are simulated for different sets of matrix and fracture property fields. Comparison of simulation results indicates that the local-scale heterogeneity of matrix and fracture properties has a considerable effect on unsaturated flow processes, leading to fast flow paths in fractures and the matrix. These paths shorten the travel time of a conservative tracer from the source (repository) horizon in the unsaturated zone to the water table for small fractions of total released tracer mass. As a result, the local-scale heterogeneity also has a noticeable effect on global tracer transport processes, characterized by an average breakthrough curve at the water table, especially at the early arrival time of tracer mass. However, the effect is not significant at the later time after 20% tracer mass reaches the water table. The simulation results also verify that matrix diffusion plays an important role in overall solute transport processes in the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Zhou, QL (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, 1 Cyclotron Rd Mailstop 90-1116, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Zhou, Quanlin/B-2455-2009; Oldenburg, Curtis/L-6219-2013 OI Zhou, Quanlin/0000-0001-6780-7536; Oldenburg, Curtis/0000-0002-0132-6016 NR 47 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 60 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 30 AR PII S0169-7722(02)00080-3 DI 10.1016/S0169-7722(02)00080-3 PG 30 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 621LD UT WOS:000179589400001 PM 12498572 ER PT J AU Ohkubo, I Matsumoto, Y Ueno, K Chikyow, T Kawasaki, M Koinuma, H AF Ohkubo, I Matsumoto, Y Ueno, K Chikyow, T Kawasaki, M Koinuma, H TI Synthesis of epitaxial Y-type magnetoplumbite thin films by quick optimization with combinatorial pulsed laser deposition SO JOURNAL OF CRYSTAL GROWTH LA English DT Article DE phase equilibria; laser epitaxy; oxides; magnetic materials AB Y-type magnetoplumbite (Ba2Co2Fe12O22:Co2Y) epitaxial thin films with such a huge lattice parameter as 43.5 Angstrom have been synthesized for the first time. Combinatorial thin film technology was successfully employed to eliminate an impurity phase in the film by quickly optimizing such reaction parameters as the deposition temperature and the thickness of pre-deposition of CoO layer. The coupling of combinatorial pulsed laser deposition and subsequent concurrent X-ray diffraction, both of which we have developed, is a promising way to high throughput optimization of thin film growth and properties. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Tokyo Inst Technol, Mat & Struct Lab, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2268503, Japan. Asahi Kasei Corp, Cent Technol Lab, Fuji, Shizuoka 4168501, Japan. Natl Inst Mat Sci, Combinatorial Mat Explorat & Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050044, Japan. Tohoku Univ, Inst Mat Res, Sendai, Miyagi 9808577, Japan. RP Ohkubo, I (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, POB 2008,Bethel Valley Rd,MS 6030, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Kawasaki, Masashi/B-5826-2008; Matsumoto, Yuji/H-2056-2011; OHKUBO, Isao/B-9553-2013 OI OHKUBO, Isao/0000-0002-4187-0112 NR 8 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0248 J9 J CRYST GROWTH JI J. Cryst. Growth PD JAN PY 2003 VL 247 IS 1-2 BP 105 EP 109 AR PII S0022-0248(02)01793-1 DI 10.1016/S0022-0248(02)01793-1 PG 5 WC Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Crystallography; Materials Science; Physics GA 629XT UT WOS:000180078300016 ER PT J AU Golovlev, VV Gresalfi, MJ Miller, JC Anglos, D Melesanaki, K Zafiropulos, V Romer, G Messier, P AF Golovlev, Valerie V. Gresalfi, Michael J. Miller, John C. Anglos, Demetrios Melesanaki, K. Zafiropulos, Vassilis Romer, Grant Messier, Paul TI Laser characterization and cleaning of 19th century daguerreotypes II SO JOURNAL OF CULTURAL HERITAGE LA English DT Article DE Daguerreotypes; LIBS; Laser cleaning; Laser ablation AB Recently, we have made tremendous progress in the spectroscopic analysis and laser restoration of tarnished daguerreotypes. Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been applied for the first time to both modern and 150-year-old daguerreotypes. In addition to surface and depth profiling, the analysis of colors on "tinted" samples allowed identification of the pigment. These results complement the previous analysis by laser ionization mass spectrometry of the surface composition of clean and tarnished examples of the old photographs. Laser ablation cleaning of the submicrometer tarnish layers has now been clearly demonstrated on numerous daguerreotypes with various extents and types of tarnish. The use of computer controlled XY translation and stable laser beam quality have allowed decisive proof-of-principle examples of laser restoration. The best parameters of laser wavelength, power and pulse duration have been determined. Using digital files of daguerreotype images, straightforward models have been developed that allow for the digital mapping of the surface tarnish. In principle, such maps could guide the computer control of the laser cleaning process. (C) 2003 Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved. C1 [Golovlev, Valerie V.; Gresalfi, Michael J.; Miller, John C.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Life Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Anglos, Demetrios; Melesanaki, K.; Zafiropulos, Vassilis] Fdn Res & Technol Hellas FORTH, Inst Elect Struct & Laser, Iraklion 71110, Crete, Greece. [Romer, Grant] Int Museum Photog & Film, Rochester, NY 14607 USA. [Messier, Paul] Boston Art Conservat, Boston, MA 02135 USA. RP Miller, JC (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Life Sci, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM john.miller@science.doe.gov RI Anglos, Demetrios/A-2548-2014 NR 11 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER FRANCE-EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1296-2074 J9 J CULT HERIT JI J. Cult. Herit. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 4 SU 1 BP 134S EP 139S AR PII S1296-2074(02)01189-5 PG 6 WC Archaeology; Art; Chemistry, Analytical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Spectroscopy SC Archaeology; Art; Chemistry; Geology; Materials Science; Spectroscopy GA V14UV UT WOS:000207760200025 ER PT J AU Vithayaveroj, V Yiacoumi, S Tsouris, C AF Vithayaveroj, V Yiacoumi, S Tsouris, C TI Modification of surface forces by metal ion adsorption SO JOURNAL OF DISPERSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE atomic force microscopy (AFM); metal adsorption; surface charge reversal; colloidal forces ID HYDROPHOBIC FORCES; WATER INTERFACE; MICROSCOPY; SILICA; SYSTEMS; AFM; POLYELECTROLYTES; ELECTROLYTE; PARTICLES; OXIDES AB Sorption of ions may lead to variations in interparticle forces and, thus, changes in the stability of colloidal particles. Chemical interactions between metal ions and colloidal particles modify the molecular structure of the surface, the surface charge, and the electrical potential between colloidal particles. These modifications to the surface and to the electrical double layer due to metal ion sorption are reflected in the interaction force between a particle and another surface, which is measured in this study by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Specifically, AFM is used to investigate the sorption of copper ions from aqueous solutions by silica particles. The influence of metal ion concentration and solution ionic strength on surface forces is studied under transient conditions. Results show that as the metal ion concentration is decreased, charge reversal occurs and a longer period of time is required for the system to reach equilibrium. The ionic strength has no significant effect on sorption kinetics. Furthermore, neither metal concentration nor ionic strength exhibits any effect on sorption equilibria, indicating that for the experimental conditions used in this study, the surface sites of the silica particle are fully occupied by copper ions. C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Yiacoumi, S (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, 311 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RI Tsouris, Costas/C-2544-2016 OI Tsouris, Costas/0000-0002-0522-1027 NR 30 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 7 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0193-2691 J9 J DISPER SCI TECHNOL JI J. Dispersion Sci. Technol. PY 2003 VL 24 IS 3-4 BP 517 EP 525 DI 10.1081/DIS-120021806 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 701NF UT WOS:000184173100016 ER PT J AU Watanabe, S Hoshino, M Koike, T Suda, T Ohnuki, S Takahashi, H Lam, NQ AF Watanabe, S Hoshino, M Koike, T Suda, T Ohnuki, S Takahashi, H Lam, NQ TI Atomistic observation and simulation analysis of spatio-temporal fluctuations during radiation-induced amorphization SO JOURNAL OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE nano-process; radiation-induced amorphization; high-voltage electron microscopy; high-resolution electron microscopy; molecular dynamics; autocorrelation function ID ELECTRON-IRRADIATION; STRUCTURAL FLUCTUATIONS AB We performed a dynamic-atomistic study of radiation-induced amorphization in the NiTi intermetallic compound using in situ high-resolution high-voltage electron microscopy and molecular dynamics simulations in connection with image simulation. Spatio-temporal fluctuations as non-equilibrium fluctuations in an energy-dissipative system, due to transient atom-cluster formation during amorphization, were revealed by the present spatial autocorrelation analysis. C1 Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Engn, Div Sci Mat, Kita Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0608628, Japan. Hokkaido Univ, Ctr Adv Res Energy Technol, Kita Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0608628, Japan. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Watanabe, S (reprint author), Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Engn, Div Sci Mat, Kita Ku, Kita 13,Nishi 8, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0608628, Japan. RI seiichi, watanabe/E-2622-2012 NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0022-0744 J9 J ELECTRON MICROSC JI J. Electron Microsc. PY 2003 VL 52 IS 1 BP 33 EP 40 DI 10.1093/jmicro/52.1.33 PG 8 WC Microscopy SC Microscopy GA 667DX UT WOS:000182216800006 PM 12741486 ER PT J AU Fodor, IK Kamath, C AF Fodor, IK Kamath, C TI Denoising through wavelet shrinkage: an empirical study SO JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC IMAGING LA English DT Article ID COMPRESSION; DIFFUSION; DOMAIN AB Techniques based on thresholding of wavelet coefficients are gaining popularity for denoising data. The idea is to transform the data into the wavelet basis, where the "large" coefficients are mainly the signal, and the "smaller" ones represent the noise. By suitably modifying these coefficients,. the noise can be removed from the data. We evaluate several 2-D denoising procedures using test images corrupted with additive Gaussian noise. We consider global, level-dependent, and subband-dependent implementations of these techniques., Our results, using the mean squared error as a measure of the quality of denoising, show that the SureShrink and the BayesShrihk methods consistently outperform the other wavelet-based techniques. In contrast, we found that a combination of simple spatial filters lead to images that were grainier with smoother edges, though the error was smaller than in the wavelet-based methods. (C) 2003 SPIE and IST. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Appl Sci Comp, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Fodor, IK (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Appl Sci Comp, POB 808,L-560, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 36 TC 45 Z9 54 U1 4 U2 6 PU I S & T - SOC IMAGING SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PI SPRINGFIELD PA 7003 KILWORTH LANE, SPRINGFIELD, VA 22151 USA SN 1017-9909 J9 J ELECTRON IMAGING JI J. Electron. Imaging PD JAN PY 2003 VL 12 IS 1 BP 151 EP 160 DI 10.1117/1.1525793 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 661PD UT WOS:000181898200016 ER PT J AU Maziasz, PJ Swindeman, RW AF Maziasz, PJ Swindeman, RW TI Selecting and developing advanced alloys for creep-resistance for microturbine recuperator applications SO JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING FOR GAS TURBINES AND POWER-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 46th International Congress and Exhibition on Gas Turbines and Aeroengines CY JUN 04-07, 2001 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA AB Recuperators are considered essential hardware to achieve the efficiencies desired for advanced microturbines. Compact recuperator technologies, including primary surface, plate and fin, and spiral, all require thin section materials that have high-temperature strength and corrosion resistance up to 750 degreesC or above, and yet remain as low cost as possible. The effects of processing and microstructure oil creep-rupture resistance at 750 degreesC and 100 MPa were determined for a range of austenitic stainless alloys made into 0.1-mm foils. Two groups of alloys were identified with regard to improved creep resistance relative to type 347 stainless steel. Alloys with better creep-rupture resistance included alloys 120, 230, modified 803 and alloy 740 (formerly thermie-alloy), while alloy 214 and 625 exhibited much better creep strength. Alloys 120 and modified 803 appeared to have the most cost-effective improvements in creep strength relative to type 347 stainless steel, and should be attractive for advanced microturbine recuperator applications. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Maziasz, PJ (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. OI Maziasz, Philip/0000-0001-8207-334X NR 16 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0742-4795 J9 J ENG GAS TURB POWER JI J. Eng. Gas. Turbines Power-Trans. ASME PD JAN PY 2003 VL 125 IS 1 BP 310 EP 315 DI 10.1115/1.1499729 PG 6 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 634CE UT WOS:000180321800039 ER PT J AU Huston, MA Marland, G AF Huston, MA Marland, G TI Carbon management and biodiversity SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE biodiversity; carbon trading; carbon sequestration ID BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY; FORESTS; BIOENERGY AB International efforts to mitigate human-caused changes in the Earth's climate are considering a system of incentives (debits and credits) that would encourage specific changes in land use that can help to reduce the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide. The two primary land-based activities that would help to minimize atmospheric carbon dioxide are carbon storage in the terrestrial biosphere and the efficient substitution of biomass fuels and bio-based products for fossil fuels and energy-intensive products. These two activities have very different land requirements and different implications for the preservation of biodiversity and the maintenance of other ecosystem services. Carbon sequestration in living forests can be pursued on lands with low productivity, i.e. on lands that are least suitable for agriculture or intensive forestry, and are compatible with the preservation of biodiversity over large areas. In contrast, intensive harvest-and-use systems for biomass fuels and products generally need more productive land to be economically viable. Intensive harvest-and-use systems may compete with agriculture or they may shift intensive land uses onto the less productive lands that currently harbor most of the Earth's biodiversity. Win-win solutions for carbon dioxide control and biodiversity are possible, but careful evaluation and planning are needed to avoid practices that reduce biodiversity with little net decrease in atmospheric carbon dioxide. Planning is more complex on a politically subdivided Earth where issues of local interest, national sovereignty, and equity come into play. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Huston, MA (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM hustonma@ornl.gov; marlandgh@ornl.gov RI Huston, Michael/B-1434-2009 OI Huston, Michael/0000-0001-9513-1166 NR 46 TC 77 Z9 80 U1 9 U2 43 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0301-4797 EI 1095-8630 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE JI J. Environ. Manage. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 67 IS 1 BP 77 EP 86 DI 10.1016/S0301-4797(02)00190-1 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 661JG UT WOS:000181887000010 PM 12659806 ER PT J AU Sutton, M Warwick, P Hall, A AF Sutton, M Warwick, P Hall, A TI Uranium(VI) interactions with OPC/PFA grout SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Article ID SORPTION; ADSORPTION; SPECIATION; TRANSPORT; SILICATE; CALCITE; U(VI); PH AB The sorption of uranium on to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)/Pulverized Fuel Ash (PFA, fly ash) grout material has been investigated with respect to time, pH, grout: uranium ratio and the chemical composition of the supporting solution. The information obtained is of relevance to the disposal of low-level nuclear waste. The grout material has been chemically characterised and is negatively charged above pH 2.3. At the uranium concentrations studied (2 muM) all uranyl hydroxide aqueous species are expected to be monomeric, rather than polymeric. Uranium(VI) sorption on to the grout material has been explained in terms of inner sphere complexation binding by means of hydroxide bridge formation between the uranium and grout surface. It is also proposed that oligomeric uranyl species are formed across the grout surface, perhaps stabilising the repulsive effects of the negatively charged grout surface and anionic uranyl hydroxide species. Thermodynamic modelling has been used to explain the sorption variation versus solution pH and identifies potential binding mechanisms. C1 Loughborough Univ Technol, Dept Chem, Loughborough LE11 3TU, Leics, England. RP Sutton, M (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 41 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 11 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PY 2003 VL 5 IS 6 BP 922 EP 928 DI 10.1039/b308554f PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 749EX UT WOS:000186907100041 PM 14710934 ER PT J AU Bolan, NS Adriano, DC Natesa, R Koo, BJ AF Bolan, NS Adriano, DC Natesa, R Koo, BJ TI Effects of organic amendments on the reduction and phytoavailability of chromate in mineral soil SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM; BIOMASS CARBON; BEHAVIOR; AVAILABILITY; MECHANISMS; ADSORPTION; SUBSTANCES; CHEMISTRY; OXIDATION; RETENTION AB In this study, seven organic amendments (biosolid compost, farm yard manure, fish manure, horse manure, spent mushroom, pig manure, and poultry manure) were investigated for their effects on the reduction of hexavalent chromium [chromate, Cr(VI)] in a mineral soil (Manawatu sandy soil) low in organic matter content. Addition of organic amendments enhanced the rate of reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in the soil. At the same level of total organic carbon addition, there was a significant difference in the extent of Cr(VI) reduction among the soils treated with organic amendments. There was, however, a significant positive linear relationship between the extent of Cr(VI) reduction and the amount of dissolved organic carbon in the soil. The effect of biosolid compost on the uptake of Cr(VI) from the soil, treated with various levels of Cr(VI) (0-1200 mg Cr kg(-1) soil), was examined with mustard (Brassica juncea L.) plants. Increasing addition of Cr(VI) increased Cr concentration in plants, resulting in decreased plant growth (i.e., phytotoxicity). Addition of the biosolid compost was effective in reducing the phytotoxicity of Cr(VI). The redistribution of Cr(VI) in various soil components was evaluated by a sequential fractionation scheme. In the unamended soil, the concentration of Cr was higher in the organic-bound, oxide-bound, and residual fractions than in the soluble and exchangeable fractions. Addition of organic amendments also decreased the concentration of the soluble and exchangeable fractions but especially increased the organic-bound fraction in soil. C1 Massey Univ, Soil & Earth Sci Grp, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Savannah River Ecol Lab, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. RP Bolan, NS (reprint author), Massey Univ, Soil & Earth Sci Grp, Palmerston North, New Zealand. RI Bolan, Nanthi/E-8535-2011 OI Bolan, Nanthi/0000-0003-2056-1692 NR 47 TC 98 Z9 129 U1 6 U2 31 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JAN-FEB PY 2003 VL 32 IS 1 BP 120 EP 128 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 662NJ UT WOS:000181953400014 PM 12549550 ER PT J AU Seaman, JC Hutchison, JM Jackson, BP Vulava, VM AF Seaman, JC Hutchison, JM Jackson, BP Vulava, VM TI In situ treatment of metals in contaminated soils with phytate SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID HYDROXYAPATITE ADDITION; INOSITOL HEXAPHOSPHATE; LEAD IMMOBILIZATION; SURFACE WATERS; SEDIMENTS; URANIUM; ADSORPTION; BIOAVAILABILITY; MECHANISMS; AMENDMENTS AB Batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the ability of various forms of phytate, the hexaphosphoric form of myo-inositol (IP6), to immobilize U, Ni, and other inorganic contaminants in soils and sediments. A Ca-phytate precipitate (Ca-n-IP6), dodeca sodium-phytate (Na-12-IP6), and hydroxyapatite (HA) were added to contaminated soil at rates of 0, 10, 25, and 50 g kg(-1) and equilibrated in 0.001 M CaCl2. The samples were then centrifuged, the solution pH was measured, and the supernatants were filtered prior to analysis for dissolved organic carbon (DOC), U, Ni, P, and other inorganic contaminants, such as As, Cr, Se, and Pb. The residual sediments were air-dried prior to characterization by analytical electron microscopy and extraction with the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP). The solubility of several metals (e.g., U, Pb, Cu) increased with increasing Na-12-IP6 when compared with the nonamended control. In some cases immobilization was observed at the lowest Na-12-IP6 application rate (10 g kg(-1)) with an increase in solubility observed at the higher rates, demonstrating the importance of metal to ligand ratio. In contrast, Ca-n-IP6 and HA decreased the solubility of U, Ni, At, Pb, Ba, Co, Mn, and Zn. For example, soluble U decreased from 2242 to 76 mug kg(-1) and Ni from 58 to 9.6 mg kg(-1) with the Ca-n-IP6 addition, similar to the results observed for HA. Arsenic and Se solubility increased for HA and both forms of IP6, but to a much greater degree for Na-12-IP6, suggesting that the increase in pH observed for HA and Na-12-IP6, combined with added competition from PO4 and IP6 for sorption sites, resulted in the release of sorbed oxyanion contaminants. The analytical electron microscopy results indicated that metals such as U and Ni were closely associated with secondary Al-rich precipitates in the HA-treated soils, rather than unreacted HA. The analytical electron microscopy results were less definitive for the Ca-n-IP6-treated soil, although the residual P-containing material was enriched in Al with lesser amounts of U and Ni. C1 Univ Georgia, Savannah River Ecol Lab, Adv Analyt Ctr Environm Sci, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. RP Seaman, JC (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Savannah River Ecol Lab, Adv Analyt Ctr Environm Sci, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. NR 43 TC 45 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 26 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JAN-FEB PY 2003 VL 32 IS 1 BP 153 EP 161 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 662NJ UT WOS:000181953400018 PM 12549554 ER PT J AU Oliver, DS Brockman, FJ Bowman, RS Kieft, TL AF Oliver, DS Brockman, FJ Bowman, RS Kieft, TL TI Microbial reduction of hexavalent chromium under vadose zone conditions SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID CHROMATE REDUCTION; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; BACILLUS SP; SORPTION; STRAIN; BIOREMEDIATION; CULTURES; SOILS AB Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is a common contaminant associated with nuclear reactors and fuel processing. Improper disposal at facilities in and and semiarid regions has contaminated underlying vadose zones and aquifers. The objectives of this study were to assess the potential for immobilizing Cr(VI) using a native microbial community to reduce soluble Cr(VI) to insoluble Cr(III) under conditions similar to those in the vadose zone, and to evaluate the potential for enhancing biological Cr(VI) reduction through nutrient addition. Batch microcosm and unsaturated flow column experiments were performed. Native microbial communities in subsurface sediments with no prior Cr(VI) exposure were shown to be capable of Cr(VI) reduction. In both the batch and column experiments, Cr(VI) reduction and loss from the aqueous phase were enhanced by adding high levels of both nitrate (NO3- and organic C (molasses). Nutrient amendments resulted in up to 87% reduction of the initial 67 mg L-1 Cr(VI) in an unsaturated batch experiment. Molasses and nitrate additions to 15 cm long unsaturated flow columns receiving 65 mg L-1 Cr(VI) resulted in microbially mediated reduction and immobilization of 10% of the Cr during a 45-d experiment. All of the immobilized Cr was in the form of Cr(III), as shown by XANES analysis. This suggests that biostimulation of microbial Cr(VI) reduction in vadose zones by nutrient amendment is a promising strategy, and that immobilization of close to 100% of Cr contamination could be achieved in a thick vadose zone with longer flow paths and longer contact times than in this experiment. C1 New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Dept Biol, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Kieft, TL (reprint author), New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Dept Biol, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. NR 31 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JAN-FEB PY 2003 VL 32 IS 1 BP 317 EP 324 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 662NJ UT WOS:000181953400036 PM 12549572 ER PT J AU Robison, WL Conrado, CL Bogen, KT Stoker, AC AF Robison, WL Conrado, CL Bogen, KT Stoker, AC TI The effective and environmental half-life of Cs-137 at Coral Islands at the former US nuclear test site SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY LA English DT Article DE effective half-life; environmental half-life; Cs-137 transport; Marshall Islands ID RESPECTIVE HORIZON CONTRIBUTIONS; TO-PLANT TRANSFER; VERTICAL MIGRATION; ORGANIC-MATTER; CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT; SOILS; RADIOCESIUM; SORPTION; BYELARUS; FALLOUT AB The United States (US) conducted nuclear weapons testing from 1946 to 1958 at Bikini and Enewetak Atolls in the northern Marshall Islands. Based on previous detailed dose assessments for Bikini, Enewetak, Rongelap, and Utirik Atolls over a period of 28 years, cesium-137 (Cs-137) at Bikini Atoll contributes about 85-89% of the total estimated dose through the terrestrial food chain as a result of uptake of Cs-137 by food crops. The estimated integral 30, 50, and 70-year doses were based on the radiological decay of Cs-137 (30-year half-life) and other radionuclides. However, there is a continuing inventory of Cs-137 and Sr-90 in the fresh water portion of the groundwater at all contaminated atolls even though the turnover rate of the fresh groundwater is about 5 years. This is evidence that a portion of the soluble fraction of Cs-137 and Sr-90 inventory in the soil is lost by transport to groundwater when rainfall is heavy enough to cause recharge of the lens, resulting in loss of Cs-137 from the soil column and root zone of the plants. This loss is in addition to that caused by radioactive decay. The effective rate of loss was determined by two methods: (1) indirectly, from time-dependent studies of the Cs-137 concentration in leaves of Pisonia grandis, Guettarda specosia, Tournefortia argentea (also called Messerschmidia), Scaevola taccada, and fruit from Pandanus and coconut trees (Cocos nucifera L.), and (2) more directly, by evaluating the Cs-137/Sr-90 ratios at Bikini Atoll. The mean (and its lower and upper 95% confidence limits) for effective half-life and for environmental-loss half-life (ELH) based on all the trees studied on Rongelap, Bikini, and Enewetak Atolls are 8.5 years (8.0 years, 9.8 years), and 12 years (11 years, 15 years), respectively. The ELH based on the Cs-137/Sr-90 ratios in soil in 1987 relative to the Cs-137/Sr-90 ratios at the time of deposition in 1954 is less than 17 years. The magnitude of the decrease below 17 years depends on the ELH for Sr-90 that is currently unknown, but some loss of Sr-90 does occur along with Cs-137. If the 15-year upper 95% confidence limit on ELH (corresponding to an effective half-life of 9.8 years) is incorporated into dose calculations projected over periods of 30, 50, or 70 years, then corresponding integral doses are 58, 46 and 41%, respectively, of those previously calculated based solely on radiological decay of Cs-137. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Robison, WL (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 E Ave,L-286, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 59 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0265-931X J9 J ENVIRON RADIOACTIV JI J. Environ. Radioact. PY 2003 VL 69 IS 3 BP 207 EP 223 DI 10.1016/S0265-931X(03)00080-8 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 717TY UT WOS:000185107700003 PM 12832159 ER PT J AU Smith, DK Finnegan, DL Bowen, SM AF Smith, DK Finnegan, DL Bowen, SM TI An inventory of long-lived radionuclides residual from underground nuclear testing at the Nevada test site, 1951-1992 SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY LA English DT Article DE radionuclide migration; radiologic source term; nuclear testing; Nevada test site AB An inventory of long-lived radionuclides produced by 828 underground nuclear tests conducted at the Nevada test site (NTS) from 1951 to 1992 includes residual tritium, fission products, actinides, and activation products. Recently, the US Department of Energy approved the declassification of the NTS radionuclide inventory by principal geographic test centers. This permits unclassified publication of radionuclide totals for the Yucca Flat, Pahute Mesa-Area 19, Pahute Mesa-Area 20, Frenchman Flat, and Rainier Mesa/Shoshone Mountain testing locations. Activities are reported as of September 23, 1992, the date of the last underground nuclear test conducted at the NTS, and September 23, 2492, after 500 years of radioactive decay. The availability of these data affords an opportunity for the analysis of the radiologic source term within the boundaries of local hydrogeologic units and provides insight to where radionuclides are sited relative to potential exposure pathways. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Analyt & Nucl Chem Div, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Chem, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Smith, DK (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Analyt & Nucl Chem Div, POB 808,M-S L-231, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 19 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0265-931X J9 J ENVIRON RADIOACTIV JI J. Environ. Radioact. PY 2003 VL 67 IS 1 BP 35 EP 51 DI 10.1016/S0265-931X(02)00146-7 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 664HL UT WOS:000182055600004 PM 12634000 ER PT J AU Jones, D Domotor, S Higley, K Kocher, D Bilyard, G AF Jones, D Domotor, S Higley, K Kocher, D Bilyard, G TI Principles and issues in radiological ecological risk assessment SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY LA English DT Article DE ecological risk assessment; ERA; graded approach; biota; dose assessment; radionuclides ID NONHUMAN BIOTA; BENCHMARKS; RADIATION AB This paper provides a bridge between the fields of ecological risk assessment (ERA) and radioecology by presenting key biota dose assessment issues identified in the US Department of Energy's Graded Approach for Evaluating Radiation Doses to Aquatic and Terrestrial Biota in a manner consistent with the US Environmental Protection Agency's framework for ERA. Current radiological ERA methods and data are intended for use in protecting natural populations of biota, rather than individual members of a population. Potentially susceptible receptors include vertebrates and terrestrial plants. One must ensure that all media, radionuclides (including short-lived radioactive decay products), types of radiations (i.e., alpha particles, electrons, and photons), and pathways (i.e., internal and external contamination) are combined in each exposure scenario. The relative biological effectiveness of alpha particles with respect to deterministic effects must also be considered. Expected safe levels of exposure are available for the protection of natural populations of aquatic biota (10 mGy d(-1)) and terrestrial plants (10 mGy d(-1)) and animals (1 mGy d(-1)) and are appropriate for use in all radiological ERA tiers, provided that appropriate exposure assumptions are used. Caution must be exercised (and a thorough justification provided) if more restrictive limits are selected, to ensure that the supporting data are of high quality, reproducible, and clearly relevant to the protection of natural populations. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. US DOE, Off Environm Policy & Guidance, Washington, DC USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Nucl Engn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Life Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA USA. RP Jones, D (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 33 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0265-931X J9 J ENVIRON RADIOACTIV JI J. Environ. Radioact. PY 2003 VL 66 IS 1-2 BP 19 EP 39 DI 10.1016/S0265-931X(02)00114-5 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 652XH UT WOS:000181405800003 PM 12590068 ER PT J AU Higley, KA Domotor, SL Antonio, EJ Kocher, DC AF Higley, KA Domotor, SL Antonio, EJ Kocher, DC TI Derivation of a screening methodology for evaluating radiation dose to aquatic and terrestrial biota SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY LA English DT Article DE radiation dose; plants; animals; screening methods ID NONHUMAN BIOTA AB The United States Department of Energy (DOE) currently has in place a radiation dose standard for the protection of aquatic animals, and is considering additional dose standards for terrestrial biota. These standards are: 10 mGy/d for aquatic animals, 10 mGy/d for terrestrial plants, and, I mGy/d for terrestrial animals. Guidance on suitable approaches to the implementation of these standards is needed. A screening methodology, developed through DOE's Biota Dose Assessment Committee (BDAC), serves as the principal element of DOE's graded approach for evaluating radiation doses to aquatic and terrestrial biota. Limiting concentrations of radionuclides in water, soil, and sediment were derived for 23 radionuclides. Four organism types (aquatic animals; riparian animals; terrestrial animals; and terrestrial plants) were selected as the basis for development of the screening method. Internal doses for each organism type were calculated as the product of contaminant concentration, bioaccumulation factor(s) and dose conversion factors. External doses were calculatlimits and for conducting screening assessments of radioecological impact. It provides a needed evaluation tool that can be employed within a framework for protection of the environment. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Nucl Engn, Radiat Ctr 100, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US DOE, Off Environm Policy & Guidance, Washington, DC 20585 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. SENES Oak Ridge Inc, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. RP Higley, KA (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Nucl Engn, Radiat Ctr 100, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 13 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0265-931X J9 J ENVIRON RADIOACTIV JI J. Environ. Radioact. PY 2003 VL 66 IS 1-2 BP 41 EP 59 DI 10.1016/S0265-931X(02)00115-7 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 652XH UT WOS:000181405800004 PM 12590069 ER PT J AU Higley, KA Domotor, SL Antonio, EJ AF Higley, KA Domotor, SL Antonio, EJ TI A kinetic-allometric approach to predicting tissue radionuclide concentrations for biota SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY LA English DT Article DE allometry; radionuclides; accumulation; radiation dose ID FOOD AB Allometry, or the biology of scaling, is the study of size and its consequences. It has become a useful tool for comparative physiology. There are several allometric equations that relate body size to many parameters, including ingestion rate, lifespan, inhalation rate, home range and more. While these equations were originally derived from empirical observations, there is a growing body of evidence that these relationships have their origins in the dynamics of energy transport mechanisms. As part of an ongoing effort by the Department of Energy in developing generic methods for evaluating radiation dose to biota, we have examined the utility of applying allometric techniques to predicting radionuclide tissue concentration across a large range of terrestrial and riparian species of animals. This particular study examined 23 radionuclides. Initial investigations suggest that the allometric approach can provide a useful tool to derive limiting values of uptake and elimination factors for animals. (C). 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Nucl Engn, Radiat Ctr 100, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US DOE, Off Environm Policy & Guidance, Washington, DC 20585 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Higley, KA (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Nucl Engn, Radiat Ctr 100, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 14 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0265-931X J9 J ENVIRON RADIOACTIV JI J. Environ. Radioact. PY 2003 VL 66 IS 1-2 BP 61 EP 74 DI 10.1016/S0265-931X(02)00116-9 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 652XH UT WOS:000181405800005 PM 12590070 ER PT J AU Higley, KA Domotor, SL Antonio, EJ AF Higley, KA Domotor, SL Antonio, EJ TI A probabilistic approach to obtaining limiting estimates of radionuclide concentration in biota SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY LA English DT Article DE radionuclides; accumulation; plants; animals; radiation dosimetry ID ANIMALS AB The US Department of Energy has developed a graded approach for evaluating radiation doses to biota. Limiting concentrations of radionuclides in water, soil, and sediment were derived for twenty-three radionuclides. Four organism types (aquatic animals, riparian animals, terrestrial animals, and terrestrial plants) were selected as the basis for method development. While environmental transfer data needed for deriving biota tissue concentrations are available for aquatic animals and terrestrial plants, less information is available for terrestrial and riparian organisms. Two methods were applied and examined for their ability to provide estimates of organism:soil or organism:water concentration factors in lieu of measured data. The kinetic/allometric approach combined with a parameter uncertainty analysis provides a needed method to estimate concentration factors across multiple species with limited input data. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Nucl Engn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US DOE, Off Environm Policy & Guidance, Washington, DC 20585 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Higley, KA (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Nucl Engn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 23 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0265-931X J9 J ENVIRON RADIOACTIV JI J. Environ. Radioact. PY 2003 VL 66 IS 1-2 BP 75 EP 87 DI 10.1016/S0265-931X(02)00117-0 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 652XH UT WOS:000181405800006 PM 12590071 ER PT J AU Ulsh, B Hinton, TG Congdon, JD Dugan, LC Whicker, FW Bedford, JS AF Ulsh, B Hinton, TG Congdon, JD Dugan, LC Whicker, FW Bedford, JS TI Environmental biodosimetry: a biologically relevant tool for ecological risk assessment and biomonitoring SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY LA English DT Article DE environmental biodosimetry; chromosome aberrations; fluorescent in-situ hybridization; yellow-bellied slider turtle; Trachemys scripta ID CHERNOBYL CLEANUP WORKERS; IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; RADIATION-INDUCED TRANSLOCATIONS; DOSE-RESPONSE CURVES; CHROMOSOME-ABERRATIONS; IONIZING-RADIATION; PERIPHERAL-BLOOD; HUMAN-LYMPHOCYTES; GAMMA-RADIATION; DNA LIBRARIES AB Biodosimetry, the estimation of received doses by determining the frequency of radiation-induced chromosome aberrations, is widely applied in humans acutely exposed as a result of accidents or for clinical purposes, but biodosimetric techniques have not been utilized in organisms chronically exposed to radionuclides in contaminated environments. The application of biodosimetry to environmental exposure scenarios could greatly improve the accuracy, and reduce the uncertainties, of ecological risk assessments and biomonitoring studies, because no assumptions are required regarding external exposure rates and the movement of organisms into and out of contaminated areas. Furthermore, unlike residue analyses of environmental media, environmental biodosimetry provides a genetically relevant biomarker of cumulative lifetime exposure. Symmetrical chromosome translocations can impact reproductive success, and could therefore prove to be ecologically relevant as well. We describe our experience in studying aberrations in the yellow-bellied slider turtle as an example of environmental biodosimetry. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Radiol Hlth Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Savannah River Ecol Lab, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Biol & Biotechnol Res Program, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Ulsh, B (reprint author), McMaster Univ, Unit 1280, Main St, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada. NR 70 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0265-931X J9 J ENVIRON RADIOACTIV JI J. Environ. Radioact. PY 2003 VL 66 IS 1-2 BP 121 EP 139 DI 10.1016/S0265-931X(02)00119-4 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 652XH UT WOS:000181405800008 PM 12590073 ER PT J AU Roane, JE DeVol, TA Leyba, JD Fjeld, RA AF Roane, JE DeVol, TA Leyba, JD Fjeld, RA TI The use of extraction chromatography resins to concentrate actinides and strontium from soil for radiochromatographic analyses SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY LA English DT Article DE radiochromatography; extraction chromatography; sample preparation; actinides; strontium ID ION CHROMATOGRAPHY; SEPARATION METHOD; SAMPLES; PRECONCENTRATION AB An analytical technique utilizing selective extractant resins to concentrate strontium and actinides from soil followed by separation with radiochromatography was evaluated. The technique was tested using uncontaminated soil samples spiked with a radionuclide tracer solution that were either microwave-aided acid digested or leached with a strong acid. Extraction of the strontium and actinides from the acidified solution was accomplished using a serial arrangement of Sr-Resin and TRU-Resin columns. The combined eluate solutions from the extraction resins were treated with HNO3 and H2O2 to oxidize residual extractant and eluates prior to separation and analysis of the radionuclides by radiochromatography. Chromatograms obtained with larger soil mass loadings resulted in either incomplete peak resolution of the tracers or had highly variable peak elution times, indicative of an ionic interfering constituent(s). Better separations (e.g., chromatograms that resolved all radioactive constituents) were obtained when the sample mass loading was decreased, but with a concurrent decreased sensitivity for the radionuclides. Elemental analyses of the soil were conducted to provide data on the ionic constituents in unprocessed soil and post-processed soil samples. These results identified aluminum as an interfering contributor to the poor performance exhibited by the radiochromatographic separations. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Westinghouse Savannah River Co, Savannah River Technol Ctr, Aiken, SC 29808 USA. RP DeVol, TA (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 25 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0265-931X J9 J ENVIRON RADIOACTIV JI J. Environ. Radioact. PY 2003 VL 66 IS 3 BP 227 EP 245 AR PII S0265-931X(02)00109-1 DI 10.1016/S0265-931X(02)00109-1 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 654ZZ UT WOS:000181528000002 PM 12600756 ER PT J AU Taylor, TP Ding, M Ehler, DS Foreman, TM Kaszuba, JP Sauer, NN AF Taylor, TP Ding, M Ehler, DS Foreman, TM Kaszuba, JP Sauer, NN TI Beryllium in the environment: A review SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART A-TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Review DE beryllium; chronic beryllium disease; CBD; analysis; soil; water; contamination ID INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; CHELATING ION-EXCHANGER; COORDINATION CHEMISTRY; TRACE BERYLLIUM; WATER SAMPLES; TOXIC METALS; WASTE-WATERS; LUNG-DISEASE; SPECTROMETRY; SPECTROPHOTOMETRY AB Beryllium is an important industrial metal because of its unusual material properties: it is lighter than aluminum and six times stronger than steel. Often alloyed with other metals such as copper, beryllium is a key component of materials used in the aerospace and electronics industries. Beryllium has a small neutron cross-section, which makes it useful in the production of nuclear weapons and in sealed neutron sources. Unfortunately, beryllium is one of the most toxic elements in the periodic table. It is responsible for the often-fatal lung disease, Chronic Beryllium Disease (CBD) or berylliosis, and is listed as a Class A EPA carcinogen. Coal-fired power plants, industrial manufacturing and nuclear weapons production and disposal operations have released beryllium to the environment. This contamination has the potential to expose workers and the public to beryllium. Despite the increasing use of beryllium in-industry, there is surprisingly little published information about beryllium fate and transport in the environment. This information is crucial for the development of strategies that limit worker and public exposure. This review summarizes the current understanding of beryllium health hazards, current regulatory mandates, environmental chemistry, geochemistry and environmental contamination. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Chem, CSIC, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Chem, C INC, Los Alamos, NM USA. RP Sauer, NN (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Chem, CSIC, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 134 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 6 U2 33 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 1093-4529 J9 J ENVIRON SCI HEAL A JI J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A-Toxic/Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng. PY 2003 VL 38 IS 2 BP 439 EP 469 DI 10.1081/ESE-120016906 PG 31 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 653AN UT WOS:000181413200010 PM 12638707 ER PT J AU Kuleev, IG Kuleev, II Taldenkov, AN Inyushkin, AV Ozhogin, VI Itoh, KM Haller, EE AF Kuleev, IG Kuleev, II Taldenkov, AN Inyushkin, AV Ozhogin, VI Itoh, KM Haller, EE TI Normal processes of phonon-phonon scattering and the drag thermopower in germanium crystals with isotopic disorder SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID THERMAL-CONDUCTIVITY; DEGENERATE SEMICONDUCTORS; THERMOELECTRIC-POWER; LOW-TEMPERATURES; SINGLE-CRYSTALS; MAGNETIC-FIELD; MUTUAL DRAG; GE; ELECTRONS; MAXIMUM AB A strong dependence of the thermopower of germanium crystals on the isotopic composition is experimentally found. The theory of phonon drag of electrons in semiconductors with nondegenerate statistics of current carriers is developed, which takes into account the special features of the relaxation of phonon momentum in the normal processes of phonon-phonon scattering. The effect of the drift motion of phonons on the drag thermopower in germanium crystals of different isotopic compositions is analyzed for two options of relaxation of phonon momentum in the normal processes of phonon scattering. The phonon relaxation times determined from the data on the thermal conductivity of germanium are used in calculating the thermopower. The importance of the inelasticity of electron-phonon scattering in the drag thermopower in semiconductors is analyzed. A qualitative explanation of the isotope effect in the drag thermopower is provided. It is demonstrated that this effect is associated with the drift motion of phonons, which turns out to be very sensitive to isotopic disorder in germanium crystals. (C) 2003 MAIK "Nauka/Interperiodica". C1 Russian Acad Sci, Inst Met Phys, Ural Div, Ekaterinburg 620219, Russia. Russian Res Ctr, IV Kurchatov Atom Energy Inst, Inst Mol Phys, Moscow 123182, Russia. Keio Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Physicoinformat, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2238522, Japan. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Kuleev, IG (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Inst Met Phys, Ural Div, Ekaterinburg 620219, Russia. RI Kuleyev, Ivan/K-1742-2013; Kuleyev, Igor/K-2899-2013; Itoh, Kohei/C-5738-2014 OI Kuleyev, Ivan/0000-0001-9428-6502; Kuleyev, Igor/0000-0001-7182-4558; NR 32 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 1063-7761 J9 J EXP THEOR PHYS+ JI J. Exp. Theor. Phys. PY 2003 VL 96 IS 6 BP 1078 EP 1088 DI 10.1134/1.1591219 PG 11 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 699CV UT WOS:000184039100009 ER PT J AU Trujillo, MF Lee, CFF AF Trujillo, MF Lee, CFF TI Modeling film dynamics in spray impingement SO JOURNAL OF FLUIDS ENGINEERING-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article ID IMPACT; SURFACES; DROP AB A numerical and analytic study of film formation and evolution during spray impingement is presented. For the part of the film which excludes drop impact locations, the governing equations reduce to a convenient form that can be exploited using a Lagrangian particle method. At impingement points the source terms for mass and energy are calculated based on conservation principles and phenomenological results. It is shown that during the period where most of the film evolution takes place, the effect of gas shear and surface tension are negligible. Numerical testing is performed to ensure convergence. Comparisons to spray impingement experiments consisting of film extension and thickness measurements yield reasonable agreement with the exception of the shallow angle impingement case where it is suspected that the total mass deposited is overpredicted. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Mech & Ind Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Trujillo, MF (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, T-3 MS B285, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 25 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 5 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0098-2202 J9 J FLUID ENG-T ASME JI J. Fluids Eng.-Trans. ASME PD JAN PY 2003 VL 125 IS 1 BP 104 EP 112 DI 10.1115/1.1523064 PG 9 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 642DW UT WOS:000180789800012 ER PT J AU Ni Eidhin, D Burke, J O'Beirne, D AF Ni Eidhin, D Burke, J O'Beirne, D TI Oxidative stability of omega 3-rich camelina oil and camelina oil-based spread compared with plant and fish oils and sunflower spread SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Camelina sativa; oxidative stability; omega 3 fatty acids; alpha-linolenic acid; dairy type spread ID ALPHA-LINOLENIC ACID; UNSATURATED FATTY-ACIDS; CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; PLATELET-FUNCTION; DIET; OMEGA-3-FATTY-ACIDS; SUPPLEMENTS; PREVENTION; RICH; RISK AB The oxidative stability of omega3-rich oil from Camelina sativa and the storage stability of a camelina oil-based spread were evaluated. Camelina oil was more stable than fish oil and linseed oil, but less stable than sunflower, corn, sesame, and olive oils, indicated by measuring peroxide values (PV), rho-anisidine values (AV), total oxidation values (Totox), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), conjugated diene levels (CD), and conjugated triene levels (CT) during storage at 65 degreesC for 16 d. The camelina oil-based spread had higher PV, AV, Totox, TBARS, CD, and CT than the sunflower spread but maintained adequate sensory quality for 16 wk of storage at 4 degreesC or 8 degreesC. C1 Univ Limerick, Food Sci Res Ctr, Dept Life Sci, Limerick, Ireland. TEAGASC, Oak Pk Res Ctr, Carlow, Ireland. RP O'Beirne, D (reprint author), Univ Limerick, Food Sci Res Ctr, Dept Life Sci, Limerick, Ireland. NR 42 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 11 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA 525 WEST VAN BUREN, STE 1000, CHICAGO, IL 60607-3814 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD JAN-FEB PY 2003 VL 68 IS 1 BP 345 EP 353 PG 9 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 646TA UT WOS:000181049300059 ER PT J AU Horita, J Vass, AA AF Horita, J Vass, AA TI Stable-isotope fingerprints of biological agents as forensic tools SO JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE forensic science; biological agents; stable isotope ratios; fingerprints; source identification; isotope ratio-mass spectrometry ID CARBON ISOTOPES; FATTY-ACIDS; HYDROGEN; RATIOS; DIET; FRACTIONATION; WATER; BIOSYNTHESIS; COMBUSTION; TISSUES AB Naturally occurring stable isotopes of light elements in chemical and biological agents may possess unique "stable-isotope fingerprints" depending on their sources and manufacturing processes. To test this hypothesis, two strains of bacteria (Bacillus globigii and Erwinia agglomerans) were grown under controlled laboratory conditions. We observed that cultured bacteria cells faithfully inherited the isotopic composition (hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen) of media waters and substrates in predictable manners in terms of bacterial metabolism and that even bacterial cells of the same strain, which grew in media water and substrates of different isotopic compositions, have readily distinguishable isotopic signatures. These "stable-isotopic fingerprints" of chemical and biological agents can be used as forensic tools in the event of biochemical terrorist attacks. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Life Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Horita, J (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, POB 2008,MS 6110, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 28 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER SOC TESTING MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DR, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 0022-1198 J9 J FORENSIC SCI JI J. Forensic Sci. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 48 IS 1 BP 122 EP 126 PG 5 WC Medicine, Legal SC Legal Medicine GA 634PV UT WOS:000180350300020 PM 12570211 ER PT J AU Barnes, MD Penrod, C Neiger, BL Merrill, RM Thackeray, R Eggett, DL Thomas, E AF Barnes, MD Penrod, C Neiger, BL Merrill, RM Thackeray, R Eggett, DL Thomas, E TI Measuring the relevance of evaluation criteria among health information seekers in the Internet SO JOURNAL OF HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE eHealth; evaluation criteria; health communication; health professional ID MEDICAL INFORMATION; WEB SITES; QUALITY; EDUCATION AB This study identified the criteria that are valued among Internet users when rating and accessing health information on the World Wide Web. Participants (N = 578) successfully completed a Web-based survey by ranking 12 criteria for evaluating health information. Then, by applying those same evaluation criteria, rated the quality of three preselected health-related websites and indicated their preference for one of the three sites. Six criteria including content, design and aesthetics, currency of information and contact addresses were significant predictors for selecting highquality health information on the Internet. However, compared to their perceived importance participants'., perceptions about quality health information on the R Internet were not consistent when selecting quality websites. This study identified the implications for evaluation criteria among Internet users, health professionals and website developers. C1 Brigham Young Univ, Dept Hlth Sci, Provo, UT 84602 USA. Utah Dept Hlth, Salt Lake City, UT 84116 USA. Brigham Young Univ, Dept Stat, Provo, UT 84602 USA. Idaho Natl Engn Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. RP Barnes, MD (reprint author), Brigham Young Univ, Dept Hlth Sci, 213 Richards Bldg,Box 22080, Provo, UT 84602 USA. RI Thackeray, Rosemary/D-8235-2012 NR 24 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 1359-1053 J9 J HEALTH PSYCHOL JI J. Health Psychol. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 8 IS 1 BP 71 EP 82 DI 10.1177/1359105303008001436 PG 12 WC Psychology, Clinical SC Psychology GA 640GZ UT WOS:000180681500007 PM 22113902 ER PT J AU Alishahiha, M Sheikh-Jabbari, MM Tatar, R AF Alishahiha, M Sheikh-Jabbari, MM Tatar, R TI Spacetime quotients, Penrose limits and restoration of conformal symmetry SO JOURNAL OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Penrose limit and pp-wave background; AdS-CFT and dS-CFT correspondence; D-branes ID FIELD-THEORIES; STRINGS; ORBIFOLDS; ADS(5); S-5 AB In this paper we study the Penrose limit of AdS(5) orbifolds. The orbifold can be either in the pure spatial directions or space and time directions. For the AdS(5)/Gamma x S-5 spatial orbifold we observe that after the Penrose limit we obtain the same result as the Penrose limit of AdS(5) x S-5/Gamma. We identify the corresponding BMN operators in terms of operators of the gauge theory on R x S-3/Gamma. The semi-classical description of rotating strings in these backgrounds have also been studied. For the spatial AdS orbifold we show that in the quadratic order the obtained action for the fluctuations is the same as that in S-5 orbifold, however, the higher loop correction can distinguish between two cases. C1 Inst Studies Theoret Phys & Math, Tehran, Iran. Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Alishahiha, M (reprint author), Inst Studies Theoret Phys & Math, POB 19395-5531, Tehran, Iran. EM alishah@theory.ipm.ac.ir; jabbari@itp.stanford.edu; rtatar@socrates.berkeley.edu NR 45 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1029-8479 J9 J HIGH ENERGY PHYS JI J. High Energy Phys. PD JAN PY 2003 IS 1 AR 028 PG 19 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA 651RN UT WOS:000181335100028 ER PT J AU Chacko, Z Hall, LJ Perelstein, M AF Chacko, Z Hall, LJ Perelstein, M TI The weak mixing angle from TeV scale quark-lepton unification SO JOURNAL OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE beyond Standard Model; GUT; compactification and string models ID SU(3); SUPERSYMMETRY; MILLIMETER; DIMENSIONS; HIERARCHY AB Unified theories based on an extended left-right symmetric group, SU(4) x SU(2)(4), are constructed in five dimensions. The compactification scale is assumed to be only a loop factor above the weak scale, so that the weak mixing angle is predicted to be close to its tree level value of 0.239. Boundary conditions in the 5th dimension break SU(4) --> SU(3) X U(1)(B-L), removing powerful constraints from K-L --> mue while allowing a reliable calculation of the leading logarithm corrections to sin(2)theta. The compactification scale is expected in the 1-5 TeV region, depending on how SU(2)(4) is broken. Two illustrative models are presented, and the experimental signal of the Z' gauge boson is discussed. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Theoret Phys Grp, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Chacko, Z (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM zchacko@thsrv.lbl.gov; ljhall@lbl.gov; meperelstein@lbl.gov NR 27 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1029-8479 J9 J HIGH ENERGY PHYS JI J. High Energy Phys. PD JAN PY 2003 IS 1 AR 001 PG 16 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA 651RN UT WOS:000181335100001 ER PT J AU Hubeny, VE Rangamani, M AF Hubeny, VE Rangamani, M TI Generating asymptotically plane wave spacetimes SO JOURNAL OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE black holes in string theory; Penrose limit and pp-wave background ID STRING TRAVELING-WAVES; DYONIC BLACK-HOLES; ABSORPTION; ADS/CFT AB In an attempt to study asymptotically plane wave spacetimes which admit an event horizon, we find solutions to vacuum Einstein's equations in arbitrary dimension which have a globally null Killing field and rotational symmetry. We show that while such solutions can be deformed to include ones which are asymptotically plane wave, they do not posses a regular event horizon. If we allow for additional matter, such as in supergravity theories, we show that it is possible to have extremal solutions with globally null Killing field, a regular horizon, and which, in addition, are asymptotically plane wave. In particular, we deform the extremal M2-brane solution in 11-dimensional supergravity so that it behaves asymptotically as a 10-dimensional vacuum plane wave times a real line. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Theoret Phys Grp, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Hubeny, VE (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM veronika@itp.stanford.edu; mukund@socrates.berkeley.edu NR 34 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1029-8479 J9 J HIGH ENERGY PHYS JI J. High Energy Phys. PD JAN PY 2003 IS 1 AR 031 PG 20 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA 651RN UT WOS:000181335100031 ER PT J AU Shin, Y Wang, LQ Liu, J Exarhos, GJ AF Shin, Y Wang, LQ Liu, J Exarhos, GJ TI pH-controlled synthesis of hierarchically ordered ceramics with wood cellular structures by surfactant-directed sol-gel procedure SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE mineralization; sol-gel procedure; surfactant-templating; wood cellular structures; nanoporosity ID SILICA AB Synthesis of hierarchically ordered ceramic materials with wood cellular structures has been developed by an in-situ mineralization of ordered wood cellular structures with surfactant-templated sol-gel solution at different pHs. At low pH, a silicic acid coated onto inner surface of wood cellular structures and kept their structures open to form a positive replica after calcination of wood contents, while at high pH, the precipitating silica particles due to fast condensation clog the empty cellular and pit structures to form a negative replica. The ceramic monoliths after calcinations contain ordered wood cellular structures, multi-layered cell walls, pits, and vessels well-preserved with positive or negative contrasts, respectively. The surfactant-templated mineralization not only helped structural integrity, but also produced hexagonally ordered nanoporosity in the cell walls after calcination. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Shin, Y (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 19 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU KOREAN SOC INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY PI SEOUL PA A-803 TWIN BLDG, 275-3, YANGJAE-DONG, SEOCHO-KU, SEOUL 137-130, SOUTH KOREA SN 1226-086X J9 J IND ENG CHEM JI J. Ind. Eng. Chem. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 9 IS 1 BP 76 EP 82 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 640LF UT WOS:000180689800012 ER PT J AU Zhang, W Needham, DL Coffin, M Rooker, A Hurban, P Tanzer, MM Shuster, JR AF Zhang, W Needham, DL Coffin, M Rooker, A Hurban, P Tanzer, MM Shuster, JR TI Microarray analyses of the metabolic responses of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to organic solvent dimethyl sulfoxide SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Saccharomyces cerevisiae; gene expression profiling; metabolic responses; dimethyl sulfoxide ID PSEUDOMONAS-PUTIDA STRAINS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; BAKERS-YEAST; TOLERANT STRAIN; EXPRESSION; TOLUENE; OVEREXPRESSION; RESISTANCE; GENE; CELLS AB The toxic effects that organic solvents have on whole cells are important drawbacks in the application of these solvents in the production of fine chemicals by whole-cell stereoselective biotransformations. Although early studies found that organic solvents mainly destroyed the integrity of cell membranes by accumulating in the lipid bilayer of plasma membranes, the cellular metabolic responses to the presence of an organic solvent remain unclear. With the rapid development of genomics, it is possible to study cellular metabolism under perturbed conditions at the genome level. In this paper, the global gene expression profiles of Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4743 grown in media with a high concentration of the organic solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were determined by microarray analysis of similar to6,200 yeast open reading frames (ORFs). From cells grown in SD minimal medium containing 1.0% (v/v) DMSO, changes in transcript abundance greater than or equal to 2.5-fold were classified. Genomic analyses showed that 1,338 genes were significantly regulated by the presence of DMSO in yeast. Among them, only 400 genes were previously found to be responsive to general environmental stresses, such as temperature shock, amino acid starvation, nitrogen source depletion, and progression into stationary phase. The DMSO-responsive genes were involved in a variety of cellular functions, including carbohydrate, amino acid and lipid metabolism, cellular stress responses, and energy metabolism. Most of the genes in the lipid biosynthetic pathways were down-regulated by DMSO treatment, whereas genes involved in amino acid biosynthesis were mostly up-regulated. The results demonstrate that the application of microarray technology allows better interpretation of metabolic responses, and the information obtained will be useful for the construction of engineered yeast strains with better tolerance of organic solvents. C1 Paradigm Genet Inc, Microbial Res Grp, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Paradigm Genet Inc, Gene Express Profiling Grp, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Paradigm Genet Inc, Biostat & Integrated Discovery Grp, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Paradigm Genet Inc, Software Engn Grp, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Battelle US Dept Energy, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Zhang, W (reprint author), Paradigm Genet Inc, Microbial Res Grp, 108 Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 38 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 4 U2 15 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1367-5435 J9 J IND MICROBIOL BIOT JI J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 30 IS 1 BP 57 EP 69 DI 10.1007/s10295-002-0012-2 PG 13 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 643RZ UT WOS:000180875400010 PM 12545388 ER PT J AU Gu, WW Jacquamet, L Patil, DS Wang, HX Evans, DJ Smith, MC Millar, M Koch, S Eichhorn, DM Latimer, M Cramer, SP AF Gu, WW Jacquamet, L Patil, DS Wang, HX Evans, DJ Smith, MC Millar, M Koch, S Eichhorn, DM Latimer, M Cramer, SP TI Refinement of the nickel site structure in Desulfovibrio gigas hydrogenase using range-extended EXAFS spectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF INORGANIC BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE hydrogenase; EXAFS; Ni enzymes; synchrotron radiation ID DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL THEORY; THIOCAPSA-ROSEOPERSICINA HYDROGENASE; RAY STRUCTURE-ANALYSIS; NI-FE HYDROGENASE; ACTIVE-SITE; CHROMATIUM-VINOSUM; IRON HYDROGENASE; REDUCTIVE ACTIVATION; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; ENZYMATIC MECHANISM AB We have reexamined the Ni EXAFS of oxidized, inactive (as-isolated) and H-2 reduced Desulfovibrio gigas hydrogenase. Better spatial resolution was achieved by analyzing the data over a 50% wider k-range than was previously available. A lower k(min). was obtained using the FEFF code for phase shifts and amplitudes. A higher k(max) was obtained by removing an interfering Cu signal from the raw spectra using multiple energy fluorescence detection. The larger k-range allowed us to better resolve the Ni-S bond lengths and to define more accurately the Ni-O and Ni-Fe bond lengths. We find that as-isolated, hydrogenase has two Ni-S bonds at similar to2.2 Angstrom, but also 1-2 Ni-S bonds in the 2.35 +/- 0.05 Angstrom range. A Ni-O interaction is evident at 1.91 Angstrom. The as-isolated Ni-Fe distance cannot be unambiguously determined. Upon H-2 reduction, two short Ni-S bonds persist at similar to2.2 Angstrom, but them remaining Ni-S bonds lengthen to 2.47 +/- 0.05 Angstrom. Good simulations are obtained with a Ni-Fe distance at 2.52 Angstrom, in agreement with crystal structures of the reduced enzyme. Although not evident in the crystal structures, An improvement in the fit is obtained by inclusion of one Ni-O interaction at 2.03 Angstrom. Implications of these distances for the spin-state of H-2 reduced H(2)ase are discussed. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Appl Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Dept Biol Chem, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Chem, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Wichita State Univ, Dept Chem, Wichita, KS 67260 USA. Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94025 USA. RP Cramer, SP (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Appl Sci, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. OI Eichhorn, David/0000-0002-9780-4149 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM-44380] NR 57 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0162-0134 J9 J INORG BIOCHEM JI J. Inorg. Biochem. PD JAN 1 PY 2003 VL 93 IS 1-2 BP 41 EP 51 AR PII S0162-0134(02)00494-4 DI 10.1016/S0162-0134(02)00494-4 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 641BT UT WOS:000180724800011 PM 12538051 ER PT J AU Tanner, NA Wait, JR Farrar, CR Sohn, H AF Tanner, NA Wait, JR Farrar, CR Sohn, H TI Structural health monitoring using modular wireless sensors SO JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT MATERIAL SYSTEMS AND STRUCTURES LA English DT Article DE structural health monitoring; wireless sensor module; remote sensing; real-time damage detection; statistical process control; statistical pattern recognition; and time series analysis AB System integration of an online structural health monitoring module was accomplished by coupling commercially available microclectro-mechanical system sensors and a wireless telemetry unit with damage detection firmware. To showcase the capabilities of the integrated monitoring module, a bolted frame structure was constructed, and the preload in one of the bolted joints was controlled by a piezoelectric stack actuator to simulate gradual deterioration of a bolted connection. Two separate damage detection algorithms were used to classify a joint as damaged or undamaged. First, a statistical process control algorithm was used to monitor the correlation of vibration data from two accelerometers mounted across a joint. Changes in correlation were used to detect damage to the joint. For each joint, data were processed locally on a microprocessor integrated with the wireless module, and the diagnosis result was remotely transmitted to the base monitoring station. Second, a more sophisticated damage detection algorithm combining time series analysis and statistical hypothesis testing was employed using a conventional wired data acquisition system to classify a joint on the demonstration structure as damaged or undamaged. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, ESA WR, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Sohn, H (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, ESA WR, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RI Farrar, Charles/C-6954-2012 NR 19 TC 53 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 12 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 1045-389X J9 J INTEL MAT SYST STR JI J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 14 IS 1 BP 43 EP 56 DI 10.1177/104538903033641 PG 14 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 694PN UT WOS:000183783100005 ER PT J AU Fthenakis, VM Rohatgi, US Chung, BD AF Fthenakis, VM Rohatgi, US Chung, BD TI A simple model for predicting the release of a liquid-vapor mixture from a large break in a pressurized container SO JOURNAL OF LOSS PREVENTION IN THE PROCESS INDUSTRIES LA English DT Article ID 2-PHASE FLOW; VERTICAL TUBES; DISCHARGE; PIPES AB This paper presents a simple, accurate model for determining the amount and composition of a liquid-vapor release from a pressurized tank that develops a large break above the level of the liquid. Most models commonly used by the chemical industry assume that there is thermal- and mechanical-equilibrium between the liquid- and the vapor-phase (homogeneous equilibrium models, HEM). While this assumption is valid for releases though long pipes and nozzles, we found that it overestimates the total amount released during rapid discharges through large breaks in a vessel when there is insufficient time for the mixture to become homogeneous. We derived an analytical non-homogeneous, thermal equilibrium model that accurately determines the void fraction of the mixture at the time of the release, and the quantity of a release from a pressurized container. Our model is based on equations describing the transfer of interfacial momentum between the liquid- and the vapor- phases that develop during the quick depressurization of a vessel. The model's predictions are verified by comparing them with actual measurements of the void fraction, and with the results of the RELAP5 model. Also, our model is used to determine emissions of nitrogen oxides and nitric acid in an actual rupture of a railcar tank. The results agreed with actual observations, whereas a homogeneous equilibrium model gave erroneous predictions. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Fthenakis, VM (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 24 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0950-4230 J9 J LOSS PREVENT PROC JI J. Loss Prev. Process Ind. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 16 IS 1 BP 61 EP 72 DI 10.1016/S0950-4230(02)00069-4 PG 12 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 643YL UT WOS:000180891100008 ER PT J AU Majzlan, J Navrotsky, A Woodfield, BF Lang, BE Boerio-Goates, J Fisher, RA AF Majzlan, J Navrotsky, A Woodfield, BF Lang, BE Boerio-Goates, J Fisher, RA TI Phonon, spin-wave, and defect contributions to the low-temperature specific heat of alpha-FeOOH SO JOURNAL OF LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS LA English DT Article AB The specific heat of alpha-FeOOH was measured in the temperature range 0.6 to 30 K by a combination of semi-adiabatic and isothermal techniques. A broad specific-heat anomaly was detected at approximately 1 K. The data above this anomaly were fitted to the equation C=B-asw T(3)e(-Delta/T)+Sigma B-n T-n, where Sigma B-n T-n represents the harmonic-lattice model for the lattice specific heat, and B-asw T(3)e(-Delta/T) represents the magnetic specific heat. The e (-Delta/T) term that modifies the usual T-3 term for an antiferromagnetic spin-wave contribution accounts for a spin-wave gap in the spin-wave spectrum, where Delta is the width of the spin-wave gap in Kelvin. As expected, the root-mean-square deviation (RMS) of the fit decreased progressively with inclusion of additional lattice terms, but the Debye temperature, Theta(D), and the spin-wave gap, Delta, remained essentially unchanged. The addition of a linear term, gammaT, decreased the RMS of the fit and eliminated the need for an excessive number of lattice terms. The gammaT contribution to the specific heat, rather than being electronic in nature, is associated either with a small number of Fe3+ vacancies, or with loosely bound particles vibrating in defect sites in the crystallite interfaces. The possibility of the existence of vacancies is implied by the excess water content in the sample (0.083 moles of H2O per mole of FeOOH) and the presence of the interfaces is indicated by the particle size (determined by BET surface area measurement) being larger than the individual crystallite size (determined by X-ray diffraction). C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Geol, Thermochem Facil, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Brigham Young Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Provo, UT 84602 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Majzlan, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Geol, Thermochem Facil, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 18 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 9 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0022-2291 J9 J LOW TEMP PHYS JI J. Low Temp. Phys. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 130 IS 1-2 BP 69 EP 76 DI 10.1023/A:1021897402158 PG 8 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 633DY UT WOS:000180268200005 ER PT J AU Wunderlich, B AF Wunderlich, B TI Reversible crystallization and melting in polymers SO JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE-PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Polymer Crystallization CY JUN 09-12, 2002 CL MISHIMA, JAPAN DE reversible crystallization and melting; temperature-modulated calorimetry; polymers; heat capacity ID DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY; TEMPERATURE-MODULATED CALORIMETRY; EXTENDED-CHAIN CRYSTALS; GLASS-TRANSITION REGION; HEAT-CAPACITY; ELEVATED PRESSURE; THERMAL-ANALYSIS; MOLAR-MASS; POLYETHYLENE; NUCLEATION AB The intramolecular, vibrational, and conformational motion of the condensed state of flexible, linear macromolecules and their contributions to thermal properties can be described quantitatively. The translational and rotational motion of the molecules as a whole is more difficult to assess but contributes only negligibly to the calorimetry, making the condensed state of polymers easier to understand than that of small molecules. A semicrystalline polymer is typically metastable and consists of crystals, amorphous material, and intermediate phases. The micrometer-long macromolecules may extend through several micro- or nanophases, causing a strong coupling throughout the phase structure. The intermediate phases are the keys to understanding the physical properties. Their glass transitions may be in the vicinity of the transition of the bulk-amorphous phase, occur at higher temperature, coincide with the melting temperature of the crystals, or even be located above the melting temperature. Temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry has developed into a valuable tool for the study of the various nanophases and will be used to disseminate examples of different behaviors on crystallization and melting via their thermal properties. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Chem, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Oak Ridge, TN USA. RP Wunderlich, B (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Chem, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. NR 44 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0022-2348 J9 J MACROMOL SCI PHYS JI J. Macromol. Sci.-Phys. PY 2003 VL B42 IS 3-4 BP 579 EP 598 DI 10.1081/MB-120021585 PG 20 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 710PV UT WOS:000184689400016 ER PT J AU Jackson, DD Fisk, Z AF Jackson, DD Fisk, Z TI Anisotropy in magnetic and transport properties of SmTSb3 (T = Cr, V) SO JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE magnetism; resistivity; magnetoresistance; antimonides; RCrSb3 ID LN=LA-ND; ANTIMONIDES; LACRSB3; SM AB SmCrSb3 has a highly anisotropic crystal structure (space group Pbcm) which results in a very complex temperature vs. magnetic field phase diagram. We report the first measurements of the anisotropy in magnetic and transport properties, Lis well as a newly discovered first-order antiferromagnetic (AFM) phase transition at T-N = 30 K. SmVSb3 is presented due to lack of itinerant 3d-electrons. Magnetic susceptibility and magnetization measurements for fields up to 55kG and in the temperature range of 2-350K show that at T-C = 109K, SmCrSb3 undergoes an itinerant ferromagnetic transition due to the 3d Cr ions. Electrical resistivity measurements in the range of 5-295 K show that within the b-c plane, SmCrSb3 exhibits metallic behavior, while the a-axis has a change in the sign of the slope at the Curie temperature. The first-order AFM transition has also been investigated with the magnetization as a function of field up to 31 T, and by magnetoresistance up to a field of 6 T, showing that the magnetic anisotropy is never completely suppressed in this region. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USA. RP Jackson, DD (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 East Ave,L-201, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 11 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 3 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-8853 J9 J MAGN MAGN MATER JI J. Magn. Magn. Mater. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 256 IS 1-3 BP 106 EP 116 AR PII S0304-8853(02)00399-2 DI 10.1016/S0304-8853(02)00399-2 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 639PF UT WOS:000180637900012 ER PT J AU Brown, K Harvey, CA Turteltaub, KW Shields, SJ AF Brown, K Harvey, CA Turteltaub, KW Shields, SJ TI Structural characterization of carcinogen-modified oligodeoxynucleotide adducts using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article DE MALDI; mass spectrometry; PSD; PhIP; DNA; adducts; exonuclease digestion ID DESORPTION IONIZATION; EXONUCLEASE DIGESTION; SEQUENCING OLIGONUCLEOTIDES; DNA; IDENTIFICATION; PHIP; SPECIFICITY; COLON; 2-AMINO-1-METHYL-6-PHENYLIMIDAZO<4,5-B>PYRIDINE; QUANTIFICATION AB The aim of this study was to determine the chemical structure of in vitro 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP)-modified oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) by exonuclease digestion and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. A single-stranded 11-mer ODN, 5'-d(CCATCGCTACC), was reacted with N-acetoxy-PhIP, resulting in the formation of one major and eight minor PhlP-ODN adducts. A 10 min treatment of the major and one minor PhIP-ODN adduct with a 3'-exonuclease, bovine intestinal mucosa phosphodiesterase (BIMP), and a 5'-exonuclease, bovine spleen phospho diesterase, results in inhibition of the primary exonuclease activity at deoxyguanosine (dG) producing 5'-d(CCATCG(PhIP)) and 5'-d(G(PhIP)CTACC) product ions, respectively. Post-source decay (PSD) of these enzymatic end products identifies dG as the sole modification site in two 11-mer ODN-PhIP adducts. PSD of the minor PhIP-ODN adduct digestion end product, 5'-d(CCATCG(PhIP)), also reveals that the PhIP adducted guanine moiety is in an oxidized form. Prolonged treatment of the PhlP-ODN adducts at 37degreesC with BIMP induces a non-specific, or endonuclease, enzymatic activity culminating in the formation of deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate-PhIP (5'-dGMP-PhIP). The PSD fragmentation pattern of the 5'-dGMP-PhIP [M + H](+) ion of the major adduct confirms PhIP binds to the C-8 position of dG. For the minor adduct, PSD results suggest that PhIP binds to the C-8 position of all oxidized guanine, supporting the hypothesis that this adduct arises from oxidative degradation, resulting in a spirobisguanidino structure. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Biol & Biotechnol Res Program, Livermore, CA 94531 USA. RP Shields, SJ (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. EM shields9@llnl.gov FU NCI NIH HHS [CA 55861]; NCRR NIH HHS [RR13461]; NIEHS NIH HHS [ES04705] NR 42 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1076-5174 J9 J MASS SPECTROM JI J. Mass Spectrom. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 38 IS 1 BP 68 EP 79 DI 10.1002/jms.401 PG 12 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 641HB UT WOS:000180738400012 PM 12526008 ER PT J AU Sun, YK Kim, MG Kang, SH Amine, K AF Sun, YK Kim, MG Kang, SH Amine, K TI Electrochemical performance of layered Li[Li0.15Ni0.275-xMgxMn0.575]O-2 cathode materials for lithium secondary batteries SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ION BATTERIES; POSITIVE ELECTRODE; LIMNO2; SPINEL; INSERTION AB The Li[Li0.15Ni0.275-xMgxMn0.575]O-2 (x=0, 0.02, and 0.04) powders have been synthesized using a sol-gel method. The layered structure of the materials is stabilized by a small amount of Mg substitution for Ni. The structural stability and cycling behavior are improved by an increase in the Mg content. The XAS measurements show that charge compensation by delithiation could be achieved by the oxidation of the oxygen ion as well as by the oxidation of Ni2+ to Ni3+, while maintaining the Mn atoms in the 4 oxidation state. C1 Hanyang Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Seoul 133791, South Korea. Pohang Univ Sci & Technol, Pohang Accelerator Lab, Beamline Res Div, Pohang 790784, South Korea. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem Technol, Electrochem Technol Program, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Sun, YK (reprint author), Hanyang Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Seoul 133791, South Korea. RI Kang, Sun-Ho/E-7570-2010; Sun, Yang-Kook/B-9157-2013; Kim, Min-Gyu/D-8949-2013; Amine, Khalil/K-9344-2013 OI Sun, Yang-Kook/0000-0002-0117-0170; Kim, Min-Gyu/0000-0002-2366-6898; NR 19 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 9 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0959-9428 J9 J MATER CHEM JI J. Mater. Chem. PY 2003 VL 13 IS 2 BP 319 EP 322 DI 10.1039/b209379k PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 642LF UT WOS:000180805300030 ER PT J AU Bunge, SD Krueger, KM Boyle, TJ Rodriguez, MA Headley, TJ Colvin, VL AF Bunge, SD Krueger, KM Boyle, TJ Rodriguez, MA Headley, TJ Colvin, VL TI Growth and morphology of cadmium chalcogenides: the synthesis of nanorods, tetrapods, and spheres from CdO and Cd(O2CCH3)(2) SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ASSEMBLED QUANTUM DOTS; CDSE NANOCRYSTALS; SEMICONDUCTOR NANOCRYSTALS; ALTERNATIVE ROUTES; SELF-ORGANIZATION; SHAPE CONTROL; SIZE; NANOPARTICLES; SUPERLATTICES; MONODISPERSE AB In this work, we investigated the controlled growth of nanocrystalline CdE (E = S, Se, and Te) via the pyrolysis of CdO and Cd(O2CCH3)(2) precursors, at the specific Cd to E mole ratio of 0.67 to 1. The experimental results reveal that while the growth of CdS produces only a spherical morphology, CdSe and CdTe exhibit rod-like and tetrapod-like morphologies of temporally controllable aspect ratios. Over a 7200 s time period, CdS spheres grew from 4 nm (15 s aliquot) to 5 nm, CdSe nanorods grew from dimensions of 10.8 x 3.6 nm (15 s aliquot) to 25.7 x 11.2 nm, and CdTe tetrapods with arms 15 x 3.5 nm (15 s aliquot) grew into a polydisperse mixture of spheres, rods, and tetrapods on the order of 20 to 80 nm. Interestingly, long tracks of self-assembled CdSe nanorods (3.5 x 24 nm) of over one micron in length were observed. The temporal growth for each nanocrystalline material was monitored by UV-VIS spectroscopy, transmission electron spectroscopy, and further characterized by powder X-ray diffraction. This study has elucidated the vastly different morphologies available for CdS, CdSe, and CdTe during the first 7200 s after injection of the desired chalcogenide. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Adv Mat Lab, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. Rice Univ, Dept Chem, Houston, TX 77005 USA. RP Boyle, TJ (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Adv Mat Lab, 1001 Univ Blvd SE, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. NR 50 TC 90 Z9 90 U1 1 U2 23 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0959-9428 J9 J MATER CHEM JI J. Mater. Chem. PY 2003 VL 13 IS 7 BP 1705 EP 1709 DI 10.1039/b302294c PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 692LA UT WOS:000183661500037 ER PT J AU Alexander, A Battle, PD Burley, JC Gallon, DJ Grey, CP AF Alexander, A Battle, PD Burley, JC Gallon, DJ Grey, CP TI Structural and magnetic properties of Li3RuO4 SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CRYSTAL; CHEMISTRY AB The crystal structure of Li3RuO4 has been refined from neutron powder diffraction data collected at 290 K (space group P2/a, a=5.1057(1), b=5.8545(1), c=5.1062(1) Angstrom, beta=110.039(1) degrees) and 5 K. It can be thought of as an ordered rock-salt structure with chains of edge-sharing RuO6 octahedra embedded in a matrix of LiO6 octahedra. Comparison of the structure with that predicted by computational chemistry shows that the calculations model well all but the Li sublattice. Consideration of Li-6 NMR spectra and the diffraction data shows that some (similar to1%) sites on the Li sublattice are occupied by Ru. SQUID magnetometry shows a non-hysteretic maximum in the magnetic susceptibility of Li3RuO4 at 50 K, but no long-range magnetic order is apparent at 5 K. The susceptibility maximum is therefore attributed to antiferromagnetic coupling within individual chains of RuO6 octahedra. C1 Univ Oxford, Inorgan Chem Lab, Oxford OX1 3QR, England. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Chem, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. RP Battle, PD (reprint author), Univ Oxford, Inorgan Chem Lab, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QR, England. OI Burley, Jonathan/0000-0003-4030-1484 NR 14 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 18 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0959-9428 J9 J MATER CHEM JI J. Mater. Chem. PY 2003 VL 13 IS 10 BP 2612 EP 2616 DI 10.1039/b305220f PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 724PT UT WOS:000185496500038 ER PT J AU Kelman, MB McIntyre, PC Hendrix, BC Bilodeau, SM Roeder, JF AF Kelman, MB McIntyre, PC Hendrix, BC Bilodeau, SM Roeder, JF TI Structural analysis of coexisting tetragonal and rhombohedral phases in polycrystalline Pb(Zr0.35Ti0.65)O-3 thin films SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID BOUNDARY-CONDITIONS; STRESS; DIFFRACTION; DEPENDENCE; THICKNESS AB Structural properties of polycrystalline Pb(Zr-0.3,Ti-0.65)O-3 (PZT) thin films grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on Ir bottom electrodes were investigated. Symmetric x-ray diffraction measurements showed that as-deposited 1500 Angstrom-thick PZT films are partially tetragonal and partially rhombohedral. Cross-section scanning electron microscopy showed that these films have a polycrystalline columnar microstructure with grains extending through the thickness of the film. X-ray depth profiling using the grazing-incidence asymmetric Bragg scattering geometry suggests that each grain has a bilayer structure consisting of a near-surface region in the tetragonal phase and the region at the bottom electrode interface in the rhombohedral phase. The required compatibility between the tetragonal and rhombohedral phases in the proposed layered structure of the 1500 Angstrom PZT can explain the peak shifts observed in the symmetric x-ray diffraction results of thicker PZT films. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. ATMI Inc, Danbury, CT 06810 USA. Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Kelman, MB (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. NR 34 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0884-2914 J9 J MATER RES JI J. Mater. Res. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 18 IS 1 BP 173 EP 179 DI 10.1557/JMR.2003.0024 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 634VW UT WOS:000180363400024 ER PT J AU Petrovic, JJ AF Petrovic, JJ TI Mechanical properties of ice and snow SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID FRESH-WATER ICE; SITU TENSILE-STRENGTH; FRACTURE-TOUGHNESS; POLYCRYSTALLINE ICE; CREEP AB The mechanical properties of ice and snow are reviewed. The tensile strength of ice varies from 0.7-3.1 MPa and the compressive strength varies from 5-25 MPa over the temperature range -10degreesC to -20degreesC. The ice compressive strength increases with decreasing temperature and increasing strain rate, but ice tensile strength is relatively insensitive to these variables. The tensile strength of ice decreases with increasing ice grain size. The strength of ice decreases with increasing volume, and the estimated Weibull modulus is 5. The fracture toughness of ice is in the range of 50-150 kPa m(1/2) and the fracture-initiating flaw size is similar to the grain size. Ice-soil composite mixtures are both stronger and tougher than ice alone. Snow is a open cellular form of ice. Both the strength and fracture toughness of snow are substantially lower than those of ice. Fracture-initiating flaw sizes in snow appear to correlate to the snow cell size. (C) 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Petrovic, JJ (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 45 TC 95 Z9 103 U1 6 U2 50 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-2461 J9 J MATER SCI JI J. Mater. Sci. PD JAN 1 PY 2003 VL 38 IS 1 BP 1 EP 6 DI 10.1023/A:1021134128038 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 615LH UT WOS:000179246400001 ER PT J AU Clatterbuck, TO Lynga, C Colosimo, P Martin, JDD Sheehy, B Dimauro, LF Agostini, P Kulander, KC AF Clatterbuck, TO Lynga, C Colosimo, P Martin, JDD Sheehy, B Dimauro, LF Agostini, P Kulander, KC TI Scaled intense laser-atom physics: the long wavelength regime SO JOURNAL OF MODERN OPTICS LA English DT Article ID HIGH HARMONIC-GENERATION; RARE-GASES; PULSES; PHASE; CONVERSION; COHERENCE; RADIATION AB A systematic study of the temporal and spectral properties of high-harmonic generation was explored using a low-binding energy atom ( caesium) excited by an intense mid-infrared (3-4 mm) laser pulse. The long-wavelength fundamental field produces odd-order high harmonic radiation, which is experimentally accessible with standard temporal and spectral metrology. We present measurements of the pulse width and coherence times of the 5th through 9th harmonic orders with their corresponding bandwidths. Our study demonstrates that the strategy of using a scaled laser-atom interaction can offer not only a practical solution for direct probing of the properties of high harmonic radiation but also a means for exploring the physics in novel conditions. We present results showing the enhanced harmonic emission from an 'incoherent' target of ground and excited state atoms. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Univ Waterloo, Dept Phys, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. Ctr Etud Saclay, SPAM, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Clatterbuck, TO (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 24 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0950-0340 J9 J MOD OPTIC JI J. Mod. Opt. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 50 IS 3-4 BP 441 EP 450 DI 10.1080/09500340210150406 PG 10 WC Optics SC Optics GA 665RH UT WOS:000182134300010 ER PT J AU Farin, A Deutch, R Biegon, A Marshall, LF AF Farin, A Deutch, R Biegon, A Marshall, LF TI Sex-related differences in patients with severe head injury: greater susceptibility to brain swelling in female patients 50 years of age and younger SO JOURNAL OF NEUROSURGERY LA English DT Article DE brain edema; intracranial hypertension; brain injury; sex-related difference ID IDIOPATHIC INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; COMA-DATA-BANK; PREMENSTRUAL-SYNDROME; ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE; MENSTRUAL-CYCLE; MANAGEMENT; THERAPY; GENDER; WOMEN; EPIDEMIOLOGY AB Object. The goal of this study was to study the influence of sex and age on factors affecting patient outcome in severe head injury. Methods. Data from the prospectively conducted international trial of tirilazad mesylate in patients with head injury were analyzed retrospectively. Included were 957 patients, 23% of whom were female and all of whom were between the ages of 15 and 79 years. All patients presented with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores between 3 and 8 and evidence of structural brain damage and/or subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) on the initial CT scan. Frequencies of recognized risk factors, including brain swelling, intracranial hypertension, systemic hypotension, advanced age, SAH, and injury severity (based on GCS scores), as well as dichotomized Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) scores (good recovery or moderate disability compared with severe disability, persistent vegetative state, or death) obtained 6 months postinjury were compared between male and female patients. Conclusions. Overall significantly greater frequencies of brain swelling and intracranial hypertension were found in female compared with male patients (35% compared with 24% [p < 0.0008] and 39 compared with 31% [p < 0.03], respectively). The highest rates were found in female patients younger than 51 years old (38% compared with 24% [p < 0.002] and 40% compared with 30% [p < 0.02], respectively, in male patients younger than 51 years of age). This effect was independent of injury severity (GCS) scores, which were not different in male and female patients. Female patients younger than 50 years tended to have worse outcomes, but the difference was not statistically significant. Thus, female patients who sustain severe head injury, especially (presumably) premenopausal ones aged 50 years and younger, are significantly more likely to experience brain swelling and intracranial hypertension than male patients with a comparable injury severity, suggesting that younger women may benefit from more aggressive monitoring and treatment of intracranial hypertension. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Div Neurol Surg, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Dept Family & Prevent Med, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Dept Nucl Med & Funct Imaging, Berkeley, CA USA. RP Marshall, LF (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Div Neurol Surg, 4130 La Jolla Dr,200, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [M01 RR00827] NR 32 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC NEUROLOGICAL SURGEONS PI CHARLOTTESVILLE PA UNIV VIRGINIA, 1224 WEST MAIN ST, STE 450, CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903 USA SN 0022-3085 J9 J NEUROSURG JI J. Neurosurg. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 98 IS 1 BP 32 EP 36 DI 10.3171/jns.2003.98.1.0032 PG 5 WC Clinical Neurology; Surgery SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Surgery GA 636NY UT WOS:000180463700007 PM 12546349 ER PT J AU Lee, MH Bae, DH Kim, WT Kim, DH Rozhkova, E Wheelock, PB Sordelet, DJ AF Lee, MH Bae, DH Kim, WT Kim, DH Rozhkova, E Wheelock, PB Sordelet, DJ TI Synthesis of Ni-based bulk amorphous alloys by warm extrusion of amorphous powders SO JOURNAL OF NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS LA English DT Article ID SUPERCOOLED LIQUID REGION AB A high strength Ni-based bulk amorphous alloy is synthesized by warm extrusion of gas atomized amorphous powder. The Ni59Zr20Ti16Si2Sn3 amorphous powder obtained by a high pressure Ar gas atomization method has a wide super-cooled liquid region of 63 K. Warm extrusion of the amorphous powders in the super-cooled liquid state successfully yielded a fully consolidated bulk amorphous Ni59Zr20Ti16Si2Sn3 alloy. The processing conditions for extrusion are obtained from the time-temperature-transformation curve for the onset of crystallization of the amorphous powder. Lower extrusion ratio of 5 is preferred for the retention of the single amorphous phase during extrusion at 848 K. The extruded bulk amorphous Ni59Zr20Ti16Si2Sn3 alloy exhibits a high strength level (similar to2.0 GPa) similar to that of an as-cast bulk amorphous Ni59Zr20Ti16Si2Sn3 alloy (similar to2.2 GPa). The mechanical behavior of the extruded alloy under the compressive condition shows no anisotropy in the longitudinal and transverse directions to the extrusion direction. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Yonsei Univ, Ctr Non Crystalline Mat, Dept Engn Met, Seodaemun Ku, Seoul 120749, South Korea. Iowa State Univ, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50014 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ames, IA 50014 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Engn Mech, Ames, IA 50014 USA. RP Kim, DH (reprint author), Yonsei Univ, Ctr Non Crystalline Mat, Dept Engn Met, Seodaemun Ku, 134 Shinchon Dong, Seoul 120749, South Korea. RI Juhyun, Oh/H-9185-2012; bang, changwook/J-7922-2012 NR 15 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-3093 J9 J NON-CRYST SOLIDS JI J. Non-Cryst. Solids PD JAN PY 2003 VL 315 IS 1-2 BP 89 EP 96 AR PII S0022-3093(02)01424-2 DI 10.1016/S0022-3093(02)01424-2 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 631JV UT WOS:000180165200011 ER PT J AU Lewis, LH Nielsen, B Friessnegg, T Ghosh, VJ Kramer, MJ McCallum, RW Dennis, K AF Lewis, LH Nielsen, B Friessnegg, T Ghosh, VJ Kramer, MJ McCallum, RW Dennis, K TI Nanostructural aspects, free volume and phase constitution of rapidly solidified Nd-Fe-B SO JOURNAL OF NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS LA English DT Article ID POSITRON-ANNIHILATION; METALLIC-GLASS; STRUCTURAL RELAXATION; MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; ALLOYING ADDITIONS; ND2FE14B SYSTEM; AMORPHOUS STATE; TRANSITION; IDENTIFICATION; DEPENDENCE AB A complement of experimental characterization techniques - positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS), transmission electron microscopy, synchrotron X-ray diffraction and elevated temperature ac and dc magnetic measurements - were applied to the study of melt-quenched stoichiometric Nd2Fe14B ribbons modified by various amounts of the alloying additions Ti and C. These alloying additions are known to enhance the glass-forming ability in Nd2Fe14B melts, allowing for a wider processing window to produce homogeneous nanoscale materials with tailored magnetic properties. The experimental techniques used in this study reveal the complex multi-phase and multi-scale nature of the ribbons, a result that had escaped detection by lower-resolution techniques. The as-quenched ribbons were found to consist of at least three phases: alpha-Fe nanocrystals, poorly crystalline Nd2Fe14B and glass. The measured weight fraction of glass does not show a direct correspondence with quenching wheel speed, a result attributed to the complexity of the melt-spinning heat-transfer process. The Curie temperature of the glassy component of the ribbons varies in a non-systematic way with both Ti and C alloying addition content and wheel speed. PAS provides quantitative measurements of the S (or 'shape')-parameter which represents the size of a void or open volume in the material volume probed. The experimental results indicate that an excess of free volume in the glass is associated with increased glass stability, a counterintuitive conclusion. However, the results are consistent with the model of Sietsma and Thijsse [Phys. Rev. B 52 (5) (1995) 3248] who propose that thermal relaxation in glass causes the larger free volume regions in the amorphous structure to break up into smaller voids, which necessarily increases the total number of voids, but decreases the volume per void. This void breakup fosters the processes of cooperative diffusion and subsequent devitrification. It is concluded that the free volume concentration in the amorphous component of melt-spun Nd2Fe14B alloys produced by the highest quenching wheel speeds and Ti/C alloying addition content is thus not sufficient to allow cooperative diffusion to take place, resulting in an increased stability against devitrification. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Mat Sci, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Iowa State Univ, US DOE, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Ames Lab, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Lewis, LH (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Mat Sci, Bldg 480,POB 5000, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RI Nielsen, Bent/B-7353-2009 OI Nielsen, Bent/0000-0001-7016-0040 NR 43 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-3093 J9 J NON-CRYST SOLIDS JI J. Non-Cryst. Solids PD JAN PY 2003 VL 315 IS 3 BP 256 EP 270 AR PII S0022-3093(02)01605-8 DI 10.1016/S0022-3093(02)01605-8 PG 15 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 633ET UT WOS:000180270100005 ER PT J AU Boehlert, CJ Zocco, TG Schulze, RK Mitchell, JN Pereyra, RA AF Boehlert, CJ Zocco, TG Schulze, RK Mitchell, JN Pereyra, RA TI Electron backscatter diffraction of a plutonium-gallium alloy SO JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID CORROSION AB An experimental technique has recently been developed to characterize reactive metals, including plutonium (Pu) and cerium, using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Microstructural characterization of Pu and its alloys by EBSD had been previously elusive primarily because of the extreme toxicity and rapid surface oxidation rate associated with Pu metal. The experimental technique, which included ion-sputtering the metal surface using a scanning Auger microprobe (SAM) followed by vacuum transfer of the sample from the SAM to the scanning electron microscope (SEM), used to obtain electron backscatter diffraction Kikuchi patterns and orientation maps for a Pu-gallium alloy is described and the initial microstructural observations based on the analysis are discussed. The phase transformation behavior between the delta (face-centered cubic) and epsilon (body-centered-cubic) structures is explained by combining the SEM and EBSD observations. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Alfred Univ, Sch Ceram Engn & Mat Sci, Alfred, NY 14802 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Nucl Mat Technol, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Boehlert, CJ (reprint author), Alfred Univ, Sch Ceram Engn & Mat Sci, 2 Pine St, Alfred, NY 14802 USA. RI Mitchell, Jeremy/E-2875-2010 OI Mitchell, Jeremy/0000-0001-7109-3505 NR 23 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-3115 J9 J NUCL MATER JI J. Nucl. Mater. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 312 IS 1 BP 67 EP 75 AR PII S0022-3115(02)01555-6 DI 10.1016/S0022-3115(02)01555-6 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 647FC UT WOS:000181081300006 ER PT J AU Sickafus, KE AF Sickafus, KE TI Comment on 'order-disorder phase transition induced by swift ions in MgAl2O4 and ZnAl2O4 spinels' by D. Simeone et al., J. Nucl. Mater. 300 (2002) 151-160 SO JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS LA English DT Editorial Material ID SINGLE-CRYSTAL; TRANSFORMATION; AMORPHIZATION; IRRADIATION AB In this letter, structure factor calculations and computer simulated powder X-ray diffraction patterns are used to challenge conclusions reached in a recent study by D. Simeone et al. regarding radiation-induced phase transformations in MgAl2O4 spinel. Based on experimental results presented by D. Simeone et al. and previously by other researchers, and based on the structure factor results presented here, spinel most likely succumbs to a phase transformation under irradiation that involves a profound change in the arrangement of cations in the lattice. The space group is modified by the transformation and the new, metastable structure is most likely a defective rocksalt structure. These conclusions are at odds with the description of the spinel metastable phase offered by Simeone et al. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Sickafus, KE (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 15 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-3115 J9 J NUCL MATER JI J. Nucl. Mater. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 312 IS 1 BP 111 EP 123 AR PII S0022-3115(02)01320-X DI 10.1016/S0022-3115(02)01320-X PG 13 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 647FC UT WOS:000181081300011 ER PT J AU Fowler, JS AF Fowler, JS TI Radiotracer chemistry in 2002 SO JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE LA English DT News Item ID CELL-DEATH C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Fowler, JS (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC NUCLEAR MEDICINE INC PI RESTON PA 1850 SAMUEL MORSE DR, RESTON, VA 20190-5316 USA SN 0161-5505 J9 J NUCL MED JI J. Nucl. Med. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 44 IS 1 BP 19N EP + PG 3 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 633HJ UT WOS:000180276500006 PM 12524695 ER PT J AU Sain, JD Barrett, HH AF Sain, JD Barrett, HH TI Performance evaluation of a modular gamma camera using a detectability index SO JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material DE detectability; signal detection; gamma camera ID OBSERVER DETECTION PERFORMANCE; HOTELLING TRACE CRITERION; IMAGING-SYSTEMS; OPTIMIZATION; QUALITY; NOISE AB The performance of a modular gamma camera for the task of detecting signals in random noisy backgrounds was evaluated experimentally. The results were compared with a theoretical computer simulation. Methods: The camera uses a 10 X 10 cm thallium-doped sodium iodide crystal, a 2 X 2 array of 53 X 53 mm photomultiplier tubes, and a parallel-hole collimator (1.5-mm bore width, 23.6-mm bore length). The camera was positioned to look down into a 10-cm-deep water bath that filled its field of view (FOV). The top surface of the water was 5 cm from the front face of the camera. The camera has 3-mm intrinsic spatial resolution (SR) in the center of its FOV and 9-mm system SR for objects 5 cm below the top surface of the water. Uniform and nonuniform random background data were collected by imaging the bath containing 740 MBq (20 mCi) Tc-99m. Nonuniformities were created by placing water-filled objects in the bath. Each signal dataset was collected by imaging a water-filled plastic sphere, injected with 99mTc and set at a specific depth (Z) in the bath. Data were collected for many signal diameters (D) (4, 7,10,13,16, 28 mm) at 1 depth (5 cm) and for 1 signal diameter (10 mm) at several depths (1, 3, 5, 7, 9, cm). Sets of signal-present/signal-absent image pairs (380 pairs, 105 events per image) for known contrasts (C) were generated for use in ideal-observer studies in which the detectability (d') was calculated. Contrast-detail (log C vs. log D) plots were created. The theoretical simulation, developed for uniform backgrounds, provided data for comparison. Results: The detectability increased linearly with C and decreased nonlinearly with decreasing D or increasing Z. The C required to achieve a specific d' increased sharply for D < SR. For C = 5, D = 10 mm, and d' = 1.2, the camera consistently detected signals for Z < 6 cm. Similar results were found for nonuniform backgrounds. The theoretical simulation verified the results for uniform backgrounds. Conclusion: The methodology presented here provides a way of evaluating gamma cameras on the basis of signal-detection performance for specified lesions, with particular application to scintimammography. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Radiol, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA. Univ Arizona, Ctr Opt Sci, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA. RP Sain, JD (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,Mail Stop L-229, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [R01CA52643]; NCRR NIH HHS [P41RR14304] NR 16 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC NUCLEAR MEDICINE INC PI RESTON PA 1850 SAMUEL MORSE DR, RESTON, VA 20190-5316 USA SN 0161-5505 J9 J NUCL MED JI J. Nucl. Med. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 44 IS 1 BP 58 EP 66 PG 9 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 633HJ UT WOS:000180276500029 PM 12515877 ER PT J AU Griffiths, GL Govindan, SV Sharkey, RM Fisher, DR Goldenberg, DM AF Griffiths, GL Govindan, SV Sharkey, RM Fisher, DR Goldenberg, DM TI Y-90-DOTA-hLL2: An agent for radioimmunotherapy of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma SO JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE CD22; dosimetry; DOTA; humanized LL2; Y-90 ID ANTI-CD22 MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; BIFUNCTIONAL CHELATING-AGENTS; LUNG-CANCER XENOGRAFT; HUMANIZED LL2; MOUSE MODEL; NUDE-MICE; PHASE-I; Y-90; DOSIMETRY; DTPA AB The goal of this work was to determine an optimal radioimmunotherapy agent for further development against non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. We sought to establish the stability profile of Y-90-labeled humanized LL2 (hLL2) monoclonal antibody (mAb) when prepared with different chelating agents and, from these data, to estimate the dosimetric improvement to be expected from use of the most stable Y-90-chelate-hLL2 complex. Methods: The complementarity-determining region-grafted (humanized) anti-CD22 mAb, hLL2 (epratuzumab), was conjugated to 3 different chelating agents, 2 of which were derivatives of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and 1 of which was the macrocyclic chelate 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-NN',N",N'''-tetraacetic acid (DOTA). The 3 hLL2 conjugates were radiolabeled with Y-90 and tested for stability in vitro against a 10,000fold molar excess of free DTPA over 9 d. They were also tested against normal human serum at 37degreesC over 12 d. Each conjugate was radiolabeled with the gamma-emitting radionuclide, Y-88, and compared for biodistribution in normal and lymphoma xenograft-bearing athymic mice. In vivo data were analyzed for statistical differences in the uptake of yttrium in bone and washed bone when either the DOTA or the Mx-DTPA chelates were used, and closimetry calculations were made for each complex. Results: Y-90-DOTA complex of the hLL2 mAb was completely stable to either DTPA or serum challenge for the duration of either experiment (equivalent to 3.3-4.5 half-lives of Y-90 radionuclide or >90% of possible Y-90 decays from an initial starting activity). Complexes of hLL2 that had been prepared using the DTPA-type chelates lost 3%-4% of initially bound Y-90 over the first few days and about 10%-15% over the duration of the challenges. In vivo, these stability differences manifested as significantly lower yttrium uptake in bone and cortical bone over a 10-d period when DOTA was used as the yttrium chelating agent. Absorbed doses per 37 MBq (1 mCi) of Y-90-mAb were 3,555 and 5,405 cGy for bone and 2,664 and 4,524 cGy for washed bone for Y-90-DOTA-hLL2 and 90Y-lVlxDTPA-hLL2, respectively, amounting to 52.0% and 69.8% increases in absorbed radiation doses for bone and washed bone, respectively, when a DOTA chelate was switched to a Mx-DTPA chelate. Conclusion: Y-90-hLL2 prepared with the DOTA chelate represents an improved agent for radioimmunotherapy of nonHodgkin's lymphoma, with an in vivo model demonstrating a large reduction in bone-deposited yttrium, compared with (90)YhLL2 agents prepared with open-chain DTPA-type chelating agents. Dosimetry suggests that this benefit will result in a substantial toxicologic advantage for a DOTA-based hLL2 conjugate. C1 Immunomed Inc, Morris Plains, NJ 07950 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA USA. Garden State Canc Ctr, Belleville, NJ USA. RP Griffiths, GL (reprint author), Immunomed Inc, 300 Amer Rd, Morris Plains, NJ 07950 USA. NR 40 TC 61 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC NUCLEAR MEDICINE INC PI RESTON PA 1850 SAMUEL MORSE DR, RESTON, VA 20190-5316 USA SN 0161-5505 J9 J NUCL MED JI J. Nucl. Med. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 44 IS 1 BP 77 EP 84 PG 8 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 633HJ UT WOS:000180276500032 PM 12515879 ER PT J AU Feinendegen, LE Pollycove, M AF Feinendegen, LE Pollycove, M TI Biologic responses to low doses of ionizing radiation: Adaptive response versus bystander effect - Reply SO JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE LA English DT Letter ID C3H 10T(1)/(2) CELLS; TRANSFORMATION; ONCOGENESIS C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Sch Med, San Francisco, CA USA. RP Feinendegen, LE (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC NUCLEAR MEDICINE INC PI RESTON PA 1850 SAMUEL MORSE DR, RESTON, VA 20190-5316 USA SN 0161-5505 J9 J NUCL MED JI J. Nucl. Med. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 44 IS 1 BP 125 EP 126 PG 2 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 633HJ UT WOS:000180276500040 ER PT J AU Penoncello, SG Lemmon, EW Jacobsen, RT Shan, ZJ AF Penoncello, SG Lemmon, EW Jacobsen, RT Shan, ZJ TI A fundamental equation for trifluoromethane (R-23) SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL REFERENCE DATA LA English DT Article DE caloric properties; density; equation of state; fundamental equation; HFC-23; R-23; thermodynamic properties; trifluoromethane ID 2ND VIRIAL-COEFFICIENTS; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; VAPOR-PRESSURE; BINARY-MIXTURES; HEAT-CAPACITIES; CRITICAL REGION; POLAR GASES; CHF3; REFRIGERANTS; TEMPERATURE AB A new formulation for the thermodynamic properties of trifluoromethane (R-23) is presented. The formulation is valid for single-phase and saturation states for temperatures from the triple point (118.02 K) to 475 K, pressures up to 120 MPa, and densities up to 24.31 mol/dm(3). The formulation includes a fundamental equation and ancillary functions for the estimation of saturation properties. The experimental data used to determine the fundamental equation included pressure-density-temperature (p-rho-T), isobaric heat capacity (c(p)-p-T), isochoric heat capacity (c(nu)-rho-T), saturation heat capacity (c(sigma)), speed of sound (w-p-T), and vapor pressure. A nonlinear regression algorithm was used to determine the constants and exponents of various functions within the formulation. Experimental data and values computed using the formulation are compared to verify the uncertainties in the calculated properties. The formulation presented may be used to compute densities to within +/-0.1%, heat capacities to within +/-0.5%, speed of sound to within +/-0.5%, and vapor pressures to within +/-0.2%, except near the critical point. (C) 2003 by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Idaho, Coll Engn, Ctr Appl Thermodynam Studies, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. RP Penoncello, SG (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Coll Engn, Ctr Appl Thermodynam Studies, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. NR 54 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0047-2689 J9 J PHYS CHEM REF DATA JI J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data PY 2003 VL 32 IS 4 BP 1473 EP 1499 DI 10.1063/1.1559671 PG 27 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Physics GA 755UG UT WOS:000187429400005 ER PT J AU Marciano, WJ AF Marciano, WJ TI The muon: a laboratory for 'New Physics' SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS G-NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC PARITY VIOLATION; RADIATIVE-CORRECTIONS; NEUTRAL-CURRENT; DECAYS; MODEL AB The utility of electroweak radiative corrections for testing the standard model and probing 'New Physics' is reviewed. The muon lifetime's central role in those studies is explained. Alberto Sirlin's pioneering contributions to that program are recalled. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Marciano, WJ (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 36 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0954-3899 J9 J PHYS G NUCL PARTIC JI J. Phys. G-Nucl. Part. Phys. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 29 IS 1 BP 23 EP 29 AR PII S0954-3899(03)54770-3 DI 10.1088/0954-3899/29/1/303 PG 7 WC Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA 642DL UT WOS:000180788900006 ER PT J AU Marciano, WJ AF Marciano, WJ TI Precision measurements and 'New Physics' SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS G-NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on 50 Years of Electroweak Physics CY OCT 27-28, 2000 CL NYU, NEW YORK, NEW YORK HO NYU ID ANOMALOUS MAGNETIC-MOMENT; ELECTROWEAK CORRECTIONS; HADRONIC CONTRIBUTIONS; RADIATIVE-CORRECTIONS; MUON; G(MU)-2 AB The role of precision measurements in testing the standard model and probing for 'New Physics' is described. Anomalous magnetic moments of the electron (a(e)) and muon (a(mu)) along with the radiative correction functions Deltar and Delta(r) over cap that relate alpha, G(mu), m(z), m(w) and sin(2)theta(w) (m(z))((ms) over bar) are discussed. Current discrepancy between a. theory and experiment is correlated with constraints on the Higgs mass from m(w) and sin(2)theta(w) (m(z))((ms) over bar) obtained from Z pole lepton asymmetries. Together, they suggest hints of 'New Physics' may be starting to appear in quantum loop effects. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Univ Karlsruhe, Inst Theoret Teilchenphys, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany. RP Marciano, WJ (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 38 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0954-3899 J9 J PHYS G NUCL PARTIC JI J. Phys. G-Nucl. Part. Phys. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 29 IS 1 BP 225 EP 234 AR PII S0954-3899(03)55624-9 DI 10.1088/0954-3899/29/1/323 PG 10 WC Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA 642DL UT WOS:000180788900026 ER PT J AU Chatterjee, I AF Chatterjee, I TI Special issue: Fifty years of Electroweak Physics: A Symposium in honour of Professor Alberto Sirlin's 70th birthday, New York University, 27-28 October 2000 - Guest editor's introduction SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS G-NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Phys, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Chatterjee, I (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Phys, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0954-3899 J9 J PHYS G NUCL PARTIC JI J. Phys. G-Nucl. Part. Phys. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 29 IS 1 PG 1 WC Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA 642DL UT WOS:000180788900001 ER PT J AU Lee, TD AF Lee, TD TI Special issue: Fifty years of Electroweak Physics: A Symposium in honour of Professor Alberto Sirlin's 70th birthday, New York University, 27-28 October 2000 - Foreword SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS G-NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Columbia Univ, New York, NY 10027 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, RIKEN BNL Res Ctr, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Lee, TD (reprint author), Columbia Univ, New York, NY 10027 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0954-3899 J9 J PHYS G NUCL PARTIC JI J. Phys. G-Nucl. Part. Phys. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 29 IS 1 PG 1 WC Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA 642DL UT WOS:000180788900002 ER PT J AU Rasmussen, KO Kober, EM Lookman, T Saxena, A AF Rasmussen, KO Kober, EM Lookman, T Saxena, A TI Morphology and bridging properties of (AB)(n) multiblock copolymers SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE block copolymers; bringing fractions; mechanical properties; phase behavior; self-consistent field theory ID CONSISTENT-FIELD THEORY; BLOCK-COPOLYMER; TRIBLOCK COPOLYMER; DIELECTRIC-RELAXATION; UNSTABLE PHASES; MELTS; POLYMERS AB Motivated by recent experiments (Spontak, R. J.; Smith, S. D. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 2001, 39, 947) on morphological and mechanical properties of multiblock copolymers (AB)(n), we theoretically elucidate the links between microscopically determined properties, such as the bridging fraction of chains, and mechanical properties of these materials. We do this by applying self-consistent mean-field theory to determine morphological aspects such as period and interfacial width and calculate the bridging fractions. (C) 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Rasmussen, KO (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, POB 1663,Mail Stop B262, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RI Rasmussen, Kim/B-5464-2009 OI Rasmussen, Kim/0000-0002-4029-4723 NR 29 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 10 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0887-6266 J9 J POLYM SCI POL PHYS JI J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys. PD JAN 1 PY 2003 VL 41 IS 1 BP 104 EP 111 DI 10.1002/polb.10351 PG 8 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 628CM UT WOS:000179974700012 ER PT J AU Ahmadi, G Mazaheri, AR Smith, DH AF Ahmadi, G Mazaheri, AR Smith, DH TI A model for multiphase flows through poroelastic media SO JOURNAL OF POROUS MEDIA LA English DT Article ID POROUS ELASTIC-MATERIALS; CONTINUUM THEORY; GRANULAR-MATERIALS; 2-PHASE FLOW; FLUID; MECHANICS; MIXTURES AB A continuum model for multiphase fluid mixture flows through poroelastic media is presented. The basic conservation laws developed via a volume averaging technique are considered. Effects of phasic equilibrated forces are included in the model. Based on the thermodynamics of the multiphase mixture flows, appropriate constitutive equations are formulated. The entropy inequality is exploited, and the method of Lagrangian multiplier is used along with the phasic conservation laws to derive the constitutive equations for the phasic stress tensors, equilibrated stress vectors, and the interactions terms. The special cases of wave propagation in poroelastic media saturated with multiphase fluids, and multiphase flows through porous media, are studied. It is shown that the present theory leads to the extended Darcy's law and contains, as a special case, Biot's theory of saturated poroelastic media. C1 Clarkson Univ, Dept Mech & Aeronaut Engn, Potsdam, NY 13699 USA. US DOE, Natl Energy Technol Lab, Morgantown, WV 26507 USA. RP Ahmadi, G (reprint author), Clarkson Univ, Dept Mech & Aeronaut Engn, Potsdam, NY 13699 USA. NR 34 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU BEGELL HOUSE INC PI NEW YORK PA 145 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 1091-028X J9 J POROUS MEDIA JI J. Porous Media PY 2003 VL 6 IS 4 BP 243 EP 256 DI 10.1615/JPorMedia.v6.i4.30 PG 14 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Engineering; Mechanics GA 776MC UT WOS:000189118900003 ER PT J AU Simner, SP Bonnett, JR Canfield, NL Meinhardt, KD Shelton, JP Sprenkle, VL Stevenson, JW AF Simner, SP Bonnett, JR Canfield, NL Meinhardt, KD Shelton, JP Sprenkle, VL Stevenson, JW TI Development of lanthanum ferrite SOFC cathodes SO JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES LA English DT Article DE SOFC; lanthanum ferrite; SDC ID ZIRCONIA; CHROMITE AB A number of studies have been conducted concerning compositional/microstructural modifications of a Sr-doped lanthanum ferrite (LSF) cathode and protective Sm-doped ceria (SDC) layer in an anode supported solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). Emphasis was placed on achieving enhanced low temperature (700-800 degreesC) performance, and long-term cell stability. Investigations involved manipulation of the lanthanum ferrite chemistry, addition of noble metal oxygen reduction catalysts, incorporation of active cathode layer compositions containing Co, Fe and higher Sr contents, and attempts to optimize the ceria barrier layer between the LSF cathode and YSZ electrolyte. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Dept Mat Sci, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Simner, SP (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Dept Mat Sci, 902 Battelle Blvd,POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 19 TC 211 Z9 218 U1 5 U2 69 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-7753 J9 J POWER SOURCES JI J. Power Sources PD JAN 1 PY 2003 VL 113 IS 1 BP 1 EP 10 AR PII S0378-7753(02)00455-X DI 10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00455-X PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science GA 633PC UT WOS:000180290800001 ER PT J AU Recknagle, KP Williford, RE Chick, LA Rector, DR Khaleel, MA AF Recknagle, KP Williford, RE Chick, LA Rector, DR Khaleel, MA TI Three-dimensional thermo-fluid electrochemical modeling of planar SOFC stacks SO JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES LA English DT Article DE solid oxide fuel cell; three-dimensional model; fuel utilization; current and temperature distribution ID OXIDE FUEL-CELL; PERFORMANCE AB A simulation tool for modeling planar solid oxide fuel cells is demonstrated. The tool combines the versatility of a commercial computational fluid dynamics simulation code with a validated electrochemistry calculation method. Its function is to predict the flow and distribution of anode and cathode gases, temperature and current distributions, and fuel utilization. A three-dimensional model geometry, including internal manifolds, was created to simulate a generic, cross-flow stack design. Similar three-dimensional geometries were created for simulation of co-flow, and counterflow stack designs. Cyclic boundary conditions were imposed at the top and bottom of the model domains, while the lateral walls were assumed adiabatic. The three cases show that, for a given average cell temperature, similar fuel utilizations can result irrespective of the flow configuration. Temperature distributions however, which largely determine thermal, stresses during operation, are dependent on the chosen design geometry/flow configuration. The co-flow case had the most uniform temperature distribution and the smallest thermal gradients, thus offers thermo-structural advantages over the other flow cases. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Recknagle, KP (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, POB 999 MSIN K7-15, Richland, WA 99352 USA. OI khaleel, mohammad/0000-0001-7048-0749 NR 8 TC 200 Z9 206 U1 2 U2 47 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-7753 J9 J POWER SOURCES JI J. Power Sources PD JAN 1 PY 2003 VL 113 IS 1 BP 109 EP 114 AR PII S0378-7753(02)00487-1 DI 10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00487-1 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science GA 633PC UT WOS:000180290800011 ER PT J AU Thackeray, MM Vaughey, JT Johnson, CS Kropf, AJ Benedek, R Fransson, LML Edstrom, K AF Thackeray, MM Vaughey, JT Johnson, CS Kropf, AJ Benedek, R Fransson, LML Edstrom, K TI Structural considerations of intermetallic electrodes for lithium batteries SO JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Meeting on Lithium Batteries CY JUN 24-28, 2002 CL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA DE lithium batteries; intermetallic electrode; structure ID X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; ION BATTERIES; INSERTION ELECTRODE; PHASE-TRANSITIONS; ZEBRA BATTERY; ELECTROCHEMISTRY; SYSTEM; CELL; INSB AB Although metal alloys and intermetallic compounds have been researched extensively as possible negative electrodes for lithium batteries, only recently have efforts been made to monitor the phase transitions that occur during their reaction with lithium by in situ X-ray diffraction. These studies have lead to attempts to exploit those systems that show strong structural relationships between a parent structure and its lithiated products. In this paper, an overview of several systems is presented, particularly those that operate by lithium insertion/metal displacement reactions with a host metal array at room temperature. An analogy between these reactions and the high-temperature electrochemical reaction of sodium/nickel chloride cells, which is 100% efficient, is provided. On this basis, a prognosis for using intermetallic electrodes in lithium-ion cells is given. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem Technol, Electrochem Technol Program, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Univ Uppsala, Angstrom Lab, S-75121 Uppsala, Sweden. RP Thackeray, MM (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem Technol, Electrochem Technol Program, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RI ID, MRCAT/G-7586-2011; OI Vaughey, John/0000-0002-2556-6129; Edstroem, Kristina/0000-0003-4440-2952 NR 27 TC 112 Z9 113 U1 9 U2 42 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-7753 J9 J POWER SOURCES JI J. Power Sources PD JAN 1 PY 2003 VL 113 IS 1 BP 124 EP 130 AR PII S0378-7753(02)00538-4 DI 10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00538-4 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science GA 633PC UT WOS:000180290800013 ER PT J AU Popescu, A Popescu, R AF Popescu, A Popescu, R TI Building research skills: Course-integrated training methods SO JOURNAL OF PROFESSIONAL ISSUES IN ENGINEERING EDUCATION AND PRACTICE LA English DT Article DE engineering education; curricula; Internet; geotechnical engineering; undergraduate study ID EDUCATION; INSTRUCTION; TECHNOLOGY AB An enriched syllabus has been experimentally introduced to undergraduate level students enrolled in a geotechnical engineering course. Two research assignments have been integrated in the course, which require students to find information on a geotechnical engineering topic using both print and electronic resources available at the university library and on the Internet. Aiming to foster the development of technical information literacy and communication skills, the students are required to prepare a report based on a specific set of guidelines, followed by oral presentations of the topics researched. Between the two assignments, a lecture on the subject of identifying and using information resources for geotechnical engineering is included in the syllabus. Preliminary results of the study are presented along with directions for designing and implementing an enriched curriculum for geotechnical engineering courses. C1 Princeton Univ, Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Mem Univ Newfoundland, Fac Engn & Appl Sci, St John, NF A1B 3X5, Canada. RP Popescu, A (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Plasma Phys Lab, POB 451, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM popescua@princeton.edu; radu@engr.mun.ca RI Popescu, Adriana/F-3996-2015; OI Popescu, Adriana/0000-0001-6121-9899; Popescu, Radu/0000-0002-6465-1705 NR 10 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 1052-3928 J9 J PROF ISS ENG ED PR JI J. Prof. Issues Eng. Educ. Pract. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 129 IS 1 BP 40 EP 43 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1052-3928(2003)129:1(40) PG 4 WC Education, Scientific Disciplines; Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Education & Educational Research; Engineering GA 627ZZ UT WOS:000179968200008 ER PT J AU Heredia-Langner, A Carlyle, WM Montgomery, DC Borror, CM Runger, GC AF Heredia-Langner, A Carlyle, WM Montgomery, DC Borror, CM Runger, GC TI Genetic algorithms for the construction of D-optimal designs SO JOURNAL OF QUALITY TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE computer-aided design; design of experiments; design optimality; D-optimality ID COMPUTER-AIDED-DESIGN; MIXTURE; MODELS AB Computer-generated designs are useful for situations where standard factorial, fractional factorial or response surface designs cannot be easily employed. Alphabetically-optimal designs are the most widely used type of computer-generated designs, and of these, the D-optimal (or D-efficient) class of designs is extremely popular. D-optimal designs are usually constructed by algorithms that sequentially add and delete points from a potential design by using a candidate set of points spaced over the region of interest. We present a technique to generate D-efficient designs using genetic algorithms (GA). This approach eliminates the need to explicitly consider a candidate set of experimental points and it can be used in highly constrained regions while maintaining a level of performance comparable to more traditional design construction techniques. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Stat & Quantitat Sci Grp, Richland, WA 99352 USA. USN, Postgrad Sch, Dept Operat Res, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Ind Engn, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Heredia-Langner, A (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Stat & Quantitat Sci Grp, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 32 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC QUALITY CONTROL-ASQC PI MILWAUKEE PA 600 N PLANKINTON AVE, MILWAUKEE, WI 53203 USA SN 0022-4065 J9 J QUAL TECHNOL JI J. Qual. Technol. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 35 IS 1 BP 28 EP 46 PG 19 WC Engineering, Industrial; Operations Research & Management Science; Statistics & Probability SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics GA 633GN UT WOS:000180274600003 ER PT J AU Ponsard, B Hiltunen, J Penttilla, P Ruiz, HV Beets, AL Mirzadeh, S Knapp, FFR AF Ponsard, B Hiltunen, J Penttilla, P Ruiz, HV Beets, AL Mirzadeh, S Knapp, FFR TI The tungsten-188/rhenium-188 generator: Effective coordination of tungsten-188 production between the HFIR and BR2 reactors SO JOURNAL OF RADIOANALYTICAL AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Isotopes CY MAR 10-14, 2002 CL CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA ID RE-188; METASTASES; THERAPY AB The rapidly increasing therapeutic applications of Re-188 in nuclear medicine, oncology and interventional cardiology require routine production of large, multi-Curie levels of the W-188 parent. The capability and effective coordination of back-up production sites is important to insure that high level W-188/Re-188 generators are continually available. We have coordinated W-188 production at the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR - Oak Ridge, US) with production at the BR2 Reactor (Mol, Belgium) characterized by peak thermal neutron fluxes of 2.5.10(15) (HFIR) and 1.10(15) (BR2) neutrons/cm(2).sec, respectively. The long 69-day physical half-life permits receipt of W-188 from BR2 within 0.25 T-1/2's, even after the 12-day post irradiation cooling required for W-187 decay (T-1/2 = 24 hours). Since W-188 production by double neutron capture of enriched W-186 is a function of the square of the thermal neutron flux, HFIR production (4-5 Ci W-188/g W-186/cycle) is higher than at the BR2 (1.0-1.1 Ci/g W-186/cycle). However, the specific activity (SA) of BR2-produced W-188 is still about 0.8-0.9 Ci/g after processing at ORNL following shipment from Belgium. This SA is sufficiently high to permit fabrication of 1 Ci generators suitable for clinical use, since simple post elution concentration of the saline bolus (30-50 ml) obtained from the generator can provide samples with high specific volume (1 ml volume). The time periods from reactor "push" in Mol and completion of processing, fabrication and shipment of generators from Oak Ridge have been 19-21 days. Six "campaigns" have been successfully completed since 1998, with processed levels of W-188 in Oak Ridge from 8-26 Curies/campaign. W-188 has been provided to MAP Medical technologies Oy (Tikkakoski, Finland) for fabrication and distribution of generators for use at IAEA-supported research projects in developing countries. We have thus established and demonstrated an effective collaboration between the Studiecentrum voor Kemenergie-Centre d'Etude de l'Energie Nucleaire (SCK CEN) and ORNL for back-up production of W-188. This collaboration continues to be especially helpful during periods when interruption of HFIR operation is necessary for maintenance and upgrades. C1 SCK CEN, BR2 Reactor, Mol, Belgium. MAP Med, Tikkakoski, Finland. IAEA, Ind Applicat & Chem Sect, Vienna, Austria. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Nucl Med Program, Oak Ridge, TN USA. RP Ponsard, B (reprint author), SCK CEN, BR2 Reactor, Mol, Belgium. NR 10 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0236-5731 J9 J RADIOANAL NUCL CH JI J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. PY 2003 VL 257 IS 1 BP 169 EP 174 DI 10.1023/A:1024730301381 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 701NH UT WOS:000184173300030 ER PT J AU Sun, GM Byun, SH Choi, HD AF Sun, GM Byun, SH Choi, HD TI Prompt k(0)-factors and relative gamma-emission intensities for the strong non-1/nu absorbers Cd-113, Sm-149, Eu-151 and Gd-155,Gd-157 SO JOURNAL OF RADIOANALYTICAL AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID NEUTRON-ACTIVATION ANALYSIS; DETECTORS; BEAM AB Prompt k(o)-factors relative to chlorine and relative gamma-emission intensities were determined for the strong non-1/nu absorbers Cd-113, Sm-149, Eu-151, Gd-155 and Gd-157 Measurements were performed using the SNU-KAERI prompt gamma activation analysis (PGAA) facility at the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI). For proper experimental determination of the prompt ko-factors, the effective g-factor and cadmium ratio were taken into account, in consideration of the effects from the non-1/nu capture cross section and neutron spectrum in the thermal and epithermal energy region. By using the actual spectrum of the neutron beam in this study, the effective g-factor was obtained by calculation, and the influence of epithermal neutrons on the capture rate was corrected by measuring the cadmium ratio for each non-1/nu target isotope. The measured prompt k(o)-factors were used to check the consistency between the existing dataset of the absolute gamma-emission intensity and the 2200 m/s capture cross section for these isotopes. C1 Seoul Natl Univ, Dept Nucl Engn, Seoul 151742, South Korea. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Nucl Data Ctr, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Sun, GM (reprint author), Seoul Natl Univ, Dept Nucl Engn, Seoul 151742, South Korea. NR 29 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0236-5731 J9 J RADIOANAL NUCL CH JI J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. PY 2003 VL 256 IS 3 BP 541 EP 552 DI 10.1023/A:1024568203739 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 696AQ UT WOS:000183862900022 ER PT J AU Levine, ZH Grantham, S Tarrio, C Paterson, DJ McNulty, I Levin, TM Ankudinov, AL Rehr, JJ AF Levine, ZH Grantham, S Tarrio, C Paterson, DJ McNulty, I Levin, TM Ankudinov, AL Rehr, JJ TI Mass absorption coefficient of tungsten and tantalum, 1450 eV to 2350 eV: Experiment, theory, and application SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE integrated circuit interconnect; M-3 edge; M-4 edge; M-5 edge; mass absorption; microspectroscopy; tantalum; transmission; tungsten ID INTEGRATED-CIRCUIT INTERCONNECT; COLLECTIVE RESPONSE; FINE-STRUCTURE; PHOTOABSORPTION; SCATTERING; ATOMS; PHOTOIONIZATION; TRANSMISSION; TOMOGRAPHY; EDGES AB The mass absorption coefficients of tungsten and tantalum were measured with soft x-ray photons from 1450 eV to 2350 eV using an undulator source. This region includes the M-3, M-4, and M-5 absorption edges. X-ray absorption fine structure was calculated within a real-space multiple scattering formalism; the predicted structure was observed for tungsten and to a lesser degree tantalum as well. Separately, the effects of dynamic screening were observed as shown by an atomic calculation within the relativistic time-dependent local-density approximation. Dynamic screening effects influence the spectra at the 25 % level and are observed for both tungsten and tantalum. We applied these results to characterize spatially-resolved spectra of a tungsten integrated circuit interconnect obtained using a scanning transmission x-ray microscope. The results indicate tungsten fiducial markers were deposited into silica trenches with a depths of 50 % and 60 % of the markers' heights. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Expt Facil Div, Xray Microscopy Grp, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. IBM Corp, Microelect Div, Analyt Serv Grp, Essex Jct, VT 05452 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Phys, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Levine, ZH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM zlevine@nist.gov; steven.grantham@nist.gov; charles.tarrio@nist.gov NR 32 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 6 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD JAN-FEB PY 2003 VL 108 IS 1 BP 1 EP 10 DI 10.6028/jres.108.002 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 660NV UT WOS:000181840000001 PM 27413590 ER PT J AU Mor, R Gottlieb, M Mondy, LA Graham, AL AF Mor, R Gottlieb, M Mondy, LA Graham, AL TI Effect of surfaces on the static distribution of orientations in suspensions of rod-like particles SO JOURNAL OF RHEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SIMPLE SHEAR-FLOW; CAPILLARY NEMATIZATION; FIBER SUSPENSION; SIMULATION; FLUID; SLIT; WALL AB The effect of fiber concentration (nL(3)), fiber length (L), and cylindrical container walls on the static orientation state of a suspension of rod-like particles is examined with computer simulation. The orientation distributions are determined for both confined and unbounded suspensions of otherwise randomly distributed and randomly oriented, non-Brownian, rigid rods. Experimental determination of the distribution of orientations in a suspension confined to a cylindrical vessel is used to validate the results of our computer simulation. For unbounded systems, the simulations are in agreement with theoretical predictions for the concentration at which a departure from isotropic configuration is expected. For systems confined into finite-sized cylinders, the orientation of the rods is not completely isotropic, even when the concentration of particles is very low and the size of the container relatively large (seven times the size of the suspended-rod length). A linear dependence of the anisotropy on the concentration up to the highest concentration examined (nL(3) = 76) is found. Finally, we determine that over a large range of concentrations and rod sizes the effect of solid surfaces and free surfaces is confined to a distance of half rod-length from the bounding surfaces. (C) 2003 The Society of Rheology. C1 Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Dept Chem Engn, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Lubbock, TX 79410 USA. RP Gottlieb, M (reprint author), Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Dept Chem Engn, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel. NR 34 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 7 PU JOURNAL OF RHEOLOGY AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0148-6055 J9 J RHEOL JI J. Rheol. PD JAN-FEB PY 2003 VL 47 IS 1 BP 19 EP 36 DI 10.1122/1.1530624 PG 18 WC Mechanics SC Mechanics GA 634UX UT WOS:000180360900002 ER PT J AU Limmer, SJ Hubler, TL Cao, GZ AF Limmer, SJ Hubler, TL Cao, GZ TI Nanorods of various oxides and hierarchically structured mesoporous silica by sol-gel electrophoresis SO JOURNAL OF SOL-GEL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Workshop on Glasses, Cermics, Hydrids and Nanocomposites from Gels (Sol-Gel 2001) CY SEP 16-21, 2001 CL ABANO TERME, ITALY DE sol-gel; electrophoresis; nanorods; complex oxides; mesoporous silica ID FILMS; GROWTH AB In this paper, we report the template-based growth of nanorods of oxides and hierarchically structured mesoporous silica, formed by means of a combination of sol-gel processing and electrophoretic deposition. Both single metal oxides (TiO2) and complex oxides (Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O-3) have been grown by this method. This method has also been applied to the growth of nanorods of mesoporous silica having an ordered pore structure, where the pores are aligned parallel to the long axis of the nanorod. Uniformly sized nanorods of about 125-200 nm in diameter and 10 mum in length were grown over large areas with near unidirectional alignment. Appropriate sol preparation yielded the desired stoichiometric chemical composition and crystal structure of the oxide nanorods, with a heat treatment (500-700degreesC for 15-30 min) for crystallization, densification and any necessary pyrolysis. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Limmer, SJ (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RI Limmer, Steven/B-3717-2012; Cao, Guozhong/E-4799-2011; OI Limmer, Steven/0000-0001-6588-372X NR 15 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 10 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0928-0707 J9 J SOL-GEL SCI TECHN JI J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 26 IS 1-3 BP 577 EP 581 DI 10.1023/A:1020772020988 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 607JU UT WOS:000178789100102 ER PT J AU Gurin, VS Prakapenka, VB Kovalenko, DL Alexeenko, AA AF Gurin, VS Prakapenka, VB Kovalenko, DL Alexeenko, AA TI Sol-gel derived silica films with ultrafine copper, copper sulfide and copper selenide particles SO JOURNAL OF SOL-GEL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Workshop on Glasses, Ceramics, Hybrids and Nanocomposites from Gels (Sol-Gel 2001) CY SEP 16-21, 2001 CL ABANO TERME, ITALY DE thin films; nanoparticles; copper; copper sulfide; copper selenide ID NANOCRYSTALS; ABSORPTION; GLASSES; METAL AB A development of the silica-based sol-gel materials in the form of films containing ultrafine copper compounds and metallic copper is presented. Semiconductor nanoparticles with new optical features due to size effects and unique chemical properties of copper are produced. The chemical state of copper-containing dopants was manipulated by the sequence of chemical transformations monitored with XRD and optical absorption spectroscopy and discussed together with other recent data (XPS, TEM). A number of nanocrystalline phases of sulfides and selenides controllable by preparation conditions were detected in the films. The chemical composition of the dopants controls optical absorption both in the visible and near IR ranges. C1 Belarusian State Univ, Phys Chem Res Inst, Minsk 220080, Byelarus. Univ Chicago, Adv Photon Source, Argonne Natl Lab, CARS, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Gomel State Univ, Adv Mat Res Lab, Gomel, Byelarus. Gomel State Tech Univ, Gomel, Byelarus. RP Belarusian State Univ, Phys Chem Res Inst, Minsk 220080, Byelarus. EM gurin@bsu.by; prakapenka@cars.uchicago.edu NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0928-0707 EI 1573-4846 J9 J SOL-GEL SCI TECHN JI J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 26 IS 1-3 BP 961 EP 966 DI 10.1023/A:1020753128199 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 607JU UT WOS:000178789100175 ER PT J AU Dabrowski, B Chmaissem, O Mais, J Kolesnik, S Jorgensen, JD Short, S AF Dabrowski, B Chmaissem, O Mais, J Kolesnik, S Jorgensen, JD Short, S TI Tolerance factor rules for Sr1-x-yCaxBa(y)MnO(3) perovskites SO JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE tolerance factor; manganites; perovskites; synthesis; structural properties ID MAGNETIC-STRUCTURE; MAGNETORESISTANCE; TEMPERATURE; TRANSITION; DISORDER; LAMNO3 AB Synthesis of new perovskite Sr1-x-yCaxBayMnO3-delta compounds is described in detail and dependence of their phase stability and structural distortions on the tolerance factor is discussed. Oxygen contents have been measured over extended temperature and composition ranges. Neutron powder diffraction was used to precisely measure the A-O and Mn-O bond lengths and derive accurate interatomic distances [Ca-O], [Sr-O], [Ba-O], and [Mn-O]. By using these parameters instead of tabulated ionic radii we have derived the functional dependence of the tolerance factor t = t(x, y, T, delta) on composition, temperature, and oxygen content. At a fixed oxygen content, the tolerance factor is an increasing function of temperature as a result of greater thermal expansion of the average bond relative to the bond. We find that the stability of the perovskite phase at high temperature is governed, as expected, by the magnitude of tolerance factor (t less than or equal to 1) which can be adjusted by controlling the oxygen content 3-6. This dependence of the tolerance factor on oxygen content and temperature can be utilized to design synthesis conditions for the controlled formation of the new, kinetically stable, perovskite phases. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 No Illinois Univ, Dept Phys, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Dabrowski, B (reprint author), No Illinois Univ, Dept Phys, FW 216 DeKalb, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA. NR 22 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 2 U2 18 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-4596 J9 J SOLID STATE CHEM JI J. Solid State Chem. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 170 IS 1 BP 154 EP 164 AR PII S0022-4596(02)00056-7 DI 10.1016/S0022-4596(02)00056-7 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 661DB UT WOS:000181875000018 ER PT J AU Rai, D Yui, M Moore, DA AF Rai, D Yui, M Moore, DA TI Solubility and solubility product at 22 degrees C of UO2(c) precipitated from aqueous U(IV) solutions SO JOURNAL OF SOLUTION CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE solubility; thermodynamic data; UO2(c); solubility product; Pitzer ion-interaction parameters ID THERMODYNAMIC MODEL; SYSTEM; EQUILIBRIA; HYDROLYSIS; HYDROXIDE; URANINITE; DIOXIDE AB Solubility studies on UO2(c), precipitated at 90degreesC from low-pH U(IV) solutions, were conducted under rigidly controlled redox conditions maintained by EuCl2 as a function of pH and from the oversaturation direction. Samples were equilibrated for 24 days at 90degreesC and then for 1 day at 22degreesC. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses of the solid phases, along with the observed solubility behavior, identified UO2(c) as the dominant phase at pH greater than or similar to 1.2 and UO2( am) as the dominant phase at pH greater than or similar to 1.2. The UV-Vis-NIR spectra of the aqueous phases showed that aqueous uranium was present in the tetravalent state. Our ability to effectively maintain uranium in the tetravalent state during experiments and the recent availability of reliable values of Pitzer ion-interaction parameters for this system have helped to set reliable upper limits for the log Kdegrees value of less than or equal to -60.2 +/- 0.24 for the UO2(c) solubility [UO2(c) + 2H(2)O reversible arrow U4+ + 4OH(-)] and of < - 11.6 for the formation of U(OH)(4)(aq) [U4+ + 4H(2)O &REVARR; U(OH)(4)(aq) + 4H(+)]. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Japan Nucl Cycle Dev Inst, Tokai Works, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan. RP Rai, D (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 26 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 17 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0095-9782 J9 J SOLUTION CHEM JI J. Solut. Chem. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 32 IS 1 BP 1 EP 17 DI 10.1023/A:1022671530250 PG 17 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 652TF UT WOS:000181395200001 ER PT J AU Bessinger, B Cook, NGW Myer, L Nakagawa, S Nihei, K Benito, P Suarez-Rivera, R AF Bessinger, B Cook, NGW Myer, L Nakagawa, S Nihei, K Benito, P Suarez-Rivera, R TI The role of compressive stresses in jointing on Vancouver Island, British Columbia SO JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE compressive stresses; jointing; paleostress indicators ID FRACTURE; THICKNESS AB This study demonstrates that joint-parallel compressive stresses were integral to the development of joint sets on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. The mapped study area contains paleostress indicators in the form of calcareous concretions, which have multiple, internal fractures in precisely the same orientation as one of the surrounding joint sets in the sandstone matrix. Field and laboratory tests indicate that the stiffest concretions are the most likely to be fractured; however, results from numerical simulations using measured rock properties preclude an origin for the concretion fractures from either a far-field uniaxial tensile or compressive stress. Fracturing is only found to be possible if the concretions possessed a lower Poisson's ratio than the sandstone at the time of fracturing. In the latter case, a far-field uniaxial compressive stress may have generated tensile effective stresses in the vicinity of high modulus concretions, seeding the field site with an initial population of concretion fractures and joints. Given the close spacing of some joints, their extension cannot be satisfactorily explained without invoking grain-scale compression-driven tensile fracturing mechanisms. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 URS Corp, Dept Water Resources, Oakland, CA 94710 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mat Sci & Mineral Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Bessinger, B (reprint author), URS Corp, Dept Water Resources, 500 12th St,Suite 200, Oakland, CA 94710 USA. RI Nakagawa, Seiji/F-9080-2015; Nihei, Kurt/K-1239-2016 OI Nakagawa, Seiji/0000-0002-9347-0903; NR 37 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0191-8141 J9 J STRUCT GEOL JI J. Struct. Geol. PY 2003 VL 25 IS 6 BP 983 EP 1000 AR PII S0191-8141(02)00121-9 DI 10.1016/S0191-8141(02)00121-9 PG 18 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 657BJ UT WOS:000181645300013 ER PT J AU Garrell, MG Shih, AJ Lara-Curzio, E Scattergood, RO AF Garrell, MG Shih, AJ Lara-Curzio, E Scattergood, RO TI Finite-element analysis of stress concentration in ASTM D 638 tension specimens SO JOURNAL OF TESTING AND EVALUATION LA English DT Article DE stress concentration factor; finite-element analysis; tensile strength AB Experimental results showed that ASTM D 638 Type IV flat tension specimens, made of a Nylon-11 matrix containing a large volume concentration of Nd-Fe-B particulates, failed at a location where the straight gage section of the specimen ends and the curved transition region begins. The stress distribution in this specimen was analyzed using the finite-element method, and it was found that there is a stress concentration at this location. The stress distributions in tension specimens with both single- and double-arc transition regions were analyzed and stress concentration factors were calculated. A linear relationship between the magnitude of the stress concentration factor and the ratio of the width in the gage section and the arc radius of the transition region is identified. This study shows that it is possible to reduce the magnitude of the stress concentration factor for the ASTM D 638 Type IV flat tension specimen by redesigning the specimen geometry without changing its overall size. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Mech Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, High Temp Mat Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Garrell, MG (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RI Scattergood, Ronald/D-5204-2009 NR 13 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC TESTING MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DR, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 0090-3973 J9 J TEST EVAL JI J. Test. Eval. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 31 IS 1 BP 52 EP 57 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA 634JF UT WOS:000180335700007 ER PT J AU Chambers, D AF Chambers, D TI Analysis of the time-reversal operator for scatterers of finite size (vol 112, pg 411, 2002) SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Correction C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Chambers, D (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-154, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 113 IS 1 BP 660 EP 660 DI 10.1121/1.1527930 PG 1 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 636YN UT WOS:000180485000064 ER PT J AU Tikare, V Braginsky, M Olevsky, EA AF Tikare, V Braginsky, M Olevsky, EA TI Numerical simulation of solid-state sintering: I, sintering of three particles SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID MONTE-CARLO SIMULATION; GRAIN-GROWTH; COMPUTER-SIMULATION; POTTS-MODEL; DIFFUSION; KINETICS AB A kinetic, Monte Carlo model, capable of simulating microstructural evolution sintering in a two-dimensional system of three particles, has been presented. The model can simulate several mechanisms simultaneously. It can simulate curvature-driven grain growth, pore migration and coarsening by surface diffusion, and densification by diffusion of vacancies to grain boundaries and annihilation of these vacancies. Morphologic changes and densification kinetics are used to verify the model. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. San Diego State Univ, Dept Mech Engn, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. RP Tikare, V (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 33 TC 66 Z9 68 U1 4 U2 15 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43086-6136 USA SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 86 IS 1 BP 49 EP 53 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 636FC UT WOS:000180443100008 ER PT J AU Gu, S Pan, SQ Bradbury, EM Chen, XA AF Gu, S Pan, SQ Bradbury, EM Chen, XA TI Precise peptide sequencing and protein quantification in the human proteome through in vivo lysine-specific mass tagging SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID HEAT-SHOCK; SPECTROMETRY; QUANTITATION; EXPRESSION; DERIVATIZATION; COMBINATION; MIXTURES; GENES AB Proteomics studies demand new scalable and automatable MS-based methods with higher specificity and accuracy. Here we describe an accurate and efficient method for both precise quantification and comprehensive de novo identification of peptide sequences in complex mixtures. The unique feature of this method is based on the incorporation of deuterium-labeled (heavy) lysines into proteins through in vivo cell culturing, which introduces specific mass tags at the carboxyl termini of proteolytic peptides when cleaved by certain proteases. The mass shift between the unlabeled and the deuterated lysine (lys-d(4)) assigns a mass signature to all lysine-containing peptides in any pool of proteolytic peptides. Lys-d(4) tags can also serve as internal markers in MS/MS fragment spectra when they are buried in some peptide sequences due to miscleavages. This signal specificity circumvents the mass accuracy limitations in determining particular amino acid residues for de novo sequencing. Further, this strategy of lysine-specific tagging was successfully implemented to measure the differential protein expression of human skin fibroblast cells in response to heat shock. (C) 2003 American Society for Mass Spectrometry. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Biosci Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Chen, XA (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Biosci Div, MS M888, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 17 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1044-0305 J9 J AM SOC MASS SPECTR JI J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 14 IS 1 BP 1 EP 7 AR PII S1044-0305(02)00799-7 DI 10.1016/S1044-0305(02)00799-7 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Physical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 628WD UT WOS:000180018800001 PM 12504328 ER PT J AU Sassen, K Wang, Z Platt, CMR Comstock, JM AF Sassen, K Wang, Z Platt, CMR Comstock, JM TI Parameterization of infrared absorption in midlatitude cirrus clouds SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID RADIATIVE PROPERTIES; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; ACCURATE PARAMETERIZATION; TROPICAL CIRRUS; CLIMATE MODELS; LIDAR; EXTINCTION; FACILITY AB Employing a new approach based on combined Raman lidar and millimeter-wave radar measurements and a parameterization of the infrared absorption coefficient sigma(a) (km(-1)) in terms of retrieved cloud microphysics, a statistical relation between sigma(a) and cirrus cloud temperature is derived. The relations sigma(a)=0.3949+/-5.3886x 10(-3)T+1.526x10(-5)T(2) for ambient temperature T(degreesC) and sigma(a)=0.2896+3.409x10(-3)T(m) for midcloud temperature T-m (similar toC) are found using a second-order polynomial fit. Comparison with two sigma(a)-versus-T-m relations obtained primarily from midlatitude cirrus using the combined lidar-infrared radiometer (LIRAD) approach reveals significant differences. However, it is shown that this reflects both the previous convention used in curve fitting (i.e., sigma(a)-->0 at similar to -80degreesC) and the types of clouds included in the datasets. Without such constraints, convergence is found in the three independent remote sensing datasets within the range of conditions considered to be valid for cirrus (i.e., cloud visible optical depth less than similar to3.0 and T-m less than similar to -20degreesC). Hence, for completeness, reanalyzed parameterizations for a visible extinction coefficient sigma(e)-versus-T-m relation for midlatitude cirrus and a data sample involving cirrus that evolved into midlevel altostratus clouds with higher optical depths are also provided. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA USA. RP Sassen, K (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Geophys, POB 757320, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RI Wang, Zhien/F-4857-2011 NR 25 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 60 IS 2 BP 428 EP 433 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<0428:POIAIM>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 634NV UT WOS:000180347800015 ER PT J AU Fransson, LML Vaughey, JT Edstrom, K Thackeray, MM AF Fransson, LML Vaughey, JT Edstrom, K Thackeray, MM TI Structural transformations in intermetallic electrodes for lithium batteries - An in situ x-ray diffraction study of lithiated MnSb and Mn2Sb SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID LI; INSB; ELECTROCHEMISTRY; ANODES AB The electrochemical reactions of lithium with MnSb (NiAs-type structure) and Mn2Sb (Cu2Sb-type structure) have been investigated by in situ X-ray diffraction. Lithiation of MnSb proceeds via an intermediate LiMnSb structure before transforming, with Mn extrusion, to Li3Sb. The reaction is reversible. On delithiation, the X-ray data show solid-solution behavior between Li3Sb and LiMnSb, which is facilitated by the strong structural relationship between these two compounds. MnSb electrodes deliver a rechargeable capacity of 330 mAh/g when cycled between 1.5 and 0 V vs. metallic lithium. By contrast, the initial reaction of Mn2Sb with lithium proceeds almost directly to Li3Sb with little LiMnSb formation. Thereafter, Mn2Sb electrodes behave in an almost identical manner to MnSb electrodes, but deliver a rechargeable capacity of less than 300 mAh/g because of the surplus Mn in the electrode. The electrochemical and structural properties of MnSb and Mn2Sb are compared with the structurally related compounds Cu6Sn5 (NiAs-type structure) and Cu2Sb, respectively. (C) 2002 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Uppsala Univ, Angstrom Lab, Dept Chem Mat, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem Technol, Electrochem Technol Program, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Fransson, LML (reprint author), Uppsala Univ, Angstrom Lab, Dept Chem Mat, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden. OI Vaughey, John/0000-0002-2556-6129 NR 16 TC 77 Z9 79 U1 2 U2 21 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 150 IS 1 BP A86 EP A91 DI 10.1149/1.1524610 PG 6 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 629UM UT WOS:000180069000013 ER PT J AU Song, SW Striebel, KA Reade, RP Roberts, GA Cairns, EJ AF Song, SW Striebel, KA Reade, RP Roberts, GA Cairns, EJ TI Electrochemical studies of nanoncrystalline Mg2Si thin film electrodes prepared by pulsed laser deposition SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID RECHARGEABLE LITHIUM BATTERIES; LI-ION BATTERIES; NEGATIVE ELECTRODE; ANODE MATERIAL; INSERTION ELECTRODE; RAMAN-SCATTERING; HIGH-CAPACITY; INTERCALATION; MECHANISM; BEHAVIOR AB Electrochemically active thin films of Mg2Si in various film thicknesses of 30-380 nm have been prepared with the pulsed laser deposition technique. The thinnest film of 30 nm showed a highly stable cycling behavior at 0.1-1.0 V vs. Li, delivering capacity greater than 2000 mAh/g for more than 100 cycles. Though the film morphology became remarkably rougher with cycling, the films showed good stability. However, the first cycle irreversible capacity loss increased with film thickness. Therefore, lithium adsorption/desorption reaction forming Li-Si alloy at the Si-rich film surface is suggested as one of the sources of the large capacity of the 30 nm film. The superior capacity retention, when compared to porous electrodes of this alloy, may be attributed to a limited structural volume change in the two-dimensional film, shorter lithium diffusion path and enhanced conductivity from stainless steel substrate. The goals of this study are to promote the emerging need of thin film anodes for all solid-state microbatteries and clarify the capacity failure of powder intermetallic anodes for rechargeable lithium batteries. (C) 2002 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Environm Energy Technol Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Song, SW (reprint author), Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Environm Energy Technol Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Cairns, Elton/E-8873-2012 OI Cairns, Elton/0000-0002-1179-7591 NR 40 TC 53 Z9 57 U1 4 U2 36 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 150 IS 1 BP A121 EP A127 DI 10.1149/1.1527937 PG 7 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 629UM UT WOS:000180069000019 ER PT J AU Tomsia, AP Torrecillas, R Moya, JS AF Tomsia, AP Torrecillas, R Moya, JS TI Proceedings of the International Workshop on Interfaces: Ceramic and Metal Interfaces: Control at the Atomic Level - June 23-27, 2002, Oviedo, Spain - Preface SO JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. CSIC, Inst Nacl Carbon, E-33080 Oviedo, Spain. CSIC, Inst Ciencia Mat, E-28049 Madrid, Spain. RP Tomsia, AP (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM rtorre@incar.csic.es RI Moya, Jose/I-5841-2013; Torrecillas, Ramon/G-7851-2011 OI Torrecillas, Ramon/0000-0003-3856-0217 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0955-2219 J9 J EUR CERAM SOC JI J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. PY 2003 VL 23 IS 15 BP 2727 EP 2728 DI 10.1016/S0955-2219(03)00282-6 PG 2 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 722NF UT WOS:000185381600001 ER PT J AU Gottschall, RJ AF Gottschall, RJ TI Fundamental scientific research on interfaces in the US Department of Energy's Materials Sciences and Engineering program SO JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Interfaces: Ceramic and metal Interfaces: Control at the Atomic Level CY JUN 23-27, 2002 CL OVIEDO, SPAIN DE gallium nitride; interfaces; liquid metals; neutron scattering sources; segregation AB This paper describes two facets of the Materials Sciences and Engineering program under the Office of Basic Energy Sciences at the US Department of Energy: (1) its organizational structure, mission, guiding principles, identification of national scientific user facilities, principal core research activities, identification of some unique portfolio activities, key focus areas, scientific challenges, and the linkage of these challenges to the mission of the Department of Energy; and (2) some recent accomplishments based on science funded under this program that relate to the atomic-level understanding and design of ceramic and metal interfaces. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 US DOE, Div Engn & Mat Sci, Off Basic Energy Sci, Off Sci, Germantown, MD 20874 USA. RP Gottschall, RJ (reprint author), US DOE, Div Engn & Mat Sci, Off Basic Energy Sci, Off Sci, SC-13,19901 Germantown Rd, Germantown, MD 20874 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0955-2219 J9 J EUR CERAM SOC JI J. European Ceram. Soc. PY 2003 VL 23 IS 15 BP 2741 EP 2745 DI 10.1016/S0955-2219(03)00285-1 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 722NF UT WOS:000185381600004 ER PT J AU Saiz, E Tomsia, AP Suganuma, K AF Saiz, E Tomsia, AP Suganuma, K TI Wetting and strength issues at Al/alpha-alumina interfaces SO JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Interfaces: Ceramic and Metal Interfaces: Control at the Atomic Level CY JUN 23-27, 2002 CL OVIEDO, SPAIN DE alumina; aluminum; interface; microstructure; sapphire; strength ID LIQUID ALUMINUM; SURFACE-TENSION; METALS; COMPOSITES; CERAMICS; ENERGETICS; WHISKERS; MATRIX AB The wetting behavior and strength at aluminum/alumina interfaces is an active subject of research. Al/alumina applications include ceramic-metal composites and several applications for electronic industries. In this paper the interface strength and microstructure of Al/alpha-alumina was investigated. We discovered that, in a solid-state joining, the strength of the joint increases with increasing joining temperature, whereas, in a liquid-state joining, the strength of the joint gradually decreases with increasing temperature due to the formation of unbonded areas. The strength, sigma(b), is expressed by the following equation as a function of unbonded area, A: sigma(b)-2.69 A+116 (70%less than or equal toAless than or equal to100%). The highest strength reached 400 MPa when the interface was formed around the melting temperature of aluminum. An aluminum layer close to the interface became a single crystal when it was bonded to a sapphire. The following crystallographic orientation relationship was established: ((1) over bar 11)(Al)//(001)(alpha-Al2O3), <110>(Al) // <100>(alpha-Al2O3) Amorphous alumina islands were formed at the interface. In the amorphous alumina, gamma-alumina nanocrystals grew from the sapphire, with the same orientation relationship to sapphire as above. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Sci Mat, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Osaka Univ, Inst Sci & Ind Res, Osaka, Japan. RP Saiz, E (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Sci Mat, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM esaiz@lbl.gov NR 40 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 5 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0955-2219 J9 J EUR CERAM SOC JI J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. PY 2003 VL 23 IS 15 BP 2787 EP 2796 DI 10.1016/S0955-2219(03)00290-5 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 722NF UT WOS:000185381600009 ER PT J AU Loehman, RE Gauntt, BD Hosking, FM Kotula, PG Rhodes, S Stephens, JJ AF Loehman, RE Gauntt, BD Hosking, FM Kotula, PG Rhodes, S Stephens, JJ TI Reaction and bonding of Hf and Zr containing alloys to alumina and silica SO JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Interfaces: Ceramic and metal Interfaces: Control at the Atomic Level CY JUN 23-27, 2002 CL OVIEDO, SPAIN DE Al2O3; bonding; MgO AB We have investigated the wetting and reaction behavior of two less common transition element additives to braze alloys to learn more about their reaction and bonding mechanisms. Alloys of Ag with different amounts of Hf or Zr were reacted in a controlled atmosphere furnace with sapphire, alumina of 99.6 and 96% purity, and fused silica. We determined contact angles during heating and examined cross sections after cooling using electron analytical techniques. Different interfacial microstructures were obtained when the active metal was varied in an otherwise constant system. The Hf-containing alloys reacted with polycrystalline Al2O3 and had a dispersion of Hf-containing particles near the interface. If there were a reaction layer with the Al2O3 it was below the resolution of the analysis. By contrast, Zr reaction products were more evident and appeared to have diffused away from the interface into the alloy. The microstructural observations are interpreted using available thermodynamic data and known phase relations. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Loehman, RE (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RI Kotula, Paul/A-7657-2011 OI Kotula, Paul/0000-0002-7521-2759 NR 12 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0955-2219 J9 J EUR CERAM SOC JI J. European Ceram. Soc. PY 2003 VL 23 IS 15 BP 2805 EP 2811 DI 10.1016/S0955-2219(03)00292-9 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 722NF UT WOS:000185381600011 ER PT J AU Song, J Saiz, E Bertozzi, CR AF Song, J Saiz, E Bertozzi, CR TI Preparation of pHEMA-CP composites with high interfacial adhesion via template-driven mineralization SO JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Interfaces: Ceramic and metal Interfaces: Control at the Atomic Level CY JUN 23-27, 2002 CL OVIEDO, SPAIN DE biomedical applications; heterogeneous nucleation; hydrogel-CP composite; interfacial adhesion ID HYDROXYAPATITE PARTICLES; POLYMER SURFACES; BONE; POLY(HEMA); HYDROGELS; COATINGS; MATRICES; GROWTH; BIOMINERALIZATION; BIOMATERIALS AB We report a template-driven nucleation and mineral growth process for the high-affinity integration of calcium phosphate (CP) with a poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA) hydrogel scaffold. A mineralization technique was developed that exposes carboxylate groups on the surface of crosslinked pHEMA, promoting high-affinity nucleation and growth Of calcium phosphate oil the surface along with extensive calcification of the hydrogel interior. External factors such as the heating rate, the agitation of the mineral stock solution and the duration of the process that affect the Outcome of the mineralization were investigated. This template-driven mineralization technique provides an efficient approach toward bonelike composites with high mineral-hydrogel interfacial adhesion strength. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Sci Mat, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Song, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Sci Mat, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM jsong@lbl.gov; bertozzi@cchem.berkeley.edu NR 57 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0955-2219 J9 J EUR CERAM SOC JI J. European Ceram. Soc. PY 2003 VL 23 IS 15 BP 2905 EP 2919 DI 10.1016/S0955-2219(03)00302-9 PG 15 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 722NF UT WOS:000185381600023 ER PT J AU Lopez-Esteban, S Saiz, E Fujino, S Oku, T Suganuma, K Tomsia, AP AF Lopez-Esteban, S Saiz, E Fujino, S Oku, T Suganuma, K Tomsia, AP TI Bioactive glass coatings for orthopedic metallic implants SO JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Interfaces: Ceramic and metal Interfaces: Control at the Atomic Level CY JUN 23-27, 2002 CL OVIEDO, SPAIN DE biomedical applications; films; glass; interfaces; thermal expansion ID TO-METAL; BIOCERAMICS; ADHERENCE AB The objective of this work is to develop bioactive glass coatings for metallic orthopedic implants. A new family of glasses in the SiO2-Na2O-K2O-CaO-MgO-P2O5 system has been synthesized and characterized. The glass properties (thermal expansion, softening and transformation temperatures, density and hardness) are in line with the predictions of established empirical models. The optimized firing conditions to fabricate coatings on Ti-based and Co-Cr alloys have been determined and related to the glass properties and the interfacial reactions. Excellent adhesion to alloys has been achieved through the formation of 100-200 nm thick interfacial layers (Ti5Si3 on Ti-based alloys and CrOx on Co-Cr). Finally, glass coatings, approximately 100 mum thick, have been fabricated onto commercial Ti alloy-based dental implants. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Kyushu Univ, Kasuga, Fukuoka 8168580, Japan. Osaka Univ, Res Sci & Ind Res, Osaka 5670047, Japan. RP Lopez-Esteban, S (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI U-ID, Kyushu/C-5291-2016 NR 24 TC 127 Z9 130 U1 3 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0955-2219 J9 J EUR CERAM SOC JI J. European Ceram. Soc. PY 2003 VL 23 IS 15 BP 2921 EP 2930 DI 10.1016/S0955-2219(03)00303-0 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 722NF UT WOS:000185381600024 ER PT J AU Lessing, PA Erickson, AW AF Lessing, PA Erickson, AW TI Synthesis and characterization of gadolinium phosphate neutron absorber SO JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE GdPO4; nuclear applications; powders-chemical preparations; thermal properties ID XENOTIME; MONAZITE AB Hydrated gadolinium phosphate (GdPO4 . 1H(2)O) was synthesized by reacting high purity dissolved salts (gadolinium nitrates or chlorides) with phosphoric acid. The hydrated powders were shown to be extremely insoluble in water with a K,,p measured to be between 2.07 E-14 and 4.76 E-13. Calcination to between 800 and 1000 degreesC resulted in the formation of GdPO4 in a monazite (monoclinic) crystal structure. This was correlated with the first exothermic differential thermal analysis (DTA) peak (864.9-883.4 degreesC. The DTA also showed small peaks in the 1200-1250 degreesC range, that could be associated with a, change from the monazite (monoclinic) crystal structure to the xenotime (tetragonal) crystal structure. However, calcination of a sample to 1400 degreesC, followed by relatively rapid cooling and XRD, showed the structure was still monazite (monoclinic). DTA results showed a melting point at 1899-1920 degreesC (endothermic peak). It was therefore concluded that the melting point probably was the melting of the monazite (monoclinic) phase, but may have been xenotime if a phase change at 1200-1250 degreesC was reversible and very rapid. The higher part of the melting range was achieved with material derived using the slightly higher purity nitrate salt. The results show that GdPO4 is an excellent candidate for a chemically stable, water-insoluble neutron absorber for inclusion in spent nuclear fuel canisters. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Dept Mat, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. RP Lessing, PA (reprint author), Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Dept Mat, POB 1625, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. NR 10 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0955-2219 J9 J EUR CERAM SOC JI J. European Ceram. Soc. PY 2003 VL 23 IS 16 BP 3049 EP 3057 DI 10.1016/S0955-2219(03)00100-6 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 727XJ UT WOS:000185685900007 ER PT J AU Atkinson, KJW Grimes, RW Levy, MR Coull, ZL English, T AF Atkinson, KJW Grimes, RW Levy, MR Coull, ZL English, T TI Accommodation of impurities in alpha-Al2O3, alpha-Cr2O3 and alpha-Fe2O3 SO JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE Al2O3; Cr2O3; detect chemistry; dopants; Fe2O3; impurities; simulations ID DEFECT CLUSTER FORMATION; CRYSTAL ALUMINUM OXIDE; CATION SELF-DIFFUSION; SAPPHIRE ALPHA-AL2O3; SINGLE-CRYSTALS; DOPED-ALUMINA; CHROMIUM; DISORDER; FE2O3; REFINEMENT AB Atomic scale computer simulation was used to predict the mechanisms and energies associated with the accommodation of aliovalent and isovalent dopants in three host oxides with the corundum structure. Here we consider a much more extensive range of dopant ions than has previously been the case. This enables a rigorous comparison of calculated mechanism energetics. From this we predict that divalent ions are charge compensated by oxygen vacancies and tetravalent ions by cation vacancies over the full range of dopant radii. When defect associations are included in the model these conclusions remain valid. At equilibrium, defects resulting from extrinsic dopant solution dominate intrinsic processes, except for the largest dopant cations. Solution reaction energies increase markedly with increasing dopant radius. The behaviour of cluster binding energies is more complex. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Mat, London SW7 2BP, England. UCL Royal Inst Great Britain, London W1X 4BS, England. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Corus UK Ltd, Swinden Technol Ctr, Rotherham S60 3AR, S Yorkshire, England. RP Grimes, RW (reprint author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Mat, London SW7 2BP, England. EM r.grimes@ic.ac.uk NR 57 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 3 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0955-2219 J9 J EUR CERAM SOC JI J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. PY 2003 VL 23 IS 16 BP 3059 EP 3070 DI 10.1016/S0955-2219(03)00101-8 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 727XJ UT WOS:000185685900008 ER PT J AU Madison, KW Patel, PK Allen, M Price, D Ditmire, T AF Madison, KW Patel, PK Allen, M Price, D Ditmire, T TI Investigation of fusion yield from exploding deuterium-cluster plasmas produced by 100-TW laser pulses SO JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B-OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID NUCLEAR-FUSION; EXPLOSIONS AB When clusters of deuterium are irradiated with an intense, ultrafast laser pulse, the clusters explode, generating ions with kinetic energies high enough to produce nuclear-fusion events. Here we present experimental measurements of the dependence of the fusion yield of an exploding deuterium-cluster plasma on pulse energy up to the 10-J level for incident pulse durations of 100 fs and 1 ps. These energies correspond to peak vacuum intensities of 2 x 10(20) and 2 x 10(19) W/cm(2), respectively. We also present measurements of the resulting plasma ion spectra that possess features indicative of a Coulomb explosion and discuss the yield scaling and its relation to previous findings based on the differences in laser focal geometry and pulse duration. (C) 2003 Optical Society of America. C1 Univ Texas, Dept Phys, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Phys & Adv Technol Directorate, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Nucl Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Madison, KW (reprint author), Univ Texas, Dept Phys, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RI Patel, Pravesh/E-1400-2011 NR 10 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 3 U2 4 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0740-3224 J9 J OPT SOC AM B JI J. Opt. Soc. Am. B-Opt. Phys. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 20 IS 1 BP 113 EP 117 DI 10.1364/JOSAB.20.000113 PG 5 WC Optics SC Optics GA 633EP UT WOS:000180269800017 ER PT J AU Glover, TE AF Glover, TE TI Hydrodynamics of particle formation following femtosecond laser ablation SO JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B-OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID X-RAY-ABSORPTION; SILICON; DYNAMICS; FRAGMENTATION; SI; SEMICONDUCTORS; SPECTROSCOPY; TEMPERATURE AB Ablation driven by intense, femtosecond laser pulses offers a novel route to fabrication of nanometer-sized particles. I model particle formation by considering the hydrodynamics of material expansion into vacuum. Modeling reveals rapid material dilution and cooling. Vacuum expansion is found to quench the ejected material 1-3 orders of magnitude more efficiently than thermal conduction quenches the residual bulk surface. Efficient quenching implies that solid-phase particles are produced. rapidly (in much less than1 ns) following laser excitation; this may allow unique material states to be frozen within the ejected particles. Finally, the mean particle size is estimated to range from similar to1 to similar to10 nm for initial lattice temperatures ranging from 0.3 to 10 eV. (C) 2003 Optical Society of America. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Adv Light Source Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Glover, TE (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Adv Light Source Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 29 TC 83 Z9 83 U1 2 U2 9 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0740-3224 J9 J OPT SOC AM B JI J. Opt. Soc. Am. B-Opt. Phys. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 20 IS 1 BP 125 EP 131 DI 10.1364/JOSAB.20.000125 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA 633EP UT WOS:000180269800019 ER PT J AU Nilsen, J Dunn, J Smith, RF Barbee, TW AF Nilsen, J Dunn, J Smith, RF Barbee, TW TI Two-dimensional imaging and modeling of the 14.7 nm Ni-like Pd x-ray laser SO JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B-OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TRANSIENT GAIN; SATURATION; TABLETOP; TITANIUM AB At the Compact Multipulse Terawatt laser facility we produced saturated output on the Ni-like Pd x-ray laser line at 14.7 nm, using a 24, 600-ps prepulse followed 700 ps later by a 64, 6-ps drive pulse to illuminate a 1.25-cm-long Pd slab target. We used the LASNEX code to calculate the hydrodynamic evolution of the. plasma and provide the temperatures and densities to the CRETIN code, which then made the kinetics calculations to determine the gain. Experimental measurements of the two-dimensional near-field and far-field images are presented, and these are compared with the simulations. (C) 2003 Optical Society of America. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Nilsen, J (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 14 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0740-3224 J9 J OPT SOC AM B JI J. Opt. Soc. Am. B-Opt. Phys. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 20 IS 1 BP 191 EP 194 DI 10.1364/JOSAB.20.000191 PG 4 WC Optics SC Optics GA 633EP UT WOS:000180269800027 ER PT J AU Dunn, J Smith, RF Nilsen, J Fiedorowicz, H Bartnik, A Shlyaptsev, VN AF Dunn, J Smith, RF Nilsen, J Fiedorowicz, H Bartnik, A Shlyaptsev, VN TI Picosecond-laser-driven gas puff neonlike argon x-ray laser SO JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B-OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TRANSIENT COLLISIONAL EXCITATION; GAIN; NM; SATURATION; TABLETOP; TARGET; IONS; AMPLIFICATION; TITANIUM AB We have performed short-pulse laser-irradiated gas puff target experiments to generate a neonlike argon soft-x-ray laser by using a small laser system. A high-pressure solenoid valve forms a gas column through a narrow slit that is irradiated by two laser pulses containing 10 J of energy. Strong lasing is observed on two transitions, the 3p S-1(0) --> 3s P-1(1) line at 46.9 nm and the 3d P-1(1) --> 3p P-1(1) line at 45.1 nm. We present results from a systematic study in which the gas puff and laser conditions were varied to optimize the x-ray-laser output from a 0.9-cm-long gas column. (C) 2003 Optical Society of America. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Mil Univ Technol, Inst Optoelect, PL-00908 Warsaw, Poland. Univ Calif Davis, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Dunn, J (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 25 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0740-3224 J9 J OPT SOC AM B JI J. Opt. Soc. Am. B-Opt. Phys. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 20 IS 1 BP 203 EP 207 DI 10.1364/JOSAB.20.000203 PG 5 WC Optics SC Optics GA 633EP UT WOS:000180269800029 ER PT J AU Kuba, J Smith, RF Benredjem, D Moller, C Upcraft, L King, R Klisnick, A Drska, L Pert, GJ Gauthier, JC AF Kuba, J Smith, RF Benredjem, D Moller, C Upcraft, L King, R Klisnick, A Drska, L Pert, GJ Gauthier, JC TI Modeling of the transient nickellike silver x-ray laser SO JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B-OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID COLLISIONALLY-PUMPED LASER; PREPULSE TECHNIQUE; PULSE; EXCITATION; GAIN; TITANIUM; PLASMAS; NM; IRRADIATION; VELOCITY AB Recent high-temporal-resolution nickellike x-ray laser experiments have yielded important insights into the output characteristics of picosecond-pumped x-ray lasers. However, current experimental observations do not fully explain the plasma dynamics, which is critical to gain generation within the x-ray laser medium., A numerical study of the nickellike silver x-ray laser has therefore been undertaken to complement our experimental results in an attempt to further our understanding of the processes at work in yielding the observed x-ray laser output. High gain coefficients existing with picosecond lifetimes are predicted, which is consistent with the short x-ray laser durations experimentally observed. The late onset of the continuum emission relative to the temporal peak of the x-ray laser output is explained as a sign of high electron density evolution near the target surface. (C) 2003 Optical Society of America. C1 Czech Tech Univ, Fac Nucl Sci & Phys Engn, CR-11519 Prague 1, Czech Republic. Univ Paris 11, Lab Spect Atom & Ion, F-91405 Orsay, France. Univ York, Dept Phys, York YO10 6DD, N Yorkshire, England. Univ Paris 06, Ecole Polytech, Lab Utilisat Lasers Intenses, UMR 7605,3705 CNRS,Commissariat Energie Atom, F-91128 Palaiseau, France. RP Kuba, J (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 E Ave,L-251, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Klisnick, Annie/C-5532-2008; Klisnick, Annie/F-1152-2011 NR 44 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0740-3224 J9 J OPT SOC AM B JI J. Opt. Soc. Am. B-Opt. Phys. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 20 IS 1 BP 208 EP 214 DI 10.1364/JOSAB.20.000208 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA 633EP UT WOS:000180269800030 ER PT J AU Smith, RF Dunn, J Nilsen, J Hunter, JR Shlyaptsev, VN Rocca, JJ Filevich, J Marconi, MC AF Smith, RF Dunn, J Nilsen, J Hunter, JR Shlyaptsev, VN Rocca, JJ Filevich, J Marconi, MC TI Refraction effects on x-ray and ultraviolet interferometric probing of laser-produced plasmas SO JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B-OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON-DENSITY MEASUREMENTS; AMPLITUDE AB We present a study detailing the effects of refraction on the analysis and interpretation of line-of-site optical probe characterization techniques within laser-produced plasmas. Results using x-ray laser backlit grid deflectometry and ray-tracing simulations illustrate the extent to which refraction can be a limiting factor in diagnosing high-density, short-scale-length plasmas. Analysis is applied to a recent experiment in which soft-x-ray interferometry was used to measure the electron density within a fast-evolving Al plasma. Comparisons are drawn between extreme ultraviolet and ultraviolet probe wavelengths. (C) 2003 Optical Society of America. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Appl Sci, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Buenos Aires, Dept Phys, RA-1428 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. RP Smith, RF (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 13 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0740-3224 J9 J OPT SOC AM B JI J. Opt. Soc. Am. B-Opt. Phys. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 20 IS 1 BP 254 EP 259 DI 10.1364/JOSAB.20.000254 PG 6 WC Optics SC Optics GA 633EP UT WOS:000180269800037 ER PT J AU Blizanac, B Mentus, S Cvijeticanin, N Pavlovic, N AF Blizanac, B Mentus, S Cvijeticanin, N Pavlovic, N TI Temperature effect on graphite KS44 lithiation in ethylene carbonate plus propylene carbonate solution: galvanostatic and impedance study SO JOURNAL OF THE SERBIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE graphite; lithiation; reversible capacity; galvanostatic charging; solid electrolyte layer ID LITHIUM ION INTERCALATION; ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE; ELECTRODE MATERIALS; SURFACE-CHEMISTRY; BATTERIES; ANODES; PERFORMANCE; REACTIVITY; DIFFUSION AB Graphite Lonza KS44 in a solution 1 M LiClO4 in a propoylene carbonate + ethylene carbonate (1 M: 1 M) mixture was lithiated and delithiated galvanostatically at room temperature and at the elevated temperature of 55 degreesC. Voltage-time profiles and complex impedance diagrams were recorded and are discussed for this particular system. It was confirmed that this type of graphite shows a relatively small current loss consumed by exfoliation, if lithiated at room temperature. However, the voltage-time curve of the first charging at 55 degreesC shows a long voltage plateau at 0.7 V vs. Li/Li+ which corresponds to 540 mAh g(-1) of irreversible capacity attributed to exfoliation. The solid electrolyte layer formed at elevated temperature,. although less protecting in the sense of electrolyte reduction, shows a remarkably higher electrical resistance than that formed at room temperature. A comparison of the impedance diagrams of lithiated and delithiated samples allows the conclusion that mass transfer through the graphite. not that through the solid electrolyte layer, plays a dominant role in the mass transfer limitations. C1 Fac Phys Chem, Belgrade, Yugoslavia. Yugoslav Army, Mil Tech Inst, Belgrade, Yugoslavia. RP Blizanac, B (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM BBBlizanac@lbl.gov NR 23 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU SERBIAN CHEMICAL SOC PI BELGRADE PA KARNEGIJEVA 4, PO BOX 462, YU-11001 BELGRADE, YUGOSLAVIA SN 0352-5139 J9 J SERB CHEM SOC JI J. Serb. Chem. Soc. PY 2003 VL 68 IS 2 BP 119 EP 130 DI 10.2298/JSC0302119B PG 12 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 657ZG UT WOS:000181696700006 ER PT J AU Grgur, BN Markovic, NM Ross, PN AF Grgur, BN Markovic, NM Ross, PN TI Electrochemical oxidation of carbon monoxide: from platinum single crystals to low temperature fuel catalysts. Part II: Electrooxidation of H-2, CO and H-2/CO mixtures on well characterized PtMo alloy SO JOURNAL OF THE SERBIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE fuel cell; anode; platinum; molybdenum; hydrogen; carbon monoxide ID METHANOL; SN AB The oxidation of hydrogen and hydrogen-carbon monoxide mixture has been investigated on well-characterized metallurgically prepared platinum-molybdenum (PtMo) alloys. It was concluded that the optimum surface concentration of molybdenum is near 23 mol%. Based on experimentally determined parameters and simulations, the mechanism of the oxidation of CO/H-2 mixtures is discussed. C1 Univ Belgrade, Fac Technol & Met, YU-11001 Belgrade, Serbia Monteneg, Yugoslavia. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Grgur, BN (reprint author), Univ Belgrade, Fac Technol & Met, Karnegijeva 4, YU-11001 Belgrade, Serbia Monteneg, Yugoslavia. OI Grgur, Branimir/0000-0003-4684-9053 NR 17 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 15 PU SERBIAN CHEMICAL SOC PI BELGRADE PA KARNEGIJEVA 4, PO BOX 462, YU-11001 BELGRADE, YUGOSLAVIA SN 0352-5139 J9 J SERB CHEM SOC JI J. Serb. Chem. Soc. PY 2003 VL 68 IS 3 BP 191 EP 205 DI 10.2298/JSC0303191G PG 15 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 660ZC UT WOS:000181865100005 ER PT J AU Gualtieri, JF DeBoer, L Harris, CR Corley, R AF Gualtieri, JF DeBoer, L Harris, CR Corley, R TI Repeated ingestion of 2-butoxyethanol: Case report and literature review SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY-CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Review ID GLYCOL MONOBUTYL ETHER; BUTOXYACETIC ACID; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; BUTYL ETHER; METABOLITE; RAT; TOXICOKINETICS; ELIMINATION; EXPOSURE; SOLVENTS AB Background: Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (2-butoxyethanol) is not commonly associated with significant human poisoning. Exposures are usually through occupational contact and typically involve inhalation injury. Animal studies report severe hemolysis occurring in rats and mice. Rare published human cases give varied descriptions of the clinical course associated with 2-butoxyethanol poisoning including reports of metabolic acidosis, ethylene glycol production, oxaluria, renal failure, and anemia. We report a case of two separate ingestions (80 to 100 grams) of a glass cleaner concentrate containing 22% 2-butoxyethanol, and its primary metabolite butoxyacetic acid. Case Report: An 18-year-old male ingested 360-480 mL of 22% 2-butoxyethanol on two separate occasions. Approximately 10 hours after the first ingestion, the patient developed severe CNS depression, metabolic acidosis, hematuria, and mild elevation of hepatic enzymes. He was treated initially with ethanol therapy but continued to deteriorate and was started on hemodialysis. Approximately 10 days after discharge, the patient ingested 480 mL of the same product and received ethanol and hemodialysis within four hours of ingestion. During his second admission the patient did not develop the delayed severe CNS depression or profound metabolic acidosis. Clinically significant hemolytic anemia, oxaluria, ethylene glycol production, and renal failure were not noted in either episode. The patient recovered on both occasions without sequelae. Conclusion: Hemodialysis may be an effective treatment intervention for managing severe acute 2-butoxyethanol intoxication; however, further investigation is warranted. C1 Reg Hosp, Dept Emergency Med, Emergency Med Program, St Paul, MN 55101 USA. PROSAR, Int Poison Ctr, St Paul, MN USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA USA. RP Harris, CR (reprint author), Reg Hosp, Dept Emergency Med, Emergency Med Program, 640 Jackson St, St Paul, MN 55101 USA. NR 30 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0731-3810 J9 J TOXICOL-CLIN TOXIC JI J. Toxicol.-Clin. Toxicol. PY 2003 VL 41 IS 1 BP 57 EP 62 DI 10.1081/CLT-120018271 PG 6 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 652LP UT WOS:000181380900009 PM 12645968 ER PT J AU Suzer, S Sayan, S Holl, MMB Garfunkel, E Hussain, Z Hamdan, NM AF Suzer, S Sayan, S Holl, MMB Garfunkel, E Hussain, Z Hamdan, NM TI Soft x-ray photoemission studies of Hf oxidation SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A LA English DT Article ID CORE-LEVEL SHIFT; GATE DIELECTRICS; THIN-FILMS; HAFNIUM; ENERGIES; SILICON AB Soft x-ray photoemission spectroscopy has been applied to determine the binding energy shifts and the valance band offset of HfO2, grown on Hf metal. Charging of oxide films upon x-ray exposure is found to be very severe and special care is taken to eliminate it. Photoemission results show the presence of metallic Hf (from the substrate) with a 4f(7/2) binding energy of 14.22 eV, fully oxidized Hf (from HfO2) with a 4f(7/2) binding energy of 18.16 eV, and at least one clearly defined suboxide peak. The position of the valence band of HfO2, with respect to the Hf(metal) Fermi level is 4.23 eV. (C) 2003 American Vacuum Society. C1 Bilkent Univ, Dept Chem, TR-06533 Bilkent, Turkey. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Chem, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Chem, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Suzer, S (reprint author), Bilkent Univ, Dept Chem, TR-06533 Bilkent, Turkey. RI Banaszak Holl, Mark/D-2030-2013 OI Banaszak Holl, Mark/0000-0001-7759-7456 NR 15 TC 68 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 11 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0734-2101 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL A JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A PD JAN-FEB PY 2003 VL 21 IS 1 BP 106 EP 109 DI 10.1116/1.1525816 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 673UG UT WOS:000182598200016 ER PT J AU Woodworth, JR Miller, PA Shul, RJ Abraham, IC Aragon, BP Hamilton, TW Willison, CG Kim, D Economou, DJ AF Woodworth, JR Miller, PA Shul, RJ Abraham, IC Aragon, BP Hamilton, TW Willison, CG Kim, D Economou, DJ TI Experimental and theoretical study of ion distributions near 300 mu m tall steps on rf-biased wafers in high density plasmas SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A LA English DT Article ID INDUCTIVELY-COUPLED PLASMA; RADIO-FREQUENCY DISCHARGES; ENERGY-DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS; RADIOFREQUENCY DISCHARGES; ANGULAR-DISTRIBUTIONS; REFERENCE CELL; MONTE-CARLO; ARGON; CHLORINE; SHEATH AB We present an experimental and theoretical study of ion fluxes, energy distributions, and angular distributions close to 300 mum tall "steps" on rf-biased wafers in high-density argon plasmas. This feature size is important in the etching of microelectromechanical systems. The theory and data show good agreement in most of the trends in the ion distributions as our sampling point approaches the foot of the step: (1) the ion flux decreases, (2) the ions move away from vertical, turning towards the step, and (3) the widths of the double-peaked ion energy distributions become narrower. The theory predicts that the hot neutral flux near the foot of the step is comparable to the ion flux. These hot neutrals may have important effects on the etching process. (C) 2003 American Vacuum Society. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. L&M Technol, Albuquerque, NM 87109 USA. Univ Houston, Plasma Proc Lab, Dept Chem Engn, Houston, TX 77204 USA. RP Woodworth, JR (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 48 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 4 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0734-2101 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL A JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A PD JAN-FEB PY 2003 VL 21 IS 1 BP 147 EP 155 DI 10.1116/1.1527951 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 673UG UT WOS:000182598200022 ER PT J AU Liu, Z Sun, Y Machuca, F Pianetta, P Spicer, WE Pease, RFW AF Liu, Z Sun, Y Machuca, F Pianetta, P Spicer, WE Pease, RFW TI Preparation of clean GaAs(100) studied by synchrotron radiation photoemission SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR-BEAM EPITAXY; SURFACES; GAAS; DESORPTION AB Chemical cleaning of the GaAs(100) surface has been studied with high-resolution photoemission spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation (in the range of 30-1300 eV) at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory. The high surface sensitivity of the technique has allowed us to identify the chemical state of the surface species after both the chemical cleaning and final vacuum processing steps. In order to eliminate contamination from the surroundings, all chemical cleaning steps were performed in an Ar purged glovebox attached to the load lock allowing samples to be transferred into the system without being exposed to air. Samples were etched in H2SO4:H2O2:H2O solution and then heat cleaned in vacuum at 500 degreesC. After chemical etching it the solution, elemental As (similar to2 ML), arsenic oxides (<0.2 ML), gallium oxides (<0.2 ML), and C (0.5similar to1 ML) are found on the surface. Subsequent annealing at <500 degreesC in ultrahigh vacuum produces a stoichiometric, oxide-free surface as determined by valence-band and core-level photoemission. In addition, C has been reduced to less than 0.1 ML. We believe that the C can be removed by heating because the elemental As from the earlier cleaning step tends to protect the GaAs Surface. The chemical reactions and species at different cleaning stages are discussed. (C) 2003 American Vacuum Society. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Chem, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Liu, Z (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RI Liu, Zhi/B-3642-2009 OI Liu, Zhi/0000-0002-8973-6561 NR 17 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 8 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0734-2101 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL A JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A PD JAN-FEB PY 2003 VL 21 IS 1 BP 212 EP 218 DI 10.1116/1.1532737 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 673UG UT WOS:000182598200031 ER PT J AU Sun, Y Liu, Z Machuca, F Pianetta, P Spicer, WE AF Sun, Y Liu, Z Machuca, F Pianetta, P Spicer, WE TI Preparation of clean InP(100) surfaces studied by synchrotron radiation photoemission SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A LA English DT Article ID INP-SURFACES AB The chemical cleaning of indium phosphide (InP),(100) surfaces is studied systematically by using photoemission electron spectroscopy. In order to achieve the necessary surface sensitivity and spectral resolution, synchrotron radiation with photon energies ranging from 60 to 600 eV are used to study the indium 4d, phosphorus 2p, carbon Is, and oxygen Is core levels, and the valence band. Typical H2SO4:H2O2:H2O solutions used to etch GaAs(100) surfaces are applied to InP(100) surfaces. It is found that the resulting surface species are significantly different from those found on GaAs(100) surfaces and that a second chemical cleaning step using a strong acid is required to remove residual surface oxide. This two-step cleaning process leaves the surface oxide free and with approximately 0.4 ML of elemental phosphorus, which is removed by vacuum annealing. The carbon coverage is also reduced dramatically from approximately I to about 0.05 ML. The chemical reactions are investigated, the resulting InP surface species at different cleaning stages are determined, and the optimum cleaning procedure is presented. (C) 2003 American Vacuum Society. C1 Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Chem, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Pianetta, P (reprint author), Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. RI Liu, Zhi/B-3642-2009 OI Liu, Zhi/0000-0002-8973-6561 NR 22 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 4 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0734-2101 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL A JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A PD JAN-FEB PY 2003 VL 21 IS 1 BP 219 EP 225 DI 10.1116/1.1532738 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 673UG UT WOS:000182598200032 ER PT J AU Ocola, LE AF Ocola, LE TI Soluble site density model for negative and positive chemically amplified resists SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 46th International Conference on Electron, Ion, and Photon Beam Technology and Nanofabrication (EIPBN) CY MAY 28-31, 2002 CL ANAHEIM, CALIFORNIA ID PHENOLIC POLYMER DISSOLUTION; LINE-EDGE ROUGHNESS; WRITE ELECTRON-BEAM; TONE RESISTS; SIMULATION; MECHANISM; PHOTORESISTS; SURFACE AB The soluble site density (SSD) model assumes that changes, in SSD account for changes in dissolution rate for negative and positive chemically amplified resists with reaction rate dependent dissolution mechanisms. In this context, the image mechanism in negative resists can,be explained by removal of soluble, sites instead of increase of molecular weight. Under identical initial conditions this model predicts that acid diffuses faster in negative resists than in equivalent positive resists. Application of this model helps explain why negative resists consistently exhibit less contrast than positive resists. Permeable resist surfaces and the depth dependence in resist energy absorption create a non-uniform depth profile of SSD, which can cause a decrease in sensitivity in ultrathin resist film's (< 150 nm thick). Simulations of resist gratings using the SSD model have been compared to experimental results with qualitatively good agreement in sidewall roughness. Spatial fluctuations of the SSD arise from the acid generation statistics during exposure, aerials image contrast, electron scattering, acid diffusion, and localization of catalytic events. These fluctuations modify the interaction of the resist with the developer, which. contributes to sidewall roughness. (C) 2003 American Vacuum Society. C1 Agere Syst, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA. RP Ocola, LE (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 20 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 1071-1023 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL B JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B PD JAN-FEB PY 2003 VL 21 IS 1 BP 156 EP 161 DI 10.1116/1.1535928 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 673WU UT WOS:000182603900030 ER PT J AU Evtukh, AA Litovchenko, VG Litvin, YM Fedin, DV Dzyan, OS Pedchenko, YN Chakhovskoi, AG Felter, TE AF Evtukh, AA Litovchenko, VG Litvin, YM Fedin, DV Dzyan, OS Pedchenko, YN Chakhovskoi, AG Felter, TE TI Silicon doped diamond-like carbon films as a coating for improvement of electron field emission SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Vacuum Microelectronics Conference (IVMC-2001) CY AUG 12-16, 2001 CL UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS, DAVIS, CALIFORNIA HO UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS ID CATHODES AB To improve the electron field emission parameters of silicon tips diamond-like carbon (DLC) films doped with silicon have been used as a coating. The idea was to enhance the field emission efficiency using DLC film and increase the DLC film conductivity to make easier electron transport from the silicon tip through the DLC film. The emission properties of in situ silicon doped DLC films have been investigated. Undoped and silicon doped DLC films were grown by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition from CH4 : H-2 and CH4 : H-2 : SiH4 mixtures, respectively. In situ gas-phase doping allowed us to deposit DLC films with different concentrations of silicon in them. The concentration of SiH4 in the gas mixture was varied from 0% to 50%. To characterize the electron conductivity of undoped and silicon doped DLC films metal-insulator-semiconductor (Al-DLC-Si) capacitors were prepared on flat silicon wafers. The strong influence of silicon doping on DLC film properties and electron field emission was revealed. The conductivity of the DLC films increased and the electron field emission changed after doping of the DLC films with silicon. It is shown that silicon doped DLC films are a prospective coating for improvement of electron field emission from silicon tip arrays. (C) 2003 American Vacuum Society. C1 Inst Semicond Phys, UA-03028 Kiev, Ukraine. Univ Calif Davis, ECE Dept, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Evtukh, AA (reprint author), Inst Semicond Phys, 45 Prospekt Nauki, UA-03028 Kiev, Ukraine. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 1071-1023 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL B JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B PD JAN-FEB PY 2003 VL 21 IS 1 BP 627 EP 630 DI 10.1116/1.1528918 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 673WU UT WOS:000182603900120 ER PT J AU Morton, B Havrilla, G Miller, T Gislason, J Huntley, K AF Morton, Bob Havrilla, George Miller, Thomasin Gislason, Jason Huntley, Ken TI IMAGING FOSSILS FOR HARD AND SOFT TISSUE SIGNATURES USING ELEMENTAL X-RAY AREA MAPS SO JOURNAL OF VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Morton, Bob; Gislason, Jason; Huntley, Ken] ConocoPhillips Petr Co, Bartlesville, OK USA. [Havrilla, George; Miller, Thomasin] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 CHESTNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0272-4634 EI 1937-2809 J9 J VERTEBR PALEONTOL JI J. Vertebr. Paleontol. PY 2003 VL 23 SU 3 SI SI BP 80A EP 80A PG 1 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA V33OT UT WOS:000209028800319 ER PT J AU Shen, Q Uselton, S Pang, A AF Shen, Q Uselton, S Pang, A TI Comparisons of wind tunnel experiments and computational fluid dynamics simulations SO JOURNAL OF VISUALIZATION LA English DT Article DE comparative visualization; flow visualization; similarity; difference; metric; isosurface; cutting planes ID FIELD AB This paper describes the architecture of an image and data level comparative visualization system and experiences using it to study computational fluid dynamics data and experimental wind tunnel data. We illustrate how the system can be used to compare data sets from different sources, data sets with different resolutions and data sets computed by using different mathematical models of fluid flow. We include recent improvements including use of the comparison of vector fields, ability to interactively interrogate the comparisons, addition of new metrics, the latest FEL2.0 and VisTech libraries, and GUI for a calculator module. C1 Tippett Studio, Berkeley, CA USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Comp Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Tippett Studio, Berkeley, CA USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1343-8875 EI 1875-8975 J9 J VISUAL-JAPAN JI J. Vis. PY 2003 VL 6 IS 1 BP 31 EP 39 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 650CR UT WOS:000181245300010 ER PT J AU Frank, M Friedrich, S Hohne, J Jochum, J AF Frank, Matthias Friedrich, Stephan Hoehne, Jens Jochum, Josef TI Cryogenic detectors and their application to x-ray fluorescence analysis SO JOURNAL OF X-RAY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review AB Cryogenic detectors are very sensitive, energy-resolving, low-threshold photon and particle detectors, which have been developed over the last decades for a variety of applications in particle physics and astrophysics. More recently, cryogenic detectors have also been applied as high-resolution, photon-counting detectors for energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and x-ray fluorescence analysis (XRFA). Cryogenic detectors can provide an about 10 times better energy resolution for x-rays than achievable with "conventional" energy-dispersive detectors, such as HPGe and Si(Li) detectors. In this review, we give a brief introduction to cryogenic detectors (Section 1) and describe the basic operating principles and achieved performance of two types of cryogenic detectors most applicable to EDS and XRFA, superconducting tunnel junctions (Section 2) and hot-electron microcalorimeters (Section 3). In section 4 we discuss various practical aspects of using these cryogenic detectors for fluorescence applications including their operation at ultra-low temperatures close to XRF specimens at room temperature and achievable solid angle and efficiency. In Section 5 we present results from selected recent EDS and XRF experiments performed with cryogenic detectors and discuss their applications in semiconductor microanalysis and in fluorescence-detected absorption spectroscopy. C1 [Frank, Matthias; Friedrich, Stephan] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. [Hoehne, Jens] Vericold Technol GmbH, D-80331 Munich, Germany. [Jochum, Josef] Tech Univ Munich, Dept Phys, D-85747 Garching, Germany. RP Frank, M (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, M Div,7000 E Ave,Mail Stop L-174, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM frank1@llnl.gov RI Frank, Matthias/O-9055-2014 FU US Department of Energy; University of California Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory [W-7405-ENG-48]; European Community [IST-1999-20010] FX This work was performed in part under the auspices of the US Department of Energy by University of California Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contract no. W-7405-ENG-48. Part of this work is supported by the European Community under contract no. IST-1999-20010 MESA. The support of the failure analysis lab FA 5 of Infineon Technologies AG, Munich is greatly appreciated. NR 53 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU IOS PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0895-3996 J9 J X-RAY SCI TECHNOL JI J. X-Ray Sci. Technol. PY 2003 VL 11 IS 2 BP 83 EP 112 PG 30 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA V04OE UT WOS:000207066900004 ER PT J AU Kirby, BJ Wheeler, AR Zare, RN Fruetel, JA Shepodd, TJ AF Kirby, BJ Wheeler, AR Zare, RN Fruetel, JA Shepodd, TJ TI Programmable modification of cell adhesion and zeta potential in silica microchips SO LAB ON A CHIP LA English DT Article ID CAPILLARY-ELECTROPHORESIS; MICROFLUIDIC SYSTEMS; PCR AMPLIFICATION; POLYMER-COATINGS; PROTEINS; FLOW; CHROMATOGRAPHY; CONSTRUCTION; DEVICE; CHIP AB Spatial patterning of thin polyacrylamide films bonded to self-assembled monolayers on silica microchannels is described as a means for manipulating cell-adhesion and electroosmotic properties in microchips. Streaming potential measurements indicate that the zeta potential is reduced by at least two orders of magnitude at biological pH, and the adhesion of several kinds of cells is reduced by 80-100%. Results are shown for cover slides and in wet-etched silica microchannels. Because the polyacrylamide film is thin and transparent, this film is consistent with optical manipulation of cells and detection of cell contents. The spatial patterning technique is straightforward and has the potential to aid on-chip analysis of single adherent cells. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Microfluid Dept, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Chem, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Dept Chem Mat, Livermore, CA USA. RP Kirby, BJ (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Microfluid Dept, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Zare, Richard/A-8410-2009; OI Wheeler, Aaron/0000-0001-5230-7475 NR 35 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 15 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1473-0189 J9 LAB CHIP JI Lab Chip PY 2003 VL 3 IS 1 BP 5 EP 10 DI 10.1039/b210621n PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 647LY UT WOS:000181095300004 PM 15100798 ER PT J AU Gerrish, PJ Garcia-Lerma, JG AF Gerrish, PJ Garcia-Lerma, JG TI Mutation rate and the efficacy of antimicrobial drug treatment SO LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Review ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS TYPE-1; MULLERS RATCHET; LETHAL MUTAGENESIS; POPULATION; FITNESS; EVOLUTION; REPLICATION; ANALOGS; HIV AB Despite rapid progress in drug development, microbial infections in general are becoming increasingly difficult to treat as a result of the emergence of drug-resistant strains. In some cases, such as HIV-1, the early goal of eradicating infections with antimicrobial drugs is, for now, being replaced with the more pragmatic goal of controlling infections over long periods of time through a succession of transiently effective treatments. Because treatment efficacy is often incomplete, studying the degree of treatment efficacy has great relevance to clinical disease management. We derived a model describing the association between the mutation rate of the pathogen and the degree of treatment efficacy. We found that drug treatment is most effective when the mutation rate of the pathogen is either very low or, perhaps counterintuitively, very high. We discuss this finding in the light of a promising new treatment strategy for RNA viruses that combines antiviral compounds with a mutagen. C1 Inst Mexicano Petr, Programa Invest Matemat Aplicadas & Computac, Dept Appl Math, Mexico City 07730, DF, Mexico. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, HIV & Retrovirol Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Gerrish, PJ (reprint author), Inst Mexicano Petr, Programa Invest Matemat Aplicadas & Computac, Dept Appl Math, Mexico City 07730, DF, Mexico. OI Gerrish, Philip/0000-0001-6393-0553 NR 24 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 1473-3099 J9 LANCET INFECT DIS JI Lancet Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 3 IS 1 BP 28 EP 32 DI 10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00485-7 PG 5 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 632AU UT WOS:000180201400022 PM 12505030 ER PT J AU Turner, MG Romme, WH Reed, RA Tuskan, GA AF Turner, MG Romme, WH Reed, RA Tuskan, GA TI Post-fire aspen seedling recruitment across the Yellowstone (USA) Landscape SO LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fire ecology; landscape ecology; logistic regression; Northern Rocky Mountains; population dynamics; Populus tremuloides; spatial extrapolation; spatial heterogeneity ID COMMUNITIES FOLLOWING FIRE; NATIONAL-PARK; POPULUS-TREMULOIDES; CLIMATE-CHANGE; EARLY SUCCESSION; HABITAT USE; FORESTS; ELK; DIVERSITY; WINTER AB Landscape patterns of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) seedling occurrence and abundance were studied after a rare recruitment event following the 1988 fires in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. Belt transects (1 to 17 km in length, 4 m width) along 18 foot trails were surveyed for aspen seedlings on the subalpine plateau of the Park, along gradients of elevation and geologic substrate, during the summer of 1996. Aspen seedling presence and density were characterized as a function of elevation, geologic substrate, slope, aspect, vegetation/ cover type, presence of burned forest, and distance to nearest adult aspen stand. Presence of aspen seedlings was best predicted by the incidence of burned forest and proximity to adult aspen; aspen seedlings were only found in burned forest and were more likely to occur closer to adult aspen clones. When tested against independent data collected in 1997, the logistic regression model for aspen seedling presence performed well ( overall accuracy = 73%, Tau(p) = 0.41). When present, variation in aspen seedling density at local scales (less than or equal to 200 m) was largely explained by elevation, with higher densities observed at lower elevations. At broad scales (> 1 km), seedling density was a function of cover type, elevation, aspect, slope, and burn severity, with greater seedling density in more severely burned forested habitats on southerly, shallow slopes at lower elevations. Aspen seedling densities ranged from 0 to 46,000 seedlings/ha with a median density of 2,000/ha on sites where they occurred. Aspen seedlings were most abundant in the south central and southwest central regions of the park, approximately an order of magnitude less abundant in the southeast region, and nearly absent in the north central area. Establishment of new aspen stands on Yellowstone's subalpine plateau would represent a substantial change in the landscape. However, the long-term fate of these postfire aspen seedlings is not known. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Zool, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Turner, MG (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Zool, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM mgt@mhub.zoology.wisc.edu RI Tuskan, Gerald/A-6225-2011; Turner, Monica/B-2099-2010; Romme, William/C-7317-2016 OI Tuskan, Gerald/0000-0003-0106-1289; NR 64 TC 51 Z9 55 U1 2 U2 22 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2973 EI 1572-9761 J9 LANDSCAPE ECOL JI Landsc. Ecol. PY 2003 VL 18 IS 2 BP 127 EP 140 DI 10.1023/A:1024462501689 PG 14 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 694JB UT WOS:000183770300003 ER PT S AU Quinlan, DJ Schordan, M Philip, B Kowarschik, M AF Quinlan, DJ Schordan, M Philip, B Kowarschik, M BE Dietz, HG TI The specification of source-to-source transformations for the compile-time optimization of parallel object-oriented scientific applications SO LANGUAGES AND COMPILERS FOR PARALLEL COMPUTING SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Workshop on Languages and Compilers for Parallel Computing CY AUG 01-03, 2001 CL CUMBERLAND FALLS, KENTUCKY SP Univ Kentucky, Elect & Comp Engn Dept, Adv Micro Devices AB The performance of object-oriented applications in scientific computing often suffers from the inefficient use of high-level abstractions provided by underlying libraries. Since these library abstractions are user-defined and not part of the programming language itself there is no compiler mechanism to respect their semantics and thus to perform appropriate optimizations. In this paper we outline the design of ROSE and focus on the discussion of two approaches for specifying and processing complex source code transformations. These techniques are intended to be as easy and intuitive as possible for potential ROSE users; i.e., for designers of object-oriented scientific libraries, people most often with no compiler expertise. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Appl Sci Comp, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Dept Comp Sci, Syst Simulat Grp, Erlangen, Germany. RP Quinlan, DJ (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Appl Sci Comp, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-04029-3 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2003 VL 2624 BP 383 EP 394 DI 10.1007/3-540-35767-X_25 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BX27K UT WOS:000184815200025 ER PT S AU Leger, RF Long, D Klaene, M AF Leger, RF Long, D Klaene, M BE Oschmann, JM Stepp, LM TI Design and upgrades for the sloan digital sky survey telescope's roll-off enclosure SO LARGE GROUND-BASED TELESCOPES, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Large Ground-based Telescopes CY AUG 22-26, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE AB The SDSS telescope is housed, when not in use, in a roll-off enclosure. This enclosure rolls away from the telescope a distance of 60 feet, leaving the telescope fully exposed for operations. Design considerations for wind and solar loading, thermal venting, conditioning and stability are reviewed. Originally, the enclosure had been constructed to minimize its surface area obstruction to the telescope s field of view. This design feature, however, offered little room to perform engineering tasks during nonoperational time. An upgrade to the structure, in the form of raising the roof, was instituted. This improvement greatly enhanced the engineering and testing functions performed on the telescope, thereby increasing operational efficiency and the time allotted to engineering tasks. Problems maintaining and associated with weather sealing, lightning protection, truck wheel alignment, altitude effects on truck controllers and thermal conditioning are examined. Communication and electrical connections between stationary and moving elements of the enclosure are described. Two types of systems, to date, have been used - one a reel and the other a slider system. Advantages and disadvantages of both are examined from the perspective of four years experience. C1 Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL USA. RP Leger, RF (reprint author), Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4616-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4837 BP 247 EP 254 DI 10.1117/12.457907 PN 1&2 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW43T UT WOS:000181980100024 ER PT S AU Leger, RF Long, D Carey, L Owen, R Sigmund, W AF Leger, RF Long, D Carey, L Owen, R Sigmund, W BE Oschmann, JM Stepp, LM TI Design and construction of instrument rotator for the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) telescope SO LARGE GROUND-BASED TELESCOPES, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Large Ground-based Telescopes CY AUG 22-26, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE AB This paper will describe the concerns, parameters and restrictions in the design and construction of the instrument rotator used on the SDSS telescope. C1 Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL USA. RP Leger, RF (reprint author), Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4616-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4837 BP 533 EP 547 DI 10.1117/12.457906 PN 1&2 PG 15 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW43T UT WOS:000181980100053 ER PT S AU Salinger, AG Pawlowski, RP Shadid, JN Waanders, BV Bartlett, R Itle, GC Biegler, L AF Salinger, AG Pawlowski, RP Shadid, JN Waanders, BV Bartlett, R Itle, GC Biegler, L BE Biegler, LT Ghattas, O Heinkenschloss, M Waanders, BV TI Optimization of large-scale reacting flows using MPSalsa and sequential quadratic programming SO LARGE-SCALE PDE-CONSTRAINED OPTIMIZATION SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st Sandia Workshop on Large-Scale PDE-Constrained Optimization CY APR 04-06, 2001 CL Santa Fe, NM AB An rSQP optimization algorithm has been linked to the MPSalsa parallel reacting flows code. The goal is to develop SAND (Simultaneous Analysis aNd Design) methods for use with large-scale PDE simulations. MPSalsa is a unstructured grid finite element code that uses a fully coupled Newton method to solve the PDEs governing fluid flow, heat transfer, and non-dilute mass transfer. In this paper, we present results for optimization of a Chemical Vapor Deposition reactor for growing thin films of Gallium Nitride. In particular, we address issues of inexactness in the Jacobian matrix and of solution multiplicity. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Parallel Computat Sci Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Salinger, AG (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Parallel Computat Sci Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1439-7358 BN 3-540-05045-0 J9 LECT NOTES COMP SCI PY 2003 VL 30 BP 45 EP 59 PG 15 WC Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics, Applied SC Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics GA BY81X UT WOS:000189470600003 ER PT S AU Hovland, P Lee, S McInnes, L Norris, B Smith, B AF Hovland, P Lee, S McInnes, L Norris, B Smith, B BE Biegler, LT Ghattas, O Heinkenschloss, M Waanders, BV TI Challenges and opportunities in using automatic differentiation with object-oriented toolkits for scientific computing SO LARGE-SCALE PDE-CONSTRAINED OPTIMIZATION SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st Sandia Workshop on Large-Scale PDE-Constrained Optimization CY APR 04-06, 2001 CL Santa Fe, NM ID PETSC AB The increased use of object-oriented toolkits in large-scale scientific simulation presents challenges and new opportunities for the use of automatic (or algorithmic) differentiation (AD) techniques, especially in the context of optimization. Because object-oriented toolkits use well-defined interfaces and data structures, there is potential for simplifying the AD process. Furthermore, derivative computation can be improved by exploiting high-level information about numerical and computational abstractions. However, challenges to the successful use of AD with these toolkits also exist. Among the greatest challenges is balancing the desire to limit the scope of the AD process with the desire to minimize the work required of a user. We discuss our experiences in integrating AD with the PETSc, PVODE, and TAO toolkits and our plans for future research and development in this area. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Math & Comp Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Hovland, P (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Math & Comp Sci, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1439-7358 BN 3-540-05045-0 J9 LECT NOTES COMP SCI PY 2003 VL 30 BP 133 EP 147 PG 15 WC Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics, Applied SC Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics GA BY81X UT WOS:000189470600008 ER PT S AU Stewart, JR Edwards, HC AF Stewart, JR Edwards, HC BE Biegler, LT Ghattas, O Heinkenschloss, M Waanders, BV TI The SIERRA framework for developing advanced parallel mechanics applications SO LARGE-SCALE PDE-CONSTRAINED OPTIMIZATION SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st Sandia Workshop on Large-Scale PDE-Constrained Optimization CY APR 04-06, 2001 CL Santa Fe, NM AB SIERRA is an object-oriented computational framework currently under intense development at Sandia National Laboratories. The SIERRA framework is a set of software services and parallel data structures upon which many mechanics applications can be written. The main goal is to bring together distributed mesh management, field management (i.e., the variables), and mechanics algorithm support services to facilitate rapid code development and code reuse. The motivation behind SIERRA is that designing and implementing modern applications in a multiphysics, parallel environment is very difficult, and involves advanced computer science as well as engineering mechanics. By providing the common, mostly computer science related services in a framework, they can be developed once and then used by many different mechanics codes. Although SIERRA is written in C++, the mechanics codes using SIERRA can be written in any language such as Fortran or C. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87109 USA. RP Stewart, JR (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800,MS 0826, Albuquerque, NM 87109 USA. NR 10 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1439-7358 BN 3-540-05045-0 J9 LECT NOTES COMP SCI PY 2003 VL 30 BP 301 EP 315 PG 15 WC Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics, Applied SC Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics GA BY81X UT WOS:000189470600018 ER PT S AU Long, KR AF Long, KR BE Biegler, LT Ghattas, O Heinkenschloss, M Waanders, BV TI Sundance rapid prototyping tool for parallel PDE optimization SO LARGE-SCALE PDE-CONSTRAINED OPTIMIZATION SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st Sandia Workshop on Large-Scale PDE-Constrained Optimization CY APR 04-06, 2001 CL Santa Fe, NM AB High-performance algorithms for PDE-constrained optimization often require application of operators and solution of systems of equations that are different from those used in a single solution of the PDE; consequently, exploration of a research idea entails startup costs for modification to the PDE solver. A software tool to enable rapid development of parallel codes for large-scale, complex PDEs on realistic problems would be a useful aid to research in this area. As part of Sandia's research efforts in PDE-constrained optimization, we are developing Sundance, an environment in which a parallel PDE solver is accessed via a high-level problem description, using abstract concepts such as functions, operators, and regions. With this high-level problem description, it is possible to specify a variational formulation of a PDE and its discretization method in a small amount of user-level code. It is then straightforward to obtain operators such as Jacobians and Hessians for use in optimization algorithms. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Long, KR (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 4 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1439-7358 BN 3-540-05045-0 J9 LECT NOTES COMP SCI PY 2003 VL 30 BP 331 EP 341 PG 11 WC Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics, Applied SC Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics GA BY81X UT WOS:000189470600020 ER PT S AU Jackson, JL Hackel, RP Lungershausen, AW AF Jackson, JL Hackel, RP Lungershausen, AW BE Dickey, FM Shealy, DL TI Restoring aperture profile at sample plane SO LASER BEAM SHAPING IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Conference on Laser Beam Shaping CY AUG 06-07, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE AB Off-line conditioning of full-size optics for the National Ignition Facility required a beam delivery system to allow conditioning lasers to rapidly raster scan samples while achieving several technical goals. The main purpose of the optical system designed was to reconstruct at the sample plane the flat beam profile found at the laser aperture with significant reductions in beam wander to improve scan times. Another design goal was the ability to vary the beam size at the sample to scan at different fluences while utilizing all of the laser power and minimizing processing time. An optical solution was developed using commercial off-the-shelf lenses. The system incorporates a six meter relay telescope and two sets of focusing optics. The spacing of the focusing optics is changed to allow the fluence on the sample to vary from 2 to 14 Joules per square centimeter in discrete steps. More importantly, these optics use the special properties of image relaying to image the aperture plane onto the sample to form a pupil relay with a beam profile corresponding almost exactly to the flat profile found at the aperture. A flat beam profile speeds scanning by providing a uniform intensity across a larger area on the sample. The relayed pupil plane is more stable with regards to jitter and beam wander. Image relaying also reduces other perturbations from diffraction, scatter, and focus conditions. Image relaying, laser conditioning, and the optical system designed to accomplish the stated goals are discussed. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Jackson, JL (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-470, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5048-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5175 BP 66 EP 76 DI 10.1117/12.515346 PG 11 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BY14B UT WOS:000187881100007 ER PT S AU Sinars, DB Wenger, DF Cuneo, ME Bennett, GR Anderson, JE Porter, JL Rambo, PK Rovang, DC Smith, IC AF Sinars, DB Wenger, DF Cuneo, ME Bennett, GR Anderson, JE Porter, JL Rambo, PK Rovang, DC Smith, IC BE Kyrala, GA Gauthier, JCJ MacDonald, CA Khounsary, AM TI 1- to 10-keV x-ray backlighting of annular wire arrays on the Sandia Z-machine using bent-crystal imaging techniques SO LASER-GENERATED AND OTHER LABORATORY X-RAY AND EUV SOURCES, OPTICS, AND APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser-Generated and Other Laboratory X-Ray and EUV Sources, Optics, and Applications CY AUG 04-06, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE z pinch; wire-array z-pinch; x-ray backlighting; radiography; keV; inertial confinement fusion ID INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION; RADIATION SYMMETRY; HOHLRAUMS; PLASMA; LASER AB Annular wire array implosions on the Sandia Z-machine can produce >200 TW and 1-2 MJ of soft x rays in the 0.1-10 keV range. The x-ray flux and debris in this environment present significant challenges for radiographic diagnostics. X-ray backlighting diagnostics at 1865 and 6181 eV using spherically-bent crystals have been fielded on the Z-machine, each with a similar to0.6 eV spectral bandpass, 10 mum spatial resolution, and a 4 mm by 20 mm field of view. The Z-Beamlet laser, a 2-TW, 2-kJ Nd:glass laser (lambda=527 nm), is used to produce 0.1-1 J x-ray sources for radiography. The design, calibration, and performance of these diagnostics is presented. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Sinars, DB (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 19 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5069-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5196 BP 1 EP 15 DI 10.1117/12.507785 PG 15 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BY54Y UT WOS:000189405900001 ER PT S AU Fournier, KB Constantin, C Poco, J Miller, MC Back, CA Suter, LJ Satcher, J Davis, J Grun, J AF Fournier, KB Constantin, C Poco, J Miller, MC Back, CA Suter, LJ Satcher, J Davis, J Grun, J BE Kyrala, GA Gauthier, JCJ MacDonald, CA Khounsary, AM TI Efficient multi-keV x-ray sources from Ti-doped aerogel targets SO LASER-GENERATED AND OTHER LABORATORY X-RAY AND EUV SOURCES, OPTICS, AND APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser-Generated and Other Laboratory X-Ray and EUV Sources, Optics, and Applications CY AUG 04-06, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE X-ray source; TiK-shell; low-density foam; lasers ID LASER-PRODUCED PLASMAS; PULSE-WIDTH; SCATTERING; BRIGHTNESS; IONIZATION; EMISSION AB We have measured the production of hv greater than or equal to 4.5 keV x-rays from low-density Ti-doped aerogel targets at the OMEGA laser facility (University of Rochester). The targets were 2.2 mm long by 2 mm diameter beryllium cylinders filled with Ti-doped (3 atomic percent) SiO2 foam. The doped-foam density was approximate to 3 mg/cc. Forty beams of the OMEGA laser (lambda = 351 nm) illuminated the two cylindrical faces of the target with a total power that ranged from 7 to 14 TW. The laser interaction fully ionizes the target (n(e)/n(crit) less than or equal to 0.1), and allows the laser-bleaching wave to excite, supersonically, the high-Z emitter ions in the sample. The heating of the target was imaged with a gated (200 ps time resolution) x-ray framing camera filtered to observe > 4 keV. 2-D radiative-hydrodynamic calculations predict rapid and uniform heating over the whole target volume with minimal energy losses into hydrodynamic motion. An x-ray streak camera, also filtered to observe > 4 keV, was used to measure the rate of heat propagation in the target. Ti K-shell x-ray emission was spectrally resolved with a two-channel crystal spectrometer and also with a set of filtered aluminum x-ray diodes, both instruments provide absolute measurement of the multi-keV x-ray emission. Back-scattered laser energy is observed to be minimal. We find between 100-400 J of output with 4.67 less than or equal to hv less than or equal to 5.0 keV, predicted target performance is a factor of 2-3 too low in this range. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Fournier, KB (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 26 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5069-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5196 BP 194 EP 204 DI 10.1117/12.505872 PG 11 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BY54Y UT WOS:000189405900019 ER PT S AU Park, HS Koch, JA Landen, OL Phillips, TW Goldsack, TJ Clark, E Eagleton, R Edwards, RD AF Park, HS Koch, JA Landen, OL Phillips, TW Goldsack, TJ Clark, E Eagleton, R Edwards, RD BE Kyrala, GA Gauthier, JCJ MacDonald, CA Khounsary, AM TI High energy X-ray source generation by short pulse high intensity lasers SO LASER-GENERATED AND OTHER LABORATORY X-RAY AND EUV SOURCES, OPTICS, AND APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser-Generated and Other Laboratory X-Ray and EUV Sources, Optics, and Applications CY AUG 04-06, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE short pulse laser; K alpha source; backlighter ID K-ALPHA SOURCES; PLASMA INTERACTIONS; OPTIMIZATION; SPECTROSCOPY; W/CM(2); TARGET AB We are studying the feasibility of utilizing Kalpha x-ray sources in the range of 20 to 100 keV as a backlighters for imaging various stages of implosions and high aerial density planar samples driven by the NIF laser facility. The hard x-ray Kalpha sources are created by relativistic electron plasma interactions in the target material after a radiation by short pulse high intensity lasers. In order to understand Kalpha source characteristics such as production efficiency and brightness as a function of laser parameters, we have performed experiments using the 10 J, 100 fs JanUSP laser. We utilized single-photon counting spectroscopy and x-ray imaging diagnostics to characterize the Kalpha source. We find that the Kalpha conversion efficiency from the laser energy at 22 keV is similar to3 x 10(-4). C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Park, HS (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5069-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5196 BP 213 EP 219 DI 10.1117/12.508663 PG 7 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BY54Y UT WOS:000189405900021 ER PT S AU Britten, JA Molander, W Komashko, AM Barty, CPJ AF Britten, JA Molander, W Komashko, AM Barty, CPJ BE Exarhos, GJ Guenther, AH Kaiser, N Lewis, KL Soileau, MJ Stolz, CJ TI Multilayer dielectric gratings for Petawatt-class laser systems SO LASER-INDUCED DAMAGE IN OPTICAL MATERIALS: 2003 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 35th Annual Symposium on Optical Materials for High-Power Lasers CY SEP 22-24, 2003 CL Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Boulder, CO SP AF Off Sci Sci Res, AF Res Lab, AF Directed Energy Directorate, AF Sch Opt, CREOL, FPCE, Univ Cent Florida, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Univ New Mexico, Ctr High Technol Mat, Fraunhofer- Inst Angewandte Opt & Feinmechanik, Pacific NW Natl Lab, OinetiQ HO Natl Inst Standards & Technol DE multilayer dielectric gratings; Petawatt lasers; chirped pulse amplification; reactive ion milling; atomic force microscopy ID PULSES AB Existing Petawatt class lasers today based on Nd:glass architectures operating at nominally 500 J, 0.5 ps use meter-scale aperture, gold-overcoated master photoresist gratings to compress the amplified chirped pulse. Many lasers operating in the >1kJ, >1ps regime are in the planning stages around the world. These will require multilayer dielectric diffraction gratings to handle larger pulse energy than can be accommodated with gold gratings. Models of the electric field distribution in the solid material of these gratings suggest that high aspect-ratio structures used at high incidence angles will have better laser damage resistance. New tooling for transfer etching these submicron-grating patterns and for nondestructive critical-dimension measurement of these features on meter-scale substrates will be described. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Britten, JA (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 11 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 8 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5163-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5273 BP 1 EP 7 DI 10.1117/12.524015 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA BAM08 UT WOS:000222782300002 ER PT S AU Stolz, CJ Genin, FY Pistor, TV AF Stolz, CJ Genin, FY Pistor, TV BE Exarhos, GJ Guenther, AH Kaiser, N Lewis, KL Soileau, MJ Stolz, CJ TI Electric-field enhancement by nodular defects in multilayer coatings irradiated at normal and 45 degrees incidence SO LASER-INDUCED DAMAGE IN OPTICAL MATERIALS: 2003 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 35th Annual Symposium on Optical Materials for High-Power Lasers CY SEP 22-24, 2003 CL Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Boulder, CO SP AF Off Sci Sci Res, AF Res Lab, AF Directed Energy Directorate, AF Sch Opt, CREOL, FPCE, Univ Cent Florida, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Univ New Mexico, Ctr High Technol Mat, Fraunhofer- Inst Angewandte Opt & Feinmechanik, Pacific NW Natl Lab, OinetiQ HO Natl Inst Standards & Technol DE standing-wave electric field; nodular defect; multilayer coating; laser damage; finite-element analysis ID LASER DAMAGE; GEOMETRIES AB The standing-wave electric-field profile within multilayer coatings is significantly perturbated by a nodular defect. The intensity, which is proportional to the electric field squared, is increased in the high index material by greater than or equal to3x at normal incidence and greater than or equal to12x at 45 degrees incidence angle. Therefore it is not surprising that nodular defects are initiation sites of laser-induced damage. In this study, the impact of reflectance-band centering and incident angle are explored for a 1 mum diameter nodular defect seed overcoated with a 24 layer high-reflector constructed of quarter-wave thick alternating layers of hafnia and silica. The modeling was performed using a three-dimensional finite-element analysis code. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Stolz, CJ (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 East Ave L-491, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5163-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5273 BP 41 EP 49 DI 10.1117/12.523453 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA BAM08 UT WOS:000222782300007 ER PT S AU Feit, MD Rubenchik, AM AF Feit, MD Rubenchik, AM BE Exarhos, GJ Guenther, AH Kaiser, N Lewis, KL Soileau, MJ Stolz, CJ TI Implications of nanoabsorber initiators for damage probability curves, pulselength scaling and laser conditioning SO LASER-INDUCED DAMAGE IN OPTICAL MATERIALS: 2003 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 35th Annual Symposium on Optical Materials for High-Power Lasers CY SEP 22-24, 2003 CL Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Boulder, CO SP AF Off Sci Sci Res, AF Res Lab, AF Directed Energy Directorate, AF Sch Opt, CREOL, FPCE, Univ Cent Florida, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Univ New Mexico, Ctr High Technol Mat, Fraunhofer- Inst Angewandte Opt & Feinmechanik, Pacific NW Natl Lab, OinetiQ HO Natl Inst Standards & Technol ID BULK; NM AB Laser damage of large optics initiates at material imperfections. Absorbers of very small, nanoscale size are possible initiators. We will analyze experimental implications of assuming that the damage is initiated by a size distribution of nanoabsorbers. We will demonstrate that the model predicts damage fluence pulselength scaling consistent with experiment. The size distribution of nanoabsorbers is related to the resulting damage site density and to the shape of the damage probability curve (S-curve). Conditioning of KDP crystals can be explained within the same model. The relative efficiency of various conditioning strategies is discussed. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Feit, MD (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808 L-491, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Feit, Michael/A-4480-2009 NR 14 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5163-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5273 BP 74 EP 82 DI 10.1117/12.523862 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA BAM08 UT WOS:000222782300010 ER PT S AU Feit, MD Rubenchik, AM Boley, CD Rotter, M AF Feit, MD Rubenchik, AM Boley, CD Rotter, M BE Exarhos, GJ Guenther, AH Kaiser, N Lewis, KL Soileau, MJ Stolz, CJ TI Development of a process model for CO2 laser mitigation of PF damage growth in fused silica SO LASER-INDUCED DAMAGE IN OPTICAL MATERIALS: 2003 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 35th Annual Symposium on Optical Materials for High-Power Lasers CY SEP 22-24, 2003 CL Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Boulder, CO SP AF Off Sci Sci Res, AF Res Lab, AF Directed Energy Directorate, AF Sch Opt, CREOL, FPCE, Univ Cent Florida, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Univ New Mexico, Ctr High Technol Mat, Fraunhofer- Inst Angewandte Opt & Feinmechanik, Pacific NW Natl Lab, OinetiQ HO Natl Inst Standards & Technol AB A numerical model of CO2, laser mitigation of damage growth in fused silica has been constructed that accounts for laser energy absorption, heat conduction, radiation transport, evaporation of fused silica and thermally induced stresses. This model will be used to understand scaling issues and effects of pulse and beam shapes on material removal, temperatures reached and stresses generated. Initial calculations show good agreement of simulated and measured material removal. The model has also been applied to LG-770 glass as a prototype red blocker material. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Feit, MD (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808 L-491, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Feit, Michael/A-4480-2009 NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5163-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5273 BP 145 EP 154 DI 10.1117/12.523867 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA BAM08 UT WOS:000222782300019 ER PT S AU Adams, JJ McCarville, T Bruere, J McElroy, J Peterson, J AF Adams, JJ McCarville, T Bruere, J McElroy, J Peterson, J BE Exarhos, GJ Guenther, AH Kaiser, N Lewis, KL Soileau, MJ Stolz, CJ TI Effects of nonlinear absorption in BK7 and color glasses at 355 nm SO LASER-INDUCED DAMAGE IN OPTICAL MATERIALS: 2003 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 35th Annual Symposium on Optical Materials for High-Power Lasers CY SEP 22-24, 2003 CL Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Boulder, CO SP AF Off Sci Sci Res, AF Res Lab, AF Directed Energy Directorate, AF Sch Opt, CREOL, FPCE, Univ Cent Florida, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Univ New Mexico, Ctr High Technol Mat, Fraunhofer- Inst Angewandte Opt & Feinmechanik, Pacific NW Natl Lab, OinetiQ HO Natl Inst Standards & Technol DE nonlinear absorption; BK7; solarization; color glasses; ultra-violet absorption; cross-sections ID SILICATE-GLASSES AB We have demonstrated a simple experimental technique that can be used to measure the nonlinear absorption coefficients in glasses. We determine BK7, UG1, and UG11 glasses to have linear absorption coefficients of 0.0217 +/- 10% cm(-1), 1.7 +/- 10% cm(-1). and 0.82 +/- 10% cm(-1), respectively, two-photon absorption cross-sections of 0.025 +/- 20% cm/GW, 0.035 +/- 20% cm/GW, and 0.047 +/- 20% cm/GW, respectively, excited-state absorption cross-sections of 8.0 x 10(-20) +/- 20% cm(2), 2.8 x 10(-16) +/- 20% cm(2) and 5 x 10(-17) +/- 20% cm(2,) respectively, and solarization coefficients of 8.5 x 10(-20) +/- 20% cm(2), 2.5 x 10(-18) +/- 20% cm(2), and 1.3 x 10(-19) +/- 20% cm(2), respectively. For our application, nonlinear effects in 10-cm of BK7 are small (less than or equal to 2%) for 355-nm fluences < 0.2 J/cm(2) for flat-top pulses. However, nonlinear effects are noticeable for 355-nm fluences at 0.8 J/cm(2). In particular, we determine a 20% increase in the instantaneous absorption from linear, a solarization rate of 4% per 100 shots, and a 10% temporal droop introduced in the pulse, for 355-mn flat-top pulses at a fluence of 0.8 J/cm(2). For 0.5-cm of UG1 absorbing glass the non-linear absorption has a similar effect as that from 10-cm of BK7 on the pulse shape; however, the effects in UG11 are much smaller. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Adams, JJ (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-592, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5163-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5273 BP 177 EP 191 DI 10.1117/12.523870 PG 15 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA BAM08 UT WOS:000222782300023 ER PT S AU Menapace, JA Dixit, SN Genin, FY Brocious, WF AF Menapace, JA Dixit, SN Genin, FY Brocious, WF BE Exarhos, GJ Guenther, AH Kaiser, N Lewis, KL Soileau, MJ Stolz, CJ TI Magnetorheological finishing for imprinting continuous phase plate structure onto optical surfaces SO LASER-INDUCED DAMAGE IN OPTICAL MATERIALS: 2003 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 35th Annual Symposium on Optical Materials for High-Power Lasers CY SEP 22-24, 2003 CL Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Boulder, CO SP AF Off Sci Sci Res, AF Res Lab, AF Directed Energy Directorate, AF Sch Opt, CREOL, FPCE, Univ Cent Florida, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Univ New Mexico, Ctr High Technol Mat, Fraunhofer- Inst Angewandte Opt & Feinmechanik, Pacific NW Natl Lab, OinetiQ HO Natl Inst Standards & Technol DE continuous phase plate; diffractive optics; magnetorheological finishing; MRF; irradiance ID LASER; MRF AB Magnetorheological finishing (MRF) techniques have been developed to manufacture continuous phase plates (CPP's) and custom phase corrective structures on polished fused silica surfaces. These phase structures are important for laser applications requiring precise manipulation and control of beam-shape, energy distribution, and wavefront profile. The MRF's unique deterministic-sub-aperture polishing characteristics make it possible to imprint complex topographical information onto optical surfaces at spatial scale-lengths approaching 1 mm. In this study, we present the results of experiments and model calculations that explore imprinting two-dimensional sinusoidal structures. Results show how the MRF removal function impacts and limits imprint fidelity and what must be done to arrive at a high quality surface. We also present several examples of this imprinting technology for fabrication of phase correction plates and CPPs for use at high fluences. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Menapace, JA (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 E Ave L-491, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 29 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5163-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5273 BP 220 EP 230 DI 10.1117/12.527822 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA BAM08 UT WOS:000222782300028 ER PT S AU Norton, MA Donohue, EE Hollingsworth, WG McElroy, JN Hackel, RP AF Norton, MA Donohue, EE Hollingsworth, WG McElroy, JN Hackel, RP BE Exarhos, GJ Guenther, AH Kaiser, N Lewis, KL Soileau, MJ Stolz, CJ TI Growth of laser initiated damage in fused silica at 527 nm SO LASER-INDUCED DAMAGE IN OPTICAL MATERIALS: 2003 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 35th Annual Symposium on Optical Materials for High-Power Lasers CY SEP 22-24, 2003 CL Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Boulder, CO SP AF Off Sci Sci Res, AF Res Lab, AF Directed Energy Directorate, AF Sch Opt, CREOL, FPCE, Univ Cent Florida, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Univ New Mexico, Ctr High Technol Mat, Fraunhofer- Inst Angewandte Opt & Feinmechanik, Pacific NW Natl Lab, OinetiQ HO Natl Inst Standards & Technol DE laser damage; laser damage growth; laser damage growth threshold; UV fused silica AB The effective lifetime of optics is limited by both laser-induced damage and the subsequent growth of laser initiated damage sites. We have measured the growth rate of laser-induced damage in fused silica in both air and vacuum at 527 rim. For damage on the exit surface, the data shows exponential growth in the lateral size of the damage site with shot number. The exponential growth coefficient depends linearly on the laser fluence. The behavior at the fluence threshold for growth is contrasted to that observed at 351 nm. The growth rate was not significantly affected by either the wavelength of the initiating fluence or the presence of 10 torr of air as compared to vacuum. When the damage is located on the input surface, it has both a higher threshold for growth and does not grow exponentially. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Norton, MA (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-592, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 2 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5163-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5273 BP 236 EP 243 DI 10.1117/12.528378 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA BAM08 UT WOS:000222782300030 ER PT S AU Feit, MD Rubenchik, AM AF Feit, MD Rubenchik, AM BE Exarhos, GJ Guenther, AH Kaiser, N Lewis, KL Soileau, MJ Stolz, CJ TI Influence of subsurface cracks on laser induced surface damage SO LASER-INDUCED DAMAGE IN OPTICAL MATERIALS: 2003 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 35th Annual Symposium on Optical Materials for High-Power Lasers CY SEP 22-24, 2003 CL Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Boulder, CO SP AF Off Sci Sci Res, AF Res Lab, AF Directed Energy Directorate, AF Sch Opt, CREOL, FPCE, Univ Cent Florida, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Univ New Mexico, Ctr High Technol Mat, Fraunhofer- Inst Angewandte Opt & Feinmechanik, Pacific NW Natl Lab, OinetiQ HO Natl Inst Standards & Technol ID FUSED-SILICA; DIELECTRICS; BREAKDOWN; THRESHOLD AB Cracks can affect laser damage susceptibility in three ways. These are field intensification due to interference, enhanced absorption due to trapped material in the cracks, and increased mechanical weakness. Enhanced absorption is the most important effect. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Feit, MD (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-491, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Feit, Michael/A-4480-2009 NR 12 TC 71 Z9 72 U1 1 U2 9 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5163-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5273 BP 264 EP 272 DI 10.1117/12.523864 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA BAM08 UT WOS:000222782300034 ER PT S AU Hrubesh, L Adams, J Feit, M Sell, W Stanley, J Miller, E Thompson, S Whitman, P Hackel, R AF Hrubesh, L Adams, J Feit, M Sell, W Stanley, J Miller, E Thompson, S Whitman, P Hackel, R BE Exarhos, GJ Guenther, AH Kaiser, N Lewis, KL Soileau, MJ Stolz, CJ TI Surface damage growth mitigation on KDP/DKDP optics using single-crystal diamond micro-machining SO LASER-INDUCED DAMAGE IN OPTICAL MATERIALS: 2003 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 35th Annual Symposium on Optical Materials for High-Power Lasers CY SEP 22-24, 2003 CL Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Boulder, CO SP AF Off Sci Sci Res, AF Res Lab, AF Directed Energy Directorate, AF Sch Opt, CREOL, FPCE, Univ Cent Florida, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Univ New Mexico, Ctr High Technol Mat, Fraunhofer- Inst Angewandte Opt & Feinmechanik, Pacific NW Natl Lab, OinetiQ HO Natl Inst Standards & Technol DE KDP; DKDP; laser damage; surface damage; mitigation; micro-machining ID FUSED-SILICA AB A process whereby laser-initiated surface damage on KDP/DKDP optics is removed by spot micro-machining using a highspeed drill and a single-crystal diamond bit, is shown to mitigate damage growth for subsequent laser shots. Our tests show that machined dimples on both surfaces of an AR coated doubler (KDP) crystal are stable, for 526nm, similar to3.2ns pulses at similar to12J/cm(2) fluences. Other tests also confirmed that the machined dimples on both surfaces of an AR coated tripler (DKDP) crystal are stable, for 351nm, similar to3ns pulses at similar to8J/cm(2). We have demonstrated successful mitigation of laser-initiated surface damage sites as large as 0.14mm diameter on DKDP, for up to 1000 shots at 351nm, 13J/cm(2), similar to11ns pulse length, and up to 10 shots at 351nm, 8J/cm(2), 3ns. Details of the method are presented, including estimates for the heat generated during micromachining and a plan to implement this method to treat pre-initiated or retrieved-from-service, large-scale optics for use in high-peak-power laser applications. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Hrubesh, L (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-592, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Feit, Michael/A-4480-2009 NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5163-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5273 BP 273 EP 280 DI 10.1117/12.523859 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA BAM08 UT WOS:000222782300035 ER PT S AU Prasad, RR Bruere, JR Peterson, J Halpin, J Borden, M Hackel, RP AF Prasad, RR Bruere, JR Peterson, J Halpin, J Borden, M Hackel, RP BE Exarhos, GJ Guenther, AH Kaiser, N Lewis, KL Soileau, MJ Stolz, CJ TI Enhanced performance of large of optics using UV and IR lasers SO LASER-INDUCED DAMAGE IN OPTICAL MATERIALS: 2003 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 35th Annual Symposium on Optical Materials for High-Power Lasers CY SEP 22-24, 2003 CL Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Boulder, CO SP AF Off Sci Sci Res, AF Res Lab, AF Directed Energy Directorate, AF Sch Opt, CREOL, FPCE, Univ Cent Florida, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Univ New Mexico, Ctr High Technol Mat, Fraunhofer- Inst Angewandte Opt & Feinmechanik, Pacific NW Natl Lab, OinetiQ HO Natl Inst Standards & Technol DE fused silica; laser damage; surface damage; laser conditioning; laser mitigation ID FUSED-SILICA AB We have developed techniques using small-beam raster scanning to laser-condition fused silica optics to increase their damage threshold. Further, we showed that CO2 lasers could be used to mitigate and stabilize damage sites while still on the order of a few tens of microns in size, thereby greatly increasing the lifetime of an optic. We recently activated the Phoenix pre-production facility to condition and mitigate optics as large as 43 cm x 43 cm. Several full-scale optics have been processed in Phoenix. The optics were first photographed using a damage mapping system to identify scratches, digs, or other potential sites for initiation of laser damage. We then condition the optic, raster scanning with the excimer laser. The first scan is performed at a low fluence. A damage map is then acquired and any new damage sites or any sites that have grown in size are mitigated using the CO2 laser. The process is repeated at successively higher fluences until a factor of 1.7 above the nominal operating fluence is reached. After conditioning, optics were tested in a large beam 3omega laser and showed no damage at fluences of 8 J/cm(2) average. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Prasad, RR (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-592, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 3 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5163-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5273 BP 288 EP 295 DI 10.1117/12.523853 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA BAM08 UT WOS:000222782300037 ER PT S AU Prasad, RR Bruere, JR Halpin, J Lucero, P Mills, S Bernacil, M Hackel, RP AF Prasad, RR Bruere, JR Halpin, J Lucero, P Mills, S Bernacil, M Hackel, RP BE Exarhos, GJ Guenther, AH Kaiser, N Lewis, KL Soileau, MJ Stolz, CJ TI Design of a production process to enhance optical performance of 3 omega optics SO LASER-INDUCED DAMAGE IN OPTICAL MATERIALS: 2003 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 35th Annual Symposium on Optical Materials for High-Power Lasers CY SEP 22-24, 2003 CL Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Boulder, CO SP AF Off Sci Sci Res, AF Res Lab, AF Directed Energy Directorate, AF Sch Opt, CREOL, FPCE, Univ Cent Florida, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Univ New Mexico, Ctr High Technol Mat, Fraunhofer- Inst Angewandte Opt & Feinmechanik, Pacific NW Natl Lab, OinetiQ HO Natl Inst Standards & Technol DE fused silica; laser damage; surface damage; laser conditioning; laser mitigation ID FUSED-SILICA AB Using the Phoenix pre-production conditioning facility we have shown that raster scanning of 3omega optics using a XeF excimer laser and mitigation of the resultant damage sites with a CO2 laser can enhance their optical damage resistance. Several large-scale (43 cm x 43 cm) optics have been processed in this facility. A production facility capable of processing several large optics a week has been designed based on our experience in the pre-production facility. The facility will be equipped with UV conditioning lasers - 351-mn XeF excimer lasers operating at 100 Hz and 23 ns. The facility will also include a CO2 laser for damage mitigation, an optics stage for raster scanning large-scale optics, a damage mapping system (DMS) that images large-scale optics and can detect damage sites or precursors as small as approximate to15 mum, and two microscopes to image damage sites with approximate to5 mum resolution. The optics will be handled in a class 100 clean room, within the facility that will be maintained at class 1000. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Prasad, RR (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-592, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 2 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5163-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5273 BP 296 EP 302 DI 10.1117/12.523857 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA BAM08 UT WOS:000222782300038 ER PT S AU Nostrand, MC Weiland, TL Luthi, RL Vickers, JL Sell, WD Stanley, JA Honig, J Auerbach, J Hackel, RP Wegner, PJ AF Nostrand, MC Weiland, TL Luthi, RL Vickers, JL Sell, WD Stanley, JA Honig, J Auerbach, J Hackel, RP Wegner, PJ BE Exarhos, GJ Guenther, AH Kaiser, N Lewis, KL Soileau, MJ Stolz, CJ TI A large aperture, high energy laser system for optics and optical component testing SO LASER-INDUCED DAMAGE IN OPTICAL MATERIALS: 2003 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 35th Annual Symposium on Optical Materials for High-Power Lasers CY SEP 22-24, 2003 CL Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Boulder, CO SP AF Off Sci Sci Res, AF Res Lab, AF Directed Energy Directorate, AF Sch Opt, CREOL, FPCE, Univ Cent Florida, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Univ New Mexico, Ctr High Technol Mat, Fraunhofer- Inst Angewandte Opt & Feinmechanik, Pacific NW Natl Lab, OinetiQ HO Natl Inst Standards & Technol AB A large aperture, kJ-class, multi-wavelength Nd-glass laser system has been constructed at Lawrence Livermore National Lab which has unique capabilities for studying a wide variety of optical phenomena. The master-oscillator, power-amplifier (MOPA) configuration of this "Optical Sciences Laser" (OSL) produces 1053 nm radiation with shaped pulse lengths which are variable from 0.1-100 ns. The output can be frequency doubled or tripled with high conversion efficiency with a resultant 100 cm(2) high quality output beam. This facility can accommodate prototype hardware for large-scale inertial confinement fusion lasers allowing for investigation of integrated system issues such as optical lifetime at high fluence, optics contamination, compatibility of non-optical materials, and laser diagnostics. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Nostrand, MC (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-592, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 5 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5163-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5273 BP 325 EP 333 DI 10.1117/12.528327 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA BAM08 UT WOS:000222782300042 ER PT S AU Stolz, CJ Chinn, DJ Huber, RD Weinzapfel, CL Wu, ZL AF Stolz, CJ Chinn, DJ Huber, RD Weinzapfel, CL Wu, ZL BE Exarhos, GJ Guenther, AH Kaiser, N Lewis, KL Soileau, MJ Stolz, CJ TI Photothermal multi-pixel imaging microscope SO LASER-INDUCED DAMAGE IN OPTICAL MATERIALS: 2003 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 35th Annual Symposium on Optical Materials for High-Power Lasers CY SEP 22-24, 2003 CL Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Boulder, CO SP AF Off Sci Sci Res, AF Res Lab, AF Directed Energy Directorate, AF Sch Opt, CREOL, FPCE, Univ Cent Florida, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Univ New Mexico, Ctr High Technol Mat, Fraunhofer- Inst Angewandte Opt & Feinmechanik, Pacific NW Natl Lab, OinetiQ HO Natl Inst Standards & Technol DE photothermal microscopy; absorption; nondestructive testing; multilayer coating ID DAMAGE THRESHOLD PREDICTION; OPTICAL COATINGS; LASER DAMAGE; THIN-FILMS; ABSORPTION; DEFECTS; DISPLACEMENT; GEOMETRIES AB Photothermal microscopy is a useful nondestructive tool for the identification of fluence-limiting defects in optical coatings. Traditional photothermal microscopes are single-pixel detection devices. Samples are scanned under the microscope to generate a defect map. For high-resolution images, scan times can be quite long (1 mm(2) per hour). Single-pixel detection has been used traditionally because of the ease in separating the laser-induced topographical change due to defect absorption from the defect surface topography. This is accomplished by using standard chopper and lock-in amplifier techniques to remove the DC signal. Multi-pixel photothermal microscopy is now possible by utilizing an optical lock-in technique. This eliminates the lock-in amplifier and enables the use of a CCD camera with an optical lock in for each pixel. With this technique, the data acquisition speed can be increased by orders of magnitude depending on laser power, beam size, and pixel density. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Stolz, CJ (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 E Ave L-491, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5163-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5273 BP 373 EP 378 DI 10.1117/12.523669 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA BAM08 UT WOS:000222782300048 ER PT S AU Exarhos, GJ Ferris, KF Samuels, WD AF Exarhos, GJ Ferris, KF Samuels, WD BE Exarhos, GJ Guenther, AH Kaiser, N Lewis, KL Soileau, MJ Stolz, CJ TI Heterogeneous mixtures as NLO Christiansen filters for optical limiting SO LASER-INDUCED DAMAGE IN OPTICAL MATERIALS: 2003 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 35th Annual Symposium on Optical Materials for High-Power Lasers CY SEP 22-24, 2003 CL Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Boulder, CO SP AF Off Sci Sci Res, AF Res Lab, AF Directed Energy Directorate, AF Sch Opt, CREOL, FPCE, Univ Cent Florida, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Univ New Mexico, Ctr High Technol Mat, Fraunhofer- Inst Angewandte Opt & Feinmechanik, Pacific NW Natl Lab, OinetiQ HO Natl Inst Standards & Technol DE Christiansen filter; optical limiting; refractive index; scattering; z-scan ID LIGHT-SCATTERING; T-MATRIX; INDEX; PHTHALOCYANINES; PARTICLES; BISPHERES; FILMS AB Mixtures of two non-absorbing and index-matched materials with contrasting nonlinear optical response have been shown to optically limit above a critical fluence of pulsed nanosecond laser light. Under these conditions, index mismatch is induced between the disparate phases leading to strong Tyndall scattering. ne effect has been demonstrated previously by the authors in both solid-liquid mixtures (hexadecane and calcium fluoride), and surfactant-stabilized liquid-liquid emulsions consisting of dichloroethane as the organic phase and a concentrated aqueous phase of sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN). Materials used in these studies exhibit low absorption coefficients over extended wavelength regions allowing for a broadband response of the limiter. Recently, limiting has been observed at 532 nm in a polymer composite consisting of barium fluoride and poly-(n-butyl acrylate). A modified open-aperture z-scan method was used to quantify optical limiter performance in this system. Modeling studies provide the basis for designing optical limiters based upon this light scattering mechanism and show the importance of size resonance and constituent optical properties on limiter performance. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Div Mat, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Exarhos, GJ (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Div Mat, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 29 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5163-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5273 BP 402 EP 412 DI 10.1117/12.524443 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA BAM08 UT WOS:000222782300052 ER PT S AU Cook, R Anthamatten, M Armstrong, JP Letts, SA McEachern, RL McQuillan, BW Takagi, M AF Cook, R Anthamatten, M Armstrong, JP Letts, SA McEachern, RL McQuillan, BW Takagi, M BE Krokhin, ON Guskov, SY Merkulev, YA TI Recent progress in the development of capsule targets for the National Ignition Facility SO LASER INTERACTION WITH MATTER: MEMORIAL TO ACADEMICIAN, NOBEL LAUREATE NG BASOV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 27th European Conference on Laser Interaction with Matter (ECLIM 2002) CY OCT 07-11, 2002 CL MOSCOW, RUSSIA SP P.N. Lebedev Phys Inst, Gen Phys Inst, State Res Ctr Russia Troitsk, Inst Innovat Fus Res, Russian Fed Nucl Ctr, All Russia Res Inst Tech Phys, RFNC-VNIIEFA, St. Petersburg, Res Inst Complex Testing Optoelectr Devices Syst, Russian Acad Sci, Minist Atomic Energy Russian Federat, Minist Ind Sci Tech Russian Federat, Russian Fed Program Integrat Sci Higher Educ, SPIE, Russia Chapter DE NIF; capsule; beryllium; polyimide; mandrel; surface finish ID POLY(ALPHA-METHYLSTYRENE) MANDRELS; LASER FUSION; NIF TARGET; SURFACE; SHELLS; FABRICATION; DESIGN; DEPOSITION; VISCOSITY; PRESSURE AB The capsule targets for ignition experiments at the National Ignition Facility must meet very exacting requirements. Primary among them is an extremely high degree of symmetry at all length scales for the 2-mm-diameter 150-mum-walled capsule. At LLNL work is in progress to produce both polyimide and sputtered beryllium targets that meet these specifications. Both of these targets require a thin-walled spherical-shell plastic mandrel upon which the beryllium or polyimide ablator is deposited. In this paper we report on recent progress in developing NIF capsules that meet the demanding design requirements. C1 LLNL, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Cook, R (reprint author), LLNL, L-481, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RI Oleg, Krokhin/N-2149-2015 NR 40 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5101-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5228 BP 692 EP 705 DI 10.1117/12.537397 PG 14 WC Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Optics; Physics GA BY26E UT WOS:000188514400078 ER PT S AU Pogorelsky, IV AF Pogorelsky, IV BE Yashin, VE Andreev, AA TI Experiments on energy exchange in laser/e-beam interactions SO LASER OPTICS 2003: SUPERINTENSE LIGHT FIELDS AND ULTRAFAST PROCESSES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Conference on Laser Optics CY JUN 30-JUL 04, 2003 CL ST PETERSBURG, RUSSIA SP SPIE, Inst Laser Phys, Minist Ind, Sci & Technol Russian Fdn, Russian Fed Agcy Convent Weapons, St Petersburg Govt, Int Sci & Technol Ctr, Russian Acad Sci, A F Loffe Phys-Tech Inst, Russian Acad Sci, Gen Phys Inst, Russian Acad Sci, P N Lebedev Phys Inst, S I Vavilov State Opt Inst, St Petersburg State Univ, Russian Natl Ctr Laser Phys, St Petersburg State Inst, Fine Mech & Opt, LOMO PLC, Russian Fdn Basic Res, SPIE Russia Chapter, Opt Soc Amer, European Opt Soc, Rozhdestvensky Opt So c AB A combination of a high-power CO2 laser synchronized to a 70 MeV high-brightness electron linear accelerator operated at the Brookhaven Accelerator Test Facility (ATF) provides a platform for exploring novel methods of particle acceleration, x-ray generation and other advanced areas of beam physics and applications. We review the latest results from the ATF laser/e-beam interaction and plasma experiments including: staged electron laser acceleration (STELLA), Thomson scattering, laser channeling in a capillary discharge, and plasma wake study. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Accelerator Test Facil, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Pogorelsky, IV (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Accelerator Test Facil, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5412-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5482 BP 62 EP 67 DI 10.1117/12.558748 PG 6 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BAM35 UT WOS:000222824200009 ER PT S AU Demos, SG Gandour-Edwards, R Ramsamooj, R White, RD AF Demos, SG Gandour-Edwards, R Ramsamooj, R White, RD BE Bass, LS Kollias, N Malek, RS Katzir, A Shah, UK Wong, BJF Trowers, EA Woodward, TA DeRiese, WTW Robinson, DS Reidenbach, HD Paulsen, KD Gregory, KW TI Spectroscopic imaging of bladder cancer SO LASERS IN SURGERY: ADVANCED CHARACTERIZATION, THERAPEUTICS, AND SYSTEMS XIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers in Surgery - Advanced Characterization, Therapeutics and Systems XIII CY JAN 25-26, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE DE tissue imaging; backscattering; polarization; tissue autofluorescence ID FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY AB The feasibility of developing bladder cancer detection methods using intrinsic tissue optical properties is the focus of this investigation. In vitro experiments have been performed using polarized elastic light scattering in combination with tissue autofluorescence in the NIR spectral region under laser excitation in the green and red spectral regions. The experimental results obtained from a set of tissue specimens from 25 patients reveal the presence of optical fingerprint characteristics suitable for cancer detection with high contrast and accuracy. These photonic methods are compatible with existing endoscopic imaging modalities which make them suitable for in-vivo application. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Demos, SG (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-411, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4749-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4949 BP 125 EP 128 DI 10.1117/12.476382 PG 4 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Optics; Surgery SC Engineering; Optics; Surgery GA BX17B UT WOS:000184498100017 ER PT S AU Riesen, R Maccabe, AB AF Riesen, R Maccabe, AB GP IEEE COMPUTER SOCIETY IEEE COMPUTER SOCIETY TI Simple, scalable protocols for high-performance local networks SO LCN 2003: 28TH CONFERENCE ON LOCAL COMPUTER NETWORKS, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - CONFERENCE ON LOCAL COMPUTER NETWORKS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 28th Annual IEEE International Conference on Local Computer Networks held in conjunction with Workshop on High-Speed Local Networks/Workshop on Wireless Local Networks CY OCT 20-24, 2003 CL BONN KONIGSWINTER, GERMANY SP IEEE Comp Soc, IEEE Comp Soc, TC Comp Commun AB RMPP (Reliable Message Passing Protocol) is a lightweight transport protocol designed for clusters. RMPP does try to avoid network congestion, but does provide end-to-end flow control and fault tolerance. We compare RMPP to TCP, UDP, and "Utopia," a simplistic protocol that provides no error recovery. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Scalable Comp Syst, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Riesen, R (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Scalable Comp Syst, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA SN 0742-1303 BN 0-7695-2037-5 J9 CONF LOCAL COMPUT NE PY 2003 BP 640 EP 641 PG 2 WC Telecommunications SC Telecommunications GA BX92F UT WOS:000186828200087 ER PT J AU Dickson, S AF Dickson, S TI A three-dimensional zoetrope of the Calabi-Yau cross-section in CP4 SO LEONARDO LA English DT Article C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Computer Sci & Math Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Dickson, S (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Computer Sci & Math Div, PO Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU M I T PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA FIVE CAMBRIDGE CENTER, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 USA SN 0024-094X J9 LEONARDO JI Leonardo PY 2003 VL 36 IS 3 BP 230 EP 232 DI 10.1162/002409403321921460 PG 3 WC Art SC Art GA 692MM UT WOS:000183664900010 ER PT J AU Brigmon, RL Furlong, M Whitman, WB AF Brigmon, RL Furlong, M Whitman, WB TI Identification of Thiothrix unzii in two distinct ecosystems SO LETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biofilm; groundwater; phylogenetic analysis; Thiothrix spp. ID BACTERIA; SPP. AB Aims: Molecular procedures were used to identify Thiothrix spp. in biofilms from sulphide-rich waters in two distinct ecosystems. Methods and Results: Biofilm samples were obtained from two groundwater-fed systems in central and northern Florida, including an artesian spring and municipal water tank. The 16S rDNA in each sample was directly amplified by polymerase chain reaction. Conclusions: Clonal libraries of biofilm 16S rDNA from each site contained rDNA sequences that were 99-99.5% similar to Thiothrix unzii . Significance and Impact of the Study: This is the first report of T. unzii in a natural system. Biofilm formation by Thiothrix spp. can cause fouling in groundwater processing equipment, including municipal water-processing facilities, agricultural irrigation systems and spring water bottling plant filters. Biofouling can have severe economic and human health impacts as it will influence flow rates and related water treatments. Characterization of specific fouling bacteria and their molecular ecology is essential for their regulation. C1 Westinghouse Savannah River Co, Savannah River Technol Ctr, Environm Biotechnol Sect, Aiken, SC 29808 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Microbiol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Brigmon, RL (reprint author), Westinghouse Savannah River Co, Savannah River Technol Ctr, Environm Biotechnol Sect, Bldg 999W, Aiken, SC 29808 USA. NR 12 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0266-8254 J9 LETT APPL MICROBIOL JI Lett. Appl. Microbiol. PY 2003 VL 36 IS 2 BP 88 EP 91 DI 10.1046/j.1472-765X.2003.01256.x PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 635VM UT WOS:000180420400005 PM 12535127 ER PT S AU Armstrong, DJ Smith, AV AF Armstrong, DJ Smith, AV BE Singh, UN TI Efficient all solid-state UV source for satellite-based lidar applications SO LIDAR REMOTE SENSING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lidar Remote Sensing for Environmental Monitoring IV CY AUG 03-04, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE nonlinear optics; optical parametric oscillator; image rotation; self injection-seeding; nonplanar ring oscillator; sum-frequency generation; intra-cavity sum-frequency generation; UV generation; all solid-state; UV ozone DIAL ID OPTICAL PARAMETRIC OSCILLATOR; IMPROVED BEAM QUALITY; MEASURED PERFORMANCE; DESIGN AB A satellite-based UV-DIAL measurement system would allow continuous global monitoring of ozone concentration in the upper atmosphere. However such systems remain difficult to implement because aerosol-scattering return signals for satellite-based lidars are very weak. A suitable system must produce high-energy UV pulses at multiple wavelengths with very high efficiency. For example, a nanosecond system operating at 10 Hz must generate approximately 1 J per pulse at 308-320 nm. An efficient space-qualified wavelength-agile system based on a single UV source that can meet this requirement is probably not available using current laser technology. As an alternative, we're pursuing a multi-source approach employing all-solid-state modules that individually generate 308-320 nm light with pulse energies in the range of 50-200 mJ, with transform-limited bandwidths and good beam quality. Pulses from the individual sources can be incoherently summed to obtain the required single-pulse energy. These sources use sum-frequency mixing of the 532 nm second harmonic of an Nd:YAG pump laser with 731-803 nm light derived from a recently-developed, state-of-the-art, nanosecond optical parametric oscillator. Two source configurations are under development, one using extra-cavity sum-frequency mixing, and the other intra-cavity sum-frequency mixing. In either configuration, we hope to obtain sum-frequency mixing efficiency approaching 60% by carefully matching the spatial and temporal properties of the laser and OPO pulses. This ideal balance of green and near-IR photons requires an injection-seeded Nd:YAG pump-laser with very high beam quality, and an OPO exhibiting unusually high conversion efficiency and exceptional signal beam quality. The OPO employs a singly-resonant high-Fresnel-number image-rotating self-injection-seeded nonplanar-ring cavity that achieves pump depletion > 65% and produces signal beams with M-2 approximate to 3 at pulse energies exceeding 50 mJ. Pump beam requirements can be met in the laboratory using a commercial Nd:YAG laser system, but only after extensive modifications. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Dept 1118, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Armstrong, DJ (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Dept 1118, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5027-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5154 BP 31 EP 45 DI 10.1117/12.504808 PG 15 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BY23K UT WOS:000188361500004 ER PT S AU Scharlemann, ET AF Scharlemann, ET BE Singh, UN TI Modeling chemical detection sensitivities of active and passive remote sensing systems SO LIDAR REMOTE SENSING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lidar Remote Sensing for Environmental Monitoring IV CY AUG 03-04, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE DIAL; remote sensing; modeling ID GAS AB During nearly a decade of remote sensing programs under the auspices of the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE), LLNL has developed a set of performance modeling codes - called APRS - for both Active and Passive Remote Sensing systems. These codes emphasize chemical detection sensitivity in the form of minimum detectable quantities with and without background spectral clutter and in the possible presence of other interfering chemicals. The codes have been benchmarked against data acquired in both active and passive remote sensing programs at LLNL and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). The codes include, as an integral part of the performance modeling, many of the data analysis techniques developed in the DOE's active and passive remote sensing programs (e.g., "band normalization" for an active system, principal component analysis for a passive system). C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Scharlemann, ET (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, L-183, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5027-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5154 BP 126 EP 137 DI 10.1117/12.506321 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BY23K UT WOS:000188361500016 ER PT S AU Armstrong, DJ Smith, AV AF Armstrong, DJ Smith, AV BE Singh, UN Itabe, T Liu, Z TI Design and laboratory characterization of a highly efficient all solid state 200 mJ UV light source for ozone dial measurements SO LIDAR REMOTE SENSING FOR INDUSTRY AND ENVIRONMENT MONITORING III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lidar Remote Sensing for Industry and Environment Monitoring III CY OCT 24-25, 2002 CL HANGZHOU, PEOPLES R CHINA SP SPIE, Chinese Soc Oceanog, NASA Earth Sci Technol Off, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat, Environm Satellite Syst Program Off, Commun Res Lab, NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite, Data, & Informat Serv Off Res & Appl, Minist Sci & Technol, China Assoc Sci & Technol DE nonlinear optics; optical parametric oscillator; image rotation; self injection-seeding; nonplanar ring oscillator; sum-frequency generation; UV generation; all solid-state; UV ozone DIAL ID OPTICAL PARAMETRIC OSCILLATORS; BROAD-BANDWIDTH; CRYSTALS; FREQUENCY AB We are carrying out initial laboratory tests of an all solid state UV source designed to generate 200 mJ pulses of 320 nm light based on sum-frequency mixing of the 532 nm second harmonic of an Nd:YAG pump laser with 803 nm light derived from a nanosecond optical parametric oscillator. The sum-frequency stage was designed to obtain mixing efficiency approaching 60% by carefully matching the spatial and temporal properties of the 532 nm and 803 nm pulses. The nearly equal balance of 532 nm to 803 nm photons required an injection-seeded Nd:YAG pump laser and an OPO exhibiting exceptional signal beam quality and unusually high conversion efficiency. The OPO was designed to meet these requirements by employing a high Fresnel-number image-rotating nonplanar ring cavity producing signal beams with M-2 approximate to 3 that was pulsed self-injection seeded with the goal of obtaining greater than 75% conversion of pump energy into the signal and idler. This design can easily be modified to produce other UV wavelengths in the range of 300 nm to 320 nm. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Dept 1118, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Armstrong, DJ (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Dept 1118, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4679-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4893 BP 105 EP 120 DI 10.1117/12.466238 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BW57Q UT WOS:000182448300014 ER PT S AU Palmer, DA Benezeth, P Wesolowski, DJ Hilie, S AF Palmer, DA Benezeth, P Wesolowski, DJ Hilie, S BE Crepeau, PN TI Experimental study of the dissolution of aluminum phases as a function of temperature, caustic concentration and additives SO LIGHT METALS 2003 SE LIGHT METALS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Light Metals Symposium held at the 132nd TMS Annual Meeting CY MAR 02-06, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP TMS Light Met Div, Aluminum Comm ID IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS; IONIC-STRENGTH; SOLUBILITY; BOEHMITE; THERMODYNAMICS; ELECTROLYTES; GIBBSITE; MODEL; PH AB The kinetics of dissolution and the equilibrium solubilities of gibbsite, boehmite, bayerite and various sodalites were studied recently in our laboratory from 30 to 90degreesC as functions of caustic concentration and ionic strength (sodium nitrate) in the absence and presence of triethanolamine (TEA) and other additives. These results build on our existing experimental database of boehmite solubilities to 300degreesC and gibbsite solubilities to 80degreesC in sodium chloride solutions. The solubility constants were treated with consistent models that include appropriate experimental data taken from the literature for prediction of solubilities over a wide range of state conditions. The solubility enhancing effect (kinetic and equilibrium) of TEA were also established and quantified. Examples are given of application of a unique potentiometric method that allows for rapid, precise measurement of the approach to equilibrium from under- and super-saturation. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Palmer, DA (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI BENEZETH, Pascale/H-7969-2014 OI BENEZETH, Pascale/0000-0002-1841-2383 NR 22 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 9 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA SN 0147-0809 BN 0-87339-531-X J9 LIGHT MET PY 2003 BP 5 EP 10 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BW64R UT WOS:000182684700001 ER PT S AU Clark, JA AF Clark, JA BE Crepeau, PN TI Secondary aluminum melting research in a laboratory scale reverberatory furnace SO LIGHT METALS 2003 SE LIGHT METALS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Light Metals Symposium held at the 132nd TMS Annual Meeting CY MAR 02-06, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP TMS Light Met Div, Aluminum Comm AB The Albany Research Center (ARC), U. S. Department of Energy, has developed a 175-pound capacity, natural gas, direct-fired reverberatory furnace. The high temperature reactions present during the aluminum remelt process are being investigated. Preventing dross formation has been the key aim to date. Reducing losses to dross by 25 - 50% will potentially lead to an annual energy savings of over 75 trillion BTU=s by the year 2020. Schematics and operation characteristics of the ARC Laboratory Scale Reverberatory Furnace (LSRF) will be presented. Potential gas-solid, gas-liquid, and liquid-solid interactions between the hot combustion gases, aluminum, and refractories will be discussed. C1 US DOE, Albany Res Ctr, Albany, OR 97321 USA. RP Clark, JA (reprint author), US DOE, Albany Res Ctr, 1450 SW Queen Ave, Albany, OR 97321 USA. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA SN 0147-0809 BN 0-87339-531-X J9 LIGHT MET PY 2003 BP 769 EP 772 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BW64R UT WOS:000182684700112 ER PT S AU Han, Q Simpson, WA Zeh, JL Kenik, EA Angelini, P Sikka, VK AF Han, Q Simpson, WA Zeh, JL Kenik, EA Angelini, P Sikka, VK BE Crepeau, PN TI The effect of solidification defect on the dross formation during re-melting of aluminum 5182 alloy RSI SO LIGHT METALS 2003 SE LIGHT METALS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Light Metals Symposium held at the 132nd TMS Annual Meeting CY MAR 02-06, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP TMS Light Met Div, Aluminum Comm AB This article addresses the effect of solidification defects, such as cracking and porosity, on dross formation during the remelting of aluminum 5182 alloy RSI. Remelting experiments were carried out to measure the dross formation. Optical and electron scanning microscopy were employed to characterize the solidification defects. It was found that a huge amount of dross was formed during the remelting of certain types of RSI which contained severe internal cavities such as interdendritic porosity and hot tears. These cavities provided continuous channels that exposed the internal interdendritic surfaces to the atmosphere outside of the RSI. As a result, an oxide layer was formed on the surfaces of the interdendritic pores. Aluminum grains were entrained in the oxide shell, resulting in a large amount of dross formation during the re-melting of 5182 aluminum RSI. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Han, Q (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA SN 0147-0809 BN 0-87339-531-X J9 LIGHT MET PY 2003 BP 773 EP 777 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BW64R UT WOS:000182684700113 ER PT S AU Liu, S Lee, JH Walker, H Trivedi, RK AF Liu, S Lee, JH Walker, H Trivedi, RK BE Crepeau, PN TI Microstructure formation in directionally solidified Al-Cu alloys SO LIGHT METALS 2003 SE LIGHT METALS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Light Metals Symposium held at the 132nd TMS Annual Meeting CY MAR 02-06, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP TMS Light Met Div, Aluminum Comm ID CONVECTION; CASTINGS AB Microstructure lengthscales determine the properties (mechanical, corrosion, heat-treatment, etc.) of a casting, and directional solidification has been used to disclose the relationship of different lengthscales with the control parameters, e.g. alloy composition, temperature gradient and growth velocity. We have systematically studied the microstructure development during upward solidification of Al-Cu alloys within the composition range 4.0similar to33.2 wt%Cu. It is found that liquid convection dominates the microstructure evolution in a sample of >1.0mm diameter, which causes serious problems when one tries to correlate the microstructure dimensions with the control parameters. A new experimental technique has been developed where diffusion controls the microstructure formation. A thorough comparative study on the microstructure evolution of Al-Cu alloys will be presented over the above composition range where the interface morphology can be cellular, dendritic or coupled eutectic depending on the growth conditions. C1 Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Ames Lab, USDOE, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Liu, S (reprint author), Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Ames Lab, USDOE, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA SN 0147-0809 BN 0-87339-531-X J9 LIGHT MET PY 2003 BP 1017 EP 1022 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BW64R UT WOS:000182684700144 ER PT S AU Liu, J MacPhee, AG Liu, C Shan, B Chang, Z Wang, J AF Liu, J MacPhee, AG Liu, C Shan, B Chang, Z Wang, J BE Johnson, CB Sinha, D Laplante, PA TI New approach to jitter reduction of an x-ray streak camera in accumulation mode SO LOW-LIGHT-LEVEL AND REAL-TIME IMAGING SYSTEMS, COMPONENTS, AND APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Low-Light-Level and Real-Time Imaging Systems, Components and Applications CY JUL 09-11, 2002 CL SEATTLE, WA SP SPIE DE fast detector; streak camera; photoconductive switch; ultrashort laser; trigger jitter; synchronization ID DIFFRACTION AB An x-ray streak camera operating in accumulation mode was developed for studying ultrafast dynamics at synchrotron facilities. A laser-triggered photoconductive switch was used as a sweeping unit to obtain low timing jitter. The fast rise time of the ramp pulse generated by the switch (90 ps) combined with the fast response of the traveling wave deflection plates (150 ps) significantly reduced the jitter caused by the shot-to-shot laser fluctuation. At similar to1% rms (root mean square) laser energy fluctuation, the resolution of the camera is 1.1 ps when over 5000 laser shots were accumulated. This is two times better than that of the previous design with slower response (300 ps) deflection plates. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Liu, J (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4563-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4796 BP 184 EP 188 DI 10.1117/12.463384 PG 5 WC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW38X UT WOS:000181845800020 ER PT J AU Antonov, VN Harmon, BN Horpynyuk, O Yaresko, AN AF Antonov, VN Harmon, BN Horpynyuk, O Yaresko, AN TI Electronic structure and magneto-optical Kerr effect in UCuAs2 SO LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ORBITAL POLARIZATION; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; BAND THEORY; METALS; PNICTIDES; SPECTRA; SYSTEMS; UCU2P2; CERIUM; UCUP2 AB The optical and magneto-optical (MO) spectra of the ternary compound UCuAs2 are investigated theoretically from first principles, using the fully relativistic Dirac linear-muffin-tin-orbital band structure method. The electronic structure is obtained with the local spin-density approximation (LSDA), as well as with the so-called LSDA+U approach. Better agreement between the theoretically calculated and the experimentally measured MO Kerr spectra is found with the LSDA+U approximation. The origin of the Kerr rotation in the compound is examined. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Iowa State Univ, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Ukrainian Acad Sci, Inst Met Phys, UA-03142 Kiev, Ukraine. Max Planck Inst Chem Phys Solids, D-01187 Dresden, Germany. RP Antonov, VN (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM antonov@ameslab.gov NR 30 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 1063-777X EI 1090-6517 J9 LOW TEMP PHYS+ JI Low Temp. Phys. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 29 IS 1 BP 36 EP 40 DI 10.1063/1.1542375 PG 5 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 642AJ UT WOS:000180779100005 ER PT S AU Price, JR Bingham, PR Tobin, KW Karnowski, TP AF Price, JR Bingham, PR Tobin, KW Karnowski, TP BE Hunt, MA Price, JR TI Estimating cross-section semiconductor structure by comparing top-down SEM images SO MACHINE VISION APPLICATIONS IN INDUSTRIAL INSPECTION XI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Machine Vision Applications in Industrial Inspection XI CY JAN 22-24, 2003 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, SPIE DE CD-SEM metrology; semiconductor inspection; lithography; image retrieval; linear discriminant analysis (LDA) AB Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images for semiconductor line-width measurements are generally acquired in a top-down configuration. As semiconductor dimensions continue to shrink, it has become increasingly important to characterize the cross-section, or sidewall, profiles. Cross-section imaging, however, requires the physical cleaving of the device, which is destructive and time-consuming. The goal of this work is to examine historical top-down and cross-section image pairs to determine if the cross-section profiles might be estimated by analyzing the corresponding top-down images. We present an empirical pattern recognition approach aimed at solving this problem. We compute feature vectors from sub-images of the top-down SEM images. Principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) are used to reduce the dimensionality of the feature vectors, where class labels are assigned by clustering the cross-sections according to shape. Features are extracted from query top-downs and compared to the database. The estimated cross-section of the query is computed as a weighted combination of cross-sections corresponding to the nearest top-down neighbors. We report results obtained using 100nm, 180nm, and 250nm dense and isolated line data obtained by three different SEM tools. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Price, JR (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4811-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5011 BP 161 EP 170 DI 10.1117/12.479691 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW93Q UT WOS:000183701300018 ER PT S AU Bourgeat, P Meriaudeau, F Gorria, P Tobin, KW AF Bourgeat, P Meriaudeau, F Gorria, P Tobin, KW BE Hunt, MA Price, JR TI Content-based segmentation of patterned wafer for automatic threshold determination SO MACHINE VISION APPLICATIONS IN INDUSTRIAL INSPECTION XI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Machine Vision Applications in Industrial Inspection XI CY JAN 22-24, 2003 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, SPIE DE wafer inspection; discrete wavelet transform; segmentation AB This paper introduces a segmentation algorithm suitable for semiconductor wafer images generated by optical inspection tools. The primary application of this work is content-based region segmentation for automatic threshold selection during recipe generation in die-to-die wafer inspection. Structures associated with different functional areas lead to different levels of noise in the difference image during the defect detection process. The ability to automatically create a mask to separate the different structures and materials is necessary to determine local thresholds for each area and thus to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. A supervised segmentation based on the discrete wavelet transform is used to segment a whole die to create a mask. During the inspection, the mask is applied on the difference image, and the threshold is automatically set as a function of the noise within the region and the thresholding coefficient specific to that region. Preliminary segmentation results are very promising. The use of the segmented region in content-based threshold defect detection improves the number of defects detected, and reduces the number of false detections. This paper will show the performance of the segmentation method on optical microscope wafer images, and the subsequent improvement of the defect detection process. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Bourgeat, P (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Bourgeat, Pierrick/A-1419-2010 OI Bourgeat, Pierrick/0000-0002-2605-4766 NR 7 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4811-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5011 BP 183 EP 189 DI 10.1117/12.479689 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW93Q UT WOS:000183701300020 ER PT J AU Cook, BA Harringa, JL Russell, AM Batzer, SA AF Cook, BA Harringa, JL Russell, AM Batzer, SA TI A proof-of-concept study of the use of complex borides for disassembly of decommissioned nuclear reactor containment vessels SO MACHINING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ultra-hard borides; diamond; cutting tools; mechanical alloying; workpiece reactivity; nuclear reactor vessels ID ALMGB14 AB Tool specimens of hot pressed AlMgB14 were employed in lathe turning tests cutting exterior surface material from 6061 aluminum, 304 stainless steel, Inconel, and concrete at various cutting rates. Performance was measured via analysis of mass change (removal rate), wear mechanisms, surface chemistry (reactivity), and fracture mechanisms. Preliminary results indicate that this new family of ultra-hard materials exhibits good cutting performance against all four workpiece materials, while combining favorable toughness with an unusual absence of tool heating, leading to minimal wear and anticipation of long life in application for sectioning of ferrous-based metals and structures such as reinforced concrete containing such metals. The potential value of these new materials for use in disassembly of decommissioned nuclear reactor pressure vessels is discussed. C1 Iowa State Univ, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Mech Engn, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Cook, BA (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Ames Lab, 47 Wilhelm Hall, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM cook@ameslab.gov OI Russell, Alan/0000-0001-5264-0104 NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 1091-0344 J9 MACH SCI TECHNOL JI Mach. Sci. Technol. PY 2003 VL 7 IS 1 BP 157 EP 165 DI 10.1081/MST-120018960 PG 9 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 657TC UT WOS:000181681600009 ER PT J AU Qu, J Shih, AJ AF Qu, J Shih, AJ TI Analytical surface roughness parameters of a theoretical profile consisting of elliptical arcs SO MACHINING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE surface roughness; surface with circular and elliptical arcs ID FINISH AB The closed-form solutions of surface roughness parameters for a theoretical profile consisting of elliptical arcs are presented. Parabolic and simplified approximation methods are commonly used to estimate the surface roughness parameters for such machined surface profiles. The closed-form solution presented in this study reveals the range of errors of approximation methods for any elliptical arc size. Using both implicit and parametric methods, the closed-form solutions of three surface roughness parameters, R-l, R-a, and R-q, were derived. Their dimensionless expressions were also studied and a single chart was developed to present the surface roughness parameters. This research provides a guideline on the use of approximate methods. The error is smaller than 1.6% when the ratio of the feed and major semi-axis of the elliptical arc is smaller than 0.5. The closed-form expressions developed in this study can be used for the surface roughness modeling in CAD/CAM simulations. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Mech Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Qu, J (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, POB 2008,MS6063, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. OI Qu, Jun/0000-0001-9466-3179 NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 1091-0344 J9 MACH SCI TECHNOL JI Mach. Sci. Technol. PY 2003 VL 7 IS 2 BP 281 EP 294 DI 10.1081/MST-120022782 PG 14 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 696UH UT WOS:000183905600007 ER PT J AU Hanson, BL Harp, JM Bunick, GJ AF Hanson, BL Harp, JM Bunick, GJ TI The well-tempered protein crystal: Annealing macromolecular crystals SO MACROMOLECULAR CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, PT C SE METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY LA English DT Review ID DATA-COLLECTION; CRYSTALLIZATION; CRYOCRYSTALLOGRAPHY; MOSAICITY; HYDROLASE C1 Univ Tennessee, Grad Sch Genome Sci & Technol, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Life Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Life Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Hanson, BL (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Grad Sch Genome Sci & Technol, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Life Sci, POB 2009,MS 8080, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Hanson, Bryant Leif/F-8007-2010 OI Hanson, Bryant Leif/0000-0003-0345-3702 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM-29818] NR 17 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0076-6879 J9 METHOD ENZYMOL JI Methods Enzymol. PY 2003 VL 368 BP 217 EP 235 PG 19 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA BY10E UT WOS:000187631200012 PM 14674276 ER PT J AU Von Dreele, RB AF Von Dreele, RB TI Protein crystal structure analysis from high-resolution X-ray powder-diffraction data SO MACROMOLECULAR CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, PT C SE METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY LA English DT Review ID STRUCTURE-REFINEMENT; HUMAN INSULIN; LYSOZYME; RIETVELD; BINDING C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Lujan Ctr, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Von Dreele, RB (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Lujan Ctr, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 27 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0076-6879 J9 METHOD ENZYMOL JI Methods Enzymol. PY 2003 VL 368 BP 254 EP 267 PG 14 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA BY10E UT WOS:000187631200014 PM 14674278 ER PT S AU Snell, EH Bellamy, HD Borgstahl, GEO AF Snell, EH Bellamy, HD Borgstahl, GEO BE Carter, CW Sweet, RM TI Macromolecular crystal quality SO MACROMOLECULAR CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, PT C SE Methods in Enzymology LA English DT Review ID X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; BRAGG REFLECTION PROFILES; PROTEIN CRYSTALS; LYSOZYME CRYSTALS; RADIATION-DAMAGE; MICROGRAVITY; PERFECTION; RESOLUTION; TOPOGRAPHY; GROWTH C1 NASA, Struct Biol Lab, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Toledo, Dept Chem, Toledo, OH 43606 USA. RP Snell, EH (reprint author), NASA, Struct Biol Lab, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 33 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0076-6879 BN 0-12-182271-0 J9 METHOD ENZYMOL JI Methods Enzymol. PY 2003 VL 368 BP 268 EP 288 DI 10.1016/S0076-6879(03)68015-8 PG 21 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA BY10E UT WOS:000187631200015 PM 14674279 ER PT J AU Dauter, Z AF Dauter, Z TI Protein structures at atomic resolution SO MACROMOLECULAR CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, PT C SE METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY LA English DT Review ID 1.2 ANGSTROM RESOLUTION; X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY; PANCREATIC TRYPSIN-INHIBITOR; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE DETERMINATION; INITIO STRUCTURE DETERMINATION; BIOLOGICAL METHANE FORMATION; PHOTOACTIVE YELLOW PROTEIN; LEAST-SQUARES REFINEMENT; MATING PHEROMONE ER-1; LIVIDANS XYLANASE 10A C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, NCI, Macromol Crystallog Lab, Synchrotron Radiat Res Sect, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Dauter, Z (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, NCI, Macromol Crystallog Lab, Synchrotron Radiat Res Sect, Bldg 725,AX9, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 267 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0076-6879 J9 METHOD ENZYMOL JI Methods Enzymol. PY 2003 VL 368 BP 288 EP 337 DI 10.1016/S0076-6879(03)68016-X PG 50 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA BY10E UT WOS:000187631200016 PM 14674280 ER PT J AU Terwilliger, TC AF Terwilliger, TC TI SOLVE and RESOLVE: Automated structure solution and density modification SO MACROMOLECULAR CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, PT D SE METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY LA English DT Review ID ISOMORPHOUS REPLACEMENT; PHASE REFINEMENT; MACROMOLECULAR CRYSTALLOGRAPHY; ANGSTROM RESOLUTION; IMPROVEMENT; MAD; EXTENSION; SYMMETRY; PRISM; MIR C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Terwilliger, TC (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RI Terwilliger, Thomas/K-4109-2012 OI Terwilliger, Thomas/0000-0001-6384-0320 NR 38 TC 393 Z9 404 U1 3 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0076-6879 J9 METHOD ENZYMOL JI Methods Enzymol. PY 2003 VL 374 BP 22 EP 37 DI 10.1016/S0076-6879(03)74002-6 PG 16 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA BY24U UT WOS:000188419600002 PM 14696367 ER PT S AU Weeks, CM Adams, PD Berendzen, J Brunger, AT Dodson, EJ Grosse-Kunstleve, RW Schneider, TR Sheldrick, GM Terwilliger, TC Turkenburg, MGW Uson, I AF Weeks, CM Adams, PD Berendzen, J Brunger, AT Dodson, EJ Grosse-Kunstleve, RW Schneider, TR Sheldrick, GM Terwilliger, TC Turkenburg, MGW Uson, I BE Carter, CW Sweet, RM TI Automatic solution of heavy-atom substructures SO MACROMOLECULAR CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, PT D SE Methods in Enzymology LA English DT Review ID SHAKE-AND-BAKE; ANOMALOUS-SCATTERING SUBSTRUCTURE; MULTIPLE ISOMORPHOUS REPLACEMENT; PROTEIN-STRUCTURE DETERMINATION; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE DETERMINATION; FUNCTION PHASE REFINEMENT; SYMMETRY MINIMUM FUNCTION; LOW-DENSITY ELIMINATION; DIRECT-SPACE METHODS; COMPLEX STRUCTURES C1 Hauptman Woodward Med Res Inst, Buffalo, NY 14203 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Biophys Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Stanford Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94205 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Mol & Cellular Physiol, Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94205 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Neurol, Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94205 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Neurol Sci, Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94205 USA. Univ York, Dept Chem, York YO1 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. Univ Gottingen, Lehrstuhl Strukt Chem, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany. RP Weeks, CM (reprint author), Hauptman Woodward Med Res Inst, 73 High St, Buffalo, NY 14203 USA. RI Schneider, Thomas/B-7442-2011; Terwilliger, Thomas/K-4109-2012; Adams, Paul/A-1977-2013 OI Schneider, Thomas/0000-0001-6955-7374; Terwilliger, Thomas/0000-0001-6384-0320; Adams, Paul/0000-0001-9333-8219 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [1P50GM-62412, GM-46733] NR 123 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0076-6879 BN 0-12-182777-1 J9 METHOD ENZYMOL JI Methods Enzymol. PY 2003 VL 374 BP 37 EP 83 DI 10.1016/S0076-6879(03)74003-8 PG 47 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA BY24U UT WOS:000188419600003 PM 14696368 ER PT J AU Podjarny, A Schneider, TR Cachau, RE Joachimiak, A AF Podjarny, A Schneider, TR Cachau, RE Joachimiak, A TI Structural information content at high resolution: MAD versus native SO MACROMOLECULAR CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, PT D SE METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY LA English DT Review ID PROTEIN-STRUCTURE DETERMINATION; HUMAN ALDOSE REDUCTASE; ATOMIC-RESOLUTION; ISOMORPHOUS REPLACEMENT; DIFFRACTION; REFINEMENT; CRYSTALS; MODEL; BOND C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Biosci Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Univ Gottingen, Lehrstuhl Strukt Chem, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany. Adv Biomed Comp Ctr, Frederick, MD 21703 USA. RP Podjarny, A (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Biosci Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RI Schneider, Thomas/B-7442-2011 OI Schneider, Thomas/0000-0001-6955-7374 FU NCI NIH HHS [N01-CO-12400] NR 33 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0076-6879 J9 METHOD ENZYMOL JI Methods Enzymol. PY 2003 VL 374 BP 321 EP 341 DI 10.1016/S0076-6879(03)74015-4 PG 21 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA BY24U UT WOS:000188419600015 PM 14696380 ER PT B AU Horton, JA Blue, CA Agnew, SR AF Horton, JA Blue, CA Agnew, SR BE Kaplan, HI TI Plasma arc lamp processing of magnesium alloy sheet SO MAGNESIUM TECHNOLOGY 2003 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Magnesium Technology 2003 held at the 2003 TMS Annual Meeting CY MAR 02-06, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP TMS, Light Met Div, Magnesium Comm, TMS, Mat Proc & Mfg Div, Int Magnesium Assoc AB Use of high density infrared (HDI) processing of magnesium alloy sheet has the advantage of a very rapid anneal coupled with rapid cooling as compared to conventional annealing. Preliminary experiments on wrought commercial sheet, AZ31B-H24, resulted in complete recrystallization through the thickness of the sheet. Tensile tests gave equivalent stress strain curves as compared to specimens conventionally annealed 1 hr at 300 to 500degreesC. Texture measurements showed a complete elimination of the rolling texture near the surface while the center of the 3 mm thick wrought sheet was similar to that after a conventional 1 hr anneal at 500degreesC. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Metals & Ceram Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Horton, JA (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Metals & Ceram Div, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-533-6 PY 2003 BP 243 EP 246 PG 4 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BW63V UT WOS:000182663300043 ER PT S AU Schulthess, TC AF Schulthess, TC BE Zhang, S Kuch, W Guntherodt, G Broholm, C Kent, AD Fitzimmons, MR Schuller, IK Kortright, JB Shinjo, T Zhu, Y TI Rotating anisotropies without superparamagnetic grains in exchange bias systems SO MAGNETOELECTRONICS AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS-NOVEL PHENOMENA AND ADVANCED CHARACTERIZATION SE Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Magnetoelectronics and Magnetic Materials-Novel Phenomena and Advanced Characterization CY DEC 01-05, 2002 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, USA Res Off, Adv Technol Inst Fdn Japan, Natl Sci Fdn, Adv Light Source, Adv Photon Source, JEOL USA Inc, Los Alamos Neutron Sci Ctr ID COERCIVE MECHANISMS; BILAYERS; MODEL; FILMS; INTERFACES AB We introduce a random field model with anisotropic interfacial exchange for ferromagnet / antiferromagnet bilayers and calculate average coupling energies and coupling directions for different grain or domain sizes. The model is shown to reconcile Malozemoff's random field Ising model for exchange bias with the spinflop coupling mechanism. Furthermore, we find that for small and mid size domains, the average coupling direction strongly varies between different interfacial configurations. We show how this behavior can lead to rotating anisotropies in systems with very strong magnetocrystalline anisotropies, where the use of superparamagnetic grains or domains in the antiferromagnet is not justified. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Ctr Computat Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Schulthess, TC (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Ctr Computat Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-683-4 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2003 VL 746 BP 31 EP 36 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BW61G UT WOS:000182563900004 ER PT S AU Zhu, LY Schenter, GK Micic, M Suh, YD Klymyshyn, N Lu, HP AF Zhu, LY Schenter, GK Micic, M Suh, YD Klymyshyn, N Lu, HP BE Nicolau, DV Enderlein, J Leif, RC Farkas, DL TI Nano-surface enhanced Raman scattering fluctuation dynamics SO MANIPULATION AND ANALYSIS OF BIOMOLECULES, CELLS AND TISSUES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Manipulation and Analysis of Biomolecules, Cells and Tissues CY JAN 27-29, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE DE single-molecular spectroscopy; SERS; FEM simulation; AFM; Mie theory; electrodynamics ID RHODAMINE 6G MOLECULES; ELECTRON-TRANSFER; SILVER NANOPARTICLES; EXCITATION PROFILES; OPTICAL MICROSCOPY; PLASMON RESONANCE; SPECTROSCOPY; FIELD; TIP; MONOLAYERS AB Here, we report our results on excitation intensity and nanoscale Ag cluster dependent spectral fluctuation dynamics of surface enhanced Raman scattering. We have studied single-Ag-cluster surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) intensity fluctuations under low molecule surface coverage of rhodamine 6G (R6G) and cytochrome c. By applying both experimental and theoretical approaches,. we observed that spectral fluctuation phenomena are associated with SERS not only from single-molecule loaded nanoclusters but also from submonolayer molecule loaded nanoclusters. The nanoscale confinement of the local electric field enhancement under the laser excitation defines the SERS fluctuation. A now AFM-coupled two-channel photon time-stamping system, enabling in situ correlation of the topographic and spectroscopic information for single nanoparticle clusters, was used to record Raman intensity fluctuation trajectories at sub-mus resolution. Experimentally, we found that SERS fluctuation dynamics are highly inhomogeneous amongst nanocluster interstitial sites. Although the fluctuation above similar to50 W/cm(2) excitation is dominated by photoinduced processes, spontaneous fluctuation can be observed at lower excitation intensity. Although a single Raman-active molecule confined within the volume of an electric field excitation gives a significant Raman spectral fluctuation, observation of the fluctuation alone may not be sufficient in identifying a single-molecule origin of a Raman spectrum. The Raman signal comes predominately from the localized electric field enhancement at interstitial sites, occuring in a very small volume at nanoscale (capable of holding only one or a few molecules), as estimated from finite-element methods simulations of an electric field enhancement using a classical electrodynamics approach. Such a small number of molecules, which are presumably under discrete diffusion and exposed to interactions with a locally strong electric field, results in the observed Raman fluctuation. The fluctuation autocorrelation amplitude is proportional to the reverse number of molecules confined at the volume of the electric field enhancement. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Fundamental Sci Div, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Lu, HP (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Fundamental Sci Div, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RI Schenter, Gregory/I-7655-2014 OI Schenter, Gregory/0000-0001-5444-5484 NR 60 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 8 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4762-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4962 BP 70 EP 77 DI 10.1117/12.478914 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA BX22P UT WOS:000184695100008 ER PT S AU Goodwin, PM Nolan, RL Cai, H AF Goodwin, PM Nolan, RL Cai, H BE Nicolau, DV Enderlein, J Leif, RC Farkas, DL TI Quantitative analysis of specific nucleic acid sequences by two-color single-molecule fluorescence detection SO MANIPULATION AND ANALYSIS OF BIOMOLECULES, CELLS AND TISSUES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Manipulation and Analysis of Biomolecules, Cells and Tissues CY JAN 27-29, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE DE single-molecule; fluorescence; detection; two-color; burst cross-correlation; FCS; quencher; sequence; DNA; mRNA ID CROSS-CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY; TEMPERATURE; PROBES; DNA AB Single-molecule fluorescence techniques are used to detect a specific nucleic acid sequence in a mixture of unrelated sequences. Co-hybridization of a pair oligonucleotide hybridization probes, each labeled with a spectrally-distinct fluorophore and complementary to a specific sub-sequence of the target nucleic acid, forms a fluorescent adduct containing both fluorophores. The presence of the specific sequence is signaled by the simultaneous detection of both fluorophore labels on a single target fragment. We demonstrate quantitative detection of target nucleic acid sequences at fragment concentrations as low as 100 fM with a simple instrument that uses low-power, continuous-wave laser excitation.. Furthermore, we show that a cross-correlation analysis of the arrival times of individual single-molecule fluorescence photon bursts detected in spectrally separate channels permits quantitative detection of the dual-color labeled species at concentrations approximately 1000x lower than can be quantitatively detected using the photon cross-correlation between the two detection channels. We also demonstrate that a pair of quencher-labeled oligonucleotides each complementary to the fluorescent hybridization probes can be used to reduce unbound probe fluorescence, substantially improving the sensitivity of the assay. We use this approach to detect beta-actin messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Biosci Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Goodwin, PM (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Biosci Div, Mail Stop M888, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4762-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4962 BP 78 EP 88 DI 10.1117/12.488210 PG 11 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA BX22P UT WOS:000184695100009 ER PT S AU Bood, J McIlroy, A Osborn, DL AF Bood, J McIlroy, A Osborn, DL BE Nicolau, DV Enderlein, J Leif, RC Farkas, DL TI Cavity-enhanced frequency modulation absorption spectroscopy of the sixth overtone band of nitric oxide SO MANIPULATION AND ANALYSIS OF BIOMOLECULES, CELLS AND TISSUES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Manipulation and Analysis of Biomolecules, Cells and Tissues CY JAN 27-29, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE DE cavity enhancement; FM spectroscopy; ultrasensitive detection; nitric oxide; overtones; line intensity ID FUNDAMENTAL-BAND; LASER; PARAMETERS; C2HD; NO AB We apply cavity-enhanced frequency modulation absorption spectroscopy (also known as NICE-OHMS) to perform highly sensitive high-resolution spectroscopy of the sixth overtone band of NO near 797 nm. Our spectrometer provides a sensitivity corresponding to a minimum detectable absorption coefficient of 2.5.10-(10) cm(-1)Hz(-1/2), which is similar to80 times worse than the ideal shot-noise limited sensitivity. Line intensities are measured for the R(7.5), R(9.5), and R(10.5) rovibrational lines in the (2)Pi(1/2) - (2)Pi(1/2) sub-band. From these line intensities we calculate a total vibrational band intensity of 2.2(.)10(-6) cm(-2) atm(-1) (at 296 K) and a vibrational transition dipole moment of 4.1 muDebye. The measured values are estimated to be accurate to within +/-25%. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Bood, J (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, MS 9055,POB 969, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RI Osborn, David/A-2627-2009 NR 25 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4762-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4962 BP 89 EP 100 DI 10.1117/12.478910 PG 12 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA BX22P UT WOS:000184695100010 ER PT J AU Reardon, BJ AF Reardon, BJ TI Optimizing the hot isostatic pressing process SO MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE genetic algorithm; noisy; multiobjective; constraints; powder densification model ID OPTIMIZATION AB A genetic algorithm (GA) is used to optimize the hot isostatic pressing (HIPing) process for beryllium powder. The GA evaluates a HIPing model with different processing schedules in an effort to minimize temperature, pressure, processing time, ramp rates, grain growth, and distance to target relative density. It is shown that this is a constrained, multiobjective, noisy, optimization problem to which the GA is able to evolve a large number of viable solutions. However, for the GA to work in such a large multidimensional search space, it is suggested that the constraints be treated as objectives and then penalize the Pareto ranking for each constraint violated. This approach is necessary because a large-dimensional objective space naturally results in most members being Pareto rank 1. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Weap Response Grp, Engn Sci & Applicat Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 7 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 1042-6914 J9 MATER MANUF PROCESS JI Mater. Manuf. Process. PY 2003 VL 18 IS 3 BP 493 EP 508 DI 10.1081/AMP-120022024 PG 16 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 708MN UT WOS:000184571500012 ER PT J AU Ruth, LA AF Ruth, LA TI Advanced clean coal technology in the USA SO MATERIALS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on the Life Cycle Issues in Advanced Energy Systems CY JUN, 2002 CL WOBURN, ENGLAND DE advanced clean coal technology AB Coal is the most plentiful fossil fuel in the USA but its continued competitiveness with other energy resources will depend on the development of innovative technologies that enable the design of near-zero emission coal-based power plants. The US Department of Energy's clean coal research, development, and demonstration programs address near-, mid-, and long-term technologies for improving the environmental performance, efficiency, reliability, and cost competitiveness of coal-based electricity generation. Vision 2 1, the long-term initiative to eliminate environmental concerns associated with coal use, focuses on technologies, including gasification, gas purification and separation, combustion turbines, fuel cells, and advanced steam cycles, that are likely to play key roles in the design of near-zero emission plants. These key technologies have in common the characteristic that they require advanced materials capable of withstanding aggressive environmental conditions and performing specialized functions when required. Examples of these critical materials include refractory linings for coal gasifiers,,gas filters and sorbent systems to remove contaminants, ceramic membranes for separating oxygen from air and hydrogen from carbon dioxide, blading and other components for high-temperature combustion turbines, fuel cell electrodes and electrolytes, and boiler tubing and turbine components for advanced steam cycles. This paper describes technology pathways being pursued to achieve Vision 21 objectives and gives examples of advanced concepts, focusing on operating conditions and materials. C1 US DOE, Natl Energy Technol Lab, Pittsburgh, PA 15236 USA. RP Ruth, LA (reprint author), US DOE, Natl Energy Technol Lab, POB 10940, Pittsburgh, PA 15236 USA. NR 8 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 8 PU SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS PI ST ALBANS PA PO BOX 314, ST ALBANS AL1 4ZG, HERTS, ENGLAND SN 0960-3409 J9 MATER HIGH TEMP JI Mater. High Temp. PY 2003 VL 20 IS 1 BP 7 EP 14 DI 10.3184/096034003782749107 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 697TH UT WOS:000183959000002 ER PT J AU Wright, IG Stringer, J Wheeldon, JM AF Wright, IG Stringer, J Wheeldon, JM TI Materials issues in bubbling PFBC systems SO MATERIALS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on the Life Cycle Issues in Advanced Energy Systems CY JUN, 2002 CL WOBURN, ENGLAND SP Cranfield Univ, CEC, Joint Res Ctr, Petten Estab, Elect Power Res Inst, Oak Ridge Natl Lab DE bubbling pressurized fluidized-bed combustion of coal AB In recent years, considerable experience and insight regarding the behavior of materials and components in the bubbling pressurized fluidized-bed combustion (PFBC) of coal has been developed, largely as a result of the operation of a fleet of 80-MW(e) PFBC-based power plants installed by ABB Carbon. The first plant went into operation over 10 years ago and it appeared timely to review this practical experience and to document areas where improvements have been made, or can be suggested. In keeping with general bubbling-bed experience, the in-bed heat exchanger and water-wall tubes experienced metal loss. Other plant areas that experienced difficulties were the hot-gas cyclone system, the gas-turbine expander, and some balance-of-plant items including solids-handling equipment, valving, and expansion joints. The captured dust removal lines from the cyclones sometimes plugged sending high dust loadings over to the turbine expander. Consequently the turbine blades experienced material deposition and significant erosion damage. Concerns about turbine longevity in this application have led to attempts to develop high-temperature filter systems that protect the turbine by removing all the dust from the flue gas prior to expansion. These filters have themselves suffered from a range of materials problems, which is not unexpected for a relatively new technology. The current experience of these and other materials issues is reviewed. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA USA. EPRI, Wilsonville, AL USA. RP Wright, IG (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 26 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS PI ST ALBANS PA PO BOX 314, ST ALBANS AL1 4ZG, HERTS, ENGLAND SN 0960-3409 J9 MATER HIGH TEMP JI Mater. High Temp. PY 2003 VL 20 IS 2 BP 219 EP 232 DI 10.3184/096034003782749053 PG 14 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 705LA UT WOS:000184395500014 ER PT J AU Stringer, J Ruth, LA AF Stringer, J Ruth, LA TI Future perspectives including fuel cells, gas turbines, USC and HGCU the US perspective SO MATERIALS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on the Life Cycle Issues in Advanced Energy Systems CY JUN, 2002 CL WOBURN, ENGLAND SP Cranfield Univ, CEC, Joint Res Ctr, Petten Estab, Elect Power Res Inst, Oak Ridge Natl Lab DE full cells; gas turbines; USC; HGCU; US perspective AB Both the US Department of Energy (DOE) and EPRI are developing models for the evolution of a secure energy future for the USA. Our general views are very similar. However, there are some differences in approach. DOE is concerned with all energy issues in the US future, including electricity, transportation fuels, and the industrial, commercial, and residential energy sectors; EPRI is concerned specifically with the electricity component, principally in the USA, but, as does DOE, also takes a global view. Both organizations take what is now known as a 'Roadmapping' approach. Roadmapping is an example of a 'Top Down' planning method: it involves the specification of a "destination" which the research and development program is aimed towards. In the DOE case, the destination refers to a secure energy future. Typically, Roadmapping is concerned with relatively long time scales. Time scales for different technologies are, of course, very different; in a fast-moving technology such as semiconductors, five to ten years may be a long time. For energy, the equipment is large; planning and construction times are long, and the expected lifetimes of the major components are not less than twenty years, and more typically up to forty years. The time scale that both of our organizations talk about is in the range 20-50 years in the future. The DOE model is called 'Vision 21.' The specific destination for Vision 21 is the technical design bases for near-zero emission fossil fueled energy plants. The EPRI model is called the 'Electricity Technology Roadmap', and more recently we have 'A Vision of the Electricity System of 2020.' An important aspect of the method common to both DOE and EPRI is that the destination is developed by what is called a 'Stakeholder' group: this involves not only the researchers and developers, but also the eventual customers for the technology, and the users of the products. This will include members with environmental and societal concerns. In this paper, we will highlight some of the scenarios that emerge from these models. The first part will concentrate on the Department of Energy program; the latter part on the EPRI view, remembering that we are in close agreement on most aspects. C1 EPRI, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. Natl Energy Technol Lab, Pittsburgh, PA 15326 USA. RP Stringer, J (reprint author), EPRI, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 5 PU SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS PI ST ALBANS PA PO BOX 314, ST ALBANS AL1 4ZG, HERTS, ENGLAND SN 0960-3409 J9 MATER HIGH TEMP JI Mater. High Temp. PY 2003 VL 20 IS 2 BP 233 EP 239 DI 10.3184/096034003782749044 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 705LA UT WOS:000184395500015 ER PT J AU Tortorelli, PF More, KL Specht, ED Pint, BA Zschack, P AF Tortorelli, PF More, KL Specht, ED Pint, BA Zschack, P TI Growth stress - microstructure relationships for alumina scales SO MATERIALS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on the Microscopy of Oxidation CY AUG 26-29, 2002 CL UNIV LIMERICK, LIMERICK, IRELAND HO UNIV LIMERICK DE growth stress; alumina scales ID OXIDATION; ALLOYS; RELAXATION; ODS AB Focused monochromatic synchrotron undulator radiation was used to measure stresses in growing alpha-Al2O3 on FeCrAl-based and NiAl alloys during the first few hours of high-temperature air exposures at 1600-1200degreesC. Selected specimens were then sectioned and examined by transmission electron microscopy to characterize the microstructure of the oxides grown during the in situ stress measurement experiments. In several cases at 1100 and 1200degreesC, rapid decreases in an initial tensile stress were noted within the first hour of exposure. It was found that differences in high-temperature stress development in the alumina were at least partially reflected in the observed scale microstructures. Relaxation processes limited the magnitude of growth stresses at the higher temperatures such that after a few hours, stresses were typically quite low. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. Univ Illinois, Argonne, IL USA. RP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. RI Pint, Bruce/A-8435-2008; Tortorelli, Peter/E-2433-2011; More, Karren/A-8097-2016; Specht, Eliot/A-5654-2009 OI Pint, Bruce/0000-0002-9165-3335; More, Karren/0000-0001-5223-9097; Specht, Eliot/0000-0002-3191-2163 NR 26 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-3409 EI 1878-6413 J9 MATER HIGH TEMP JI Mater. High Temp. PY 2003 VL 20 IS 3 BP 303 EP 310 DI 10.3184/096034003782748856 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 751FE UT WOS:000187041500010 ER PT J AU Hou, PY Van Lienden, C AF Hou, PY Van Lienden, C TI Impurity and surface condition effects on pore formation at Al2O3/FeAl interfaces SO MATERIALS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on the Microscopy of Oxidation CY AUG 26-29, 2002 CL UNIV LIMERICK, LIMERICK, IRELAND HO UNIV LIMERICK DE Al2O3/FeAl interfaces ID OXIDATION BEHAVIOR; BETA-NIAL+ZR; OXIDE; IRON; SEGREGATION; SULFUR AB Interfacial pores are commonly observed at the scale/alloy interface in NiAl and FeAl alloys after high temperature oxidation. The pores are often an order of magnitude larger than the oxide grains, and many are formed during the initial stage of oxidation. In order to better understand the development of these pores, the effects of pre-oxidation surface condition and surface impurities on pore formation at the oxide/alloy interface in Fe-40at%Al are investigated. Surface conditions included polishing to 4000 grit with SiC and polishing to 1 mum with diamond suspension. Surface impurities included a number of nitrate salts dissolved in water. Pore number distribution in each case was determined and related to the treatment effects. Testing was also performed on an Hf-containing Fe-40Al to evaluate the effect of adding a reactive element. It was found that surface roughness and the presence of impurities, even residues from water drops, increased the number of interfacial pores. Hf addition made the alloy more resistant to pore formation, but large pores developed under heavy salt deposits. C1 Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Mat Sci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Hou, PY (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Mat Sci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 26 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS PI ST ALBANS PA PO BOX 314, ST ALBANS AL1 4ZG, HERTS, ENGLAND SN 0960-3409 J9 MATER HIGH TEMP JI Mater. High Temp. PY 2003 VL 20 IS 3 BP 357 EP 363 DI 10.3184/096034003782748720 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 751FE UT WOS:000187041500016 ER PT J AU Pint, BA More, KL Wright, IG AF Pint, BA More, KL Wright, IG TI The use of two reactive elements to optimize oxidation performance of alumina-forming alloys SO MATERIALS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on the Microscopy of Oxidation CY AUG 26-29, 2002 CL UNIV LIMERICK, LIMERICK, IRELAND HO UNIV LIMERICK DE reactive elements additions; alumina scales ID SCALE ADHESION; OXIDE DISPERSIONS; BEHAVIOR; DIFFUSION; ADDITIONS; SEGREGATION; SUPERALLOYS; RESISTANCE; YTTRIUM; NI3AL AB Standard reactive element (RE) studies have characterized the behavior of single RE additions such as Y, La or Hf. However, several commercial alumina-forming alloys are "co-doped" with two or more RE additions which allows the total amount of RE dopant in the alloy to be reduced. The oxidation performance of both commercial and laboratory-made co-doped alloys shows better scale adhesion and/or slower scale growth rates than comparable alloys with one RE addition. Characterization of the alumina scales showed no significant change in the grain structure with co-doping; however, as the total RE addition was reduced in co-doped alloys, a smaller volume of RE-rich oxides was observed within the scale. Quantification of the amount of RE ionic segregation on alumina scale grain boundaries formed on single doped and co-doped alloys showed similar amounts of segregation. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Met & Ceram Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Met & Ceram Div, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Pint, Bruce/A-8435-2008; More, Karren/A-8097-2016 OI Pint, Bruce/0000-0002-9165-3335; More, Karren/0000-0001-5223-9097 NR 39 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 12 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-3409 EI 1878-6413 J9 MATER HIGH TEMP JI Mater. High Temp. PY 2003 VL 20 IS 3 BP 375 EP 386 DI 10.3184/096034003782748829 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 751FE UT WOS:000187041500018 ER PT J AU More, KL Tortorelli, R Walker, LR Hryn, J Krumdick, G AF More, KL Tortorelli, R Walker, LR Hryn, J Krumdick, G TI Microstructural evaluation of dross formation on Mg- and non-Mg-containing Al alloys from industrial furnaces SO MATERIALS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on the Microscopy of Oxidation CY AUG 26-29, 2002 CL UNIV LIMERICK, LIMERICK, IRELAND HO UNIV LIMERICK DE Al alloys; dross formation; microstructural evaluation AB The microstructural aspects of dross formation in industrial Al re-melt furnaces for several different alloy compositions have been evaluated. The Al alloys used in this study included 1350 (no Mg), 3004 (low Mg), and 5182 (high Mg). Dross specimens were collected directly from the different Al alloy melts in industrial furnaces using a consistent sampling protocol in order to compare the microstructure and phase development of the dross as a function of melt temperature and composition. The results showed that the sequence of phases formed during the re-melt process was the same for all the alloys examined; amorphous-Al2O3 forms first followed by either alpha-Al2O3 + AlN (for non-Mg-containing alloys) or cubic MgO, then MgAl2O4, and lastly alpha-Al2O3 (for low- or high-Mg content). The formation of MgAl2O4 is associated with accelerated oxidation rates (known as breakaway oxidation) and this reaction proceeds until the Mg is depleted at the molten surface. At this point, aluminum oxidation is predominant and occurs at a significantly lower oxidation rate. The results obtained in this study are consistent with models developed for dross grown on similar Al alloys in laboratory environments and show that Mg oxidation (and the accelerated formation of MgAl2O4) dominates the oxidation process during Al melting, whether the Al contains low or high Mg contents. The oxide morphology within the dross layer differed according to the particular alloy being melted and thus the amount of Al recovery from dross can vary with composition. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP More, KL (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN USA. RI More, Karren/A-8097-2016 OI More, Karren/0000-0001-5223-9097 NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS PI ST ALBANS PA PO BOX 314, ST ALBANS AL1 4ZG, HERTS, ENGLAND SN 0960-3409 J9 MATER HIGH TEMP JI Mater. High Temp. PY 2003 VL 20 IS 3 BP 453 EP 460 DI 10.3184/096034003782748838 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 751FE UT WOS:000187041500026 ER PT S AU Ding, SY Rumbles, G Jones, M Tucker, MP Nedeljkovic, J Wall, J Himmel, ME AF Ding, SY Rumbles, G Jones, M Tucker, MP Nedeljkovic, J Wall, J Himmel, ME BE Thomas, JL Kiick, KL Gower, LA TI Quantum dots stabilized by genetically engineered proteins SO MATERIALS INSPIRED BY BIOLOGY SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Materials Inspired by Biology held at the the MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 21-25, 2003 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP AF Res Lab, ML, Avanti Polar Lipids Inc, Boston Sci Corp, DuPont Cent Res & Dev, Natl Sci Fdn, Div Mat Res, Natl Inst Hlth Natl Inst Biomed Imaging & Bioengn, Natl Inst Hlth Natl Inst Dent & Craniofacial Res ID CDSE AB Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) exhibit unique optical and electronic properties due to their physical size and the semi-conductor material from which they are made [1,2]. While the isolated properties of these nanoparticles offer a number of potential applications, such as bioimaging, their future use in novel electronic devices will require large arrays of known order. The assembling of these arrays is non-trivial and requires a monodisperse sample of quantum dots in order to facilitate the self-assembling process [3,4]. We propose first to validate the concept of using natural and/or recombined (genetic engineered) proteins to build stable, water soluble QD-protein conjugates [5]. Eventually, strategies to design these structures with highly controlled patterns will emerge. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Ctr Basic Sci, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Ding, SY (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Ctr Basic Sci, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RI Ding, Shi-You/O-1209-2013; OI Rumbles, Garry/0000-0003-0776-1462 NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-711-3 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2003 VL 774 BP 165 EP 170 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Biomaterials; Polymer Science SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Materials Science; Polymer Science GA BX72Z UT WOS:000186233100022 ER PT B AU Kruzic, JJ Yuan, R Cannon, RM Ritchie, RO AF Kruzic, JJ Yuan, R Cannon, RM Ritchie, RO BE Liaw, PK Buchanan, RA Klarstrom, DL Wei, RP Harlow, DG Tortorelli, PF TI Determining worst-case fatigue thresholds for grain-bridging ceramics SO MATERIALS LIFETIME SCIENCE & ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Materials Lifetime Science and Engineering held at the 2003 TMS Annual Meeting CY MAR 02-06, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Minerals, Met & Mat Soc, Struct Mat Div ID CRACK OPENING DISPLACEMENT; SILICON-CARBIDE; CURVE BEHAVIOR; R-CURVES; ALUMINA; GROWTH; PROPAGATION; COMPOSITES; LONG AB A method for determining worst-case cyclic fatigue thresholds in grain-bridging ceramics by quantifying the role of bridging is demonstrated for a model alumina. Crack-growth properties for both long and short (< 2 mm) cracks emanating from machined notches (root radii, p similar to 15 - 150 mum) were investigated. When compared as a function of the applied stress-intensity range (DeltaK), growth rates (da/dN) were far higher and fatigue thresholds DeltaK(TH) were markedly lower with short cracks, with growth being observable at the lowest driving forces for short cracks emanating from razor micronotches (rho = 15 mum). For growth rates < 10(-8) m/cycle, da/dN vs. DeltaK data for short cracks merged with the steady-state data for long cracks after similar to2 min of extension. This value corresponds well to the measured crack-bridging zone length for long fatigue cracks grown near DeltaK(TH). The crack-tip shielding contribution due to bridging was quantified using multi-cutting compliance and crack-opening profile techniques. Bridging stress-intensity factors were computed and subtracted from applied stress intensities to estimate an effective, near-tip driving force, DeltaK(eff). These results, in terms of DeltaK(eff), provided a lower threshold below which both long and short cracks are not observed to propagate and an estimate of the intrinsic toughness for the start of the R-curve. Such results quantitatively affirm that the reduced role of grain bridging is a primary source of the transient behavior of short cracks in grain-bridging alumina-based ceramics under cyclic loading. These methods are additionally applied to estimate the worst-case fatigue threshold and intrinsic toughness of a self-reinforced SiC based ceramic, for which direct testing at small crack sizes has been prohibitively difficult. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Kruzic, JJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Ritchie, Robert/A-8066-2008; OI Ritchie, Robert/0000-0002-0501-6998; Kruzic, Jamie/0000-0002-9695-1921 NR 29 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-544-1 PY 2003 BP 61 EP 68 PG 8 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Engineering; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BW63U UT WOS:000182663100007 ER PT B AU Nalla, RK Imbeni, V Kinney, JH Marshall, SJ Ritchie, RO AF Nalla, RK Imbeni, V Kinney, JH Marshall, SJ Ritchie, RO BE Liaw, PK Buchanan, RA Klarstrom, DL Wei, RP Harlow, DG Tortorelli, PF TI On the development of life prediction methodologies for the failure of human teeth SO MATERIALS LIFETIME SCIENCE & ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Materials Lifetime Science and Engineering held at the 2003 TMS Annual Meeting CY MAR 02-06, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Minerals, Met & Mat Soc, Struct Mat Div ID FRACTURE PROPERTIES; HUMAN-ENAMEL; DENTIN AB Human dentin is known to be susceptible to failure under cyclic loading. Surprisingly, there are few reports that quantify the effect of such loading, considering the fact that a typical tooth experiences a million or so loading cycles annually. In the present study, a systematic investigation is described of the effects of prolonged cyclic loading on human dentin in a simulated physiological environment. In vitro stress-life (S/N) data are discussed in the context of possible mechanisms of fatigue damage and failure. Stiffness loss data collected in situ during these tests are used to calculate crack-growth velocities and the fatigue thresholds, and are presented as plots of the crack-propagation rates (da/dN) as a function of the stress-intensity range (DeltaK). The S/N and da/dN-DeltaK data are discussed in light of a framework for a fracture mechanics-based methodology for the prediction of the fatigue life of human teeth. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Nalla, RK (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Ritchie, Robert/A-8066-2008 OI Ritchie, Robert/0000-0002-0501-6998 NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-544-1 PY 2003 BP 137 EP 145 PG 9 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Engineering; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BW63U UT WOS:000182663100013 ER PT B AU Jones, RH AF Jones, RH BE Liaw, PK Buchanan, RA Klarstrom, DL Wei, RP Harlow, DG Tortorelli, PF TI Corrosion damage functions SO MATERIALS LIFETIME SCIENCE & ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Materials Lifetime Science and Engineering held at the 2003 TMS Annual Meeting CY MAR 02-06, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Minerals, Met & Mat Soc, Struct Mat Div AB Corrosion damage can lead to reduced operational lifetimes. Often this damage is not as obvious as general corrosion but takes the form of pits, intergranular corrosion, crevice corrosion and hydrogen absorption. These types of corrosion damage lead to stress corrosion cracking, hydrogen induced cracking and corrosion fatigue. A critical step in defining a corrosion damage function is determining the relationship between the corrosion damage, the resulting crack propagation mechanism and component lifetimes. The sequence of events is often some localized corrosion event such as pitting, transition of the pit to a planar crack, propagation of this short crack, transition of the short crack to long crack conditions and continued propagation through Stage I, II, and III of the long crack SCC regimes. A description of critical corrosion damage processes and examples of the transition to long crack SCC conditions will be discussed. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Jones, RH (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-544-1 PY 2003 BP 155 EP 163 PG 9 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Engineering; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BW63U UT WOS:000182663100015 ER PT J AU Burroughs, C AF Burroughs, C TI Cheaper nuclear waste handling? SO MATERIALS PERFORMANCE LA English DT News Item C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Burroughs, C (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL ASSN CORROSION ENG PI HOUSTON PA 1440 SOUTH CREEK DRIVE, HOUSTON, TX 77084-4906 USA SN 0094-1492 J9 MATER PERFORMANCE JI Mater. Perform. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 42 IS 1 BP 12 EP 12 PG 1 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA 635VV UT WOS:000180421200004 ER PT S AU Gubicza, J Dragomir, LC Ribarik, G Zhu, YT Valiev, R Ungar, T AF Gubicza, J Dragomir, LC Ribarik, G Zhu, YT Valiev, R Ungar, T BE Gyulai, J TI Characterization of the microstructure of severely deformed titanium by X-ray diffraction profile analysis SO MATERIALS SCIENCE, TESTING AND INFORMATICS SE Materials Science Forum LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Hungarian Conference and Exhibition on Materials Science, Testing and Informatics CY OCT 14-17, 2001 CL BALATONFURED, HUNGARY SP Hungarian Mat Sci Soc, ASM Hungarian, ALCOA KOFEM Ltd, Bayzoltan Inst Mat Sci &Technol, DUNAFERR Bldg Engn Trading Shareholding Co, DUNAFERR Danube Ironworks Shareholding Co, DUNAFERR Lorinci Rolling Mill Ltd, DUNAFERR Sheet Forming Ltd, DUNAFERR Steel Struct Ltd, DUNAFERR Steelworks Co Ltd, DWA DUNAFERR VOEST ALPINE Cold Rolling Mill Ltd, EMA POWER Energy Services Ltd, Grimas Ltd Trade Co, Labco Ltd, MAL Hungarian Aluminium Product & Trading Inc, METAB Proc Ltd, Mettler Toledo Ltd, Qualitest Lab Environm Mat Testing & Quality Consulting Ltd, Syst Consulting Ltd DE crystallite size distribution; dislocation structure; titanium; plastic deformation; X-ray peak profile analysis ID CRYSTALLITE SIZE DISTRIBUTION; HEXAGONAL CRYSTALS; DISLOCATIONS; DEFORMATION; POWDER AB Nanocrystalline titanium was produced by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP). It was found that during ECAP a texture evolved in the specimen in which the hexagonal "c" axis is perpendicular to the extrusion direction. The crystallite size distribution and the dislocation structure were determined by fitting ab-initio theoretical functions to the Fourier coefficients of the measured X-ray diffraction peak profiles. The peak profile analysis provided the median and the variance of the crystallite size distribution: m=38 nm and sigma=0.49, respectively. The dislocation slip system population was found to be 75% type, 20% type and 5% type. C1 Eotvos Lorand Univ, Dept Gen Phys, H-1518 Budapest, Hungary. Ufa State Aviat Tech Univ, Inst Phys Adv Mat, Ufa 450000, Russia. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Eotvos Lorand Univ, Dept Gen Phys, POB 32, H-1518 Budapest, Hungary. RI Zhu, Yuntian/B-3021-2008; Ribarik, Gabor/A-9213-2012 OI Zhu, Yuntian/0000-0002-5961-7422; NR 21 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI DURNTEN-ZURICH PA KREUZSTRASSE 10, 8635 DURNTEN-ZURICH, SWITZERLAND SN 0255-5476 BN 0-87849-908-3 J9 MATER SCI FORUM PY 2003 VL 414-4 BP 229 EP 234 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BW22X UT WOS:000181266400035 ER PT S AU Barabash, RI Tamura, N Valek, BC Spolenak, R Bravman, JC Ice, GE Patel, JR AF Barabash, RI Tamura, N Valek, BC Spolenak, R Bravman, JC Ice, GE Patel, JR BE McKerrow, AJ Leu, J Kraft, O Kikkawa, T TI Quantitative characterization of dislocation structure coupled with electromigration in a passivated Al (0.5wt% Cu) interconnects SO MATERIALS, TECHNOLOGY AND RELIABILITY FOR ADVANCED INTERCONNECTS AND LOW-K DIELECTRICS-2003 SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Materials, Technology and Reliability for Advanced Interconnects and Low-k Dielectrics held at the 2003 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 22-25, 2003 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Appl Mat Inc, ATMI, Dow Chem Co, Honeywell Elect Mat, Intel Corp, Texas Instruments Inc, Thomas West Inc, Tokyo Electron Amer Inc ID X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; MICROBEAM DIFFRACTION; METAL LINES; MICRODIFFRACTION; RESOLUTION; CRYSTALS; STRESS; STRAIN; WIRES; FILMS AB New synchrotron x-ray microbeam methodology is used to analyze and test the reliability of interconnects. The early stage of plastic deformation induced by electromigration before any damages become visible has been recently revealed by white beam scanning X-ray microdiffraction during an accelerated test on Al interconnect lines. In the present paper, we provide a quantitative analysis of the dislocation structure generated in several micron-sized Al grains in both the middle region and ends of the interconnect line during an in-situ electromigration experiment. We demonstrate that the evolution of the dislocation structure during electromigration is highly inhomogeneous and results in the formation of randomly distributed geometrically necessary dislocations as well as geometrically necessary boundaries. The orientation of the activated slip systems and rotation axis depends on the position of the grain in the interconnect line. The origin of the observed plastic deformation is considered in view of constraints for dislocation arrangements under applied electric field during electromigration. The coupling between plastic deformation and precipitation in the Al (0.5% wt. Cu) is observed for the grains close to the anode/cathode end of the line. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Barabash, RI (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-703-2 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2003 VL 766 BP 107 EP 114 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA BY09P UT WOS:000187620400014 ER PT J AU Hyman, JM Li, J Stanley, EA AF Hyman, JM Li, J Stanley, EA TI Modeling the impact of random screening and contact tracing in reducing the spread of HIV SO MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES LA English DT Article DE AIDS; mathematical modeling; epidemic modeling; screening; contact tracing; reproductive number; endemic equilibrium; sensitivity ID VIRUS TYPE-1 INFECTION; PARTNER-NOTIFICATION; TRANSMISSION; PROGRESSION; PATTERNS; AIDS AB Mathematical models can help predict the effectiveness of control measures on the spread of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) by reducing the uncertainty in assessing the impact of intervention strategies such as random screening and contact tracing. Even though contact tracing is one of the most effective methods used for controlling treatable STDs, it is still a controversial strategy for controlling HIV because of cost and confidentiality issues. To help estimate the effectiveness of these control measures, we formulate two models with random screening and contact tracing based on the differential infectivity (DI) model and the staged-progression (SP) model. We derive formulas for the reproductive numbers and the endemic equilibria and compare the impact that random screening and contact tracing have in slowing the epidemic in the two models. In the DI model the infected population is divided into groups according to their infectiousness, and HIV is largely spread by a small, highly infectious, group of superspreaders. In this model contact tracing is an effective approach to identifying the superspreaders and has a large effect in slowing the epidemic. in the SP model every infected individual goes through a series of infection stages and the virus is primarily spread by individuals in an initial highly infectious stage or in the late stages of the disease. In this model random screening is more effective than for the DI model, and contact tracing is less effective. Thus the effectiveness of the intervention strategy strongly depends on the underlying etiology of the disease transmission. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Alabama, Dept Math Sci, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Ctr Nonlinear Studies, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Li, J (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Dept Math Sci, Madison Hall,Room 210, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. NR 30 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0025-5564 J9 MATH BIOSCI JI Math. Biosci. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 181 IS 1 BP 17 EP 54 AR PII S0025-5564(02)00128-1 DI 10.1016/S0025-5564(02)00128-1 PG 38 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology GA 618ZT UT WOS:000179449000002 PM 12421551 ER PT S AU El-Azab, A Trease, H AF El-Azab, A Trease, H BE Bahr, DF Kung, H Moody, NR Wahl, KJ TI Generalized quasicontinuum approach to atomistic-continuum modeling of complex oxides SO MECHANICAL PROPERTIES DERIVED FROM NANOSTRUCTURING MATERIALS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Mechanical Properties Derived from Nanostructuring Materials held at the 2003 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 22-25, 2003 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc ID FINITE-ELEMENT; ELASTICITY; SOLIDS AB A formalism of the quasicontinuum method suitable for atomistic-continuum modeling of oxide crystals is presented. Multiple interacting quasicontinua, one per sublattice, which overlap in the physical crystal space, are used to model the oxide crystals. The method is implemented with the shell model for atomic interactions in ionic crystals, along with the Wolf's method for treating the long-range forces. Results are presented for the structural relaxation of strained and unstrained Fe2O3 crystal under periodic boundary conditions. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Fundamental Sci Directorate, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP El-Azab, A (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Fundamental Sci Directorate, Mail Stop K8-93,Box 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-715-6 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2003 VL 778 BP 283 EP 288 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA BX85K UT WOS:000186634400044 ER PT J AU Deng, SQ Li, XM Weitsman, YJ AF Deng, SQ Li, XM Weitsman, YJ TI Time-dependent deformation of stitched T300 mat/urethane 420 IMR cross-ply composite laminates SO MECHANICS OF TIME-DEPENDENT MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE composite materials; creep and recovery; cross-ply fiber laminates; time-dependent response AB This article concerns certain aspects of the time-dependent response of cross-ply polymeric composites consisting of stitched graphite fiber strands embedded in urethane resin. Experimental data were collected at several levels of stress and temperature, as well as at various load orientations. The time-dependent strains were shown to consist of the sum of a fully recoverable viscoelastic component and a permanent portion, which could be expressed empirically. The utility and shortcomings of the power-law creep form are being examined, suggesting that its validity for making long term predictions may require that 'short time' data must be collected over durations that exceed a certain time-span. The article presents several results that demonstrate the predictive capabilities of some of the formulations employed therein. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Aerosp Engn Mech & Engn Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Engn Technol Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. RP Weitsman, YJ (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Aerosp Engn Mech & Engn Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. NR 21 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-2000 J9 MECH TIME-DEPEND MAT JI Mech. Time-Depend. Mater. PY 2003 VL 7 IS 1 BP 41 EP 69 DI 10.1023/A:1024055815030 PG 29 WC Mechanics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Mechanics; Materials Science GA 686MU UT WOS:000183326200003 ER PT J AU Grate, LR Bhattacharyya, C Jordan, MI Mian, IS AF Grate, LR Bhattacharyya, C Jordan, MI Mian, IS TI Integrated analysis of transcript profiling and protein sequence data SO MECHANISMS OF AGEING AND DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Functional Genomics of Ageing CY APR 24-27, 2002 CL SEVILLE, SPAIN DE sparse hyperplanes (L-1 norm minimisation); probabilistic clustering; hidden Markov models; cancer; chromosome segregation ID MODELS; GENE AB Transcript profiling can be used to elucidate the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in ageing and cancer. A recent study of human gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) with mutations in the KIT gene, Cancer Res. 61 (2001) 8624 exemplifies a common type of investigation. cDNA microarrays were used to generate measurements for 1987 clones in two types of tissues: 13 KIT mutation-positive GISTs and 6 spindle cell tumours from locations outside the gastrointestinal tract. Statistical problems associated with such two-class, high-dimensional profiling data include simultaneous classification and relevant feature identification, probabilistic clustering and protein sequence family modelling. Here, the GIST data were reexamined using specific solutions to these problems, namely sparse hyperplanes, naive Bayes models and profile hidden Markov models respectively. The integrated analysis of molecular profiling and sequence data highlighted 6 clones that may be of clinical and experimental interest. The protein encoded by one of these putative biomarkers defined a novel protein family present in diverse eucarya. The family may be involved in chromosome segregation and/or stability. One family member is a potential biomarker identified recently from a retrospective analysis of transcript profiles for sporadic breast cancer samples from patients with poor and good prognosis, Signal Process. (in press). (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Life Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Div Comp Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Stat, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Mian, IS (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Life Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0047-6374 J9 MECH AGEING DEV JI Mech. Ageing Dev. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 124 IS 1 BP 109 EP 114 DI 10.1016/S0047-6374(02)00174-4 PG 6 WC Cell Biology; Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Cell Biology; Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 665BJ UT WOS:000182099500015 PM 12618013 ER PT S AU Harvey, NR Levenson, RM Rimm, DL AF Harvey, NR Levenson, RM Rimm, DL BE Sonka, M Fitzpatrick, JM TI Investigation of automated feature extraction techniques for applications in cancer detection from multispectral histopathology images SO MEDICAL IMAGING 2003: IMAGE PROCESSING, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Medical Imaging 2003 Conference CY FEB 17-20, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE, Amer Assoc Phys Med, Amer Physiol Soc, Ctr Devices & Radiol Hlth, Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, Natl Elect Mfg Assoc, Diagnost Imaging & Therapy Syst Div, Radiol Soc N Amer, Soc Comp Appl Radiol DE multispectral; histopathology; classification; cancer; machine learning ID TISSUE MICROARRAY; FEATURE CLASSIFICATION; GENETIC ALGORITHM; PROCESSING TOOLS; MORPHOMETRY; TECHNOLOGY; DIAGNOSIS; PROGNOSIS AB Recent developments in imaging technology mean that it is now possible to obtain high-resolution histological image data at multiple wavelengths. This allows pathologists to image specimens over a full spectrum, thereby revealing (often subtle) distinctions between different types of tissue. With this type of data, the spectral content of the specimens, combined with quantitative spatial feature characterization may make it possible not only to identify the presence of an abnormality, but also to classify it accurately. However, such are the quantities and complexities of these data, that without new automated techniques to assist in the data analysis, the information contained in the data will remain inaccessible to those who need it. We investigate the application of a recently developed system for the automated analysis of multi-/hyper-spectral satellite image data to the problem of cancer detection from multispectral histopathology image data. The system provides a means for a human expert to provide training data simply by highlighting regions in an image using a computer mouse. Application of these feature extraction techniques to examples of both training and out-of-training-sample data demonstrate that these, as yet unoptimized, techniques already show promise in the discrimination between benign and malignant cells from a variety of samples. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Harvey, NR (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, NIS-2, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 17 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4833-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5032 BP 557 EP 566 DI 10.1117/12.480831 PN 1-3 PG 10 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Engineering; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA BW90V UT WOS:000183561900060 ER PT S AU Smither, RK AF Smither, RK BE Yaffe, MK Antonuk, LE TI High resolution medical imaging system for 3-D imaging of radioactive sources with 1 mm FWHM spatial resolution SO MEDICAL IMAGING 2003: PHYSICS OF MEDICAL IMAGING, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Medical Imaging 2003 Conference CY FEB 17-20, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE, Amer Assoc Phys Med, Amer Physiol Soc, Ctr Devices & Radiol Hlth, Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, Natl Elect Mfg Assoc, Diagnost Imaging & Therapy Syst Div, Radiol Soc N Amer, Soc Comp Appl Radiol DE crystal; diffraction; lens; gamma rays; medical imaging; focusing; tumor; cancer AB This paper describes a modification of a new imaging system developed at Argonne National Laboratory that has the potential of achieving a spatial resolution of 1 mm FWHM. The imaging system uses a crystal diffraction lens to focus gamma rays from the radioactive source. The medical imaging application of this system would be to detect small amounts of radioactivity in the human body that would be associated with cancer. The best spatial resolution obtained with the present lens at the time of the presentation made at the Medical Imaging Symposium 2001, was 6.7 mm FWHM for a 1-mm-diameter source. Since then it has been possible to improve the spacial resolution of the lens system to 3 mm FWHM. Experiments with the original lens system have led to a new design for a lens system that could have a spacial resolution of I mm FWHM. This is accomplished by: one, reducing the radial dimension of the crystals, and two, by replacing the small individual crystals with bent strips of single-crystalline material. Experiments are under way to test this approach. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Smither, RK (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4831-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5030 BP 1052 EP 1060 DI 10.1117/12.480393 PG 9 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Engineering; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA BX07Z UT WOS:000184199600107 ER PT S AU Huang, LJ Duric, N Littrup, P AF Huang, LJ Duric, N Littrup, P BE Walker, WF Insana, MF TI Ultrasonic breast imaging using a wave-equation migration method SO MEDICAL IMAGING 2003: ULTRASONIC IMAGING AND SIGNAL PROCESSING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Medical Imaging 2003 Conference CY FEB 17-20, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE, Amer Assoc Phys Med, Amer Physiol Soc, Ctr Devices & Radiol Hlth, Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, Natl Elect Mfg Assoc, Diagnost Imaging & Therapy Syst Div, Radiol Soc N Amer, Soc Comp Appl Radiol DE acoustic impedance; breast cancer; ultrasonic breast imaging; wave equation ID CANCER; MAMMOGRAPHY; TOMOGRAPHY; GEOMETRY; US AB Reflection imaging has the potential to produce higher-resolution breast images than transmission tomography; however, the current clinical reflection imaging technique yields poor-quality breast images due to speckle. We present a new ultrasonic breast imaging method for obtaining high-resolution and clear breast images using ultrasonic reflection data acquired by a new ultrasonic scanning device that provides a better illumination of targets of interest than the clinical B-scan. The new imaging method is based on the solution of the wave equation in Cartesian coordinates and is implemented using Fast Fourier Transform algorithms. We apply the new ultrasonic breast imaging method to two ultrasonic data sets obtained using an experimental ultrasound scanner recently developed by the Karmanos Cancer Institute. One data set was acquired for a "cyst" phantom using 360 transmitter positions and 321 receiver positions along a 20-cm diameter ring. Another data set was collected with 180 transmitter positions and 1601 receiver positions along a 30-cm diameter ring with the breast specimen located at the center of the ring. We report on the breast imaging results for these two data sets using the new breast imaging method. The results demonstrate that the wave-equation-based ultrasonic breast imaging has the potential to produce high-resolution breast images. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Huang, LJ (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Mail Stop D443, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 13 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4836-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5035 BP 432 EP 439 DI 10.1117/12.479915 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Engineering; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA BW91R UT WOS:000183593400047 ER PT S AU Ward, RC Eckerman, KF Ahmad, LS AF Ward, RC Eckerman, KF Ahmad, LS BE Westwood, JD Hoffman, HM Mogel, GT Phillips, R Robb, RA Stredney, D TI Web-access to a lung deposition model for radiation protection and physiological modeling SO MEDICINE MEETS VIRTUAL REALITY 11: NEXTMED: HEALTH HORIZON SE STUDIES IN HEALTH TECHNOLOGY AND INFORMATICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th Annual Medicine Meets Virtual Reality Conference CY JAN 22-25, 2003 CL Newport Beach, CA SP Univ Calif, Irvine Coll Med, Aligned Management Associates Inc, Telemed & Adv Technol Res Ctr, USA Med Res & Mat Command AB A C++ implementation of the ICRP Lung Deposition Model was validated and made accessible by creating a web interface using Perl. Considerable understanding of this lung deposition model was obtained and a small number of errors identified in the code during this process. Documentation was developed using MathML and scalable vector graphics (SVG). C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Computat Sci & Engn Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Ward, RC (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Computat Sci & Engn Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU I O S PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-9630 BN 1-58603-320-4 J9 ST HEAL T PY 2003 VL 94 BP 389 EP 391 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Computer Science; Research & Experimental Medicine GA BY87U UT WOS:000189484800079 PM 15455931 ER PT S AU Howard, BH Cugini, AV Killmeyer, R Rothenberger, KS Ciocco, MV Morreale, BD Enick, RM Bustamante, F AF Howard, BH Cugini, AV Killmeyer, R Rothenberger, KS Ciocco, MV Morreale, BD Enick, RM Bustamante, F BE Burganos, VN Noble, RD Asaeda, M Ayral, A LeRoux, JD TI The hydrogen permeability of sulfur resistant palladium-copper alloys at elevated temperatures and pressures SO MEMBRANES-PREPARATION, PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Membranes-Preparation, Properties and Applications held at the 2002 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 02-05, 2002 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc ID MEMBRANES; SEPARATION; CATALYST; SULFIDE AB Pd-Cu alloys are being considered for hydrogen membrane applications because of their resistance to sulfur poisoning. Therefore the permeance of Pd-Cu alloys containing 53, 60, and 80 wt% Pd has been determined over the 623 - 1173 K temperature range for H-2 partial pressure drops as great as 2.75 MPa. The results indicate that Pd-Cu alloy composition and thermal history influence membrane permeance. The 60%Pd-40%Cu alloy exhibited very high permeance at 623 K, although both the 53%Pd and 60% Pd alloys exhibited a distinct drop in permeability at higher temperatures due to the transition of the Pd-Cu crystal structure from bee to fee. Upon cooling the membrane back to 623 K, the permeability of the 60%Pd alloy was initially an order-of-magnitude less than its initial value, but the permeance increased steadily with time as the Pd - Cu crystal structure slowly reverted to bcc. The fee 80%Pd alloy was less permeable than the bee 60% Pd alloy at 623 K, but the 80% Pd alloy was more permeable than the fee 60%Pd alloy at elevated temperatures. C1 US DOE, Natl Energy Technol Lab, Washington, DC 20585 USA. RP Howard, BH (reprint author), US DOE, Natl Energy Technol Lab, Washington, DC 20585 USA. NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-689-3 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2003 VL 752 BP 277 EP 282 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BW79V UT WOS:000183202200042 ER PT S AU Nordquist, CD Muyshondt, A Pack, MV Finnegan, PS Dyck, CW Reines, IC Kraus, GM Sloan, GR Sullivan, CT AF Nordquist, CD Muyshondt, A Pack, MV Finnegan, PS Dyck, CW Reines, IC Kraus, GM Sloan, GR Sullivan, CT BE Janson, SW TI A MEMS high-Q tunable capacitor for reconfigurable microwave integrated circuits SO MEMS COMPONENTS AND APPLICATIONS FOR INDUSTRY, AUTOMOBILES, AEROSPACE, AND COMMUNICATION II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on MEMS Components and Applications for Industry, Automobiles, Aerospace, and Communication II CY JAN 28-29, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, SolidState Technol, Sandia Natl Lab DE RF MEMS; tunable; capacitor; reconfigurable; microwave; monolithic ID RF-MEMS; SWITCHES; INDUCTORS AB Future microwave networks require miniature high-performance tunable elements such as switches, inductors, and capacitors. We report a micro-machined high-performance tunable capacitor suitable for reconfigurable monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs). The capacitor is fabricated on a GaAs substrate using low-temperature processing, making it suitable for post-process integration with MMICs, radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs) and other miniaturized circuits. Additionally, the insulating substrate and high-conductivity metal provide low-loss operation at frequencies over 20 GHz. The device demonstrates a capacitance of 150 fF at 0 V bias, pull-in at about 15 V to 18 V, and further linear tuning from 290 fF to 350 fF over a voltage range of 7 V to 30 V. Also, the device demonstrates self-resonance frequencies over 50 GHz, and Q's over 100 at 10 GHz. To enable integration into circuits, a simple equivalent circuit model of the device has been developed, demonstrating a good match to the measured data through 25 GHz. Initial testing to 1 billion cycles indicates that metal fatigue is the primary limitation to reliability and reproducibility, and that dielectric charging does not have a significant impact on the device. This device is promising for high-performance tunable filters, phase shifters, and other reconfigurable networks at frequencies through K-band. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Nordquist, CD (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800,MS 0603, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4781-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4981 BP 1 EP 8 DI 10.1117/12.480768 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Telecommunications GA BW40D UT WOS:000181863600004 ER PT S AU Scott, M AF Scott, M BE Janson, SW TI MEMS and MOEMS for National Security applications SO MEMS COMPONENTS AND APPLICATIONS FOR INDUSTRY, AUTOMOBILES, AEROSPACE, AND COMMUNICATION II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on MEMS Components and Applications for Industry, Automobiles, Aerospace, and Communication II CY JAN 28-29, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, SolidState Technol, Sandia Natl Lab DE MOEMS; MEMS; microsystems; national security; Defense; market strategy; commercialization roadmap AB Major opportunities for microsystem insertion into commercial applications, such as telecommunications and medical prosthesis, are well known. Less well known are applications that ensure the security of our nation, the protection of its armed forces, and the safety of its citizens. Microsystems enable entirely new possibilities to meet National Security needs, which can be classed along three lines: anticipating security needs and threats, deterring the efficacy of identified threats, and defending against the application of these threats. In each of these areas, specific products that are enabled by MEMS and MOEMS are discussed. In the area of anticipating needs and threats, sensored microsystems designed for chem/bio/nuclear threats, and sensors for border and asset protection can significantly secure our borders, ports, and transportation systems. Key features for these applications include adaptive optics and spectroscopic capabilities. Microsystems to monitor soil and water quality can be used to secure critical infrastructure, food safety can be improved by in-situ identification of pathogens, and sensored buildings can ensure the architectural safety of our homes and workplaces. A challenge to commercializing these opportunities, and thus making them available for National Security needs, is developing predictable markets and predictable technology roadmaps. The integrated circuit manufacturing industry provides an example of predictable technology maturation and market insertion, primarily due to the existence of a "unit cell" that allows volume manufacturing. It is not clear that microsystems can follow an analogous path. The possible paths to affordable low-volume production, as well as the prospects of a microsystems unit cell, are discussed. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Microsyst Sci Technol & Components Ctr, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Scott, M (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Microsyst Sci Technol & Components Ctr, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4781-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4981 BP XXXVII EP XLIV PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Telecommunications GA BW40D UT WOS:000181863600003 ER PT S AU Moorman, M Manginell, RP Colburn, C Mowery-Evans, D Clem, PG Bell, N Anderson, LF AF Moorman, M Manginell, RP Colburn, C Mowery-Evans, D Clem, PG Bell, N Anderson, LF BE Janson, SW TI Microcombustor array and micro-flame ionization detector for hydrocarbon detection SO MEMS COMPONENTS AND APPLICATIONS FOR INDUSTRY, AUTOMOBILES, AEROSPACE, AND COMMUNICATION II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on MEMS Components and Applications for Industry, Automobiles, Aerospace, and Communication II CY JAN 28-29, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, SolidState Technol, Sandia Natl Lab DE FID; flame ionization detector; microcombustion; hydrocarbon detection; microhotplate ID PLATINUM THIN-FILMS AB This paper describes results from using a microcombustor to create two hydrocarbon gas sensors: one utilizing calorimetry and the other a flame ionization detector (FID) mechanism. The microcombustor consists of a catalytic film deposited on the surface of a microhotplate. This micromachined design has low heat capacity and thermal conductivity, making it ideal for heating catalysts placed on its surface. The catalytic materials provide a natural surface-based method for flame ignition and stabilization and are deposited using a micropen system, which allows precise and repeatable placement of the materials. The catalytic nature of the microcombustor design expands the limits of flammability (LoF) as compared with conventional diffusion flames; an unoptimized LoF of 1-32% for natural gas in air was demonstrated with the microcombustor, whereas conventionally 4-16% is observed. The LoF for hydrogen, methane, propane and ethane are likewise expanded. Expanded LoF permit the use of this technology in applications needing reduced temperatures, lean fuel/air mixes, or low gas flows. By coupling electrodes and an electrometer circuit with the microcombustor, the first ever demonstration of a microFID utilizing premixed fuel and a catalytically-stabilized flame has been performed; the detection of 1.2-2.9% of ethane in a hydrogen/air mix is shown. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, MicroAnalyt Syst, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Moorman, M (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, MicroAnalyt Syst, POB 5800,MS 0603, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 19 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4781-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4981 BP 40 EP 50 DI 10.1117/12.476318 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Telecommunications GA BW40D UT WOS:000181863600008 ER PT S AU Dyck, CW Plut, TA Nordquist, CD Kraus, G Schmidt, GD Gass, K Finnegan, PS Reines, I Sullivan, C AF Dyck, CW Plut, TA Nordquist, CD Kraus, G Schmidt, GD Gass, K Finnegan, PS Reines, I Sullivan, C BE Janson, SW TI A compact mmic-compatible RF MEMS switch SO MEMS COMPONENTS AND APPLICATIONS FOR INDUSTRY, AUTOMOBILES, AEROSPACE, AND COMMUNICATION II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on MEMS Components and Applications for Industry, Automobiles, Aerospace, and Communication II CY JAN 28-29, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, SolidState Technol, Sandia Natl Lab ID ELECTROSTATICALLY ACTUATED MICROSWITCH AB We have fabricated and tested a surface micromachined, metal-metal contacting radio frequency microelectromechanical systems (RF MEMS) switch. The switch was fabricated out of electroplated metals on semi-insulating GaAs at process temperatures below 300degreesC. It was anchored by folded springs to one end of a coplanar waveguide (CPW) gap, forming a cantilever. This configuration allowed us to simplify the fabrication process by eliminating mechanical dielectric films that are normally necessary to isolate the switch contact from the actuation metal. The measured insertion loss and isolation at S band were 0.21 dB, and 28 dB isolation, respectively. An average switching speed of 83 mus at 55 volts was measured. This switch demonstrated >10(5) cold switching cycles without sticking, however rapid increase of the contact resistance was observed. A new switch was designed to increase isolation and reduce insertion loss by decreasing the coupling capacitance and increasing the contact force. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Dyck, CW (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800,MS-0603, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4781-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4981 BP 222 EP 229 DI 10.1117/12.498237 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Telecommunications GA BW40D UT WOS:000181863600027 ER PT S AU Dilts, GA Haque, A Wallin, J AF Dilts, GA Haque, A Wallin, J BE Griebel, M Schweitzer, MA TI Tuned local regression estimators for the numerical solution of differential equations SO MESHFREE METHODS FOR PARTIAL EQUATIONS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Meshfree Methods for Partial Differential Equations CY SEP 11-14, 2001 CL BONN, GERMANY SP Rhein Friedrich Wilhelms Univ bonn, Inst Angewandte Math, Abteil Wissenschaftliches Rechnen & Numbe Simulat ID SQUARES-PARTICLE HYDRODYNAMICS; STABILITY AB The first meshfree method was SPH. Central to its formulation is the statistical "kernel density estimator" which generalizes the histogram and was introduced by Rosenblatt in 1956. Stone introduced the improved "local regression estimator" in 1977, which generalizes the least-squares linear fit. Given a set of data, local regression finds a locally-weighted least-squares fit for a Taylor series expansion from a given evaluation point to nearby data points. The coefficients in the Taylor series fit are estimates for all derivatives of the data, computed simultaneously. The moving-least-squares estimator used in EFG, RKPM, and MLSPH is algebraically identical to the zeroth-derivative estimate of local regression. As with finite element and smoothing kernel interpolations, local regression estimates can be expressed as an expansion in shape functions. In the finite-element and meshfree methods, derivatives of the data are estimated by taking explicit derivatives of the shape function expansion. With local regression, the estimate of the derivative is equal to the derivative of the estimate only in the limit of small smoothing length. In familiar finite element and meshfree methods for solving differential equations, a Galerkin variational approach leads to a finite-dimensional system involving derivatives of the shape functions. Since local regression estimates all derivatives of the data simultaneously, constraining those estimates to satisfy a differential equation results in an estimate of a solution near the data. A constrained least-squares approach is the result. The paper proposes a formal setting for these ideas and supplies some very simple examples. Indications are made as to how the technique might be expanded. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Comp & Computat Sci Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Dilts, GA (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Comp & Computat Sci Div, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1439-7358 BN 3-540-43891-2 J9 LECT NOTES COMP SCI PY 2003 VL 26 BP 87 EP 104 PG 18 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA BV97E UT WOS:000180551400007 ER PT S AU Morris, J Glenn, L Blair, S AF Morris, J Glenn, L Blair, S BE Griebel, M Schweitzer, MA TI The distinct element method - Application to structures in jointed rock SO MESHFREE METHODS FOR PARTIAL EQUATIONS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Meshfree Methods for Partial Differential Equations CY SEP 11-14, 2001 CL BONN, GERMANY SP Rhein Friedrich Wilhelms Univ bonn, Inst Angewandte Math, Abteil Wissenschaftliches Rechnen & Numbe Simulat ID NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS AB This paper presents a brief review of the distinct element method (DEM) with particular emphasis on techniques for handling contact detection. In addition, various approaches for parallelization are considered. Our primary focus is on applying the DEM to simulations of the attack and defense of buried facilities. Some continuum approaches to this problem are discussed along with results from underground explosions. Finally, our DEM code is used to simulate dynamic loading of a tunnel in jointed rock and preliminary results are presented demonstrating the suitability of the DEM for this application. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Geophys & Global Secur Div, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Morris, J (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Geophys & Global Secur Div, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 32 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1439-7358 BN 3-540-43891-2 J9 LECT NOTES COMP SCI PY 2003 VL 26 BP 291 EP + PG 17 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA BV97E UT WOS:000180551400020 ER PT S AU Schlossman, ML Tikhonov, AM AF Schlossman, ML Tikhonov, AM BE Case, F Alexandridis, P TI X-ray scattering studies of long-chain alkanol monolayers at the water-hexane interface SO MESOSCALE PHENOMENA IN FLUID SYSTEMS SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Mesoscale Phenomena in Fluid Systems held at the 224th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 18-22, 2002 CL Boston, MA SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Phys Chem, Amer Chem Soc, Div Colloid & Surface Chem ID SODIUM-CHLORIDE INTERFACE; PHASE-TRANSITION; PHOSPHOLIPID MONOLAYERS; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; ADSORBED FILM; ADSORPTION; PRESSURE; REFLECTIVITY; HYDRATION AB X-ray reflectivity and interfacial tension measurements demonstrate that long-chain alkanol monolayers at the water-hexane interface exhibit a well defined chain disorder and partial hexane mixing into the monolayer, in contrast to alkanol monolayers at the water-vapor interface that consist of close-packed rigid rod molecules. At the water-hexane interface triacontanol molecules form a condensed phase with progressive disordering of the chain from the -CH2OH to the -CH3 group. At this interface the density in the head-group region is 10 to 15% greater than bulk water, an effect not seen for the ordered monolayer at the water-vapor interface. Monolayers of shorter length alkanols (consisting of 20, 22, and 24 carbons) and variations with temperature are also discussed. (C) 2003 American Chemical Society. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Chem & Phys, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. Univ Chicago, Ctr Adv Radiat Sources, Chicago, IL USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Schlossman, ML (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Chem & Phys, 845 W Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. EM schloss@uic.edu; tikhonov@bnl.gov RI Tikhonov, Aleksey/N-1111-2016 NR 34 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3867-7 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 2003 VL 861 BP 81 EP 95 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA BY58P UT WOS:000189414600006 ER PT S AU Bell, RC Wang, H Iedema, MJ Cowin, JP AF Bell, RC Wang, H Iedema, MJ Cowin, JP BE Case, F Alexandridis, P TI Sculpting nanoscale liquid interfaces SO MESOSCALE PHENOMENA IN FLUID SYSTEMS SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Mesoscale Phenomena in Fluid Systems held at the 224th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 18-22, 2002 CL Boston, MA SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Phys Chem, Amer Chem Soc, Div Colloid & Surface Chem ID SOFT-LANDED ION; GLASS-TRANSITION; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; ORGANIC GLASSES; FILMS; VISCOSITY; DYNAMICS; FLUIDITY AB Mesoscale-structured liquids are difficult to understand because their geometry is often poorly known. We create "structured liquids" that have well defined, sharply modulated structures using thin film molecular beam epitaxy at low temperature. Upon warming, the film regains its fluidity, which the ions probe before the initial structures can disperse. Using ion mobility to probe the spatially varying flow properties with 0.5 nm resolution, we show how nanometer films of glassy 3-methylpentane (3MP) are much less viscous at the vacuum-liquid interface. In addition, we are able to get a better understanding of liquid-liquid interfaces and even map the solvation potential of an ion near the oil/water interface. (C) 2003 American Chemical Society. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Bell, RC (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Box 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 26 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3867-7 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 2003 VL 861 BP 191 EP 203 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA BY58P UT WOS:000189414600012 ER PT B AU Jellinek, J Acioli, PH AF Jellinek, J Acioli, PH BE Russo, N Salahub, DR Witko, M TI Metal clusters and metallicity: The paradigm of magnesium SO METAL-LIGAND INTERACTIONS: MOLECULAR, NANO-, MICRO-, AND MACRO-SYSTEMS IN COMPLEX ENVIRONMENTS SE NATO SCIENCE SERIES, SERIES II: MATHEMATICS, PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference of the NATO Advanced-Study-Institute on Metal-Ligand Interactions in Molecular-, Nano-, Micro-, and Macro-systems in Complex Environments CY SEP 01-12, 2002 CL CETRARO, ITALY SP NATO ID MERCURY CLUSTERS; SIZE DEPENDENCE; SHELL STRUCTURE; MG CLUSTERS; BASIS-SET; DENSITY; TRANSITION; ENERGY; APPROXIMATION; ABSORPTION C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Jellinek, J (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 40 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 1-4020-1495-3 J9 NATO SCI SER II MATH PY 2003 VL 116 BP 121 EP 151 PG 31 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Physical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA BY45L UT WOS:000189299900007 ER PT B AU Bennett, JP Kwong, KS AF Bennett, JP Kwong, KS BE Kongoli, F Itagaki, K Yamauchi, C Sohn, HY TI Modeling of EAF slag chemistry for optimal slag foaming and refractory service life SO METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS PROCESSING: PRINCIPLES AND TECHNOLOGIES, VOL 2: HIGH-TEMPERATURE METAL PRODUCTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Yazawa International Symposium on Metallurgical and Materials Processing CY MAR 02-06, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Minerals, Met & Mat Soc, ASM Int, Mat Res Soc Argentina, Assoc Brasileira Met & Mat, Assoc Italiana Met, Australasian Inst Min & Met, Chinese Met Soc, Czech Soc New Mat & Technol, Danish Met Soc, Deutsch Gesell Mat, Federat European Mat Soc, Finnish Assoc Min & Met Engineers, Inst Mat, Inst Min & Met, Inst Argentino Siderurgia, Inst Ingenieros Minas Chile, Iron & Steel Inst Japan, Iron & Steel Soc, Japan Inst Met, Korean Inst Met & Mat, Met Soc Canadian Inst Min, Met & Petr, Min & Mat Proc Inst Japan, Non ferrous Met Soc China, Slovak Met Soc, Slovenian Soc Mat, Soc Francaise Met & Mat, Soc Min, Met & Explorat, S African Inst Min & Met, Dowa Min Co Ltd, FLOGEN Technol Inc, Furukawa Co Ltd, Korea Zinc Co, Mitsubishi Mat Corp, Mitsui Min & Smelting Co Ltd, Nippon Min & Met Co, Outokumpu Oyj, Sumitomo Met Min Co Ltd, Toho Zinc Co Ltd AB EAF slag chemistry and its control have been recognized as, important in producing quality steel at a low price for a number of decades. EAF steel producers make lime and dolomite additions to furnaces, controlling the C/S ratios and sulfur pickup from the steel. Existing phase diagram data at 1600degreesC for CaO, MgO, FeO, SiO(2), and Al(2)O(3) was used to write a computer model optimizing slag chemistry for slag foaming and reduced refractory wear. The model, its development, and its use in an industrial steelmaking environment will be discussed along with how the model can improve energy efficiency. The importance of EAF mass balance to account for critical materials like Si in scrap and refractory wear using the model will also be emphasized. C1 US DOE, Albany Res Ctr, Albany, OR 97321 USA. RP Bennett, JP (reprint author), US DOE, Albany Res Ctr, 1450 Queen Ave SW, Albany, OR 97321 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-547-6 PY 2003 BP 753 EP 766 PG 14 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BW58Z UT WOS:000182526000058 ER PT J AU Vandersall, KS Thadhani, NN AF Vandersall, KS Thadhani, NN TI Investigation of "shock-induced" and "shock-assisted" chemical reactions in Mo+2Sipowder mixtures SO METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID POWDER MIXTURES; PRESSURE; COMPACTS; ALLOY; SI AB Chemical reactions occurring in Mo + 2Si powder mixtures under "shock-induced" (during the high-pressure shock state) and "shock-assisted" (due to bulk temperature increases subsequent to unloading from the shock state) conditions were investigated using shock recovery experiments performed under a range of loading conditions. Cylindrical implosion geometry experiments showed fully reacted mixed-phase eutectic microstructure (MOSi2 and Mo5Si3) in axial regions and a partially reacted region (containing MOSi2 spherules surrounding molybdenum particles in melted and resolidified silicon matrix) in outer peripheral areas of the compact cross sections. Planar-pressure geometry experiments showed a single-phase MOSi2 microstructure in almost the entire compact. Calculations of the peak shock pressure and maximum mean bulk temperature in the different regions of the compacts and their correlation with the observed microstructures suggest that the formation of the mixed-phase and partially reacted products in the implosion geometry samples is due to "thermally initiated" liquid-liquid or solid-liquid reactions. In contrast, formation of the single-phase product in the planar-pressure geometry experiments is due to solid-state "pressure-initiated" reactions. The "thermally initiated" reactions are a result of large increases in shock-generated bulk temperatures, produced in time scales of thermal equilibration following unloading from the high-pressure state; hence, these are referred to as "shock-assisted" chemical reactions. However, the pressure-initiated reactions occur during the rise to the peak pressure and in time scales of pressure equilibration; hence, these are referred to as "shock-induced" chemical reactions. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Mat Sci & Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Vandersall, KS (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 32 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU MINERALS METALS MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 1073-5623 J9 METALL MATER TRANS A JI Metall. Mater. Trans. A-Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 34 IS 1 BP 15 EP 23 DI 10.1007/s11661-003-0204-z PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 630QW UT WOS:000180120700002 ER PT J AU Han, Q Viswanathan, S AF Han, Q Viswanathan, S TI Analysis of the mechanism of die soldering in aluminum die casting SO METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB A mechanism of soldering of an aluminum alloy die casting to a steel die is proposed. A soldering critical temperature is postulated, at which iron begins to react with aluminum to form an aluminum-rich liquid phase and solid intermetallic compounds. The liquid joins the die with the casting upon solidification. The critical temperature is determined by the elements in both the casting alloy and the die material and is equal to the solidus temperature of the resulting alloy. The critical temperature is used to predict the onset of die soldering, and the local liquid fraction is related to the soldering tendency. Experiments have been carried out to validate the concept and to determine the critical temperature for die soldering in an iron-aluminum system. Thermodynamic calculations are used to determine the critical temperature and soldering tendency for the cases of pure aluminum and a 380 alloy in a steel mold. Factors affecting the soldering tendency are discussed, and methods for reducing die soldering are suggested. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 12 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 3 U2 14 PU MINERALS METALS MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 1073-5623 J9 METALL MATER TRANS A JI Metall. Mater. Trans. A-Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 34 IS 1 BP 139 EP 146 DI 10.1007/s11661-003-0215-9 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 630QW UT WOS:000180120700013 ER PT J AU Welten, KC Caffee, MW Leya, I Masarik, J Nishiizumi, K Wieler, R AF Welten, KC Caffee, MW Leya, I Masarik, J Nishiizumi, K Wieler, R TI Noble gases and cosmogenic radionuclides in the Gold Basin L4 chondrite shower: Thermal history, exposure history, and pre-atmospheric size SO METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID COSMIC-RAY PARTICLES; PRODUCTION-RATES; STONY METEOROIDS; CROSS-SECTIONS; STREWN FIELD; H-CHONDRITE; METEORITES; NUCLIDES; AMS; DEPTH AB We measured the concentrations of the cosmogenic radionuclides Be-10, Al-26, Cl-36, and Ca-41 in the stone and metal fractions of 15 fragments of the Gold Basin L4 chondrite shower, as well as noble gases in 18 Gold Basin fragments. A comparison of Be-10, Al-26, and Ca-41 concentrations with calculated production rates from two different models indicates that the Gold Basin samples came from depths of about 10 cm to more than 150 cm in an object with a radius of 3-5 m. As was predicted by recent model calculations, the noble gases show a reversal of the Ne-22/Ne-21 ratio at very high shielding. The Ne-21/Be-10 and Ne-21/Al-26 ratios in most samples are constant and correspond to a 4pi exposure age of 18 +/- 2 Myr. However, three Gold Basin samples show a 30-120% excess of Ne-21 implying that they were previously exposed close to the surface of the parent body, whereas the other samples were buried several meters deeper. Concentrations of neutron-capture Ar-36 in most samples are consistent with measured concentrations of neutron-capture Cl-36 and an exposure age of 18 Myr. Large excesses of neutron-capture Ar-36 were found in those samples with an excess of Ne-21, providing additional evidence of a first-stage exposure on the parent body: The excess of spallation-produced Ne-21 and neutron-capture-produced Ar-36 in these samples indicate a first-stage exposure of 35-150 Myr on the parent body. The radiogenic He-4 and Ar-40 concentrations indicate a major impact on the parent body between 300 and 400 Myr ago, which must have preceded the impacts that brought the Gold Basin meteoroid to the surface of the parent body and then expelled it from the parent body 18 Myr ago. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Isotope Geol & Mineral Resources, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. Comenius Univ, Dept Nucl Phys, SK-84215 Bratislava, Slovakia. RP Welten, KC (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Wieler, Rainer/A-1355-2010; Caffee, Marc/K-7025-2015 OI Wieler, Rainer/0000-0001-5666-7494; Caffee, Marc/0000-0002-6846-8967 NR 56 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 7 PU METEORITICAL SOC PI FAYETTEVILLE PA DEPT CHEMISTRY/BIOCHEMISTRY, UNIV ARKANSAS, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72701 USA SN 1086-9379 J9 METEORIT PLANET SCI JI Meteorit. Planet. Sci. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 38 IS 1 BP 157 EP 173 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 670AT UT WOS:000182385300011 ER PT J AU Sausen, R Santer, BD AF Sausen, R Santer, BD TI Use of changes in tropopause height to detect human influences on climate SO METEOROLOGISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT LA English DT Article ID 20TH-CENTURY TEMPERATURE; TROPICAL TROPOPAUSE; GREENHOUSE-GAS; ATMOSPHERE; SURFACE; ATTRIBUTION; PROJECT; AEROSOL; TRENDS AB The height of the global-mean tropopause shows a steady increase since 1979 in re-analyses of numerical weather forecasts. This is in agreement with results from a climate model driven by natural and anthropogenic forcings. Superimposed on the multi-decadal overall trends in both simulations and re-analyses are higher-frequency fluctuations (with periods of few years) related to explosive volcanic eruptions. Global-mean tropopause height has the desirable property of acting as a natural filter, removing much of the ENSO variability that hampers the interpretation of tropospheric and surface temperature changes. In model simulations with anthropogenic forcings, changes in tropopause height can be detected roughly 20 years earlier than changes in surface temperature. C1 DLR, Inst Phys Atmosphare, D-82234 Oberpfaffenhofen, Wessling, Germany. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Program Climate Model Diagnosis & Intercomparison, Livermore, CA USA. RP Sausen, R (reprint author), DLR, Inst Phys Atmosphare, D-82234 Oberpfaffenhofen, Wessling, Germany. RI Santer, Benjamin/F-9781-2011 NR 36 TC 57 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 6 PU GEBRUDER BORNTRAEGER PI STUTTGART PA JOHANNESSTR 3A, D-70176 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0941-2948 J9 METEOROL Z JI Meteorol. Z. PY 2003 VL 12 IS 3 BP 131 EP 136 DI 10.1127/0941-2948/2003/0012-0131 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 713AH UT WOS:000184832000002 ER PT J AU Zhong, SY Bian, XD Whiteman, CD AF Zhong, SY Bian, XD Whiteman, CD TI Time scale for cold-air pool breakup by turbulent erosion SO METEOROLOGISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT LA English DT Article ID COLUMBIA BASIN; DISSIPATION; MODEL AB Turbulent erosion has been proposed as a major mechanism for removing wintertime cold-air pools (CAPs) from basins and valleys. The time scales involved in this erosion process, which are of great interest for winter weather forecasting, have not been studied systematically in the past. In this short contribution, a semi-analytical model is developed to estimate the time required for the dissipation of cold air pools from above by downward micro-scale turbulent erosion for different wind speeds aloft, different static stabilities inside the cold pool, and for different basin cross sections. The calculations show that micro-scale turbulent erosion is a rather slow process and that the erosion rate decreases rapidly with time as static stability increases in the capping inversion at the top of the cold pool. The rate of erosion is determined mainly by wind speed above the CAP and the temperature inversion strength inside the CAP; it is less sensitive to the shape of the topography. Shallow CAPs of a few tens of meters in depth with a weak inversion may be removed in a matter of hours if winds aloft are sufficiently strong to initiate and maintain turbulent mixing. It is unlikely, however, that deeper CAPs with a moderate to strong inversion can be destroyed by micro-scale turbulent erosion unless combined with other regional and synoptic-scale processes that produce larger-scale turbulent mixing. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. USDA Forest Serv, E Cent Res Stn, E Lansing, MI USA. Univ Houston, Dept Geosci, Houston, TX USA. RP Whiteman, CD (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 17 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU GEBRUDER BORNTRAEGER PI STUTTGART PA JOHANNESSTR 3A, D-70176 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0941-2948 J9 METEOROL Z JI Meteorol. Z. PY 2003 VL 12 IS 4 BP 229 EP 233 DI 10.1127/0941-2948/2003/0012/0231 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 731DV UT WOS:000185870000006 ER PT B AU Horner, JK AF Horner, JK BE Valafar, F Valafar, H TI A power law model of HIV-1 population dynamics under combination antiretroviral therapy SO METMBS'03: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATHEMATICS AND ENGINEERING TECHNIQUES IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Mathematics and Engineering Techniques in Medicine and Biological Sciences CY JUN 23-26, 2003 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP PDPTA Task Force Bioinformat, Comp Sci Res, Educ, & Appl Press, Int Technol Inst, Korean Soc Internet Informat, World Acad Sci Informat Technol DE HIV-1; simulation; antiretroviral; cocktail therapy ID MATHEMATICAL-ANALYSIS AB Perelson and others have developed a family of mass-action models that predict well the response of HIV-1 plasma virion populations in systems containing up to two genotypes, in up to two cellular compartments, to up two antiretroviral agents. Here I describe a family of self-similarly extensible, generalized viral-population-dynamics/drug-response models, dynavir, implemented as S-systems in the Power Law Analysis and Simulation framework. Using the parameter values and initial conditions of the models of Perelson and co-workers, dynavir reproduces plasma virion and CD4+ T-cell concentrations typically observed in HIV-1 infected individuals, and the response of those concentrations to conventional combination-antiretroviral ("cocktail") therapy. These results demonstrate that S-systems are adequate to model complex viral/drug interaction dynamics. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, High Performance Comp Environm, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Horner, JK (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, High Performance Comp Environm, Sci Applicat Int Corp, LANL,CCN-8,MS T080, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU C S R E A PRESS PI ATHENS PA 115 AVALON DR, ATHENS, GA 30606 USA BN 1-932415-04-1 PY 2003 BP 427 EP 432 PG 6 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Engineering, Biomedical; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Medical Informatics SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Engineering; Mathematics; Medical Informatics GA BX89M UT WOS:000186758400069 ER PT B AU Horner, JK AF Horner, JK BE Valafar, F Valafar, H TI A Bayesian-network sensitivity analysis of the Partin-table prostate cancer diagnostic protocol to single-bin promotion of Gleason Score SO METMBS'03: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATHEMATICS AND ENGINEERING TECHNIQUES IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Mathematics and Engineering Techniques in Medicine and Biological Sciences CY JUN 23-26, 2003 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP PDPTA Task Force Bioinformat, Comp Sci Res, Educ, & Appl Press, Int Technol Inst, Korean Soc Internet Informat, World Acad Sci Informat Technol DE Bayes; Partin; prostate; graph coloring AB Expert medical diagnostic reasoning can be approximated by a conditional probability function from a domain of diagnostic evidence variables, to diagnoses. Given the complexity of the probability definitions of even a relatively simple protocol, it is likely that most medical diagnosticians do not have systematic knowledge of the sensitivity of their diagnoses to (variation in) the diagnostic evidence. Here I use a Bayesian network, prostatus, implemented in a commercial Bayesian network framework, Netica(TM) I to analyze the sensitivity of the Partin prostate cancer disease-state diagnoses to single-bin-promotion of Gleason-Score. The results demonstrate the general power of this technique in characterizing sensitivities of diagnostic protocols to variations in diagnostic evidence. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Horner, JK (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Sci Applicat Int Corp, CNN-8,MS T080, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU C S R E A PRESS PI ATHENS PA 115 AVALON DR, ATHENS, GA 30606 USA BN 1-932415-04-1 PY 2003 BP 474 EP 478 PG 5 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Engineering, Biomedical; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Medical Informatics SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Engineering; Mathematics; Medical Informatics GA BX89M UT WOS:000186758400076 ER PT J AU Korde, R Prince, C Cunningham, D Vest, RE Gullikson, E AF Korde, R Prince, C Cunningham, D Vest, RE Gullikson, E TI Present status of radiometric quality silicon photodiodes SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on New Developments in Optical Radiometry (NEWRAD 2002) CY MAY 20-24, 2002 CL NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MARYLAND HO NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL ID RESPONSIVITY; NONLINEARITY AB Evaluation of five types of silicon photodiode was undertaken to verify their suitability for absolute radiometry and also for their use as transfer standards in the spectral region from 1 nm to 1100 nm. Four types of photodiode were fabricated for this study; these were the p-on-n photodiode, n-on-p photodiodes with silicon dioxide front windows and n-on-p photodiodes with a metal-silicide front window. Fabrication of photodiodes with 100% internal quantum efficiency is demonstrated and their necessity for making absolute radiometric measurements with the lowest possible uncertainty is pointed out. The linearity characteristics of these devices, as measured by the ac/dc method, are far superior to those of the p-on-n diodes especially fabricated for this work and also to those exhibited by p-on-n diodes widely used at present by the radiometric community. Results on the stability of the quantum efficiency of the fabricated diodes after exposure to intense radiation of 13 nm, 120 nm, 157 nm, 193 nm and 254 nm radiation will also be presented. Photodiodes with a metal-silicide front window were the only devices stable when exposed to the intense beams of third-generation synchrotrons and UV excimer lasers. C1 Int Radiat Detectors, Torrance, CA 90505 USA. Eastman Kodak Co, Rochester, NY 14653 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Labs, Ctr Xray Opt, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Korde, R (reprint author), Int Radiat Detectors, Torrance, CA 90505 USA. NR 10 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 7 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2003 VL 40 IS 1 SI SI BP S145 EP S149 AR PII S0026-1394(03)56924-9 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/40/1/333 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 698DU UT WOS:000183983000035 ER PT B AU Vestel, MJ Grummon, DS Pisano, AP AF Vestel, MJ Grummon, DS Pisano, AP GP ASME TI Crystallization of sputtered NiTi films SO MICRO-ELECTRO-MECHANICAL SYSTEMS (MEMS) - 2003 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress CY NOV 15-21, 2003 CL Washington, DC SP ASME, Fluid Power Syst & Technol Div, ASME, Micro Elect Mech Syst Div, ASME, Fluids Engn Div, ASME, Bioengn Div, ASME, Appl Mech Div, ASME, Elect & Photon Packaging Div, ASME, Mfg Engn Div, ASME, Adv Energy Syst Div, ASME, Aerosp Div ID THIN-FILMS; DEPOSITION; ALLOYS; TINI; TI-X(NI,CU)(1-X); TRANSFORMATIONS; TEMPERATURE; CRYSTALS; KINETICS; BEHAVIOR AB Sputtered, crystalline thin films of nickel-titanium (NiTi) can display both superelastic properties and the shape memory effect, either of which may be used in films for MEMS sensors and actuators. However, direct deposition of crystalline NiTi films requires high deposition temperature and cooldown can lead to catastrophic delamination from extrinsic residual stress. To avoid delamination, especially for thick films (>5 micrometers) the amorphous form of NiTi can be sputter deposited at a low temperature, patterned and etched, released, and then crystallized to develop the proper microstructure. Here we report some results from a study of the crystallization process using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The minimum temperature for complete crystallization in a reasonable length of time was found to be about 400degreesC. Crystalline grains always nucleated first at the surface, rapidly grew laterally until impingement, and then continued to grow inward to form columnar grains as the parent amorphous phase was consumed. Surface roughness delayed the onset of surface nucleation. For very smooth surfaces, crystallization nucleated quickly, but after lateral impingement, growth inward was apparently more sluggish. Multiple DSC exotherms observed in some cases suggest that additional nucleation events may have occurred in the interior of the films. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, LUSTER, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, LUSTER, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM mvestel@lbl.gov NR 44 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 0-7918-3721-1 PY 2003 BP 7 EP 13 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BAK30 UT WOS:000222633100002 ER PT B AU Goods, S Graham, S Kelly, J AF Goods, S Graham, S Kelly, J GP ASME TI The effects of grain-refinement and heat treatment on the properties of Ni-alloys for LIGA microsystems SO MICRO-ELECTRO-MECHANICAL SYSTEMS (MEMS) - 2003 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress CY NOV 15-21, 2003 CL Washington, DC SP ASME, Fluid Power Syst & Technol Div, ASME, Micro Elect Mech Syst Div, ASME, Fluids Engn Div, ASME, Bioengn Div, ASME, Appl Mech Div, ASME, Elect & Photon Packaging Div, ASME, Mfg Engn Div, ASME, Adv Energy Syst Div, ASME, Aerosp Div ID NICKEL; ELECTRODEPOSITS; BATH C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Goods, S (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, 7011 E Ave, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 0-7918-3721-1 PY 2003 BP 181 EP 186 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BAK30 UT WOS:000222633100028 ER PT B AU Buchheit, TE Bataille, CC Michael, JR Boyce, BL AF Buchheit, TE Bataille, CC Michael, JR Boyce, BL GP ASME TI Microstructure and reliability of surface micromachined polysilicon used for MEMS SO MICRO-ELECTRO-MECHANICAL SYSTEMS (MEMS) - 2003 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress CY NOV 15-21, 2003 CL Washington, DC SP ASME, Fluid Power Syst & Technol Div, ASME, Micro Elect Mech Syst Div, ASME, Fluids Engn Div, ASME, Bioengn Div, ASME, Appl Mech Div, ASME, Elect & Photon Packaging Div, ASME, Mfg Engn Div, ASME, Adv Energy Syst Div, ASME, Aerosp Div AB Surface micromachining (SMM) techniques produce complex microscale polysilicon features on the surface of a silicon wafer using a patterned multilayer film deposition process. Failure characteristics of SMM polysilicon obtained from testing series of 2 mum and 4 mum wide ligaments fabricated using standard SMM processing techniques, fit a Weibull distribution, suggesting a behavior governed by a distribution of flaws, similar to brittle ceramic materials. However, positive identification of critical flaws that dictate the failure distributions within the ligaments remains unclear. Likely candidates are flaws associated with surface roughness or grain boundary intersections within the polysilicon microstructure. To address the possible connection between microstructure and failure behavior of SMM polysilicon, templates based on observed polysilicon microstructure were subjected to deformation simulations using polycrystal elasticity modeling. Series of simulations were performed to capture the statistical failure response of polysilicon due to local elastically driven stress concentrations between grains with different crystallographic orientations. Simulated results are presented and discussed in the context of experimental failure data. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Mat & Proc Sci Ctr, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Buchheit, TE (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Mat & Proc Sci Ctr, POB 5800,MS 0889, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RI Boyce, Brad/H-5045-2012 OI Boyce, Brad/0000-0001-5994-1743 NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 0-7918-3721-1 PY 2003 BP 187 EP 190 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BAK30 UT WOS:000222633100029 ER PT B AU Wong, CC AF Wong, CC GP ASME TI Applications of fluid mechanics to microsystems technology SO MICRO-ELECTRO-MECHANICAL SYSTEMS (MEMS) - 2003 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress CY NOV 15-21, 2003 CL Washington, DC SP ASME, Fluid Power Syst & Technol Div, ASME, Micro Elect Mech Syst Div, ASME, Fluids Engn Div, ASME, Bioengn Div, ASME, Appl Mech Div, ASME, Elect & Photon Packaging Div, ASME, Mfg Engn Div, ASME, Adv Energy Syst Div, ASME, Aerosp Div C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Wong, CC (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 0-7918-3721-1 PY 2003 BP 419 EP 419 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BAK30 UT WOS:000222633100065 ER PT B AU Bourdon, CJ Olsen, MG Gorby, AD AF Bourdon, CJ Olsen, MG Gorby, AD GP ASME TI Validation of analytical solution for depth of correlation in microscopic particle image velocimetry SO MICRO-ELECTRO-MECHANICAL SYSTEMS (MEMS) - 2003 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress CY NOV 15-21, 2003 CL Washington, DC SP ASME, Fluid Power Syst & Technol Div, ASME, Micro Elect Mech Syst Div, ASME, Fluids Engn Div, ASME, Bioengn Div, ASME, Appl Mech Div, ASME, Elect & Photon Packaging Div, ASME, Mfg Engn Div, ASME, Adv Energy Syst Div, ASME, Aerosp Div ID MOTION AB Because the entire flowfield is generally illuminated in microscopic particle image velocimetry (microPIV), determining the depth over which particles will contribute to the measured velocity is more difficult than in traditional, light-sheet PIV. This paper experimentally and computationally measures the influence that volume illumination, optical parameters, and particle size have on the depth of correlation for typical microPIV systems. First, it is demonstrated mathematically that the relative contribution to the measured velocity at a given distance from the object plane is proportional to the curvature of the local cross-correlation function at that distance. The depth of correlation is then determined in both the physical experiments and in computational simulations by directly measuring the relative contribution to the correlation function of particles located at a known separation from the object plane. These results are then compared with a previously derived analytical model that predicts the depth of correlation from the basic properties of the imaging system and seed particles used for the microPIV measurements. Excellent agreement was obtained between the analytical model and both computational and physical experiments, verifying the accuracy of the previously derived analytical model. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Engn Sci Ctr, Albuquerque, NM 87145 USA. RP Sandia Natl Labs, Engn Sci Ctr, POB 5800,MS 0834, Albuquerque, NM 87145 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 0-7918-3721-1 PY 2003 BP 559 EP 570 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BAK30 UT WOS:000222633100085 ER PT J AU Treves, DS Xia, B Zhou, J Tiedje, JM AF Treves, DS Xia, B Zhou, J Tiedje, JM TI A two-species test of the hypothesis that spatial isolation influences microbial diversity in soil SO MICROBIAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BACTERIAL COMMUNITY; EVOLUTION; DOMINANT; FIELD; GENES; DNA AB The hypothesis that spatial isolation is a key determinant of microbial community structure in soils was evaluated by examining the competitive dynamics of two species growing on a single resource in a uniform sand matrix under varied moisture content. One species dominated the community under highly connected, saturated treatments, suggesting that these conditions allow competitive interactions to structure the community. As moisture content decreased, however, the less competitive species became established in the community. This effect was most pronounced at a matric water potential of -0.14 MPa where estimates of final population density and species fitness were equal. A second but more closely related species pair exhibited a similar response to decreasing moisture, suggesting that the effects of spatial isolation we observed are not simply a species-pair-specific phenomenon. These findings indicate that spatial isolation, created by low moisture content, plays an important role in structuring soil microbial communities. C1 Michigan State Univ, Ctr Microbial Ecol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Treves, DS (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Ctr Microbial Ecol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 34 TC 85 Z9 89 U1 2 U2 26 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0095-3628 J9 MICROBIAL ECOL JI Microb. Ecol. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 45 IS 1 BP 20 EP 28 DI 10.1007/s00248-002-1044-x PG 9 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology GA 642EZ UT WOS:000180792400003 PM 12415419 ER PT J AU He, W Poker, DB Gonsalves, KE Batina, N AF He, W Poker, DB Gonsalves, KE Batina, N TI Micro/nano machining of polymeric substrates by ion beam techniques SO MICROELECTRONIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE microfabrication; PMMA; ion implantation; hydrophobicity ID SURFACE MODIFICATION; CELL-ADHESION; IMPLANTATION AB Ion beam lithography was studied as an alternative approach for micro/nano machining of polymeric substrates. Our preliminary study was carried out using poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as a model system. Spin cast PMMA films were submitted to masked Ca+ ion implantation (85 keV, 1 X 10(14) ions/cm(2)), and P+ ion implantations (85 keV, 1 X 10(15) and 1 X 10(16) ions /cm(2) respectively). The patterns generated on the films were characterized by AFM as arrays of holes with nanoscale depth and microscale width. The effect of ion implantation on surface property was investigated by measuring surface hydrophobicity. The results showed that masked ion beam lithography can change not only the surface topography, but also the surface hydrophobicity. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Chem, Charlotte, NC 28223 USA. Univ N Carolina, CC Cameron Appl Res Ctr, Charlotte, NC 28223 USA. Univ Connecticut, Inst Mat Sci, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Autonoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Dept Quim, Mexico City 09340, DF, Mexico. RP Gonsalves, KE (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Chem, Charlotte, NC 28223 USA. RI He, Wei/K-7218-2013 NR 8 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-9317 J9 MICROELECTRON ENG JI Microelectron. Eng. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 65 IS 1-2 BP 153 EP 161 AR PII S0167-9317(02)00847-X DI 10.1016/S0167-9317(02)00847-X PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Optics; Physics GA 638XM UT WOS:000180598000013 ER PT S AU Scott, M AF Scott, M BE Becker, H Woias, P TI MEMS and MOEMS for national security applications SO MICROFLUIDICS, BIOMEMS, AND MEDICAL MICROSYSTEMS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Microfluidics, BioMEMS, and Medical Microsystems CY JAN 27-29, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, SolidState Technol, Sandia Natl Lab DE MOEMS; MEMS; microsystems; national security; Defense; market strategy; commercialization roadmap AB Major opportunities for microsystem insertion into commercial applications, such as telecommunications and medical prosthesis, are well known. Less well known are applications that ensure the security of our nation, the protection of its armed forces, and the safety of its citizens. Microsystems enable entirely new possibilities to meet National Security needs, which can be classed along three lines: anticipating security needs and threats, deterring the efficacy of identified threats, and defending against the application of these threats. In each of these areas, specific products that are enabled by MEMS and MOEMS are discussed. In the area of anticipating needs and threats, sensored microsystems, designed for chem/bio/nuclear threats, and sensors for border and asset protection can significantly secure our borders, ports, and transportation systems. Key features for these applications include adaptive optics and spectroscopic capabilities. Microsystems to monitor soil and water quality can be used to secure critical infrastructure, food safety can be improved by in-situ identification of pathogens, and sensored buildings can ensure the architectural safety of our homes and workplaces. A challenge to commercializing these opportunities, and thus making them available for National Security needs, is developing predictable markets and predictable technology roadmaps. The integrated circuit manufacturing industry provides an example of predictable technology maturation and market insertion, primarily due to the existence of a "unit cell" that allows volume manufacturing. It is not clear that microsystems can follow an analogous path. The possible paths to affordable low-volume production, as well as the prospects of a microsystems unit cell, are discussed. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Microsyst Sci Technol & Components Ctr, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Scott, M (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Microsyst Sci Technol & Components Ctr, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4782-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4982 BP XXXV EP XLII PG 8 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW40E UT WOS:000181864600003 ER PT S AU Okandan, M Wessendorf, K Christenson, T Lemp, T Shul, R Baker, M James, C Myers, R Stein, D AF Okandan, M Wessendorf, K Christenson, T Lemp, T Shul, R Baker, M James, C Myers, R Stein, D BE Becker, H Woias, P TI Micromachined conformal electrode array for retinal prosthesis application SO MICROFLUIDICS, BIOMEMS, AND MEDICAL MICROSYSTEMS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Microfluidics, BioMEMS, and Medical Microsystems CY JAN 27-29, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, SolidState Technol, Sandia Natl Lab DE retinal implant; surface micromachining; bulk micromachining; hybrid assembly AB Retinal prosthesis projects around the world have been pursuing a functional replacement system for those with retinal degeneration [1-3]. In this paper, we will outline the concept for a micromachined conformal electrode array and present preliminary fabrication results. Individual electrodes are designed to float on micromachined springs on a substrate that will enable the adjustment of spring constants - and therefore contact force - by adjusting the dimensions of the springs at each electrode. This will also allow us, to accommodate the varying curvature/topography of the retina. We believe that this approach will provide several advantages by improving the electrode/tissue interface as well as generating some new options for in-situ measurements and overall system design. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Okandan, M (reprint author), MS 1080 POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4782-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4982 BP 45 EP 51 DI 10.1117/12.478154 PG 7 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW40E UT WOS:000181864600009 ER PT S AU Fintschenko, Y Choi, WY Cummings, EB Frechet, JMJ Fruetel, JA Hilder, EF Mair, DA Shepodd, TJ Svec, F AF Fintschenko, Y Choi, WY Cummings, EB Frechet, JMJ Fruetel, JA Hilder, EF Mair, DA Shepodd, TJ Svec, F BE Becker, H Woias, P TI An answer in the palm of your hand: Microfluidics for analytical applications SO MICROFLUIDICS, BIOMEMS, AND MEDICAL MICROSYSTEMS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Microfluidics, BioMEMS, and Medical Microsystems CY JAN 27-29, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, SolidState Technol, Sandia Natl Lab DE microfluidics; preconcentrator; platform; porous polymer monolith,CZE; CEC; diclectrophoresis; mu ChemLab TM ID LASER-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE; MICELLAR ELECTROKINETIC CHROMATOGRAPHY; CAPILLARY ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS; OPEN-CHANNEL ELECTROCHROMATOGRAPHY; INTEGRATED MICROCHIP-DEVICE; RIGID POLYMER MONOLITHS; SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; IN-SITU POLYMERIZATION; SEPARATION MEDIA; ALKYLPHOSPHONIC ACIDS AB We have applied CZE and CEC in microfluidic devices to a number of analytical problems including the analysis of chemical warfare agents, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and proteins. In addition to developments in the areas of separations, we are also heavily involved in the "front-end" of analytical systems particularly in the area of sample preconcentration. We have a particular interest in the concentration of a wide range of molecules including small molecules, biopolymers, and cells. Our current toolbox includes a microfluidic platform known as Liquid Phase muChemLab(TM) developed by a team at Sandia for protein analysis. This platform has been demonstrated with protein biotoxins, CW agent degradation products, protein preconcentration, and is suitable for other targets. Additionally, electrodeless dielectrophoresis technology developed at Sandia is an attractive alternative to filters for cell concentration. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Fintschenko, Y (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 969 MS 9951, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Hilder, Emily/A-1001-2009; OI Hilder, Emily/0000-0002-4444-7870; Frechet, Jean /0000-0001-6419-0163 NR 75 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4782-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4982 BP 196 EP 207 DI 10.1117/12.480775 PG 12 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW40E UT WOS:000181864600026 ER PT S AU Scott, M AF Scott, M BE Yasaitis, JA PerezMaher, MA Karam, JM TI MEMS and MOEMS for national security applications. SO MICROMACHINING AND MICROFABRICATION PROCESS TECHNOLOGY VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Micromachining and Microfabrication Process Technology VIII CY JAN 27-29, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE DE MOEMS; MEMS; microsystems; national security; defense; market strategy; commercialization roadmap AB Major opportunities for microsystem insertion into commercial applications, such as telecommunications and medical prosthesis, are well known. Less Well known are applications that ensure the security of our nation, the protection of its armed forces, and the safety of its citizens. Microsystems enable entirely new possibilities to meet National Security needs, which can be classed along three lines: anticipating security needs and threats, deterring the efficacy of identified threats, and defending against the application of these threats. In each of these areas, specific products that are enabled by MEMS and MOEMS are discussed. In the area of anticipating needs and threats, sensored microsystems designed for chem/bio/nuclear threats, and sensors for border and asset protection can significantly secure our borders, ports, and transportation systems. Key features for these applications include adaptive optics and spectroscopic capabilities. Microsystems to monitor soil and water quality can be used to secure critical infrastructure, food safety can be improved by in-situ identification of pathogens, and sensored buildings can ensure the architectural safety of our homes and workplaces. A challenge to commercializing these opportunities, and thus making them available for National Security needs, is developing predictable markets and predictable technology roadmaps. The integrated circuit manufacturing industry provides an example of predictable technology maturation and market insertion, primarily due to the existence of a "unit cell" that allows volume manufacturing. It is not clear that microsystems can follow an analogous path. The possible paths to affordable low-volume production, as well as the prospects of a microsystems unit cell, are discussed. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Technol & Components Ctr, Albuquerque, NM USA. RP Scott, M (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Technol & Components Ctr, Albuquerque, NM USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4779-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4979 BP 26 EP 33 DI 10.1117/12.484955 PG 8 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BW54U UT WOS:000182378500003 ER PT S AU Morales, AM Garino, TJ Boyce, BL Domeier, LA Gutmann, AK McLean, DE AF Morales, AM Garino, TJ Boyce, BL Domeier, LA Gutmann, AK McLean, DE BE Yasaitis, JA PerezMaher, MA Karam, JM TI Micro-molding and sintering of nanoparticle preforms into microparts SO MICROMACHINING AND MICROFABRICATION PROCESS TECHNOLOGY VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Micromachining and Microfabrication Process Technology VIII CY JAN 27-29, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE DE LIGA; replication; nanoparticle; micromolding; microcasting; sintering; injection molding ID LIGA; MICROSTRUCTURES; FABRICATION; MEMS AB A new replication technology that produces, high aspect ratio ceramic or metal microparts by micromolding and sintering nanoparticle preforms is presented. In this LIGA replication technique, an epoxy based nanoparticle slurry is cast into sacrificial plastic micromolds produced by injection molding. The epoxy is allowed to cure and, if desired, excess epoxy is-polished off to produce individual micropart preforms. The micromold is then dissolved in methylene chloride and the micropart preforms are sintered in either air (oxide ceramics) or 4% hydrogen in argon (nickel). This presentation will discuss the effects of the epoxy formulation, the microcasting procedure, and the sintering schedule on the materials properties of the final sintered microparts. It will be shown that this replication technique produces ceramic or metal microparts with micron size features and mechanical properties comparable to those of macroscopic materials. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Morales, AM (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, 7011 East Ave, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Boyce, Brad/H-5045-2012 OI Boyce, Brad/0000-0001-5994-1743 NR 16 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4779-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4979 BP 430 EP 439 DI 10.1117/12.472736 PG 10 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BW54U UT WOS:000182378500047 ER PT S AU Morales, AM Domeier, LA Gonzales, M Hachman, J Hruby, JM Goods, SH McLean, DE Yang, N Gardea, AD AF Morales, AM Domeier, LA Gonzales, M Hachman, J Hruby, JM Goods, SH McLean, DE Yang, N Gardea, AD BE Yasaitis, JA PerezMaher, MA Karam, JM TI Microstructure and mechanical properties of nickel microparts electroformed in replicated LIGA molds SO MICROMACHINING AND MICROFABRICATION PROCESS TECHNOLOGY VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Micromachining and Microfabrication Process Technology VIII CY JAN 27-29, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE DE LIGA; electroforming; replication; embossing; injection molding; microscreen ID METALS AB A novel process for the rapid replication of electroforming plastic irticromolds has been developed and is now being used to produce plated nickel test specimens. The process combines hot embossing or injection molding with metallic microscreens to produce sacrificial electroforming molds with conducting bases and insulating sidewalls. The replicated micromolds differ from standard LIGA molds in that the holes in the microscreen act as insulating defects in the electroforming base. The effects of such defects on the materials properties of electroformed microparts will be discussed and it will be shown, that When the surface irregularities-corresponding to the microscreen holes are removed, mechanical properties are experimentally indistinguishable from those found in conventionally processed LIGA specimens. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Morales, AM (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, 7011 East Ave, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4779-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4979 BP 440 EP 447 DI 10.1117/12.472748 PG 8 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BW54U UT WOS:000182378500048 ER PT S AU Morales, AM Aigeldinger, G Bankert, MA Domeier, LA Hachman, J Hauck, C Keifer, PN Krafcik, KL McLean, DE Yang, PC AF Morales, AM Aigeldinger, G Bankert, MA Domeier, LA Hachman, J Hauck, C Keifer, PN Krafcik, KL McLean, DE Yang, PC BE Yasaitis, JA PerezMaher, MA Karam, JM TI Sacrificial layer for the fabrication of electroformed cantilevered LIGA microparts SO MICROMACHINING AND MICROFABRICATION PROCESS TECHNOLOGY VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Micromachining and Microfabrication Process Technology VIII CY JAN 27-29, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE DE LIGA; electroforming; sacrificial layer; PMMA; metal-filled polymer AB The use of silver filled PMMA as a sacrificial layer for the fabrication of multilevel LIGA microparts is presented. In this technique, a bottom level of standard electroformed LIGA parts is first produced on a metallized substrate such as a silicon wafer. A methyl methacrylate formulation mixed with silver particles is then cast and polymerized around the bottom level of metal parts to produce a conducting sacrificial layer. A second level of PMMA x-ray resist is adhered to the bottom level of metal parts and conducting PMMA and patterned to form another level of electroformed features. This presentation will discuss some the requirements for the successful fabrication of multilevel, cantilevered LIGA microparts. It will be shown that by using a silver filled PMMA, a sacrificial layer can be quickly applied around LIGA components; cantilevered microparts can be electroformed; and the final parts can be quickly released by dissolving the sacrificial layer in acetone. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Morales, AM (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, 7011 East Ave, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4779-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4979 BP 448 EP 455 DI 10.1117/12.472751 PG 8 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BW54U UT WOS:000182378500049 ER PT S AU Fleming, JG Mani, SS Baker, MS AF Fleming, JG Mani, SS Baker, MS BE Yasaitis, JA PerezMaher, MA Karam, JM TI Novel micromolded structures SO MICROMACHINING AND MICROFABRICATION PROCESS TECHNOLOGY VIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Micromachining and Microfabrication Process Technology VIII CY JAN 27-29, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE DE micromolding; tungsten MEMS; silicon nitride MEMS; trench etch AB Current deep trench etch systems are able to etch two micron wide features ten's of microns deep into a silicon substrate. Conformal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) processes are readily able to fill the trenches with reasonable deposition thickness by growing from the sidewalls in. We have used this approach to demonstrate 30 micron thick tungsten structural members integrated with 30 micron thick silicon nitride electrical isolation. The moving tungsten and silicon nitride structures are suspended 15 microns off the surface of the substrate by silicon nitride posts. Planarity is maintained throughout the process.. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Fleming, JG (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4779-X J9 PROC SPIE PY 2003 VL 4979 BP 456 EP 463 DI 10.1117/12.478243 PG 8 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BW54U UT WOS:000182378500050 ER PT S AU Ting, AL AF Ting, AL BE Yasaitis, JA PerezMaher, MA Karam, JM TI Modeling of secondary radiation damage in LIGA PMMA resist exposure SO MICROMACHINING AND MICROFABRICATION PROCESS TECHNOLOGY VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Micromachining and Microfabrication Process Technology VIII CY JAN 27-29, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE DE LIGA; resist exposure; secondary radiation damage; undercutting; substrate metalization ID X-RAY-LITHOGRAPHY; DEEP; ACCURACY AB Secondary radiation during LIGA(1) PMMA(2) resist exposure adversely affects feature definition, sidewall taper and overall sidewall offset. Additionally, it can degrade the resist adjacent to the substrate, leading to the loss of freestanding features through undercutting during resist development or through mechanical failure of the degraded material. The source of this radiation includes photoelectrons, Auger electrons, fluorescence photons, etc. Sandia's Integrated Tiger Series (ITS), a coupled electron/photon Monte Carlo transport code, was used to compute dose profiles within 1 to 2 microns of the absorber edge and near the interface of the resist with a metallized substrate. The difficulty of sub-micron resolution requirement was overcome by solving a few local problems having carefully designed micronscale geometries. The results indicate a 2-mum dose transition region near the absorber edge resulting from PMMA's photoelectrons. This region leads to sidewall offset and to tapered sidewalls following resist development. The results also show a dose boundary layer of around 1 mum near the substrate interface due to electrons emitted from the substrate. metallization layer. The maximum dose at the resist bottom under the absorber can be very high and can lead to feature loss during development. This model was also used to investigate those resist doses resulting from multi-layer substrate. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Ting, AL (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4779-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4979 BP 482 EP 492 DI 10.1117/12.478237 PG 11 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BW54U UT WOS:000182378500053 ER PT J AU Arslan, I Ogut, S Nellist, PD Browning, ND AF Arslan, I Ogut, S Nellist, PD Browning, ND TI Comparison of simulation methods for electronic structure calculations with experimental electron energy-loss spectra SO MICRON LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Microscopy and Microanalysis 2002 Meeting CY AUG 05-08, 2002 CL QUEBEC CITY, CANADA DE gallium nitride; scanning transmission electron microscopy; electron energy loss spectroscopy; multiple scattering; density functional theory ID NEAR-EDGE STRUCTURE; LOSS SPECTROSCOPY; MICROSCOPE; STEM AB The electronic structure of hexagonal GaN is studied using two simulation techniques in order to develop a method to interpret the fine-structure of an experimental nitrogen K-edge electron energy loss spectrum obtained using a scanning transmission electron microscope. The application of these simulation methods to the bulk spectrum is a necessary first step in developing a fundamental understanding of the effect of changes in the electronic structure on the properties of defects. It is found here that both of the techniques used, multiple scattering (MS) and density functional theory (DFT), produce excellent agreement with the experimental bulk spectrum. The MS method is limited in accuracy but efficient in time, while the DFT method is more accurate but time consuming. Through the combination of these methods, experimental energy loss spectra can be readily understood, and a means to unravel the complexities of the electronic structure can be determined. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Phys, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. Nion Co, Kirkland, WA 98033 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. LBL, Natl Ctr Electron Microscopy, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Arslan, I (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Phys, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM iarslan@ucdavis.edu RI Ogut, Serdar/B-1749-2012; OI Browning, Nigel/0000-0003-0491-251X NR 21 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0968-4328 J9 MICRON JI Micron PY 2003 VL 34 IS 3-5 BP 255 EP 260 DI 10.1016/S0968-4328(03)00036-2 PG 6 WC Microscopy SC Microscopy GA 713FN UT WOS:000184846600017 PM 12895498 ER PT J AU Thieme, J Schneider, G Knochel, C AF Thieme, J Schneider, G Knochel, C TI X-ray tomography of a microhabitat of bacteria and other soil colloids with sub-100 nm resolution SO MICRON LA English DT Review DE X-ray microscopy; X-ray tomography; soil; colloid; bacteria; microhabitat ID COMPUTED-TOMOGRAPHY; TRANSMISSION AB Visualization of the spatial arrangement of bacteria and other colloids permits to describe relevant soil parameters like porosity or nutrient storage capacity. Major advantages of X-ray microscopy for these investigations are the much higher spatial resolution compared to visible light microscopy and its ability to study colloidal structures directly in aqueous media. To obtain information about the three-dimensional structure of the microhabitats formed by bacteria and other soil colloids, tomography based on X-ray microscopy images with about 45 nm resolution was performed. Tomographic reconstructions presented in this paper clearly reveal the spatial arrangement of bacteria and other soil colloids which cannot be obtained from two-dimensional projections. The results show that X-ray nanotomography is a very powerful tool for examining the three-dimensional structure of floes of colloidal particles. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Gottingen, Inst Xray Phys, D-37073 Gottingen, Germany. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Ctr Xray Opt, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Thieme, J (reprint author), Univ Gottingen, Inst Xray Phys, D-37073 Gottingen, Germany. RI Thieme, Juergen/D-6814-2013 NR 18 TC 37 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 16 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0968-4328 J9 MICRON JI Micron PY 2003 VL 34 IS 6-7 BP 339 EP 344 DI 10.1016/S0968-4328(03)00061-1 PG 6 WC Microscopy SC Microscopy GA 729CP UT WOS:000185754000013 PM 12932779 ER PT J AU Alamgir, FA Jain, H Williams, DB Schwarz, RB AF Alamgir, FA Jain, H Williams, DB Schwarz, RB TI The structure of a metallic glass system using EXELFS and EXAFS as complementary probes SO MICRON LA English DT Review DE extended energy loss fine structure; bulk metallic glass; electron energy loss spectroscopy; X-ray absorption; Pd-Ni-P ID ALLOYS AB The short-range atomic order around all three constituent atoms in a prototypical bulk metallic glass (BMG) system was probed in a complementary way, using extended X-ray absorption fine structure for neighborhood of the higher atomic number elements, and extended energy loss fine structure (EXELFS) for the lower atomic number ones. The PdxNi(80 - x)P(20) system is a prototype for a whole class of BMG formers which are 80% transition metal and 20% metalloid. We find that the structure of these BMGs could be explained in terms of those of glasses at the end of the BMG range, namely, Pd60Ni20P20 and Pd30Ni50P20. The binary phosphide crystals near x = 0 and 80 are found to be simulate very well the local atomic structure of Pd30Ni50P20 and Pd60Ni20P20 glasses, respectively. The best glass former in this series, Pd40Ni40P20, is best described by a weighted average of Pd30Ni50P20 and Pd60Ni20P20 structures. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 CUNY Hunter Coll, Brookhaven Natl Lab, New York, NY 10021 USA. Lehigh Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Alamgir, FA (reprint author), CUNY Hunter Coll, Brookhaven Natl Lab, 695 Pk Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA. OI Alamgir, Faisal/0000-0002-0894-8096 NR 11 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 5 U2 25 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0968-4328 J9 MICRON JI Micron PY 2003 VL 34 IS 8 BP 433 EP 439 DI 10.1016/S0968-4328(03)00100-8 PG 7 WC Microscopy SC Microscopy GA 748GH UT WOS:000186853800012 PM 14680930 ER PT S AU Al-Jassim, MM Yan, Y Romero, MJ Liu, P To, B AF Al-Jassim, MM Yan, Y Romero, MJ Liu, P To, B BE Cullis, AG Midgley, PA TI The formation and characterization of ZnO nanostructures SO MICROSCOPY OF SEMICONDUCTING MATERIALS 2003 SE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Microscopy of Semiconducting Materials CY MAR 31, 2003 CL Univ Cambridge, Cambridge, ENGLAND SP Inst Phys, Electron Microscopy & Analy Grp, Royal Microcop So c, Mat Res Soc HO Univ Cambridge ID SEMICONDUCTING OXIDES; NANOWIRES; NANOBELTS AB We investigated the effects of doping on the growth of ZnO nanostructures. We found that the incorporation of dopants, such as Si, Li, and Na, usually leads to reduced quality of the ZnO nanostructures. Although doping with Li and Na results in the formation of facets on ZnO nanostructures, Si doping often dramatically reduces the quantity of these nanostructures. The formation of facets on ZnO nanostructures is found to significantly affect the cathodoluminescence emission. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Al-Jassim, MM (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RI Liu, Ping/I-5615-2012 NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0951-3248 BN 0-7503-0979-2 J9 INST PHYS CONF SER PY 2003 IS 180 BP 171 EP 174 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Microscopy; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Microscopy; Physics GA BAN55 UT WOS:000222976100040 ER PT S AU Liliental-Weber, Z Zakharov, D Jasinski, J O'Keefe, MA AF Liliental-Weber, Z Zakharov, D Jasinski, J O'Keefe, MA BE Cullis, AG Midgley, PA TI Defects in GaN: core structure of screw dislocations SO MICROSCOPY OF SEMICONDUCTING MATERIALS 2003 SE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Microscopy of Semiconducting Materials CY MAR 31, 2003 CL Univ Cambridge, Cambridge, ENGLAND SP Inst Phys, Electron Microscopy & Analy Grp, Royal Microcop So c, Mat Res Soc HO Univ Cambridge ID TRANSMISSION ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; DIFFRACTION; FILMS; RECONSTRUCTION; SIMULATION; GROWTH AB Screw dislocations in GaN grown by HVPE and MBE have been studied using transmission electron microscopy. It was shown that screw dislocations in the HYPE layers are decorated by small voids arranged along the screw axis, but voids were not observed along screw dislocations in MBE overlayers grown on top of the HYPE layers. A direct reconstruction of the phase and amplitude of the scattered electron wave from a focal series of high-resolution images showed that the core structures of screw dislocations in all studied materials were filled. Dislocation cores in MBE samples were stoichiometric. However, in HVPE materials, single atomic columns show substantial differences in intensities and indicate the possibility of the presence of Ga. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Liliental-Weber, Z (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, M-S 62-203, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Liliental-Weber, Zuzanna/H-8006-2012; Zakharov, Dmitri/F-4493-2014 NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0951-3248 BN 0-7503-0979-2 J9 INST PHYS CONF SER PY 2003 IS 180 BP 175 EP 182 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Microscopy; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Microscopy; Physics GA BAN55 UT WOS:000222976100041 ER PT S AU Gray, JL Hull, R Singh, N Elzey, DM Floro, JA Kumar, P Pernell, TL Bean, JC Vandervelde, T AF Gray, JL Hull, R Singh, N Elzey, DM Floro, JA Kumar, P Pernell, TL Bean, JC Vandervelde, T BE Cullis, AG Midgley, PA TI Strain-induced formation of self-assembled nanostructures grown under kinetically limited conditions in the SiGe/Si epitaxial system SO MICROSCOPY OF SEMICONDUCTING MATERIALS 2003 SE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Microscopy of Semiconducting Materials CY MAR 31, 2003 CL Univ Cambridge, Cambridge, ENGLAND SP Inst Phys, Electron Microscopy & Analy Grp, Royal Microcop So c, Mat Res Soc HO Univ Cambridge ID SURFACE; MORPHOLOGY; TRANSITION; PYRAMIDS; ISLANDS; DOMES AB Epitaxial growth Of Si0.7Ge0.3/Si(001) under kinetically limited conditions results in the initial formation of shallow pyramidal pits with { 5011 facets, similar to an inverted "hut" structure. As growth is continued, the pit edges become decorated by islands that elongate to form a continuous wall surrounding each pit. These "quantum fortress" structures reach a maximum stable size. The quantum fortress morphology becomes de-stabilized by further growth causing the introduction of dislocations and also by annealing at temperatures above the growth temperature. The surface morphology has been characterized using both atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Phys, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. RP Gray, JL (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. RI Vandervelde, Tom/I-3317-2013 NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0951-3248 BN 0-7503-0979-2 J9 INST PHYS CONF SER PY 2003 IS 180 BP 243 EP 246 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Microscopy; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Microscopy; Physics GA BAN55 UT WOS:000222976100056 ER PT S AU Lupini, AR Varela, M Borisevich, AY Peng, Y Pennycook, SJ AF Lupini, AR Varela, M Borisevich, AY Peng, Y Pennycook, SJ BE Cullis, AG Midgley, PA TI Prospects for single atom location and identification with aberration-corrected STEM SO MICROSCOPY OF SEMICONDUCTING MATERIALS 2003 SE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Microscopy of Semiconducting Materials CY MAR 31, 2003 CL Univ Cambridge, Cambridge, ENGLAND SP Inst Phys, Electron Microscopy & Analy Grp, Royal Microcop So c, Mat Res Soc HO Univ Cambridge ID TRANSMISSION ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; CATALYSIS AB The prospects for the location and identification of single atoms will be examined. It will be shown how aberration correction is becoming an established and essential tool for increasing the sensitivity in electron microscopy. It will be demonstrated that the STEM provides some unique advantages for the detection and electronic analysis of very small quantities of dopant atoms in the bulk of a sample. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Lupini, AR (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Sci Div, Mailstop 6031, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Varela, Maria/H-2648-2012; Borisevich, Albina/B-1624-2009; Varela, Maria/E-2472-2014 OI Borisevich, Albina/0000-0002-3953-8460; Varela, Maria/0000-0002-6582-7004 NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 5 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0951-3248 BN 0-7503-0979-2 J9 INST PHYS CONF SER PY 2003 IS 180 BP 523 EP 532 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Microscopy; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Microscopy; Physics GA BAN55 UT WOS:000222976100119 ER PT S AU Jager, ND Marso, M Urban, K Weber, ER Ebert, P AF Jager, ND Marso, M Urban, K Weber, ER Ebert, P BE Cullis, AG Midgley, PA TI Simultaneous potential and dopant mapping at p-n junctions using scanning tunneling microscopy SO MICROSCOPY OF SEMICONDUCTING MATERIALS 2003 SE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Microscopy of Semiconducting Materials CY MAR 31, 2003 CL Univ Cambridge, Cambridge, ENGLAND SP Inst Phys, Electron Microscopy & Analy Grp, Royal Microcop So c, Mat Res Soc HO Univ Cambridge ID ATOMS AB Cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy is used to map out the potential distribution at GaAs p-n junctions with sub-nanometer resolution and to correlate the potential distribution to a simultaneously obtained dopant distribution. This allows atomic resolution identification of the metallurgical interface, the width of the depletion zone, and the electronic interface defined by the Fermi energy position as well as its pronounced roughness arising from fluctuations in the dopant atom distribution beyond statistical expectations. Furthermore, local scanning tunneling spectroscopy unveils variations in electronic characteristics of local fluctuations of the dopant atom distribution that can be explained by confining potential barriers even at room temperature. C1 Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Festkorperforsch, D-52425 Julich, Germany. Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Schicht & Grenzflachen, D-52425 Julich, Germany. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Jager, ND (reprint author), Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Festkorperforsch, D-52425 Julich, Germany. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0951-3248 BN 0-7503-0979-2 J9 INST PHYS CONF SER PY 2003 IS 180 BP 641 EP 644 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Microscopy; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Microscopy; Physics GA BAN55 UT WOS:000222976100145 ER PT S AU Shankar, M Rao, N Batsell, S AF Shankar, M Rao, N Batsell, S GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Fusing intrusion data for detection and containment SO MILCOM 2003 - 2003 IEEE MILITARY COMMUNICATIONS CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Military Communications Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM 2003) CY OCT 13-16, 2003 CL Boston, MA SP IEEE Commun Soc ID DETECTION SYSTEMS; DECISION FUSION AB Fusing information from diverse detectors remains a challenge in the field of intrusion detection. We apply data fusion techniques to fuse alerts generated by different detectors that signal the potential presence of an intrusion. Data fusion has been shown to result in a decrease in false positives while achieving an improved level of detection. By combining detections from fusers on distributed hosts, a system can also detect and track the spread of an intrusion. We proceed to analyze the response time requirements of such a distributed containment system by including an explicit containment parameter in the spreading formulation. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. OI Rao, Nageswara/0000-0002-3408-5941; Shankar, Mallikarjun/0000-0001-5289-7460 NR 25 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2155-7578 BN 0-7803-8140-8 J9 IEEE MILIT COMMUN C PY 2003 BP 741 EP 746 PG 6 WC Telecommunications SC Telecommunications GA BAA49 UT WOS:000221341000129 ER PT B AU Williamson, RL Beaman, JJ Melgaard, DK AF Williamson, RL Beaman, JJ Melgaard, DK BE Kongoli, F Thomas, BG Sawamiphakdi, K TI Accurate, responsive melt rate control during vacuum arc remelting SO MODELING, CONTROL AND OPTIMIZATION IN FERROUS AND NONFERROUS INDUSTRY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Modeling, Control and Optimizatin in Ferrous and Nonferrous Industry held at the Materials Science and Technology Conference CY NOV 09-12, 2003 CL CHICAGO, IL SP TMS Extract & Proc Div DE vacuum arc remelting; model-based control ID ELECTRODE-GAP AB Vacuum arc remelting (VAR) is an industrial metallurgical process widely used throughout the specialty metals industry to cast large alloy ingots. Part of the VAR control problem consists of adjusting arc current to control electrode melt rate, which also depends on the electrode temperature distribution. Because the temperature distribution responds very slowly (1-4 hours depending on size and material) to changes in melt power, the melt rate response is history dependent and highly nonlinear. The situation is complicated further because measurement of the electrode temperature distribution is not practical. To solve the problem of accurate, responsive melt rate control, a low order, electrode melting model has been developed and incorporated into a VAR process controller. Data from laboratory and industrial tests show that the goal of responsive, accurate melt rate control has been achieved, even when melting under highly dynamic process conditions. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Williamson, RL (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-561-1 PY 2003 BP 209 EP 224 PG 16 WC Thermodynamics; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Thermodynamics; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BY48U UT WOS:000189347600019 ER PT B AU Hoyt, J AF Hoyt, J BE Stefanescu, DM Warren, JA Jolly, MR Krane, MJM TI Computing thermodynamic and kinetic properties of solid-liquid interfaces from atomistic simulations SO MODELING OF CASTING, WELDING AND ADVANCED SOLIDIFICATION PROCESSES-X LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conference on Modeling of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes CY MAY 25-30, 2003 CL DESTIN, FL SP Engn Conf Int C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Hoyt, J (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-555-7 PY 2003 BP 659 EP 659 PG 1 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BX56Z UT WOS:000185703800079 ER PT S AU Schordan, M Quinlan, D AF Schordan, M Quinlan, D BE Boszormenyi, L Schojer, P TI A source-to-source architecture for user-defined optimizations SO MODULAR PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Joint Modular Languages Conference CY AUG 25-27, 2003 CL KLAGENFURT, AUSTRIA SP Univ Klagenfurt, Inst Informat Technol, Karntner Wirtschoftsforderungsfonds, Lakeside Sci & Technol Pk, Klagenfurt City, Bundesminist Bldg Wissensch & Kultur, Bundesminist Verkehr, Innovat & Technol, Microsoft Res, Uniquare, ACM, Osterreich Comp Gesell AB We present an architecture for the specification of source-to-source transformations. New source code can be specified as source-fragments. The translation of source-fragments to the intermediate representation is accomplished by invoking the frontend. For any inserted fragment we can guarantee that it is typed correctly. If no error is reported on inserted fragments, the whole program can always be compiled without errors. Based on a given abstract attribute grammar the user can specify transformations as semantic actions and can combine the computation of attributes with restructure operations on the intermediate representation. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Schordan, M (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 9 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-40796-0 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2003 VL 2789 BP 214 EP 223 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BX66D UT WOS:000186049200027 ER PT S AU Scott, M AF Scott, M BE Smith, JH Krulevitch, PA Lakner, HK TI MEMS and MOEMS for national security applications SO MOEMS AND MINATURIZED SYSTEMS III SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on MOEMS and Miniaturized Systems III CY JAN 27-29, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, SolidState Technol, Sandia Natl Lab DE MOEMS; MEMS; microsystems; national security; defense; market strategy; commercialization roadmap AB Major opportunities for microsystem insertion into commercial applications, such as telecommunications and medical prosthesis, are well known. Less well known are applications that ensure the security of our nation, the protection of its armed forces, and the safety of its citizens. Microsystems enable entirely new possibilities to meet National Security needs, which can be classed along three lines: anticipating security needs and threats, deterring the efficacy of identified threats, and defending against the application of these threats. In each of these areas, specific products that are enabled by MEMS and MOEMS are discussed. In the area of anticipating needs and threats, sensored microsystems designed for chem/bio/nuclear threats, and sensors for border and asset protection can significantly secure our borders, ports, and transportation systems. Key features for these applications include adaptive optics and spectroscopic capabilities. Microsystems to monitor soil and water quality can be used to secure critical infrastructure, food safety can be improved by in-situ identification of pathogens, and sensored buildings can ensure the architectural safety of our homes and workplaces. A challenge to commercializing these opportunities, and thus making them available for National Security needs, is developing predictable markets and predictable technology roadmaps. The integrated circuit manufacturing industry provides an example of predictable technology maturation and market insertion, primarily due to the existence of a "unit cell" that allows volume manufacturing. It is not clear that microsystems can follow an analogous path. The possible paths to affordable low-volume production, as well as the prospects of a microsystems unit cell, are discussed. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Microsyst Sci Technol & Components Ctr, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Scott, M (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Microsyst Sci Technol & Components Ctr, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4783-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2003 VL 4983 BP XXXIX EP XLVI PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA BW40F UT WOS:000181865000003 ER PT S AU Gass, FR Dagel, DJ Adams, DP Grossetete, GD Spahn, OB Kemme, SA Mani, SS Malloy, KJ AF Gass, FR Dagel, DJ Adams, DP Grossetete, GD Spahn, OB Kemme, SA Mani, SS Malloy, KJ BE Smith, JH Krulevitch, PA Lakner, HK TI Stress and curvature in MEMS mirrors SO MOEMS AND MINATURIZED SYSTEMS III SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on MOEMS and Miniaturized Systems III CY JAN 27-29, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, SolidState Technol, Sandia Natl Lab DE MEMS; micro-mirrors; stress gradient; residual stress; curvature; SUMMiT (TM) process AB The goal of this study is to understand how to optimize the performance of micro-mirrors for a variety of optical microsystem applications. Our approach relies on a number of process variations and mirror designs to ultimately produce relatively large (500mum to mm-scale), smooth (for nm RMS), and flat mirrors (greater than 1m curvature). White-light interferometric measurements, and finite element models are discussed in support of these findings. Stress gradients and residual stresses have been measured for accurate modeling of micro-mirrors. Through this modeling study, we have identified relevant structural parameters that will optimize SUMMIT V(TM) MEMS mirrors for optical applications. Ways of mitigating surface topography, print-through effects, and RMS roughness are currently being investigated. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Gass, FR (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800,MS 0603, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM fraass@sandia.gov RI Malloy, Kevin/E-5994-2010 NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4783-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2003 VL 4983 BP 87 EP 93 DI 10.1117/12.472899 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA BW40F UT WOS:000181865000012 ER PT S AU Kemme, SA Spahn, OB Gass, FR Dagel, DJ Grossetete, G AF Kemme, SA Spahn, OB Gass, FR Dagel, DJ Grossetete, G BE Smith, JH Krulevitch, PA Lakner, HK TI Optical system properties of a reconfigurable MEMS interconnect SO MOEMS AND MINATURIZED SYSTEMS III SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on MOEMS and Miniaturized Systems III CY JAN 27-29, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, SolidState Technol, Sandia Natl Lab DE optical MEMS; MOEMS; optical interconnects; micro-mirrors; surface micromachining AB The optical system properties of a reconfigurable surface micromachined micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) interconnect are presented. An array of optical signals from a singlemode MT connector is first collimated by a refractive lenslet array. Each beam may be individually redirected by a rotatable, 45 degree flip-up MEMS mirror. The second, complimentary MEMS mirror folds the optical beam back through the lenslet array and couples it into a second fiber row on the MT connector. Much work has been presented promoting the utility of MEMS configurations to manipulate optical signals. This work examines. with ray tracing simulations, the proposed configuration from the detailed optical system perspective. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Kemme, SA (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM sakemme@sandia.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4783-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2003 VL 4983 BP 94 EP 101 DI 10.1117/12.473690 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA BW40F UT WOS:000181865000013 ER PT S AU Dagel, DJ Spahn, OB Allen, JJ Kemme, SA Grossetete, GD Gass, FR AF Dagel, DJ Spahn, OB Allen, JJ Kemme, SA Grossetete, GD Gass, FR BE Smith, JH Krulevitch, PA Lakner, HK TI Out-of-plane, rotary micromirrors for reconfigurable photonic applications SO MOEMS AND MINATURIZED SYSTEMS III SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on MOEMS and Miniaturized Systems III CY JAN 27-29, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, SolidState Technol, Sandia Natl Lab DE MEMS; MOEMS; micromirrors; surface micromachining; SUMMIT V (TM) AB A slow-speed optical fiber cross-connect has been developed around surface-micromachined MEMS mirrors that pop up 45 degrees relative to the substrate and rotate 360 degrees about the normal axis. Various assembly, latching, and rotational mechanisms have been evaluated and tested, with current work focusing on demonstrating functionality. Routing capability has been characterized for 2 X 2 arrays of micromirrors, the feedback from which has been applied to second-generation designs with improved control and greater precision. The cross-connect described here is scalable and represents an important building block in a general-purpose photonic infrastructure. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Dagel, DJ (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800,MS1080, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM djdagel@sandia.gov NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4783-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2003 VL 4983 BP 114 EP 121 DI 10.1117/12.472904 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA BW40F UT WOS:000181865000016 ER PT S AU Krulevitch, P Bierden, P Bifano, T Carr, E Dimas, C Dyson, H Helmbrecht, M Kurczynski, P Muller, R Olivier, S Peter, YA Sadoulet, B Solgaard, O Yang, EH AF Krulevitch, P Bierden, P Bifano, T Carr, E Dimas, C Dyson, H Helmbrecht, M Kurczynski, P Muller, R Olivier, S Peter, YA Sadoulet, B Solgaard, O Yang, EH BE Smith, JH Krulevitch, PA Lakner, HK TI MOEMS spatial light modulator development at the Center for Adaptive Optics SO MOEMS AND MINATURIZED SYSTEMS III SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on MOEMS and Miniaturized Systems III CY JAN 27-29, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, SolidState Technol, Sandia Natl Lab DE Center for Adaptive Optics; spatial light modulator; adaptive optics; astronomy; vision science ID MIRROR AB The National Science Foundation Center for Adaptive Optics (CfAO) is coordinating a program for the development of spatial light modulators suitable for adaptive optics applications based on micro-optoelectromechanical systems (MOEMS) technology. This collaborative program is being conducted by researchers at several partner institutions including the Berkeley Sensor & Actuator Center, Boston Micromachines, Boston University, Lucent Technologies, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The goal of this program is to produce MEMS spatial light modulators with several thousand actuators that can be used for high-resolution wavefront control applications that would benefit from low device cost, small system size, and low power requirements. The two primary applications targeted by the CfAO are astronomy and vision science. In this paper, we present an overview of the CfAO MEMS development plan along with details of the current program status. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Krulevitch, P (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-222, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. EM krul@llnl.gov RI Dimas, Clara/C-8884-2011; Bifano, Thomas/E-6412-2013; Peter, Yves-Alain/B-3187-2008; OI Bifano, Thomas/0000-0003-4952-2515; Peter, Yves-Alain/0000-0003-4528-3596; Yang, Eui-Hyeok/0000-0003-4893-1691 NR 12 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4783-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2003 VL 4983 BP 172 EP 179 DI 10.1117/12.478562 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA BW40F UT WOS:000181865000028 ER PT S AU Papavasiliou, AP AF Papavasiliou, AP BE Smith, JH Krulevitch, PA Lakner, HK TI Nodal model for continuous face sheet deformable mirrors SO MOEMS AND MINATURIZED SYSTEMS III SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on MOEMS and Miniaturized Systems III CY JAN 27-29, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, SolidState Technol, Sandia Natl Lab DE adaptive optics; spatial light modulators; deformable mirrors; nodal analysis AB This work presents a nodal model for continuous face sheet deformable mirrors that can be solved quickly on a desktop computer. This network of simple cubic stiffening elements can more accurately simulate deflections resulting from complex loading conditions than a membrane model and is much easier to implement than a non-linear finite element model. The deflections predicted by the model are compared to expected behavior and to FEM results for a simple system. While restoring forces due to pre-stress and deformation-induced stress are fairly accurately modeled, resistance due to bending is only accurately modeled for specialized devices. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Papavasiliou, AP (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 East Ave,L-223, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4783-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2003 VL 4983 BP 287 EP 295 DI 10.1117/12.477917 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA BW40F UT WOS:000181865000040 ER PT J AU Itahana, K Zou, Y Itahana, Y Martinez, JL Beausejour, C Jacobs, JJL van Lohuizen, M Band, V Campisi, J Dimri, GP AF Itahana, K Zou, Y Itahana, Y Martinez, JL Beausejour, C Jacobs, JJL van Lohuizen, M Band, V Campisi, J Dimri, GP TI Control of the replicative life span of human fibroblasts by p16 and the polycomb protein Bmi-1 SO MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-DIPLOID FIBROBLASTS; SENESCENT HUMAN FIBROBLASTS; MYC TRANSGENIC MICE; CELL-CYCLE ARREST; POLY(ADP-RIBOSE) POLYMERASE; PREMATURE SENESCENCE; TELOMERASE ACTIVITY; DNA-DAMAGE; P16(INK4A); P53 AB The polycomb protein Bmi-1 represses the INK4a locus, which encodes the tumor suppressors p16 and p14(ARF). Here we report that Bmi-1 is downregulated when WI-38 human fibroblasts undergo replicative senescence, but not quiescence, and extends replicative life span when overexpressed. Life span extension by Bmi-1 required the pRb, but not p53, tumor suppressor protein. Deletion analysis showed that the RING finger and helix-turn-helix domains of Bmi-1 were required for life span extension and suppression of p16. Furthermore, a RING finger deletion mutant exhibited dominant negative activity, inducing p16 and premature senescence. Interestingly, presenescent cultures of some, but not all, human fibroblasts contained growth-arrested cells expressing high levels of p16 and apparently arrested by a p53- and telomere-independent mechanism. Bmi-1 selectively extended the life span of these cultures. Low O-2 concentrations had no effect on p16 levels or life span extension by Bmi-1 but reduced expression of the p53 target, p21. We propose that some human fibroblast strains are more sensitive to stress-induced senescence and have both p16-dependent and p53/telomere-dependent pathways of senescence. Our data suggest that Bmi-1 extends the replicative life span of human fibroblasts by suppressing the p16-dependent senescence pathway. C1 Tufts Univ New England Med Ctr, Dept Radiat Oncol, Div Radiat & Canc Biol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Life Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Calif Pacific Med Ctr, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA. Netherlands Canc Inst, Div Mol Genet, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands. RP Dimri, GP (reprint author), Tufts Univ New England Med Ctr, Dept Radiat Oncol, Div Radiat & Canc Biol, 750 Washington St,NEMC 824, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Itahana, Koji/J-5505-2013; Martinez-Guitarte, Jose-Luis/M-3990-2014; OI Itahana, Koji/0000-0002-7241-2894; Martinez-Guitarte, Jose-Luis/0000-0002-7722-864X; Jacobs, Jacqueline/0000-0002-7704-4795 FU NIA NIH HHS [AG09909, AG16851, R37 AG009909] NR 66 TC 279 Z9 309 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0270-7306 J9 MOL CELL BIOL JI Mol. Cell. Biol. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 23 IS 1 BP 389 EP 401 DI 10.1128/MCB.23.1.389-401.2003 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA 628AR UT WOS:000179970000035 PM 12482990 ER PT S AU Simon-Manso, Y Gonzalez, C Mujica, V Aray, Y Marquez, M AF Simon-Manso, Y Gonzalez, C Mujica, V Aray, Y Marquez, M BE Reimers, JR Picconatto, CA Ellenbogen, JC Shashidhar, R TI A simple theoretical model to study the voltage dependence of the electronic structure of phenyl ethylene oligomers SO MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS III SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th United Engineering Foundation Conference on Molecular Electronics, Science and Technology CY DEC 15-19, 2002 CL KEY WEST, FLORIDA SP United Engn Fdn Inc, Def Adv Res Projects Lab, Naval Res Lab, MITRE Corp DE molecular electronics; negative differential resistance; DFT; charge rearrangement ID POTENTIAL SPATIAL PROFILE; MOLECULAR WIRES; CONDUCTANCE; JUNCTIONS; PSEUDOPOTENTIALS AB Although very few measurements have appeared in the open literature and there seems to be a controversy about the existence of the NDR phenomenon in molecules, the prospects of building such systems have attracted significant attention. In the work reported in this paper we used a model based on DFT calculations of the electronic structure of the 2'-amino-4,4'-di(ethynylphenyl)-5'-nitro-1-benzenethiolate molecule (previously reported to exhibit NDR behavior) in a capacitor-like electric field that mimics the potential spatial profile of the junction. Our results suggest that in these systems, there seems to be a correlation between a substantial charge density rearrangement of the neutral bridge at a threshold voltage and the NDR behavior observed in previous experiments. Our results highlight the importance of inclusion of the field in the study of electrified interfaces. We applied this model to a fluorine-substituted conjugated diethynylphenyl molecule and found that these calculations predict similar behavior. Results based on extended system calculations, including electrode-molecule interactions, confirm the validity of the model based on the isolated molecule and suggest the use of these simple models to rationally design molecular devices with similar switching characteristics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Comp Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Northwestern Univ, Dept Chem, Evanston, IL USA. Cent Univ Venezuela, Fac Ciencias, Escuela Quim, Caracas, Venezuela. Inst Venezolano Invest Cient, Ctr Quim, Caracas, Venezuela. Kraft Foods R&D, Nanotechnol Lab, Glenview, IL USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Chem, Los Alamos, NM USA. RP Gonzalez, C (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Comp Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM carlos.gonzalez@nist.gov NR 24 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 3 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-488-9 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2003 VL 1006 BP 68 EP 81 DI 10.1196/annals.1292.004 PG 14 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA BY31R UT WOS:000188893600005 PM 14976010 ER PT J AU Head-Gordon, M Shao, YH Saravanan, C White, CA AF Head-Gordon, M Shao, YH Saravanan, C White, CA TI Curvy steps for density matrix based energy minimization: tensor formulation and toy applications SO MOLECULAR PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID FUNCTIONAL CALCULATIONS; NONORTHOGONAL BASIS; ORBITALS AB A unitary transformation-based framework is explained for varying the one-particle density matrix in a non-orthogonal expansion basis while preserving both the idempotency and electron number constraints. The equations are presented in a compact tensor formulation that permits the use of any representation for the matrices. A connection with the LNV method is established. Curvy steps, which are high order line searches along a chosen descent direction, are defined. Calculations with two toy model systems are presented to illustrate the nature of the displacements in this approach. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Chem Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Agere Syst, Elctroopt Devices Res, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA. RP Head-Gordon, M (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI White, Christopher/B-7390-2009 NR 17 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0026-8976 J9 MOL PHYS JI Mol. Phys. PY 2003 VL 101 IS 1-2 BP 37 EP 43 DI 10.1080/00268970210158722 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 633QC UT WOS:000180293100004 ER PT J AU El Akramine, O Lester, WA Krokidis, X Taft, CA Guimaraes, TC Pavao, AC Zhu, R AF El Akramine, O Lester, WA Krokidis, X Taft, CA Guimaraes, TC Pavao, AC Zhu, R TI Quantum Monte Carlo study of the CO interaction with a dimer model surface for Cr(110) SO MOLECULAR PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON LOCALIZATION FUNCTION; METAL-SURFACES; EFFECTIVE POTENTIALS; WAVE-FUNCTIONS; CLUSTERS; ATOMS; DISSOCIATION; SIMULATIONS; MOLECULES; SOLIDS AB The chemisorption of CO on a Cr( 110) surface is investigated using the quantum Monte Carlo method in the diffusion Monte Carlo (DMC) variant and a model Cr2CO cluster. The present results are consistent with the earlier ab initio HF study with this model that showed the tilted/ near-parallel orientation as energetically favoured over the perpendicular arrangement. The DMC energy difference between the two orientations is larger (1.9 eV) than that computed in the previous study. The distribution and reorganization of electrons during CO adsorption on the model surface are analysed using the topological electron localization function method that yields electron populations, charge transfer and clear insight on the chemical bonding that occurs with CO adsorption and dissociation on the model surface. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Chem Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Kenneth S Pitzer Ctr Theoret Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Accelrys, Mat Sci, F-91898 Orsay, France. Ctr Brasileiro Pesquisas Fis, BR-22290180 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Univ Fed Pernambuco, Dept Quim Fundamental, BR-50740540 Recife, PE, Brazil. Chinese Acad Sci, LNM, Inst Mech, Beijing 100864, Peoples R China. RP Lester, WA (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Chem Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Pavao, Antonio/I-8002-2014 NR 50 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0026-8976 J9 MOL PHYS JI Mol. Phys. PY 2003 VL 101 IS 1-2 BP 277 EP 285 DI 10.1080/00268970210162844 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 633QC UT WOS:000180293100030 ER PT J AU Zhou, JD Cui, ST Cochran, HD AF Zhou, JD Cui, ST Cochran, HD TI Molecular simulation of aqueous electrolytes in model silica nanochannels SO MOLECULAR PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID DYNAMICS SIMULATION; CARBON NANOTUBES; WATER; CHANNEL; PAIR; IONS AB Aqueous electrolytes, NaCl and CaCl2, were simulated via molecular dynamics in nanochannels with radius ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 nm using a united-atom Lennard-Jones model for the SiO2 surface and the SPC/E water model. The effects were studied of nanochannel radius and charges on the wall upon the radial density profiles and axial self-diffusivities of water and ions. Only small effects of the wall were found on the axial movement of water molecules and ions. Discrete charges on the wall exert little influence on the distribution of water molecules and ions except for the strong adsorption of sodium ions at the charge sites. Surface charges were neutralized by the adsorbed sodium ions, which were essentially immobilized at the surface charge sites. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Chem Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP Cochran, HD (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 15 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 9 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0026-8976 J9 MOL PHYS JI Mol. Phys. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 101 IS 8 BP 1089 EP 1094 DI 10.1080/0026897031000068479 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 673VA UT WOS:000182599900003 ER PT J AU Shroll, RM Straatsma, TP AF Shroll, RM Straatsma, TP TI Molecular dynamics simulations of the goethite-water interface SO MOLECULAR SIMULATION LA English DT Article DE molecular dynamics simulation; goethite-water interface; water molecules; Hartree-Fock calculation ID STATICS CALCULATIONS; REACTION FIELD; BASIS-SET; SURFACES; CHARGE; MODELS; (001)-WATER; MINERALS AB Classical molecular models of the goethite mineral are presented for both a periodically replicated bulk slab and for a finite fragment. Potential energy functions for the mineral models were developed within the AMBER force field [Cornell, W.D., Cieplak, P., Bayly, C.I., Gould, I.R., Merz, K.M., Ferguson, D.M., Spellmeyer, D.C., Fox, T., Caldwell, J.W. and Kollman, P.A. "A second generation force field for the simulation of proteins, nucleic acids and organic molecules," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117 (1995) 5179-5197], which facilitates biogeochemical applications. Intramolecular potential parameters were chosen to yield a mineral structure with flexible surface hydroxyl groups. The electrostatic potential for a goethite slab was determined from a periodic Unrestricted Hartree-Fock calculation and used to assign point charges to the mineral atoms. The models were solvated in water and their effect on solution structure is shown to be very similar, predicting oscillations in solvent density near the mineral surface and structured orientation of water molecules. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Modeling & Simulat Environm Mol Sci Lab, Computat Biochem Biophys & Biol Grp, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Straatsma, TP (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Modeling & Simulat Environm Mol Sci Lab, Computat Biochem Biophys & Biol Grp, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 36 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0892-7022 J9 MOL SIMULAT JI Mol. Simul. PY 2003 VL 29 IS 1 BP 1 EP 11 DI 10.1080/0892702031000065683 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 641ZX UT WOS:000180777900001 ER PT J AU Peltz, C Baranyai, A Chialvo, AA Cummings, PT AF Peltz, C Baranyai, A Chialvo, AA Cummings, PT TI Microstructure of water at the level of three-particle correlation functions as predicted by classical intermolecular models SO MOLECULAR SIMULATION LA English DT Article DE three-particle correlation; classical intermolecular models; SPC; TIP4P ID VAPOR COEXISTENCE CURVE; LIQUID WATER; COMPUTER-SIMULATION; SUPERCRITICAL CONDITIONS; MOLECULAR SIMULATION; POTENTIAL FUNCTIONS; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; ENTROPY; 25-DEGREES-C; DIFFRACTION AB We compared the microscopic structure of liquid water at ambient conditions predicted by six classical intermolecular potential models. Applying their accepted acronyms were the SPC (Simple Point Charge), SPC/E (SPC extended), MSPC/E (SPC/E modified), TIP4P (Transferable Intermolecular Potential, four point charges), TIP5P (TIP, five point charges), and the PPC (Polarizable Point Charge) intermolecular potential models. Configurations of computer simulations were used to study the structure at the level of partial three-particle correlation functions. We created contour maps for visual evaluation, calculated overlap integrals of the three-particle correlation functions of the models to quantify their similarity, and determined their distance-dependent three-particle entropy contribution. The SPC/E and the TIP4P water models generate quite similar structures, while the SPC and the MSPC/E pair exhibit the largest discrepancies. The structure of the PPC is the most ordered and the SPC structure is the most disordered among the studied interaction models. C1 Eotvos Lorand Univ, Dept Theoret Chem, H-1518 Budapest 112, Hungary. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Chem Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP Baranyai, A (reprint author), Eotvos Lorand Univ, Dept Theoret Chem, POB 32, H-1518 Budapest 112, Hungary. RI Cummings, Peter/B-8762-2013; OI Cummings, Peter/0000-0002-9766-2216; Chialvo, Ariel/0000-0002-6091-4563 NR 36 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0892-7022 J9 MOL SIMULAT JI Mol. Simul. PY 2003 VL 29 IS 1 BP 13 EP 21 DI 10.1080/0892702031000065692 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 641ZX UT WOS:000180777900002 ER PT S AU Newton, MD AF Newton, MD BE Lieberman, M TI Electronic coupling of donor-acceptor sites mediated by homologous unsaturated organic bridges SO MOLECULES AS COMPONENTS OF ELECTRONIC DEVICES SE ACS Symposium Series LA English DT Review CT Symposium on Molecular Electronics held at the Spring 2001 American-Chemical-Society National Meeting CY 2001 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Amer Chem Soc ID TRANSITION-METAL-COMPLEXES; TERMINATED ALKANETHIOL MONOLAYERS; MATRIX-ELEMENTS; MULLIKEN-HUSH; SPECTROSCOPY; FERROCENE; OLIGOMERS; KINETICS; DISTANCE; POLYENES AB Electronic coupling matrix elements (H(DA)) elements for a number of radical cation and anion systems of type DBA(+/-), where D,B, and A denote donor, bridge and acceptor moieties, have been evaluated and analyzed, using configuration interaction electronic structure calculations (INDO/s) in conjunction with the Generalized Mulliken Hush model, which also yields effective D/A separation distances (r(DA)). The systems studied include D/A = CH(2) or ferrocenyl, and B = oligovinylene (OV), oligo-p-phenylene-ethynylene (OPE), oligo-p-phenylene-vinylene (OPV), or oligomethylene (OM). Coupling based on alternative hole-states is considered and electronic structural features relevant to D/A coupling are compared for ferrocene and a cobalt-based analog. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Newton, MD (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 35 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 3 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3782-4 J9 ACS SYM SER JI ACS Symp. Ser. PY 2003 VL 844 BP 196 EP 218 PG 23 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering; Physics GA BW63Q UT WOS:000182659100015 ER PT S AU Gregg, BA AF Gregg, BA BE Lieberman, M TI Excitonic solar cells: The physics and chemistry of organic-based photovoltaics SO MOLECULES AS COMPONENTS OF ELECTRONIC DEVICES SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Molecular Electronics held at the Spring 2001 American-Chemical-Society National Meeting CY 2001 CL SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Chem Soc ID ENERGY-CONVERSION; HETEROJUNCTIONS; DIODES; FILMS; DISSOCIATION; PENTACENE AB The physical principles underlying the photovoltaic effect in organic-based solar cells are described and compared to those in conventional solar cells. The photo induced chemical potential gradient created by the interfacial dissociation of excitons is an important, and frequently overlooked, driving force for charge separation in organic photovoltaic cells. The photovoltage is proportional to the sum of the chemical potential gradient and the electrical potential gradient (band bending or built-in potential). Photovoltages up to similar to1 V have been obtained in cells without any built-in potential, despite misconceptions that this is impossible. The importance of the photo generated interfacial electric field is emphasized, and the difficulties in disentangling exciton transport length measurements from interfacial quenching rates are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of increasing the exciton-dissociating. surface area by structuring the substrates, or by structuring the films on planar substrates, are considered. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Gregg, BA (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 24 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3782-4 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 2003 VL 844 BP 243 EP 257 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering; Physics GA BW63Q UT WOS:000182659100018 ER PT S AU Gubernatis, JE AF Gubernatis, JE BE Gubernatis, JE TI The heritage SO MONTE CARLO METHOD IN THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 50th Anniversary of the Metropolis Algorithm CY JUN 09-11, 2003 CL LOS ALAMOS, NM SP Los Alamos Natl Lab ID MONTE-CARLO METHOD; INTRANUCLEAR CASCADES; EQUATION; ENERGY; STATE AB I present some early history of Los Alamos, modem computing, and the Monte Carlo method to describe the likely context in which the Metropolis algorithm was developed and to support the special creativity of the development. I also note the scant immediate use of the algorithm over the 10 to 15 years after its development and speculate why. This sparse use however did include many seminal applications and led to many of the techniques still used today. This is the heritage enjoyed by us who today unhesitatingly use the Metropolis algorithm and the Monte Carlo method more generally, for exploring the properties of physical systems. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Gubernatis, JE (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 49 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0162-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 690 BP 3 EP 21 PG 19 WC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Mathematical SC Mathematics; Physics GA BY31T UT WOS:000188893800001 ER PT S AU Gubernatis, JE AF Gubernatis, JE BE Gubernatis, JE TI Editor's note to "Proof of validity of Monte Carlo method for canonical averaging" by Marshall Rosenbluth SO MONTE CARLO METHOD IN THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 50th Anniversary of the Metropolis Algorithm CY JUN 09-11, 2003 CL LOS ALAMOS, NM SP Los Alamos Natl Lab AB In a previous article [J. Phys. Chem. 21: 1087 (1953)] a prescription was given for moving from point to point in the configuration space of a system in such a way that averaging over many moves is equivalent to a canonical averaging over configuration space. The prescription is suitable for electronic machine calculations and provides the basis for calculations described elsewhere. The purpose of this paper is to provide a more rigorous proof of the method. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Gubernatis, JE (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0162-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 690 BP 31 EP 31 PG 1 WC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Mathematical SC Mathematics; Physics GA BY31T UT WOS:000188893800003 ER PT S AU Wood, WW AF Wood, WW BE Gubernatis, JE TI A brief history of the use of the metropolis method at LANL in the 1950s SO MONTE CARLO METHOD IN THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 50th Anniversary of the Metropolis Algorithm CY JUN 09-11, 2003 CL LOS ALAMOS, NM SP Los Alamos Natl Lab AB A personal view of the use of the Metropolis Algorithm in statistical mechanics calculations at Los Alamos during the 1950s will be presented, based on [1] and [2]. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Wood, WW (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0162-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 690 BP 39 EP 44 PG 6 WC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Mathematical SC Mathematics; Physics GA BY31T UT WOS:000188893800005 ER PT S AU Creutz, M AF Creutz, M BE Gubernatis, JE TI The early days of lattice gauge theory SO MONTE CARLO METHOD IN THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 50th Anniversary of the Metropolis Algorithm CY JUN 09-11, 2003 CL LOS ALAMOS, NM SP Los Alamos Natl Lab ID FIELDS; SYMMETRY; QCD AB I discuss some of the historical circumstances that drove us to use the lattice as a non-perturbative regulator. This approach has had immense success, convincingly demonstrating quark confinement and obtaining crucial properties of the strong interactions from first principles. I wrap up with some challenges for the future. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Creutz, M (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 20 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0162-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 690 BP 52 EP 60 PG 9 WC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Mathematical SC Mathematics; Physics GA BY31T UT WOS:000188893800007 ER PT S AU Gupta, R AF Gupta, R BE Gubernatis, JE TI Simulating a fundamental theory of nature SO MONTE CARLO METHOD IN THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 50th Anniversary of the Metropolis Algorithm CY JUN 09-11, 2003 CL LOS ALAMOS, NM SP Los Alamos Natl Lab ID MONTE-CARLO; ALGORITHMS AB This talk presents a brief overview of Lattice QCD and its promise for providing quantitative predictions that will allow validation of the standard model of elementary particles. Some of its successes as well as challenges for the future are highlighted. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Gupta, R (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 23 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0162-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 690 BP 110 EP 122 PG 13 WC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Mathematical SC Mathematics; Physics GA BY31T UT WOS:000188893800012 ER PT S AU Carlson, J Chang, SY Pandharipande, VR Schmidt, KE AF Carlson, J Chang, SY Pandharipande, VR Schmidt, KE BE Gubernatis, JE TI Dilute fermi gases with large scattering lengths: Atomic gases and neutron matter SO MONTE CARLO METHOD IN THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 50th Anniversary of the Metropolis Algorithm CY JUN 09-11, 2003 CL LOS ALAMOS, NM SP Los Alamos Natl Lab AB Dilute Fermi gases with large scattering lengths are intriguing physical systems which are just now becoming accessible in laboratory experiments with cold trapped atoms. Their properties are closely related to those of the dilute neutron-rich matter which may be present in the surface of neutron stars. Fermi systems with such strong short-range attractive forces lie between traditional BCS theories with small gaps and those where the fermions are tightly bound into pairs, yielding composite bosons. We discuss the Quantum Monte Carlo methods used to study such systems, and report results for the ground-state energy, the superfluid gap, and other properties. In particular, we compare results with those of neutron matter at subnuclear densities. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Carlson, J (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0162-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 690 BP 184 EP 191 PG 8 WC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Mathematical SC Mathematics; Physics GA BY31T UT WOS:000188893800018 ER PT J AU Black, E Slingo, J Sperber, KR AF Black, E Slingo, J Sperber, KR TI An observational study of the relationship between excessively strong short rains in coastal East Africa and Indian Ocean SST SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; NINO SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; 1997-98 EL-NINO; RAINFALL ANOMALIES; SEASONAL RAINFALL; SUMMER MONSOON; EVOLUTION; PRECIPITATION; VARIABILITY; MECHANISMS AB Composites of SST, wind, rainfall, and humidity have been constructed for years of high rainfall during September, October, and November (SON) in equatorial and southern-central East Africa. These show that extreme East African short rains are associated with large-scale SST anomalies in the Indian Ocean that closely resemble those that develop during Indian Ocean dipole or zonal mode (IOZM) events. This is corroborated by the observation that strong IOZM events produce enhanced East African rainfall. However, it is also shown that the relationship between the IOZM and East African rainfall is nonlinear, with only IOZM events that reverse the zonal SST gradient for several months (extreme events) triggering high rainfall. Comparison of the wind anomalies that develop during extreme IOZM events with those that develop during weaker (moderate) events shows that strong easterly anomalies in the northern-central Indian Ocean are a persistent feature of extreme, but not of moderate, IOZM years. It is suggested that these anomalies weaken the westerly flow that normally transports moisture away from the African continent, out over the Indian Ocean. Thus, during extreme IOZM years, rainfall is enhanced over East Africa and reduced in the central and eastern Indian Ocean basin. It is also shown that the IOZM cannot be viewed in isolation from the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Instead it is postulated that in some years, a strong ENSO forcing can predispose the Indian Ocean coupled system to an IOZM event and is therefore a contributory factor in extreme East African rainfall. The results of this study imply that the relationship between El Nino and the IOZM explains the previously described association between El Nino and high East African rainfall. Thus, understanding the way that ENSO drives Indian Ocean dynamics may aid the development of predictive scenarios for East African climate that could have significant economic implications. C1 Univ Reading, Dept Meteorol, Ctr Global Atmospher Modelling, Reading RG6 6BB, Berks, England. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Program Climate Model Diag & Intercomparison, Livermore, CA USA. RP Black, E (reprint author), Univ Reading, Dept Meteorol, Ctr Global Atmospher Modelling, POB 243, Reading RG6 6BB, Berks, England. RI Sperber, Kenneth/H-2333-2012 NR 31 TC 190 Z9 197 U1 6 U2 25 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 131 IS 1 BP 74 EP 94 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<0074:AOSOTR>2.0.CO;2 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 630XE UT WOS:000180135400004 ER PT S AU Cederberg, JG Biefeld, RM AF Cederberg, JG Biefeld, RM BE Aziz, MJ Bartelt, NC Berbezier, I Hannon, JB Hearne, SJ TI The surfactant effects of antimony on the formation of InAsSb nanostructures on GaAs by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition SO MORPHOLOGICAL AND COMPOSITIONAL EVOLUTION OF THIN FILMS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Morphological and Compositional Evolution of Thin Films CY DEC 02-05, 2002 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc ID 1.3 MU-M; BY-LAYER GROWTH; QUANTUM DOTS; INGAAS; AG AB We have investigated InAsSb nanostructures formed on GaAs during MOCVD. The transition thickness from 2D growth to 3D growth is reduced by the addition of TMSb/Sb-4. This is consistent with both an increase in the adatom diffusion length and a reduction in the epilayer/vapor surface energy attributed TMSb/Sb-4. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Cederberg, JG (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RI Bartelt, Norman/G-2927-2012 NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-686-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2003 VL 749 BP 29 EP 34 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA BX36X UT WOS:000185075500005 ER PT S AU Liu, DJ Stoldt, CR Thiel, PA Evans, JW AF Liu, DJ Stoldt, CR Thiel, PA Evans, JW BE Aziz, MJ Bartelt, NC Berbezier, I Hannon, JB Hearne, SJ TI Sintering of metal(100) homoepitaxial islands: Kink rounding barriers, modified size scaling, and experimental behavior SO MORPHOLOGICAL AND COMPOSITIONAL EVOLUTION OF THIN FILMS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Morphological and Compositional Evolution of Thin Films CY DEC 02-05, 2002 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc ID FROM-EQUILIBRIUM NANOSTRUCTURES; EDGE DIFFUSION; 2-DIMENSIONAL ISLANDS; SURFACES; CLUSTERS; AG(100); STEP; EVOLUTION; GROWTH; SIMULATIONS AB Near-square islands form during sub-monolayer homoepitaxial growth on metal (100) surfaces. Diffusion of these islands after deposition leads to collision of island pairs, typically corner-to-corner creating dumbbell-shaped clusters. Subsequent coalescence (or sintering) recovers a near-square equilibrium shape. This process is mediated by periphery diffusion (PD) and its study can provide detailed insight into the underlying dynamic processes and energetics. Atomistic modeling reveals that the size scaling of the characteristic relaxation time, tau, depends on the detailed energy barriers of various hopping processes that contribute to PD. Simulations without an extra kink or corner rounding barrier for PD reveals tau similar to L-4, while behavior approaching tau similar to L-3 is observed with a significant extra kink rounding barrier for PD. The latter is consistent with experimental observations for Ag/Ag(100) at 300 K. C1 Iowa State Univ, USDOE, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Liu, DJ (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, USDOE, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RI Bartelt, Norman/G-2927-2012 NR 25 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-686-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2003 VL 749 BP 35 EP 40 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA BX36X UT WOS:000185075500006 ER PT S AU Jankowski, A Vallier, B Bliss, A Hayes, J AF Jankowski, A Vallier, B Bliss, A Hayes, J BE Aziz, MJ Bartelt, NC Berbezier, I Hannon, JB Hearne, SJ TI Evaporative deposition of aluminum single crystals SO MORPHOLOGICAL AND COMPOSITIONAL EVOLUTION OF THIN FILMS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Morphological and Compositional Evolution of Thin Films CY DEC 02-05, 2002 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc ID COATINGS; FILMS AB The classic zone model for growth of evaporated deposits serves a starting point for selecting the process conditions to produce dense crystalline coatings. ne columnar structure intrinsic to vapor deposits evolves from the nano-to-millimeter scale as the substrate temperature increases to the melting point. In this paper, the deposition conditions are reviewed for the evolution of a single crystal structure in metal coatings. Experimental results are presented for the electron-beam deposition of aluminum coatings up to 100 mum in thickness. The deposition of a single crystal occurs when the coating temperature exceeds 530 degreesC, i.e. 85% of the absolute melt point. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Jankowski, A (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RI Bartelt, Norman/G-2927-2012 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-686-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2003 VL 749 BP 175 EP 179 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA BX36X UT WOS:000185075500027 ER PT S AU Pomeroy, JM Brock, JD AF Pomeroy, JM Brock, JD BE Aziz, MJ Bartelt, NC Berbezier, I Hannon, JB Hearne, SJ TI STM studies of island nucleation during hyperthermal atom deposition SO MORPHOLOGICAL AND COMPOSITIONAL EVOLUTION OF THIN FILMS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Morphological and Compositional Evolution of Thin Films CY DEC 02-05, 2002 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc ID SUBMONOLAYER HOMOEPITAXY; GROWTH; ENERGY AB We report fundamental changes in island nucleation dynamics as the kinetic energy of the constituent particles used for film grown is increased. A hyperthermal energy ion beam-line with precise control over ion kinetic energy was used to grow copper islands on a Cu(100) substrate. Dramatic increases in island densities were observed with increasing kinetic energy from thermal energies to 150 eV. We find that sputter erosion and the formation of adatom-vacancy pairs contribute to this increase. In addition, variations in flux and temperature suggest that the mean-field scaling exponent is sensitive to atomistic mechanisms activated by the ion beam. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Pomeroy, JM (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RI Bartelt, Norman/G-2927-2012 NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-686-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2003 VL 749 BP 279 EP 284 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA BX36X UT WOS:000185075500042 ER PT S AU Shirane, G Gehring, PM AF Shirane, G Gehring, PM BE Guo, R Nair, KM WongNg, W Bhalla, A Viehland, D Suvorov, D Wu, C Hirano, SI TI Structure and dynamics of the ferroelectric relaxors Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O-3 and Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O-3 SO MORPHOTROPIC PHASE BOUNDARY PEROVSKITES, HIGH STRAIN PIEZOELECTRICS, AND DIELECTRIC CERAMICS SE Ceramic Transactions LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Dielectric Materials and Multilayer Electronic Devices/Symposium on Morphotropic Phase Boundary Phenomena and Peroviskite Materials CY APR 28-MAY 01, 2002 CL ST LOUIS, MO SP Amer Ceram Soc ID SINGLE-CRYSTAL PIEZOELECTRICS; POLARIZATION ROTATION; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; MONOCLINIC PHASE; 1ST PRINCIPLES; PEROVSKITE; SYMMETRY; SYSTEMS AB We review some of the current research on two of the ultra-high piezoelectric relaxors Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O-3 (PMN) and Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O-3 (PZN). The discovery of a monoclinic phase in Pb(Zr1-xTix)O-3 (PZT) in 1999 by Noheda et al. forced a reassessment of the structural symmetries found near the morphotropic phase boundary in. PZT, as well as in the PbTiO3 (PT) doped systems PZN-PT, and PMN-PT. All three systems are now known to have nearly identical phase diagrams that exhibit a rhombohedral-monoclinic-tetragonal structural sequence, with increasing PbTiO3 concentration. The dynamical properties of these relaxors are controlled by the unique nature of the so-called polar nanoregions (PNR), which first appear at the Bums temperature T-d as evidenced by the onset of diffuse scattering. That this diffuse scattering persists to temperatures below the Curie temperatures of PMN (220 K) and PZN (410 K) indicates that the phase transitions in these relaxors are very different from those observed in ordinary ferroelectrics. They also differ in this regard from what would be expected in the often-quoted model based on analogy with the random field effect. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 40 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 1042-1122 BN 1-57498-151-X J9 CERAM TRANS PY 2003 VL 136 BP 17 EP 35 PG 19 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA BX24A UT WOS:000184717900002 ER PT S AU DiAntonio, CB Pilgrim, SM Williams, FA Schulze, WA AF DiAntonio, CB Pilgrim, SM Williams, FA Schulze, WA BE Guo, R Nair, KM WongNg, W Bhalla, A Viehland, D Suvorov, D Wu, C Hirano, SI TI Fourier harmonic analysis of the electromechanical response of electroactive materials SO MORPHOTROPIC PHASE BOUNDARY PEROVSKITES, HIGH STRAIN PIEZOELECTRICS, AND DIELECTRIC CERAMICS SE CERAMIC TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Dielectric Materials and Multilayer Electronic Devices/Symposium on Morphotropic Phase Boundary Phenomena and Peroviskite Materials CY APR 28-MAY 01, 2002 CL ST LOUIS, MO SP Amer Ceram Soc AB Signal decomposition by Fourier analysis can quantify the electromechanical properties (induced strian and polarization) of electroactive materials (PMN-PT-BT). The polynomial basis functions of Landau Devonshire phenomenology, provide a simple model for response. However, they fail to accommodate hysteresis and harmonic response. Fourier analysis, combined with phenomenology, overcomes these problems and provides a quantitative fingerprint of response and links the material coefficients to measurable quantities and clarifies the underlying physics. As demonstrated, this general approach yields: direct calculation of electrostrictive (and piezoelectric) coefficients with quantitative criteria for truncation and 'goodness of fit', fidelity to hysteresis, and true harmonic content. Each of these advantages aids engineering and device application of electromechanical materials by providing the inputs for nonlinear controls and a comparative basis for different materials. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Adv Mat Lab, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. RP DiAntonio, CB (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Adv Mat Lab, MS 1349,1001 Univ Blvd SE, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 1042-1122 BN 1-57498-151-X J9 CERAM TRANS PY 2003 VL 136 BP 75 EP 84 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA BX24A UT WOS:000184717900006 ER PT S AU Moore, RH Burchett, SN Burns, GR Glass, SJ Hutchinson, MA Scofield, TW Stavig, ME Watson, CS Yang, P AF Moore, RH Burchett, SN Burns, GR Glass, SJ Hutchinson, MA Scofield, TW Stavig, ME Watson, CS Yang, P BE Guo, R Nair, KM WongNg, W Bhalla, A Viehland, D Suvorov, D Wu, C Hirano, SI TI Polarization induced cracking in partially electroded PSZT ceramic SO MORPHOTROPIC PHASE BOUNDARY PEROVSKITES, HIGH STRAIN PIEZOELECTRICS, AND DIELECTRIC CERAMICS SE CERAMIC TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Dielectric Materials and Multilayer Electronic Devices/Symposium on Morphotropic Phase Boundary Phenomena and Peroviskite Materials CY APR 28-MAY 01, 2002 CL ST LOUIS, MO SP Amer Ceram Soc ID ZIRCONATE-TITANATE CERAMICS; TEMPERATURE; INITIATION; FIELD AB Partially electroded ferroelectric PSZT components, are susceptible to the initiation and growth of cracks at the boundary, between the electroded and unelectroded portions, during hot poling. The cracks are oriented either perpendicular or parallel to the edge of the electrode. Poling strain measurements show large differential strains between electroded and unelectroded regions, which are expected to lead to excessive stresses near the electrode boundary. A significant contribution to the strain differential is a, field-enhanced transformational strain generated during the FERH/FERL transition. Removing, the. initial poling strain and adjusting the hot poling process to below the phase transformation temperature substantially reduced the occurrence of poling cracks. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Moore, RH (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 1042-1122 BN 1-57498-151-X J9 CERAM TRANS PY 2003 VL 136 BP 105 EP 116 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA BX24A UT WOS:000184717900009 ER PT J AU Armitage, R Yang, Q Weber, ER AF Armitage, R Yang, Q Weber, ER TI P- and N-type doping of non-polar A-plane GaN grown by molecular-beam epitaxy on R-plane sapphire SO MRS INTERNET JOURNAL OF NITRIDE SEMICONDUCTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MG AB Non-polar a-plane GaN films doped with Si or Mg were grown by plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy on r-plane sapphire substrates. The (11 (2) over bar0) orientation of the GaN epilayers was confirmed by x-ray diffraction. The layers were further characterized by atomic force microscopy, Hall effect, and photoluminescence measurements. The Mg-doped layers showed p-type conductivity, with a maximum hole concentration of 6 x 10(17) cm(-3) (mu = 2 cm(2)/Vs). Comparison with Mg-doping of N-polar c-plane GaN suggests the Mg sticking coefficient may be higher on the GaN (11 (2) over bar0) surface compared to the GaN ( 0001) surface. The electron mobility obtained for a-plane GaN: Si (18 cm(2)/ Vs for n = 1 x 10(18) cm(-3)) was low compared to that of typical c-plane epilayers. The lower electron mobility is attributed to the higher density of structural defects in a-plane GaN. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Armitage, R (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 1092-5783 J9 MRS INTERNET J N S R JI Mrs. Internet J. Nitride Semicond. Res. PY 2003 VL 8 IS 6 AR 6 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 729NT UT WOS:000185780600001 ER PT B AU Bruemmer, DJ Walton, MC AF Bruemmer, DJ Walton, MC BE Schultz, AC Parker, LE Schneider, FE TI Collaborative tools for mixed teams of humans and robots SO MULTI-ROBOT SYSTEMS: FROM SWARMS TO INTELLIGENT AUTOMATA, VOL II LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Workshop on Multi-Robot Systems CY MAR, 2003 CL NAVAL RES LAB, WASHINGTON, D.C. HO NAVAL RES LAB DE collaborative control; human-robot interaction; dynamic autonomy AB This paper discusses efforts at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) to develop a control architecture for mixed teams of ground and air vehicles. Our approach has been to consider the air vehicles, ground robots and humans as team members with different levels of authority, different communication, processing, power and mobility capabilities and also different perceptual capabilities. The paper examines the current control-architecture and interface with special attention to the role of a collaborative workspace in enabling mixed-initiative interaction between humans and heterogeneous teams of robotic vehicles. C1 Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 83404 USA. RP Bruemmer, DJ (reprint author), Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 83404 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 1-4020-1185-7 PY 2003 BP 219 EP 229 PG 11 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Robotics GA BW51E UT WOS:000182249600018 ER PT S AU Stoller, PC Reiser, KM Celliers, PM Rubenchik, DM AF Stoller, PC Reiser, KM Celliers, PM Rubenchik, DM BE Periasamy, A So, PTC TI Effect of structural modification on second harmonic generation in collagen SO MULTIPHOTON MICROSCOPY IN THE BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Multiphoton Microscopy in the Biomedical Sciences III CY JAN 26-28, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE, Bio Rad Labs Inc, Carl Zeiss Inc, Chroma Technol Corp, Coherent Inc, Omega Opt Inc, Spectra Phys Inc DE second harmonic generation; collagen; polarization; rat tail tendon; non-enzymatic glycation ID RAT-TAIL TENDON; NONENZYMATIC GLYCATION; MULTIPHOTON MICROSCOPY; BIOLOGICAL TISSUES; LASER-PULSES; FLUORESCENCE AB The effects of structural perturbation on second harmonic generation in collagen were investigated. Type I collagen fascicles obtained from rat tails were structurally modified by increasing nonenzymatic cross-linking, by thermal denaturation, by collagenase digestion, or by dehydration. Changes in polarization dependence were observed in the dehydrated samples. Surprisingly, no changes in polarization dependence were observed in highly crosslinked samples, despite significant alterations in packing structure. Complete thermal denaturation and collagenase digestion produced samples with no detectable second harmonic signal. Prior to loss of signal, no change in polarization dependence was observed in partially heated or digested collagen. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, M Div, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Stoller, PC (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, M Div, POB 808,L-174, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 25 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4763-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4963 BP 41 EP 51 DI 10.1117/12.477998 PG 11 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Microscopy; Optics; Spectroscopy SC Engineering; Microscopy; Optics; Spectroscopy GA BX17D UT WOS:000184498300005 ER PT S AU Banfield, RE Hall, LO Bowyer, KW Kegelmeyer, WP AF Banfield, RE Hall, LO Bowyer, KW Kegelmeyer, WP BE Windeatt, T Roli, F TI A new ensemble diversity measure applied to thinning ensembles SO MULTIPLE CLASSIFIER SYSTEMS, PROCEEDING SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Workshop on Multiple Classifier Systems (MCS 2003) CY JUN 11-13, 2003 CL UNIV SURREY, GUILDFORD, ENGLAND SP Univ Cagliri, Int Assoc Pattern Recognit HO UNIV SURREY AB We introduce a new way of describing the diversity of an ensemble of classifiers, the Percentage Correct Diversity Measure, and compare it against existing methods. We then introduce two new methods for removing classifiers from an ensemble based on diversity calculations. Empirical results for twelve datasets from the UC Irvine repository show that diversity is generally modeled by our measure and ensembles can be made smaller without loss in accuracy. C1 Univ S Florida, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. Univ Notre Dame, Dept Comp Engn & Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Biosyst Res Dept, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Univ S Florida, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, 4202 E Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. EM rbanfiel@csee.usf.edu; hall@csee.usf.edu; kwb@cse.nd.edu; wpk@ca.sandia.gov OI Bowyer, Kevin/0000-0002-7562-4390 NR 12 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-40369-8 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2003 VL 2709 BP 306 EP 316 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BX32F UT WOS:000184942400031 ER PT J AU Henshaw, WD Kreiss, HO Ystrom, J AF Henshaw, WD Kreiss, HO Ystrom, J TI Numerical experiments on the interaction between the large- and small-scale motions of the Navier-Stokes equations SO MULTISCALE MODELING & SIMULATION LA English DT Article DE Navier-Stokes equations; Burgers' equation; turbulence; large and small scales; stability ID DETERMINING MODES; TURBULENT FLOWS; NODES AB We consider solutions to the unforced incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in a 2pi-periodic box. We split the solution into two parts representing the large-scale and small-scale motions. We define the large scale as the sum of the first k(c) Fourier modes in each direction and the small scale as the sum of the remaining modes. We attempt to reconstruct the small scale by incorporating the large-scale solution as known forcing into the equations governing the evolution of the small scale. We want to find the smallest value of k(c) for which the time evolution of the large scale sets up the dissipative structures so that the small scale is determined to a significant degree. Existing theory based on energy estimates gives a pessimistic estimate for k(c) that is inversely proportional to the smallest length scale of the flow. At this value of k(c) the energy in the small scale is exponentially small. In contrast, numerical calculations indicate that k(c) can often be chosen remarkably small. We attempt to explain why the time evolution of a relatively few number of large-scale modes can be used to reconstruct the small-scale modes in many situations. We also show that similar behavior is found in solutions to Burgers' equation. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Appl Sci Comp, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Math, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Royal Inst Technol, Dept Numer Anal & Comp Sci, S-10044 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Henshaw, WD (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Appl Sci Comp, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. EM henshaw1@llnl.gov; kreiss@math.ucla.edu; yxan@nada.kth.se NR 31 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 1 PU SIAM PUBLICATIONS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 3600 UNIV CITY SCIENCE CENTER, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104-2688 USA SN 1540-3459 J9 MULTISCALE MODEL SIM JI Multiscale Model. Simul. PY 2003 VL 1 IS 1 BP 119 EP 149 AR PII S1540345902406240 DI 10.1137/S1540345902406240 PG 31 WC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Mathematical SC Mathematics; Physics GA 819NC UT WOS:000221320700006 ER PT J AU Glimm, J Jin, HS Laforest, M Tangerman, F Zhang, YM AF Glimm, J Jin, HS Laforest, M Tangerman, F Zhang, YM TI A two pressure numerical model of two fluid mixing SO MULTISCALE MODELING & SIMULATION LA English DT Article DE multiphase flow; Rayleigh-Taylor instability ID RAYLEIGH-TAYLOR INSTABILITY; CONSERVATION-LAWS; COMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS; FRONT TRACKING; 2-PHASE FLOW; GAS-DYNAMICS; DEPENDENCE; SIMULATION; SYSTEMS; RATES AB We present a numerical model of two fluid mixing based on hyperbolic equations having complete state variables (velocity, pressure, temperature) for each fluid. The model is designed for the study of acceleration driven mixing layers in a chunk mix regime dominated by large scale coherent mixing structures. The numerical solution of the model is validated by comparison to the incompressible limit. For the purpose of this comparison, we present a newly obtained analytic solution of the pressure equation for this model and an analytic constraint derived from the asymptotic limit of the compressible pressures, which determines uniquely the incompressible pressure solution. The numerical solution is also validated by a mesh convergence study. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Appl Math & Stat, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Ctr Data Intens Comp, Upton, NY 11793 USA. RP Glimm, J (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Appl Math & Stat, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. EM glimm@ams.sunysb.edu; hjin@ams.sunysb.edu; laforest@ams.sunysb.edu; tangerman@ams.sunysb.edu; yzhang@ams.sunysb.edu NR 45 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU SIAM PUBLICATIONS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 3600 UNIV CITY SCIENCE CENTER, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104-2688 USA SN 1540-3459 J9 MULTISCALE MODEL SIM JI Multiscale Model. Simul. PY 2003 VL 1 IS 3 BP 458 EP 484 DI 10.1137/S1540345903408464 PG 27 WC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Mathematical SC Mathematics; Physics GA 819XA UT WOS:000221348400006 ER PT J AU Jarman, KD Russell, TF AF Jarman, KD Russell, TF TI Eulerian moment equations for 2-D stochastic immiscible flow SO MULTISCALE MODELING & SIMULATION LA English DT Article DE porous media; stochastic; random fields; moment equations ID SOLUTE FLUX APPROACH; POROUS-MEDIA; GROUNDWATER-FLOW; HETEROGENEOUS FORMATIONS; CONVECTIVE TRANSPORT; UNSATURATED FLOW; VELOCITY-FIELDS; NONSTATIONARY; UNCERTAINTY; APPROXIMATION AB We solve statistical moment differential equations (MDEs) for immiscible flow in porous media in the limit of zero capillary pressure, with application to secondary oil recovery. Closure is achieved by Taylor expansion of the fractional flow function and a perturbation argument. Previous results in one dimension are extended to two dimensions. Comparison to Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) shows that the MDE approach gives a good approximation to total oil production. For such spatially integrated or averaged quantities MDEs may be substantially more efficient than MCS. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Computat Sci & Math Div, Fundamental Sci Directorate, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Math, Denver, CO 80217 USA. RP Jarman, KD (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Computat Sci & Math Div, Fundamental Sci Directorate, POB 999 MS K1-85, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM kj@pnl.gov; trussell@math.cudenver.edu RI Jarman, Kenneth/B-6157-2011 OI Jarman, Kenneth/0000-0002-4396-9212 NR 44 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU SIAM PUBLICATIONS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 3600 UNIV CITY SCIENCE CENTER, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104-2688 USA SN 1540-3459 J9 MULTISCALE MODEL SIM JI Multiscale Model. Simul. PY 2003 VL 1 IS 4 BP 598 EP 608 DI 10.1137/S1540345902413176 PG 11 WC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Mathematical SC Mathematics; Physics GA 819XB UT WOS:000221348500004 ER PT S AU Lassila, DH LeBlanc, MM Rhee, M AF Lassila, DH LeBlanc, MM Rhee, M BE Zbib, HM Lassila, DH Levine, LE Hemker, KJ TI Single crystal deformation experiments for validation of dislocation dynamics simulations SO MULTISCALE PHENOMENA IN MATERIALS-EXPERIMENTS AND MODELING RELATED TO MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR SE Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Multiscale Phenomena in Materials-Experiments and Modeling Related to Mechanical Behavior held at the 2003 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 22-24, 2003 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc ID PLASTIC-DEFORMATION; METALS AB A new experimental apparatus has been developed for performing compression deformation experiments on high-purity Mo single crystals. These experiments provide data that can validate 3-D dislocation dynamics (DD) simulations. The experiments are performed under conditions that allow unconstrained deformation; thus, a relatively uniform state of axial stress is maintained during deformation. In the following sections, we describe the new experimental apparatus and our results from experiments performed at ambient temperature at a strain rate of s(-1). Validation criteria based on the Mo experiments may include comparing the stress-strain response using 3-D strain information, the predicted slip-system yield, and work-hardening behavior. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Lassila, DH (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808 L-113, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-716-4 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2003 VL 779 BP 37 EP 48 PG 12 WC Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Crystallography; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Physics GA BX59G UT WOS:000185782900004 ER PT S AU Stout, RB AF Stout, RB BE Zbib, HM Lassila, DH Levine, LE Hemker, KJ TI Dislocation and grain derived theory for kinematic metrics of finite deformation to replace existing elastic-plastic phenomenological metrics SO MULTISCALE PHENOMENA IN MATERIALS-EXPERIMENTS AND MODELING RELATED TO MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Multiscale Phenomena in Materials-Experiments and Modeling Related to Mechanical Behavior held at the 2003 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 22-24, 2003 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc AB Most existing continuum kinematic metrics used for correlating experimental data sets from finite deformation tests are traceable to a two reference state configuration analysis proposed primarily by Lee[1]; namely, a deformed elastic-plastic back to an idealized zero stress plastic state. These analyses admit that material discontinuities would exist in arriving at a virtual state of zero residual stress, however, the elastic-plastic deformation process is considered a mathematically continuous spatial function process. Hence, atomic length scale metrics are not analytically introduced because of the continuity requirements of the embedded deformation function space. This is not a valid physical description given that the microscopic dislocation mechanism for the non-recoverable kinematics of crystal material deformations creates discontinuities between atomic planes of grains in a material sample. In addition, the mathematical structure of current continuum kinematic metrics is deterministic. This is also not physically realistic in describing materials' responses that are dependent on intrinsic metallic grain characteristics. This follows since an ensemble of material specimens have a randomness for the physical numbers per unit material volume per unit species volume for both dislocation density and grain lattice structure density function characteristics. These random functions are best described as classical probability density functions in a spatial, time, and species variable domain. A stochastic description for dislocation density in solids has been developed, and explicitly introduced in a finite deformational functional[2]. This finite deformational functional will be extended to include an explicit dependence on a stochastic grain lattice structure density function. Finally, analyses of this dislocation-grain deformational functional provide stochastic kinematic metrics for void or microcrack-type opening deformations at grain boundaries that contain length scale measures based on the physical attributes of both dislocations and grains. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Stout, RB (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 5508,L201, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-716-4 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2003 VL 779 BP 183 EP 188 PG 6 WC Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Crystallography; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Physics GA BX59G UT WOS:000185782900023 ER PT S AU Yang, WG Larson, BC Pharr, GM Ice, GE Tischler, JZ Budai, JD Liu, WJ AF Yang, WG Larson, BC Pharr, GM Ice, GE Tischler, JZ Budai, JD Liu, WJ BE Zbib, HM Lassila, DH Levine, LE Hemker, KJ TI X-ray microbeam investigation of deformation microstructure in microindented Cu SO MULTISCALE PHENOMENA IN MATERIALS-EXPERIMENTS AND MODELING RELATED TO MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Multiscale Phenomena in Materials-Experiments and Modeling Related to Mechanical Behavior held at the 2003 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 22-24, 2003 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc ID INDENTATION; MICROSCOPY; POLYCRYSTALS; BOUNDARIES; RESOLUTION; HARDNESS; SILICON AB The deformation microstructure under spherical microindents in single crystal Cu has been investigated with submicron spatial resolution using x-ray structural microscopy. A polychromatic, submicron diameter (similar to0.5 mum) microbeam was used in combination with micron. resolution depth profiling to make direct, nondestructive measurements of plastic deformation induced lattice rotations under an indent made with a 69 mum radius spherical indenter and 200 mN maximum load. Lattice orientations relative to the undeformed crystal were determined as a function of position under the indent using differential-aperture x-ray structural microscopy (DAXM). Rotation-axes and misorientation-angles were determined for micron steps along selected microbeam penetration directions. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Yang, WG (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Yang, Wenge/H-2740-2012; Budai, John/R-9276-2016 OI Budai, John/0000-0002-7444-1306 NR 17 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-716-4 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2003 VL 779 BP 207 EP 212 PG 6 WC Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Crystallography; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Physics GA BX59G UT WOS:000185782900027 ER PT S AU Ice, GE Liu, WJ Larson, BC Walker, FJ AF Ice, GE Liu, WJ Larson, BC Walker, FJ BE Zbib, HM Lassila, DH Levine, LE Hemker, KJ TI Application of the 3D x-ray crystal microscope to study mesoscale structure of materials SO MULTISCALE PHENOMENA IN MATERIALS-EXPERIMENTS AND MODELING RELATED TO MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Multiscale Phenomena in Materials-Experiments and Modeling Related to Mechanical Behavior held at the 2003 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 22-24, 2003 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc AB The 3D x-ray crystal microscope is an emerging tool for the study of mesoscale structure in polycrystalline materials. With this nondestructive device, local crystalline orientation, phase, elastic and plastic strain tensors can be measured with submicron spatial resolution in three dimensions. A key step in analyzing the Laue patterns from the 3D microscope is indexing the reflections, which determines the orientation of the sub-grain. With current algorithms, the angles between pairs, triplets and quadruplets of reflections are compared to theoretical angles to make guesses as to the reflection indices. The ability to index a pattern can however be compromised by both elastic and plastic deformation of a grain; elastic deformation changes the angles between reflections and plastic deformation increases the uncertainty in the centroid of each reflection. Here we report on the use of an indexing algorithm that simultaneously fits all peaks from a subgrain. This algorithm is more robust than previous methods and allows for indexing of deformed or strained grains. Some applications to studies of mesoscale materials properties are described. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Ice, GE (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. OI Walker, Frederick/0000-0002-8094-249X NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-716-4 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2003 VL 779 BP 213 EP 217 PG 5 WC Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Crystallography; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Physics GA BX59G UT WOS:000185782900028 ER PT S AU Ziegler, A Campbell, GH Kumar, M Stolken, JS AF Ziegler, A Campbell, GH Kumar, M Stolken, JS BE Zbib, HM Lassila, DH Levine, LE Hemker, KJ TI Effects of grain boundary constraint on the constitutive response of tantalum bicrystals SO MULTISCALE PHENOMENA IN MATERIALS-EXPERIMENTS AND MODELING RELATED TO MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Multiscale Phenomena in Materials-Experiments and Modeling Related to Mechanical Behavior held at the 2003 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 22-24, 2003 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc ID COMPRESSION AB The role of grain boundary constraint in strain localization, slip system activation, slip transmission, and the concomitant constitutive response was examined performing a series of uniaxial compression tests on tantalum bicrystals. Tantalum single crystals were diffusion bonded to form a (011) twist boundary and compressed along the [011] direction. The resulting three-dimensional deformation was analyzed via volume reconstruction. With this technique, both the effective states of stress and strain over the cross-sectional area could be measured as a function of distance from the twist boundary, revealing a highly constrained grain boundary region. Post-test metallurgical characterization was performed using Electron Back-Scattered-Diffraction (EBSD) maps. The results, a spatial distribution of slip patterning and mapping of crystal rotation around the twist-boundary, were analyzed and compared to the known behavior of the individual single crystals. A rather large area near the grain boundary revealed no crystal rotation. Instead, patterns of alternating crystal rotation similar to single crystal experiments were found to be some distance away (similar to1mm) from the immediate grain boundary region, indicating the large length scale of the rotation free region. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Chem & Mat Sci Directorate, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Ziegler, A (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Chem & Mat Sci Directorate, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RI Campbell, Geoffrey/F-7681-2010 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-716-4 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2003 VL 779 BP 231 EP 236 PG 6 WC Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Crystallography; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Physics GA BX59G UT WOS:000185782900030 ER PT S AU Ice, GE Barabash, RI Pang, J AF Ice, GE Barabash, RI Pang, J BE Zbib, HM Lassila, DH Levine, LE Hemker, KJ TI Microdiffraction experiments and modeling for analyzing multiscale dislocation ensembles in materials SO MULTISCALE PHENOMENA IN MATERIALS-EXPERIMENTS AND MODELING RELATED TO MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR SE Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Multiscale Phenomena in Materials-Experiments and Modeling Related to Mechanical Behavior held at the 2003 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 22-24, 2003 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc ID SINGLE-CRYSTALS; INTERNAL-STRESSES; MICROSTRUCTURE; DIFFRACTION; PLASTICITY; DEPENDENCE; NICKEL AB The intensity distribution of Laue diffraction is analyzed as a function of local misorientation. We show how unpaired dislocations alter the white beam Laue patterns for isolated dislocations, for dislocation walls, and for a combination of both. We consider the effect of different statistically and geometrically necessary dislocation densities on the intensity distribution along and perpendicular to the Laue streak. A 3D x-ray crystal microscope is used to analyze the complicated plastic-elastic field in a grain of a Ni polycrystalline sample during in-situ uniaxial pulling. A change of dislocation activity with depth is demonstrated. The dislocation slip systems and their densities are determined at various depths. The model parameters are used to simulate the whole Laue pattern including details about the contours for specific Laue spots; good agreement is found between simulated and experimental contours. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Ice, GE (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-716-4 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2003 VL 779 BP 237 EP 243 PG 7 WC Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Crystallography; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Physics GA BX59G UT WOS:000185782900031 ER PT S AU El-Azab, A Trease, H AF El-Azab, A Trease, H BE Zbib, HM Lassila, DH Levine, LE Hemker, KJ TI Generalized quasicontinuum approach to atomistic-contimmm modeling of complex oxides SO MULTISCALE PHENOMENA IN MATERIALS-EXPERIMENTS AND MODELING RELATED TO MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Multiscale Phenomena in Materials-Experiments and Modeling Related to Mechanical Behavior held at the 2003 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 22-24, 2003 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc ID FINITE-ELEMENT; ELASTICITY; SOLIDS AB A formalism of the quasicontinuum method suitable for atomistic-continuum modeling of oxide crystals is presented. Multiple interacting quasicontinua, one per sublattice, which overlap in the physical crystal space, are used to model the oxide crystals. The method is implemented with the shell model for atomic interactions in ionic crystals, along with the Wolf's method for treating the long-range forces. Results are presented for the structural relaxation of strained and unstrained Fe2O3 crystal under periodic boundary conditions. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Fundamental Sci Directorate, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP El-Azab, A (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Fundamental Sci Directorate, Mail Stop K8-93,Box 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-716-4 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2003 VL 779 BP 281 EP 286 PG 6 WC Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Crystallography; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Physics GA BX59G UT WOS:000185782900037 ER PT S AU Harvey, NR Perkins, SJ Pope, PA Theiler, J David, NA Porter, RB AF Harvey, NR Perkins, SJ Pope, PA Theiler, J David, NA Porter, RB BE Dasarathy, BV TI Investigation of automated feature extraction using multiple data sources SO MULTISENSOR, MULTISOURCE INFORMATION FUSION: ARCHITECTURES, ALGORITHMS, AND APPLICATIONS 2003 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Multisensor, Multisource Information Fusion - Architectures, Algorithms and Applications 2003 CY APR 23-25, 2003 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE supervised classification; data fusion; support vector machines; feature extraction; machine learning; multispectral AB An increasing number and variety of platforms are now capable of collecting remote sensing data over a particular scene. For many applications, the information available from any individual sensor may be incomplete, inconsistent or imprecise. However, other sources may provide complementary and/or additional data. Thus, for an application such as image feature extraction or classification, it may be that fusing the mulitple data sources can lead to more consistent and reliable results. Unfortunately, with the increased complexity of the fused data, the search space of feature-extraction or classification algorithms also greatly increases. With a single data source, the determination of a suitable algorithm may be a significant challenge for an image analyst. With the fused data, the search for suitable algorithms can go far beyond the capabilities of a human in a realistic time frame, and becomes the realm of machine learning, where the computational power of modern computers can be harnessed to the task at hand. We describe experiments in which we investigate the ability of a suite of automated feature extraction tools developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory to make use. of multiple data sources for various feature extraction tasks. We compare and contrast this software's capabilities on 1) individual data sets from different data sources 2) fused data sets from multiple data sources and 3) fusion of results from multiple individual data sources. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Space & Remote Sensing Sci Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Los Alamos Natl Lab, Space & Remote Sensing Sci Grp, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM harve@lanl.gov; s.perkins@lanl.gov; papope@lanl.gov; jt@lanl.gov; ndavid@lanl.gov; rporter@lanl.gov NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4959-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2003 VL 5099 BP 190 EP 200 DI 10.1117/12.485867 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW92G UT WOS:000183605100020 ER PT S AU Muhlstein, CL Stach, EA Ritchie, RO AF Muhlstein, CL Stach, EA Ritchie, RO BE LaVan, DA Ayon, AA Buchheit, TE Madou, MJ TI Interfacial effects on the premature failure of polycrystalline silicon structural films SO NANO-AND MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS (NEMS AND MEMS) AND MOLECULAR MACHINES SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Nano- and Microelectromechanical Systems (NEMS and MEMS) and Molecular Machines held at the 2002 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 02-04, 2002 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc ID SINGLE-CRYSTAL SILICON; HIGH-CYCLE FATIGUE; CRACK-GROWTH; THIN-FILMS; FRACTURE; MECHANICS; MEMS AB Although bulk silicon is not known to be susceptible to cyclic fatigue, micron-scale structures made from mono and polycrystalline silicon films are vulnerable to degradation by fatigue in ambient air environments. Such silicon thin films are used in small-scale structural applications, including microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), and display "metal-like" stress-life (SIN) fatigue behavior in room temperature air environments. Previously, the authors have observed fatigue lives in excess of 10(11) cycles at high frequency (similar to40 kHz), fully-reversed stress amplitudes as low as-half the fracture strength using a surface micromachined, resonant-loaded, fatigue characterization structures. Stress-life fatigue, transmission electron microscopy, infrared microscopy, and numerical models were used to establish that the mechanism of the fatigue failure of thin-film silicon involves the sequential oxidation and environmentally-assisted crack growth solely within the native silica layer, a process that we term "reaction-layer fatigue", Only thin films are susceptible to such a failure mechanism because the critical crack size for catastrophic failure of the entire silicon structure can be exceeded by a crack solely within the native oxide layer. The importance of the interfacial geometry on the mechanics of the reaction-layer fatigue mechanism is described. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Natl Ctr Electron Microscopy, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Muhlstein, CL (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Natl Ctr Electron Microscopy, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Stach, Eric/D-8545-2011; Ritchie, Robert/A-8066-2008 OI Stach, Eric/0000-0002-3366-2153; Ritchie, Robert/0000-0002-0501-6998 NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-678-8 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2003 VL 741 BP 47 EP 52 PG 6 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BW88S UT WOS:000183489300007 ER PT S AU Garino, T Cesarano, J Morales, A AF Garino, T Cesarano, J Morales, A BE LaVan, DA Ayon, AA Buchheit, TE Madou, MJ TI The development of alternative molds for micromolding SO NANO-AND MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS (NEMS AND MEMS) AND MOLECULAR MACHINES SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Nano- and Microelectromechanical Systems (NEMS and MEMS) and Molecular Machines held at the 2002 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 02-04, 2002 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc ID CERAMICS AB Micromolding is a recently developed technique for fabricating parts in the millimeter size range with minimum features and dimensional tolerances less than 10 mum. This degree of precision is achieved by fabricating a master using the LiGA process. The molds made from the master are then filled with powder of the desired material to form parts that are then released from the mold and sintered to high density. Currently, molds are made of either poly(methyl)methacrylate (PMMA) or poly(dimethylsiloxane) (silicone rubber, PDMS). The PMMA molds must be dissolved to release the parts using a solvent that limits the choice of binder used to hold together the powder in the part. The PDMS molds are soft and therefore not suitable for lapping the parts prior to removal from the mold. Recently, two new types of molds materials have been investigated that can be removed utilizing a phase change, either melting or sublimation. The development of these new mold materials, which allow a wider choice of binders, will be described. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Ceram Mat Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Garino, T (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Ceram Mat Dept, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 7 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-678-8 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2003 VL 741 BP 227 EP 232 PG 6 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BW88S UT WOS:000183489300035 ER PT J AU Dragnea, B Szarko, JM Kowarik, S Weimann, T Feldmann, J Leone, SR AF Dragnea, B Szarko, JM Kowarik, S Weimann, T Feldmann, J Leone, SR TI Near-field surface plasmon excitation on structured gold films SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SCATTERING; POLARITONS; METAL; MOLECULE; OPTICS AB Surface plasmon polariton (SPP) localization control on rough metal surfaces has been achieved by varying the gap between a scanning near-field aperture probe and the surface. The qualitative explanation for this observation is based on the overlapping of spatial frequencies available for near-field excitation of the SPP, with the spectral distribution of spatial frequencies characterizing the surface roughness. From a practical point of view, this selective excitation of electromagnetic states on nanostructures provides a way to estimate the reflectivity of structures such as grooves engraved into the metal film. Qualitative aspects of transmission and scattering through parallel slit pairs acting as Fabry-Perot resonators are discussed. C1 Indiana Univ, Dept Chem, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lehrstuhl Photon & Optoelekt, Sekt Phys, D-80799 Munich, Germany. Lehrstuhl Photon & Optoelekt, Ctr Nanosci, D-80799 Munich, Germany. Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany. RP Dragnea, B (reprint author), Indiana Univ, Dept Chem, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. RI Kowarik, Stefan/B-3724-2009; Kowarik, Stefan/P-5059-2014; Kowarik, Stefan/C-7676-2014; OI Szarko, Jodi/0000-0002-2181-9408 NR 27 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 3 IS 1 BP 3 EP 7 DI 10.1021/nl020207l PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 635CZ UT WOS:000180381600002 ER PT J AU Parak, WJ Pellegrino, T Micheel, CM Gerion, D Williams, SC Alivisatos, AP AF Parak, WJ Pellegrino, T Micheel, CM Gerion, D Williams, SC Alivisatos, AP TI Conformation of oligonucleotides attached to gold nanocrystals probed by gel electrophoresis SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SINGLE-STRANDED-DNA AB Thiol-modified single stranded oligonucleotides of different lengths (8 to 135 bases) were attached to the surface of 10 nm diameter Au nanocrystals with different DNA/Au ratios (1, 2,...,saturation). The electrophoretic mobility of these conjugates was determined on 2% agarose gels, and the effective diameter of the DNA/Au conjugates was determined. This diameter depends on the conformation of the oligonucleotides adsorbed on the Au surface. For low surface coverage, nonspecific wrapping of the DNA around the nanoparticles was observed. For high surface coverage, short oligonucleotides were shown to be oriented perpendicular to the surface and fully stretched. For high surface coverage and long oligonucleotides, the inner part close to the Au surface was determined to be fully stretched and pointed perpendicular to the surface, whereas the outer part adopts random coil shape. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Parak, WJ (reprint author), Univ Munich, Ctr Nanosci, Munich, Germany. RI Pellegrino, teresa/G-6417-2010; Parak, Wolfgang J./M-3998-2014; Alivisatos , Paul /N-8863-2015; OI Parak, Wolfgang J./0000-0003-1672-6650; Alivisatos , Paul /0000-0001-6895-9048; Micheel, Christine/0000-0002-7744-9039 NR 14 TC 234 Z9 241 U1 6 U2 74 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 3 IS 1 BP 33 EP 36 DI 10.1021/nl025888z PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 635CZ UT WOS:000180381600008 ER PT J AU Vance, AL Willey, TM van Buuren, T Nelson, AJ Bostedt, C Fox, GA Terminello, LJ AF Vance, AL Willey, TM van Buuren, T Nelson, AJ Bostedt, C Fox, GA Terminello, LJ TI XAS and XPS characterization of a surface-attached rotaxane SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article ID HETEROSUPRAMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY; GOLD; NANOCRYSTAL; RECOGNITION; MOLECULES; CATENANES; MACHINES; SILVER; THIOL AB X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) were utilized to characterize a surface-attached rotaxane on Au(111). Monolayers were prepared from an anthracene-stoppered thiol thread, a pseudorotaxane obtained by mixing the thiol with dibenzo-24-crown-8 and a disulfide-containing [3]rotaxane. XAS and XPS showed clear distinctions between the monolayers, allowing identification of spectral contributions from the separate components of the surface-attached rotaxane. Spectroscopic data clearly showed that only the [3]rotaxane gave the desired gold-bound interlocking molecule. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Chem & Mat Sci Directorate, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Vance, AL (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Chem & Mat Sci Directorate, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Willey, Trevor/A-8778-2011 OI Willey, Trevor/0000-0002-9667-8830 NR 18 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 3 IS 1 BP 81 EP 84 DI 10.1021/nl025814n PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 635CZ UT WOS:000180381600020 ER PT J AU Tian, ZRR Liu, J Voigt, JA Xu, HF Mcdermot, MJ AF Tian, ZRR Liu, J Voigt, JA Xu, HF Mcdermot, MJ TI Dendritic growth of cubically ordered nanoporous materials through self-assembly SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PERIODIC MESOPOROUS ORGANOSILICAS; CHANNEL WALLS; ORGANIC GROUPS; SILICA; CRYSTAL; MORPHOGENESIS; MORPHOLOGIES; SURFACTANT; PATTERNS; SHAPE AB Self-assembled nanoporous materials have potential for many applications. Here we report unusual dendritic crystals from self-assembled nanoporous silicates and continuous morphological change of such materials through chemical means. We used hybrid organic silane and quaternary ammonium surfactants to prepare large dendritic nanoporous crystals. These self-assembled crystals have a cubic structure (Pm3m), 4-fold symmetry, and are oriented with the [100] direction perpendicular to the surface. Remarkably, the morphology of the crystals can change from highly branched, square-shaped dendrites to less branched structures, to nonbranched crosses, and finally to regular compact crystals when the Cl- counterions on the surfactant were gradually replaced by Br- while keeping the total surfactant concentration constant. The unusual dendritic crystals and their continuous morphology change suggest the importance to control diffusion and surface reactivity for self-assembled crystal growth under nonequilibrium conditions. The open dendritic nanoporous structures may be useful for sensing and other applications. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Liu, J (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RI Tian, Z. Ryan /R-6671-2016 OI Tian, Z. Ryan /0000-0002-5644-8483 NR 28 TC 56 Z9 58 U1 3 U2 20 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 3 IS 1 BP 89 EP 92 DI 10.1021/nl025828t PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 635CZ UT WOS:000180381600022 ER PT J AU Li, JB Wang, LW AF Li, JB Wang, LW TI High energy excitations in CdSe quantum rods SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SEMICONDUCTOR NANOCRYSTALS; DOTS; ELECTRON; STATES AB The plane-wave pseudopotential method is used to calculate the high energy exciton states of large CdSe quantum rods, including spin-orbital coupling and screened electron-hole Coulomb interaction. Theoretical ground exciton energies of colloidal CdSe quanutm rods and wires are in good agreement with recent experiment. In addition to photoluminescence spectra, our results also show strong polarization in the absorption spectra of quantum rods, in contrast to spherical quantum dots. The absorption peaks as functions of the ground exciton energy are compared with experimental results. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, NERSC, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Li, JB (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, NERSC, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 23 TC 50 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 3 IS 1 BP 101 EP 105 DI 10.1021/nl020231z PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 635CZ UT WOS:000180381600024 ER PT J AU Tu, Y Lin, YH Ren, ZF AF Tu, Y Lin, YH Ren, ZF TI Nanoelectrode arrays based on low site density aligned carbon nanotubes SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article AB Nanoelectrode arrays (NEAs) were fabricated from low site density aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The CNTs were grown by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition on Ni nanoparticles made by electrochemical deposition. Each nanotube is separated from the nearest neighbor by several micrometers. NEAs of 1 cm(2) Consisting of up to millions of individual nanoelectrodes, each with a diameter of 100 nm, were made by this nonlithography method. These carbon NEAs could be used as templates to fabricate other metal NEAs. Electrochemical characterization including cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry were performed. C1 Boston Coll, Dept Phys, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA. Boston Coll, Dept Chem, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Ren, ZF (reprint author), Boston Coll, Dept Phys, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA. RI Lin, Yuehe/D-9762-2011; Ren, Zhifeng/B-4275-2014 OI Lin, Yuehe/0000-0003-3791-7587; NR 12 TC 114 Z9 115 U1 2 U2 17 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 3 IS 1 BP 107 EP 109 DI 10.1021/nl025879q PG 3 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 635CZ UT WOS:000180381600025 ER PT S AU Bunker, BC Huber, DL Manginell, RP Kim, BI Boal, AK Bachand, GD Rivera, SB Bauer, JM Matzke, C AF Bunker, BC Huber, DL Manginell, RP Kim, BI Boal, AK Bachand, GD Rivera, SB Bauer, JM Matzke, C BE Dobisz, EA TI Incorporation of bioactive materials into integrated systems SO NANOFABRICATION TECHNOLOGIES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nanofabrication Technologies CY AUG 03-04, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE microfluidic systems; bio-active monolayers; protein adsorption; motor proteins; microtubules ID SURFACE AB Sandia is exploring two classes of integrated systems involving bioactive materials: 1) microfluidic systems that can be used to manipulate biomolecules for applications ranging from counter-terrorism to drug delivery systems, and 2) fluidic systems in which active biomolecules such as motor proteins provide specific functions such as active transport. An example of the first class involves the development of a reversible protein trap based on the integration of the thermally-switchable polymer poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(PNIPAM) into a micro-hotplate device. To exemplify the second class, we describe the technical challenges associated with integrating microtubules and motor proteins into microfluidic systems for: 1) the active transport of nanoparticle cargo, or 2) templated. growth of high-aspect ratio nanowires. These examples illustrate the functions of bioactive materials, synthesis and fabrication issues, mechanisms for switching surface chemistry and active transport, and new techniques such as the interfacial force microscope (IFM) that can be used to characterize bioactive surfaces. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Bunker, BC (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Mail Stop 1413, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RI Huber, Dale/A-6006-2008 OI Huber, Dale/0000-0001-6872-8469 NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5093-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5220 BP 28 EP 36 DI 10.1117/12.509314 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BX87U UT WOS:000186708300004 ER PT S AU Zhang, X Misra, A Wang, H Kung, H Embury, JD Hoagland, RG Nastasi, M AF Zhang, X Misra, A Wang, H Kung, H Embury, JD Hoagland, RG Nastasi, M BE Berndt, CC Fischer, TE Ovidko, I Skandan, G Tsakalakos, T TI Microstructures and mechanical properties of nanostructured copper-304 stainless steel multilayers synthesized by magnetron sputtering SO NANOMATERIALS FOR STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Nanomaterials for Structural Applications held at the 2002 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 02-06, 2002 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc ID YIELD STRESS; DEFORMATION; BEHAVIOR AB Nanostructured Cu/304 stainless steel (SS) multilayers were prepared by magnetron sputtering at room temperature. 304SS has a face-centered cubic (fcc) structure in bulk. However, in the Cu/304SS multilayers, the SS layers exhibited fcc structure for layer thickness of less than or equal to 5 nm. For 304SS layer thickness larger than 5nm, bcc 304SS grains were observed to grow on top of the initial 5 nm of fcc SS. The maximum hardness of Cu/304SS multilayers was approximate to 5.5 GPa (factor of two enhancement compared to rule of mixtures hardness) achieved at a layer thickness of 5nm, with a decrease in hardness with decreasing layer thickness below 5 nm. The hardness of fcc/fcc Cu/304SS multilayers (layer. thickness less than or equal to 5 nm) is compared with Cu/Ni, another fcc/fcc system, to gain insight on how the mismatch in physical properties such as lattice parameters and shear moduli of the constituent layers affect the peak hardness achieved in these nanoscale systems. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Zhang, X (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Mail Stop G755, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RI Hoagland, Richard/G-9821-2012; Misra, Amit/H-1087-2012; Wang, Haiyan/P-3550-2014 OI Wang, Haiyan/0000-0002-7397-1209 NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-677-X J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2003 VL 740 BP 49 EP 54 PG 6 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BW62S UT WOS:000182613300007 ER PT S AU Starr, MJ Drugan, WJ Lopez-Garcia, MDC Stone, DS AF Starr, MJ Drugan, WJ Lopez-Garcia, MDC Stone, DS BE Berndt, CC Fischer, TE Ovidko, I Skandan, G Tsakalakos, T TI Continuum mechanics-discrete defect modeling and bubble raft simulation of cracked specimen response in nanoscale geometries SO NANOMATERIALS FOR STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Nanomaterials for Structural Applications held at the 2002 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 02-06, 2002 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc ID SOAP AB In a continuation of prior work, a new group of Bragg bubble model experiments have been performed to explore the effects of nanoscale crack size and nanoscale structural geometry on atomically-sharp crack tip dislocation emission behavior. The experiments have been designed to correspond to the theoretical limits that bound the expected crack tip response. Continuum elasticity analyses of these situations have also been carried out, in which the leading-order terms in the Williams expansion (the K and T terms) are determined, and the predictions of these continuum analyses coupled with discrete dislocation theory are compared with the experimental results. The experiments exhibit fascinating changes in crack tip dislocation emission direction with changing crack and structural size, crack location and loading conditions, as well as substantial changes in the magnitude of the resolved shear stress that drives dislocation emission. These changes are predicted well by the continuum elasticity-discrete dislocation model down to extremely small dimensions, on the order of a few atomic spacings. Preliminary experiments were performed with layered and two-atom basis rafts to establish crucial comparisons between theory and experiment that validate the applicability of continuum elasticity theory to make predictions directly related to nanoscale fracture behavior. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Struct Dyanm Res Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Starr, MJ (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Struct Dyanm Res Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RI Stone, Donald/A-7496-2016 NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-677-X J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2003 VL 740 BP 281 EP 286 PG 6 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BW62S UT WOS:000182613300043 ER PT S AU Hsiung, LM AF Hsiung, LM BE Berndt, CC Fischer, TE Ovidko, I Skandan, G Tsakalakos, T TI Interfacial control of creep deformation in ultrarine lamellar TiAl SO NANOMATERIALS FOR STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS SE Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Nanomaterials for Structural Applications held at the 2002 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 02-06, 2002 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc ID MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; ALLOY; MICROSTRUCTURES; DISLOCATIONS AB Solute effect on the creep resistance of two-phase lamellar TiAl with an ultrafine microstructure creep-deformed in a low-stress (LS) creep regime [where a nearly linear creep behavior was observed] has been investigated. The resulted deformation substructure and in-situ TEM experiment reveals that interface sliding by the motion of pre-existing interfacial dislocations is the predominant deformation mechanism in LS creep regime. Solute segregation at interfaces and interfacial precipitation caused by the segregation result in an increase of creep resistance in LS creep regime. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Chem & Mat Sci Directorate, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Chem & Mat Sci Directorate, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-677-X J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2003 VL 740 BP 287 EP 292 PG 6 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BW62S UT WOS:000182613300044 ER PT S AU Tillotson, TM Reynolds, JG AF Tillotson, TM Reynolds, JG BE Berndt, CC Fischer, TE Ovidko, I Skandan, G Tsakalakos, T TI Structure and characterization of sol-gel and aerogel materials and oxidation products from the reaction of (CH3O)(4)Si and C16H33Si(OCH3)(3) SO NANOMATERIALS FOR STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Nanomaterials for Structural Applications held at the 2002 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 02-06, 2002 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB Reactions of (CH3O)(4)Si and C16H33Si(OCH3)(3) at various mole ratios were performed in methanol using base and acid catalysis. Sol-gel materials were formed that have low surface areas (similar to10 m(2)/g). Subsequent supercritical drying using CO2 at 40 degreesC produced materials that are very different than traditional aerogels, with surface areas around the same values as the corresponding sol-gels, as well as no detectable meso-pore features. In some cases, the aerogels even melted upon heating. Spectroscopic characterization, using IR, Si-29 and C-13 NMR revealed normal Si-O substitution as well as incorporation of the carbon chain into the Si framework. Heating of the stable forms of the materials in air at different temperatures yielded, depending upon oxidation conditions, several materials with much higher surface areas, typical of aerogels. Pore size distribution measurements revealed meso-pore features with a narrow distribution around 35Angstrom. Spectroscopic characterization revealed the disappearance of the R-Si substitution and the appearance of an oxidized intermediate. This paper will describe the chemistry and characterization of these unusual sol-gels, aerogels, and oxidation products, as well as potential applications. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Tillotson, TM (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-677-X J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2003 VL 740 BP 295 EP 300 PG 6 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BW62S UT WOS:000182613300045 ER PT B AU Goheen, SC Gaither, KA Rayburn, AR AF Goheen, SC Gaither, KA Rayburn, AR BE Tsakalakos, T Ovidko, IA Vasudevan, AK TI Nature and nanotechnology SO NANOSTRUCTURES: SYNTHESIS, FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS SE NATO SCIENCE SERIES, SERIES II: MATHEMATICS, PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference of the NATO-Advanced-Study-Institute on Synthesis, Functional Properties and Applications of Nanostructures CY JUN 29-JUL 09, 2001 CL Iraklion, GREECE SP NATO Adv Study Inst ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; FIBRINOGEN ADSORPTION; ADSORBED FIBRINOGEN; CYTOCHROME-C; COMPETITIVE ADSORPTION; POLYMERIC BIOMATERIALS; CONFORMATIONAL CHANGE; PROTEIN ADSORPTION; ION-EXCHANGE AB Scientists and engineers are rapidly developing techniques to produce nanostructures for various applications: nano-devices include electronic components, catalysts, and mechanical systems such as levers and motors. Biomedical applications include nanobots intended to function in various body fluids, pumps and drug delivery products, and implantable biosensors. Nature has been developing processes and products at the nano scale throughout the evolutionary process. There are several biochemical processes that involve energy-producing reactors, synthesis, and various mechanical processes. The relationships between the recent accomplishments of scientists and engineers in nanotechnology and natural processes are the subject of this paper. Numerous examples are provided in which the structure of a biological system at the nano-scale relates to some elaborate biological function. The structure and function for biological systems and biochemicals can in some cases be correlated to the structure and function of man-made nanomaterials. In this paper, we focus on proteins, but similar insight can be attained from other biomolecules and a wide variety of biological processes. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Goheen, SC (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, 902 Battelle Blvd, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 46 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 1-4020-1753-7 J9 NATO SCI SER II MATH PY 2003 VL 128 BP 117 EP 137 PG 21 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BY74R UT WOS:000189453200006 ER PT S AU Jacobsohn, LG Zanatta, AR Lee, JK Cooke, DW Bennett, BL Wetteland, CJ Tesmer, JR Nastasi, M AF Jacobsohn, LG Zanatta, AR Lee, JK Cooke, DW Bennett, BL Wetteland, CJ Tesmer, JR Nastasi, M BE Meldrum, A Roorda, S Bernas, H TI A new pathway for Si nanocrystal formation: Oxi-reduction induced by impurity implantation SO NANOSTRUCTURING MATERIALS WITH ENERGETIC BEAMS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Nanostructuring Materials with Energetic Beams held at the 2003 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 22-23, 2003 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc ID SILICON NANOCRYSTALS; RAMAN-SCATTERING; VISIBLE PHOTOLUMINESCENCE; OPTICAL-ABSORPTION; ION-IMPLANTATION; POROUS SILICON; MICROCRYSTALS; LUMINESCENCE; SPECTROSCOPY; GLASSES AB In this work we show the feasibility of producing silicon nanocrystals by means of a new method based on the oxi-reduction of silicon dioxide induced by the presence of an impurity and annealing. ne choice of magnesium as the impurity relies on its chemical properties of oxi-reducing the SiO2 matrix while avoiding the formation of Si-based compounds. The samples were obtained by 3x10(16) and 1x10(17) at/cm(2) ion implantation into fused silicon dioxide followed by annealing in vacuum at 900 T for 2 or 10 h. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) characterized the chemical content and the Mg depth distribution. In all cases, photoluminescence measurements that showed a broad band starting around 1.8 eV with increasing emission intensity for lower energies, indicating the presence of Si nanocrystals. The analysis of the photoluminescence data in the framework of the quantum confinement theory suggests the existence of relatively large Si nanocrystals. The presence of these nanocrystals was also confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Mat Sci & Technol Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Jacobsohn, LG (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Mat Sci & Technol Div, MST-8POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RI Zanatta, Antonio/C-1878-2012; Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, IFSC/USP/M-2664-2016; OI Zanatta, Antonio/0000-0002-5217-7524; Jacobsohn, Luiz/0000-0001-8991-3903 NR 32 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-714-8 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2003 VL 777 BP 9 EP 14 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA BX59F UT WOS:000185782600002 ER PT S AU Sharp, ID Xu, Q Liao, CY Ager, JW Beeman, JW Yu, KM Zakharov, D Liliental-Weber, Z Haller, EE AF Sharp, ID Xu, Q Liao, CY Ager, JW Beeman, JW Yu, KM Zakharov, D Liliental-Weber, Z Haller, EE BE Meldrum, A Roorda, S Bernas, H TI Liberation of ion implanted Ge nanocrystals from a silicon dioxide matrix via hydrofluoric acid vapor etching SO NANOSTRUCTURING MATERIALS WITH ENERGETIC BEAMS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Nanostructuring Materials with Energetic Beams held at the 2003 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 22-23, 2003 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc ID SIO2; RAMAN; SEMICONDUCTORS; MICROCRYSTALS; LAYERS AB A method to liberate germanium (Ge) nanocrystals from silicon dioxide (SiO2) thin films by hydrofluoric acid (HF) vapor etching is presented. Multi-energy implantation of mass separated Ge ions into 500-nm-thick wet oxide layers on silicon (Si) substrates followed by thermal annealing produces nanocrystals that are 2 to 8 nm in diameter. Raman spectra exhibit the expected asymmetric line shapes due to the phonon confinement effect, but with a higher peak frequency than predicted. To free the nanocrystals, samples are etched in HF vapor to selectively remove the SiO2 matrix and expose the nanocrystal surfaces. Raman spectra of etched samples display peak frequencies consistent with relief of compressive stress. The liberated nanocrystals show long-term stability under ambient atmospheric conditions. Ge nanocrystals can be removed from etched surfaces using an ultrasonic methanol cleaning procedure. The nanocrystal-containing solution is applied to a TEM grid and the solvent is evaporated. Subsequently obtained electron diffraction patterns confirm that the nanocrystals survive this transfer step. Thus, liberated Ge nanocrystals are expected to be accessible for a wide range of manipulation processes and direct characterization techniques. C1 Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Sci Mat, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Sharp, ID (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Sci Mat, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Liliental-Weber, Zuzanna/H-8006-2012; Yu, Kin Man/J-1399-2012; Sharp, Ian/I-6163-2015; Zakharov, Dmitri/F-4493-2014; OI Yu, Kin Man/0000-0003-1350-9642; Sharp, Ian/0000-0001-5238-7487; Ager, Joel/0000-0001-9334-9751 NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-714-8 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2003 VL 777 BP 33 EP 38 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA BX59F UT WOS:000185782600006 ER PT S AU Jacobsohn, LG Hawley, ME Dickerson, RM Cooke, DW Nastasi, M AF Jacobsohn, LG Hawley, ME Dickerson, RM Cooke, DW Nastasi, M BE Meldrum, A Roorda, S Bernas, H TI Ion implantation synthesis and characterization of cobalt nanodots SO NANOSTRUCTURING MATERIALS WITH ENERGETIC BEAMS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Nanostructuring Materials with Energetic Beams held at the 2003 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 22-23, 2003 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc ID SURFACE-PLASMON RESONANCE; MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; NANOPARTICLES; PARTICLES; FILMS; GLASS; SIZE; SIO2 AB A study of the synthesis of Co nanodots by ion implantation was carried out. Silica was implanted with 35 keV Co+ ion beams with doses of 8x10(15), 3x10(16) and 1x10(17) at/cm(2) and transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of spherical nanodots in these samples. Annealing in vacuum at 900 degreesC. was used to change the size distribution of the nanodots. The annealed samples presented an absorption band related to the plasmon collective excitation of the metallic nanodots that redshifted for higher Co contents. The magnetic character of the samples was revealed by magnetic force microscopy measurements that showed the presence of randomly distributed structures with defined magnetization in the case of annealed samples. This work shows the feasibility of synthesizing Co nanodots with controlled size distribution. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Mat Sci & Technol Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Jacobsohn, LG (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Mat Sci & Technol Div, MST-8 G755,POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. OI Jacobsohn, Luiz/0000-0001-8991-3903 NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-714-8 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2003 VL 777 BP 71 EP 76 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA BX59F UT WOS:000185782600011 ER PT S AU Rehn, LE Birtcher, RC Kestel, BJ Baldo, PM Hiller, J McCormick, AW AF Rehn, LE Birtcher, RC Kestel, BJ Baldo, PM Hiller, J McCormick, AW BE Meldrum, A Roorda, S Bernas, H TI Generating nanoscale arrays using self-organized porous-alumina ion implantation masks SO NANOSTRUCTURING MATERIALS WITH ENERGETIC BEAMS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Nanostructuring Materials with Energetic Beams held at the 2003 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 22-23, 2003 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc ID MEMBRANES AB Starting from two-step anodizing recipes available in the literature, we fabricated self-supporting ordered ion-implantation masks that are several mm(2) in area and 1-4 mum thick. SEM micrographs reveal self-organized structures with straight open pores, 25-150 nm in diameter, extending completely through the mask. As reported previously, the pore diameter and spacing depend critically upon the anodization parameters, e.g., type of acid and its molality, the applied voltage and the solution temperature. Ion-milling procedures were developed for opening the bottoms of the anodized pores. These masks appear quite robust during exposure to ion beams of 1-MeV He, Ne, and Kr. The steps necessary to fabricate the implantation masks, including opening the pores, are briefly described. Here we present new results obtained with a mask fabricated with pore dimensions as small as 25 nm in diameter, i.e., at the limit of what is technically feasible. Measurements are reported of the angular dependence of the transmitted ion current; these results are consistent with the physical dimensions of the opened pores. TEM images of a partial array obtained by implantation through the 25-nm pores are also shown. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Rehn, LE (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RI Hiller, Jon/A-2513-2009 OI Hiller, Jon/0000-0001-7207-8008 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-714-8 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2003 VL 777 BP 89 EP 94 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA BX59F UT WOS:000185782600013 ER PT S AU Felter, TE Musket, RG Macaulay, J Contolini, RJ Searson, PC AF Felter, TE Musket, RG Macaulay, J Contolini, RJ Searson, PC BE Meldrum, A Roorda, S Bernas, H TI Formation of well-defined nanocolumns by ion tracking lithography SO NANOSTRUCTURING MATERIALS WITH ENERGETIC BEAMS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Nanostructuring Materials with Energetic Beams held at the 2003 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 22-23, 2003 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc ID BISMUTH NANOWIRES; MAGNETORESISTANCE; ARRAYS; FILMS AB Low dimensional systems on the nanometer scale afford a wealth of interesting possibilities including highly anisotropic behavior and quantum effects. Nanocolumns permit electrical and mechanical contact, yet benefit from two confined dimensions. This confinement leads to new optical, mechanical, electrical, chemical, and magnetic properties. We construct nanocolumn arrays with precise definition and independent control of diameter, length, orientation, areal density and composition so that geometry can be directly correlated to the quantum physical property of interest. The precision and control are products of the fabrication technique that we use. The process starts with an ion of sufficient energy to "track" a dielectric such as a film applied uniformly onto a substrate. The energy loss of the ion alters chemical bonding in the dielectric along the ion's straight trajectory. A suitable etchant quickly dissolves the latent tracks leaving high aspect ratio holes of small diameter (similar to10nm) penetrating a film as thick as several microns. These small holes are interesting and useful in their own right and can be made to any desired size by continuing the etching process. Moreover, they serve as molds for electrochemical filling. After this electrodeposition, the mold material can be removed leaving the columns firmly attached to the substrate at the desired orientation. A variety of structures can be envisioned with these techniques. As examples, we have created arrays of Ni and of Pt nanocolumns (similar to60 nm diameter and similar to600 nm long) oriented perpendicular to the substrate. The high aspect ratio and small diameter of the columns enables easy observation of quantum behavior, namely efficient electron field emission and Fowler Nordheim behavior. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Felter, TE (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-356, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Searson, Peter /A-3311-2010; OI Searson, Peter/0000-0002-5417-0828 NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-714-8 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2003 VL 777 BP 121 EP 126 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA BX59F UT WOS:000185782600018 ER PT B AU De Yoreo, JJ Orme, CA Qiu, SR Dove, PM AF De Yoreo, JJ Orme, CA Qiu, SR Dove, PM BE Laudon, M Romanowicz, B TI Biologically inspired controls over assembly of crystalline nanostructures SO NANOTECH 2003, VOL 1 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show (Nanotech 2003) CY FEB 23-27, 2003 CL San Francisco, CA SP Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Ardesta, LLC, Swiss Nanotechnol Initiat, Belgian Nanotechnol Initiat, Oppenheimer wolff & Donnelly LLP, Accelrys Inc, Ciphergen Biosyst Inc, Motorola Inc, ANSYS Inc, COMSOL, Thomson, Derwent, M&W Zander US Operat Inc, Small Times Media DE biomineralization; crystallization; atomic force microscopy; crystal growth modulation ID CALCITE GROWTH; IMPURITY; BINDING AB In an effort to understand the physical principles governing the controls on the growth of nanocrystals exerted by living organisms during tissue mineralization, we have performed in situ AFM studies of crystal growth from solution on a number of systems in which inorganic and organic modifiers have been added to alter morphology and kinetics. The results reveal a variety of mechanisms by which modifier-surface interactions affect growth to generate new facets or pseudo-facets, but suggest that, in general, controls over morphology and kinetics are maintained by step-specific interactions on p crystal faces. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. RP De Yoreo, JJ (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU COMPUTATIONAL PUBLICATIONS PI CAMBRIDGE PA PUBISHING OFFICE, 308 ONE KENDALL SQ BLDG 600, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA BN 0-9728422-0-9 PY 2003 BP 7 EP 9 PG 3 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BAN93 UT WOS:000223045100003 ER PT B AU Bearinger, JP Voros, J Hubbell, JA Textor, M AF Bearinger, JP Voros, J Hubbell, JA Textor, M BE Laudon, M Romanowicz, B TI Nanoscale bio-molecular control using EC-OWLS SO NANOTECH 2003, VOL 1 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show (Nanotech 2003) CY FEB 23-27, 2003 CL San Francisco, CA SP Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Ardesta, LLC, Swiss Nanotechnol Initiat, Belgian Nanotechnol Initiat, Oppenheimer wolff & Donnelly LLP, Accelrys Inc, Ciphergen Biosyst Inc, Motorola Inc, ANSYS Inc, COMSOL, Thomson, Derwent, M&W Zander US Operat Inc, Small Times Media DE biosensor; indium tin oxide (ITO); electrical potential; adsorption; polyionic polymers publication searches and indexing ID ADSORPTION AB A recently developed technique termed "Electrochemical Optical Waveguide Lightmode Spectroscopy" (EC-OWLS) [1] combines evanescent-field optical sensing with electrochemical control of surface adsorption processes. Initial EC-OWLS investigations efficiently monitored molecular surface adsorption and layer thickness changes of an adsorbed polymer layer examined in situ as a function of potential applied to a waveguide(1). A layer of indium tin oxide (ITO) served as both a high refractive index waveguide for optical sensing, and a conductive electrode; an electrochemical flow-through fluid cell incorporated working, reference and counter electrodes. Poly(L-lysine)grafted-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLL-g-PEG) served as a model, polycation adsorbate. Results indicate that adsorption and desorption of PLL-g-PEG from aqueous buffer are a function of applied potential, and that binding events subsequent to PLL-g-PEG functionalization are dependent on reorganization in the molecular adlayer. C1 LLNL, Livermore, CA USA. RP Bearinger, JP (reprint author), LLNL, 7000 E Ave,L-174, Livermore, CA USA. RI Textor, Marcus/A-6200-2012 OI Textor, Marcus/0000-0002-0178-1801 NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU COMPUTATIONAL PUBLICATIONS PI CAMBRIDGE PA PUBISHING OFFICE, 308 ONE KENDALL SQ BLDG 600, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA BN 0-9728422-0-9 PY 2003 BP 48 EP 51 PG 4 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BAN93 UT WOS:000223045100014 ER PT B AU Camarero, JA Cheung, CL Lin, TW Johnson, JE Weeks, BL Noy, A De Yoreo, JJ AF Camarero, JA Cheung, CL Lin, TW Johnson, JE Weeks, BL Noy, A De Yoreo, JJ BE Laudon, M Romanowicz, B TI Assembly of oriented virus arrays by chemo-selective ligation methods and nanolithography techniques SO NANOTECH 2003, VOL 1 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show (Nanotech 2003) CY FEB 23-27, 2003 CL San Francisco, CA SP Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Ardesta, LLC, Swiss Nanotechnol Initiat, Belgian Nanotechnol Initiat, Oppenheimer wolff & Donnelly LLP, Accelrys Inc, Ciphergen Biosyst Inc, Motorola Inc, ANSYS Inc, COMSOL, Thomson, Derwent, M&W Zander US Operat Inc, Small Times Media DE chemoselective attachment; protein arrays; dip pen nanolithography; cow pea mosaic virus (CPMV) AB The present work describes our ongoing efforts towards the creation of nano-scaled ordered arrays of protein/virus covalently attached to site-specific chemical linkers patterned by different nanolithograpy techniques. We win present a new and efficient solid-phase approach for the synthesis of chemically modified long alkyl-thiols. These compounds can be used to introduce chemoselective reacting groups onto gold and silicon-based surfaces. Furthermore, these modified thiols have been used to create nanometric patterns by using different nanolithography techniques. We will show that this patterns can react chemoselectively with proteins and/or virus which have been chemically or recombinantly modified to contain complementary chemical groups at specific positions thus resulting in the oriented attachment of the protein or virus to the surface. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Biosecur Support Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Camarero, JA (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Biosecur Support Lab, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Weeks, Brandon/P-6331-2014; Camarero, Julio/A-9628-2015 OI Weeks, Brandon/0000-0003-2552-4129; NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPUTATIONAL PUBLICATIONS PI CAMBRIDGE PA PUBISHING OFFICE, 308 ONE KENDALL SQ BLDG 600, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA BN 0-9728422-0-9 PY 2003 BP 78 EP 80 PG 3 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BAN93 UT WOS:000223045100022 ER PT B AU Weeks, BL Camarero, J Noy, A Miller, AE Stanker, L De Yoreo, JJ AF Weeks, BL Camarero, J Noy, A Miller, AE Stanker, L De Yoreo, JJ BE Laudon, M Romanowicz, B TI A microcantilever-based pathogen detector SO NANOTECH 2003, VOL 1 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show (Nanotech 2003) CY FEB 23-27, 2003 CL San Francisco, CA SP Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Ardesta, LLC, Swiss Nanotechnol Initiat, Belgian Nanotechnol Initiat, Oppenheimer wolff & Donnelly LLP, Accelrys Inc, Ciphergen Biosyst Inc, Motorola Inc, ANSYS Inc, COMSOL, Thomson, Derwent, M&W Zander US Operat Inc, Small Times Media DE microfabrication; cantilever; biosensor; immunosensor; surface functionalization AB The ability to detect small amounts of materials, especially bacterial organisms, is important for medical diagnostics and national security issues. Engineered micromechanical systems provide one approach for constructing multifunctional, highly sensitive, real-time, immunospecific biological detectors. We present qualitative detection of specific Salmonella strains using a functionalized silicon nitride microcantilever. Detection is achieved due to a change in the surface stress on the cantilever surface in-situ upon binding of a small number of becteria. Scanning electron micrographs indicate that less than 25 adsorbed bacteria are required for detection. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Weeks, BL (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Weeks, Brandon/P-6331-2014; Camarero, Julio/C-4375-2014 OI Weeks, Brandon/0000-0003-2552-4129; NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU COMPUTATIONAL PUBLICATIONS PI CAMBRIDGE PA PUBISHING OFFICE, 308 ONE KENDALL SQ BLDG 600, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA BN 0-9728422-0-9 PY 2003 BP 123 EP 125 PG 3 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BAN93 UT WOS:000223045100033 ER PT B AU Rudd, RE McElfresh, M Balhorn, R Allen, MJ Belak, J AF Rudd, RE McElfresh, M Balhorn, R Allen, MJ Belak, J BE Laudon, M Romanowicz, B TI Modeling AFM induced mechanical deformation of living cells SO NANOTECH 2003, VOL 1 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show (Nanotech 2003) CY FEB 23-27, 2003 CL San Francisco, CA SP Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Ardesta, LLC, Swiss Nanotechnol Initiat, Belgian Nanotechnol Initiat, Oppenheimer wolff & Donnelly LLP, Accelrys Inc, Ciphergen Biosyst Inc, Motorola Inc, ANSYS Inc, COMSOL, Thomson, Derwent, M&W Zander US Operat Inc, Small Times Media DE finite element modeling; biological cell; cell membrane; living cell; AFM ID ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; CURVATURE ELASTICITY AB Finite element modeling has been applied to study deformation of living cells in Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and particularly Recognition Force Microscopy (RFM). The abstract mechanical problem of interest is the response to RFM point loads of an incompressible medium enclosed in a fluid membrane. Cells are soft systems, susceptible to large deformations in the course of an RFM measurement. Often the local properties such as receptor anchoring forces, the reason for the measurement, are obscured by the response of the cell as a whole. Modeling can deconvolute these effects. This facilitates experimental efforts to have reproducible measurements of mechanical and chemical properties at specific kinds of receptor sites on the membrane of a living cell. In this article we briefly review the RFM technique for cells and the problems it poses, and then report on recent progress in modeling the deformation of cells by a point load. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Rudd, RE (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, L-045, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 31 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPUTATIONAL PUBLICATIONS PI CAMBRIDGE PA PUBISHING OFFICE, 308 ONE KENDALL SQ BLDG 600, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA BN 0-9728422-0-9 PY 2003 BP 138 EP 141 PG 4 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BAN93 UT WOS:000223045100037 ER PT B AU Debusschere, B Najm, H Matta, A Knio, O Ghanem, R Le Maitre, O AF Debusschere, B Najm, H Matta, A Knio, O Ghanem, R Le Maitre, O BE Laudon, M Romanowicz, B TI Study of sample dispersion mechanisms in an electroosmotically pumped microchannel SO NANOTECH 2003, VOL 1 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show (Nanotech 2003) CY FEB 23-27, 2003 CL San Francisco, CA SP Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Ardesta, LLC, Swiss Nanotechnol Initiat, Belgian Nanotechnol Initiat, Oppenheimer wolff & Donnelly LLP, Accelrys Inc, Ciphergen Biosyst Inc, Motorola Inc, ANSYS Inc, COMSOL, Thomson, Derwent, M&W Zander US Operat Inc, Small Times Media DE sample dispersion; simulation; microchannel; polynomial chaos; labeling AB This paper presents detailed simulations of electroosmotic microchannel flow to study the effect of species charge, chemical reaction and random zeta potential variability on both elektrokinetic and hydrodynamic dispersion. The physical model used accounts for the coupled nature of momentum, species transport and reactions, as well as the electrostatic field. The chemistry model accounts for pH-dependent protein labeling reactions as well as detailed buffer electrochemistry. Using polynomical chaos expansions, the model also accounts for stochastic zeta potential variability due to heterogeneous wall surface properties. The results show that dispersion increases for higher species charges and for larger variability in zeta. The dispersion also depends mildly on the correlation length of the zeta potential variability. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Debusschere, B (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RI Le Maitre, Olivier/D-8570-2011 OI Le Maitre, Olivier/0000-0002-3811-7787 NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU COMPUTATIONAL PUBLICATIONS PI CAMBRIDGE PA PUBISHING OFFICE, 308 ONE KENDALL SQ BLDG 600, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA BN 0-9728422-0-9 PY 2003 BP 154 EP 157 PG 4 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BAN93 UT WOS:000223045100042 ER PT B AU Tchikanda, SW Nilson, RH Griffiths, SK AF Tchikanda, SW Nilson, RH Griffiths, SK BE Laudon, M Romanowicz, B TI Accurate analytical models of fluid friction in rectangular microchannels SO NANOTECH 2003, VOL 1 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show (Nanotech 2003) CY FEB 23-27, 2003 CL San Francisco, CA SP Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Ardesta, LLC, Swiss Nanotechnol Initiat, Belgian Nanotechnol Initiat, Oppenheimer wolff & Donnelly LLP, Accelrys Inc, Ciphergen Biosyst Inc, Motorola Inc, ANSYS Inc, COMSOL, Thomson, Derwent, M&W Zander US Operat Inc, Small Times Media DE heat pipes; microchannel flow; fluid friction ID GROOVES; LIQUID; VAPOR AB This paper presents analytical expressions for the normalized mean velocity of a liquid flowing in a rectangular microchannel. For fully developed laminar flow at low Reynolds numbers, the governing Navier Stokes equations reduce to a balance between the axial pressure gradient and the viscous shear stresses in the cross-sectional plane. The resulting Poisson equation is solved numerically on a nonuniform grid using the finite volume method to obtain axial velocity distributions that axe averaged over the channel cross section to extract the normalized mean velocities. These numerical results are used to guide the development of analytical solutions that apply in asymptotic limits of fluid depth and contact angle. These asymptotic solutions axe then blended analytically to obtain a relatively simple and accurate comprehensive expression for the mean velocity as a function of contact angle and aspect ratio. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Fluid Thermal Modeling Dept, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Tchikanda, SW (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Fluid Thermal Modeling Dept, MS 9950 7011 E Ave, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU COMPUTATIONAL PUBLICATIONS PI CAMBRIDGE PA PUBISHING OFFICE, 308 ONE KENDALL SQ BLDG 600, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA BN 0-9728422-0-9 PY 2003 BP 174 EP 177 PG 4 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BAN93 UT WOS:000223045100047 ER PT B AU Schiek, R Schmidt, R AF Schiek, R Schmidt, R BE Laudon, M Romanowicz, B TI A new, topology driven method for automatic mask generation from three-dimensional models SO NANOTECH 2003, VOL 1 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show (Nanotech 2003) CY FEB 23-27, 2003 CL San Francisco, CA SP Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Ardesta, LLC, Swiss Nanotechnol Initiat, Belgian Nanotechnol Initiat, Oppenheimer wolff & Donnelly LLP, Accelrys Inc, Ciphergen Biosyst Inc, Motorola Inc, ANSYS Inc, COMSOL, Thomson, Derwent, M&W Zander US Operat Inc, Small Times Media DE automatic mask generation; MEMS design; geometric modeling; topology; SUMMiT V AB Given a three-dimensional model of an object, the algorithm presented in this work derives the two-dimensional mask set required to manufacture the object in a surface micromachining process. Currently, designing a surface micromachined MEMS device requires the creation of a process dependent mask set describing how various layers of material are used to construct the device. This work describes an algorithm that infers from the horizontal, cross-sectional topology of a three-dimensional model, the masks required to fabricate the device. Such inferred masks are general in nature and are fitted to a specific production process if data describing the process's mask requirements are available; data for Sandia's SUMMiT V process is used in the current work. This work allows a MEMS designer to focus on creation of a three-dimensional model of their device rather than the masks required by different production processes. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Dept Computat Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Schiek, R (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Dept Computat Sci, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RI Schiek, Richard/A-9192-2011 NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPUTATIONAL PUBLICATIONS PI CAMBRIDGE PA PUBISHING OFFICE, 308 ONE KENDALL SQ BLDG 600, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA BN 0-9728422-0-9 PY 2003 BP 506 EP 509 PG 4 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BAN93 UT WOS:000223045100130 ER PT B AU Zhong, JX AF Zhong, JX BE Laudon, M Romanowicz, B TI Effects of backbone disorder on electronic transport in DNA molecules SO NANOTECH 2003, VOL 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show (Nanotech 2003) CY FEB 23-27, 2003 CL San Francisco, CA SP Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Ardesta, LLC, Swiss Nanotechnol Initiat, Belgian Nanotechnol Initiat, Oppenheimer wolff & Donnelly LLP, Accelrys Inc, Ciphergen Biosyst Inc, Motorola Inc, ANSYS Inc, COMSOL, Thomson, Derwent, M&W Zander US Operat Inc, Small Times Media DE DNA; electronic transport; backbone disorder; localization; molecular electronics ID DOUBLE-HELICAL DNA; CHARGE-TRANSPORT; ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; DYNAMICS; SYSTEMS; RANGE AB Static disorder of DNA backbones exists in electronic transport measurements of DNA molecules. We propose a model to examine the effects of the backbone disorder on electronic transport in DNA. The model is based on a tight-binding Hamiltonian with periodic overlapping pi orbitals of base pairs coupled to disordered backbones. The dynamical behaviors of electrons are demonstrated in a framework of quantum dynamics. We show that the localization length of electrons undergoes a sharp transition as the disorder strength increases, namely, it decreases in the regime of weak disorder but increases in the regime of strong disorder, Our finding provides a new understanding of the diverse experimental results of the electrical conductivity of DNA molecules. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Math & Comp Sci, Ctr Engn Sci Adv Res, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Zhong, JX (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Math & Comp Sci, Ctr Engn Sci Adv Res, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 29 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPUTATIONAL PUBLICATIONS PI CAMBRIDGE PA PUBISHING OFFICE, 308 ONE KENDALL SQ BLDG 600, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA BN 0-9728422-1-7 PY 2003 BP 105 EP 108 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BAN96 UT WOS:000223045900028 ER PT B AU Mozyrsky, D Martin, I AF Mozyrsky, D Martin, I BE Laudon, M Romanowicz, B TI Quantum-classical transition induced by electrical measurement SO NANOTECH 2003, VOL 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show (Nanotech 2003) CY FEB 23-27, 2003 CL San Francisco, CA SP Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Ardesta, LLC, Swiss Nanotechnol Initiat, Belgian Nanotechnol Initiat, Oppenheimer wolff & Donnelly LLP, Accelrys Inc, Ciphergen Biosyst Inc, Motorola Inc, ANSYS Inc, COMSOL, Thomson, Derwent, M&W Zander US Operat Inc, Small Times Media DE quantum; classical transition; quantum dissipative systems; non-equilibrium dynamics ID TRANSISTOR; DETECTOR AB A model of an electrical tunnel junction coupled to a mechanical system (oscillator) is studied to simulate the dephasing effect of measurement on a quantum system. The problem is solved at zero temperature under conditions of strong non-equilibrium in the measurement apparatus. For linear coupling between the oscillator and tunneling electrons, it is found that the oscillator dynamics becomes damped, with the effective temperature determined by the voltage drop across the junction. It is demonstrated that both the quantum heating and the quantum damping of the oscillator manifest themselves in the current-voltage characteristic of the point contact. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Mozyrsky, D (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPUTATIONAL PUBLICATIONS PI CAMBRIDGE PA PUBISHING OFFICE, 308 ONE KENDALL SQ BLDG 600, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA BN 0-9728422-1-7 PY 2003 BP 194 EP 197 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BAN96 UT WOS:000223045900051 ER PT B AU Trebotich, D Colella, P Miller, G Liepmann, D AF Trebotich, D Colella, P Miller, G Liepmann, D BE Laudon, M Romanowicz, B TI A numerical model of viscoelastic flow in microchannels SO NANOTECH 2003, VOL 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show (Nanotech 2003) CY FEB 23-27, 2003 CL San Francisco, CA SP Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Ardesta, LLC, Swiss Nanotechnol Initiat, Belgian Nanotechnol Initiat, Oppenheimer wolff & Donnelly LLP, Accelrys Inc, Ciphergen Biosyst Inc, Motorola Inc, ANSYS Inc, COMSOL, Thomson, Derwent, M&W Zander US Operat Inc, Small Times Media DE non-Newtonian; viscoelasticity; Oldroyd-B; microfluidics; projection methods ID NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS AB We present a numerical method to model nonNewtonian, viscoelastic flow at the microscale. The equations of motion are the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations coupled with the Oldroyd-B constitutive equation. This constitutive equation is chosen to model a Boger fluid which is representative of complex biological solutions exhibiting elastic behavior due to macromolecules in the solution (e.g., DNA solution). Our numerical approach is a projection method to impose the incompressibility constraint and a Lax-Wendroff method to predict velocities and stresses while recovering both viscous and elastic limits. The method is second-order accurate in space and time, free-stream preserving, has a time step constraint determined by the advective CFL condition, and requires the solution of only well-behaved linear systems amenable to the use of fast iterative methods. We demonstrate the method for viscoelastic incompressible flow in simple microchannels (2D) and microducts (0).(1) C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. RP Trebotich, D (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-560, Livermore, CA USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU COMPUTATIONAL PUBLICATIONS PI CAMBRIDGE PA PUBISHING OFFICE, 308 ONE KENDALL SQ BLDG 600, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA BN 0-9728422-1-7 PY 2003 BP 520 EP 523 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BAN96 UT WOS:000223045900133 ER PT B AU Rudd, RE AF Rudd, RE BE Laudon, M Romanowicz, B TI Coarse-grained molecular dynamics for design of nanomechanical systems SO NANOTECH 2003, VOL 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show (Nanotech 2003) CY FEB 23-27, 2003 CL San Francisco, CA SP Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Ardesta, LLC, Swiss Nanotechnol Initiat, Belgian Nanotechnol Initiat, Oppenheimer wolff & Donnelly LLP, Accelrys Inc, Ciphergen Biosyst Inc, Motorola Inc, ANSYS Inc, COMSOL, Thomson, Derwent, M&W Zander US Operat Inc, Small Times Media DE concurrent multiscale modeling; MEMS; NEMS; flexural resonator ID ELASTIC PROPERTIES; LENGTH SCALES; SILICON; SIMULATION; ELEMENTS; DEVICES AB We give an overview of some of the unique challenges for computer modeling and simulation that arise from the development and design of nanoscale mechanical systems. Of particular interest are the dynamic and temperature-dependent processes found in nanomechanical systems. We focus on the behavior of sub-micron mechanical components of Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS), especially micro-resonators. The coupling of length scales methodology we have developed for MEMS employs an atomistic description of millions of atoms in relatively small but key regions of the system, coupled concurrently to a generalized finite element model of the periphery. The model, Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics (CGMD), describes the dynamics on a mesh of elements, but the equations of motion are built up from the underlying atomistic physics to ensure a smooth coupling between regions governed by different length scales. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Phys Div, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Rudd, RE (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Phys Div, L-045, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU COMPUTATIONAL PUBLICATIONS PI CAMBRIDGE PA PUBISHING OFFICE, 308 ONE KENDALL SQ BLDG 600, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA BN 0-9728422-1-7 PY 2003 BP 524 EP 527 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BAN96 UT WOS:000223045900134 ER PT B AU Winters, W Evans, G Prantil, V Larson, R AF Winters, W Evans, G Prantil, V Larson, R BE Laudon, M Romanowicz, B TI A fully coupled computational model of the silylation process SO NANOTECH 2003, VOL 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show (Nanotech 2003) CY FEB 23-27, 2003 CL San Francisco, CA SP Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Ardesta, LLC, Swiss Nanotechnol Initiat, Belgian Nanotechnol Initiat, Oppenheimer wolff & Donnelly LLP, Accelrys Inc, Ciphergen Biosyst Inc, Motorola Inc, ANSYS Inc, COMSOL, Thomson, Derwent, M&W Zander US Operat Inc, Small Times Media DE EUVL; TSI; FEM; diffusion; silylation AB This paper describes a fully coupled computational model of the positive tone silylation process. The model is two-dimensional and transient and focuses on the part of the lithography process in which crosslinked and uncrosslinked resist is exposed to a gaseous silylation agent. The model accounts for the combined effects of mass transport, chemical reaction, the generation of stresses, and the resulting material motion. The influence of stress on diffusion and reaction rates is also included. Both Fickian and case 11 diffusion models have been incorporated. A complete 2D transient simulation of the silylation process is presented and discussed. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Winters, W (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPUTATIONAL PUBLICATIONS PI CAMBRIDGE PA PUBISHING OFFICE, 308 ONE KENDALL SQ BLDG 600, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA BN 0-9728422-1-7 PY 2003 BP 578 EP 581 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BAN96 UT WOS:000223045900148 ER PT B AU Merkulov, VI Melechko, AV Guillorn, MA McKnight, TE Austin, DW Hale, M Zhang, L Yang, X Hensley, DK Subich, T Doktycz, MJ Lowndes, DH Simpson, ML AF Merkulov, VI Melechko, AV Guillorn, MA McKnight, TE Austin, DW Hale, M Zhang, L Yang, X Hensley, DK Subich, T Doktycz, MJ Lowndes, DH Simpson, ML BE Laudon, M Romanowicz, B TI Controlled synthesis and directed assembly of vertically aligned carbon nanofibers for functional nanoscale devices SO NANOTECH 2003, VOL 3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show (Nanotech 2003) CY FEB 23-27, 2003 CL San Francisco, CA SP Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Ardesta, LLC, Swiss Nanotechnol Initiat, Belgian Nanotechnol Initiat, Oppenheimer wolff & Donnelly LLP, Accelrys Inc, Ciphergen Biosyst Inc, Motorola Inc, ANSYS Inc, COMSOL, Thomson, Derwent, M&W Zander US Operat Inc, Small Times Media DE carbon nanofibers; carbon nanostructures; nanoscale materials; nanoscale devices ID CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; FIELD-EMISSION; GROWTH; CATHODE; FABRICATION; OPERATION; ALIGNMENT AB We describe the controlled synthesis and directed assembly of vertically aligned carbon nanofibers. Using the plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition process described here, we demonstrate exquisite control of nanofiber diameter, height, placement, shape, orientation, and chemical composition. We demonstrate the utility of this process by showing several types of devices constructed using nanofibers. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Mol Scale Engn & Nanoscale Technol Res Grp, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Simpson, ML (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Mol Scale Engn & Nanoscale Technol Res Grp, POB 2008,MS 6006, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI McKnight, Tim/H-3087-2011; Simpson, Michael/A-8410-2011; Hensley, Dale/A-6282-2016; Melechko, Anatoli/B-8820-2008 OI McKnight, Tim/0000-0003-4326-9117; Simpson, Michael/0000-0002-3933-3457; Hensley, Dale/0000-0001-8763-7765; NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU COMPUTATIONAL PUBLICATIONS PI CAMBRIDGE PA PUBISHING OFFICE, 308 ONE KENDALL SQ BLDG 600, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA BN 0-9728422-2-5 PY 2003 BP 66 EP 69 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA BAN98 UT WOS:000223047000018 ER PT B AU Nussinov, Z Crommie, M Balatsky, AV AF Nussinov, Z Crommie, M Balatsky, AV BE Laudon, M Romanowicz, B TI Noise spectroscopy of a single spin with spin polarized STM SO NANOTECH 2003, VOL 3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show (Nanotech 2003) CY FEB 23-27, 2003 CL San Francisco, CA SP Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Ardesta, LLC, Swiss Nanotechnol Initiat, Belgian Nanotechnol Initiat, Oppenheimer wolff & Donnelly LLP, Accelrys Inc, Ciphergen Biosyst Inc, Motorola Inc, ANSYS Inc, COMSOL, Thomson, Derwent, M&W Zander US Operat Inc, Small Times Media DE noise spectroscopy; single spin; spin polarized STM ID RESONANCE AB We propose a novel way for detecting the dynamics of a single spin center on a non-magnetic substrate. In the detection scheme, the STM tunnel current is correlated with the spin orientation. As a consequence, the noise in a spin polarized STM tunneling current gives valuable spectroscopic information on the spin dynamics of a single magnetic atom. This is an example of "noise spectroscopy" in which by probing the noise of a small quantum system we may directly monitor its dynamics. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Nussinov, Z (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPUTATIONAL PUBLICATIONS PI CAMBRIDGE PA PUBISHING OFFICE, 308 ONE KENDALL SQ BLDG 600, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA BN 0-9728422-2-5 PY 2003 BP 78 EP 81 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA BAN98 UT WOS:000223047000021 ER PT B AU Martin, I Mozyrsky, D Jiang, HW AF Martin, I Mozyrsky, D Jiang, HW BE Laudon, M Romanowicz, B TI A scheme for electrical detection of single electron spin resonance SO NANOTECH 2003, VOL 3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show (Nanotech 2003) CY FEB 23-27, 2003 CL San Francisco, CA SP Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Ardesta, LLC, Swiss Nanotechnol Initiat, Belgian Nanotechnol Initiat, Oppenheimer wolff & Donnelly LLP, Accelrys Inc, Ciphergen Biosyst Inc, Motorola Inc, ANSYS Inc, COMSOL, Thomson, Derwent, M&W Zander US Operat Inc, Small Times Media DE single spin measurement; electron spin resonance; quantum computing ID NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; TRANSISTORS AB We study a scheme for electrical detection of the spin resonance (ESR) of a single electron trapped near a Field Effect Transistor (FET) conduction channel. In this scheme, the resonant Rabi oscillations of the trapped electron spin cause a modification of the average charge of a shallow trap, which can be detected through the change in the FET channel resistivity. We show that the dependence of the channel resistivity on the frequency of the rf field can have either peak or dip at the Larmor frequency of the electron spin in the trap. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. RP Martin, I (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPUTATIONAL PUBLICATIONS PI CAMBRIDGE PA PUBISHING OFFICE, 308 ONE KENDALL SQ BLDG 600, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA BN 0-9728422-2-5 PY 2003 BP 90 EP 93 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA BAN98 UT WOS:000223047000024 ER PT B AU Bulaevskii, LN Hruska, M Ortiz, G AF Bulaevskii, LN Hruska, M Ortiz, G BE Laudon, M Romanowicz, B TI Tunneling spectrum of single-spin oscillations SO NANOTECH 2003, VOL 3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show (Nanotech 2003) CY FEB 23-27, 2003 CL San Francisco, CA SP Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Ardesta, LLC, Swiss Nanotechnol Initiat, Belgian Nanotechnol Initiat, Oppenheimer wolff & Donnelly LLP, Accelrys Inc, Ciphergen Biosyst Inc, Motorola Inc, ANSYS Inc, COMSOL, Thomson, Derwent, M&W Zander US Operat Inc, Small Times Media AB We consider tunneling between electrodes via a microscopic system which can be modeled by the two-level Hamiltonian (a localized spin 1/2 or a quantum dot). Using the non-equilibrium Keldysh method we find the dependence of the current-current correlation function on the applied voltage V between leads, temperature T, (constant) magnetic field B-0 acting on the spin, and on the degree and orientation m(R,L) of spin polarization of electrons in the two (R, L) leads. We show that the current-current correlation function exhibits a peak caused by Larmor-precession when m(R,L) are not parallel to B-0 and find the conditions when the signal-to-noise ratio R for this peak reaches its maximum of order 1, R less than or equal to 4. We compare our results with those obtained in the quasiclassical approach and discuss the experimental results observed by STM dynamic probes of spin. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Bulaevskii, LN (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU COMPUTATIONAL PUBLICATIONS PI CAMBRIDGE PA PUBISHING OFFICE, 308 ONE KENDALL SQ BLDG 600, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA BN 0-9728422-2-5 PY 2003 BP 116 EP 119 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA BAN98 UT WOS:000223047000031 ER PT B AU Musson, LC Plimpton, SJ Schmidt, RC AF Musson, LC Plimpton, SJ Schmidt, RC BE Laudon, M Romanowicz, B TI MEMS fabrication modeling with ChISELS: A massively parallel 3D level-set based feature scale modeler SO NANOTECH 2003, VOL 3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show (Nanotech 2003) CY FEB 23-27, 2003 CL San Francisco, CA SP Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Ardesta, LLC, Swiss Nanotechnol Initiat, Belgian Nanotechnol Initiat, Oppenheimer wolff & Donnelly LLP, Accelrys Inc, Ciphergen Biosyst Inc, Motorola Inc, ANSYS Inc, COMSOL, Thomson, Derwent, M&W Zander US Operat Inc, Small Times Media DE MEMS; CVD; level-set method; feature scale ID SIMULATION AB Chemical Induced Surface Evolution with Level Sets (ChISELS) is a level-set based computer code in development at Sandia National Laboratories to model at the feature scale the evolution of surfaces of microdevices during fabrication by surface micromachining (SMM) processes. The theoretical models used and a description of the code is presented here. The initial focus of the models in ChISELS is on low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD), one of the processes employed in Sandia National Laboratories' SUMMiT V technology, so the models employed are ballistic transport of chemical species from the reactor to the surface and surface chemistry only; all of which are designed to function in a massively parallel computational framework. An example is given here of the deposition of polysilicon from Silane (SiH4) in a simple two-dimensional trench. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Musson, LC (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPUTATIONAL PUBLICATIONS PI CAMBRIDGE PA PUBISHING OFFICE, 308 ONE KENDALL SQ BLDG 600, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA BN 0-9728422-2-5 PY 2003 BP 231 EP 234 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA BAN98 UT WOS:000223047000063 ER PT B AU Thevuthasan, S Nachimuthu, P Kim, YJ Lyubinetsky, I Lea, AS Shutthanandan, V Engelhard, MH Baer, DR Shuh, DK Lindle, DW AF Thevuthasan, S Nachimuthu, P Kim, YJ Lyubinetsky, I Lea, AS Shutthanandan, V Engelhard, MH Baer, DR Shuh, DK Lindle, DW BE Laudon, M Romanowicz, B TI Surface and interface characterization of self-assembled copper oxide quantum dots on SrTiO(3)(001) surface SO NANOTECH 2003, VOL 3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show (Nanotech 2003) CY FEB 23-27, 2003 CL San Francisco, CA SP Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Ardesta, LLC, Swiss Nanotechnol Initiat, Belgian Nanotechnol Initiat, Oppenheimer wolff & Donnelly LLP, Accelrys Inc, Ciphergen Biosyst Inc, Motorola Inc, ANSYS Inc, COMSOL, Thomson, Derwent, M&W Zander US Operat Inc, Small Times Media DE oxide quantum dots; molecular beam epitaxy (MBE); synthesis; characterization; near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS); X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS); atomic force microscopy (AFM) ID NANOCRYSTALS; GROWTH AB Copper oxide quantum dots (QDs) were grown in various thicknesses on different SrTiO(3)(001) surfaces and were characterized using various surface and bulk sensitive techniques. The experimental growth conditions were optimized to obtain Cu(2)O as the major phase in these structures. The copper oxide QDs grown on clean SrTiO(3)(001) surfaces at 825 K or higher with p(O(2)) of 9.0x10(-7) Torr or above contain mostly Cu(II) in contrast to those grown at 800 K with p(O(2)) of similar to7.0x10(-7) Torr that contain primarily Cu(I). Furthermore, it has been established that there is a strong interaction between the SrTiO(3)(001) surface and the first few monolayers of these nano structures, which induces the formation of Cu(II). However, this interaction is mitigated with increasing thickness of copper oxide QDs resulting in the exclusive formation of Cu(2)O in the topmost layers. Modification of substrate surfaces using chemical treatment and/or energetic Au(2+) ion-beam irradiation affects the formation of these structures. C1 Battelle Mem Inst, PNNL, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Thevuthasan, S (reprint author), Battelle Mem Inst, PNNL, MSIN K8-93,Box 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM theva@pnl.gov RI Engelhard, Mark/F-1317-2010; Baer, Donald/J-6191-2013; OI Baer, Donald/0000-0003-0875-5961; Lea, Alan/0000-0002-4232-1553; Engelhard, Mark/0000-0002-5543-0812 NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU COMPUTATIONAL PUBLICATIONS PI CAMBRIDGE PA PUBISHING OFFICE, 308 ONE KENDALL SQ BLDG 600, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA BN 0-9728422-2-5 PY 2003 BP 278 EP 281 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA BAN98 UT WOS:000223047000075 ER PT B AU McKnight, TE Melechko, AV Guillorn, MA Merkulov, VI Fleming, JT Hensley, D Hullander, E McPherson, J Nivens, D Sayler, GS Lowndes, DH Simpson, ML AF McKnight, TE Melechko, AV Guillorn, MA Merkulov, VI Fleming, JT Hensley, D Hullander, E McPherson, J Nivens, D Sayler, GS Lowndes, DH Simpson, ML BE Laudon, M Romanowicz, B TI Carbon nanofiber-based electrode interface to microbial biofilms SO NANOTECH 2003, VOL 3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show (Nanotech 2003) CY FEB 23-27, 2003 CL San Francisco, CA SP Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Ardesta, LLC, Swiss Nanotechnol Initiat, Belgian Nanotechnol Initiat, Oppenheimer wolff & Donnelly LLP, Accelrys Inc, Ciphergen Biosyst Inc, Motorola Inc, ANSYS Inc, COMSOL, Thomson, Derwent, M&W Zander US Operat Inc, Small Times Media DE carbon nanofiber; electrochemistry; biofilm; microelectrode; biosensor ID GROWTH AB We report the fabrication and characterization of a carbon nanofiber-based electrochemical interface to microbial biofilms. Interdigitated electrode systems, comprised of 2 mum wide electrodes populated with forests of vertically-aligned carbon nanofibers, were developed to provide scaffolding, electrical stimuli, and measurement of metabolites around and within a suspended bacterial biofilm matrix. The presence of nanofiber forests upon these electrodes provides large, electrochemically active surface areas, resulting in high current densities during electroanalyses. The vertical aspect of nanofibers provides basis for interrogation around and within biofilm matrices, via potential penetration of nanofiber elements into the biomass. Fibered electrodes were characterized electrochemically using standard analytes and were employed as scaffolding to grow biofilms of various e. coli strains featuring bioluminescent gene-reporting constructs. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Mol Scale Engn & Nanoscale Technol Res Grp, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP McKnight, TE (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Mol Scale Engn & Nanoscale Technol Res Grp, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Simpson, Michael/A-8410-2011; Melechko, Anatoli/B-8820-2008; McKnight, Tim/H-3087-2011; Hensley, Dale/A-6282-2016 OI Simpson, Michael/0000-0002-3933-3457; McKnight, Tim/0000-0003-4326-9117; Hensley, Dale/0000-0001-8763-7765 NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU COMPUTATIONAL PUBLICATIONS PI CAMBRIDGE PA PUBISHING OFFICE, 308 ONE KENDALL SQ BLDG 600, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA BN 0-9728422-2-5 PY 2003 BP 293 EP 296 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA BAN98 UT WOS:000223047000079 ER PT B AU Yang, XJ Austin, D Guillorn, MA Merkulov, VI Melechko, AV Lowndes, DH Simpson, ML AF Yang, XJ Austin, D Guillorn, MA Merkulov, VI Melechko, AV Lowndes, DH Simpson, ML BE Laudon, M Romanowicz, B TI Nanoelectronic devices constructed using individual vertically aligned carbon nanofibers SO NANOTECH 2003, VOL 3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show (Nanotech 2003) CY FEB 23-27, 2003 CL San Francisco, CA SP Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Ardesta, LLC, Swiss Nanotechnol Initiat, Belgian Nanotechnol Initiat, Oppenheimer wolff & Donnelly LLP, Accelrys Inc, Ciphergen Biosyst Inc, Motorola Inc, ANSYS Inc, COMSOL, Thomson, Derwent, M&W Zander US Operat Inc, Small Times Media DE nanodevice; Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanofiber; Schottky junction; PECVD ID CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; CATHODE; GROWTH AB We have fabricated active nanoscale electronic devices based on Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanofiber (VACNF) in a way that will be practical for large-scale manufacturing using conventional fabrication technology. The VACNFs are synthesized in a high-density Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) process. that provides a high degree of control of the growth conditions and consequently, the resultant electronic properties. Rectifying devices containing metal-semiconductor (Schottky) junctions will be presented in this paper and we calculate the barrier height of about 300mV from the temperature sweep measurements. The VACNF devices can operate at current levels of I 100uA current without any sign of damage. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Mol Scale Engn & Nanoscale Technol Res Grp, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Yang, XJ (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Mol Scale Engn & Nanoscale Technol Res Grp, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Simpson, Michael/A-8410-2011; Melechko, Anatoli/B-8820-2008 OI Simpson, Michael/0000-0002-3933-3457; NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU COMPUTATIONAL PUBLICATIONS PI CAMBRIDGE PA PUBISHING OFFICE, 308 ONE KENDALL SQ BLDG 600, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA BN 0-9728422-2-5 PY 2003 BP 342 EP 345 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA BAN98 UT WOS:000223047000092 ER PT B AU Guillorn, MA Whealton, JH Baylor, LR Melechko, AV Merkulov, VI Hensley, DK Hale, MD Kasica, RJ Lowndes, DH Simpson, ML AF Guillorn, MA Whealton, JH Baylor, LR Melechko, AV Merkulov, VI Hensley, DK Hale, MD Kasica, RJ Lowndes, DH Simpson, ML BE Laudon, M Romanowicz, B TI Electron source design for a massively parallel electron beam lithography system using single vertically aligned carbon nanofiber cathodes SO NANOTECH 2003, VOL 3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show (Nanotech 2003) CY FEB 23-27, 2003 CL San Francisco, CA SP Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Ardesta, LLC, Swiss Nanotechnol Initiat, Belgian Nanotechnol Initiat, Oppenheimer wolff & Donnelly LLP, Accelrys Inc, Ciphergen Biosyst Inc, Motorola Inc, ANSYS Inc, COMSOL, Thomson, Derwent, M&W Zander US Operat Inc, Small Times Media DE carbon nanofiber; field emission; microcolumn; next generation lithography; vacuum microelectronics ID FIELD-EMISSION; MASKLESS LITHOGRAPHY; ARRAY LITHOGRAPHY AB A massively parallel electron beam array suitable for performing high throughput direct write electron beam lithography is being developed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. This application requires the design and construction of robust field emission electron sources that can be electrostatically focused by a microfabricated structure and integrated with prefabricated control electronics on a monolithic substrate. Due to moderate threshold field for the emission of electrons and environmental stability, the vertically aligned carbon nanofiber (VACNF) constitutes an ideal cathode material for this purpose. A model of electron emission from the VACNF was constructed from operational results obtained from integrated electron sources using single VACNF cathodes. This model was used to design a microcolumn capable of generating an electron beam with a kinetic energy of 1.2 keV and a diameter of 50 nm at a working distance of 100 mum. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Simpson, Michael/A-8410-2011; Melechko, Anatoli/B-8820-2008; Hensley, Dale/A-6282-2016 OI Simpson, Michael/0000-0002-3933-3457; Hensley, Dale/0000-0001-8763-7765 NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU COMPUTATIONAL PUBLICATIONS PI CAMBRIDGE PA PUBISHING OFFICE, 308 ONE KENDALL SQ BLDG 600, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA BN 0-9728422-2-5 PY 2003 BP 346 EP 349 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA BAN98 UT WOS:000223047000093 ER PT B AU Xiao, ZL Han, CY Welp, U Wang, HH Willing, GA Vlasko-Vlasov, VK Kwok, WK Miller, DJ Hiller, JM Cook, RE Crabtree, GW AF Xiao, ZL Han, CY Welp, U Wang, HH Willing, GA Vlasko-Vlasov, VK Kwok, WK Miller, DJ Hiller, JM Cook, RE Crabtree, GW BE Laudon, M Romanowicz, B TI Magnetic antidot arrays with a storage density of 10 GbitS/Cm(2) SO NANOTECH 2003, VOL 3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show (Nanotech 2003) CY FEB 23-27, 2003 CL San Francisco, CA SP Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Ardesta, LLC, Swiss Nanotechnol Initiat, Belgian Nanotechnol Initiat, Oppenheimer wolff & Donnelly LLP, Accelrys Inc, Ciphergen Biosyst Inc, Motorola Inc, ANSYS Inc, COMSOL, Thomson, Derwent, M&W Zander US Operat Inc, Small Times Media DE storage media; magnetic antidots; nickel films; anodic aluminum oxide; nanopore arrays ID NANOWIRE ARRAYS; ANISOTROPIC MAGNETORESISTANCE; GIANT MAGNETORESISTANCE; DOMAIN FORMATION; THIN-FILMS; CO; MULTILAYERS; FABRICATION; NICKEL; WIRES AB We report a new way to fabricate ultrahigh density storage media by forming magnetic antidot arrays through the deposition of magnetic materials on substrates containing nanopore arrays. In this work, membranes of aluminum oxide that contain lattices of uniform nanopores formed during the anodization of aluminum foils in acids were utilized as deposition substrates. Nickel antidot arrays with density up to 10(10)/cm(2) have been fabricated by depositing nickel onto these anodic aluminum oxide membranes. Microscopy images show a high degree of order in the antidot arrays. Various sizes and shapes of the antidots were observed with increasing thickness of the deposited nickel. New features appear in both the magnetization and transport measurements when the external magnetic field is parallel to the current direction on these antidot arrays, including an enhancement and a nonmonotonous field dependence of the magnetoresistance, larger value of the coercive field, and a smaller saturation field. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Xiao, ZL (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM xiao@anl.gov RI Hiller, Jon/A-2513-2009 OI Hiller, Jon/0000-0001-7207-8008 NR 31 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPUTATIONAL PUBLICATIONS PI CAMBRIDGE PA PUBISHING OFFICE, 308 ONE KENDALL SQ BLDG 600, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA BN 0-9728422-2-5 PY 2003 BP 357 EP 360 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA BAN98 UT WOS:000223047000096 ER PT B AU De Yoreo, JJ Ormel, CA Qiu, SR Dove, PM AF De Yoreo, JJ Ormel, CA Qiu, SR Dove, PM BE Laudon, M Romanowicz, B TI Biologically inspired controls over assembly of crystalline nanostructures SO NANOTECH 2003, VOL 3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show (Nanotech 2003) CY FEB 23-27, 2003 CL San Francisco, CA SP Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Ardesta, LLC, Swiss Nanotechnol Initiat, Belgian Nanotechnol Initiat, Oppenheimer wolff & Donnelly LLP, Accelrys Inc, Ciphergen Biosyst Inc, Motorola Inc, ANSYS Inc, COMSOL, Thomson, Derwent, M&W Zander US Operat Inc, Small Times Media DE biomineralization; crystallization; atomic force microscopy; crystal growth modulation ID CALCITE GROWTH; IMPURITY; BINDING AB In an effort to understand the physical principles governing the controls on the growth of nanocrystals exerted by living organisms during tissue mineralization, we have performed in situ AFM studies of crystal growth from solution on a number of systems in which inorganic and organic modifiers have been added to alter morphology and kinetics. The results reveal a variety of mechanisms by which modifier-surface interactions affect growth to generate new facets or pseudo-facets, but suggest that, in general, controls over morphology and kinetics are maintained by step-specific interactions on pre-exisiting crystal faces. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP De Yoreo, JJ (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 5508, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU COMPUTATIONAL PUBLICATIONS PI CAMBRIDGE PA PUBISHING OFFICE, 308 ONE KENDALL SQ BLDG 600, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA BN 0-9728422-2-5 PY 2003 BP 382 EP 384 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA BAN98 UT WOS:000223047000103 ER PT B AU Vaknin, D AF Vaknin, D BE Laudon, M Romanowicz, B TI Structure-function relations in self-assembled sphingolipids at gas-water interfaces SO NANOTECH 2003, VOL 3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show (Nanotech 2003) CY FEB 23-27, 2003 CL San Francisco, CA SP Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Ardesta, LLC, Swiss Nanotechnol Initiat, Belgian Nanotechnol Initiat, Oppenheimer wolff & Donnelly LLP, Accelrys Inc, Ciphergen Biosyst Inc, Motorola Inc, ANSYS Inc, COMSOL, Thomson, Derwent, M&W Zander US Operat Inc, Small Times Media DE sphingosine; sphingolipids; membranes; X-ray reflectivity; grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD) ID GRAZING-INCIDENCE DIFFRACTION; X-RAY-SCATTERING; PHOSPHOLIPID MONOLAYERS; SPHINGOMYELIN; CERAMIDE AB Synchrotron X-ray scattering studies of self assembled sphingolipids monolayers at aqueous interfaces reveal interfacial properties that distinguish them from many common lipids (glycerol-phospholipids, fatty-acids, fatty-alcohols and others). It is argued that these properties can be related to the functions of sphingolipids in eukaryotic cells, and as the building blocks of animals' tissues. Our results show that sphingolipids, even at very low inplane densities tend to cluster into micro- and nano-crystals and the monolayers that they form are unusually corrugated. Both properties are due to strong hydrogen bonds in the sphingosine head-group. Corrugated membrane-leaflets (due to the abundance of sphingolipids) with extended surface-areas enhance leaflet-leaflet binding energies in a membrane which is crucial to the function of skin tissue or for myelin, for example. We further argue that the micro-crystals observed are the precursors of protein-rafts, and the corrugation on their surfaces can be important for protein adhesion. C1 Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Vaknin, D (reprint author), Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RI Vaknin, David/B-3302-2009 OI Vaknin, David/0000-0002-0899-9248 NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 5 PU COMPUTATIONAL PUBLICATIONS PI CAMBRIDGE PA PUBISHING OFFICE, 308 ONE KENDALL SQ BLDG 600, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA BN 0-9728422-2-5 PY 2003 BP 408 EP 411 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA BAN98 UT WOS:000223047000110 ER PT B AU Melechko, AV McKnight, TE Guillorn, MA Ilic, B Merkulov, VI Doktycz, MJ Warmac, B McCorkle, W Lowndes, DH Simpson, ML AF Melechko, AV McKnight, TE Guillorn, MA Ilic, B Merkulov, VI Doktycz, MJ Warmac, B McCorkle, W Lowndes, DH Simpson, ML BE Laudon, M Romanowicz, B TI Fabrication of nanopipes using vertically aligned carbon nanofiber templates and their properties SO NANOTECH 2003, VOL 3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show (Nanotech 2003) CY FEB 23-27, 2003 CL San Francisco, CA SP Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Ardesta, LLC, Swiss Nanotechnol Initiat, Belgian Nanotechnol Initiat, Oppenheimer wolff & Donnelly LLP, Accelrys Inc, Ciphergen Biosyst Inc, Motorola Inc, ANSYS Inc, COMSOL, Thomson, Derwent, M&W Zander US Operat Inc, Small Times Media DE nanofluidics; porous membrane; carbon nanofibers; microfabrication AB A method to fabricate nanoscale structures suitable for fluidic transport is reported. Vertically aligned carbon nanofibers grown by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition are used as sacrificial templates for nanopipes with internal diameters as small as 30 nm and lengths up to several micrometers that are oriented perpendicular to the substrate. This method provides a high level of control over the nanopipe location, number, length, and diameter, permitting them to be deterministically positioned on a substrate and arranged into arrays. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Mol Scale Engn & Nanoscale Technol Res Grp, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Melechko, AV (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Mol Scale Engn & Nanoscale Technol Res Grp, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Simpson, Michael/A-8410-2011; Melechko, Anatoli/B-8820-2008; McKnight, Tim/H-3087-2011; Ilic, Rob/N-1359-2014 OI Simpson, Michael/0000-0002-3933-3457; McKnight, Tim/0000-0003-4326-9117; NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU COMPUTATIONAL PUBLICATIONS PI CAMBRIDGE PA PUBISHING OFFICE, 308 ONE KENDALL SQ BLDG 600, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA BN 0-9728422-2-5 PY 2003 BP 416 EP 419 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA BAN98 UT WOS:000223047000112 ER PT B AU Paddison, S AF Paddison, S BE Laudon, M Romanowicz, B TI PEM fuel cells SO NANOTECH 2003, VOL 3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show (Nanotech 2003) CY FEB 23-27, 2003 CL San Francisco, CA SP Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Ardesta, LLC, Swiss Nanotechnol Initiat, Belgian Nanotechnol Initiat, Oppenheimer wolff & Donnelly LLP, Accelrys Inc, Ciphergen Biosyst Inc, Motorola Inc, ANSYS Inc, COMSOL, Thomson, Derwent, M&W Zander US Operat Inc, Small Times Media DE fuel cells; PEM; modeling AB The polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel is deemed one of the most promising devices for energy conversion. For the PEM fuel cell to be successfully integrated into the mass-market new materials will need to be developed, including: electrocatalysts for the fuel and air electrodes and the proton conducting membrane [I]. New materials possessing improved properties will emerge as a result of a collaborative effort between experimentalists, engineers, and theorists, the later doing both device and materials modeling. For the physical and chemical modeling of materials to play a role in the suggestion of new materials the modeling must be at the nano- and even molecular scale and ideally it should not be phenomenological but rather from Agfirst principles Ah. Discussed below are the various efforts in both materials and device modeling. It is hoped that as a result of this Special ICCN Session that there will be a much greater integration and collaboration between the research in materials and device modeling. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Paddison, S (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RI Paddison, Stephen/B-2935-2014 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU COMPUTATIONAL PUBLICATIONS PI CAMBRIDGE PA PUBISHING OFFICE, 308 ONE KENDALL SQ BLDG 600, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA BN 0-9728422-2-5 PY 2003 BP 452 EP 458 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA BAN98 UT WOS:000223047000121 ER PT B AU Mattsson, TR Paddison, SJ AF Mattsson, TR Paddison, SJ BE Laudon, M Romanowicz, B TI Ab-initio molecular dynamics of CH3OH at the H2O/Pt interface SO NANOTECH 2003, VOL 3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show (Nanotech 2003) CY FEB 23-27, 2003 CL San Francisco, CA SP Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Ardesta, LLC, Swiss Nanotechnol Initiat, Belgian Nanotechnol Initiat, Oppenheimer wolff & Donnelly LLP, Accelrys Inc, Ciphergen Biosyst Inc, Motorola Inc, ANSYS Inc, COMSOL, Thomson, Derwent, M&W Zander US Operat Inc, Small Times Media DE ab-initio; molecular dynamics; CH3OH at H2O/Pt interface ID AUGMENTED-WAVE METHOD; ULTRASOFT PSEUDOPOTENTIALS; METHANOL; HYDRATION; TRANSITION; EXCHANGE AB Improved catalysts are among the engineering achievements, including a reduction in the overall cost of the system, necessary for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFC) to become a competitive alternative for both portable and stationary power applications. An important step towards improving existing solutions, in turn, is a fundamental, molecular based, understanding of the catalytic processes. Computer simulations, in particular calculations from first principles, have proven to provide key insights into gas-phase catalytic reactions. Density Functional Theory (DFT) (1,21 stands out as the method of choice for this type of problems. With DFT, it is possible to describe molecular reactions as well as an extended metallic surface without assumptions about the atomic interaction. DFT has therefore been used extensively, and successfully, for explaining properties of gas-phase reactions at surfaces. The situation in a DMFC is, on the other hand, more complex since the water solution and the water/Platinum interface will influence the reaction kinetics. In this paper we describe first-principles simulations of methanol in the water-Pt interface. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Surface & Interface Sci Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87105 USA. RP Sandia Natl Labs, Surface & Interface Sci Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87105 USA. RI Mattsson, Thomas/B-6057-2009; Paddison, Stephen/B-2935-2014 NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU COMPUTATIONAL PUBLICATIONS PI CAMBRIDGE PA PUBISHING OFFICE, 308 ONE KENDALL SQ BLDG 600, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA BN 0-9728422-2-5 PY 2003 BP 471 EP 473 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA BAN98 UT WOS:000223047000125 ER PT B AU Rudd, RE AF Rudd, RE BE Laudon, M Romanowicz, B TI Coarse-grained molecular dynamics for design of nanomechanical systems SO NANOTECH 2003, VOL 3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show (Nanotech 2003) CY FEB 23-27, 2003 CL San Francisco, CA SP Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Ardesta, LLC, Swiss Nanotechnol Initiat, Belgian Nanotechnol Initiat, Oppenheimer wolff & Donnelly LLP, Accelrys Inc, Ciphergen Biosyst Inc, Motorola Inc, ANSYS Inc, COMSOL, Thomson, Derwent, M&W Zander US Operat Inc, Small Times Media DE concurrent multiscale modeling; MEMS; NEMS; flexural resonator ID ELASTIC PROPERTIES; LENGTH SCALES; SILICON; SIMULATION; ELEMENTS; DEVICES AB We give an overview of some of the unique challenges for computer modeling and simulation that arise from the development and design of nanoscale mechanical systems. Of particular interest are the dynamic and temperature-dependent processes found in nanomechanical systems. We focus on the behavior of sub-micron mechanical components of Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS), especially micro-resonators. The coupling of length scales methodology we have developed for MEMS employs an atomistic description of millions of atoms in relatively small but key regions of the system, coupled concurrently to a generalized finite element model of the periphery. The model, Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics (CGMD), describes the dynamics on a mesh of elements, but the equations of motion are built up from the underlying atomistic physics to ensure a smooth coupling between regions governed by different length scales. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Phys Div, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Rudd, RE (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Phys Div, L-045, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU COMPUTATIONAL PUBLICATIONS PI CAMBRIDGE PA PUBISHING OFFICE, 308 ONE KENDALL SQ BLDG 600, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA BN 0-9728422-2-5 PY 2003 BP 500 EP 503 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA BAN98 UT WOS:000223047000133 ER PT S AU Smarsly, B Yu, K Brinker, CJ AF Smarsly, B Yu, K Brinker, CJ BE Park, SE Ryoo, R Ahn, WS Lee, CW Chang, JS TI Detailed investigation of the microporous character of mesoporous silicas as revealed by small-angle scattering techniques SO NANOTECHNOLOGY IN MESOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS SE STUDIES IN SURFACE SCIENCE AND CATALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Mesostructured Materials Symposium CY JUL 08-11, 2002 CL JEJU ISL, SOUTH KOREA SP Int Mesostruct Mat Assoc, SK Corp, R&D Ctr, ATI Korea Co Ltd, Korea I T S Co Ltd, Protech, Young Lin Instrument Co Ltd C1 Univ New Mexico, Ctr Microengn Mat, Adv Mat Lab, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Smarsly, B (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Ctr Microengn Mat, Adv Mat Lab, 1001 Univ Blvd,SE, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. RI Smarsly, Bernd/G-8514-2011; ye, bin/K-7828-2012; 牛, 开心/C-3081-2014 NR 4 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-2991 BN 0-444-51434-1 J9 STUD SURF SCI CATAL PY 2003 VL 146 BP 295 EP 298 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA BX19D UT WOS:000184568300069 ER PT S AU Gibaud, A Doshi, D Ocko, B Goletto, V Brinker, CJ AF Gibaud, A Doshi, D Ocko, B Goletto, V Brinker, CJ BE Park, SE Ryoo, R Ahn, WS Lee, CW Chang, JS TI Time-resolved in situ grazing incidence small angle x-ray scattering experiment of evaporation induced self-assembly SO NANOTECHNOLOGY IN MESOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS SE STUDIES IN SURFACE SCIENCE AND CATALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Mesostructured Materials Symposium CY JUL 08-11, 2002 CL JEJU ISL, SOUTH KOREA SP Int Mesostruct Mat Assoc, SK Corp, R&D Ctr, ATI Korea Co Ltd, Korea I T S Co Ltd, Protech, Young Lin Instrument Co Ltd ID MESOPOROUS MATERIALS; MECHANISM; FILMS AB A time-resolved in-situ grazing incidence small angle x-ray scattering (GISAXS) experiment combined to gravimetric measurements of the slow evaporation of a liquid film of CTAB surfactant molecules dissolved in a mixture of TEOS and ethanol is presented. The complete investigation of the film formation, starting from the very beginning when the film is still in a liquid state to its final dried state is reported. C1 Univ Maine, UMR 6087, CNRS, F-72085 Le Mans 9, France. Univ New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. BNL, Dept Phys, Long Isl City, NY USA. UMPC, F-75005 Paris, France. Sandia Natl Labs, Adv Mat Lab, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. RP Gibaud, A (reprint author), Univ Maine, UMR 6087, CNRS, F-72085 Le Mans 9, France. NR 9 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-2991 BN 0-444-51434-1 J9 STUD SURF SCI CATAL PY 2003 VL 146 BP 351 EP 354 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA BX19D UT WOS:000184568300083 ER PT S AU Shin, Y Wang, LQ Chang, JH Samuels, WD Exarhos, GJ AF Shin, Y Wang, LQ Chang, JH Samuels, WD Exarhos, GJ BE Park, SE Ryoo, R Ahn, WS Lee, CW Chang, JS TI Morphology control of hierarchically ordered ceramic materials prepared by surfactant-directed sol-gel mineralization of wood cellular structures SO NANOTECHNOLOGY IN MESOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS SE STUDIES IN SURFACE SCIENCE AND CATALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Mesostructured Materials Symposium CY JUL 08-11, 2002 CL JEJU ISL, SOUTH KOREA SP Int Mesostruct Mat Assoc, SK Corp, R&D Ctr, ATI Korea Co Ltd, Korea I T S Co Ltd, Protech, Young Lin Instrument Co Ltd ID SILICA AB We here report the synthesis of ordered ceramic materials with hierarchy produced by an in-situ mineralization of ordered wood cellular structures with surfactant-templated sol-gel at different pHs. At low pH, a silicic acid is coated onto inner surface of wood cellular structure and it penetrates into pores left, where degraded lignin and hemicellulose are leached out, to form a positive replica, while at high pH the precipitating silica particles due to fast condensation clog the cells and pit structures to form a negative replica of wood. The calcined monoliths produced in different pHs contain ordered wood cellular structures, multi-layered cell walls, pits, vessels well-preserved with positive or negative contrasts, respectively. The surfactant-templated mineralization produces ordered hexagonal mesopores with 2nm in the cell walls after calcination. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Shin, Y (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, POB 999,MSIN,K2-44, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-2991 BN 0-444-51434-1 J9 STUD SURF SCI CATAL PY 2003 VL 146 BP 447 EP 451 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA BX19D UT WOS:000184568300104 ER PT B AU Dugger, MT AF Dugger, MT BE Hsu, SM Ying, ZC TI Quantification of friction in microsystem contacts SO NANOTRIBOLOGY: CRITICAL ASSESSMENT AND RESEARCH NEEDS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Nanotribology CY MAR 13-15, 2000 CL NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MD SP Natl Sci Fdn, Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Univ Maryland, Sandia Natl Lab HO NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL ID FORCE MICROSCOPY; ADHESION; SURFACES; FILMS; WEAR AB Contact between moving structures in micromachines occurs at interfaces that are rough on the nanometer scale. While surface height distributions differ from other engineering applications, these interactions are far from single asperity contacts. The pressure-velocity regime in which microsystems operate is also different than in other engineering applications. Experimental methods for nanometer displacement and nanonewton force measurement are critical to the fundamental understanding of energy dissipation mechanisms at the molecular scale. However, experimental investigation of surface interactions in microsystems requires tools beyond scanning probe microscopy and the surface forces apparatus. New tools are needed to define the technology design space, to investigate aging and failure mechanisms in real microsystems, and to validate models of friction and wear in microsystems derived from molecular-scale simulations. To this end, devices for quantifying friction in simplified microsystem contacts have been developed. Since the experimental apparatus are also microsystems, the surface morphology and chemistry duplicate exactly those found in more complicated systems having contacting surfaces. A surface micromachined device has been used to investigate the friction and wear of adsorbed silane monolayers and selective tungsten treatment in micromachine contacts. Silane films decrease friction and permit longer sliding contact than possible with untreated surfaces, but eventually degrade to permit debris generation in environments containing water vapor. Selective tungsten treatment results in reduced wear in environments containing water vapor. A methodology for developing a predictive capability for friction between microsystem surfaces will be presented, and areas requiring further developments in metrology, experimentation, and modeling will be discussed. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Dugger, MT (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS PI NORWELL PA 101 PHILIP DRIVE, ASSINIPPI PARK, NORWELL, MA 02061 USA BN 1-4020-7298-8 PY 2003 BP 123 EP 137 PG 15 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science GA BW03D UT WOS:000180672700011 ER PT B AU Benavides, GL Adams, DP Yang, P AF Benavides, GL Adams, DP Yang, P BE Hsu, SM Ying, ZC TI Mesoscale machining capabilities and issues SO NANOTRIBOLOGY: CRITICAL ASSESSMENT AND RESEARCH NEEDS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Nanotribology CY MAR 13-15, 2000 CL NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MD SP Natl Sci Fdn, Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Univ Maryland, Sandia Natl Lab HO NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL AB Mesoscale manufacturing processes are bridging the gap between silicon-based MEMS processes and conventional miniature machining. These processes can fabricate two and three-dimensional parts having micron size features in traditional materials such as stainless steels, rare earth magnets, ceramics, and glass. Mesoscale processes that are currently available include, focused ion beam sputtering, micro-milling, micro-turning, excimer laser ablation, femtosecond laser ablation, and micro electro discharge machining. These mesoscale processes employ subtractive machining technologies (i.e., material removal), unlike LIGA, which is an additive mesoscale process. Mesoscale processes have different material capabilities and machining performance specifications. Machining performance specifications of interest include minimum feature size, feature tolerance, feature location accuracy, surface finish, and material removal rate. Sandia National Laboratories is developing mesoscale electro-mechanical components, which require mesoscale parts that move relative to one another. The mesoscale parts fabricated by subtractive mesoscale manufacturing processes have unique tribology issues because of the variety of materials and the surface conditions produced by the different mesoscale manufacturing processes. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Benavides, GL (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800,MS 0958, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS PI NORWELL PA 101 PHILIP DRIVE, ASSINIPPI PARK, NORWELL, MA 02061 USA BN 1-4020-7298-8 PY 2003 BP 247 EP 258 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science GA BW03D UT WOS:000180672700019 ER PT J AU Nagarajan, V Roytburd, A Stanishevsky, A Prasertchoung, S Zhao, T Chen, L Melngailis, J Auciello, O Ramesh, R AF Nagarajan, V Roytburd, A Stanishevsky, A Prasertchoung, S Zhao, T Chen, L Melngailis, J Auciello, O Ramesh, R TI Dynamics of ferroelastic domains in ferroelectric thin films SO NATURE MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID BARIUM-TITANATE; ZIRCONATE; STRESSES AB Dynamics of domain interfaces in a broad range of functional thin-film materials is an area of great current interest. In ferroelectric thin films, a significantly enhanced piezoelectric response should be observed if non-180degrees domain walls were to switch under electric field excitation. However, in continuous thin films they are clamped by the substrate, and therefore their contribution to the piezoelectric response is limited. In this paper we show that when the ferroelectric layer is patterned into discrete islands using a focused ion beam, the clamping effect is significantly reduced, thereby facilitating the movement of ferroelastic walls. Piezo-response scanning force microscopy images of such islands in PbZr(0.2)Ti(0.8)O(3) thin films clearly point out that the 90degrees domain walls can move. Capacitors 1 mum(2) show a doubling of the remanent polarization at voltages higher than similar to15 V, associated with 900 domain switching, coupled with a d(33) piezoelectric coefficient of similar to250 pm V(-1) at remanence, which is approximately three times the predicted value of 87 pm V(-1) for a single domain single crystal. C1 Univ Maryland, Mat Res Sci & Engn Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Ramesh, R (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Mat Res Sci & Engn Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM rramesh@eng.umd.edu RI CHEN, LANG/A-2251-2011; Kim, Yu Jin/A-2433-2012; valanoor, nagarajan/B-4159-2012 NR 19 TC 305 Z9 309 U1 18 U2 201 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1476-1122 J9 NAT MATER JI Nat. Mater. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 2 IS 1 BP 43 EP 47 DI 10.1038/nmat800 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 654LT UT WOS:000181498900019 PM 12652672 ER PT J AU Jeong, HK Nair, S Vogt, T Dickinson, LC Tsapatsis, M AF Jeong, HK Nair, S Vogt, T Dickinson, LC Tsapatsis, M TI A highly crystalline layered silicate with three-dimensionally microporous layers SO NATURE MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS; MESOPOROUS MATERIALS; ALUMINOPHOSPHATE; CLAY; POLYMER; HYBRID; SIEVE; NANOCOMPOSITES; CATALYSIS; PROGRAM AB Layered silicates with three-dimensional microporosity within the layers have the potential to enable new applications in catalysis, adsorption and ion-exchange. Until now no such materials have been reported. However, here we present the synthesis and structure of AMH-3, a silicate with three-dimensionally microporous layers, obtained in high purity and crystallinity. AMH-3 is composed of silicate layers containing eight-membered rings in all three principal crystal directions, and spaced by strontium cations, sodium cations and water molecules. Because of its three-dimensional pore structure, acid and thermal stability, this layered material could find applications in polymer-silicate composites for membrane applications, for synthesis of combined microporous-mesoporous materials, and for the formation of new zeolites and microporous films. Its existence also opens new possibilities for the synthesis of other layered silicates with multidimensional microporous framework layers. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Chem Engn, Goessmann Lab 159, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Silvio Conre Natl Ctr Polymer Res, Dept Polymer Sci & Engn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Tsapatsis, M (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Chem Engn, Goessmann Lab 159, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RI Vogt, Thomas /A-1562-2011; OI Vogt, Thomas /0000-0002-4731-2787; Jeong, Hae-Kwon/0000-0002-0026-5100 NR 34 TC 69 Z9 70 U1 7 U2 45 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1476-1122 J9 NAT MATER JI Nat. Mater. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 2 IS 1 BP 53 EP 58 DI 10.1038/nmat795 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 654LT UT WOS:000181498900021 PM 12652674 ER PT J AU Yamins, D Rasmussen, S Fogel, D AF Yamins, Daniel Rasmussen, Steen Fogel, David TI Growing Urban Roads SO NETWORKS & SPATIAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE transportation network evolution; corridor location; urban dynamics; network growth algorithm AB We present a simple simulation of road growing dynamics that can generate global features as belt-ways and star patterns observed in urban transportation infrastructure. The road growing dynamics consist of two steps: Identifying the maximum transportation potential bewteen two locations within the city, followed by the generation of the least expensive road between these two locations. The simulation defines a previously missing component for modeling the co-evolution of urban settlement- and road systems as it can directly be coupled to existing urban settlement simulations. C1 [Yamins, Daniel] Harvard Univ, Fac Arts & Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Yamins, Daniel; Rasmussen, Steen] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Ctr Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Rasmussen, Steen] Santa Fe Inst, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA. [Fogel, David] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geog, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Yamins, D (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Fac Arts & Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM yamins@fas.harvard.edu; steen@lanl.gov; dfogel@geog.ucsb.edu FU Urban Security Initiative LDRD-DR; Los Alamos National Laboratory; National Science Foundation [CMS-9902868] FX We are grateful for many enlightening discussions and suggestions from Roger White and Helen Couclelis as well as help in preparing some of the figures and proof reading by Tom Garrison and Claes Andersson. This work was financially supported by the Urban Security Initiative LDRD-DR and Science Based Programs at Los Alamos National Laboratory as well as by National Science Foundation (CMS-9902868). NR 28 TC 27 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1566-113X J9 NETW SPAT ECON JI Netw Spat. Econ. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 3 IS 1 BP 69 EP 85 DI 10.1023/A:1022001117715 PG 17 WC Operations Research & Management Science; Transportation Science & Technology SC Operations Research & Management Science; Transportation GA V24OW UT WOS:000208420700006 ER PT J AU Ma, JS AF Ma, JS TI Function replacement vs. kernel trick SO NEUROCOMPUTING LA English DT Letter DE kernel trick; nonlinearizing; linear discriminant analysis; PCA AB A simple function replacement operation can reproduce the same nonlinear algorithms obtained using the kernel trick in some cases. This new perspective provides us with insights into the kernel trick, and suggests a natural direction to speedup those kernelized nonlinear algorithms. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Ma, JS (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, NIS-2, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 8 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-2312 J9 NEUROCOMPUTING JI Neurocomputing PD JAN PY 2003 VL 50 BP 479 EP 483 AR PII S0925-2312(02)00673-2 DI 10.1016/S0925-2312(02)00673-2 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA 638JK UT WOS:000180567700028 ER PT J AU Fowler, JS Logan, J Wang, GJ Volkow, ND AF Fowler, JS Logan, J Wang, GJ Volkow, ND TI Monoamine oxidase and cigarette smoking SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE monoamine oxidase; tobacco; cigarette smoking; positron emission tomography; smoking epidemiology; smoking cessation ID PLATELET MAO ACTIVITY; PARKINSONS-DISEASE; MAJOR DEPRESSION; 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE-INDUCED NEUROTOXICITY; DEPENDENT SMOKERS; TOBACCO-SMOKE; B INHIBITION; BRAIN; NEUROPROTECTION; ALCOHOLICS AB Current cigarette smokers have reduced monoamine oxidase (MAO) and there is evidence that this is a pharmacological effect of tobacco smoke exposure rather than a biological characteristic of smokers. This article summarizes human and animal studies documenting the inhibitory effects of tobacco smoke on MAO and discusses MAO inhibition in the context of smoking epidemiology, MAO inhibitor compounds in tobacco, reinvestigations of low platelet MAO in psychiatric disorders and smoking cessation. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Fowler, JS (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 74 TC 125 Z9 131 U1 4 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD JAN PY 2003 VL 24 IS 1 BP 75 EP 82 AR PII S0161-813X(02)00109-2 DI 10.1016/S0161-813X(02)00109-2 PG 8 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 636LV UT WOS:000180458200008 PM 12564384 ER PT J AU Kayser, B AF Kayser, B TI Neutrino mass, mixing, and flavor change SO NEUTRINO MASS SE SPRINGER TRACTS IN MODERN PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID DOUBLE-BETA-DECAY; QUANTUM-MECHANICS; CP VIOLATION; OSCILLATIONS; DIRAC C1 Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Dept Theoret Phys, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Kayser, B (reprint author), Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Dept Theoret Phys, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. NR 41 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0081-3869 J9 SPRINGER TR MOD PHYS PY 2003 VL 190 BP 1 EP 24 PG 24 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA BX65R UT WOS:000186005200001 ER PT B AU Louis, WC AF Louis, WC BE Bellotti, E Declais, Y Strolin, P Zanotti, L TI LSND, KARMENI and MiniBooNE SO NEUTRINO PHYSICS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHYSICS ENRICO FERMI LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International School of Physics Enrico Fermi on Neutrino Physics CY JUL 23-AUG 02, 2002 CL Varenna, ITALY ID DETECTOR C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Louis, WC (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU I O S PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 1-58603-385-9 J9 P INT SCH PHYS PY 2003 VL 152 BP 131 EP 151 PG 21 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BY82U UT WOS:000189472700006 ER PT S AU Mills, GB AF Mills, GB BE Nieves, JF Volkas, RR TI The status of the booster neutrino experiment at Fermilab (MiniBooNE) SO NEUTRINOS, FLAVOR PHYSICS, AND PRECISION COSMOLOGY SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Tropical Workshop on Particle Physics and Cosmology CY JUN 09-13, 2003 CL CAIRNS, AUSTRALIA SP Univ Adelaide, Special Res Ctr Subatom Struct Matter, Univ Puerto Rico ID OSCILLATIONS AB The MiniBooNE experiment is designed to verify the possibility that the excess of (v) over bar (e) observed by the LSND experiment is due to neutrino oscillations. MiniBooNE commenced data taking on September 1, 2003. Over 140,000 events have been recorded with a positive particle focus, i.e. in neutrino mode. While the analysis is vigorously underway and while detector performance appears to be satisfactory, no physics results are reported due to the 'blind' analysis approach being taken by the collaboration. Physics results are expected to be released sometime between autumn of 2004 and summer of 2005. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Subatom Particles Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. RP Mills, GB (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Subatom Particles Grp, P-25, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0160-8 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 689 BP 32 EP 34 PG 3 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BX91V UT WOS:000186818900003 ER PT S AU Dodelson, S AF Dodelson, S BE Nieves, JF Volkas, RR TI Coherent phase argument for inflation SO NEUTRINOS, FLAVOR PHYSICS, AND PRECISION COSMOLOGY SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Tropical Workshop on Particle Physics and Cosmology CY JUN 09-13, 2003 CL CAIRNS, AUSTRALIA SP Univ Adelaide, Special Res Ctr Subatom Struct Matter, Univ Puerto Rico ID MICROWAVE BACKGROUND ANISOTROPY; ANGULAR POWER SPECTRUM; SMALL-SCALE ANISOTROPY; UNIVERSE; RADIATION; TELESCOPE; GHZ; SKY; INTERFEROMETER; PERTURBATIONS AB Cosmologists have developed a phenomenally successful picture of structure in the universe based on the idea that the universe expanded exponentially in its earliest moments. There are three pieces of evidence for this exponential expansion - inflation - from observations of anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background. First, the shape of the primordial spectrum is very similar to that predicted by generic inflation models. Second, the angular scale at which the first acoustic peak appears is consistent with the flat universe predicted by inflation. Here I describe the third piece of evidence, perhaps the most convincing of all: the phase coherence needed to account for the clear peak/trough structure observed by the WMAP satellite and its predecessors. C1 Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, NASA, Fermilab Astrophys Ctr, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Dodelson, S (reprint author), Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, NASA, Fermilab Astrophys Ctr, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. NR 61 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0160-8 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 689 BP 184 EP 196 PG 13 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BX91V UT WOS:000186818900014 ER PT S AU Zakharov, DN Liliental-Weber, Z Motayed, A Mohammad, SN AF Zakharov, DN Liliental-Weber, Z Motayed, A Mohammad, SN BE Chyi, JI Pearton, SJ Han, J Baca, AG Chang, WH TI TEM studies and contact resistance of Au/Ni/Ti/Ta/n-GaN ohmic contacts SO NEW APPLICATIONS FOR WIDE-BANDGAP SEMICONDUCTORS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on New Applications for Wide-Bandgap Semiconductors CY APR 22-24, 2003 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Army Res Lab, Army Res Off, Sandia Natl Lab ID N-GAN; ELECTRICAL-PROPERTIES; MICROSTRUCTURE; NITRIDE AB Ohmic Ta/Ti/Ni/Au contacts to n-GaN have been studied using high resolution electron microscopy (HREM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) and electron energy loss spectrometry (EELS). Two different samples were used: A - annealed at 750degreesC with contact resistance 5x10(-6) Omega cm(2) and B - annealed at 775degreesC with contact resistance 6x10(-5) Omega cm(2). Both samples revealed extensive in- and out-diffusion between deposited layers with some consumption of GaN layer and formation of TixTa1-xN50 (0 1). By increasing the amount of charge loaded into the trap, PTSX reaches values of (s) over cap = 0.8. Thus, the opportunity exists to study important physics topics such as: the conditions necessary for quiescent intense beam propagation over large distances, beam mismatch and envelope instabilities, collective mode excitations, the dynamics and production of halo particles, emittance growth, compression techniques, and the effects of the distribution function on stability properties. Results are presented that demonstrate the sustainment of the radial density profile over long times, and the ability of PTSX to reach large (s) over cap. The results of initial three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations are also presented. C1 Princeton Univ, Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. RP Gilson, EP (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Plasma Phys Lab, POB 451, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. NR 8 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0165-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 692 BP 211 EP 220 PG 10 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BY21Y UT WOS:000188281700027 ER PT S AU Noguchi, K Pariev, VI AF Noguchi, K Pariev, VI BE Schauer, M Mitchell, T Nebel, R TI Magnetorotational instability in a Couette flow of plasma SO NON-NEUTRAL PLASMA PHYSICS V SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th Workshop on Non-Neutral Plasma Physics CY JUL 08-11, 2003 CL SANTA FE, NM SP Los Alamos Natl Lab, US DOE, USN Res Lab AB All experiments, which have been proposed so far to model the magnetorotational instability (MRI) in the laboratory, involve a Couette flow of liquid metals in a rotating annulus. All liquid metals have small magnetic Prandtl numbers, Pm similar to 10(-6), the ratio of kinematic viscosity to magnetic diffusivity. With plasmas both large and small Pm are achievable by varying the temperature and the density of plasma. Compressibility and fast rotation of the plasma result in radial stratification of the equilibrium plasma density. Evolution of perturbations in radially stratified viscous and resistive plasma permeated by an axial uniform magnetic field is considered. The differential rotation of the plasma is induced by the E x B drift in applied radial electric field. Global unstable eigenmodes are calculated by our newly developed matrix code. The plasma is shown to be MRI unstable for parameters easily achievable in experimental setup. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Appl Phys, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Noguchi, K (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Appl Phys, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 13 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0165-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 692 BP 285 EP 290 PG 6 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BY21Y UT WOS:000188281700038 ER PT B AU Thomas, G Martin, LP Chambers, D AF Thomas, G Martin, LP Chambers, D BE Green, RE Djordjevic, BB Hentschel, MP TI Ultrasonic technology for characterizing laser damage in optics SO NONDESTRUCTIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIALS XI LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Symposium on Nondestructive Characterization of Materials CY JUN 24-28, 2002 CL BERLIN, GERMANY SP Fed Inst Mat Res & Testing, Johns Hopkins Univ, Ctr Nondestruct Evaluat, Deutsch Gesell Zerstor Freie Pruf e V C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Mfg & Mat Engn Dept, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Thomas, G (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Mfg & Mat Engn Dept, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 3-540-40154-7 PY 2003 BP 21 EP 25 PG 5 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Acoustics; Engineering; Materials Science GA BX54E UT WOS:000185641800004 ER PT B AU Panetta, RD Diaz, A Pappas, RA Francini, B Johnson, K Alers, G AF Panetta, RD Diaz, A Pappas, RA Francini, B Johnson, K Alers, G BE Green, RE Djordjevic, BB Hentschel, MP TI Characterization of plastically deformed steel utilizing EMAT ultrasonic velocity measurements SO NONDESTRUCTIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIALS XI LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Symposium on Nondestructive Characterization of Materials CY JUN 24-28, 2002 CL BERLIN, GERMANY SP Fed Inst Mat Res & Testing, Johns Hopkins Univ, Ctr Nondestruct Evaluat, Deutsch Gesell Zerstor Freie Pruf e V C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Panetta, RD (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RI 苏, 日亮/D-4386-2009 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 3-540-40154-7 PY 2003 BP 53 EP 53 PG 1 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Acoustics; Engineering; Materials Science GA BX54E UT WOS:000185641800009 ER PT B AU Quarry, MJ AF Quarry, MJ BE Green, RE Djordjevic, BB Hentschel, MP TI Phased array design concepts for Lamb wave mode tuning SO NONDESTRUCTIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIALS XI LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Symposium on Nondestructive Characterization of Materials CY JUN 24-28, 2002 CL BERLIN, GERMANY SP Fed Inst Mat Res & Testing, Johns Hopkins Univ, Ctr Nondestruct Evaluat, Deutsch Gesell Zerstor Freie Pruf e V ID TRANSDUCERS AB Experimental tuning of guided wave modes can be performed to search the dispersion space for modes with optimal detection capabilities. An ability to tune to a mode with maximum flaw sensitivity is essential to effective guided wave inspection of plates. A variable angle beam and a comb transducer with variable spacing are two approaches to perform mode tuning. These approaches can be difficult to implement in an efficient manner. This study focuses on the development of a multi-channel phased array transducer system with the potential to electronically search the dispersion space. The phase velocity spectrum of the output of the transducer is computed theoretically to analyze mode excitation and determine the influence of parameters. Analysis of the phase velocity spectrum shows that mode selection and control can be optimized by maximizing the loading length as well as the number of elements. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Quarry, MJ (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 3-540-40154-7 PY 2003 BP 81 EP 87 PG 7 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Acoustics; Engineering; Materials Science GA BX54E UT WOS:000185641800014 ER PT B AU Panetta, PD Thompson, RB AF Panetta, PD Thompson, RB BE Green, RE Djordjevic, BB Hentschel, MP TI Ultrasonic attenuation and backscattering in duplex alloys for materials characterization SO NONDESTRUCTIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIALS XI LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Symposium on Nondestructive Characterization of Materials CY JUN 24-28, 2002 CL BERLIN, GERMANY SP Fed Inst Mat Res & Testing, Johns Hopkins Univ, Ctr Nondestruct Evaluat, Deutsch Gesell Zerstor Freie Pruf e V C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Panetta, PD (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RI Panetta, Paul/P-5339-2014 OI Panetta, Paul/0000-0001-6974-1112 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 3-540-40154-7 PY 2003 BP 91 EP 91 PG 1 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Acoustics; Engineering; Materials Science GA BX54E UT WOS:000185641800015 ER PT S AU Diaz, AA Burghard, BJ Skorpik, JR Shepard, CL Samuel, TJ Pappas, RA AF Diaz, AA Burghard, BJ Skorpik, JR Shepard, CL Samuel, TJ Pappas, RA BE Doctor, SR BarCohen, Y Aktan, AE TI Non-invasive ultrasonic examination technology in support of counter-terrorism and drug interdiction activities - the acoustic inspection device (AID) SO NONDESTRUCTIVE DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT FOR HOMELAND SECURITY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nondestructive Detection and Measurement for Homeland Security CY MAR 04-05, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE acoustic; velocity; attenuation coefficient; cross-correlation; homeland security; time-of-flight; ultrasonic AB The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) has developed a portable, battery-operated, handheld ultrasonic device that provides non-invasive container interrogation and material identification capabilities. The technique governing how the acoustic inspection device (AID) functions, involves measurements of ultrasonic pulses (0.1 to 5 MHz) that are launched into a container or material. The return echoes from these pulses are analyzed in terms of time-of-flight and frequency content to extract physical property measurements (the acoustic velocity and attenuation coefficient) of the material under test. The AID performs an automated analysis of the return echoes to identify the material, and detect contraband in the form of submerged packages and concealed compartments in liquid filled containers and solid-form commodities. An inspector can quickly interrogate outwardly innocuous commodity items such as shipping barrels, tanker trucks, and metal ingots. The AID can interrogate container sizes ranging from approximately 6 inches in diameter to over 96 inches in diameter and allows the inspector to sort liquid and material types into groups of like and unlike; a powerful method for discovering corrupted materials or miss-marked containers co-mingled in large shipments. This manuscript describes the functionality, capabilities and measurement methodology of the technology as it relates to homeland security applications. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Diaz, AA (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, 2400 Stevens Dr, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4853-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5048 BP 34 EP 45 DI 10.1117/12.484671 PG 12 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BX45F UT WOS:000185330900004 ER PT S AU McMakin, DL Sheen, DM Hall, TE AF McMakin, DL Sheen, DM Hall, TE BE Doctor, SR BarCohen, Y Aktan, AE TI Millimeter-wave imaging for concealed weapon detection SO NONDESTRUCTIVE DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT FOR HOMELAND SECURITY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nondestructive Detection and Measurement for Homeland Security CY MAR 04-05, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE Fourier optics; microwave holography; millimeter-wave imaging; 3-D imaging; weapons detection AB Full body, real-time, millimeter-wave imaging systems have been developed at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for the detection of body-worn, concealed weapons and contraband at security checkpoints. These security systems employ methods derived from microwave holography techniques that utilize phase and amplitude information recorded over a two-dimensional aperture to reconstruct a focused image of the target. Millimeter-wave imaging is well suited for the detection of concealed weapons or other contraband carried on personnel, since millimeter waves are non-ionizing, readily penetrate common clothing material, and are reflected from the human body and any concealed items. In this paper, wide-bandwidth, three-dimensional, holographic microwave imaging techniques and a full-body, planar, millimeter-wave imaging system are described. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP McMakin, DL (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, 902 Battelle Blvd, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4853-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5048 BP 52 EP 62 DI 10.1117/12.484704 PG 11 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BX45F UT WOS:000185330900006 ER PT S AU Wright, CW Harvey, SD Wright, BW AF Wright, CW Harvey, SD Wright, BW BE Doctor, SR BarCohen, Y Aktan, AE TI Detection of hazardous chemicals using field-portable Raman spectroscopy SO NONDESTRUCTIVE DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT FOR HOMELAND SECURITY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nondestructive Detection and Measurement for Homeland Security CY MAR 04-05, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE Raman spectroscopy; hazardous chemicals; rapid identification; field-portable; Raman safety; CW agents; explosives; illicit drugs AB A major challenge confronting emergency response, border control, and other security-related functions is the accurate, rapid, and safe identification of potentially hazardous chemicals outside a laboratory environment. Raman spectroscopy is a rapid, non-intrusive technique that can be used to confidently identify many classes of hazardous and potentially explosive compounds based on molecular vibration information. Advances in instrumentation now allow reliable field portable measurements to be made. Before the Raman technique can be effectively applied and be accepted within the scientific community, realistic studies must be performed to develop methods, define limitations, and rigorously evaluate its effectiveness. Examples of a variety of chemicals (including neat and diluted chemical warfare [CW] agents, a CW agent precursor, a biological warfare (BW)-related compound, an illicit drug, and explosives) identified using Raman spectroscopy in various types of containers and on surfaces are given, as well as results from a blind field test of 29 unknown samples which included CW agent precursors and/or degradation products, solvents associated with CW agent production, pesticides, explosives, and BW toxins (mostly mycotoxins). Additionally, results of experimental studies to evaluate the analysis of flammable organic solvents, propellants, military explosives, mixtures containing military explosives, shock-sensitive explosives, and gun powders are described with safety guidelines. Spectral masks for screening unknown samples for explosives and nerve agents are given. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Wright, CW (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Battelle Blvd,POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 8 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4853-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5048 BP 107 EP 118 DI 10.1117/12.484709 PG 12 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BX45F UT WOS:000185330900012 ER PT S AU Maxey, LC Earl, DD AF Maxey, LC Earl, DD BE Winston, R TI Luminaire development for hybrid solar lighting applications SO NONIMAGING OPTICS: MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY LIGHT TRANSFER VII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nonimaging Optics - Maximum Efficiency Light Transfer VII CY AUG 03-04, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE luminaire; fiber optic; solar lighting; hybrid lighting; remote source lighting AB Efficient hybrid luminaire development is an integral part of the Hybrid Solar Lighting Program at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Hybrid luminaires are necessary to blend light from a fiber optic solar source with electric fluorescent lamps. The luminaire designs studied involve a commercially available fluorescent luminaire that has been modified to include optical elements for efficiently dispersing fiber optic solar light sources. Quantitative measurements of optical efficiency and spatial intensity distribution for two luminaire designs are compared. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Knoxville, TN 37932 USA. RP Maxey, LC (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, 2360 Cherahala Blvd, Knoxville, TN 37932 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5058-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5185 BP 49 EP 55 DI 10.1117/12.505650 PG 7 WC Energy & Fuels; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Optics GA BY55Z UT WOS:000189408400006 ER PT S AU Beshears, D Earl, D Muhs, J Maxey, C Capps, G Stellern, S Bayless, PD Switzer, S AF Beshears, D Earl, D Muhs, J Maxey, C Capps, G Stellern, S Bayless, PD Switzer, S BE Winston, R TI First generation Hybrid Solar Lighting Collector System development and operating experience SO NONIMAGING OPTICS: MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY LIGHT TRANSFER VII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nonimaging Optics - Maximum Efficiency Light Transfer VII CY AUG 03-04, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE solar hybrid lighting; solar lighting; CO2 mitigation; lighting; hydrogen production AB Research is underway at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) that could lead to entirely new, highly energy-efficient ways of lighting buildings using the power of sunlight. In addition to providing light, the hybrid lighting system will convert sunlight to electricity much more efficiently than conventional solar technologies using thermo-photovoltaic cells. In commercial buildings today, lighting consumes more electric energy than any other building end-use. It accounts for more than a third of all electricity consumed for commercial use in the United States. Typically, less than 25% of that energy actually produces light, the rest generates heat that increases the need for air-conditioning. ORNL is developing a system to reduce the energy required for lighting and the air-conditioning loads associated with it, while generating power for other uses. The system uses roof-mounted concentrators to collect and separate the visible and infrared portions of sunlight. The visible portion is distributed through large-diameter optical fibers to hybrid luminaries. (Hybrid luminaries are lighting fixtures that contain both electric lamps and fiber optics for direct sunlight distribution.) When sunlight is plentiful, the, provide all or most of the light needed in an area. Unlike conventional electric lamps, they fiber optics in the luminaries, produce little heat. During times of little or no sunlight. sensor-controlled electric lamps will operate to maintain the desired illumination level. A second use of the hybrid lighting collector system is to provide sunlight for enhanced practical photosynthesis carbon dioxide mitigation. In this project the hybrid lighting collector system is being used to provide sunlight to a lab-scale photo bioreactor for growing algae that is being used for CO2 mitigation. The end goal of this project is to provide a photo bioreactor that can be used to mitigate CO2 in fossil fuel fire power plants. This paper will discuss the development and operating experience to date of two hybrid lighting solar collectors installed at ORNL and at Ohio University. The first hybrid lighting collector system was tested at ORNL and then installed at Ohio University in June of 2002. A second collector of the same design was installed at ORNL in September of 2002. The Ohio University collector system has been running continually since its installation while the ORNL unit has been operated in a research mode on most sunny days. They have operated with very little human interaction and this paper will summarize the development, operating experience, collection efficiency, as well as providing information on additional data being collected as part of the system operation. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Managed UT Batelle, Knoxville, TN 37932 USA. RP Beshears, D (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Managed UT Batelle, 2360 Cherahala Blvd, Knoxville, TN 37932 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5058-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5185 BP 56 EP 66 DI 10.1117/12.509166 PG 11 WC Energy & Fuels; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Optics GA BY55Z UT WOS:000189408400007 ER PT S AU Earl, DD Maxey, LC AF Earl, DD Maxey, LC BE Winston, R TI Alignment of an inexpensive paraboloidal concentrator for hybrid solar lighting applications SO NONIMAGING OPTICS: MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY LIGHT TRANSFER VII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nonimaging Optics - Maximum Efficiency Light Transfer VII CY AUG 03-04, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE optical alignment; solar lighting; solar concentrator AB We describe a practical method for precisely aligning the optical components of a low-cost solar concentrator developed for fiber optic solar lighting applications. A two-sta-e ali-nment process, involving both mechanical and optical alignment techniques, is described which allows the tilt, centering, and focal alignment of a larcle parabolic primary reflector relative to a segmented planar secondary mirror to be accurately determined. The alignment strategy is well suited to optical systems utilizing larue reflectors with non-referenced optical axes and non-precision surface characteristics, as is typical of many inexpensive reflectors. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Earl, DD (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5058-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5185 BP 67 EP 77 DI 10.1117/12.508647 PG 11 WC Energy & Fuels; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Optics GA BY55Z UT WOS:000189408400008 ER PT S AU Smith, AV AF Smith, AV BE Schepler, KL Lowenthal, DD Pierce, JW TI How to use SNLO nonlinear optics software to select nonlinear crystals and model their performance SO NONLINEAR FREQUENCY GENERATION AND CONVERSION: MATERIALS, DEVICES, AND APPLICATIONS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nonlinear Frequency Generation and Conversion CY JAN 27-28, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE ID PARAMETRIC OSCILLATOR AB SNLO is public domain software developed at Sandia Nat. Labs. It is intended to assist in the selection of the best nonlinear crystal for a particular application, and to predict its performance. This paper briefly describes its functions and how to use them. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Smith, AV (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, MS 1423, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4772-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4972 BP 50 EP 57 DI 10.1117/12.472831 PG 8 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BX08Q UT WOS:000184239400007 ER PT J AU Mjolhus, E Helmersen, E DuBois, DF AF Mjolhus, E Helmersen, E DuBois, DF TI Geometric aspects of HF driven Langmuir turbulence in the ionosphere SO NONLINEAR PROCESSES IN GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Workshop on Nonlinear Waves and Chaos in Space Plasma CY JUN 17-22, 2001 CL Tromso, NORWAY ID PARAMETRIC DECAY CASCADES; HEATING EXPERIMENTS; REDUCED-DESCRIPTION; ZAKHAROV EQUATIONS; SMOOTH IONOSPHERE; ENHANCED PLASMA; RADIO-WAVES; INSTABILITIES; FREQUENCY; EXCITATION AB The geometric aspects of HF-generated Langmuir turbulence in the ionosphere and its detection by radars are theoretically discussed in a broad approach, including local modelling (damped and driven Zakharov system), basic parametric instabilities, polarization and strength of the driving electric field, and radar configurations. Selected examples of numerical results from the local model are presented and discussed in relation to recent experiments, with emphasis on recent experiments at the EISCAT facilities. Anisotropic aspects of the cavitation process in the magnetized plasma are exhibited. Basic processes of cascades and cavitation are by now well identified in these experiments, but a few problems of the detailed agreement between theory and experiments are pointed out. C1 Univ Tromso, Fac Sci, Dept Math & Stat, N-9037 Tromso, Norway. Poseidon Simulat AS, N-8376 Leknes, Norway. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Mjolhus, E (reprint author), Univ Tromso, Fac Sci, Dept Math & Stat, N-9037 Tromso, Norway. EM einarm@mat-stat.uit.no NR 67 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU EUROPEAN GEOPHYSICAL SOC PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 1023-5809 J9 NONLINEAR PROC GEOPH JI Nonlinear Process Geophys. PD JAN-MAR PY 2003 VL 10 IS 1-2 BP 151 EP 177 PG 27 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 778PL UT WOS:000189249900017 ER PT J AU Shergur, J Popelka, RS Robertson, JD Pollack, D AF Shergur, J Popelka, RS Robertson, JD Pollack, D TI Distinct chemical patterns in late Mississippian Caborn-Welborn ceramics of the lower Ohio River Valley SO NORTH AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID POTTERY AB Trace element analysis was conducted on ceramics from Mississippian Caborn-Welborn sites located in the lower Ohio River Valley. Elemental concentrations were measured for each sherd using both neutron activation analysis (NAA) and particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE). By using principal components analysis and posterior discriminant analysis, it was possible to compositionally distinguish lower Ohio Valley ceramics from ceramic samples collected from archaeological sites located in the southeastern part of the United States. Similar statistical analyses applied to an examination of the elemental composition of Caborn-Welborn ceramics and their distribution within the Caborn-Welborn region documented minimal variation between the samples based on either site location or ceramic type. Ceramics classified as Caborn-Welborn as well as central Mississippi Valley types and Oneota-like sherds recovered from Caborn-Welborn sites appear to have been locally produced from similar clays. However, the clays used to produce ceramic vessels differed from those used as daub on house walls. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Chem, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Kentucky Heritage Council, Frankfort, KY USA. RP Robertson, JD (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Chem, 125 Chem Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. EM robertsonjo@missouri.edu RI Popelka-Filcoff, Rachel/I-4546-2014; OI Popelka-Filcoff, Rachel/0000-0001-6826-6401 NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU BAYWOOD PUBL CO INC PI AMITYVILLE PA 26 AUSTIN AVE, AMITYVILLE, NY 11701 USA SN 0197-6931 J9 N AM ARCHAEOL JI N. Am. Archaeol. PY 2003 VL 24 IS 3 BP 221 EP 243 DI 10.2190/PT2Q-AV4X-UAWX-EJ1A PG 23 WC Archaeology SC Archaeology GA 832UI UT WOS:000222292300003 ER PT S AU Lerner, SA AF Lerner, SA BE Sasian, JM Koshel, RJ Manhart, PK TI Use of an expert system for optimization of optical systems SO NOVEL OPTICAL SYSTEMS DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION VI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Conference on Novel Optical Systems Design and Optimization CY AUG 04, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE AB We present, as a different perspective on optimization, an expert system for optimization of optical systems that can be used in conjunction with damped least squared methods to find minima for specific design forms. Expert system optimization differs from global optimization in that it preserves the basic structure of the optical system and limits its search for a minima to a relatively small portion of the design space. In general, the high density of local minima obscures the general trend of the merit function in the region of interest for systems with a large number of variables and constraints. Surprisingly, there may be a potential decrease of an order a magnitude in the merit function for a region of solution space. While global optimization is well-suited to identifying design forms of interest, expert system optimization can be used for in-depth optimization of such forms. An expert system based upon such techniques was used to obtain the winning entry for the 2002 IODC lens design problem. The expert system used is discussed along with other design examples. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Lerner, SA (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5047-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5174 BP 1 EP 10 DI 10.1117/12.511276 PG 10 WC Optics SC Optics GA BX98H UT WOS:000187120500001 ER PT S AU Smith, MW AF Smith, MW BE Sasian, JM Koshel, RJ Manhart, PK TI Simulated performance of an optical system that uses deconvolution of multiple, phase diverse, aberrated images SO NOVEL OPTICAL SYSTEMS DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION VI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Conference on Novel Optical Systems Design and Optimization CY AUG 04, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE imaging system; deconvolution; deblurring; phase diversity ID OBJECT AB Aperture size imposes, by way of diffraction, a fundamental limit on the spatial resolution that can be attained with an imaging system that operates at a given distance from a target. It is therefore natural to seek to improve image resolution by increasing the size of the collection aperture of a remote sensing system. On the other hand, as aperture size increases it becomes technically more difficult, and financially much more expensive, to maintain a figure quality that holds geometrical aberrations to a level that is negligible compared to diffraction effects. This paper presents an analysis of an approach that combines active optics with what has been called a post-detection phase diversity technique (R. A. Gonsalves, "Phase retrieval and diversity in adaptive optics", Opt. Eng. 21, 829-832 (1982)). The basic concept is to allow for variable focus as an inherent system capability, in order to acquire multiple defocused images, each one of which has slightly different, and complementary, spatial frequency content. The proper deconvolution and merging of these images produces a composite image that is superior to the image that can be acquired at any single focal setting. This paper presents the theoretical basis of this approach, and numerical simulations that include the effects of noise and various levels of third order spherical aberration. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Smith, MW (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, 1515 Eubank SE, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5047-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5174 BP 60 EP 68 DI 10.1117/12.509524 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA BX98H UT WOS:000187120500008 ER PT B AU Thoma, U AF Thoma, U CA CB-ELSA CLAS Collaboration BE Dytman, SA Swanson, ES TI 2 pi-photoproduction from CLAS and CB-ELSA - The search for missing resonances SO NSTAR 2002: PROCEEDINGS OF THE WORKSHOP ON THE PHYSICS OF EXCITED NUCLEONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Workshop on the Physics of Excited Nucleons CY OCT 09-12, 2002 CL PITTSBURGH, PA SP Nat Sci Fdn, Univ Pittsburgh, Jefferson Lab, Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Phys & Astronm ID MODEL; PHOTOPRODUCTION; BARYONS; DECAYS AB 2pi-photoproduction is one of the promising reactions to search for baryon resonances that have been predicted but have not yet been observed. The gammap --> ppi(0)pi(0) (CB-ELSA) and the gammap --> ppi(+)pi(-) (CLAS) data show interesting resonance structures. A partial wave analysis (PWA) has to be done to determine which baryon resonances contribute, what their quantum numbers and their relative couplings to the different accessible p2pi-channels and to the photon are. First preliminary PWA-results on the lowest energy ppi(0)pi(0) data (roots < 1.8 GeV) look very promising. From an extension of this analysis to higher energies combining the ppi(0)pi(0) and the ppi(+)pi(-)-data, one can expect interesting results on resonances decaying into Deltapi, N rho, N(pipi)(S), N*pi, and Delta*pi. C1 Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. RP Thoma, U (reprint author), Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, 12000 Jefferson Ave, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 981-238-418-9 PY 2003 BP 21 EP 30 DI 10.1142/9789812705174_0003 PG 10 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BX59L UT WOS:000185785500003 ER PT B AU Egiyan, H Burkert, VD Aznauryan, I AF Egiyan, H Burkert, VD Aznauryan, I BE Dytman, SA Swanson, ES TI Analysis of single pion electroproduction data from CLAS SO NSTAR 2002: PROCEEDINGS OF THE WORKSHOP ON THE PHYSICS OF EXCITED NUCLEONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Workshop on the Physics of Excited Nucleons CY OCT 09-12, 2002 CL PITTSBURGH, PA SP Nat Sci Fdn, Univ Pittsburgh, Jefferson Lab, Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Phys & Astronm ID FORM-FACTORS; RESONANCE AB The single pion electroproduction data in the first and second resonance regions from CLAS at Q(2) = 0.4 GeV2 were analyzed using unitary isobar model and dispersion relations based frameworks. The combined data set included single, beam asymmetries and differential cross sections in ep --> e'pi(0)p and ep --> e'pi(+)n reactions. The preliminary values for resonance photocoupling amplitudes for P-11(1440), D-13(1520) and S-11(1535) from the two approaches were compared with each other as well as with the results of previous analyses. C1 Thomas Jefferson Natl Lab, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. RP Egiyan, H (reprint author), Thomas Jefferson Natl Lab, 12000 Jefferson Ave, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 981-238-418-9 PY 2003 BP 228 EP 233 DI 10.1142/9789812705174_0031 PG 6 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BX59L UT WOS:000185785500031 ER PT B AU Burkert, VD AF Burkert, VD BE Dytman, SA Swanson, ES TI Study of generalized parton distributions with CLAS at JLab SO NSTAR 2002: PROCEEDINGS OF THE WORKSHOP ON THE PHYSICS OF EXCITED NUCLEONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Workshop on the Physics of Excited Nucleons CY OCT 09-12, 2002 CL PITTSBURGH, PA SP Nat Sci Fdn, Univ Pittsburgh, Jefferson Lab, Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Phys & Astronm ID VIRTUAL COMPTON-SCATTERING; NUCLEON AB The program to study the Generalized Parton Distributions in deeply exclusive processes with CLAS at Jefferson Lab is discussed. C1 Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. RP Burkert, VD (reprint author), Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, 12000 Jefferson Ave, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 981-238-418-9 PY 2003 BP 279 EP 285 DI 10.1142/9789812705174_0041 PG 7 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BX59L UT WOS:000185785500041 ER PT S AU Schiavilla, R Carlson, J Paris, M AF Schiavilla, R Carlson, J Paris, M BE Pena, MT Stadler, A Eiro, AM Adam, J TI Parity-violating effects in two-nucleon systems SO NUCLEAR DYNAMICS: FROM QUARKS TO NUCLEI SE FEW-BODY SYSTEMS SUPPLEMENTUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th CFIF Fall Workshop on Nuclear Dynamics from Quarks to Nuclei CY OCT 31-NOV 02, 2002 CL LISBON, PORTUGAL SP Ctr Fis Interacoes Fundamentais, BPI, GTAE, CFNUL, Fundacao Ciencia Tecnol, Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian ID ELECTRON-DEUTERON SCATTERING; NUCLEAR ANAPOLE MOMENTS; PROTON; ASYMMETRY AB We report recent results obtained for the parity-violating (PV) asymmetries in (p) over right arrowp elastic scattering, (n) over right arrowp radiative capture at thermal neutron energies, and deuteron electro-disintegration in quasi-elastic kinematics. The available data on the (p) over right arrowp longitudinal asymmetry are used to put constraints on some of the PV vector-meson couplings occurring in the DDH model for the PV nucleon-nucleon interaction. In the (n) over right arrowp capture, we show that a measurement of the associated asymmetry will lead to an essentially model-independent determination of the PV pion coupling to the nucleon. Finally, in quasi-elastic electron scattering we demonstrate that the asymmetry induced by hadronic weak interactions (and associated currents) is two orders of magnitude smaller than that originating from interference of the gamma- and Z-exchange amplitudes. C1 Jefferson Lab, Theory Grp, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. RP Schiavilla, R (reprint author), Jefferson Lab, Theory Grp, 12000 Jefferson Ave, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. NR 33 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0177-8811 BN 3-211-83899-6 J9 FEW BODY SY PY 2003 VL 15 BP 13 EP 23 PG 11 WC Physics, Nuclear SC Physics GA BX40W UT WOS:000185177900002 ER PT S AU Tjon, JA AF Tjon, JA BE Pena, MT Stadler, A Eiro, AM Adam, J TI Relativistic analysis of proton-proton bremsstrahlung SO NUCLEAR DYNAMICS: FROM QUARKS TO NUCLEI SE FEW-BODY SYSTEMS SUPPLEMENTUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th CFIF Fall Workshop on Nuclear Dynamics from Quarks to Nuclei CY OCT 31-NOV 02, 2002 CL LISBON, PORTUGAL SP Ctr Fis Interacoes Fundamentais, BPI, GTAE, CFNUL, Fundacao Ciencia Tecnol, Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian ID 2-NUCLEON TRANSITION MATRIX; NUCLEON-NUCLEON-SCATTERING; ENERGY-SHELL CONTINUATION; BETHE-SALPETER-EQUATION; PARTIAL-WAVE ANALYSIS; DELTA-ISOBAR; EXCHANGE; POTENTIALS; DEUTERON; MODEL AB A microscopic calculation of pp bremsstrahlung based on a relativistic one boson exchange model for the nucleon-nucleon interaction is reviewed. For small photon momenta, gauge invariance imposes an important constraint on the single nucleon current contribution. Within the dynamical model it is found, that the pair term is compensated to a large extent by the rescattering contribution. Polarization predictions are in good agreement with the experimental data. Another approach to ppgamma is the soft photon approximation. It is based on a low energy expansion. Current conservation is satisfied by the introduction of an e.m. contact term. For one kinematics a large difference is found between the two approaches. We discuss this in some detail. In particular, it shown that the dynamical model predictions are very sensitive to the low energy NN interaction. Fitting to the pp data agreement is found with the observed ppgamma cross section. C1 Jefferson Lab, Theory Grp, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. RP Tjon, JA (reprint author), Jefferson Lab, Theory Grp, 12000 Jefferson Ave, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. NR 36 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0177-8811 BN 3-211-83899-6 J9 FEW BODY SY PY 2003 VL 15 BP 67 EP 78 PG 12 WC Physics, Nuclear SC Physics GA BX40W UT WOS:000185177900007 ER PT S AU Gross, F AF Gross, F BE Pena, MT Stadler, A Eiro, AM Adam, J TI Relativistic theory of few-body systems SO NUCLEAR DYNAMICS: FROM QUARKS TO NUCLEI SE FEW-BODY SYSTEMS SUPPLEMENTUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th CFIF Fall Workshop on Nuclear Dynamics from Quarks to Nuclei CY OCT 31-NOV 02, 2002 CL LISBON, PORTUGAL SP Ctr Fis Interacoes Fundamentais, BPI, GTAE, CFNUL, Fundacao Ciencia Tecnol, Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian ID FORM-FACTORS; RESONANCE MODEL; DEUTERON; SCATTERING; COVARIANT; EQUATIONS; CURRENTS; UNITARY; ENERGY; MESONS AB Very significant advances have been made in the relativistic theory of few-body systems since I visited Peter Sauer and his group in Hannover in 1983. This talk provides an opportunity to review the progress in this field since then. Different methods for the relativistic calculation of few-nucleon systems are briefly described. As an example, seven relativistic calculations of the deuteron elastic structure functions, A, B, and T-20, are compared. The covariant SPECTATOR(C) theory, among the more successful and complete of these methods, is described in more detail. C1 Jefferson Lab, Theory Grp, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. RP Gross, F (reprint author), Jefferson Lab, Theory Grp, MS12H2, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. NR 31 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0177-8811 BN 3-211-83899-6 J9 FEW BODY SY PY 2003 VL 15 BP 151 EP 163 PG 13 WC Physics, Nuclear SC Physics GA BX40W UT WOS:000185177900016 ER PT S AU Lee, TSH Sato, T AF Lee, TSH Sato, T BE Pena, MT Stadler, A Eiro, AM Adam, J TI Dynamical model of electroweak pion production reactions SO NUCLEAR DYNAMICS: FROM QUARKS TO NUCLEI SE FEW-BODY SYSTEMS SUPPLEMENTUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th CFIF Fall Workshop on Nuclear Dynamics from Quarks to Nuclei CY OCT 31-NOV 02, 2002 CL LISBON, PORTUGAL SP Ctr Fis Interacoes Fundamentais, BPI, GTAE, CFNUL, Fundacao Ciencia Tecnol, Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian ID MESON-EXCHANGE MODEL; QUARK-MODEL; DELTA(1232) RESONANCE; BARYON RESONANCES; GAUGE-INVARIANT; PHOTOPRODUCTION; ELECTROPRODUCTION; AMPLITUDES; NUCLEON; UNITARY AB The dynamical model we have developed in the past few years for investigating pion photo- and electroproduction reactions is reviewed. Some preliminary results from extending the model to investigate weak pion production reactions are presented. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Phys, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Lee, TSH (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Phys, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 35 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0177-8811 BN 3-211-83899-6 J9 FEW BODY SY PY 2003 VL 15 BP 183 EP 194 PG 12 WC Physics, Nuclear SC Physics GA BX40W UT WOS:000185177900019 ER PT S AU Coester, F AF Coester, F BE Pena, MT Stadler, A Eiro, AM Adam, J TI Current density operators in relativistic quantum mechanics SO NUCLEAR DYNAMICS: FROM QUARKS TO NUCLEI SE FEW-BODY SYSTEMS SUPPLEMENTUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th CFIF Fall Workshop on Nuclear Dynamics from Quarks to Nuclei CY OCT 31-NOV 02, 2002 CL LISBON, PORTUGAL SP Ctr Fis Interacoes Fundamentais, BPI, GTAE, CFNUL, Fundacao Ciencia Tecnol, Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian ID QUARK-MODEL; FORM-FACTORS; DYNAMICS AB Within the framework of Poincare covariant relativistic quantum mechanics the dynamics generates fully covariant conserved currents from current density operators that are covariant under the kinematic subgroup. Simple toy models provide convenient comparisons of the qualitative features generated by different forms of kinematics. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Phys, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Coester, F (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Phys, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0177-8811 BN 3-211-83899-6 J9 FEW BODY SY PY 2003 VL 15 BP 219 EP 230 PG 12 WC Physics, Nuclear SC Physics GA BX40W UT WOS:000185177900023 ER PT S AU Saha, A AF Saha, A CA Jefferson Lab Hall A Collaboration BE Pena, MT Stadler, A Eiro, AM Adam, J TI Experimental study of nuclear few-body systems at Jefferson Lab SO NUCLEAR DYNAMICS: FROM QUARKS TO NUCLEI SE FEW-BODY SYSTEMS SUPPLEMENTUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th CFIF Fall Workshop on Nuclear Dynamics from Quarks to Nuclei CY OCT 31-NOV 02, 2002 CL LISBON, PORTUGAL SP Ctr Fis Interacoes Fundamentais, BPI, GTAE, CFNUL, Fundacao Ciencia Tecnol, Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian ID ELECTRODISINTEGRATION AB In a new and detailed experimental program carried out at Jefferson Laboratory, the few nucleon systems has been studied via electrodisintegration of deuterium and the helium nuclei. Interesting new results probing the high momentum structure have been studied via the (e, e(1)p) reaction using the two high resolution spectrometers in Hall A and various kinematic regions have been investigated. Detailed and precise information on the effective bound state momentum distributions have been measured for the first time up to missing momenta of 1 Gev/c in He-3, exhibiting significant strength at these high momenta which standard nuclear calculations fail to explain and could be an indication of the onset of non-nucleonic degrees of freedom. The continuum region in He-3 has also been investigated in great detail looking for nuclear correlations and quasi-deuteron strength. Response function separations have been carried out to extract details of the few body structure and relativistic dynamics. Measurements made so far on D and He-4 have focussed on specific kinematic regions and there are plans to extend them over kinematic ranges similar to the He-3 investigation. C1 Jefferson Lab, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. RP Saha, A (reprint author), Jefferson Lab, 12000 Jefferson Ave, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0177-8811 BN 3-211-83899-6 J9 FEW BODY SY PY 2003 VL 15 BP 259 EP 266 PG 8 WC Physics, Nuclear SC Physics GA BX40W UT WOS:000185177900028 ER PT J AU Mikkelsen, DR Shirai, H Urano, H Takizuka, T Kamada, Y Hatae, T Koide, Y Asakura, N Fujita, T Fukuda, T Ide, S Isayama, A Kawano, Y Naito, O Sakamoto, Y AF Mikkelsen, DR Shirai, H Urano, H Takizuka, T Kamada, Y Hatae, T Koide, Y Asakura, N Fujita, T Fukuda, T Ide, S Isayama, A Kawano, Y Naito, O Sakamoto, Y TI Stiff temperature profiles in JT-60U ELMy H-mode plasmas SO NUCLEAR FUSION LA English DT Article ID ALCATOR C-MOD; ASDEX UPGRADE; ELECTRON-TRANSPORT; CONFINEMENT; TOKAMAK; ENERGY AB The 'stiffness' of thermal transport in ELMy H-modes is examined in a series of carefully chosen JT-60U plasmas, and measured temperatures are compared with the predictions of several transport models. A heating power scan with constant T-ped, a scan of pedestal temperature, T-ped, With constant heating power, and an on-axis/off-axis heating comparison are presented. In the power scan, a 45% increase in heating (and a 12% density rise) produces an approximately fixed core temperature profile in a group of five plasmas with the same pedestal temperature. With fixed heating power, we find that a 30-40% increase in T-ped is associated with similar increases in core temperature. Heating in the deep core is varied by employing different groups of neutral beams that deposit their power near the magnetic axis and farther from the axis. In these plasmas on-axis heating produces slightly more peaked temperature profiles although they have 60% more heating power inside r = a/2. Transport models are tested by solving the power balance equations to predict temperatures, which are then compared to the measurements. Predictions of the RLWB and IFS/PPPL models generally agree with the measured temperatures outside r similar to 0.3a, but the Multimode model uniformly predicts temperatures that are too high except in the central region. Tests based on these discharges are not able to discriminate between the transport models of varying stiffness, so we conclude that larger changes are needed in the P-heat and T-ped scans. C1 Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. JAERI Naka Fus Res Estab, Naka, Ibaraki, Japan. Hokkaido Univ, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan. RP Mikkelsen, DR (reprint author), Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, POB 451, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. NR 31 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY PI VIENNA PA WAGRAMERSTRASSE 5, PO BOX 100, A-1400 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0029-5515 J9 NUCL FUSION JI Nucl. Fusion PD JAN PY 2003 VL 43 IS 1 BP 30 EP 39 AR PII S0029-5515(03)56491-2 DI 10.1088/0029-5515/43/1/304 PG 10 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA 645AB UT WOS:000180953100004 ER PT J AU Maddison, GP Brix, M Budny, R Charlet, M Coffey, I Cordey, JG Dumortier, P Erents, SK Hawkes, NC von Hellermann, M Hillis, DL Hogan, J Horton, LD Ingesson, LC Jachmich, S Jackson, GL Kallenbach, A Koslowski, HR Lawson, KD Loarte, A Matthews, GF McDonald, D McKee, GR Meigs, A Messiaen, AM Milani, F Monier-Garbet, P Murakami, M Nave, MFF Ongena, J Puiatti, ME Rachlew, E Rapp, J Sharapov, S Staebler, GM Stamp, M Strachan, JD Suttrop, W Telesca, G Tokar, MZ Unterberg, B Valisa, M Zastrow, KD AF Maddison, GP Brix, M Budny, R Charlet, M Coffey, I Cordey, JG Dumortier, P Erents, SK Hawkes, NC von Hellermann, M Hillis, DL Hogan, J Horton, LD Ingesson, LC Jachmich, S Jackson, GL Kallenbach, A Koslowski, HR Lawson, KD Loarte, A Matthews, GF McDonald, D McKee, GR Meigs, A Messiaen, AM Milani, F Monier-Garbet, P Murakami, M Nave, MFF Ongena, J Puiatti, ME Rachlew, E Rapp, J Sharapov, S Staebler, GM Stamp, M Strachan, JD Suttrop, W Telesca, G Tokar, MZ Unterberg, B Valisa, M Zastrow, KD CA EFDA-JET 2000 workprogramme cont TI Impurity-seeded plasma experiments on JET SO NUCLEAR FUSION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 18th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference CY OCT, 2000 CL SORRENTO, ITALY SP IAEA ID RADIATIVELY IMPROVED MODE; VARIED GEOMETRY; HIGH-DENSITY; CONFINEMENT IMPROVEMENT; DIII-D; TOKAMAK; DIVERTORS; PERFORMANCE; DISCHARGES; INJECTION AB Scaling to larger tokamaks of high confinement plasmas with radiating edges, induced by impurities, is being studied through internationally collaborative experiments on JET. In campaigns till the end of 2000, three different regimes have been explored. A small number of limiter L-mode discharges seeded with neon have most closely repeated the approach used on TEXTOR-94, but different collisionality and particle transport in JET impede central peaking of the density associated with improved confinement. Divertor L-modes at intermediate density, again with neon injection, have pursued transiently enhanced states found on DIII-D. Confinement up to H-mode quality, together with radiation fractions of approximate to40%, have briefly been obtained, though central Z(eff) quickly increases. Most effectively, neon and argon seeding of higher density ELMy H-modes formed mainly at low triangularity on the septum of the MkIIGB divertor, resembling a pumped-limiter arrangement, have been examined. Good confinement has been sustained at densities close to the Greenwald level in 'afterpuff' (AP) phases following the end of main gas fuelling, for little change of central Z(eff) but up to approximate to60% radiation. Outstanding normalized properties up to H-97 = 0.99 at f(Gwd) = 0.94 have thus been achieved, above the conventional H-mode density limit for diverted plasmas. Stationarity of states has also been extended to many energy confinement times by including low, extra gas inputs in the 'AP', suggestive of an optimized fuelling scheme. Further development in 2001 is reported separately in [1]. Accompanying ELMs are generally reduced in frequency though not evidently in size, electron pedestal pressure being almost unchanged from unseeded behaviour. There are indications of the most favourable impurity species scaling with plasma parameters, performance, radiation and its concentration within a mantle all increasing with argon compared to neon in JET. These benefits in terms of integrated properties are just as required for long burning pulses in ITER, supporting its use of a radiating mantle to assist not only power exhaust but performance too. Impurity-seeded H-modes can therefore contribute directly to next-step scenario development. C1 UKAEA Euratom Fus Assoc, Culham Sci Ctr, Abingdon OX14 3DB, Oxon, England. Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH, IPP, EURATOM Assoc, D-52425 Julich, Germany. Princeton Univ, Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. EURATOM Assoc Belgian State, LPP, ERM, KMS, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium. EURATOM, FOM IVP, NL-3430 BE Nieuwegein, Netherlands. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Max Planck Inst Plasma Phys, EURATOM Assoc, D-85748 Garching, Germany. DIIID Natl Fus Facil, San Diego, CA 92186 USA. CSU, EFDA, D-85748 Garching, Germany. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA. CEA Cadarache, F-13108 St Paul Les Durance, France. EURATOM IST Assoc, CFN, P-1096 Lisbon, Portugal. Consorzio RFX, I-35127 Padua, Italy. EURATOM Assoc NFR, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden. RP Maddison, GP (reprint author), UKAEA Euratom Fus Assoc, Culham Sci Ctr, Abingdon OX14 3DB, Oxon, England. RI Matthews, Guy/B-5532-2013; Nave, Maria/A-5581-2013; OI Nave, Maria/0000-0003-2078-6584; Rapp, Juergen/0000-0003-2785-9280; Tokar, Mikhail/0000-0002-9536-9841; Koslowski, Hans Rudolf/0000-0002-1571-6269; Unterberg, Bernhard/0000-0003-0866-957X NR 46 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 10 PU INT ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY PI VIENNA PA WAGRAMERSTRASSE 5, PO BOX 100, A-1400 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0029-5515 J9 NUCL FUSION JI Nucl. Fusion PD JAN PY 2003 VL 43 IS 1 BP 49 EP 62 AR PII S0029-5515(03)56597-8 DI 10.1088/0029-5515/43/1/306 PG 14 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA 645AB UT WOS:000180953100006 ER PT J AU Efstathiadis, E Lee, YY Mi, JL Pai, C Paley, JM Roberts, BL Sanders, RT Semertzidis, YK Warburton, DS AF Efstathiadis, E Lee, YY Mi, JL Pai, C Paley, JM Roberts, BL Sanders, RT Semertzidis, YK Warburton, DS TI A fast non-ferric kicker for the muon (g-2) experiment SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article DE fast non-ferric kicker; Muon g-2 ID ANOMALOUS MAGNETIC-MOMENT; POSITIVE MUON AB A fast, non-ferric kicker has been designed, built and installed in the muon (g - 2) experiment at the Brookhaven Alternating Gradient Synchrotron. A current pulse of 4200 A peak, and base-width of 400 ns, is passed in opposite directions through parallel plates 10 cm apart on either side of the muon storage region in the (g - 2) storage ring. A field integral of 0.1 Tm was achieved, which kicks the 3.09 GeV/c muon beam by about 10 mrad. This kick is achieved by employing three identical 1.76 m long sections, each powered by a separate pulse-forming network. The design and performance of the kicker is presented. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Roberts, BL (reprint author), Boston Univ, Dept Phys, 590 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RI Semertzidis, Yannis K./N-1002-2013 NR 13 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD JAN 1 PY 2003 VL 496 IS 1 BP 8 EP 25 AR PII S0168-9002(02)01627-3 DI 10.1016/S0168-9002(02)01627-3 PG 18 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 636VM UT WOS:000180478000002 ER PT J AU Qiang, J Garnett, RW AF Qiang, J Garnett, RW TI Smooth approximation with acceleration in an alternating phase focusing superconducting linac SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article DE smooth approximation; alternating phase focusing ID BEAM DYNAMICS AB In this paper, we present a smooth approximation method to calculate the effective potential in a longitudinal RF accelerating and focusing system. Comparing with the smooth approximation without acceleration, this method gives a more accurate calculation of the zero-current phase advance and effective potential when the energy gain through a period is not negligible. Using such a smooth approximation, we have studied an alternating phase focusing structure in a proposed accelerator-driven test facility superconducting linac. A self-consistent macroparticle simulation for one asymmetrical alternating phase focusing structure shows that beyond a beam current of 50 mA, there will be significant particle losses. This will put a limit on the future machine operation based on the alternating phase focusing concept. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Accelerator & Fus Res, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Qiang, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Accelerator & Fus Res, 1 Cyclotron Rd,MS 71J, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD JAN 1 PY 2003 VL 496 IS 1 BP 33 EP 43 AR PII S0168-9002(02)01631-5 DI 10.1016/S0168-9002(02)01631-5 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 636VM UT WOS:000180478000004 ER PT J AU Doleans, M Kim, SH AF Doleans, M Kim, SH TI Analytical and semi-analytical formalism for the voltage and the current sources of a superconducting cavity under dynamic detuning SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article DE superconducting cavity; dynamic detuning; Lorentz detuning; RE control AB Elliptical superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities are sensitive to frequency detuning because they have a high Q value in comparison with normal conducting cavities and weak mechanical properties. Radiation pressure on the cavity walls, microphonics, and tuning system are possible sources of dynamic detuning during SRF cavity-pulsed operation. A general analytic relation between the cavity voltage, the dynamic detuning function, and the RF control function is developed. This expression for the voltage envelope in a cavity under dynamic detuning and dynamic RF controls is analytically expressed through an integral formulation. A semi-analytical scheme is derived to calculate the voltage behavior in any practical case. Examples of voltage envelope behavior for different cases of dynamic detuning and RF control functions are shown. The RF control function for a cavity under dynamic detuning is also investigated and as an application various filling schemes are presented. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Spallat Neutron Source Project, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. RP Doleans, M (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Spallat Neutron Source Project, 701 Scarboro Rd MS 6473, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. OI doleans, marc/0000-0003-4542-8724 NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD JAN 1 PY 2003 VL 496 IS 1 BP 51 EP 63 AR PII S0168-9002(02)01660-1 DI 10.1016/S0168-9002(02)01660-1 PG 13 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 636VM UT WOS:000180478000006 ER PT J AU Hull, EL Pehl, RH Tindall, C Luke, PN Kurfess, JD AF Hull, EL Pehl, RH Tindall, C Luke, PN Kurfess, JD TI Radiation damage and charge collection effects in S(Li) gamma-ray detectors SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article DE Si(Li) detector; radiation damage; gamma ray ID TEMPERATURE AB The spectroscopy performance of 6-mm thick Si(Li) planar detectors was studied as a function of operating temperature and electric field. The energy resolution of the 662-keV gamma-ray peak from a Cs-137 source was used to monitor the spectroscopy performance of the detectors. The efficiency, depletion voltage, leakage current, and noise were also monitored. The effects of radiation damage caused by 200-MeV protons were studied to determine the viability of operation in space. Four detectors, two maintained at 88 K and two maintained at 212 K, were irradiated to a fluence of 8.7 x 10(8)p/cm(2). No effects were observed. The two detectors irradiated at 212K were subsequently irradiated with an additional 8.7 x 10(9) p/cm(2), again at 212 K. These detectors then exhibited slight energy resolution degradation. No other radiation damage effects were observed. The resolution degradation increased at higher operating temperature and decreased with higher electric field. Cycling the detectors to room temperature for 14 h eliminated the resolution degradation. The resolution of these detectors is limited by the combination of ballistic deficit and parallel noise in the similar to220 K range. A significant decrease in the gamma-ray peak count rate, almost certainly caused by surface channel effects, was the most dramatic temperature-dependent effect observed. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. RP Hull, EL (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, 1 Cyclotron Rd,MS 62-313, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD JAN 1 PY 2003 VL 496 IS 1 BP 123 EP 128 AR PII S0168-9002(02)01619-4 DI 10.1016/S0168-9002(02)01619-4 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 636VM UT WOS:000180478000010 ER PT J AU Sztucki, M Metzger, TH Milita, S Berberich, F Schell, N Rouviere, JL Patel, J AF Sztucki, M Metzger, TH Milita, S Berberich, F Schell, N Rouviere, JL Patel, J TI Depth resolved investigations of boron implanted silicon SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Spring Meeting of the European-Materials-Research-Society (E-MRS) CY JUN 18-21, 2002 CL STRASBOURG, FRANCE SP European Mat Res Soc DE diffuse X-ray scattering; transmission electron microscopy; ion implantation; defects AB We have studied the depth distribution and structure of defects in boron implanted silicon (0 0 1). Silicon wafers were implanted with a boron dose of 6 x 10(15) ions/cm(-2) at 32 keV and went through different annealing treatments. Using diffuse X-ray scattering at grazing incidence and exit angles we are able to distinguish between different kinds of defects (point defect clusters and extrinsic stacking faults on {1 1 1} planes) and to determine their depth distribution as a function of the thermal budget. Cross-section transmission electron microscopy was used to gain complementary information. In addition we have determined the strain distribution caused by the boron implantation as a function of depth from rocking curve measurements. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 European Synchrotron Radiat Facil, F-38043 Grenoble, France. Univ Munich, CeNS, D-80539 Munich, Germany. CNR, IMM, I-40125 Bologna, Italy. CEA Grenoble, Dept Rech Fondamentale Mat Condensee, F-38054 Grenoble 9, France. Stanford Univ, SSRL, SLAC, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. ALS, LBL, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Sztucki, M (reprint author), European Synchrotron Radiat Facil, BP 220, F-38043 Grenoble, France. RI Milita, Silvia/A-6048-2015; The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF, ROBL/A-2586-2011 OI Milita, Silvia/0000-0002-9612-2541; NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-583X J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH B JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms PD JAN PY 2003 VL 200 BP 52 EP 59 AR PII S0168-583X(02)01674-9 DI 10.1016/S0168-583X(02)01674-9 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 645UV UT WOS:000180998600009 ER PT J AU Desnica, UV Dubcek, P Desnica-Frankovic, ID Buljan, M Salamon, K Milat, O Bernstorff, S White, CW AF Desnica, UV Dubcek, P Desnica-Frankovic, ID Buljan, M Salamon, K Milat, O Bernstorff, S White, CW TI GISAXS studies of morphology and size distribution of CdS nanocrystals formed in SiO2 by ion implantation SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Spring Meeting of the European-Materials-Research-Society (E-MRS) CY JUN 18-21, 2002 CL STRASBOURG, FRANCE SP European Mat Res Soc DE nanocrystals; quantum dots; X-ray scattering; SAXS; GISAXS; implantation; CdS ID SCATTERING AB Grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) was applied to study the synthesis and size evolution of US nanocrystals. US was formed in SiO2 substrate by successive multi-energy implantation of constituent elements (three different ion doses) and subsequent thermal annealing (T-a = 800 or 1000 degreesC). The analysis of 2D GISAXS patterns with the Guinier plot was compared to the fit results of the local mono-disperse approximation. Results indicate that the applied implantation + annealing procedure resulted in formation of isolated, spherical US nanoparticles embedded in SiO2 amorphous matrix, evenly distributed in the substrate in all three dimensions. Nanoparticle average size, size distribution, inter-particle distance and fraction of synthesized atoms were determined. Larger doses induced strong clustering into larger nanoparticles, accompanied with the increase of inter-cluster distance, that indicates the strain-related enhancement of the diffusion of small US nanocrystals. Results promote GISAXS as an excellent and nondestructive tool to investigate the role of particular implantation and annealing steps, in term of nanocrystal size, morphology and size distribution of US nanocrystals. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Rudjer Boskovic Inst, Dept Phys, Zagreb 10000, Croatia. Inst Phys, Zagreb 10000, Croatia. Sincrotrone Trieste, I-34012 Trieste, Italy. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Desnica, UV (reprint author), Rudjer Boskovic Inst, Dept Phys, Bijenicka 54, Zagreb 10000, Croatia. RI Milat, Ognjen/F-2215-2010 NR 10 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-583X J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH B JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms PD JAN PY 2003 VL 200 BP 191 EP 195 AR PII S0168-583X(02)01718-4 DI 10.1016/S0168-583X(02)01718-4 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 645UV UT WOS:000180998600032 ER PT J AU Fullerton, EE Hellwig, O Takano, K Kortright, JB AF Fullerton, EE Hellwig, O Takano, K Kortright, JB TI Soft X-ray magnetic scattering as a probe of recording media SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Spring Meeting of the European-Materials-Research-Society (E-MRS) CY JUN 18-21, 2002 CL STRASBOURG, FRANCE SP European Mat Res Soc ID CO-CR; MULTILAYERS; LAYERS AB We highlight recent experiments that use magnetic X-ray scattering as a probe of magnetic recording media. Resonant small-angle scattering at the 2p levels of 3d transition elements strongly enhances scattering from both magnetic and chemical structure of thin films and allows a quantitative determination of the chemical and magnetic grain sizes with nm resolution. The chemical grain size measurements compliments the information determined by transmission electron microscope. However, the ability to measure magnetic correlations in the <100 Angstrom range is well below the resolution that is currently achievable in most magnetic imaging techniques. Information about length scales in nonmagnetic underlayers is also provided by these sensitive scattering measurements by tuning the photon energy to elements that are specific to the underlayer structure. These techniques should continue to provide insight and feedback into the development of future recording media. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 IBM Corp, Almaden Res Ctr, San Jose, CA 95120 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Fullerton, EE (reprint author), IBM Corp, Almaden Res Ctr, K63-E3,650 Harry Rd, San Jose, CA 95120 USA. RI Fullerton, Eric/H-8445-2013 OI Fullerton, Eric/0000-0002-4725-9509 NR 23 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-583X J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH B JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms PD JAN PY 2003 VL 200 BP 202 EP 209 AR PII S0168-583X(02)01720-2 DI 10.1016/S0168-583X(02)01720-2 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 645UV UT WOS:000180998600034 ER PT J AU Kraack, H Deutsch, M Ocko, BM Pershan, PS AF Kraack, H Deutsch, M Ocko, BM Pershan, PS TI The structure of organic langmuir films on liquid metal surfaces SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Spring Meeting of the European-Materials-Research-Society (E-MRS) CY JUN 18-21, 2002 CL STRASBOURG, FRANCE SP European Mat Res Soc DE Langmuir films; monolayers; surface; liquid metals; 2D phases ID X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; MERCURY TUNNELING JUNCTIONS; SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; ALKANETHIOLATE BILAYERS; BLODGETT-FILMS; NORMAL-ALKANES; FATTY-ACIDS; REFLECTIVITY; SCATTERING; WATER AB Langmuir films (LFs) on water have long been studied for their interest for basic science and their numerous applications in chemistry, physics, materials science and biology. We present here A-resolution synchrotron X-ray studies of the structure of stearic acid LFs on a liquid mercury surface. At low coverage, greater than or equal to 110 Angstrom(2)/mol, a 2D gas phase of flat-lying molecules is observed. At high coverage, less than or equal to23 Angstrom(2)/mol, two different hexatic phases of standing-up molecules are observed. At intermediate coverage, 52 less than or equal to A less than or equal to 110 Angstrom(2)/mol, novel single- and double-layered phases of flat-lying molecular dimers are found, exhibiting a ID in-layer order. Such flat-lying phases were not hitherto observed in any LF. Measurements on LFs of fatty acids of other chain lengths indicate that this structure is generic to chain molecules on mercury, although the existence of some of the flat-lying phases, and the observed phase sequence, depend on the chain length. Organic LFs on Hg, and in particular the new flat-lying phases, should provide a broader nano-structural tunability range for molecular electronic device construction than most solid-supported self-assembled monolayers used at present. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Bar Ilan Univ, Dept Phys, IL-52900 Ramat Gan, Israel. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Harvard Univ, Div Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Deutsch, M (reprint author), Bar Ilan Univ, Dept Phys, IL-52900 Ramat Gan, Israel. NR 38 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-583X J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH B JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms PD JAN PY 2003 VL 200 BP 363 EP 370 AR PII S0168-583X(02)01724-X DI 10.1016/S0168-583X(02)01724-X PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 645UV UT WOS:000180998600059 ER PT J AU Takakuwa, Y Ishidzuka, S Yoshigoe, A Teraoka, Y Mizuno, Y Tonda, H Homma, T AF Takakuwa, Y Ishidzuka, S Yoshigoe, A Teraoka, Y Mizuno, Y Tonda, H Homma, T TI Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of oxidation on the Ti(0001) surface SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Spring Meeting of the European-Materials-Research-Society (E-MRS) CY JUN 18-21, 2002 CL STRASBOURG, FRANCE SP European Mat Res Soc DE photoelectron spectroscopy; synchrotron radiation; titanium; oxidation ID AUGER-ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY; TITANIUM OXIDATION; TEMPERATURE; DESORPTION; KINETICS; OXYGEN AB High-resolution photoelectron spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation was applied for monitoring in real time the oxidation kinetics on the Ti (0 0 0 1) surface at 405 degreesC with dry O-2 gas. The time evolution of O 1s photoelectron intensity showed a linear uptake curve up to similar to90 L followed by a sudden saturation up to similar to160 L and then a restart of the linear increase, indicating that O-2 adsorption obeys a zero-order reaction scheme before and after the saturation. Corresponding to the first linear uptake and saturation, the surface core level shift component of Ti 2p decreased predominantly and disappeared completely, and appeared again after the saturation and remained persistently during TiO2 growth. Thus the zero-order reaction of O-2 adsorption on the Ti (0 0 0 1) surface at 405 degreesC is concerned with the metallic Ti layer on the outermost surface. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Tohoku Univ, Inst Multidisciplinary Res Adv Mat, Aoba Ku, Sendai, Miyagi 9808577, Japan. Akita Natl Coll Technol, Dept Mat Engn, Akita 0118511, Japan. Japan Atom Energy Res Inst, Synchrotron Radiat Res Ctr, Mikazuki 6795198, Japan. Stanford Univ, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. Kumamoto Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Technol, Kumamoto 8608555, Japan. Chiba Inst Technol, Dept Precis Engn, Narashino, Chiba 2750016, Japan. RP Takakuwa, Y (reprint author), Tohoku Univ, Inst Multidisciplinary Res Adv Mat, Aoba Ku, 2-1-1 Katahira, Sendai, Miyagi 9808577, Japan. NR 19 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-583X J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH B JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms PD JAN PY 2003 VL 200 BP 376 EP 381 AR PII S0168-583X(02)01726-3 DI 10.1016/S0168-583X(02)01726-3 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 645UV UT WOS:000180998600061 ER PT J AU Zolotoyabko, E Quintana, JP AF Zolotoyabko, E Quintana, JP TI Non-destructive microstructural analysis with depth resolution SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Spring Meeting of the European-Materials-Research-Society (E-MRS) CY JUN 18-21, 2002 CL STRASBOURG, FRANCE SP European Mat Res Soc DE X-ray diffraction; microstructure; seashells ID RAY; TEXTURE AB A depth-sensitive X-ray diffraction technique has been developed with the aim of studying microstructural modifications in inhomogeneous polycrystalline materials. In that method, diffraction profiles are measured at different X-ray energies varied by small steps. X-rays at higher energies probe deeper layers of material. Depth-resolved structural information is retrieved by comparing energy-dependent diffraction profiles. The method provides nondestructive depth profiling of the preferred orientation, grain size, microstrain fluctuations and residual strains. This technique is applied to the characterization of seashells. Similarly, energy-variable X-ray diffraction can be used for the non-destructive characterization of different laminated structures and composite materials. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Technion Israel Inst Technol, Dept Mat Engn, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel. Northwestern Univ, ANL, APS, DND CAT Res Ctr, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Zolotoyabko, E (reprint author), Technion Israel Inst Technol, Dept Mat Engn, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel. NR 18 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-583X J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH B JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms PD JAN PY 2003 VL 200 BP 382 EP 389 AR PII S0168-583X(02)01727-5 DI 10.1016/S0168-583X(02)01727-5 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 645UV UT WOS:000180998600062 ER PT J AU Shenoy, GK AF Shenoy, GK TI Impact of next-generation synchrotron radiation sources on materials research SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Synchrotron Radiation in Materials Science CY JAN 21-24, 2002 CL SINGAPORE, SINGAPORE DE synchrotron radiation; free-electron laser; energy-recovery linac; fermosecond science; phase transitions ID FREE-ELECTRON LASER; AMPLIFIED SPONTANEOUS EMISSION; X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; LATTICE-DYNAMICS; SCATTERING; OXIDATION; RU(0001); REGIME; GAIN; NM AB Three generations of synchrotron radiation sources have revolutionized our understanding of various correlations in the equilibrium phase of materials through X-ray imaging, spectroscopy and scattering techniques. It is anticipated that new sources based on energy-recovery linacs and X-ray free-electron lasers will deliver X-ray pulses that are below a few-hundred femtoseconds in length and have very high coherence. These sources will extend and broaden our current knowledge of materials science. But more importantly, it is expected that these sources will provide the first glimpse of nonequilibrium processes in materials, including nonthermal melting, metal-insulator transitions involving nonequilibrium phases, laser-induced catalytic oxidation, and determining the structure of imperfect nanoparticles lacking crystalline structure. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Shenoy, GK (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 43 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-583X J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH B JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms PD JAN PY 2003 VL 199 BP 1 EP 9 AR PII S0168-583X(02)01594-X DI 10.1016/S0168-583X(02)01594-X PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 644NV UT WOS:000180925400002 ER PT J AU Burkel, E Nicula, R Ponkratz, U Sinn, H Alatas, A Alp, EE AF Burkel, E Nicula, R Ponkratz, U Sinn, H Alatas, A Alp, EE TI Lattice dynamics of Al-based quasicrystals studied by high-resolution inelastic X-ray scattering with synchrotron radiation SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Synchrotron Radiation in Materials Science CY JAN 21-24, 2002 CL SINGAPORE, SINGAPORE ID ALPDMN ICOSAHEDRAL PHASE AB Quasicrystals are aperiodic long-range ordered solids expected to exhibit peculiar dynamical properties. For these new intermetallic phases, previous theoretical work predicted the existence of phason dynamics and a highly structured vibrational density of states. We used the high-resolution inelastic X-ray scattering method to investigate the lattice dynamics of Al-Cu-Fe and Al-Pd-Mn quasicrystals, near the (18,29) diffraction peak situated on the fivefold axis. Phonon dispersion relations were determined for both quasicrystals. In addition to propagating acoustic modes, dispersionless ('optic') low-energy modes were observed. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Rostock, Dept Phys, Chair Phys New Mat, D-18055 Rostock, Germany. Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Burkel, E (reprint author), Univ Rostock, Dept Phys, Chair Phys New Mat, August Babel Str 55, D-18055 Rostock, Germany. RI Nicula, Radu/C-8115-2009 NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-583X J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH B JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms PD JAN PY 2003 VL 199 BP 151 EP 155 AR PII S0168-583X(02)01567-7 DI 10.1016/S0168-583X(02)01567-7 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 644NV UT WOS:000180925400030 ER PT J AU Kolobov, AV Oyanagi, H Frenkel, A Robinson, I Cross, J Wei, S Brunner, K Abstreiter, G Maeda, Y Shklyaev, A Ichikawa, M Yamasaki, S Tanaka, K AF Kolobov, AV Oyanagi, H Frenkel, A Robinson, I Cross, J Wei, S Brunner, K Abstreiter, G Maeda, Y Shklyaev, A Ichikawa, M Yamasaki, S Tanaka, K TI Local structure of Ge/Si nanostructures: uniqueness of XAFS spectroscopy SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Synchrotron Radiation in Materials Science CY JAN 21-24, 2002 CL SINGAPORE, SINGAPORE DE Ge nanostructures; quantum dots; nanocrystals; Raman scattering; EXAFS; DAFS ID SI(111) SURFACES; SIO2 COVERAGE; GE; SCATTERING; ISLANDS AB A discussion of the limitations of Raman scattering as applied to Ge/Si nanostructures is followed by a summary of our recent efforts to investigate the local structure of various Ge nanostructures, namely, Ge quantum dots MBE grown on bare Si(I 0 0), on Si(I 11) with a 0.3 nm SiO2 coverage, and nanocrystals embedded in SiO2, by X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. For the latter case, combined DAFS-EXAFS analysis has been applied to determine separately, for the first time, the structural parameters for intermixed nanocrystalline and amorphous phases. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Joint Res Ctr Atom Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058562, Japan. AIST, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 30585568, Japan. Yeshiva Univ, Dept Phys, New York, NY 10016 USA. Univ Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, PNC CAT, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Univ Sci & Technol China, Natl Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Hefei 230029, Peoples R China. Tech Munich, Walter Schottky Inst, D-85748 Garching, Germany. Univ Osaka Prefecture, Osaka 5998531, Japan. Angstrom Technol Partnership ATP, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050046, Japan. RP Kolobov, AV (reprint author), Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Joint Res Ctr Atom Technol, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058562, Japan. EM a.kolobov@aist.go.jp RI Frenkel, Anatoly/D-3311-2011; Shklyaev, Alexander/I-1515-2013 OI Frenkel, Anatoly/0000-0002-5451-1207; Shklyaev, Alexander/0000-0001-7271-3921 NR 17 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-583X J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH B JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms PD JAN PY 2003 VL 199 BP 174 EP 178 AR PII S0168-583X(02)01556-2 DI 10.1016/S0168-583X(02)01556-2 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 644NV UT WOS:000180925400035 ER PT J AU Azevedo, GD Ridgway, MC Betlehem, J Yu, KM Glover, CJ Foran, GJ AF Azevedo, GD Ridgway, MC Betlehem, J Yu, KM Glover, CJ Foran, GJ TI EXAFS measurements of metal-decorated nanocavities in Si SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Synchrotron Radiation in Materials Science CY JAN 21-24, 2002 CL SINGAPORE, SINGAPORE DE voids; cavities; silicon; gettering; EXAFS ID SILICON; CAVITIES; VOIDS; AU AB This contribution presents a sample preparation methodology to enable the identification, with synchrotron radiation-based analytical techniques, of the gettering sites of metallic impurities on the internal walls of implantation-induced nanocavities in Si substrates. Preliminary results for the Cu-Si and Cu-Cu bond lengths on the internal surface of the nanocavities are reported. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Phys Sci & Engn, Dept Elect Engn, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. MAX Lab, S-22100 Lund, Sweden. Australian Nucl Sci & Technol Org, Menai, NSW 2234, Australia. RP Azevedo, GD (reprint author), Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Phys Sci & Engn, Dept Elect Engn, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. RI Yu, Kin Man/J-1399-2012; Ridgway, Mark/D-9626-2011; Azevedo, Gustavo/E-9399-2010 OI Yu, Kin Man/0000-0003-1350-9642; Ridgway, Mark/0000-0002-0642-0108; Azevedo, Gustavo/0000-0003-0301-3280 NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-583X J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH B JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms PD JAN PY 2003 VL 199 BP 179 EP 184 AR PII S0168-583X(02)01430-1 DI 10.1016/S0168-583X(02)01430-1 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 644NV UT WOS:000180925400036 ER PT J AU Ridgway, MC Azevedo, GD Glover, CJ Yu, KM Foran, GJ AF Ridgway, MC Azevedo, GD Glover, CJ Yu, KM Foran, GJ TI Common structure in amorphised compound semiconductors SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Synchrotron Radiation in Materials Science CY JAN 21-24, 2002 CL SINGAPORE, SINGAPORE DE amorphous compound semiconductors; ion implantation AB Extended X-ray absorption fine structure has been utilised to determine the structural parameters of the amorphous III-V semiconductors GaP, GaAs, InP and InAs. The amorphous phase was formed by ion implantation to inhibit preparation-specific artefacts associated with the alternative fabrication techniques of sputtering and evaporation. Relative to crystalline standards, increases in bond length and Debye-Waller factor were apparent for all materials with a slight reduction in coordination number (3.8-4 atoms). Similarly, homopolar bonding in the amorphous phase was measurable for all materials. For example, In-In bonding in amorphous InP comprised similar to18% of the total In bonds and demonstrated the necessity of a ring distribution containing both even and odd members. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Phys Sci & Engn, Dept Elect Mat Engn, Canberra, ACT 0020, Australia. Lund Univ, Max Lab, S-22100 Lund, Sweden. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Australian Natl Beamline Faci, Photon Factory, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan. RP Ridgway, MC (reprint author), Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Phys Sci & Engn, Dept Elect Mat Engn, Canberra, ACT 0020, Australia. RI Yu, Kin Man/J-1399-2012; Ridgway, Mark/D-9626-2011; Azevedo, Gustavo/E-9399-2010 OI Yu, Kin Man/0000-0003-1350-9642; Ridgway, Mark/0000-0002-0642-0108; Azevedo, Gustavo/0000-0003-0301-3280 NR 10 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-583X J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH B JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms PD JAN PY 2003 VL 199 BP 235 EP 239 AR PII S0168-583X(02)01531-8 DI 10.1016/S0168-583X(02)01531-8 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 644NV UT WOS:000180925400047 ER PT J AU Muramatsu, Y Fujino, M Yamamoto, T Gullikson, EM Perera, RCC AF Muramatsu, Y Fujino, M Yamamoto, T Gullikson, EM Perera, RCC TI Soft X-ray emission and absorption spectroscopy in the Si L region of polysilanes SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Synchrotron Radiation in Materials Science CY JAN 21-24, 2002 CL SINGAPORE, SINGAPORE AB Soft X-ray emission and absorption spectra in the Si L region of a number of substituted polysilanes, (SiR2)n, have been obtained using synchrotron radiation to investigate their electronic structures. Studied polysilanes were substituted with methyl (R = CH3), ethyl (C2H5), propyl (n-C3H7), butyl (n-C4H9), pentyl (n-C5H11) and phenyl (C6H5) groups. Although similar spectral features in both X-ray emission and absorption are observed among alkyl-substituted polysilanes, slight differences are distinguished between alkyl- and phenyl-substituted ones. These spectral features are qualitatively reproduced by summing calculated density-of-state spectra for Si3s- and Si3d-orbital.s. Thus, spectral features are explained through the hybridization of electronic orbitals in both backbone Si atoms and substituent C atoms. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Japan Atom Energy Res Inst, Kansai Res Estab, Mikazuki, Hyogo 6795148, Japan. NTT Corp, Basic Res Labs, Atsugi, Kanagawa 2430198, Japan. RIKEN, Inst Phys & Chem Res, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Japan Atom Energy Res Inst, Kansai Res Estab, 1-1-1 Koto, Mikazuki, Hyogo 6795148, Japan. EM murama@spring8.or.jp NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-583X EI 1872-9584 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH B JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms PD JAN PY 2003 VL 199 BP 260 EP 264 AR PII S0168-583X(02)01581-1 DI 10.1016/S0168-583X(02)01581-1 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 644NV UT WOS:000180925400052 ER PT J AU Kortright, JB Jiang, JS Bader, SD Hellwig, O Marguiles, DT Fullerton, EE AF Kortright, JB Jiang, JS Bader, SD Hellwig, O Marguiles, DT Fullerton, EE TI Magnetism in heterogeneous thin film systems: Resonant X-ray scattering studies SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Synchrotron Radiation in Materials Science CY JAN 21-24, 2002 CL SINGAPORE, SINGAPORE DE magnetic films; exchange coupling; magnetic recording media; X-ray spectroscopy; X-ray scattering; magneto-optical effects ID EXCHANGE; HETEROSTRUCTURES; BEHAVIOR; MEDIA; FE AB Magnetic and chemical heterogeneity are common in a broad range of magnetic thin film systems. Emerging resonant soft X-ray scattering techniques are well suited to resolve such heterogeneity at relevant length scales. Resonant X-ray magneto-optical Kerr effect measurements laterally average over heterogeneity but can provide depth resolution in different ways, as illustrated in measurements resolving reversible and irreversible changes in different layers of exchange-spring heterostructures. Resonant small-angle scattering measures in-plane heterogeneity and can resolve magnetic and chemical scattering sources in different ways, as illustrated in measurements of granular alloy recording media. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Ctr Xray Opt, Div Sci Mat, Div Sci Mat, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. IBM Corp, Almaden Res Ctr, San Jose, CA 95120 USA. RP Kortright, JB (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Ctr Xray Opt, Div Sci Mat, Div Sci Mat, Cuclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Bader, Samuel/A-2995-2013; Fullerton, Eric/H-8445-2013 OI Fullerton, Eric/0000-0002-4725-9509 NR 20 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-583X J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH B JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms PD JAN PY 2003 VL 199 BP 301 EP 307 AR PII S0168-583X(02)01590-2 DI 10.1016/S0168-583X(02)01590-2 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 644NV UT WOS:000180925400060 ER PT J AU Carr, GL AF Carr, GL TI Dynamics of GaAs photocarriers probed with pulsed infrared synchrotron radiation SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Synchrotron Radiation in Materials Science CY JAN 21-24, 2002 CL SINGAPORE, SINGAPORE DE time resolved; far infrared; THz; photoconductivity; GaAs; synchrotron infrared AB Synchrotron radiation is a source of high brightness, pulsed infrared light that is well suited to the study of materials by pump-probe spectroscopy. A synchronized laser produces pump pulses and synchrotron infrared pulses serve as the probe. This method has been used for a number of time-resolved investigations, including a study of the frequency-dependent conductivity of photocarrier relaxation in GaAs. For this material, a Drude model gives a good description of the photoconductivity, but requires that the average carrier scattering rate change from electron like to hole like during the decay process (a few nanoseconds). This behavior suggests the rapid trapping of electrons, as may occur near a surface with defect states. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Carr, GL (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, MS 725D, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-583X J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH B JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms PD JAN PY 2003 VL 199 BP 323 EP 327 AR PII S0168-583X(02)01573-3 DI 10.1016/S0168-583X(02)01573-2 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 644NV UT WOS:000180925400064 ER PT J AU Lee, HJ Je, JH Hwu, Y Tsai, WL AF Lee, HJ Je, JH Hwu, Y Tsai, WL TI Synchrotron X-ray induced solution precipitation of nanoparticles SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Synchrotron Radiation in Materials Science CY JAN 21-24, 2002 CL SINGAPORE, SINGAPORE DE nanoparticle; Ni-P alloy; solution precipitation; synchrotron X-rays ID PHOTOCHEMICAL FORMATION; PARTICLES; PD; REDUCTION; CLUSTER; SILVER; ALLOY AB By irradiating a solution in electroless Ni deposition using synchrotron X-rays, Ni composite was found to nucleate homogeneously and eventually precipitate in the form of nanoparticles. The size of the nanoparticles precipitated is rather uniform (100-300 nm depending on the applied temperature). By the addition of an organic acid, well-dispersed nanoparticles could be effectively deposited on glass substrate. The hydrated electrons (e(aq)(-)), products of radiolysis of water molecules by synchrotron X-rays, may be responsible for the effective reduction of the metal ions, resulting in homogeneous nucleation and nanoparticle formation. Our results suggest that synchrotron X-ray can be used to induce solution precipitation of nanoparticles and therefore lead to a new method of producing nanostructured particles and coating. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 POSTECH, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Pohang 790784, South Korea. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Acad Sinica, Inst Phys, Taipei 11529, Taiwan. RP Je, JH (reprint author), POSTECH, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Pohang 790784, South Korea. NR 19 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-583X J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH B JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms PD JAN PY 2003 VL 199 BP 342 EP 347 AR PII S0168-583X(02)01561-6 DI 10.1016/S0168-583X(02)01561-6 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 644NV UT WOS:000180925400067 ER PT J AU Bostedt, C van Buuren, T Willey, TM Nelson, AJ Franco, N Moller, T Terminello, LJ AF Bostedt, C van Buuren, T Willey, TM Nelson, AJ Franco, N Moller, T Terminello, LJ TI Characterization of Ge-nanocrystal films with photoelectron spectroscopy SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Synchrotron Radiation in Materials Science CY JAN 21-24, 2002 CL SINGAPORE, SINGAPORE DE nanocrystal; cluster; photoemission; germanium ID CORE-LEVEL SHIFTS; SURFACE; ENERGY AB The Ge 3d core-levels of germanium nanocrystal films have been investigated by means of photoelectron spectroscopy. The experiments indicate bulk-like coordinated atoms in the nanocrystals and suggest structured disorder on the nanoparticle surface. The results underline the importance of the surface on the overall electronic structure of this class of nanostructured materials. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Univ Hamburg, Inst Expt Phys 2, D-2000 Hamburg, Germany. DESY, HASYLAB, D-2000 Hamburg, Germany. RP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, L-350,7000 East Ave,POB 808, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM cbostedt@lbl.gov RI Willey, Trevor/A-8778-2011 OI Willey, Trevor/0000-0002-9667-8830 NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-583X EI 1872-9584 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH B JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms PD JAN PY 2003 VL 199 BP 402 EP 405 AR PII S0168-583X(02)01583-5 DI 10.1016/S0168-583X(02)01583-5 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 644NV UT WOS:000180925400078 ER PT J AU Stevenson, AW Gureyev, TE Paganin, D Wilkins, SW Weitkamp, T Snigirev, A Rau, C Snigireva, I Youn, HS Dolbnya, IP Yun, W Lai, B Garrett, RF Cookson, DJ Hyodo, K Ando, M AF Stevenson, AW Gureyev, TE Paganin, D Wilkins, SW Weitkamp, T Snigirev, A Rau, C Snigireva, I Youn, HS Dolbnya, IP Yun, W Lai, B Garrett, RF Cookson, DJ Hyodo, K Ando, M TI Phase-contrast X-ray imaging with synchrotron radiation for materials science applications SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Synchrotron Radiation in Materials Science CY JAN 21-24, 2002 CL SINGAPORE, SINGAPORE DE phase contrast; X-ray imaging; coherence; X-ray optics ID TOMOGRAPHY AB Since Rontgen's discovery of X-rays just over a century ago the vast majority of radiographs have been collected and interpreted on the basis of absorption contrast and geometrical (ray) optics. Recently the possibility of obtaining new and complementary information in X-ray images by utilizing phase-contrast effects has received considerable attention, both in the laboratory context and at synchrotron sources (where much of this activity is a consequence of-the highly coherent X-ray beams which can be produced). Phase-contrast X-ray imaging is capable of providing improved information from weakly absorbing features in a sample, together with improved edge definition. Four different experimental arrangements for achieving phase contrast in the hard X-ray regime, for the purpose of non-destructive characterization of materials, will be described. Two of these, demonstrated at ESRF in France and AR in Japan, are based on parallel-beam geometry; the other two, demonstrated at PLS in Korea and APS in USA, are based on spherical-beam geometry. In each case quite different X-ray optical arrangements were used. Some image simulations will be employed to demonstrate salient features of hard X-ray phase-contrast imaging and examples. of results from each of the experiments will be shown. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 CSIRO, Mfg & Infrastruct Technol, Clayton, Vic 3169, Australia. Monash Univ, Sch Phys & Mat Engn, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia. European Synchrotron Radiat Facil, F-38043 Grenoble, France. Pohang Inst Sci & Technol, Pohang Accelerator Lab, POSTECH, Pohang 790600, South Korea. Xradia, Concord, CA 94520 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Australian Nucl Sci & Technol Org, Australian Synchrotron Res Program, Menai, NSW 2234, Australia. Inst Mat Struct Sci, Photon Factory, High Energy Accelerator Res Org, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050801, Japan. RP Stevenson, AW (reprint author), CSIRO, Mfg & Infrastruct Technol, Private Bag 33,MDC, Clayton, Vic 3169, Australia. RI paganin, david/B-9717-2009; Gureyev, Timur/A-9209-2011; Weitkamp, Timm/A-8975-2012; Snigireva, Irina/G-3123-2015; Snigireva, Irina/C-2302-2016 OI Gureyev, Timur/0000-0002-1103-0649; Weitkamp, Timm/0000-0002-0374-0472; NR 13 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-583X J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH B JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms PD JAN PY 2003 VL 199 BP 427 EP 435 AR PII S0168-583X(02)01557-4 DI 10.1016/S0168-583X(02)01557-4 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 644NV UT WOS:000180925400083 ER PT J AU Faigel, G Tegze, M Belakhovsky, A Marchesini, S Bortel, G AF Faigel, G Tegze, M Belakhovsky, A Marchesini, S Bortel, G TI X-ray holography SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Synchrotron Radiation in Materials Science CY JAN 21-24, 2002 CL SINGAPORE, SINGAPORE DE X-ray; holography; structure ID ATOMIC-RESOLUTION; IMAGES AB In the last decade holographic methods using hard X-rays were developed. They are able to resolve atomic distances, and can give the 3D arrangement of atoms around a selected element. Therefore, hard X-ray holography has potential applications in chemistry, biology and physics. In this article we give a general description of these methods and discuss the developments in the experimental technique. The capabilities of hard X-ray holography are demonstrated by examples. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Res Inst Solid State Phys & Opt, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary. CEA Grenoble, Serv Phys Mat & Microstruct, Dept Rech Fondamentale Mat Condensee, F-38054 Grenoble, France. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Div Sci Mat, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Faigel, G (reprint author), Res Inst Solid State Phys & Opt, POB 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary. EM gf@szfki.hu RI Marchesini, Stefano/A-6795-2009 NR 16 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-583X J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH B JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms PD JAN PY 2003 VL 199 BP 464 EP 468 AR PII S0168-583X(02)01566-5 DI 10.1016/S0168-583X(02)01566-5 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 644NV UT WOS:000180925400089 ER PT J AU Schneider, G Denbeaux, G Anderson, E Bates, W Salmassi, F Nachimuthu, P Pearson, A Richardson, D Hambach, D Hoffmann, N Hasse, W Hoffmann, K AF Schneider, G Denbeaux, G Anderson, E Bates, W Salmassi, F Nachimuthu, P Pearson, A Richardson, D Hambach, D Hoffmann, N Hasse, W Hoffmann, K TI Electromigration in integrated circuit interconnects studied by X-ray microscopy SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Synchrotron Radiation in Materials Science CY JAN 21-24, 2002 CL SINGAPORE, SINGAPORE DE X-ray imaging; zone plates; interconnects; electromigration AB To study mass transport phenomena in advanced microelectronic devices With X-rays requires penetration of dielectric and Si layers up to 30 mum thick. X-ray imaging at 1.8 keV photon energy provides a high amplitude contrast between Cu or Al interconnects and dielectric layers and can penetrate through the required thickness. To perform Xray microscopy at 1.8 keV, a new Ru/Si multilayer was designed for the transmission X-ray microscope XM-1 installed at the Advanced Light Source in Berkeley. The mass flow in a passivated Cu interconnect was studied at current densities up to 10(7) A/cm(2). In addition, we demonstrated the high material contrast from different elements in integrated circuits with a resolution of about 40 nm. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Ctr Xray Opt, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Gottingen, Inst Rontgenphys, D-37073 Gottingen, Germany. Univ Gottingen, Inst Halbleitertechol & Werkstoffe Elektrotechn, D-37073 Gottingen, Germany. Micronas GmbH, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany. RP Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Ctr Xray Opt, 1 Cyclotron Rd,Mail Stop 2-400, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM gschneil@gwdg.de NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-583X EI 1872-9584 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH B JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms PD JAN PY 2003 VL 199 BP 469 EP 474 DI 10.1016/S0168-583X(02)01565-3 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 644NV UT WOS:000180925400090 ER PT J AU Studenov, AR Szalda, DE Ding, YS AF Studenov, AR Szalda, DE Ding, YS TI Synthesis of no-carrier-added C-11 labeled D- and L-enantiomers of phenylalanine and tyrosine for comparative PET studies SO NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE tyrosine phenylalanine; Bucherer-Strecker synthesis; chiral separations; C-11; Positron Emission Tomography ID ASYMMETRIC STRECKER SYNTHESIS; POSITRON-EMISSION-TOMOGRAPHY; AMINO-ACIDS; HYDROGEN-CYANIDE; BRAIN-TUMORS; L-<1-C-11>TYROSINE; DERIVATIVES; ALKYLATION AB The natural amino acids tyrosine (Tyr) and phenylalanine (Phe) were labeled with carbon-11 via a modified Bucherer-Strecker synthesis. A rapid reaction of the sodium bisulfite adduct of the aldehyde precursor with ammonia provided the precursor for radiosynthesis. [C-11]Cyanide displacement followed by base hydrolysis afforded the corresponding C-11-labeled amino acids. The purification and chiral separation were simply achieved by using a combination of solid-phase extraction and chiral HPLC to afford individual enantiomers of each amino acid. The decay corrected radiochemical yields for each of the enantiomers were 12-16% with respect to the [C-11]cyanide after 40-45 min of radiosynthesis. Radiochemical purity of the products was >97% (typically >99%). enantiomeric excess was >98% with the specific radioactivity 2-3 Ci/mumol at the end of bombardment. Because of its simplicity and wide applicability, the described procedure could be the method of choice to Produce [C-11]amino acids for PET studies. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Ding, YS (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 32 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0969-8051 J9 NUCL MED BIOL JI Nucl. Med. Biol. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 30 IS 1 BP 39 EP 44 AR PII S0969-8051(02)00349-9 DI 10.1016/S0969-8051(02)00349-9 PG 6 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 631BN UT WOS:000180147200005 PM 12493541 ER PT J AU March-Leuba, J Wood, RT AF March-Leuba, J Wood, RT TI Development of an automated approach to control system design SO NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Meeting on Nuclear Plant Instrumentation, Control and Human-Machine Interface Technologies CY 2000 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. DE control; design requirements; automatic validation AB A research effort to develop methods for automated generation of control systems that can be traced directly to the design requirements is documented. This research is being conducted under the Nuclear Energy Research Initiative for the U.S. Department of Energy. The final goal is to allow the control designer to specify only high-level requirements and stress factors that the control system must survive (e.g., a list of transients or a requirement; to withstand a single failure). To this end, the "control engine" automatically selects and validates control algorithms and parameters that are optimized to the current state of the plant, and that have been tested under the prescribed stress factors. The control engine then automatically generates the control software from validated algorithms. The automated design approach also lends itself to a control system structure that captures the design requirements and permits the optimum control solution to be maintained during the plant life. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP March-Leuba, J (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER NUCLEAR SOCIETY PI LA GRANGE PK PA 555 N KENSINGTON AVENUE, LA GRANGE PK, IL 60526 USA SN 0029-5450 J9 NUCL TECHNOL JI Nucl. Technol. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 141 IS 1 BP 45 EP 53 PG 9 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 632ZZ UT WOS:000180255900005 ER PT J AU Cordes, GA AF Cordes, GA TI Patterns and intelligent systems SO NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Meeting on Nuclear Plant Instrumentation, Control and Human-Machine Interface Technologies CY 2000 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. DE patterns; human cognition; intelligent information processing ID LOGIC AB The recognition and analysis of evolving patterns provides a unifying concept for studying and implementing intelligent information processing for open feedback control systems within the nuclear industry. Control is considered as influence of a large system to achieve the goals of the human (who might or might not be part of an open feedback loop) and is not limited to operation of a component within a nuclear power plant. The intelligent control system includes open logic and can automatically react to new data in an unprogrammed way. This application of evolving patterns integrates current research developments in human cognition and scientific semiotics with traditional feedback control. A preliminary implementation of such a system using existing computational techniques is postulated, and tools that are lacking at this time are identified. Proof-of-concept applications for the nuclear industry are referenced. C1 Idaho Natl Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. RP Cordes, GA (reprint author), Idaho Natl Lab, POB 1625,MS 3760, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. EM gac@inel.gov NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER NUCLEAR SOC PI LA GRANGE PK PA 555 N KENSINGTON AVE, LA GRANGE PK, IL 60526 USA SN 0029-5450 J9 NUCL TECHNOL JI Nucl. Technol. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 141 IS 1 BP 63 EP 68 PG 6 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 632ZZ UT WOS:000180255900007 ER PT J AU Garcia, HE Vilim, RB AF Garcia, HE Vilim, RB TI Integrating physical modeling, neural computing, and statistical analysis for on-line process monitoring SO NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Meeting on Nuclear Plant Instrumentation, Control and Human-Machine Interface Technologies CY 2000 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. DE failure detection; process monitoring; neural computing AB Two, basic approaches can be mentioned to model physical systems. One approach derives a model structure from the known physical laws. However, obtaining a model with the. required fidelity may be difficult if the system is, not well understood. A second approach is to employ a black-box structure to learn the implicit input-output relationships from measurements in which no particular attention is-paid. to modeling the underlying processes. A method that draws on the respective strengths of each of these two approaches is described. The technique integrates known first-principles knowledge derived from physical modeling with measured input-output mappings derived from neural processing to produce a computer model of a dynamical process. The technique is used to detect operational changes of mechanical equipment by statistically comparing, using a likelihood test, the predicted model output for the given measured input with the actual process output. Experimental results with a peristaltic pump are presented. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 83404 USA. RP Garcia, HE (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, POB 2528,Bldg 713, Idaho Falls, ID 83404 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER NUCLEAR SOCIETY PI LA GRANGE PK PA 555 N KENSINGTON AVENUE, LA GRANGE PK, IL 60526 USA SN 0029-5450 J9 NUCL TECHNOL JI Nucl. Technol. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 141 IS 1 BP 69 EP 77 PG 9 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 632ZZ UT WOS:000180255900008 ER PT J AU Gelbart, W Bayraktaroglu, L Bettencourt, B Campbell, K Crosby, M Emmert, D Hradecky, P Huang, Y Letovsky, S Matthews, B Russo, S Schroeder, A Smutniak, F Zhou, P Zytkovicz, M Ashburner, M Drysdale, R de Grey, A Foulger, R Millburn, G Yamada, C Kaufman, T Matthews, K Gilbert, D Grumbling, G Strelets, V Shemen, C Rubin, G Berman, B Frise, E Gibson, M Harris, N Kaminker, J Lewis, S Marshall, B Misra, S Mungall, C Prochnik, S Richter, J Smith, C Shu, S Tupy, J Wiel, C AF Gelbart, W Bayraktaroglu, L Bettencourt, B Campbell, K Crosby, M Emmert, D Hradecky, P Huang, Y Letovsky, S Matthews, B Russo, S Schroeder, A Smutniak, F Zhou, P Zytkovicz, M Ashburner, M Drysdale, R de Grey, A Foulger, R Millburn, G Yamada, C Kaufman, T Matthews, K Gilbert, D Grumbling, G Strelets, V Shemen, C Rubin, G Berman, B Frise, E Gibson, M Harris, N Kaminker, J Lewis, S Marshall, B Misra, S Mungall, C Prochnik, S Richter, J Smith, C Shu, S Tupy, J Wiel, C CA FlyBase Consortium TI The FlyBase database of the Drosophila genome projects and community literature SO NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MELANOGASTER; GENES AB FlyBase (http://ybase.bio.indiana.edu/) provides an integrated view of the fundamental genomic and genetic data on the major genetic model Drosophila melanogaster and related species. FlyBase has primary responsibility for the continual reannotation of the D. melanogaster genome. The ultimate goal of the reannotation effort is to decorate the euchromatic sequence of the genome with as much biological information as is available from the community and from the major genome project centers. A complete revision of the annotations of the now-finished euchromatic genomic sequence has been completed. There are many points of entry to the genome within FlyBase, most notably through maps, gene products and ontologies, structured phenotypic and gene expression data, and anatomy. C1 Harvard Univ, Biol Labs, FlyBase, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ Cambridge, Dept Genet, Cambridge CB2 3EH, England. Indiana Univ, Dept Biol, Bloomington, IN USA. NCBI, Bethesda, MD USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Labs, Berkeley, CA USA. RP Gelbart, W (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Biol Labs, FlyBase, 16 Divin Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM gelbart@morgan.harvard.edu OI Foulger, Rebecca/0000-0001-8682-8754; Lewis, Suzanna/0000-0002-8343-612X; Rubin, Gerald/0000-0001-8762-8703 NR 5 TC 288 Z9 291 U1 1 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0305-1048 EI 1362-4962 J9 NUCLEIC ACIDS RES JI Nucleic Acids Res. PD JAN 1 PY 2003 VL 31 IS 1 BP 172 EP 175 DI 10.1093/nar/gkg094 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 647EP UT WOS:000181079700038 ER PT J AU Crooks, WJ Crown, JP Dunn, KA Mickalonis, JI Murray, AM Navratil, JD AF Crooks, WJ Crown, JP Dunn, KA Mickalonis, JI Murray, AM Navratil, JD TI Mercury-free dissolution of aluminum-based nuclear material: from basic science to the plant SO NUKLEONIKA LA English DT Article DE aluminum dissolution; plutonium oxide dissolution; stainless steel corrosion; mercury-free AB Conditions were optimized for the first plant-scale dissolution of an aluminum-containing nuclear material without using mercury as a catalyst. This nuclear material was a homogeneous mixture of plutonium oxide and aluminum metal that had been compounded for use as the core matrix in Mark 42 nuclear fuel. Because this material had later failed plutonium distribution specifications, it was rejected for use in the fabrication of Mark 42 fuel tubes, and was stored at the Savannah River Site (SRS) awaiting disposition. This powder-like material was composed of a mixture of similar to80% aluminum and 11% plutonium. Historically, aluminum-clad spent nuclear fuels [13] have been dissolved using a mercuric nitrate catalyst in a nitric acid (HNO3) solution to facilitate the dissolution of the bulk aluminum cladding. Developmental work at SRS indicated that the plutonium oxide/aluminum compounded matrix could be dissolved using boric acid-hydrofluoric acid-nitric acid as a substitute for mercury. Various mercury-free conditions were studied to evaluate the rate of dissolution of the Mark 42 compact material and to assess the corrosion rate to the stainless steel dissolver. The elimination of mercury from the dissolution process fit with waste minimization and industrial hygiene goals to reduce the use of mercury in the United States. The mercury-free dissolution technology was optimized for Mark 42 compact material in laboratory-scale tests, and successfully implemented at the plant. C1 Westinghouse Savannah River Co, Savannah River Technol Ctr, Aiken, SC 29808 USA. Clemson Univ, Anderson, SC 29625 USA. RP Crooks, WJ (reprint author), Westinghouse Savannah River Co, Savannah River Technol Ctr, Aiken, SC 29808 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU INST NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY TECHNOLOGY PI WARSAW PA DORODNA 16 STR, 03-195 WARSAW, POLAND SN 0029-5922 J9 NUKLEONIKA JI Nukleonika PY 2003 VL 48 IS 4 BP 163 EP 169 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Physics, Nuclear SC Chemistry; Physics GA 756DN UT WOS:000187450700001 ER PT J AU Chow, E Vassilevski, PS AF Chow, E Vassilevski, PS TI Multilevel block factorizations in generalized hierarchical bases SO NUMERICAL LINEAR ALGEBRA WITH APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE multilevel block factorization; algebraic two-level hierarchical transformation; algebraic multigrid; unstructured discretization problems ID SPARSE LINEAR-SYSTEMS; APPROXIMATE INVERSE PRECONDITIONINGS; ILU PRECONDITIONER; MULTIGRID METHOD; MATRICES; ELIMINATION; ALGORITHM AB This paper studies the use of a generalized hierarchical basis transformation at each level of a multilevel block factorization. The factorization may be used as a preconditioner to the conjugate gradient method, or the structure it sets up may be used to define a multigrid method. The basis transformation is performed with an averaged piecewise constant interpolant and is applicable to unstructured elliptic problems. The results show greatly improved convergence rate when the transformation is applied for solving sample diffusion and elasticity problems. The cost of the method, however, grows and can get very high with the number of non-zeros per row. Published in 2002 by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Appl Sci Comp, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Chow, E (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Appl Sci Comp, POB 808,L-560, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 39 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1070-5325 J9 NUMER LINEAR ALGEBR JI Numer. Linear Algebr. Appl. PD JAN-MAR PY 2003 VL 10 IS 1-2 BP 105 EP 127 DI 10.1002/nla.314 PG 23 WC Mathematics, Applied; Mathematics SC Mathematics GA 636AZ UT WOS:000180433500006 ER PT J AU Kostova, T AF Kostova, T TI An explicit third-order numerical method for size-structured population equations SO NUMERICAL METHODS FOR PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS LA English DT Article DE structured population dynamics; error analysis; quadratures; difference schemes ID MODELS; DYNAMICS; SCHEME; APPROXIMATION; INTEGRATION AB A numerical method incorporating a combination of a difference scheme and several uniform and nonuniform quadrature rules is presented. The method is designed to solve size-structured population equations with linear growth rate and nonlinear fertility and mortality rates. A detailed analysis of the global discretization error is carried out. Examples with known exact solutions have been solved numerically using the proposed method. The computations show that the global error is of third order as predicted by the theory. (C) 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Kostova, T (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, L-550,7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 21 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0749-159X J9 NUMER METH PART D E JI Numer. Meth. Part Differ. Equ. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 19 IS 1 BP 1 EP 21 DI 10.1002/num.10037 PG 21 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA 631BV UT WOS:000180148000001 ER PT J AU Dingley, KH Ubick, EA Chiarappa-Zucca, ML Nowell, S Abel, S Ebeler, SE Mitchell, AE Burns, SA Steinberg, FM Clifford, AJ AF Dingley, KH Ubick, EA Chiarappa-Zucca, ML Nowell, S Abel, S Ebeler, SE Mitchell, AE Burns, SA Steinberg, FM Clifford, AJ TI Effect of dietary constituents with chemopreventive potential on adduct formation of a low dose of the heterocyclic amines PhIP and IQ and phase II hepatic enzymes SO NUTRITION AND CANCER-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASES; INDUCED MAMMARY CARCINOGENESIS; DNA-ADDUCT; 2-AMINO-1-METHYL-6-PHENYLIMIDAZO<4,5-B>PYRIDINE PHIP; BREAST-CANCER; UDP-GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASES; PHENETHYL ISOTHIOCYANATE; METABOLIZING-ENZYMES; ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES; COLORECTAL-CANCER AB We conducted a study to evaluate dietary chemopreventive strategies to reduce genotoxic effects of the carcinogens 2-amino-l-methyl-6-phenyl-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) and 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ). PUP and IQ are heterocyclic amines (HCAs) that are found in cooked meat and may be risk factors for cancer Typical chemoprevention studies have used carcinogen doses many thousand-fold higher than usual human daily intake. Therefore, we administered a low dose of [C-14] PhIP and [H-3]IQ and utilized accelerator mass spectrometry to quantify PhIP adducts in the liver colon,prostate, and blood plasma and IQ adducts in the liver and blood plasma with high sensitivity. Diets supplemented with phenethylisothiocyanate (PEITC), genistein, chlorophyllin, or lycopene were evaluated for their ability to decrease adduct formation of [C-14]PhIP and [H-3]IQ in rats. We also examined the effect of treatments on the activity of the phase II detoxification enzymes glutathione S-transferase (GST), UDP-glucuronyltransferase (UGT), phenol sulfotransferase (SULT) and quinone reductase (QR). PEITC and chlorophyllin significantly decreased PhIP-DNA adduct levels in all tissues examined, which was reflected by similar changes in PhIP binding to albumin in the blood. In contrast, genistein and lycopene tended to increase PhIP adduct levels. The treatments did not significantly alter the level of IQ-DNA or -protein adducts in the liver With the exception of lycopene, the treatments had some effect on the activity of one or more hepatic phase II detoxification enzymes. We conclude that PEITC and chlorophyllin are protective of PhIP-induced genotoxicity after a low exposure dose of carcinogen, possibly through modification of HCA metabolism. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Biol & Biotechnol Res Program, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Chem Biol & Nucl Div, Chem & Mat Sci Directorate, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Vegetable Crops, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Viticulture & Enol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Dingley, KH (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Biol & Biotechnol Res Program, L-452, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. OI Ebeler, Susan/0000-0002-8394-6736 FU NCI NIH HHS [CA55861]; NCRR NIH HHS [RR13461]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK45939] NR 81 TC 63 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 9 PU LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOC INC PI MAHWAH PA 10 INDUSTRIAL AVE, MAHWAH, NJ 07430-2262 USA SN 0163-5581 J9 NUTR CANCER JI Nutr. Cancer PY 2003 VL 46 IS 2 BP 212 EP 221 DI 10.1207/S15327914NC4602_15 PG 10 WC Oncology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Oncology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 750FN UT WOS:000186980800015 PM 14690798 ER PT S AU Davis, K Striegnitz, J AF Davis, K Striegnitz, J BE Buschmann, F Buchmann, AP Cilia, MA TI Parallel object-oriented scientific computing today SO OBJECT-ORIENTED TECHNOLOGY SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL DARMSTADT, GERMANY SP Software Technol Grp, Darmstadt Univ Technol, Dept Comp Sci, Assoc Int Technol Objects, ACM SIGPLAN, Microsoft Res, ERCIM, Case Consult, Deutsch Forsch Gemeinsch, Sun Microsyst, Intersyst CACHE, CINCOM C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Algorithms Modeling & Informat Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Forschungszentrum Julich, Cent Inst Appl Math, ZAM, D-52425 Julich, Germany. RP Davis, K (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Algorithms Modeling & Informat Grp, POB 1663,CCS-3, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM Kei.Davis@lanl.gov; J.Striegnitz@fz-juelich.de NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-22405-X J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2003 VL 3013 BP 11 EP 16 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BAM81 UT WOS:000222867600002 ER PT J AU Smith, RD McWilliams, JC AF Smith, RD McWilliams, JC TI Anisotropic horizontal viscosity for ocean models SO OCEAN MODELLING LA English DT Article ID CIRCULATION MODELS; EDDY VISCOSITY; CLIMATE MODEL; ATMOSPHERE; DIFFUSION; FRICTION AB A consistent mathematical formulation of a horizontally anisotropic friction operator is developed for use as a subgrid-scale turbulence parameterization in ocean general circulation models. It is derived as the divergence of a deviatoric stress tensor that represents the traceless part of the Reynolds stress tensor. The stress tensor is assumed to depend linearly on the velocity gradients, has the property that no stresses are generated by uniform rotation, and the viscous coefficients can be chosen to ensure the friction terms are purely dissipative of kinetic energy. The anisotropy is determined by an arbitrary field of horizontal unit vectors (n) over cap that specify a preferred direction at each point in space which breaks the transverse isotropy. This direction may be aligned with east-west (e.g., to describe anisotropy associated with the beta effect), with gradients of topography, with the mean flow, or with any other preferred direction which is expected to break the horizontal isotropy of turbulent momentum dissipation. The general anisotropic formulation involves four viscous coefficients, compared to only two in the isotropic case. A reduced two-coefficient anisotropic form is derived by neglecting terms in the energy dissipation rate proportional to the horizontal velocity divergence, which in geophysical flows is small compared to typical horizontal velocity gradients. This form involves different viscosities in the directions parallel and perpendicular to (n) over cap. Experimental measurements of Reynolds stresses in self-preserving shear flows are shown to exhibit this type of anisotropy when (n) over cap is aligned with the mean flow. The two-coefficient form is evaluated in numerical simulations in a periodic zonal channel. A functional discretization of the operator which ensures positive-definite dissipation of kinetic energy is also presented in an appendix. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Grp T3, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. RP Smith, RD (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Grp T3, B-216, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 37 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1463-5003 J9 OCEAN MODEL JI Ocean Model. PY 2003 VL 5 IS 2 BP 129 EP 156 AR PII S1463-5003(02)00016-1 DI 10.1016/S1463-5003(02)00016-1 PG 28 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 709LW UT WOS:000184627500002 ER PT S AU Quinlan, D Schordan, M Yi, Q de Supinski, BR AF Quinlan, D Schordan, M Yi, Q de Supinski, BR BE Voss, MJ TI A C++ infrastructure for automatic introduction and translation of OpenMP directives SO OPENMP SHARED MEMORY PARALLEL PROGRAMMING SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on OpenMP Applications and Tools (WOMPAT 2003) CY JUN 26-27, 2003 CL TORONTO, CANADA SP OpenMP Architecture Review Board, OpenMP Users Grp cOMPunity, Intel Corp, Univ Toronto, Edward S Roger, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Univ Alaska, Arct Reg Supercomp Ctr AB In this paper we describe a C++ infrastructure for source-to-source translation. We demonstrate the translation of a serial program with high-level abstractions to a lower-level parallel program in two separate phases. In the first phase OpenMP directives are introduced, driven by the semantics of high-level abstractions. Then the OpenMP directives are translated to a C++ program that explicitly creates and manages parallelism according to the specified directives. Both phases are implemented using the same mechanisms in our infrastructure. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Quinlan, D (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 12 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-40435-X J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2003 VL 2716 BP 13 EP 25 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BX47M UT WOS:000185379500002 ER PT S AU Cownie, J DelSignore, J de Supinski, BR Warren, K AF Cownie, J DelSignore, J de Supinski, BR Warren, K BE Voss, MJ TI DMPL: An OpenMP DLL debugging interface SO OPENMP SHARED MEMORY PARALLEL PROGRAMMING SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on OpenMP Applications and Tools (WOMPAT 2003) CY JUN 26-27, 2003 CL TORONTO, CANADA SP OpenMP Architecture Review Board, OpenMP Users Grp cOMPunity, Intel Corp, Univ Toronto, Edward S Roger, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Univ Alaska, Arct Reg Supercomp Ctr AB OpenMP is a widely adopted standard for threading directives across compiler implementations. The standard is very successful since it provides application writers with a simple, portable programming model for introducing shared memory parallelism into their codes. However, the standards do not address key issues for supporting that programming model in development tools such as debuggers. In this paper, we present DMPL, an OpenMP debugger interface that can be implemented as a dynamically loaded library. DMPL is currently being considered by the OpenMP Tools Committee as a mechanism to bridge the development tool gap in the OpenMP standard. C1 ETNUS, LLC, Natick, MA 01760 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Cownie, J (reprint author), ETNUS, LLC, 24 Prime Pkwy, Natick, MA 01760 USA. NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-40435-X J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2003 VL 2716 BP 137 EP 146 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BX47M UT WOS:000185379500011 ER PT S AU He, Y Ding, CHQ AF He, Y Ding, CHQ BE Voss, MJ TI An evaluation of MPI and OpenMP paradigms for multi-dimensional data remapping SO OPENMP SHARED MEMORY PARALLEL PROGRAMMING SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on OpenMP Applications and Tools (WOMPAT 2003) CY JUN 26-27, 2003 CL TORONTO, CANADA SP OpenMP Architecture Review Board, OpenMP Users Grp cOMPunity, Intel Corp, Univ Toronto, Edward S Roger, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Univ Alaska, Arctic Reg Supercomp Ctr DE dynamical data remapping; multidimensional arrays; index reshuffle; vacancy tracking cycles; global exchange; MPI; OpenMP; hybrid MPI/OpenMP; SMP cluster ID ARCHITECTURES; ALGORITHMS AB We evaluate dynamic data remapping on cluster of SMP architectures under OpenMP, MPI, and hybrid paxadigms. Traditional method of multi-dimensional array transpose needs an auxiliary array of the same size and a copy back stage. We recently developed an in-place method using vacancy tracking cycles. The vacancy tracking algorithm outperforms the traditional 2-array method as demonstrated by extensive comparisons. Performance of multi-threaded parallelism using OpenMP are first tested with different scheduling methods and different number of threads. Both methods are then parallelized using several parallel paradigms. At node level, pure OpenMP outperforms pure MPI by a factor of 2.76 for vacancy tracking method. Across entire cluster of SMP nodes, by carefully choosing thread numbers, the hybrid MPI/OpenMP implementation outperforms pure MPI by a factor of 3.79 for traditional method and 4.44 for vacancy tracking method, demonstrating the validity of the parallel paradigm of mixing MPI with OpenMP. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, CRD Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP He, Y (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, CRD Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-40435-X J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2003 VL 2716 BP 195 EP 210 PG 16 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BX47M UT WOS:000185379500016 ER PT S AU Deason, VA Telschow, KL Watson, S AF Deason, VA Telschow, KL Watson, S BE Farrell, PV Chiang, FU Mercer, CR Shen, G TI Imaging of acoustic waves in sand SO OPTICAL DIAGNOSTICS FOR FLUIDS, SOLIDS, AND COMBUSTIONS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Diagnostics for Fluids, Solids and Combustion II CY AUG 03-04, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE ID PHOTOREFRACTIVE DYNAMIC HOLOGRAPHY; BURIED LAND MINES AB There is considerable interest in detecting objects such as landmines shallowly buried in loose earth or sand. Various techniques involving microwave, acoustic, thermal and magnetic sensors have been used to detect such objects. Acoustic and microwave sensors have shown promise, especially if used together. In most cases, the sensor package is scanned over an area to eventually build up an image or map of anomalies. We are proposing an alternate, acoustic method that directly provides an image of acoustic waves in sand or soil, and their interaction with buried objects. The INEEL Laser Ultrasonic Camera utilizes dynamic holography within photorefractive recording materials. This permits one to image and demodulate acoustic waves on surfaces in real time, without scanning. A video image is produced where intensity is directly and linearly proportional to surface motion. Both specular and diffusely reflecting surfaces can be accommodated and surface motion as small as 0.1 nm can be quantitatively detected. This system was used to directly image acoustic surface waves in sand as well as in solid objects. Waves at frequencies of 16 kHz were generated using modified acoustic speakers. These waves were directed through sand toward partially buried objects. The sand container was not on a vibration isolation table, but sat on the lab floor. Interaction of wavefronts with buried objects showed reflection, diffraction and interference effects that could provide clues to location and characteristics of buried objects. Although results are preliminary, success in this effort suggests that this method could be applied to detection of buried landmines or other near-surface items such as pipes and tanks. C1 Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Dept Phys, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. RP Deason, VA (reprint author), Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Dept Phys, POB 1625,MS 2211, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5064-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5191 BP 1 EP 7 DI 10.1117/12.504832 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BY03L UT WOS:000187317600001 ER PT S AU Moses, EI Campbell, JH Stolz, CJ Wuest, CR AF Moses, EI Campbell, JH Stolz, CJ Wuest, CR BE Saito, TT Lane, MA TI The national ignition facility: The world's largest optics and laser system SO OPTICAL ENGINEERING AT THE LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Engineering at the Lawrence-Livermore-National-Laboratory CY JAN 30, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE ID GLASSES; PERFORMANCE; DAMAGE AB The National Ignition Facility, a center for the study of high energy density plasma physics and fusion energy ignition, is currently under construction at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The heart of the NIF is a frequency tripled, flashlamp-pumped Nd:glass laser system comprised of 192 independent laser beams. The laser system is capable of generating output energies of 1.8MJ at 351nm and at peak powers of 500 TW in a flexible temporal pulse format. A description of the NIF laser system and its major components is presented. We also discuss the manufacture of nearly 7500 precision large optics required by the NIF including data on the manufactured optical quality vs. specification. In addition, we present results from an on-going program to improve the operational lifetime of optics exposed to high fluence in the 351-nm section of the laser. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Moses, EI (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-466, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 57 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 11 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4801-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5001 BP 1 EP 15 DI 10.1117/12.500351 PG 15 WC Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX18N UT WOS:000184544400001 ER PT S AU Gavel, D AF Gavel, D BE Saito, TT Lane, MA TI Adaptive optics at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory SO OPTICAL ENGINEERING AT THE LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Engineering at the Lawrence-Livermore-National-Laboratory CY JAN 30, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE DE adaptive optics; atmospheric compensation; real-time imaging ID SODIUM-LAYER; TELESCOPE AB Adaptive optics enables high resolution imaging through the atmospheric by correcting for the turbulent air's aberrations to the light waves passing through it. The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory for a number of years has been at the forefront of applying adaptive optics technology to astronomy on the world's largest astronomical telescopes, in particular at the Keck 10-meter telescope on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. The technology includes the development of high-speed electrically driven deformable mirrors, high-speed low-noise CCD sensors, and real-time wavefront reconstruction and control hardware. Adaptive optics finds applications in many other areas where light beams pass through aberrating media and must be corrected to maintain diffraction-limited performance. We describe systems and results in astronomy, medicine (vision science), and horizontal path imaging, all active programs in our group. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Gavel, D (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-290, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4801-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5001 BP 34 EP 40 DI 10.1117/12.500364 PG 7 WC Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX18N UT WOS:000184544400004 ER PT S AU Bauman, BJ Gavel, DT AF Bauman, BJ Gavel, DT BE Saito, TT Lane, MA TI Astronomy applications of adaptive optics at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory SO OPTICAL ENGINEERING AT THE LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Engineering at the Lawrence-Livermore-National-Laboratory CY JAN 30, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE ID SYSTEM; DESIGN; PERFORMANCE AB Astronomical applications of adaptive optics at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) has a history that extends from 1984. The program started with the Lick Observatory Adaptive Optics system and has progressed through the years to lever-larger telescopes: Keck, and now the proposed CELT (California Extremely Large Telescope) 30m telescope. LLNL AO continues to be at the forefront of AO development and science. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Bauman, BJ (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 E Ave,M-S L-395, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4801-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5001 BP 41 EP 49 DI 10.1117/12.500365 PG 9 WC Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX18N UT WOS:000184544400005 ER PT S AU Olivier, SS AF Olivier, SS BE Saito, TT Lane, MA TI Adaptive optics applications in vision science SO OPTICAL ENGINEERING AT THE LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Engineering at the Lawrence-Livermore-National-Laboratory CY JAN 30, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE DE adaptive optics; vision; ophthalmology; wavefront control; MEMS; deformable mirror; liquid crystal; spatial light modulator AB Adaptive optics can be used to correct the aberrations in the human eye caused by imperfections in the cornea and the lens and thereby, improve image quality both looking into and out of the eye. Under the auspices of the NSF Center for Adaptive Optics and the DOE Biomedical Engineering Program, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory has joined together with leading vision science researchers around the country to develop and test new ophthalmic imaging systems using novel wavefront corrector technologies. Results of preliminary comparative evaluations of these technologies in initial system tests show promise for future clinical utility. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Olivier, SS (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-395, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4801-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5001 BP 50 EP 55 DI 10.1117/12.500367 PG 6 WC Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX18N UT WOS:000184544400006 ER PT S AU Carrano, CJ AF Carrano, CJ BE Saito, TT Lane, MA TI Progress in horizontal and slant-path imaging using speckle imaging SO OPTICAL ENGINEERING AT THE LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Engineering at the Lawrence-Livermore-National-Laboratory CY JAN 30, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE DE horizontal-path imaging; slant-path imaging; bispectral speckle imaging; extended scene reconstruction; long-range surveillance ID LONG AB The difficulty in terrestrial imaging over long horizontal or slant paths is that atmospheric aberrations and distortions reduce the resolution and contrast in images recorded at high resolution. This paper will describe the problem of horizontal-path imaging, briefly cover various methods for imaging over horizontal paths and then describe the speckle imaging method actively being pursued at LLNL. We will review some closer range (1-3 km range) imagery of people we have already published(1), as well as show new results of vehicles we have obtained over longer slant-range paths greater than 20 km. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Carrano, CJ (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 E Ave, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 7 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4801-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5001 BP 56 EP 64 DI 10.1117/12.500368 PG 9 WC Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX18N UT WOS:000184544400007 ER PT S AU Paglieroni, DW AF Paglieroni, DW BE Saito, TT Lane, MA TI A self-calibrating multi-band region growing approach to segmentation of single and multi-band images SO OPTICAL ENGINEERING AT THE LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Engineering at the Lawrence-Livermore-National-Laboratory CY JAN 30, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE AB Image segmentation transforms pixel-level information from raw images to a higher level of abstraction in which related pixels are grouped into disjoint spatial regions. Such regions typically correspond to natural or man-made objects or structures, natural variations in land cover, etc. For many image interpretation tasks (such as land use assessment, automatic target cueing, defining relationships between objects, etc.), segmentation can be an important early step. Remotely sensed images (e.g., multi-spectral and hyperspectral images) often contain many spectral bands (i.e., multiple layers of 2D images). Multi-band images are important because they contain more information than single-band images. Objects or natural variations that are readily apparent in certain spectral bands may be invisible in 2D broadband images. In this paper, the classical region growing approach to image segmentation is generalized from single to multi-band images. While it is widely recognized that the quality of image segmentation is affected by which segmentation algorithm is used, this paper shows that algorithm parameter values can have an even more profound effect. A novel self-calibration framework is developed for automatically selecting parameter values that produce segmentations that most closely resemble a calibration edge map (derived separately using a simple edge detector). Although the framework is generic in the sense that it can imbed any core segmentation algorithm, this paper only demonstrates self-calibration with multi-band region growing. The framework is applied to a variety of AVIRIS image blocks at different spectral resolutions, in an effort to assess the impact of spectral resolution on segmentation quality. The image segmentations are assessed quantitatively, and it is shown that segmentation quality does not generally appear to be highly correlated with spectral resolution. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Paglieroni, DW (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4801-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5001 BP 65 EP 75 DI 10.1117/12.500369 PG 11 WC Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX18N UT WOS:000184544400008 ER PT S AU Sengupta, SK Kamath, C Poland, D Futterman, JAH AF Sengupta, SK Kamath, C Poland, D Futterman, JAH BE Saito, TT Lane, MA TI Detecting human settlements in satellite images SO OPTICAL ENGINEERING AT THE LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Engineering at the Lawrence-Livermore-National-Laboratory CY JAN 30, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE DE land cover; land use; urban boundary; human settlement detection; remotely sensed imagery ID CLASSIFICATION; CLOUD AB The automated production of maps of human settlement from recent satellite images is essential to detailed studies of urbanization, population movement, and the like. Commercial satellite imagery is becoming available with sufficient spectral and spatial resolution to apply computer vision techniques previously considered only for laboratory (high resolution, low noise) images. In this paper we attempt to extract human settlement from IKONOS 4-band and panchromatic images using spectral segmentation together with a form of generalized second-order statistics and detection of edges, corners, and other candidate human-made features in the imagery. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Sengupta, SK (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-182, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4801-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5001 BP 76 EP 83 DI 10.1117/12.500370 PG 8 WC Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX18N UT WOS:000184544400009 ER PT S AU Meyer, A Paglieroni, D Astaneh, C AF Meyer, A Paglieroni, D Astaneh, C BE Saito, TT Lane, MA TI K-Means Re-Clustering - algorithmic options with quantifiable performance comparisons SO OPTICAL ENGINEERING AT THE LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Engineering at the Lawrence-Livermore-National-Laboratory CY JAN 30, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE AB This paper presents various architectural options for implementing a K-Means Re-Clustering algorithm suitable for unsupervised segmentation of hyperspectral images. Performance metrics are developed based upon quantitative comparisons of convergence rates and segmentation quality. A methodology for making these comparisons is developed and used to establish K values that produce the best segmentations with minimal processing requirements. Convergence rates depend on the initial choice of cluster centers. Consequently, this same methodology may be used to evaluate the effectiveness of different initialization techniques. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Meyer, A (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 12 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4801-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5001 BP 84 EP 92 DI 10.1117/12.500371 PG 9 WC Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX18N UT WOS:000184544400010 ER PT S AU Roberts, RS AF Roberts, RS BE Saito, TT Lane, MA TI Regression techniques for material identification in hyperspectral data SO OPTICAL ENGINEERING AT THE LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Engineering at the Lawrence-Livermore-National-Laboratory CY JAN 30, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE DE hyperspectral; regression techniques ID SELECTION; VARIABLES AB Identification of materials in hyperspectral imagery is a fundamental analysis task. Materials are often identified by building a model of the pixel using a library of reference spectra along with a regression technique. This paper describes several regression algorithms that are useful in modeling hyperspectral pixels, demonstrates the performance of the algorithms on simulated data, and compares the strengths and weaknesses of the techniques. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Roberts, RS (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4801-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5001 BP 93 EP 100 DI 10.1117/12.500372 PG 8 WC Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX18N UT WOS:000184544400011 ER PT S AU Takacs, PZ Qian, SN AF Takacs, PZ Qian, SN BE Stahl, HP TI Sub-microradian error sources in pencil beam interferometry SO OPTICAL MANUFACUTRING AND TESTING V SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Manufacturing and Testing V CY AUG 03-05, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE profilometry; synchrotron optics; interferometer; slope error; roughness; homogeneity AB As requirements for surface slope errors in synchrotron radiation beam line optics approach the 100 nrad level on a routine basis, it becomes necessary to improve the performance of metrology instrumentation to provide reliable, repeatable, and accurate measurements at this level. We have identified a number of internal error sources in the Long Trace Profiler (LTP) that affect measurement quality at this level. The LTP is sensitive to phase shifts produced within the millimeter diameter of the pencil beam probe by optical path irregularities with scale lengths on the order of a millimeter. We examine the effects of mirror surface "macroroughness" and internal glass homogeneity on the accuracy of the LTP through experiment and theoretical modeling. By careful characterization and selection of the quality of the optical components that comprise the LTP optical system, it is possible to reduce the systematic errors in the measurement to well below the 1 microradian level. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Instrumentat Div, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Takacs, PZ (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Instrumentat Div, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5053-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5180 BP 377 EP 384 PG 8 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BY25B UT WOS:000188460200041 ER PT J AU Belkin, MA Kulakov, TA Ernst, KH Han, SH Shen, YR AF Belkin, MA Kulakov, TA Ernst, KH Han, SH Shen, YR TI Resonant sum-frequency generation in chiral liquids SO OPTICAL MATERIALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Photo-Responsive Organics and Polymers (ICPOP 2001) CY AUG 19-25, 2001 CL CHEJU ISL, SOUTH KOREA DE sum-frequency generation; nonlinear optical activity ID CIRCULAR-DICHROISM SPECTROSCOPY; SURFACE 2ND-HARMONIC GENERATION AB Sum-frequency generation in chiral liquids is conclusively demonstrated. Enhancement through both electronic and vibrational resonances is observed, providing a novel spectroscopic method for probing molecular chirality. Although the process is electric-dipole allowed, the signal strength is rather weak. This can be understood from the physical mechanism that leads to the chiral nonlinearity. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Shen, YR (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Belkin, Mikhail/E-9041-2013; Ernst, Karl-Heinz/O-6128-2015 OI Belkin, Mikhail/0000-0003-3172-9462; Ernst, Karl-Heinz/0000-0002-2077-4922 NR 16 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-3467 J9 OPT MATER JI Opt. Mater. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 21 IS 1-3 BP 1 EP 5 AR PII S0925-3467(02)00104-0 DI 10.1016/S0925-3467(02)00104-0 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA 628YF UT WOS:000180023100002 ER PT S AU Grunow, PA Klebanoff, LE Graham, S Haney, SJ Clift, WM AF Grunow, PA Klebanoff, LE Graham, S Haney, SJ Clift, WM BE Yen, A TI Rates and mechanisms of optic contamination in the EUV engineering test stand SO OPTICAL MICROLITHOGRAPHY XVI, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Microlithography XVI CY FEB 25-28, 2003 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, Int SEMATECH DE optics; contamination; erosion; oxidation; EUV; lithography; ETS ID ENVIRONMENTAL DATA AB The EUV Engineering Test Stand (ETS) is a full-field, alpha-class Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography (EUVL) tool that has demonstrated the printing of 70 nm resolution scanned images. The tool employs Mo/Si multilayer-coated optics that reflect EUV radiation (13.4nm / 92.5eV) with similar to67% peak reflectance per optic. For good reflectivity, many (greater than or equal to40) Mo/Si layers must be present. Consequently, processes such as plasma-induced multilayer erosion, which reduces the number of bilayer pairs on plasma-facing optics, need to be understood. In addition, since most materials readily absorb EUV photons, it is important to prevent contamination of mirror surfaces with EUV absorbing material. Contamination can occur by EUV photons or secondary electrons "cracking" hydrocarbons or other species adsorbed on the optical surfaces. The first ETS condenser component, referred to as C1 faces the plasma and is coated with Mo/Si multilayers. Data collected from Mo/Si witness plates placed at the C1 position indicate erosion, using the Xe Laser Produced Plasma (LPP) spray jet, of 1 bilayer per similar to15 million shots. hi the spray jet studies, erosion was found to depend sensitively on the composition of the residual background environment. Addition of low levels, similar to7x10(-7) Toff, of H2O to the 1 mTorr Xe background produced oxidation of the Si cap, and significantly slowed spray jet-induced erosion. Operation of the plasma changed the environment in the Illuminator Chamber from oxidizing to carbonizing, thereby changing the nature of the contamination found environment at the C3 optic which does not view the plasma directly (and therefore does not erode). The change in environment is attributed to plasma-induced outgassing of fluorocarbons in the Illuminator. Due to the non-zero conductance between the Illuminator and Main Chambers, fluorocarbons were also found in the Main Chamber during Xe LPP operation. RGA data are presented that document this effect. In the presence of such outgassing, Carbon deposition rates were measured for the C3, and P.O. Box optics. For C3, a C deposition rate of 3 Angstrom / 10 million shots was found, while for the PO Box, a C deposition rate of 0.02 Angstrom / 10 million shots was found from the data. All data was acquired with no attempt to mitigate C deposition with gas-phase additives such as O-2. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Klebanoff, LE (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 969,MS 9409, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4845-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5040 BP 466 EP 476 PN 1-3 PG 11 WC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX11M UT WOS:000184322600044 ER PT S AU Malinowski, ME Steinhaus, CA Meeker, DE Clift, WM Klebanoff, LE Bajt, S AF Malinowski, ME Steinhaus, CA Meeker, DE Clift, WM Klebanoff, LE Bajt, S BE Yen, A TI Relation between electron- and photon-caused oxidation in EUVL optics SO OPTICAL MICROLITHOGRAPHY XVI, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Microlithography XVI CY FEB 25-28, 2003 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, Int SEMATECH DE multilayer mirror; extreme ultraviolet; electrons; oxidation; photoelectrons; ETS ID SYNCHROTRON RADIATION; CARBON CONTAMINATION; ENHANCED OXIDATION; SI AB Extreme ultraviolet (EUV)-induced oxidation of silicon-capped, [Mo/Si] multilayer mirrors in the presence of background levels of water vapor is recognized as one of the most serious threats to multilayer lifetime since oxidation of the top silicon layer is an irreversible process. The current work directly compares the oxidation on a silicon-capped, [Mo/Si] multilayers caused by EUV photons with the oxidation caused by 1 keV electrons in the presence of the same water vapor environment (2 x 10(-6) Torr). Similar, 4 nm, silicon-capped, [Mo/Sil multilayer mirror samples were exposed to photons (95.3 eV) + water vapor at the ALS, LBNL, and also to a 1 keV electron beam + water vapor in separate experimental systems. The results of this work showed that the oxidation produced by similar to1 muA of e-beam current was found to be equivalent to that produced by similar to1 mW of EUV exposure. These results will help allow the use of 1 keV electrons beams, instead of EUV photons, to perforrii environmental testing of multilayers in a low-pressure water environment and to more accurately determine projected mirror lifetimes based on the electron beam exposures. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Malinowski, ME (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4845-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5040 BP 477 EP 486 PN 1-3 PG 10 WC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX11M UT WOS:000184322600045 ER PT S AU Barty, A Goldberg, KA AF Barty, A Goldberg, KA BE Yen, A TI The effects of radiation induced carbon contamination on the performance of an EUV lithographic optic SO OPTICAL MICROLITHOGRAPHY XVI, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Microlithography XVI CY FEB 25-28, 2003 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, Int SEMATECH AB Carbon deposition in EUVL is known to occur when optical surfaces in a hydrocarbon environment are exposed to EUV light. Carbon contamination on EUV optical elements affects both the absorption and phase of the reflected light. Because the carbon deposition alters the phase structure of the reflected EUV light it effectively alters the figure of these optics and, thus, the aberrations as well. Absorption by deposited carbon not only reduces throughput but also leads to apodisation of the pupil, which in turn affects imaging performance. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Barty, A (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4845-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5040 BP 510 EP 519 PN 1-3 PG 10 WC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX11M UT WOS:000184322600048 ER PT S AU Graham, S Steinhaus, C Clift, M Klebanoff, L Bajt, S AF Graham, S Steinhaus, C Clift, M Klebanoff, L Bajt, S BE Yen, A TI Atomic hydrogen cleaning of EUV multilayer optics SO OPTICAL MICROLITHOGRAPHY XVI, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Microlithography XVI CY FEB 25-28, 2003 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, Int SEMATECH DE atomic hydrogen; EUV optics; carbon contamination; reflectivity ID OXYGEN AB Recent studies have been conducted to investigate the use of atomic hydrogen as an in-situ contamination removal method for EUV optics. In these experiments, a commercial source was used to produce atomic hydrogen by thermal dissociation of molecular hydrogen using a hot filament. Samples for these experiments consisted of silicon wafers coated with sputtered carbon, Mo/Si optics with EUV-induced carbon, and bare Si-capped and Ru-B4C-capped Mo/Si optics. Samples were exposed to an atomic hydrogen source at a distance of 200 - 500 mm downstream and angles between 0-90 degrees with respect to the source. Carbon removal rates and optic oxidation rates were measured using Auger electron spectroscopy depth profiling. In addition, at-wavelength peak reflectance (13.4 nm) was measured using the EUV reflectometer at the Advanced Light Source. Data from these experiments show carbon removal rates up to 20 Angstrom/hr for sputtered carbon and 40 Angstrom/hr for EUV deposited carbon at a distance of 200 mm downstream. The cleaning rate was also observed to be a strong function of distance and angular position. Experiments have also shown that the carbon etch rate can be increased by a factor of 4 by channeling atomic hydrogen through quartz tubes in order to direct the atomic hydrogen to the optic surface. Atomic hydrogen exposures of bare optic samples show a small risk in reflectivity degradation after extended periods. Extended exposures (up to 20 hours) of bare Si-capped Mo/Si optics show a 1.2% loss (absolute) in reflectivity while the Ru-B4C-capped Mo/Si optics show a loss on the order of 0.5%. In order to investigate the source of this reflectivity degradation, optic samples were exposed to atomic deuterium and analyzed using low energy ion scattering direct recoil spectroscopy to determine any reactions of the hydrogen with the multilayer stack. Overall, the results show that the risk of over-etching with atomic hydrogen is much less than previous studies using RF discharge cleaning while providing cleaning rates suitable for EUV lithography operations. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Graham, S (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, 7011 East Ave, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4845-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5040 BP 520 EP 529 PN 1-3 PG 10 WC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX11M UT WOS:000184322600049 ER PT S AU Shaw, M Williams, W Jancaitis, K Widmayer, C House, R AF Shaw, M Williams, W Jancaitis, K Widmayer, C House, R BE Kahan, MA TI Performance and operational modeling of the National Ignition Facility SO OPTICAL MODELING AND PERFORMANCE PREDICTIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Modeling and Performance Predictions CY AUG 06, 2003 CL san francisco, CA SP SPIE DE solid-state lasers; fusion; controls; feedback; modeling AB The National Ignition Facility (NIF), currently under construction at the University of California s Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is a stadium-sized facility containing a 192-beam, 1.8 Megajoule, 500-Terrawatt, 351-nm laser system together with a 10-meter diameter target chamber with room for nearly 100 experimental diagnostics. NIF is being built by the National Nuclear Security Administration and when completed will be the world s largest laser experimental system, providing a national center to study inertial confinement fusion and the physics of matter at extreme energy densities and pressures. NIF s 192 energetic laser beams will compress fusion targets to conditions where they will ignite and bum, liberating more energy than required to initiate the fusion reaction. The first four beamlines (a quad) are currently being commissioned, with increasingly energetic laser pulses being propagated throughout the laser system. Success on many of the NIF laser s missions depends on obtaining precisely specified energy waveforms from each of the 192 beams over a wide variety of pulse lengths and temporal shapes. A computational system, the Laser Performance Operations Model (LPOM) has been developed and deployed during NIF commissioning to automate the laser setup process, and accurately predict laser energtics. For each shot on NIF, the LPOM determines the characteristics of the injection laser system required to achieve the desired main laser output, provides parameter checking for equipment protection, determines the required diagnostic setup, and supplies post-shot data analysis and reporting C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Shaw, M (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 5508, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5051-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5178 BP 194 EP 203 PG 10 WC Optics SC Optics GA BY54W UT WOS:000189405700021 ER PT S AU Henderson, BG Chylek, P AF Henderson, BG Chylek, P BE Larar, AM Shaw, JA Sun, Z TI Comparison of a single-view and a double-view aerosol optical depth retrieval algorithm SO OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR ATMOSPHERIC AND SPACE RESEARCH V SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Spectroscopic Techniques and Instrumentation for Atmospheric and Space Research V CY AUG 07-08, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE remote sensing; satellite; aerosol ID MULTISPECTRAL THERMAL IMAGER; LAND; POLARIZATION; ATMOSPHERES; SCATTERING; SUNLIGHT AB We compare the results of a single-view and a double-view aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrieval algorithm applied to image pairs acquired over NASA Stennis Space Center, Mississippi. The image data were acquired by the Department of Energy's (DOE) Multispectral Thermal Imager (MTI), a pushbroom satellite imager with 15 bands from the visible to the thermal infrared. MTI has the ability to acquire imagery in pairs in which the first image is a near-nadir view and the second image is off-nadir with a zenith angle of approximately 60degrees. A total of 15 image pairs were used in the analysis. For a given image pair, AOD retrieval is performed twice-once using a single-view algorithm applied to the near-nadir image, then again using a double-view algorithm. Errors for both retrievals are computed by comparing the results to AERONET AOD measurements obtained at the same time and place. The single-view algorithm showed an RMS error about the mean of 0.076 in AOD units, whereas the double-view algorithm showed a modest improvement with an RMS error of 0.06. The single-view errors show a positive bias which is presumed to be a result of the empirical relationship used to determine ground reflectance in. the visible. A plot of ACID error of the double-view algorithm versus time shows a noticeable trend which is interpreted to be a calibration drift. When this trend is removed, the RMS error of the double-view algorithm drops to 0.030. The single-view algorithm qualitatively appears to perform better during the spring and summer whereas the double-view algorithm seems to be less sensitive to season. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Space & Remote Sensing Sci Grp NIS2, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Henderson, BG (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Space & Remote Sensing Sci Grp NIS2, Mail Stop B-244, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5030-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5157 BP 116 EP 123 DI 10.1117/12.504547 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Spectroscopy GA BY03J UT WOS:000187317200013 ER PT J AU Wieczorek, S Simpson, TB Krauskopf, B Lenstra, D AF Wieczorek, S Simpson, TB Krauskopf, B Lenstra, D TI Bifurcation transitions in an optically injected diode laser: theory and experiment SO OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE laser with optical injection; bifurcation diagrams; bifurcation transitions ID SEMICONDUCTOR-LASER; LOCKING AB We show how bifurcation theory and experimental measurements can be used hand-in-hand to analyse transitions to complicated dynamics in a semiconductor laser subject to optical injection. By a direct comparison of theoretical and experimental optical spectra we identify and explain the underlying dynamics in phase space. This is demonstrated with four distinct bifurcation transitions, including a transition near a saddle-node Hopf point and an intermittent transition to chaos. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Fac Sci, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands. Jaycor Titan, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. Univ Bristol, Dept Engn Math, Bristol BS8 1TR, Avon, England. RP Wieczorek, S (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 50800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. OI Krauskopf, Bernd/0000-0002-8940-230X NR 20 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0030-4018 J9 OPT COMMUN JI Opt. Commun. PD JAN 1 PY 2003 VL 215 IS 1-3 BP 125 EP 134 AR PII S0030-4018(02)02191-0 DI 10.1016/S0030-4018(02)02191-0 PG 10 WC Optics SC Optics GA 633QH UT WOS:000180293600015 ER PT S AU Han, YF Wong, T Shu, DM AF Han, YF Wong, T Shu, DM BE Hatheway, AE TI Optimal instrument control strategy for an actuator system with 1-angstrom closed-loop positioning resolution SO OPTOMECHANICS 2003 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Optomechanics 2003 Conference CY AUG 07-08, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE linear actuator; laser encoder; high resolution; coarse/fine strategy; PID control ID LINEAR-ACTUATOR AB An optimal instrument control strategy for a dual-stage actuator system is presented. Resolution extension by signal conditioning and digital averaging techniques was implemented during the instrument design. The motion controller was developed based on robust PID (proportional-integral-derivative) algorithm and coarse/fine relay mechanism. The closed-loop residual noise and optimal dynamic performance are demonstrated by experiments. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Expt Facil Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Han, YF (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Expt Facil Div, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5049-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5176 BP 147 EP 155 DI 10.1117/12.506394 PG 9 WC Mechanics; Optics SC Mechanics; Optics GA BX98J UT WOS:000187120900016 ER PT S AU Preissner, C Royston, TJ Shu, DM AF Preissner, C Royston, TJ Shu, DM BE Hatheway, AE TI Development of a revolute joint robot for the precision positioning of a x-ray detector SO OPTOMECHANICS 2003 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Optomechanics 2003 Conference CY AUG 07-08, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE vibration; identification; robot; multibody; revolute joint ID VIBRATORY RESPONSE; IDENTIFICATION; PARAMETERS; MANIPULATORS; VERIFICATION; ALGORITHM; SYSTEM; MODEL AB This paper profiles the initial phase in the development of a six degree-of-freedom robot, with 1 mum dynamic positioning uncertainty, for the manipulation of x-ray detectors or test specimens at the Advanced Photon Source (APS). While revolute-joint robot manipulators exhibit a smaller footprint along with increased positioning flexibility compared to Cartesian manipulators, commercially available revolute joint manipulators do not meet our size, positioning, or environmental specifications. Currently, a robot with 20 mum dynamic positioning uncertainty is functioning at the APS for cryogenic crystallography sample pick-and-place operation. Theoretical, computational and experimental procedures are being used to (1) identify and (2) simulate the dynamics of the present robot system using a multibody approach, including the mechanics and control architecture, and eventually to (3) design an improved version with a 1 mum dynamic positioning uncertainty. The preceding experimental and theoretical techniques are essential to the design and analysis of the next generation multi-degree-of-freedom manipulators for use on synchrotron beamlines. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Preissner, C (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5049-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5176 BP 156 EP 167 DI 10.1117/12.505748 PG 12 WC Mechanics; Optics SC Mechanics; Optics GA BX98J UT WOS:000187120900017 ER PT S AU Torrington, GK AF Torrington, GK BE Hatheway, AE TI Propagation of angular errors in two-axis rotation systems SO OPTOMECHANICS 2003 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Optomechanics 2003 Conference CY AUG 07-08, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE goniometer; error analysis; displays; angular motion; rotation; rotation stage AB Two-Axis Rotation Systems, or "goniometers," are used in diverse applications including telescope pointing, automotive headlamp testing, and display testing. There are three basic configurations in which a goniometer can be built depending on the orientation and order of the stages. Each configuration has a governing set of equations which convert motion between the system "native" coordinates to other base systems, such as direction cosines, optical field angles, or spherical-polar coordinates. In their simplest form, these equations neglect errors present in real systems. In this paper, a statistical treatment of error source propagation is developed which uses only tolerance data, such as can be obtained from the system mechanical drawings prior to fabrication. It is shown that certain error sources are fully correctable, partially correctable, or uncorrectable, depending upon the goniometer configuration and zeroing technique. The system error budget can be described by a root-sum-of-squares technique with weighting factors describing the sensitivity of each error source. This paper tabulates weighting factors at 67% (k=1) and 95% (k=2) confidence for various levels of maximum travel for each goniometer configuration. As a practical example, this paper works through an error budget used for the procurement of a system at Sandia National Laboratories. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Torrington, GK (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5049-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5176 BP 168 EP 179 DI 10.1117/12.505757 PG 12 WC Mechanics; Optics SC Mechanics; Optics GA BX98J UT WOS:000187120900018 ER PT S AU Park, YS Kang, H Ewing, TF AF Park, YS Kang, H Ewing, TF BE Knopf, GK TI Structured light system for tele-autonomous and tele-collaborative manipulation SO OPTOMECHATRONIC SYSTEMS IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Optomechatronic Systems Conference CY OCT 28-29, 2003 CL PROVIDENCE, RI SP SPIE DE structured light system; camera calibration; virtual fixture; tele-autonomy; tele-collaboration ID HOMOGENEOUS TRANSFORM EQUATIONS; MOUNTED ROBOTIC SENSORS; AX = XB; CALIBRATION AB This paper addresses the implementation of sensory basis to support enhanced teleoperation. By adopting multiple structured light systems, each of which consists of a camera and patterned beam projector, the sensory basis is supposedly provide added level of flexibility and adaptability to variable and unstructured task conditions. The technological innovations include calibration of multiple structured light systems and on-line 3-D pose measurement. The application of sensory basis is demonstrated for two type of enhanced teleoperation, namely tele-autonomy and tele-collaboration. The sensory information aids in tele-autonomy by generating autonomous motions, and is utilized in tele-collaboration for generating virtual fixtures. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Park, YS (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RI Ewing, Thomas/G-5396-2014 NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5152-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5264 BP 1 EP 8 DI 10.1117/12.516019 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Computer Science; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BX99P UT WOS:000187162300001 ER PT S AU Ferris, KF Sapochak, LS Rodovsky, D Burrows, PE AF Ferris, KF Sapochak, LS Rodovsky, D Burrows, PE BE Blom, PWM Greenham, NC Dimitrakopoulos, CD Frisbie, CD TI Energetics of mer/fac isomers in metal tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) chelates: Implications on charge conduction in organic light-emitting devices SO ORGANIC AND POLYMERIC MATERIALS AND DEVICES SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Organic and Polymeric Materials and Devices held at the 2003 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 22-25, 2003 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc ID MOLECULAR-ORBITAL METHODS; GAUSSIAN-TYPE BASIS; BASIS-SETS; DYNAMICS; ALUMINUM AB Electronic structure calculations for the mer and fac-isomers of aluminum tris (8-hydroxyquinoline) (Alq(3)) and the methyl-substituted series, nMeq(3)Al (n = 3 - 7) are presented. From these data, we estimate their relative abundances in Alq(3) thin films and the resultant trap state energies. Ab initio computations performed at the SCF level suggest a significantly higher stability (6 - 7.5 kcal/mol) of the mer-isomer over the facial form, whereas MP2 treatment of electron correlation effects lowers the difference to (4 - 4.5 kcal/mol). Substitution of the Al+3 metal ion with the larger ions Ga+3 and In+3 increases the energetic preference of the meridianal form by 2.7 kcal/mol and decreases it by 0.8 kcal/mol, respectively. Trap state energies calculated by previously proposed methodologies show little difference between mer and fac trap states. These results suggest that the existence of the facial isomer in thin films of metal trisquinolates is unlikely to significantly affect charge conduction. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Div Sci Mat, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Ferris, KF (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Div Sci Mat, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-708-3 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2003 VL 771 BP 17 EP 22 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Condensed Matter; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Optics; Physics; Polymer Science GA BX59E UT WOS:000185782000003 ER PT S AU Mehta, A Kumar, P Zheng, J Dickson, RM Sumpter, B Barnes, MD AF Mehta, A Kumar, P Zheng, J Dickson, RM Sumpter, B Barnes, MD BE Blom, PWM Greenham, NC Dimitrakopoulos, CD Frisbie, CD TI Oriented luminescent nanostructures from single molecules of conjugated polymers SO ORGANIC AND POLYMERIC MATERIALS AND DEVICES SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Organic and Polymeric Materials and Devices held at the 2003 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 22-25, 2003 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc ID NANOPHOTONICS AB Dipole emission pattern imaging experiments on single chains of common conjugated polymers (solubilized poly phenylene vinylenes) isolated by ink-jet printing techniques have revealed surprising uniformity in transition moment orientation perpendicular to the support substrate. In addition to uniform orientation, these species show a number of striking differences in photochemical stability, polarization anisotropy, [1] and spectral signatures [2] with respect to similar (well-studied) molecules dispersed in dilute thin-films. Combined with molecular mechanics simulation, these results point to a structural picture of a folded macromolecule as a highly ordered cylindrical nanostructure whose long-axis (approximately collinear with the conjugation axis) is oriented, by an electrostatic interaction, perpendicular to the coverglass substrate. These results suggest a number of important applications in nanoscale photonics and molecular-scale optoelectronies. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Life Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. RP Mehta, A (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Life Sci, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. RI Sumpter, Bobby/C-9459-2013 OI Sumpter, Bobby/0000-0001-6341-0355 NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-708-3 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2003 VL 771 BP 301 EP 305 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Condensed Matter; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Optics; Physics; Polymer Science GA BX59E UT WOS:000185782000048 ER PT J AU Zhang, CL Pancost, RD Sassen, R Qian, Y Macko, SA AF Zhang, CL Pancost, RD Sassen, R Qian, Y Macko, SA TI Archaeal lipid biomarkers and isotopic evidence of anaerobic methane oxidation associated with gas hydrates in the Gulf of Mexico SO ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA; CONTINENTAL-SLOPE; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; HYDROCARBON SEEPS; COMMUNITIES; OIL; ISOPRENOIDS; CONSORTIUM; ALKANES AB Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) occurs in the Gulf of Mexico gas hydrate systems. Here we show lipid biomarker and isotopic evidence that archaea are involved in AOM. The estimated abundance of total archaeal lipids ranges from 44.8 to 60.4 mug/g (dry sediment) in hydrate-bearing samples but is below detection limit in the hydrate-free sample. The VC values of archaeal lipids range from -69 to -99 parts per thousand in hydrate-bearing samples. These results suggest that biomass of archaea is significantly enhanced through AOM at the gas hydrate deposits. These data also support a currently acknowledged mechanism of AOM mediated by a consortium of sulfate-reducing bacteria and archaea observed in a variety of methane-rich marine settings. Anaerobic oxidation of oil hydrocarbons also occurs in the Gulf of Mexico gas hydrate systems as shown by degradation of n-alkanes (> C-15) in the anoxic sediments. These processes convert hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and increase pore water alkalinity, which promote the precipitation of enormous volumes of authigenic carbonate rock depleted in C-13. This long-term geologic sequestration of carbon may affect models of global climate change. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Bristol, Sch Chem, Organ Geochem Unit, Bristol BS8 1TS, Avon, England. Texas A&M Univ, Geochem & Environm Res Grp, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. RP Zhang, CL (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Savannah River Ecol Lab, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. EM zhang@srel.edu OI Pancost, Richard/0000-0003-0298-4026 NR 45 TC 56 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 17 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0146-6380 J9 ORG GEOCHEM JI Org. Geochem. PY 2003 VL 34 IS 6 BP 827 EP 836 DI 10.1016/S0146-6380(03)00003-2 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 684GQ UT WOS:000183197400010 ER PT S AU Breeze, AJ Salomon, A Ginley, DS Tillmann, H Horhold, H Gregg, BA AF Breeze, AJ Salomon, A Ginley, DS Tillmann, H Horhold, H Gregg, BA BE Kafafi, ZH TI Improved efficiencies in polymer - perylene diimide bilayer photovoltaics SO ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAICS III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Organic Photovoltaics III CY JUL 10-11, 2002 CL SEATTLE, WA SP SPIE DE polymer; perylene diimide; heterojunction; open circuit voltage; organic solar cells; interfaces; exciton dissociation ID SOLAR-CELLS AB We have explored the use of polymer / small molecule organic composites in the form of a polymer / perylene diimide heterojunction bilayer in order to combine the advantageous properties of both materials. Using the electron transporting perylene benzimidazole (PBI) and the hole conducting polymer poly[2,5-dimethoxy-1,4-phenylene-1,2-ethenylene-2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene-1,2-ethenylene (M3EH-PPV), we have achieved increased power conversion efficiencies for a planar device of up to 0.71% under 80 mW/cm(2) white illumination. By varying the order of the photoactive layers, we have probed the mechanisms creating the photovoltage and found that the photovoltage is not determined by the difference in electrode work functions alone. In addition to the internal field, the interfacial chemical potential gradient, caused by exciton dissociation at the polymer / perylene diimide interface, appears to contribute to the photovoltage. We also discuss why, contrary to some expectations, the polymer / perylene diimide devices are more efficient than the analogous pure small molecule perylene diimide / phthalocyanine cells. C1 NREL, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Breeze, AJ (reprint author), NREL, 1617 Cole Blvd,Mailstop 3216, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4569-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4801 BP 34 EP 39 DI 10.1117/12.452436 PG 6 WC Energy & Fuels; Optics SC Energy & Fuels; Optics GA BW49C UT WOS:000182159100005 ER PT B AU Bissell, MJ Mian, IS Radisky, D Turley, E AF Bissell, MJ Mian, IS Radisky, D Turley, E BE Muller, GB Newman, SA TI Tissue specificity: Structural cues allow diverse phenotypes from a constant genotype SO ORIGINATION OF ORGANISMAL FORM: BEYOND THE GENE IN DEVELOPMENTAL AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY SE VIENNA SERIES IN THEORETICAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Altenberg Workshop in Theoretical Biology CY OCT 01-03, 1999 CL Altenberg, AUSTRIA ID FIBROBLAST-GROWTH-FACTOR; NUCLEAR-LOCALIZATION SIGNALS; EXTRACELLULAR-MATRIX; BASEMENT-MEMBRANE; EPITHELIAL-CELLS; GENE-EXPRESSION; TRANSCRIPTIONAL ENHANCER; COLLAGEN MEMBRANES; MALIGNANT-CELLS; INTEGRINS C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Bissell, MJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 53 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU M I T PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA FIVE CAMBRIDGE CENTER, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 USA BN 0-262-13419-5 J9 VIENNA S THEOR BIOL PY 2003 BP 103 EP 117 PG 15 WC Evolutionary Biology; Developmental Biology SC Evolutionary Biology; Developmental Biology GA BY87H UT WOS:000189483700007 ER EF